id	label	title	paragraph	sentence
0	1	Evaporation	1	Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.
1	1	Evaporation	1	The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance.
2	1	Evaporation	1	When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide with each other.
3	1	Evaporation	1	When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the vapor pressure, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas.
4	1	Evaporation	1	When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling.
5	1	Evaporation	2	On average, only a fraction of the molecules in a liquid have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid.
6	1	Evaporation	2	The evaporation will continue until an equilibrium is reached when the evaporation of the liquid is equal to its condensation.
7	1	Evaporation	2	In an enclosed environment, a liquid will evaporate until the surrounding air is saturated.
8	1	Evaporation	3	Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle.
9	1	Evaporation	3	The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water.
10	1	Evaporation	3	In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration.
11	1	Evaporation	3	Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.
12	1	Evaporation	3	With sufficient energy, the liquid will turn into vapor.
13	1	Evaporation	4	For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.
14	1	Evaporation	4	When only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is low.
15	1	Evaporation	4	Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures.
16	1	Evaporation	4	As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases.
17	1	Evaporation	4	This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling.
18	1	Evaporation	4	This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.
19	1	Evaporation	4	Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure.
20	1	Evaporation	4	For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day.
21	1	Evaporation	4	Three key parts to evaporation are heat, atmospheric pressure (determines the percent humidity), and air movement.
22	1	Evaporation	5	On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor state.
23	1	Evaporation	5	Instead, there is a Knudsen layer, where the phase is undetermined.
24	1	Evaporation	5	Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface cannot be seen.
25	1	Evaporation	6	Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas (e.g., cooking oil at room temperature) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor.
26	1	Evaporation	6	"However, these liquids ""are"" evaporating."
27	1	Evaporation	6	It is just that the process is much slower and thus significantly less visible.
28	1	Evaporation	7	If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid.
29	1	Evaporation	7	Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor increases.
30	1	Evaporation	7	"When the process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium, the vapor is said to be ""saturated"", and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur."
31	1	Evaporation	7	For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation:
32	1	Evaporation	8	"where ""P"", ""P"" are the vapor pressures at temperatures ""T"", ""T"" respectively, Δ""H"" is the enthalpy of vaporization, and ""R"" is the universal gas constant."
33	1	Evaporation	8	The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed system.
34	1	Evaporation	8	If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure the liquid will boil.
35	1	Evaporation	9	The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is based largely on the amount of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess.
36	1	Evaporation	9	Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization.
37	1	Evaporation	10	Note: Air used here is a common example; however, the vapor phase can be other gases.
38	1	Evaporation	12	"In the US, the National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized ""pan"" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide."
39	1	Evaporation	12	Others do likewise around the world.
40	1	Evaporation	12	The US data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map.
41	1	Evaporation	12	The measurements range from under 30 to over per year.
42	1	Evaporation	13	Evaporation is an endothermic process, in that heat is absorbed during evaporation.
43	1	Evaporation	15	Fuel droplets vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot gases in the combustion chamber.
44	1	Evaporation	15	Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.
45	1	Evaporation	16	Internal combustion engines rely upon the vaporization of the fuel in the cylinders to form a fuel/air mixture in order to burn well.
46	1	Evaporation	16	The chemically correct air/fuel mixture for total burning of gasoline has been determined to be 15 parts air to one part gasoline or 15/1 by weight.
47	1	Evaporation	16	Changing this to a volume ratio yields 8000 parts air to one part gasoline or 8,000/1 by volume.
48	1	Evaporation	17	Thin films may be deposited by evaporating a substance and condensing it onto a substrate, or by dissolving the substance in a solvent, spreading the resulting solution thinly over a substrate, and evaporating the solvent.
49	1	Evaporation	17	The Hertz–Knudsen equation is often used to estimate the rate of evaporation in these instances.
50	1	Rainforest	1	Rainforests are forests characterized by high and continuous rainfall, with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between , and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests.
51	1	Rainforest	1	The monsoon trough, alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone, plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions necessary for the Earth's tropical rainforests: which are distinct from monsoonal areas of seasonal tropical forest.
52	1	Rainforest	2	Estimates vary from 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests.
53	1	Rainforest	2	There may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests.
54	1	Rainforest	2	"Tropical rainforests have been called the ""jewels of the Earth"" and the ""world's largest pharmacy"", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there."
55	1	Rainforest	2	Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover, sometimes misnamed oxygen production, processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration.
56	1	Rainforest	3	The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level.
57	1	Rainforest	3	If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth of vines, shrubs and small trees, called a jungle.
58	1	Rainforest	3	"The term ""jungle"" is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests generally."
59	1	Rainforest	4	Rainforests as well as endemic rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, the resulting habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere.
60	1	Rainforest	5	Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the equator.
61	1	Rainforest	5	Mean monthly temperatures exceed during all months of the year.
62	1	Rainforest	5	Average annual rainfall is no less than and can exceed although it typically lies between and .
63	1	Rainforest	6	Many of the world's tropical forests are associated with the location of the monsoon trough, also known as the intertropical convergence zone.
64	1	Rainforest	6	The broader category of tropical moist forests are located in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
65	1	Rainforest	6	Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia (from Myanmar (Burma)) to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka; also in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Cameroon to the Congo (Congo Rainforest), South America (e.g.
66	1	Rainforest	6	the Amazon rainforest), Central America (e.g.
67	1	Rainforest	6	Bosawás, the southern Yucatán Peninsula-El Peten-Belize-Calakmul), Australia, and on Pacific Islands (such as Hawaii).
68	1	Rainforest	6	"Tropical forests have been called the ""Earth's lungs"", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to the atmosphere through photosynthesis."
69	1	Rainforest	7	Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but temperate rainforests only occur in few regions around the world.
70	1	Rainforest	7	Temperate rainforests are rainforests in temperate regions.
71	1	Rainforest	7	They occur in North America (in the Pacific Northwest in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California), in Europe (parts of the British Isles such as the coastal areas of Ireland and Scotland, southern Norway, parts of the western Balkans along the Adriatic coast, as well as in Galicia and coastal areas of the eastern Black Sea, including Georgia and coastal Turkey), in East Asia (in southern China, Highlands of Taiwan, much of Japan and Korea, and on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent Russian Far East coast), in South America (southern Chile) and also in Australia and New Zealand.
72	1	Rainforest	8	A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, each with different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular area.
73	1	Rainforest	8	Examples include the emergent, canopy, understory and forest floor layers.
74	1	Rainforest	9	The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall.
75	1	Rainforest	9	They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas.
76	1	Rainforest	9	Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer.
77	1	Rainforest	10	The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically to tall.
78	1	Rainforest	10	The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops.
79	1	Rainforest	10	The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species.
80	1	Rainforest	10	Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants.
81	1	Rainforest	10	The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse.
82	1	Rainforest	10	A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy.
83	1	Rainforest	10	Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it.
84	1	Rainforest	10	"As long ago as 1917, naturalist William Beebe declared that ""another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet above it, extending over thousands of square miles."
85	1	Rainforest	10	True exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as firing ropes into the trees using crossbows.
86	1	Rainforest	10	Exploration of the canopy is still in its infancy, but other methods include the use of balloons and airships to float above the highest branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted on the forest floor.
87	1	Rainforest	10	The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is called dendronautics.
88	1	Rainforest	11	The understory or understorey layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor.
89	1	Rainforest	11	It is home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors and leopards.
90	1	Rainforest	11	The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant.
91	1	Rainforest	11	Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory.
92	1	Rainforest	11	Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory.
93	1	Rainforest	11	"This layer can be called a ""shrub layer"", although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer."
94	1	Rainforest	12	The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight.
95	1	Rainforest	12	Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region.
96	1	Rainforest	12	Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration.
97	1	Rainforest	12	It also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay.
98	1	Rainforest	12	Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.
99	1	Rainforest	13	More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest.
100	1	Rainforest	13	Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates.
101	1	Rainforest	13	Mammals may include primates, felids and other families.
102	1	Rainforest	13	Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families; while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae.
103	1	Rainforest	13	Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests.
104	1	Rainforest	13	Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals.
105	1	Rainforest	14	The great diversity in rainforest species is in large part the result of diverse and numerous physical refuges, i.e.
106	1	Rainforest	14	places in which plants are inaccessible to many herbivores, or in which animals can hide from predators.
107	1	Rainforest	14	Having numerous refuges available also results in much higher total biomass than would otherwise be possible.
108	1	Rainforest	15	Despite the growth of vegetation in a tropical rainforest, soil quality is often quite poor.
109	1	Rainforest	15	Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus.
110	1	Rainforest	15	The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red colour and sometimes produces mineral deposits such as bauxite.
111	1	Rainforest	15	Most trees have roots near the surface, because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees' minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals.
112	1	Rainforest	15	On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile.
113	1	Rainforest	15	If rainforest trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil surfaces, creating run-off and beginning a process of soil erosion.
114	1	Rainforest	15	Eventually streams and rivers form and flooding becomes possible.
115	1	Rainforest	15	There are several reasons for the poor soil quality: First is that the soil is highly acidic.
116	1	Rainforest	15	The roots of plants rely on an acidity difference between the roots and the soil in order to absorb nutrients.
117	1	Rainforest	15	When the soil is acidic, there is little difference, and therefore little absorption of nutrients from the soil.
118	1	Rainforest	15	Second, the type of clay particles present in tropical rainforest soil has a poor ability to trap nutrients and stop them from washing away.
119	1	Rainforest	15	Even if humans artificially add nutrients to the soil, the nutrients mostly wash away and are not absorbed by the plants.
120	1	Rainforest	15	Thirdly, the type of clay particles present in tropical rainforest soil has a poor ability to trap nutrients and stop them from washing away.
121	1	Rainforest	15	Even if humans artificially added nutrients to the soil, the nutrients would still mostly wash away and not absorbed by the plants.
122	1	Rainforest	15	Finally, these soils are poor due to the high volume of rain in tropical rainforests washes nutrients out of the soil more quickly than in other climates.
123	1	Rainforest	16	A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of carbon dioxide.
124	1	Rainforest	16	On a global scale, long-term fluxes are approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, though they may have other climatic effects (on cloud formation, for example, by recycling water vapour).
125	1	Rainforest	16	No rainforest today can be considered to be undisturbed.
126	1	Rainforest	16	Human-induced deforestation plays a significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon dioxide, as do other factors, whether human-induced or natural, which result in tree death, such as burning and drought.
127	1	Rainforest	16	Some climate models operating with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainforest around 2050 due to drought, forest dieback and the subsequent release of more carbon dioxide.
128	1	Rainforest	16	Five million years from now, the Amazon rainforest may long since have dried and transformed itself into savannah, killing itself in the process (changes such as this may happen even if all human deforestation activity ceases overnight).
129	1	Rainforest	17	Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides.
130	1	Rainforest	17	Rainforests also have value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided.
131	1	Rainforest	17	Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest.
132	1	Rainforest	17	Also, plant-derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment.
133	1	Rainforest	17	At the same time, rainforests are usually not used sustainably by non-native peoples but are being exploited or removed for agricultural purposes.
134	1	Rainforest	18	On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005.
135	1	Rainforest	18	With this addition, Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.
136	1	Rainforest	18	The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.
137	1	Rainforest	18	The tribes are in danger because of the deforestation, especially in Brazil.
138	1	Rainforest	19	Central African rainforest is home of the Mbuti pygmies, one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below one and a half metres, or 59 inches, on average).
139	1	Rainforest	19	"They were the subject of a study by Colin Turnbull, ""The Forest People"", in 1962."
140	1	Rainforest	19	Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as “Negrito”.
141	1	Rainforest	19	There are many tribes in the rainforests of the Malaysian state of Sarawak.
142	1	Rainforest	19	Sarawak is part of Borneo, the third largest island in the world.
143	1	Rainforest	19	Some of the other tribes in Sarawak are: the Kayan, Kenyah, Kejaman, Kelabit, Punan Bah, Tanjong, Sekapan, and the Lahanan.
144	1	Rainforest	19	"Collectively, they are referred to as Dayaks or Orangulu which means ""people of the interior""."
145	1	Rainforest	20	About half of Sarawak's 1.5 million people are Dayaks.
146	1	Rainforest	20	Most Dayaks, it is believed thropologists, came originally from the South-East Asian mainland.
147	1	Rainforest	20	Their mythologies support this
148	1	Rainforest	21	Tropical and temperate rainforests have been subjected to heavy legal and illegal logging for their valuable hardwoods and agricultural clearance (slash-and-burn, clearcutting) throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking.
149	1	Rainforest	21	Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to extinction (possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate, says E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, a quarter or more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within 50 years) due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests.
150	1	Rainforest	22	Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding urban areas.
151	1	Rainforest	22	Littoral rainforest growing along coastal areas of eastern Australia is now rare due to ribbon development to accommodate the demand for seachange lifestyles.
152	1	Rainforest	23	Forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace.
153	1	Rainforest	23	Almost 90% of West Africa's rainforest has been destroyed.
154	1	Rainforest	23	Since the arrival of humans, Madagascar has lost two thirds of its original rainforest.
155	1	Rainforest	23	At present rates, tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in 10 years and Papua New Guinea in 13 to 16 years.
156	1	Rainforest	23	According to Rainforest Rescue, an important reason for the increasing deforestation rate, especially in Indonesia, is the expansion of oil palm plantations to meet growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and biofuels.
157	1	Rainforest	23	In Indonesia, palm oil is already cultivated on nine million hectares and, together with Malaysia, the island nation produces about 85 percent of the world's palm oil.
158	1	Rainforest	24	Several countries, notably Brazil, have declared their deforestation a national emergency.
159	1	Rainforest	24	Amazon deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007's twelve
160	1	Rainforest	24	months, according to official government data.
161	1	Rainforest	25	"However, a January 30, 2009 ""New York Times"" article stated, ""By one estimate, for every acre of rainforest cut down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are growing in the tropics."
162	1	Rainforest	25	The new forest includes secondary forest on former farmland and so-called degraded forest.
163	1	Cotyledon	1	"A cotyledon (; ""seed leaf"" from Latin ""cotyledon"", from Greek: κοτυληδών ""kotylēdōn"", gen.: κοτυληδόνος ""kotylēdonos"", from κοτύλη ""kotýlē"" ""cup, bowl"") is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is defined as ""the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed."
164	1	Cotyledon	1	The number of cotyledons present is one characteristic used by botanists to classify the flowering plants (angiosperms).
165	1	Cotyledon	1	"Species with one cotyledon are called monocotyledonous (""monocots"")."
166	1	Cotyledon	1	"Plants with two embryonic leaves are termed dicotyledonous (""dicots"")."
167	1	Cotyledon	2	In the case of dicot seedlings whose cotyledons are photosynthetic, the cotyledons are functionally similar to leaves.
168	1	Cotyledon	2	However, true leaves and cotyledons are developmentally distinct.
169	1	Cotyledon	2	Cotyledons are formed during embryogenesis, along with the root and shoot meristems, and are therefore present in the seed prior to germination.
170	1	Cotyledon	2	True leaves, however, are formed post-embryonically (i.e.
171	1	Cotyledon	2	after germination) from the shoot apical meristem, which is responsible for generating subsequent aerial portions of the plant.
172	1	Cotyledon	3	"The cotyledon of grasses and many other monocotyledons is a highly modified leaf composed of a ""scutellum"" and a ""coleoptile""."
173	1	Cotyledon	3	The scutellum is a tissue within the seed that is specialized to absorb stored food from the adjacent endosperm.
174	1	Cotyledon	3	"The coleoptile is a protective cap that covers the ""plumule"" (precursor to the stem and leaves of the plant)."
175	1	Cotyledon	4	Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons, and these are often variable in number (multicotyledonous), with from 2 to 24 cotyledons forming a whorl at the top of the hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) surrounding the plumule.
176	1	Cotyledon	4	Within each species, there is often still some variation in cotyledon numbers, e.g.
177	1	Cotyledon	4	"Monterey pine (""Pinus radiata"") seedlings have 5–9, and Jeffrey pine (""Pinus jeffreyi"") 7–13 (Mirov 1967), but other species are more fixed, with e.g."
178	1	Cotyledon	4	Mediterranean cypress always having just two cotyledons.
179	1	Cotyledon	4	"The highest number reported is for big-cone pinyon (""Pinus maximartinezii""), with 24 (Farjon & Styles 1997)."
180	1	Cotyledon	5	The cotyledons may be ephemeral, lasting only days after emergence, or persistent, enduring at least a year on the plant.
181	1	Cotyledon	5	The cotyledons contain (or in the case of gymnosperms and monocotyledons, have access to) the stored food reserves of the seed.
182	1	Cotyledon	5	As these reserves are used up, the cotyledons may turn green and begin photosynthesis, or may wither as the first true leaves take over food production for the seedling.
183	1	Cotyledon	6	Cotyledons may be either epigeal, expanding on the germination of the seed, throwing off the seed shell, rising above the ground, and perhaps becoming photosynthetic; or hypogeal, not expanding, remaining below ground and not becoming photosynthetic.
184	1	Cotyledon	6	The latter is typically the case where the cotyledons act as a storage organ, as in many nuts and acorns.
185	1	Cotyledon	7	Hypogeal plants have (on average) significantly larger seeds than epigeal ones.
186	1	Cotyledon	7	They are also capable of surviving if the seedling is clipped off, as meristem buds remain underground (with epigeal plants, the meristem is clipped off if the seedling is grazed).
187	1	Cotyledon	7	The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive.
188	1	Cotyledon	8	The ultimate development of the epigeal habit is represented by a few plants, mostly in the family Gesneriaceae in which the cotyledon persists for a lifetime.
189	1	Cotyledon	8	"Such a plant is ""Streptocarpus wendlandii"" of South Africa in which one cotyledon grows to be up to 75 centimeters (2.5 feet) in length and up to 61 cm (two feet) in width (the largest cotyledon of any dicot, and exceeded only by ""Lodoicea"")."
190	1	Cotyledon	8	Adventitious flower clusters form along the midrib of the cotyledon.
191	1	Cotyledon	8	The second cotyledon is much smaller and ephemeral.
192	1	Cotyledon	9	Related plants may show a mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family.
193	1	Cotyledon	9	"Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae, the pea family, Fabaceae, and the genus ""Lilium"" (see Lily seed germination types)."
194	1	Cotyledon	9	"The frequently garden grown common bean, ""Phaseolus vulgaris"", is epigeal, while the closely related runner bean, ""Phaseolus coccineus"", is hypogeal."
195	1	Cotyledon	10	"The term ""cotyledon"" was coined by Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694)."
196	1	Cotyledon	10	"John Ray was the first botanist to recognize that some plants have two and others only one, and eventually the first to recognize the immense importance of this fact to systematics, in ""Methodus plantarum"" (1682)."
197	1	Cotyledon	11	Theophrastus (3rd or 4th century BC) and Albertus Magnus (13th century) may also have recognized the distinction between the dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
198	1	Lithosphere	1	"A lithosphere ( [""lithos""] for ""rocky"", and [""sphaira""] for ""sphere"") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties."
199	1	Lithosphere	1	On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.
200	1	Lithosphere	1	The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
201	1	Lithosphere	2	The layer under the lithosphere is known as the asthenosphere.
202	1	Lithosphere	3	Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth.
203	1	Lithosphere	3	The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates.
204	1	Lithosphere	3	The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through the soil forming process is called the pedosphere.
205	1	Lithosphere	3	The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.
206	1	Lithosphere	3	The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation.
207	1	Lithosphere	4	The concept of the lithosphere as Earth's strong outer layer was described by A.E.H.
208	1	Lithosphere	4	"Love in his 1911 monograph ""Some problems of Geodynamics"" and further developed by Joseph Barrell, who wrote a series of papers about the concept and introduced the term ""lithosphere""."
209	1	Lithosphere	4	The concept was based on the presence of significant gravity anomalies over continental crust, from which he inferred that there must exist a strong, solid upper layer (which he called the lithosphere) above a weaker layer which could flow (which he called the asthenosphere).
210	1	Lithosphere	4	"These ideas were expanded by Reginald Aldworth Daly in 1940 with his seminal work ""Strength and Structure of the Earth."
211	1	Lithosphere	4	They have been broadly accepted by geologists and geophysicists.
212	1	Lithosphere	4	These concepts of a strong lithosphere resting on a weak asthenosphere are essential to the theory of plate tectonics.
213	1	Lithosphere	5	There are two types of lithosphere:
214	1	Lithosphere	5	The thickness of the lithosphere is considered to be the depth to the isotherm associated with the transition between brittle and viscous behavior.
215	1	Lithosphere	5	The temperature at which olivine begins to deform viscously (~1000 °C) is often used to set this isotherm because olivine is generally the weakest mineral in the upper mantle.
216	1	Lithosphere	5	Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50–140 km thick (but beneath the mid-ocean ridges is no thicker than the crust), while continental lithosphere has a range in thickness from about 40 km to perhaps 280 km; the upper ~30 to ~50 km of typical continental lithosphere is crust.
217	1	Lithosphere	5	The mantle part of the lithosphere consists largely of peridotite.
218	1	Lithosphere	5	The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the Moho discontinuity.
219	1	Lithosphere	6	Oceanic lithosphere consists mainly of mafic crust and ultramafic mantle (peridotite) and is denser than continental lithosphere, for which the mantle is associated with crust made of felsic rocks.
220	1	Lithosphere	6	Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge.
221	1	Lithosphere	6	This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly thick and dense with age.
222	1	Lithosphere	6	In fact, oceanic lithosphere is a thermal boundary layer for the convection in the mantle.
223	1	Lithosphere	6	The thickness of the mantle part of the oceanic lithosphere can be approximated as a thermal boundary layer that thickens as the square root of time.
224	1	Lithosphere	7	Here, formula_2 is the thickness of the oceanic mantle lithosphere, formula_3 is the thermal diffusivity (approximately 10 m/s) for silicate rocks, and formula_4 is the age of the given part of the lithosphere.
225	1	Lithosphere	7	The age is often equal to L/V, where L is the distance from the spreading centre of mid-oceanic ridge, and V is velocity of the lithospheric plate.
226	1	Lithosphere	8	Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years but after this becomes increasingly denser than asthenosphere.
227	1	Lithosphere	8	This is because the chemically differentiated oceanic crust is lighter than asthenosphere, but thermal contraction of the mantle lithosphere makes it more dense than the asthenosphere.
228	1	Lithosphere	8	The gravitational instability of mature oceanic lithosphere has the effect that at subduction zones, oceanic lithosphere invariably sinks underneath the overriding lithosphere, which can be oceanic or continental.
229	1	Lithosphere	8	New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones.
230	1	Lithosphere	8	As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 170 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
231	1	Lithosphere	8	"The oldest parts of continental lithosphere underlie cratons, and the mantle lithosphere there is thicker and less dense than typical; the relatively low density of such mantle ""roots of cratons"" helps to stabilize these regions."
232	1	Lithosphere	9	"Geophysical studies in the early 21st century posit that large pieces of the lithosphere have been subducted into the mantle as deep as 2900 km to near the core-mantle boundary, while others ""float"" in the upper mantle, while some stick down into the mantle as far as 400 km but remain ""attached"" to the continental plate above, similar to the extent of the ""tectosphere"" proposed by Jordan in 1988."
233	1	Lithosphere	10	Geoscientists can directly study the nature of the subcontinental mantle by examining mantle xenoliths brought up in kimberlite, lamproite, and other volcanic pipes.
234	1	Lithosphere	10	The histories of these xenoliths have been investigated by many methods, including analyses of abundances of isotopes of osmium and rhenium.
235	1	Lithosphere	10	Such studies have confirmed that mantle lithospheres below some cratons have persisted for periods in excess of 3 billion years, despite the mantle flow that accompanies plate tectonics.
236	1	Australian Greens	1	The Australian Greens, commonly known as The Greens, are a centre-left, green political party in Australia.
237	1	Australian Greens	1	As of the 2019 federal election, the Greens are currently the third largest political party in Australia by vote.
238	1	Australian Greens	1	The current leader of the party is Richard Di Natale, and the party's co-deputy leaders are Adam Bandt and Larissa Waters.
239	1	Australian Greens	2	The party was formed in 1992 and is a confederation of eight state and territorial parties.
240	1	Australian Greens	2	The party cites four core values: ecological sustainability, social justice, grassroots democracy and peace and non-violence.
241	1	Australian Greens	3	Party constituencies can be traced to various origins – notably the early environmental movement in Australia and the formation of the United Tasmania Group (UTG), one of the first green parties in the world, but also the nuclear disarmament movement in Western Australia and sections of the industrial left in New South Wales.
242	1	Australian Greens	3	Co-ordination between environmentalist groups occurred in the 1980s with various significant protests.
243	1	Australian Greens	3	Key people involved in these campaigns included Bob Brown and Christine Milne who went on to contest and win seats in the Tasmanian Parliament and eventually form the Tasmanian Greens; both Brown and Milne subsequently became leaders of the federal party.
244	1	Australian Greens	4	The Australian Greens' policies cover a wide range of issues.
245	1	Australian Greens	4	Most notably, the party favours environmentalism, including expansion of recycling facilities; phasing out single-use plastics; conservation efforts; better water management; and addressing species extinction, habitat loss and deforestation in Australia.
246	1	Australian Greens	4	The Greens strongly support efforts to address climate change, by transitioning away from the burning of fossil fuels to renewable energy production in the next decade, as well as reintroducing a carbon price.
247	1	Australian Greens	4	The party supports lowering household electricity prices through the creation of a publicly-owned renewable energy provider, and building thousands of new jobs in renewable energy generation.
248	1	Australian Greens	4	On economic issues, the Greens oppose tax cuts that solely benefit the top bracket of income earners and lead to socioeconomic inequality and believe that all essential services need to be adequately funded to suit community needs; and argue for the recreation of a publicly-owned bank.
249	1	Australian Greens	4	The Greens have campaigned on free undergraduate university and TAFE, paid for by ending tax avoidance and fossil fuel subsidies, as well as restoring funding to the education sectors.
250	1	Australian Greens	4	The party is in favour of extending Medicare coverage to dental and mental health care, and supports reproductive health rights and voluntary euthanasia.
251	1	Australian Greens	4	The Greens are often known for their outspoken advocacy on numerous social issues, such as the legalisation of same-sex marriage, the right to seek asylum and gender equality.
252	1	Australian Greens	4	The party supports drug law reform, including the legalisation of cannabis; treating drug use as a health issue rather than a criminal issue; and community pill-testing.
253	1	Australian Greens	4	The party supports animal welfare policies and stringent gun control legislation.
254	1	Australian Greens	4	"The Greens also advocate for policies that they believe will strengthen Australian democracy and ""clean up politics"", including capping political donations and instituting a federal anti-corruption watchdog."
255	1	Australian Greens	5	Following the 2016 federal election, the Australian Greens had nine senators and one member in the lower house, 23 elected representatives across state and territory parliaments, more than 100 local councillors, and over 15,000 party members (as of 2016).
256	1	Australian Greens	5	All Senate and House of Representatives seats were retained at the 2019 election.
257	1	Australian Greens	6	The formation of the Australian Greens in 1992 brought together over a dozen green groups, from state and local organisations, some of which had existed for 20 years.
258	1	Australian Greens	7	The precursor to the Tasmanian Greens (the earliest existent member of the federation of parties that is the Australian Greens), the United Tasmania Group, was founded in 1972 to oppose the construction of new dams to flood Lake Pedder.
259	1	Australian Greens	7	The campaign failed to prevent the flooding of Lake Pedder and the party failed to gain political representation.
260	1	Australian Greens	7	One of the party's candidates was Bob Brown, then a doctor in Launceston.
261	1	Australian Greens	8	In the late 1970s and 1980s, a public campaign to prevent the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania saw environmentalist and activist Norm Sanders elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly as an Australian Democrat.
262	1	Australian Greens	8	Brown, then director of the Wilderness Society, contested the election as an independent, but failed to win a seat.
263	1	Australian Greens	9	In 1982 Norm Sanders resigned from the THA, and Brown was elected to replace him in a countback.
264	1	Australian Greens	10	During her 1984 visit to Australia, West German Greens parliamentarian Petra Kelly urged that the various Greens groups in Australia develop a national identity.
265	1	Australian Greens	10	Partly as a result of this, 50 Greens activists gathered in Tasmania in December to organise a national conference.
266	1	Australian Greens	11	"The title ""The Greens"" had been first registered in Sydney in the 1980s by what ""The Monthly Magazine"" described as ""a band of inner-city radicals committed to resident action, nuclear disarmament and urban environmental causes, such as stopping expressways and preserving parklands""."
267	1	Australian Greens	11	"The group formed as the Sydney Greens and evolved into the Green Alliance, with the stated aim of not forming a ""traditional hierarchy party""."
268	1	Australian Greens	11	"According to party co-ordinator Hall Greenland, when amalgamation with Bob Brown's Tasmanian movement was first mooted, Brown was hesitant owing to what he perceived as the ""anarchic leftism"" of the Sydney movement."
269	1	Australian Greens	11	The Greens NSW and The Greens (WA) were also wary of amalgamation owing to local autonomy concerns and a 1986 attempt by Brown to form a national party failed.
270	1	Australian Greens	11	The movement for a national party continued however.
271	1	Australian Greens	11	In an effort to reduce the influence of the Democratic Socialist Party (formerly Socialist Workers Party, now Socialist Alliance) in The Greens NSW, Brown successfully moved for a ban on dual party membership by Greens in 1991.
272	1	Australian Greens	11	"Following formation of the national party in 1992, regional emphasis variations remained within the Greens, with members of the ""industrial left"" remaining a presence in the New South Wales branch."
273	1	Australian Greens	12	The Green movement gained its first federal parliamentary representative when Senator Jo Vallentine of Western Australia, who had been elected in 1984 for the Nuclear Disarmament Party and later sat as an independent, was part of the formation of and joined The Greens (WA), a party formed in Western Australia, and not affiliated to the Australian Greens at that time.
274	1	Australian Greens	13	In 1992, representatives from around the nation gathered in North Sydney and agreed to form the Australian Greens, although the state Greens parties, particularly in Western Australia, retained their separate identities for a period.
275	1	Australian Greens	13	Brown resigned from the Tasmanian Parliament in 1993, and in 1996 he was elected as a senator for Tasmania, the first elected as an Australian Greens candidate.
276	1	Australian Greens	14	Initially the most successful Greens group during this period was The Greens (WA), at that time still a separate organisation from the Australian Greens.
277	1	Australian Greens	14	Vallentine was succeeded by Christabel Chamarette in 1992, and she was joined by Dee Margetts in 1993.
278	1	Australian Greens	14	But Chamarette was defeated in the 1996 federal election.
279	1	Australian Greens	14	Margetts opposed the industrial relations reform agenda of the Howard Government.
280	1	Australian Greens	14	"Following the 'Cavalcade to Canberra' protest of 19 August 1996, in which 2000 breakaway civilians rioted in and around Parliament House, Margetts told the Senate that ""The Greens (WA) do not associate ourselves with the violent action"" and that while ""there are obviously some in the Greens movement who have differing opinions about that"" she personally did not think there was ""any justification for the use of violence to the extent that we saw""."
281	1	Australian Greens	14	Margetts lost her seat in the 1998 federal election, leaving Brown as the sole Australian Greens senator.
282	1	Australian Greens	15	The national party initially resisted appointing a party leader, however Bob Brown was later selected.
283	1	Australian Greens	15	The New South Wales Greens remained ideologically opposed to appointing a leader and continue not to appoint such a position.
284	1	Australian Greens	15	The WA Greens had lost office in the Senate by 1998, leaving Bob Brown as the sole representative of the party.
285	1	Australian Greens	15	Thereafter, the national vote was set to increase consecutively at elections up until 2010.
286	1	Australian Greens	16	In the 2001 federal election, Brown was re-elected as a senator for Tasmania, and a second Greens senator, Kerry Nettle, was elected in New South Wales.
287	1	Australian Greens	16	"The Greens opposed the Howard Government's Pacific Solution of offshore processing for asylum seekers, and opposed the bipartisan offers of support to the US alliance and Afghanistan War by the government and Beazley Opposition in the aftermath of the 11 September terrorist attacks in 2001, describing the Afghanistan commitment as ""warmongering""."
288	1	Australian Greens	16	This contributed to increased support for the Greens by disaffected Labor Party voters and helped identify the Greens as more than just a single-issue environmental party.
289	1	Australian Greens	16	On 19 October 2002 the Greens won a House of Representatives seat for the first time when Michael Organ won the Cunningham by-election.
290	1	Australian Greens	17	"In the lead-up to the Iraq War, in September 2002, Bob Brown said that the Greens would oppose military action in Iraq regardless of the position of the United Nations Security Council and said that any conflict would be ""a vengeance for the S11 attack that's involved here as well as the American corporations wanting to get their hands on the Iraqi oil"" and that if Saddam Hussein ""does have weapons of mass destruction, the attack might be the thing that gets him to use them"", so it would be better to ""resolv[e] the Palestinian crisis, which could lead—open up a real avenue to peace in the Middle East, and neutralise Saddam Hussein by doing it""."
291	1	Australian Greens	18	In the 2004 federal election, the Greens' primary vote rose by 2.3% to 7.2%.
292	1	Australian Greens	18	This won them two additional Senate seats, taken by Christine Milne in Tasmania and Rachel Siewert in Western Australia, bringing the total to four.
293	1	Australian Greens	18	However, the success of the Howard Government in winning a majority in the Senate meant that the Greens' influence on legislation decreased.
294	1	Australian Greens	18	Michael Organ was defeated by the Labor Party candidate in Cunningham.
295	1	Australian Greens	19	"Additionally, in the 2004 election there was an intense media campaign from the socially conservative Family First Party, including a television advertisement labelling the Greens the ""Extreme Greens""."
296	1	Australian Greens	19	Competitive preferencing strategies prompted by the nature of Senate balloting (see Australian electoral system) lead to the Australian Labor Party and the Democrats ranking Family First higher than the Greens on their Senate tickets, and the Greens losing preferences they would normally have received from the two parties.
297	1	Australian Greens	19	Consequently, although outpolling Family First by a ratio of more than four to one first-preference votes, Victorian Family First candidate Steve Fielding was elected on preferences over the Australian Greens' David Risstrom, an unintended consequence of these strategies.
298	1	Australian Greens	19	In Tasmania, Christine Milne only narrowly gained her Senate seat before a Family First candidate, despite obtaining almost the full required quota of primary votes.
299	1	Australian Greens	19	"It was only the high incidence of ""below-the-line"" voting in Tasmania that negated the effect of the preference-swap deal between Labor and Family First."
300	1	Australian Greens	20	The Australian Greens fielded candidates in every House of Representatives seat in Australia, and for all state and territory Senate positions.
301	1	Australian Greens	20	The Greens (WA) were able to win Legislative Council seats in rural and remote-area seats (Mining and Pastoral, Agricultural and South West provinces).
302	1	Australian Greens	21	In 2005, the Greens' Lee Rhiannon lobbied the Vatican to reject Australian Cardinal George Pell as a candidate for the Papacy on the basis of his support for conservative Catholic moral doctrine.
303	1	Australian Greens	21	"In 2007, Rhiannon referred remarks made by Pell opposing embryonic stem cell research to the New South Wales parliamentary privileges committee for allegedly being in ""contempt of parliament""."
304	1	Australian Greens	21	"Pell was cleared of the charge and described the move as a ""clumsy attempt to curb religious freedom and freedom of speech""."
305	1	Australian Greens	22	The Australian Greens' primary vote increased by 4.1% in the 2006 South Australia election, 1.% in the 2006 Queensland election, and 0.7% in the 2007 election in New South Wales.
306	1	Australian Greens	23	The results for the 2006 Victoria election were mixed, with an improved vote for the Greens in the lower house, but a fall in their upper-house vote.
307	1	Australian Greens	24	Against this upward trend was a swing of 1.5% away from the Greens in the 2006 Tasmania state election.
308	1	Australian Greens	25	"On 31 August 2004, the Melbourne newspaper the ""Herald Sun"" published a page-three-story by journalist Gerard McManus entitled ""Greens back illegal drugs"" in the lead-up to the 2004 federal election."
309	1	Australian Greens	25	In response to the article, Brown lodged a complaint with the Australian Press Council.
310	1	Australian Greens	25	After the election, the Press Council upheld Brown's complaint.
311	1	Australian Greens	25	"An appeal by the ""Herald Sun"" was dismissed and it was ordered to publish the Press Council's adjudication."
312	1	Australian Greens	26	As in previous years, the Greens' vote was strongest in inner-city seats, including Melbourne (22.7% of primary votes), Sydney (20.7%), Grayndler (18.7%), Denison (18.6%) and Batman (17.2%).
313	1	Australian Greens	26	Strong votes were also recorded in Liberal-held city based seats such as Higgins (10.8%), Kooyong (11.8%) Curtin (13.4%) and Wentworth (15.0%).
314	1	Australian Greens	26	The primary vote for the Greens in suburban and regional areas was generally smaller.
315	1	Australian Greens	27	The Greens directly contributed to Howard's defeat in his own electorate, the Sydney-area seat of Bennelong.
316	1	Australian Greens	27	Greens candidate Lindsay Peters received 5.5% of the primary vote.
317	1	Australian Greens	27	He was eliminated after the 14th count, and more than three-fourths of his preferences went to Labor challenger Maxine McKew.
318	1	Australian Greens	27	This margin was enough to make McKew only the second person to unseat a sitting prime minister.
319	1	Australian Greens	28	The Greens increased their national vote by 1.38 points to 9.04% at the 2007 federal election, with a net increase of one senator to a total of five.
320	1	Australian Greens	28	Senators Bob Brown (Tas) and Kerry Nettle (NSW) were up for re-election, Brown was re-elected, but Nettle was unsuccessful, becoming the only Australian Greens senator to lose their seat.
321	1	Australian Greens	28	Elected at the 2001 federal election on a primary vote of 4.36% in New South Wales with One Nation and micro-party preference flows, she failed to gain re-election in 2007 due to preferences, despite an increase in the New South Wales Green primary vote to 8.43%.
322	1	Australian Greens	28	Other Greens Senate candidates were Larissa Waters (Qld), Richard Di Natale (Vic), Scott Ludlam (WA), Sarah Hanson-Young (SA) and Kerrie Tucker (ACT).
323	1	Australian Greens	28	Ludlam and Hanson-Young were elected and took up office on 26 August 2008 when all senators elected on 24 November 2007 were sworn in.
324	1	Australian Greens	29	"This was also the first general election for the Greens in which a lower house seat went ""maverick""."
325	1	Australian Greens	29	In the Division of Melbourne, the Greens polled 22.80% of the primary vote, overtaking the Liberals on preferences, finishing on a two-party-preferred figure of 45.29% against Labor.
326	1	Australian Greens	30	An extensive campaign was undertaken in the ACT, in an attempt to end coalition control of the Senate immediately after the election, as territory senators take their place at this time as opposed to their state counterparts on the next 1 July.
327	1	Australian Greens	30	The ACT elects two seats with terms (in parallel with those of the House of Representatives), so a larger quota than normal is required for election.
328	1	Australian Greens	30	Despite a swing of 5.1 points to the Greens, on 21.5%, their best result in any state or territory, the party fell significantly short of the required quota.
329	1	Australian Greens	31	At the 2008 Northern Territory election, the Greens ran in six of the 25 seats in the unicameral parliament, averaging 16% of the vote but won no seats.
330	1	Australian Greens	31	At the 2008 Western Australian election, the Greens won 11–12 percent of the statewide vote in both the lower and upper houses, with four of 36 seats in the latter, an increase of two.
331	1	Australian Greens	32	In the 2008 Australian Capital Territory election, conducted under the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation, the Greens doubled their vote to around 15%, going from one to four seats in the 17-member unicameral parliament, giving them the balance of power.
332	1	Australian Greens	32	After almost two weeks of deliberations, the Greens chose to allow Labor to form a minority government.
333	1	Australian Greens	32	The Greens held the post of Speaker in the ACT Legislative Assembly, the first for a Green party in Australia.
334	1	Australian Greens	33	In November 2008, Senator Christine Milne was elected deputy leader in a ballot contested against Senator Rachel Siewert.
335	1	Australian Greens	34	In May 2009, the Greens won their second-ever single-member electorate, with Adele Carles winning the Fremantle by-election for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly.
336	1	Australian Greens	34	The seat had been held by the Labor Party since 1924.
337	1	Australian Greens	34	It was the first time the Greens had outpolled the Labor Party on the primary vote in any Labor-held seat.
338	1	Australian Greens	35	In December 2009, the Greens received over 30 percent of the primary vote in the federal Higgins by-election in Victoria, in the absence of a Labor candidate.
339	1	Australian Greens	35	It is the highest primary vote recorded by the Greens in a Liberal-held lower-house seat.
340	1	Australian Greens	36	At the 2010 Tasmanian election, the Greens won 21.6 percent of the primary vote amongst the five multi-member electorates, resulting in the Greens winning five of twenty-five seats in the lower house and holding the balance of power.
341	1	Australian Greens	36	With Labor and the Liberals winning ten seats each, the Greens backed a Labor minority government.
342	1	Australian Greens	36	Tasmanian Greens Leader Nick McKim was appointed to the new Labor-Green cabinet, making him the first Green Minister in Australia.
343	1	Australian Greens	37	"In the lead-up to the 2010 Australian federal election, the Australian Christian Lobby and the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney criticised Greens policies as ""anti-Christian""."
344	1	Australian Greens	37	"In an 8 August opinion article for Sydney's ""Sunday Telegraph"" newspaper, Cardinal Archbishop George Pell wrote that the Greens were hostile to the family, opposed to religious schools, had pressured against Catholic management of Calvary Hospital in Canberra and said the party contained Stalinists and a wing who were ""watermelons"" -""green on the outside, red on the inside"" whose policies were ""impractical and expensive, which will not help the poor""."
345	1	Australian Greens	37	"In response to the article, Senator Bob Brown said Pell was ""bearing false witness"" and that the Greens were in fact, ""much closer to mainstream Christian thinking than Cardinal Pell""."
346	1	Australian Greens	37	Jesuit human rights lawyer Fr.
347	1	Australian Greens	37	"Frank Brennan responded in an essay by saying that while some Greens might be anti-Christian, others like Lin Hatfield Dodds ""have given distinguished public service in their churches for decades."
348	1	Australian Greens	37	"On some policy issues, wrote Brennan, ""the Greens have a more Christian message than the major parties"", while on issues such as abortion, stem-cell research, same-sex marriage and funding for church schools, the party would never be able to ""carry the day given that policy changes in these areas will occur only if they are supported by a majority from both major political parties""."
349	1	Australian Greens	38	"In the lead up to the 2010 election, Bob Brown opposed the senate pre-selection of high-profile New South Wales Green Lee Rhiannon in favour of environmentalist Cate Faehrmann, saying that the Greens needed ""new blood""."
350	1	Australian Greens	38	Rhiannon, a socialist who had also campaigned on gun control, foreign aid, political donations and urban renewal said that there were differing visions for the future of the Greens – one of increased centralisation of party decision making versus a vision she supported of empowering membership.
351	1	Australian Greens	38	Rhiannon was confirmed as the candidate.
352	1	Australian Greens	39	At the 2010 federal election the Greens received a four percent swing to finish with 13 percent of the vote (more than 1.6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party.
353	1	Australian Greens	39	The Senate vote throughout the states was between 10 and 20 percent.
354	1	Australian Greens	39	The Greens won a seat in each of the six states at the election, again a first for any Australian minor party, bringing the party to a total of nine senators from July 2011, holding the balance of power in the Senate.
355	1	Australian Greens	39	The new senators were Lee Rhiannon in New South Wales, Richard Di Natale in Victoria, Larissa Waters in Queensland, Rachel Siewert in Western Australia, Penny Wright in South Australia and Christine Milne in Tasmania.
356	1	Australian Greens	39	Incumbents Scott Ludlam in Western Australia, Sarah Hanson-Young in South Australia and Bob Brown in Tasmania were not due for re-election.
357	1	Australian Greens	39	The Greens also won their first House of Representatives seat at a general election, the seat of Melbourne with candidate Adam Bandt, who was a crossbencher in the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election.
358	1	Australian Greens	39	Almost two weeks after the election, Bandt and the Greens agreed to support a Gillard Labor minority government on confidence and supply votes.
359	1	Australian Greens	39	Labor was returned to government with the additional support of three independent crossbenchers.
360	1	Australian Greens	40	The election resulted in a hung parliament.
361	1	Australian Greens	40	Six crossbench MPs shared the balance of power.
362	1	Australian Greens	40	The Greens signed a formal agreement with the Australian Labor Party involving consultation in relation to policy and support in the House of Representatives in relation to confidence and supply and three of the independents declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply, allowing Gillard and Labor to remain in power with a 76–74 minority government.
363	1	Australian Greens	41	In the 2010 Victorian election, the Liberal party directed voters to preference the ALP ahead of the Greens.
364	1	Australian Greens	41	The Greens' primary vote increased slightly overall from 10.04% to 10.6% of the overall vote, but the party did not win any lower-house seats.
365	1	Australian Greens	41	"Federal Greens leader Bob Brown said of the result that it was positive but that: ""The Liberals' preferencing to Labor means that instead of there being three Greens in the new parliament there won't be""."
366	1	Australian Greens	42	"On 24 February 2011, in a joint press conference of the ""Climate Change Committee"" – comprising the Government, Greens and two independent MPs – Prime Minister Gillard announced a plan to legislate for the introduction of a fixed price to be imposed on ""carbon pollution"" from 1 July 2012 The carbon price would be placed for three to five years before a full emissions trading scheme is implemented, under a blueprint agreed by a multi-party parliamentary committee."
367	1	Australian Greens	42	Key issues remained to be negotiated between the Government and the cross-benches, including compensation arrangements for households and businesses, the carbon price level, the emissions reduction target and whether or not to include fuel in the price.
368	1	Australian Greens	43	The Greens support protecting the welfare of the people of Libya and so supported the United States-led military intervention in Libya.
369	1	Australian Greens	43	"The view of Deputy leader Christine Milne, that the Greens ""want to make sure that [they] protect civilians wherever [they] can... to ensur[e] that we will save lives..."", is commensurate with this position."
370	1	Australian Greens	44	At the Greens NSW State Conference, which was held prior to the New South Wales state election in 2011, a resolution was adopted in support for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel.
371	1	Australian Greens	44	The move, proposed by Sylvia Hale and backed by Lee Rhiannon, had already been rejected by Leader Bob Brown.
372	1	Australian Greens	44	"Soon after, however, their motion was backed by the Marrickville Council – resulting in a ""boycott [against] all goods made in Israel and any sporting, academic, government or cultural exchanges""."
373	1	Australian Greens	44	"Local Labor MP Anthony Albanese called the move ""misguided"", sparking media interest and inciting anger among many Jewish Australians."
374	1	Australian Greens	44	The move also caused a rift within the Greens.
375	1	Australian Greens	44	Following the 2010 election, Bob Brown said that he had conveyed his disapproval of this policy to Rhiannon.
376	1	Australian Greens	44	"Brown said that the policy was ""a mistake"" made by the NSW branch whereas Rhiannon said it had not been prosecuted hard enough."
377	1	Australian Greens	45	"Amidst ongoing debate over taxation, industry policy and climate change, Leader Bob Brown began to refer to sections within the Australian media that expressed criticism of Greens' policies or candidates as the ""hate media"", singling out the Murdoch Press in particular."
378	1	Australian Greens	46	"Outlining his industry and climate policies on ABC's 7:30 Program in May 2011, Bob Brown voiced support for a reduction in subsidies to fossil fuel industries, the implementation of a price on carbon; a higher level of profit tax on the mining industry and a phasing out of Australia's coal export industry, saying: ""The world is going to do that because it is causing massive economic damage down the line through the impact of climate change."
379	1	Australian Greens	47	In 2011, the Greens called for the permanent closure of Australia's live export meat industry, following revelations of mistreatment of Australian cattle in some Indonesian abattoirs.
380	1	Australian Greens	48	On 24 March 2012 Queensland election the total primary vote for The Queensland Greens fell by 0.84% to 7.53%.
381	1	Australian Greens	49	On 13 April 2012, Bob Brown announced that he was resigning as federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens and that he would leave the Senate in June.
382	1	Australian Greens	49	Christine Milne was elected unanimously as the new leader by the party.
383	1	Australian Greens	49	MP Adam Bandt was elected deputy leader.
384	1	Australian Greens	49	"The ""ease of the Greens leadership transition"" was widely praised, with one commentator noting ""She has survived the transition in leadership with grace and steadfastness of vision"
385	1	Australian Greens	49	, and Milne set about expanding the party's reach, looking first to regional Australia.
386	1	Australian Greens	50	Milne took the leadership at a time when the Greens nationally had passed a peak.
387	1	Australian Greens	50	In the 18 months between the high water mark of the 2010 Federal Election and Brown's retirement, polls nationally were trending downwards.
388	1	Australian Greens	50	This was reflected in a number of setbacks for state and local Greens parties, which some commentators blamed on Brown's absence.
389	1	Australian Greens	50	The outcome of 20 October 2012 election in the ACT resulted in a reduction of Greens Legislative Assembly members, from four to one.
390	1	Australian Greens	50	The Western Australian election was held in March 2013.
391	1	Australian Greens	50	For the Legislative Assembly, the total primary vote for the Greens fell by 3.52% to 8.40%.
392	1	Australian Greens	50	In the Legislative Council the Greens' representation was reduced from four to two members.
393	1	Australian Greens	51	Even some impressive results which failed to deliver wins, such as the 2012 Melbourne state by-election, where the Greens received the highest number of first preference votes but did not win the seat as some had expected, were used to attack Milne.
394	1	Australian Greens	52	"In a 19 February address to the National Press Club in Canberra, Christine Milne announced that the Federal Greens alliance with the Labor Party was ""effectively over""."
395	1	Australian Greens	52	"In particular, Milne cited a failure by the Gillard Government to redraft the mining tax it had concluded prior to the 2010 Election as evidence that the government had ""walked away"" from its agreement with the Greens."
396	1	Australian Greens	52	"Nevertheless, Milne promised to continue to guarantee confidence and supply to the Labor Government on the floor of Parliament, so as not to ""advance the interests"" of Opposition Leader Tony Abbott."
397	1	Australian Greens	53	"Milne was aware that the period in balance of power would be electorally costly for the party, telling members that ""You earn political capital in opposition and you spend it in power."
398	1	Australian Greens	53	With that in mind, and following the disappointing state results, Milne and the Australian Greens set as their goal for the 2013 election a clear target of retaining their existing seats and perhaps win one more Senate seat in Victoria, rather than to increase the vote nationally.
399	1	Australian Greens	53	Despite a reduction in the vote, maintaining and slightly increasing parliamentary representation is exactly what Milne achieved.
400	1	Australian Greens	54	Christine Milne resigned as leader of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015.
401	1	Australian Greens	54	Milne was replaced by Victorian senator Richard Di Natale, with Adam Bandt being replaced as deputy leader by Larissa Waters and Scott Ludlam at the same time.
402	1	Australian Greens	55	Richard Di Natale became leader of the Australian Greens following Christine Milne's resignation, on 6 May 2015.
403	1	Australian Greens	56	Under Richard Di Natale, the party has taken a much more pragmatic approach to policy and dealing with government legislation than under previous leaders.
404	1	Australian Greens	57	The party voted in support for legislation that saw assets testing for age pensions reduced from $1M down to $800,000.
405	1	Australian Greens	57	The Greens also negotiated with the government and secured a tax disclosure threshold for big businesses earning more than $200M a year.
406	1	Australian Greens	58	In November 2016 the Greens voted with the Turnbull government to levy a 15% tax on foreign backpackers on working holiday visas.
407	1	Australian Greens	59	At the 2013 federal election the House of Representatives (lower house) primary vote was 8.7 percent (−3.1) with the Senate (upper house) primary vote at 8.7 percent (−4.5).
408	1	Australian Greens	59	Despite that, as targeted, the Greens representation in the parliament increased.
409	1	Australian Greens	59	Adam Bandt retained his Melbourne seat with a primary vote of 42.6 percent (+7.0) and a two-candidate preferred vote of 55.3 percent (−0.6).
410	1	Australian Greens	59	The Greens won four Senate positions, increasing their Senate representation from nine to ten Senators to take effect from 1 July 2014, to a total of eleven Green members in the Parliament of Australia.
411	1	Australian Greens	60	Writing in the Australian Financial Review, Vincent Mahon, a former campaign manager for the Greens, said that while the Greens were able to present positive achievements to the electors relating to education, health, the environment and the promotion of clean energy, the party was unable to attract disenchanted Labor voters.
412	1	Australian Greens	60	He noted that Green policies relating to carbon pricing and refugees were unpopular with many voters.
413	1	Australian Greens	60	Christine Milne said that the Greens support of the Labor minority government was a factor in the Greens' lower vote.
414	1	Australian Greens	61	Following the federal election, South Australian Greens Senator, Sarah Hanson-Young, who had lost a ballot against Senator Milne for Deputy Leadership and lost again to Adam Bandt, publicly criticised Senator Milne.
415	1	Australian Greens	62	"In September 2013, it was reported that six senior Greens' staffers had resigned including Chief of Staff, Ben Oquist, who claimed there were, ""fundamental differences of opinion on strategy""."
416	1	Australian Greens	62	"There have been suggestions that Oquist was behind the unsuccessful attempt to create leadership tensions because he feared moves to ""freeze him out""."
417	1	Australian Greens	63	At the 2014 Western Australian Senate election the Greens won in excess of a quota with the primary vote increasing from 9.5 to 15.6 percent, re-electing Scott Ludlam.
418	1	Australian Greens	63	"Ludlam threw his weight behind Milne's leadership, telling ABC radio on being asked if he had leadership ambitions that ""That's very flattering, but Christine Milne is doing a great job""."
419	1	Australian Greens	64	On 17 July 2015, Wright announced that she would be resigning from the Senate due to illness in her family.
420	1	Australian Greens	65	2016 federal election onward
421	1	Australian Greens	66	At the 2016 federal election the House of Representatives (lower house) primary vote increased to 10.23 percent (+1.58) but decreased in the Senate (upper house), with primary vote at 8.65 percent (−0.58).
422	1	Australian Greens	66	Adam Bandt was elected to a third term in his Melbourne seat with a primary vote of 43.75 percent (+1.13) and a two-candidate preferred vote of 68.48 percent (+13.21).
423	1	Australian Greens	66	Despite a campaign focus on winning additional seats in the lower house, The Greens failed to win any lower house contests.
424	1	Australian Greens	66	Their closest seats were Batman, where the Greens won the most first preference votes and turned the once safe Labor seat into a marginal Labor vs Green seat, and Melbourne Ports, where the Greens were fewer than 1000 votes off overtaking Labor, which would have likely (but not certainly) resulted in a Greens victory.
425	1	Australian Greens	66	Wills, Higgins, Grayndler and Division of Warringah saw Greens make the two-candidate-preferred result.
426	1	Australian Greens	66	Deposits were retained in 141 of the 150 seats.
427	1	Australian Greens	67	The Greens also lost one Senate position in South Australia, decreasing their Senate representation from ten to nine Senators, to a total of ten Green members in the Parliament of Australia.
428	1	Australian Greens	67	"The result was seen as disappointing, and caused internal divisions to flare up, with former Federal Leader Bob Brown calling upon Senator Lee Rhiannon to resign, citing the ""need for renewal""."
429	1	Australian Greens	68	"Tensions within the party reached a flashpoint in late 2016 when a group of Greens members announced their intention to form a faction within the party called ""Left Renewal""."
430	1	Australian Greens	68	"Their stated aim is to ""end capitalism"" and stop ""global imperialism""."
431	1	Australian Greens	68	"The faction's existence is supported by Senator Lee Rhiannon and State MP David Shoebridge, however party leader Richard Di Natale has publicly criticised the grouping saying its manifesto was ""ridiculous"" and its members should consider leaving the Greens."
432	1	Australian Greens	68	"Former leader Bob Brown also attacked the group calling it ""a joke""."
433	1	Australian Greens	69	In June 2017 Lee Rhiannon was suspended from the Federal Greens party room following an internal dispute over her opposition to the Federal Greens' support for the Turnbull government education funding changes.
434	1	Australian Greens	69	The Greens New South Wales subsequently issued a statement reiterating its support for Senator Rhiannon and support for public education.
435	1	Australian Greens	70	On 14 July 2017, Ludlam resigned from the Senate after he found that he had dual Australian-New Zealand citizenship.
436	1	Australian Greens	70	The next week on 18 July 2017, his former co-deputy, and Queensland Senator, Larissa Waters resigned, after discovering that she held dual citizenship with Canada, and that had she been born a week later that would not have been the case.
437	1	Australian Greens	70	Both were ineligible to be elected to Parliament under section 44 of the Australian Constitution.
438	1	Australian Greens	70	Subsequently, Adam Bandt and Rachel Siewert were named as temporary co-deputy leaders until the arrival of Ludlam and Waters' replacements in Canberra.
439	1	Australian Greens	71	In the lead up to the preselection for the Greens NSW Senate position in 2017, it was reported that Senator Rhiannon had breached party rules by allowing supporters to visit her in her Sydney electorate office.
440	1	Australian Greens	71	Rhiannon lost her first position on the NSW Senate ticket, with this position instead going to NSW Greens MLC Mehreen Faruqi.
441	1	Australian Greens	71	Rhiannon announced on May 25, 2019 that she would be resigning from the party in mid-August, to allow Faruqi to fill her vacancy.
442	1	Australian Greens	71	Faruqi had a 25-year career working as a professional engineer and academic, and had previously served in the New South Wales Legislative Council from 2013 to 2018, before assuming her new position in the Federal Parliament.
443	1	Australian Greens	71	Faruqi became the first female Muslim Senator in Australian history.
444	1	Australian Greens	72	"Leading up to the 2019 election, Di Natali stated that, ""Climate change matters more than anything else at this election because it is, quite literally, an existential threat to humanity."
445	1	Australian Greens	72	This has got to be a climate change election because we're running out of time.
446	1	Australian Greens	73	At the 2019 federal election, the Australian Greens received a primary vote of 10.7% in the House of Representatives, with a federal swing of +0.2%.
447	1	Australian Greens	73	The party's highest vote was captured in the Australian Capital Territory (17.1%), followed by Victoria (12.1%), Western Australia (11.9%), Queensland (10.5%), Northern Territory (10.5%), Tasmania (10.3%), South Australia (9.8%) and New South Wales (9.0%).
448	1	Australian Greens	74	On a state-by-state basis in the House of Representatives, the party received favourable swings in South Australia (+3.4%), the Australian Capital Territory (+1.8%), Queensland (+1.5%) and the Northern Territory (+1.1%) but suffered swings in Victoria (-1.2%), Western Australia (-0.4%), New South Wales (-0.2%) and Tasmania (-0.1%).
449	1	Australian Greens	75	The party retained the federal electorate of Melbourne with Adam Bandt sitting at a 71.8% two-party preferred vote.
450	1	Australian Greens	75	The Greens also entered the two-party preferred vote in the electorates of Kooyong (44.3% vs. LIB), Wills (41.8% vs.
451	1	Australian Greens	75	LAB), Cooper (35.4% vs.
452	1	Australian Greens	75	LAB) and Grayndler (33.7% vs.
453	1	Australian Greens	75	LAB).
454	1	Australian Greens	76	In the Senate, the Greens received favourable swings in South Australia (+5.03%), Queensland (+3.12%), the Australian Capital Territory (+1.61%), Western Australia (+1.48%), Tasmania (+1.41%) and New South Wales (+1.32%).
455	1	Australian Greens	76	Small swings against the Greens in the Senate were observed in only Victoria (-0.25%) and the Northern Territory (-0.54%).
456	1	Australian Greens	76	All 6 Greens Senators up for re-election retained their seats, including Senators Mehreen Faruqi, Janet Rice, Larissa Waters, Sarah Hanson-Young, Jordon Steele-John and Nick McKim.
457	1	Australian Greens	77	Three key seats were targeted by the Greens in Victoria, including Kooyong, Higgins and Macnamara.
458	1	Australian Greens	77	Prominent barrister Julian Burnside, who stood for Kooyong, came close to unseating treasurer and deputy Liberal leader Josh Frydenberg, falling short by 5.7% in the two-party preferred vote.
459	1	Australian Greens	77	Greens candidate Jason Ball, for the electorate of Higgins, failed to enter the two-party preferred vote, despite optimism within the Greens and a diminishing Liberal vote.
460	1	Australian Greens	77	In Macnamara (formerly Melbourne Ports), a three-way contest emerged between the Liberals, Labor and Greens.
461	1	Australian Greens	77	Greens candidate Steph Hodgins-May had come within a few hundred votes in 2016 of taking the seat, however, redistributions in the electorate for the 2019 election were unfavourable for the Greens' vote, and the party's final vote sat at 24.2%.
462	1	Australian Greens	78	Post-election, Richard Di Natale was re-endorsed as the Party's leader, and Adam Bandt and Larissa Waters resumed their positions as the party's deputy positions.
463	1	Australian Greens	78	Rachel Siewert took on the role of party whip and Janet Rice became the party room chair.
464	1	Australian Greens	79	The Greens saw an increase in party membership by approximately 10% following the 2019 election, adding more than 1700 new members.
465	1	Australian Greens	79	"Di Natali attributed this rise in membership as ""clearly a response to the election"", continuing that, ""For a lot of people the way to respond to what was for many of them a devastating result, was to actually take some action..."
466	1	Australian Greens	79	This election was described as a 'climate election'.
467	1	Australian Greens	79	Every election from this point on will be a climate election.
468	1	Australian Greens	79	We're breaking record, on record, with extreme weather, drought.
469	1	Australian Greens	79	And I think the community's only going to become increasingly concerned about the lack of [climate] action.
470	1	Australian Greens	79	"Following the dramatic increase in votes for the German Greens Party - where their vote increased from 9% in the 2017 German election to 20.5% in the 2019 European elections - Di Natali has argued that, ""there's a real possibility of the [Australian] Greens seeing that big increase - a similar increase to the increase we saw in Germany."
471	1	Australian Greens	80	"The Australian Greens are part of the global ""green politics"" movement."
472	1	Australian Greens	80	"The charter of the Australian Greens identifies the following as the four pillars of the party's policy: ""social justice"", ""sustainability"", ""grassroots democracy"" and ""peace and non-violence""."
473	1	Australian Greens	80	Major policy initiatives of recent years have also included taxation reform, cost of living, review of the American alliance, and implementation of harm minimisation in relation to drug use.
474	1	Australian Greens	81	"The Greens oppose the importation of animals for zoos in Australia, ""except where the importation will assist the overall conservation of the species""."
475	1	Australian Greens	81	They also seek to ban and phase out respectively the display of wild or domesticated animals in circuses in Australia.
476	1	Australian Greens	82	The Greens are in favour of phasing out live animal exports, with Greens parliamentary leader Richard Di Natale instead favouring investment in the chilled meat industry:“Often what we’re told is that if you phase out the live animal export trade then we’re going to lose a whole lot of jobs.
477	1	Australian Greens	82	But what’s not being told is that if we started to invest in a frozen and chilled meat trade through northern Australia, then we could turn this issue into one where we value-add; one where we create lots of jobs for Australians.
478	1	Australian Greens	82	The Greens have campaigned on ending greyhound racing and banning whale slaughter.
479	1	Australian Greens	82	The party would also place a ban on animal-tested cosmetics and ingredients and end caged egg production and sow stalls, instead favouring ethical farming practices.
480	1	Australian Greens	83	The party acknowledges that methane emissions from livestock need to be reduced as these emissions are a major source of global warming and climate change.
481	1	Australian Greens	83	This would be achieved by supporting new and ongoing research and through the avenues of animal health and nutrition, selection and genetics.
482	1	Australian Greens	84	The Greens strongly support community-driven decision-making processes as a means by which soil and water degradation can be addressed.
483	1	Australian Greens	85	The Greens want it to be easier for consumers to identify locally produced foods by implementing a comprehensive locality of origin labelling system.
484	1	Australian Greens	86	The party wants to improve the uptake of courses in tertiary and vocational agricultural courses, increasing Australia's agricultural skill base and workforce retention.
485	1	Australian Greens	87	Support for farmers experiencing the effects of climate change through droughts, and soil and water degradation has been expressed by the Greens.
486	1	Australian Greens	87	"Another aim of the party is to ensure fair prices for farmers, against growing international competition, and to ""develop and implement an effective framework — including financial incentives, pricing mechanisms, extension services and regulation — to ensure that farmers and land managers are rewarded for the repair and maintenance of ecosystem services."
487	1	Australian Greens	88	The Greens acknowledge that climate change is a threat to ecological habitats, biodiversity, human health and infrastructure.
488	1	Australian Greens	88	"Greens MP Adam Bandt, the party's climate and energy spokesperson, welcomed the UK Parliament's declaration of a ""climate emergency"" and intends to introduce a similar declaration in the Australian Parliament."
489	1	Australian Greens	88	"Bandt stated, ""The UK Parliament has recognised the world is facing an existential climate crisis and that we all need to act urgently."
490	1	Australian Greens	88	I will seek to move a similar motion to the UK and have a state of climate emergency declared here [too]...
491	1	Australian Greens	88	It's time to act as if our house is on fire, because it is...
492	1	Australian Greens	88	The Greens are the only party that supports emergency action.
493	1	Australian Greens	89	"In October 2019, former Liberal Party leader Dr John Hewson supported Adam Bandt's call for a climate emergency declaration, citing that ""climate was an emergency some 30 years ago."
494	1	Australian Greens	89	He urged the Liberal Party to provide a conscience vote on the issue.
495	1	Australian Greens	90	The Greens support the implementation of the Portuguese model when it comes to drug law reform - specifically, the decriminalisation of drugs in favour of treating drug addiction as a health issue rather than merely a law and order issue.
496	1	Australian Greens	90	"The Greens argue that, ""A harm minimisation approach is the most appropriate way to reduce the adverse health, social and economic consequences of drug or substance use, for the individual user and the community"" and that, ""drug policies and programs should be adopted that are evidence-based and subject to continuous evaluation."
497	1	Australian Greens	91	Their approach to drug legalisation is on a case-by-case basis.
498	1	Australian Greens	91	They support legalising cannabis for medical and recreational use and believe the government should regulate the cannabis industry much like it does with the alcohol and tobacco industries.
499	1	Australian Greens	92	The Greens believe that penalties should apply to individuals who drive with impaired cognitive or psychomotor skills as a result of consuming a drug or other substance.
500	1	Australian Greens	92	Criminal penalties are also supported by the Greens for the trafficking or production of commercial quantities of illicit drugs.
501	1	Australian Greens	93	Addressing the problem of inhalant misuse, particularly in rural communities, is an aim of the Greens' drug policies.
502	1	Australian Greens	93	Their policy includes supporting the rollout of measures such as non-sniffable fuel in rural communities where petrol sniffing is considered to be a problem.
503	1	Australian Greens	94	A preventative approach is also taken by the party to address risk factors for substance abuse, such as family violence, sexual assault and trauma.
504	1	Australian Greens	95	The Greens advocate for the use of pill-testing at community events such as festivals.
505	1	Australian Greens	95	This policy is supported by the Australian Medical Association (AMA).
506	1	Australian Greens	96	"The Greens believe the cost of electricity prices can be reduced by creating ""Power Australia"", a not-for-profit, renewable energy provider, which is estimated to reduce power bills by $200 a year for the average consumer."
507	1	Australian Greens	97	Greens leader Richard Di Natale, in a speech delivered to the National Press Club in March 2017, proposed that a discussion be had around the future of work in Australia, arguing that reduced work hours, or a shorter working week, will increase productivity and create new employment opportunities for those wishing to work more hours, while also allowing those wishing to work less the opportunity to do so.
508	1	Australian Greens	97	The shortfall in terms of wages earned would be made up through reform in the social welfare system; specifically, by the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI).
509	1	Australian Greens	97	The Greens advocate for a Future of Work Commission to independently assess the viability of such reforms.
510	1	Australian Greens	98	The party also supports winding back and reforming negative gearing, as well as stamp duty, as a way of reducing the cost of housing.
511	1	Australian Greens	99	"The Greens wish to ""increase the transparency and accountability of the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) in making its decisions against the National Interest Test."
512	1	Australian Greens	99	The National Interest Test should be strengthened to incorporate national, ecological and social objectives.
513	1	Australian Greens	100	"The Greens argue that international companies must comply ""with international human rights, labour and environmental laws and standards""."
514	1	Australian Greens	101	"The party supports a rise in the minimum wage, arguing that in Australia, ""inequality is growing, wages are flat lining and having a full-time job is no longer a guarantee of security."
515	1	Australian Greens	101	Working people need a living wage enshrined in law.
516	1	Australian Greens	101	The Liberal and Labor tax cuts arms race will further entrench inequality.
517	1	Australian Greens	101	A wage increase is better than a tax cut.
518	1	Australian Greens	101	Instead of continuing to hurdle down the road of becoming a US-style unequal society we need to lift the minimum wage, raise Newstart and invest in universal services.
519	1	Australian Greens	102	The Greens acknowledge that inaction on climate change would produce dire economic costs, with evidence suggesting that climate change will negatively impact Australian tourism, a significant economic asset.
520	1	Australian Greens	103	The Greens support free TAFE and university for undergraduate students and believe that schools funding should be determined on the basis of equity and need.
521	1	Australian Greens	103	The party also opposes the casualisation of the workforce and wants to introduce a benchmark of 80% permanent teaching staff throughout public and private VET providers.
522	1	Australian Greens	104	The party wants class sizes to be reduced and teachers' wages to reflect their professionalism, expertise and valuable contribution to the development of young minds.
523	1	Australian Greens	105	The Greens oppose the National School Chaplaincy Program, instead wishing to redirect the funds to qualified, secular school welfare and family support professionals in schools.
524	1	Australian Greens	106	The Greens strongly support the Safe Schools program, an anti-bullying program for schools that focuses on ensuring inclusive environments for same-sex attracted, intersex and gender diverse students, staff and family members.
525	1	Australian Greens	106	"The Greens have also called for an end to discrimination towards students and staff on the basis of their gender identity or sexual orientation in private schools, arguing that, ""[a] person’s sexuality or gender identity should not disqualify them from attending or working at any school."
526	1	Australian Greens	107	The Greens support the mass-rollout of renewable energy, with an aim of 100% renewable energy production by 2030, and phasing out the use of coal-fired power, as a means of driving investment and creating jobs.
527	1	Australian Greens	107	In 2019, the Greens pledged to create 180,000 new jobs in the renewable energy sector, including a renewable energy export industry to replace coal exports.
528	1	Australian Greens	107	This plan would drive billions of dollars of investment in renewable energy.
529	1	Australian Greens	108	The Greens are the only party with an energy policy consistent with keeping global warming at or below 1.5ºC.
530	1	Australian Greens	109	"The party opposes the opening of new coal mines, and has campaigned against the Adani Carmichael coal mine using the slogan ""Stop Adani"", as well as the Abbot Point coal terminal."
531	1	Australian Greens	109	The party calls for the phasing out, closure and rehabilitation of currently operating coal mines; and the putting in place a transition plan for workers.
532	1	Australian Greens	110	The party is strongly opposed to coal-seam gas mining (fracking) and regularly participate and have even organised community demonstrations against the practice.
533	1	Australian Greens	111	"The Greens want to create ""Power Australia"", a not-for-profit, public energy retailer, which would reduce electricity bills by an estimated $200 a year for the average customer."
534	1	Australian Greens	112	The Greens support lowering power prices for small businesses by re-regulating electricity prices through the aforementioned Power Australia energy retailer, which would sell cheaper electricity to small businesses and drive down retail prices.
535	1	Australian Greens	113	"Adam Bandt, Greens spokesperson for energy, has stated:""Small business is bearing the brunt of the old parties' addiction to gas and coal."
536	1	Australian Greens	113	The government loves to talk up its small business credentials, but businesses are talking about closing because Angus Taylor [Liberal MP for energy and emissions reduction] doesn't have the guts to get energy prices under control.
537	1	Australian Greens	113	The Greens will stand up to the big power corporations on behalf of small business.
538	1	Australian Greens	113	In addition to offering cheap, clean electricity packages to small businesses, our package will help businesses fuel switch from gas to electricity...
539	1	Australian Greens	113	The Greens will re-establish programs that were working well before Tony Abbott tore them down, like the Clean Technology Innovation Program.
540	1	Australian Greens	113	The key to helping small business isn't to abandon them with a small government, neoliberal approach, but for government and industry to work cooperatively to help small businesses embrace the clean energy transition.
541	1	Australian Greens	113	Our plan will help small businesses reduce power bills and reduce pollution.
542	1	Australian Greens	114	"The Greens claim to have ""an extensive plan to protect our environment"", including addressing the fact that 1,800 native Australian animal and plant species are currently at risk of extinction."
543	1	Australian Greens	115	The Greens wish to generate new environmental protection laws and instate a national Environmental Protection Agency, which would act independently of politicians and hold the responsibility of enforcing these laws.
544	1	Australian Greens	115	"The Greens argue that ongoing Howard-era environmental laws are ""outdated"" and need to be improved substantially."
545	1	Australian Greens	116	The Greens support a consistent national approach to recycling and support the phasing out of single-use plastics by 2025, including straws, stirrers, cutlery, utensils, plates, bowls and polystyrene containers and cups.
546	1	Australian Greens	116	Similar laws have been introduced in England, planned to be effective in 2020.
547	1	Australian Greens	116	The Greens would establish a Plastics Co-operative Research Centre (CRC), based in Hobart, with the intention of leading Australia's efforts in reducing waste, cleaning up the oceans and finding end-markets for recovered plastic, with federal funding of $50 million over 5 years.
548	1	Australian Greens	116	The Greens also support state-led container deposit schemes (CDS), which provide people with incentives to recycle.
549	1	Australian Greens	117	"$2 billion would be invested by the Greens to improve the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef and ""stop water theft"" from corporations in the Murray-Darling Basin."
550	1	Australian Greens	117	Climate change has caused significant coral bleaching in the Reef.
551	1	Australian Greens	118	"The party does not support support fracking and coal seem gas (CSG), as they ""pose a serious threat to human health, groundwater, agricultural land and community""."
552	1	Australian Greens	119	The Greens argue for democratic reforms to the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund and World Bank to better promote sustainable trade and development.
553	1	Australian Greens	120	The party would end Australia's Defence Treaty with the United States unless it can be changed to operate within the Greens' view on Australia's national interest.
554	1	Australian Greens	120	"Former Greens leader Bob Brown argued that, ""The US is a very great friend of Australia and always will be."
555	1	Australian Greens	120	But that doesn't mean that we cave in to their demands.
556	1	Australian Greens	121	In 1991, the Greens stated their opposition to the Gulf War, and in 2003, opposition to the Iraq War.
557	1	Australian Greens	121	The Greens also opposed the Afghanistan War.
558	1	Australian Greens	121	However, the party is not anti-militarism per se, having supported armed intervention in East Timor in 1999, and the 2011 military intervention in Libya.
559	1	Australian Greens	122	The Greens have pledged support for independence movements around the world, including in Palestine, Taiwan, Tibet and West Papua.
560	1	Australian Greens	123	The party calls for improved human rights in countries such as China and Myanmar.
561	1	Australian Greens	123	In 2019, the Greens declared that it does not support the Hong Kong government's proposed new extradition agreement with China.
562	1	Australian Greens	123	"Richard Di Natale stated that, ""The Chinese Government still hasn’t aligned its key criminal laws and policies with international human rights standards."
563	1	Australian Greens	123	It does not always allow criminal suspects access to lawyers.
564	1	Australian Greens	123	It fails to investigate allegations of police torture and to hold police to account.
565	1	Australian Greens	123	It imprisons human rights lawyers, artists and academics.
566	1	Australian Greens	124	The Greens believe that access to health care of a high standard and quality is a basic human right.
567	1	Australian Greens	124	Adequate access to bulk-billing general practitioners (GPs) across Australia is a priority of the party's health policy.
568	1	Australian Greens	125	The Greens support a properly resourced Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme free from political interference and want the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) to be composed of independent experts, clinicians and consumer representatives.
569	1	Australian Greens	126	Improving food labelling to be more comprehensive and strongly enforced is another health policy adopted by the party.
570	1	Australian Greens	126	The party also wish to ban junk food advertising on television during times of high children television viewing.
571	1	Australian Greens	127	The Greens support Medicare and believe that dental and mental health care should be included in Medicare.
572	1	Australian Greens	128	The Greens acknowledge the adverse effects of climate change on human health and, by taking action on climate change, wish to address this issue.
573	1	Australian Greens	129	The Greens are in support of voluntary euthanasia for those who are terminally ill.
574	1	Australian Greens	130	The party supports same-sex marriage, with the intention of improving the mental health of LGBTIQ+ Australians and their families, in line with the position of the Australian Psychological Society (APS).
575	1	Australian Greens	130	"The Greens were the first party to campaign for the legalisation of marriage equality, and Greens MPs often use the slogan ""every vote, every time"" in support."
576	1	Australian Greens	130	Same-sex marriage was made legal in Australia in 2018.
577	1	Australian Greens	130	The Greens also support calls from the APS for an Australia-wide ban on so-called gay 'conversion therapy' due to the harmful mental health effects of sexual orientation change efforts.
578	1	Australian Greens	131	The party also supports reproductive health and expanding abortion services and making access to them easier.
579	1	Australian Greens	132	Alzheimer's Australia National CEO, Carol Bennett publicly welcomed the Greens' $4 billion commitment to a national dementia strategy.
580	1	Australian Greens	132	The party has also committed $5.2 billion to create dementia friendly communities; $8 million for a risk reduction program to inform Australians about brain health; $6 million for early diagnosis; $20 million for post-diagnostic services, including expansion of the National Dementia Helpline; $64 million for a dementia-respite supplement and to develop a consumer initiative to support individuals with dementia navigate the aged care system; and $20 million to improve dementia research.
581	1	Australian Greens	133	The party is very vocal in speaking in favour of the rights of asylum seekers, and to this end support the abolishing of indefinite offshore detention of asylum seekers, as well as the practice of asylum seeker boat turn backs.
582	1	Australian Greens	134	In the 2016 federal election, the Greens proposed a one-time intake of 50,000 refugees from Syrian refugee camps, contrasting with the Coalition who proposed an intake of 12,000 and Labor who proposed an intake of 30,000.
583	1	Australian Greens	135	The Greens favour establishing a migrant program that prioritises family reunion and facilitates migration or resettlement to Australia within a reasonable time.
584	1	Australian Greens	137	The Greens are strongly in favour of expanding public transport, and support the building of a high speed rail network between Sydney and Melbourne.
585	1	Australian Greens	138	They also call for the establishment of an infrastructure bank, with the aim of increasing federal infrastructure investment to $75 billion as a means of funding, among other things, public transport, public housing, and maintaining existing infrastructure including local government roads and storm water.
586	1	Australian Greens	139	The Greens support the construction of the national broadband network, as initially envisioned by the Rudd Government, which would increase fibre optic home connections.
587	1	Australian Greens	140	At the 2016 federal election, the Greens announced a policy to strengthen anti-discrimination laws; achieve same-sex marriage; stand up for the rights of intersex people; defend Safe Schools; provide better access to HIV-prevention medication known as PrEP; change retrograde state laws including on adoption rights and the 'gay panic' defence; provide easier access to hormone treatments for transgender and gender diverse young people; bring refugees being processed in countries which criminalise homosexuality to Australia; improve mental health for LGBTIQ people; provide training for LGBTIQ inclusive aged-care services; remove the gay blood ban, and lift aid funding including for HIV prevention projects.
588	1	Australian Greens	140	The Greens also wish to ban so-called gay 'conversion therapy'.
589	1	Australian Greens	141	"A convenor of the ACT Greens party has said when same-sex marriage is limited to, ""two consenting adults [this] discriminates against others in the gay community, including polyamorists""."
590	1	Australian Greens	141	He accused the Greens of being hypocrites because the logic they use to argue for marriage equality should extend to people who have multiple partners.
591	1	Australian Greens	141	However, others have argued that the Greens policy does not constitute discrimination as limiting the number of partners to two within a marriage does not distinguish between any physical, cultural or diverse characteristics an individual possesses.
592	1	Australian Greens	142	The Greens would like to establish a federal Office for LGBTI People, as part of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, and believe Australia should have a dedicated Commissioner for Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Rights at the Australian Human Rights Commission with powers equivalent to existining commissioners.
593	1	Australian Greens	143	The Australian Greens support the elimination of weapons of mass destruction as well as global disarmament.
594	1	Australian Greens	144	The party does not believe that Australia should participate in or subsidise the sale of weaponry.
595	1	Australian Greens	144	They argue that it is irresponsible of the Australian government to fund weapon exports to Saudi Arabia, which is the world's largest state sponsor of terrorism.
596	1	Australian Greens	145	"The Greens support an Australian Defence Force (ADF) ""adequate to Australia's defence and peacekeeping needs."
597	1	Australian Greens	145	The party also supports the use of trade embargoes and other economic sanctions in addressing global conflicts rather than direct military action.
598	1	Australian Greens	146	The party supports a law and order response to counter violent extremism, as well as intelligence work, prevention strategies and community level programs.
599	1	Australian Greens	146	The Greens have pledged $10 million a year for countering violent extremism.
600	1	Australian Greens	146	The party argues that the government needs to properly fund counterterrorism research.
601	1	Australian Greens	146	"The party believes that it is incumbent upon political leaders to condemn white supremacy and the emerging neo-Nazi movement, which is ""taking a foothold around the world, emboldened and encouraged by political leaders."
602	1	Australian Greens	147	The Greens support stringent gun control legislation and argue that the Australian community is put at risk by the presence of more than 260,000 firearms in the illicit firearms market.
603	1	Australian Greens	147	The party believe that all political donations from the gun lobby should be banned.
604	1	Australian Greens	147	From 2011-2018, pro-gun groups have donated thousands of dollars to Australian political parties, including Katter's Australia Party ($808,760), the Shooters' Party ($699,834), the Coalition ($82,525), the Liberal Democratic Party ($37,311), the Labor Party ($33,032) and One Nation ($6,203).
605	1	Australian Greens	148	The Greens want Australia to reverse cuts to science and technology funding.
606	1	Australian Greens	148	The Greens would inject $19.4 billion into the sector over the next decade.
607	1	Australian Greens	149	The Greens' science and research policy, launched at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (Australia's oldest medical research institute) includes:
608	1	Australian Greens	151	"Greens MP Adam Bandt stated:""By winding back unfair tax breaks to big polluters and big corporations, we can invest $19.4 billion into science, research and innovation to set us up for the future."
609	1	Australian Greens	151	Australia is lagging behind.
610	1	Australian Greens	151	Commonwealth investment in research and development is at its lowest level in 40 years.
611	1	Australian Greens	151	The old parties are stuck in the past.
612	1	Australian Greens	151	They're addicted to the donations of old, entrenched and polluting industries so they don't have a vision or the ability to usher in the jobs and industries of the future.
613	1	Australian Greens	151	This plan will put Australia on a path to joining other advanced countries that spend 4% of GDP on research and development.
614	1	Australian Greens	152	The Australian Greens support a progressive taxation system.
615	1	Australian Greens	152	The party is concerned about tax avoidance by large corporations.
616	1	Australian Greens	152	For example, during the 2016-2017 period, 722 of Australia's largest corporations paid $0 in tax, according to a report by the Australian Taxation Office.
617	1	Australian Greens	153	"At the 2010 federal election, the party advocated for an increase in the company tax rate to 33% and an increase in the Gillard Government's Mineral Resource Rent Tax; a new top marginal tax rate of 50%; the reintroduction of estate duties; a ""Tobin tax"" on foreign currency transactions; that family trusts be taxed as ""companies""; the introduction of road congestion charges; and elimination of fringe benefit tax concessions for cars."
618	1	Australian Greens	154	"Despite widespread media reports during 2019 that the party supported a ""death tax"", estate duties were disendorsed and removed from the Australian Greens' policy platform in November 2012."
619	1	Australian Greens	154	The policy had not been a part of their platform for several years.
620	1	Australian Greens	154	"Despite being mistruths, the ""death tax"" scare campaign was promoted by several Liberal MPs, including Treasurer Josh Frydenberg, Corangamite MP Sarah Henderson, Hughes MP Craig Kelly, and Senator Jane Hume, as well as Pauline Hanson."
621	1	Australian Greens	154	"The Greens state clearly on their website that, ""We [The Greens] do not have any proposal for an inheritance tax in our election platform."
622	1	Australian Greens	155	The party argues that its plans could be paid for by generating billions of dollars from amending taxation laws that favour large corporations, including:
623	1	Australian Greens	157	In 2018, the party also endorsed removal of tax exemptions for religious organisations.
624	1	Australian Greens	158	In 2019, the Greens voted against the Liberal government's $158 billion tax cut, arguing that it would disproportionately favour the wealthiest income earners in Australia.
625	1	Australian Greens	158	"Di Natale accused Labor of becoming ""simply a paler version of the Morrison government"", arguing that ""by voting for $158 billion in revenue cuts that will hurt people doing it tough and line the pockets of millionaires, Anthony Albanese has abandoned the mantle of opposition leader"", and declaring the Greens the ""real opposition""."
626	1	Australian Greens	159	On Saturday 12 November 2005 at the national conference in Hobart the Australian Greens abandoned their long-standing tradition of having no official leader and approved a process whereby a parliamentary leader could be elected by the Greens Parliamentary Party Room.
627	1	Australian Greens	159	"On Monday 28 November 2005, Bob Brown – who had long been regarded as ""de facto"" leader by many inside the party, and most people outside the party – was elected unopposed as the Parliamentary Party Leader."
628	1	Australian Greens	159	The current leadership team is Richard Di Natale as leader and Adam Bandt and Larissa Waters serving as co-deputy leaders.
629	1	Australian Greens	160	The Australian Greens, like all Australian political parties, is federally organised with separately registered state parties signing up to a national constitution, yet retaining considerable policy-making and organisational autonomy from the centre.
630	1	Australian Greens	160	The national decision-making body of the Australian Greens is the National Council, consisting of delegates from each member body (a state or territory Greens party) and composed of national office bearers including the National Convenor, Secretary and Treasurer.
631	1	Australian Greens	160	There is also a Public Officer, a Party Agent and a Registered Officer.
632	1	Australian Greens	160	The National Council arrives at decisions by consensus.
633	1	Australian Greens	160	All policies originating from this structure are subject to ratification by the members of the Australian Greens at National Conference.
634	1	Australian Greens	161	The various Australian states and territories have different electoral systems, all of which allow the Greens to gain representation.
635	1	Australian Greens	161	In New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia, the Greens hold seats in the Legislative Councils (upper houses), which are elected by proportional representation.
636	1	Australian Greens	161	The Greens also hold two seats in the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly since the 2016 election, up from one after the 2012 election.
637	1	Australian Greens	161	In Queensland and the Northern Territory, their unicameral parliaments have made it difficult for the Greens to gain representation.
638	1	Australian Greens	162	The Australian Greens are a federation consisting of eight parties from each state and territory:
639	1	Australian Greens	163	The Greens' most important area of state political activity has been in Tasmania, which is the only state where the lower house of the state parliament is elected by proportional representation.
640	1	Australian Greens	163	In Tasmania, the Greens have been represented in the House of Assembly from 1983, initially as Green Independents, and from the early 1990s as an established party.
641	1	Australian Greens	163	At the 1989 state election, the Liberal Party won 17 seats to Labor's 13 and the Greens' 5.
642	1	Australian Greens	163	The Greens agreed to support a minority Labor government in exchange for a number of policy commitments.
643	1	Australian Greens	163	In 1992 the agreement broke down over the issue of employment in the forestry industry, and the premier, Michael Field, called an early state election which the Liberals won.
644	1	Australian Greens	163	Later, Labor and the Liberals combined to reduce the size of the Assembly from 35 to 25, thus raising the quota for election.
645	1	Australian Greens	163	At the 1998 election the Greens won only one seat, despite their vote only falling slightly, mainly due to the new electoral system.
646	1	Australian Greens	163	They recovered in the 2002 election when they won four seats.
647	1	Australian Greens	163	All four seats were retained in the 2006 election.
648	1	Australian Greens	163	After gaining 5 seats in the 2010 election, in April 2010 Nick McKim became the first Green Minister in Australia.
649	1	Australian Greens	164	In the 2011 New South Wales election, the Greens claimed their first lower-house seat in the district of Balmain.
650	1	Australian Greens	164	In the 2014 Victorian election, they won two lower-house seats, those of Melbourne and Prahran.
651	1	Australian Greens	165	Three Greens have become ministers at the state/territory level: Nick McKim and Cassy O'Connor in Tasmania until 2014, and Shane Rattenbury in the ACT to the present.
652	1	Australian Greens	166	A variety of working groups have been established by the National Council, which are directly accessible to all Greens members.
653	1	Australian Greens	166	Working groups perform an advisory function by developing policy, reviewing or developing the party structure, or by performing other tasks assigned by the National Council.
654	1	Australian Greens	167	The Australian Young Greens are a federation of Young Greens groups from each Australian state and territory.
655	1	Australian Greens	167	Together they form the Youth Wing of the Australian Greens
656	1	Australian Greens	168	A national Sexuality and Gender Identity Working Group existed from 2008-2012.
657	1	Australian Greens	168	It was concerned with advancing the party's position on LGBTIQ rights.
658	1	Australian Greens	168	The last National Conference agreed to start planning to revive the group.
659	1	Australian Greens	169	There are LGBTIQ working groups in some state and territory parties, including:
660	1	Australian Greens	170	Greens MPs are each assigned their own portfolios, or specific areas of responsibility.
661	1	Australian Greens	170	All portfolios are decided by the party and may differ in title from the Government's portfolio priorities - for example, the Greens have formed a 'Gun Control' portfolio, of which there is no equivalent in the Government.
662	1	Australian Greens	171	"Portfolios are divided into five major categories according to the Greens: ""An equal society"", ""world-class essential services"", ""climate and the environment"", ""the green economy"", and ""a confident Australia""."
663	1	Australian Greens	172	As of 2019, Greens MPs hold the following portfolios:
664	1	Australian Greens	173	"The Greens do not have formal links to environmental organisations commonly labelled by the media as ""green groups"" such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, The Wilderness Society and Greenpeace, all of whom claim to be non-partisan."
665	1	Australian Greens	173	"However, it is common for the media to report the activities of such groups and those of The Greens under the general category of ""greens""."
666	1	Australian Greens	173	"During elections, there is sometimes competition between The Greens and one or more of these groups negotiating ""greens preferences"" with other parties."
667	1	Australian Greens	173	The Greens preference negotiation objectives are to attempt to get Greens senators elected, and to get policy outcomes on issues like Tasmanian forests, though these objectives may be to a greater or lesser extent in conflict and the Greens more often direct preferences to Labor than the Liberals, but it is claimed that this did not affect federal election outcomes in 2001 and 2004.
668	1	Australian Greens	174	The Greens were in a formal alliance with the Australian Labor Party in the Tasmanian Parliament under the Bartlett and Giddings governments between 2010 and 2014, and signed a formal agreement with the minority Gillard Labor Government in the Federal Australian Parliament in 2010.
669	1	Australian Greens	174	"Milne declared this agreement ""effectively over"" in February 2013, but said that the Greens would continue to support Labor in the Parliament."
670	1	Australian Greens	174	Generally the Greens preference Labor ahead of the Coalition at elections.
671	1	Australian Greens	175	Many Labor supporters and trade unionists see the Greens' policies as destructive of employment in industries like mining and forestry.
672	1	Australian Greens	175	The forestry industry has been a particular target of environmental campaigns and the Forestry Division of the CFMEU have actively campaigned against the Greens.
673	1	Australian Greens	175	Left-wing trade unionists and some members of Labor's Left faction sympathise with the Greens' social policies and often identify more readily with the Greens than with the Labor Right.
674	1	Australian Greens	175	Some unionists, such as NTEU and AMWU members have run for State or Federal parliament for the Greens.
675	1	Australian Greens	175	South Australian Labor MP, Kris Hanna, defected to the Australian Greens in 2003 (before leaving the Greens in 2006, and being re-elected as an independent in the 2006 South Australian election).
676	1	Australian Greens	175	In 2008, Queensland Labor MP Ronan Lee defected to the Greens, becoming the first-ever Greens MP in the unicameral Queensland parliament.
677	1	Australian Greens	175	"He said he made the decision after the Queensland government had ""failed to act"" against climate change."
678	1	Australian Greens	175	In 2015, the Electrical Trades Union of Australia (ETU) invited federal Greens MP Adam Bandt as a speaker at the ETU National Officers' Conference in Adelaide on account of their shared opposition to the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement, which was approved by both the ALP and LNP .
679	1	Australian Greens	175	"Adam Bandt also spoke of the importance of ""transition funding"" to support workers and communities who would be affected by a transition from coal-fired power to renewable energy sources."
680	1	Australian Greens	175	The Greens also announced Jim Casey, the NSW state secretary of the Fire Brigade Employees Union, as the candidate for the 2016 federal election in Grayndler.
681	1	Australian Greens	176	However, these Green sympathies are not universal within Labor's Left and the two groups often find themselves competing in elections, making the Greens' growing popularity a threat to Labor.
682	1	Australian Greens	176	"In 2002, Labor front bencher and prominent Left member Lindsay Tanner wrote ""The emergence of the Greens... is already hurting the ALP's ability to attract new members amongst young people."
683	1	Australian Greens	176	"During the 2004 campaign, Tanner's own seat of Melbourne in Victoria was thought to be under serious threat by the Greens and he described Greens policies as ""mad""."
684	1	Australian Greens	176	In the end, Tanner held the seat comfortably on primary votes (51.78%, +4.35-point swing).
685	1	Australian Greens	176	He did not stand for election at the 2010 election and his seat was won by the Greens.
686	1	Australian Greens	177	In the 2006 Victorian state election, there was increased bitterness between Labor and the Greens.
687	1	Australian Greens	177	Labor direct-mailed a letter from Peter Garrett to voters in its threatened inner-Melbourne seats claiming that the Greens were preferencing the Liberal Party, in spite of Greens preferences being either for Labor or being open.
688	1	Australian Greens	177	"Following the election, The Age's Paul Austin wrote ""Labor's campaign manager, state secretary Stephen Newnham, reckons he knows why the Greens' support fell away in the last days of the campaign."
689	1	Australian Greens	177	"He has told cabinet and caucus members it was because of Labor's loud assertions that the Greens had done a secret preferences deal with the Liberals""."
690	1	Australian Greens	178	"In April 2007, ""The Age"" reported that the Victorian Greens had published a poem titled ""The Battle of Jeff's Shed"", by Mike Puleston, describing ALP officials and volunteers who scrutinised vote counting after the state election as ""the Labor Panzers and their hardened SS troops – SS stood for Sturm Scrutineers""."
691	1	Australian Greens	178	The poem described the final vote count at the Melbourne Exhibition Centre, which finished about 4 am on 14 December and resulted in the election of three Greens MLCs.
692	1	Australian Greens	178	Labor directed preferences in the upper house to the DLP above the Greens, which resulted in their preferences indirectly electing Peter Kavanagh from DLP in Western Victoria Region.
693	1	Australian Greens	179	Prior to the 2010 Federal Election, the Electrical Trades Union's Victorian branch donated $325,000 to the Greens' Victorian campaign – the largest political donation ever directed to the Party up to that time.
694	1	Australian Greens	180	In March 2011, division emerged within the Labor Party over Prime Minister Gillard's initial support for a Greens proposal to remove the commonwealth veto over Territory legislation.
695	1	Australian Greens	180	"Joe de Bruyn, head of the Shop, Distributors and Allied Employees Association, said ""Everybody in the federal parliament knows that this is simply a way of letting the territories into euthanasia or whatever else they want to do""."
696	1	Australian Greens	180	Anti-euthanasia Labor senators called on Gillard to overturn Labor's support for the Greens plan and press reports said some Labor senators had complained that the issue had not been discussed in Cabinet.
697	1	Australian Greens	180	Prime Minister Gillard said that no caucus members had raised concerns with her over the influence of the Greens over Labor policy.
698	1	Australian Greens	180	"Amidst suggestions that Labor was ""too close"" to the Greens, Prime Minister Gillard said in March: ""The Greens are not a party of government and have no tradition of striking the balance required to deliver major reform""."
699	1	Australian Greens	181	Relations between the Greens and the Liberal-National Coalition are generally poor and the Greens usually direct voters to preference the Labor Party ahead of the Liberals or Nationals in Australian elections.
700	1	Australian Greens	181	The Coalition has however directed strategic preferences to the Greens over Labor in the past, as in the Division of Melbourne, where Adam Bandt was elected at the 2010 Australian federal election with Liberal Preferences.
701	1	Australian Greens	181	In addition, the Tasmanian Liberal Party under Tony Rundle managed to form a minority government through an informal alliance with the Tasmanian Greens between 1996 and 1998, enacting some progressive reforms in favour of forest conservation and LGBT rights during its term.
702	1	Australian Greens	181	At the 2010 Victorian State Election, the Liberals put their preference for the Greens below the Labor Party.
703	1	Australian Greens	182	"During the 2004 federal election the Australian Greens were branded as ""environmental extremists"" and ""fascists"" by some members of the Liberal-National Coalition Government."
704	1	Australian Greens	182	"John Anderson described the Greens as 'watermelons', being ""green on the outside and red on the inside""."
705	1	Australian Greens	182	"John Howard, while Australian Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party, stated that ""The Greens are not just about the environment."
706	1	Australian Greens	182	"They have a whole lot of other very, very kooky policies in relation to things like drugs and all of that sort of stuff""."
707	1	Australian Greens	183	Former Federal Conservation Minister Eric Abetz criticised former Australian Greens senators Bob Brown and Kerry Nettle for spending most of their time on non-environmental issues.
708	1	Australian Greens	184	"In 2011, Liberal Shadow Cabinet frontbencher Kevin Andrews published a critique of the Greens policy agenda for Quadrant Magazine in which he wrote that the Greens' ""objective involves a radical transformation of the culture that underpins Western civilisation"" and that their agenda would threaten the ""Judeo-Christian/Enlightenment synthesis that upholds the individual"" as well as ""the economic system that has resulted in the creation of wealth and prosperity for the most people in human history."
709	1	Australian Greens	185	In December 2013, Liberal Party Treasurer Joe Hockey secured a deal with the Greens to remove the debt ceiling in response to debt approaching the current limit of $300b, despite opposition from the Labor Party.
710	1	Australian Greens	185	"In December 2015, the Greens struck a deal with the Coalition Government, passing a law requiring multinational private companies with a turnover over $200 million to disclose their tax arrangements and also making it mandatory for multinational companies with a ""global"" turnover of $1 billion or more to have to prepare ""general purpose"" financial statements, which disclose greater tax details than previously occurred in Australia."
711	1	Australian Greens	185	Once more the following year the Coalition Government and the Greens agreed on a permanent 15% tax rate for backpackers, in exchange for a $100 million funding boost to environmental stewardship not-for-profit Landcare.
712	1	Australian Greens	186	"In a similar vein to the Family First television advertisements in 2004, Country Alliance also ran television advertisements in the lead up to the 2006 Victorian state election claiming that the Greens policies were ""extreme""."
713	1	Australian Greens	187	The Greens have voiced opposition and even organised protests against the One Nation Party (an anti-immigration, economically protectionist Party which enjoyed significant publicity in the 1998 federal election).
714	1	Australian Greens	188	The Greens generally draw support from younger, wealthier voters with higher than average educational attainment.
715	1	Australian Greens	188	The electorates that delivered the Greens' best lower house results at the 2016 election were wealthy metropolitan seats such as Melbourne, Higgins and Melbourne Ports.
716	1	Australian Greens	189	The Greens absorbed much of the Democrats support base following its downfall as the third party in Australia and many of the social and environmental policies and issues the Democrats advocated for have been taken up by the Greens.
717	1	Australian Greens	189	Much like the Democrats, the Greens have a higher proportion of supporters who are university educated, under 40, who identify as professionals in their field (teachers, graphic designers, engineers, etc.
718	1	Australian Greens	189	as well as small business owners) and who earn above the national average wage.
719	1	Australian Greens	190	A study conducted by the Roy Morgan Institute in 2013 found that those classified as professionals in their field are 50% more likely to vote Greens than any other party.
720	1	Australian Greens	190	The top 10 professions to vote Greens in 2013 included:
721	1	Australian Greens	192	There is a growing support for the Greens in some regional and rural areas, particularly in the northern coastal regions of New South Wales and the Surf Coast region of Victoria, around environmental and sustainability issues due to the Greens' environmental principles, particularly their opposition to coal-seam gas mining.
722	1	Australian Greens	192	However, by and large, Greens support in the most scarcely populated rural areas tends to be lower than average.
723	1	Australian Greens	193	According to the ABC's Vote Compass, 63% of Greens voters rated the environment as the most important issue at the 2019 federal election.
724	1	Australian Greens	193	The environment was also ranked as the most important issue overall in 2019, including all other voters.
725	1	Australian Greens	195	Senators Vallentine, Chamarette and Margetts were all elected as Greens (WA) senators and served their terms before the Greens WA affiliated to the Australian Greens, meaning that they were not considered to be Australian Greens senators at the time.
726	1	Australian Greens	196	For a full list of current and former Greens members of parliament in the states and territories see:<br>
727	1	Australian Greens	196	List of Greens MPs in
728	1	Australian Greens	197	Note that the Greens have never had any representation in the Northern Territory.
729	1	Australian Greens	199	For the 2015-2016 financial year, the top ten disclosed donors to the Greens Party were: Graeme Wood (businessman) ($600,000), Duncan Turpie ($400,000), Electrical Trades Union of Australia ($320,000), Louise Crossley ($138,000), Anna Hackett ($100,000), Pater Investments ($100,000), Ruth Greble ($35,000), Minax Uriel Ptd Ltd ($35,000) and Chilla Bulbeck ($32,000).
730	1	Australian Greens	200	"Since 2017, the Australian Greens have implemented real-time disclosure of donations to them of over $1,000, in an effort to ""clean up politics""."
731	1	Primary production	1	In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide.
732	1	Primary production	1	It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy.
733	1	Primary production	1	Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production.
734	1	Primary production	1	"The organisms responsible for primary production are known as ""primary producers"" or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain."
735	1	Primary production	1	In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae predominate in this role.
736	1	Primary production	1	"Ecologists distinguish primary production as either ""net"" or ""gross"", the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not."
737	1	Primary production	2	Primary production is the production of chemical energy in organic compounds by living organisms.
738	1	Primary production	2	The main source of this energy is sunlight but a minute fraction of primary production is driven by lithotrophic organisms using the chemical energy of inorganic molecules.
739	1	Primary production	3	Regardless of its source, this energy is used to synthesize complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO) and water (HO).
740	1	Primary production	3	The following two equations are simplified representations of photosynthesis (top) and (one form of) chemosynthesis (bottom):
741	1	Primary production	4	In both cases, the end point is a polymer of reduced carbohydrate, (CHO), typically molecules such as glucose or other sugars.
742	1	Primary production	4	These relatively simple molecules may be then used to further synthesise more complicated molecules, including proteins, complex carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, or be respired to perform work.
743	1	Primary production	4	Consumption of primary producers by heterotrophic organisms, such as animals, then transfers these organic molecules (and the energy stored within them) up the food web, fueling all of the Earth's living systems.
744	1	Primary production	5	Gross primary production (GPP) is the amount of chemical energy, typically expressed as carbon biomass, that primary producers create in a given length of time.
745	1	Primary production	5	"Some fraction of this fixed energy is used by primary producers for cellular respiration and maintenance of existing tissues (i.e., ""growth respiration"" and ""maintenance respiration"")."
746	1	Primary production	5	The remaining fixed energy (i.e., mass of photosynthate) is referred to as net primary production (NPP).
747	1	Primary production	6	Net primary production is the rate at which all the autotrophs in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy.
748	1	Primary production	6	As noted, it is equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (GPP) and the rate at which they use some of that energy during respiration.
749	1	Primary production	6	Net primary production is available to be directed toward growth and reproduction of primary producers.
750	1	Primary production	6	As such it is available for consumption by herbivores.
751	1	Primary production	7	Both gross and net primary production are typically expressed in units of mass per unit area per unit time interval.
752	1	Primary production	7	In terrestrial ecosystems, mass of carbon per unit area per year (g C m yr) is most often used as the unit of measurement.
753	1	Primary production	7	"Note that a distinction is sometimes drawn between ""production"" and ""productivity"", with the former the quantity of material produced (g C m), the latter the rate at which it is produced (g C m yr), but these terms are more typically used interchangeably."
754	1	Primary production	8	On the land, almost all primary production is now performed by vascular plants, with a small fraction coming from algae and non-vascular plants such as mosses and liverworts.
755	1	Primary production	8	Before the evolution of vascular plants, non-vascular plants likely played a more significant role.
756	1	Primary production	8	Primary production on land is a function of many factors, but principally local hydrology and temperature (the latter covaries to an extent with light, specifically photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the source of energy for photosynthesis).
757	1	Primary production	8	While plants cover much of the Earth's surface, they are strongly curtailed wherever temperatures are too extreme or where necessary plant resources (principally water and PAR) are limiting, such as deserts or polar regions.
758	1	Primary production	9	"Water is ""consumed"" in plants by the processes of photosynthesis (see above) and transpiration."
759	1	Primary production	9	The latter process (which is responsible for about 90% of water use) is driven by the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.
760	1	Primary production	9	Transpiration allows plants to transport water and mineral nutrients from the soil to growth regions, and also cools the plant.
761	1	Primary production	9	Diffusion of water vapour out of a leaf, the force that drives transpiration, is regulated by structures known as stomata.
762	1	Primary production	9	These structure also regulate the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the leaf, such that decreasing water loss (by partially closing stomata) also decreases carbon dioxide gain.
763	1	Primary production	9	Certain plants use alternative forms of photosynthesis, called Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and C4.
764	1	Primary production	9	These employ physiological and anatomical adaptations to increase water-use efficiency and allow increased primary production to take place under conditions that would normally limit carbon fixation by C3 plants (the majority of plant species).
765	1	Primary production	10	In a reversal of the pattern on land, in the oceans, almost all photosynthesis is performed by algae, with a small fraction contributed by vascular plants and other groups.
766	1	Primary production	10	Algae encompass a diverse range of organisms, ranging from single floating cells to attached seaweeds.
767	1	Primary production	10	They include photoautotrophs from a variety of groups.
768	1	Primary production	10	Eubacteria are important photosynthetizers in both oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems, and while some archaea are phototrophic, none are known to utilise oxygen-evolving photosynthesis.
769	1	Primary production	10	A number of eukaryotes are significant contributors to primary production in the ocean, including green algae, brown algae and red algae, and a diverse group of unicellular groups.
770	1	Primary production	10	Vascular plants are also represented in the ocean by groups such as the seagrasses.
771	1	Primary production	11	Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, the majority of primary production in the ocean is performed by free-living microscopic organisms called phytoplankton.
772	1	Primary production	11	Larger autotrophs, such as the seagrasses and macroalgae (seaweeds) are generally confined to the littoral zone and adjacent shallow waters, where they can attach to the underlying substrate but still be within the photic zone.
773	1	Primary production	11	"There are exceptions, such as ""Sargassum"", but the vast majority of free-floating production takes place within microscopic organisms."
774	1	Primary production	12	The factors limiting primary production in the ocean are also very different from those on land.
775	1	Primary production	12	The availability of water, obviously, is not an issue (though its salinity can be).
776	1	Primary production	12	Similarly, temperature, while affecting metabolic rates (see Q), ranges less widely in the ocean than on land because the heat capacity of seawater buffers temperature changes, and the formation of sea ice insulates it at lower temperatures.
777	1	Primary production	12	However, the availability of light, the source of energy for photosynthesis, and mineral nutrients, the building blocks for new growth, play crucial roles in regulating primary production in the ocean.
778	1	Primary production	12	Available Earth System Models suggest that ongoing ocean bio-geochemical changes could trigger reductions in ocean NPP between 3% and 10% of current values depending on the emissions scenario.
779	1	Primary production	13	The sunlit zone of the ocean is called the photic zone (or euphotic zone).
780	1	Primary production	13	This is a relatively thin layer (10–100 m) near the ocean's surface where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis to occur.
781	1	Primary production	13	For practical purposes, the thickness of the photic zone is typically defined by the depth at which light reaches 1% of its surface value.
782	1	Primary production	13	Light is attenuated down the water column by its absorption or scattering by the water itself, and by dissolved or particulate material within it (including phytoplankton).
783	1	Primary production	14	Net photosynthesis in the water column is determined by the interaction between the photic zone and the mixed layer.
784	1	Primary production	14	Turbulent mixing by wind energy at the ocean's surface homogenises the water column vertically until the turbulence dissipates (creating the aforementioned mixed layer).
785	1	Primary production	14	The deeper the mixed layer, the lower the average amount of light intercepted by phytoplankton within it.
786	1	Primary production	14	The mixed layer can vary from being shallower than the photic zone, to being much deeper than the photic zone.
787	1	Primary production	14	When it is much deeper than the photic zone, this results in phytoplankton spending too much time in the dark for net growth to occur.
788	1	Primary production	14	The maximum depth of the mixed layer in which net growth can occur is called the critical depth.
789	1	Primary production	14	As long as there are adequate nutrients available, net primary production occurs whenever the mixed layer is shallower than the critical depth.
790	1	Primary production	15	Both the magnitude of wind mixing and the availability of light at the ocean's surface are affected across a range of space- and time-scales.
791	1	Primary production	15	The most characteristic of these is the seasonal cycle (caused by the consequences of the Earth's axial tilt), although wind magnitudes additionally have strong spatial components.
792	1	Primary production	15	Consequently, primary production in temperate regions such as the North Atlantic is highly seasonal, varying with both incident light at the water's surface (reduced in winter) and the degree of mixing (increased in winter).
793	1	Primary production	15	In tropical regions, such as the gyres in the middle of the major basins, light may only vary slightly across the year, and mixing may only occur episodically, such as during large storms or hurricanes.
794	1	Primary production	16	Mixing also plays an important role in the limitation of primary production by nutrients.
795	1	Primary production	16	Inorganic nutrients, such as nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid are necessary for phytoplankton to synthesise their cells and cellular machinery.
796	1	Primary production	16	Because of gravitational sinking of particulate material (such as plankton, dead or fecal material), nutrients are constantly lost from the photic zone, and are only replenished by mixing or upwelling of deeper water.
797	1	Primary production	16	This is exacerbated where summertime solar heating and reduced winds increases vertical stratification and leads to a strong thermocline, since this makes it more difficult for wind mixing to entrain deeper water.
798	1	Primary production	16	Consequently, between mixing events, primary production (and the resulting processes that leads to sinking particulate material) constantly acts to consume nutrients in the mixed layer, and in many regions this leads to nutrient exhaustion and decreased mixed layer production in the summer (even in the presence of abundant light).
799	1	Primary production	16	However, as long as the photic zone is deep enough, primary production may continue below the mixed layer where light-limited growth rates mean that nutrients are often more abundant.
800	1	Primary production	17	Another factor relatively recently discovered to play a significant role in oceanic primary production is the micronutrient iron.
801	1	Primary production	17	This is used as a cofactor in enzymes involved in processes such as nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation.
802	1	Primary production	17	A major source of iron to the oceans is dust from the Earth's deserts, picked up and delivered by the wind as aeolian dust.
803	1	Primary production	18	In regions of the ocean that are distant from deserts or that are not reached by dust-carrying winds (for example, the Southern and North Pacific oceans), the lack of iron can severely limit the amount of primary production that can occur.
804	1	Primary production	18	These areas are sometimes known as HNLC (High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) regions, because the scarcity of iron both limits phytoplankton growth and leaves a surplus of other nutrients.
805	1	Primary production	18	Some scientists have suggested introducing iron to these areas as a means of increasing primary productivity and sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
806	1	Primary production	19	The methods for measurement of primary production vary depending on whether gross vs net production is the desired measure, and whether terrestrial or aquatic systems are the focus.
807	1	Primary production	19	Gross production is almost always harder to measure than net, because of respiration, which is a continuous and ongoing process that consumes some of the products of primary production (i.e.
808	1	Primary production	19	sugars) before they can be accurately measured.
809	1	Primary production	19	Also, terrestrial ecosystems are generally more difficult because a substantial proportion of total productivity is shunted to below-ground organs and tissues, where it is logistically difficult to measure.
810	1	Primary production	19	Shallow water aquatic systems can also face this problem.
811	1	Primary production	20	Scale also greatly affects measurement techniques.
812	1	Primary production	20	The rate of carbon assimilation in plant tissues, organs, whole plants, or plankton samples can be quantified by biochemically based techniques, but these techniques are decidedly inappropriate for large scale terrestrial field situations.
813	1	Primary production	20	There, net primary production is almost always the desired variable, and estimation techniques involve various methods of estimating dry-weight biomass changes over time.
814	1	Primary production	20	Biomass estimates are often converted to an energy measure, such as kilocalories, by an empirically determined conversion factor.
815	1	Primary production	21	In terrestrial ecosystems, researchers generally measure net primary production (NPP).
816	1	Primary production	21	Although its definition is straightforward, field measurements used to estimate productivity vary according to investigator and biome.
817	1	Primary production	21	Field estimates rarely account for below ground productivity, herbivory, turnover, litterfall, volatile organic compounds, root exudates, and allocation to symbiotic microorganisms.
818	1	Primary production	21	Biomass based NPP estimates result in underestimation of NPP due to incomplete accounting of these components.
819	1	Primary production	21	However, many field measurements correlate well to NPP.
820	1	Primary production	21	There are a number of comprehensive reviews of the field methods used to estimate NPP.
821	1	Primary production	21	Estimates of ecosystem respiration, the total carbon dioxide produced by the ecosystem, can also be made with gas flux measurements.
822	1	Primary production	22	The major unaccounted pool is belowground productivity, especially production and turnover of roots.
823	1	Primary production	22	Belowground components of NPP are difficult to measure.
824	1	Primary production	22	BNPP (below-ground NPP) is often estimated based on a ratio of ANPP:BNPP (above-ground NPP:below-ground NPP) rather than direct measurements.
825	1	Primary production	23	Gross primary production can be estimated from measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide made by the eddy covariance technique.
826	1	Primary production	23	During night, this technique measures all components of ecosystem respiration.
827	1	Primary production	23	This respiration is scaled to day-time values and further subtracted from NEE.
828	1	Primary production	24	Most frequently, peak standing biomass is assumed to measure NPP.
829	1	Primary production	24	In systems with persistent standing litter, live biomass is commonly reported.
830	1	Primary production	24	Measures of peak biomass are more reliable if the system is predominantly annuals.
831	1	Primary production	24	However, perennial measurements could be reliable if there were a synchronous phenology driven by a strong seasonal climate.
832	1	Primary production	24	These methods may underestimate ANPP in grasslands by as much as 2 (temperate) to 4 (tropical) fold.
833	1	Primary production	24	Repeated measures of standing live and dead biomass provide more accurate estimates of all grasslands, particularly those with large turnover, rapid decomposition, and interspecific variation in timing of peak biomass.
834	1	Primary production	24	Wetland productivity (marshes and fens) is similarly measured.
835	1	Primary production	24	In Europe, annual mowing makes the annual biomass increment of wetlands evident.
836	1	Primary production	25	Methods used to measure forest productivity are more diverse than those of grasslands.
837	1	Primary production	25	Biomass increment based on stand specific allometry plus litterfall is considered a suitable although incomplete accounting of above-ground net primary production (ANPP).
838	1	Primary production	25	Field measurements used as a proxy for ANPP include annual litterfall, diameter or basal area increment (DBH or BAI), and volume increment.
839	1	Primary production	26	In aquatic systems, primary production is typically measured using one of six main techniques:
840	1	Primary production	27	The technique developed by Gaarder and Gran uses variations in the concentration of oxygen under different experimental conditions to infer gross primary production.
841	1	Primary production	27	Typically, three identical transparent vessels are filled with sample water and stoppered.
842	1	Primary production	27	The first is analysed immediately and used to determine the initial oxygen concentration; usually this is done by performing a Winkler titration.
843	1	Primary production	27	The other two vessels are incubated, one each in under light and darkened.
844	1	Primary production	27	After a fixed period of time, the experiment ends, and the oxygen concentration in both vessels is measured.
845	1	Primary production	27	As photosynthesis has not taken place in the dark vessel, it provides a measure of ecosystem respiration.
846	1	Primary production	27	The light vessel permits both photosynthesis and respiration, so provides a measure of net photosynthesis (i.e.
847	1	Primary production	27	oxygen production via photosynthesis subtract oxygen consumption by respiration).
848	1	Primary production	27	Gross primary production is then obtained by adding oxygen consumption in the dark vessel to net oxygen production in the light vessel.
849	1	Primary production	28	The technique of using C incorporation (added as labelled NaCO) to infer primary production is most commonly used today because it is sensitive, and can be used in all ocean environments.
850	1	Primary production	28	As C is radioactive (via beta decay), it is relatively straightforward to measure its incorporation in organic material using devices such as scintillation counters.
851	1	Primary production	29	Depending upon the incubation time chosen, net or gross primary production can be estimated.
852	1	Primary production	29	Gross primary production is best estimated using relatively short incubation times (1 hour or less), since the loss of incorporated C (by respiration and organic material excretion / exudation) will be more limited.
853	1	Primary production	29	Net primary production is the fraction of gross production remaining after these loss processes have consumed some of the fixed carbon.
854	1	Primary production	30	Loss processes can range between 10-60% of incorporated C according to the incubation period, ambient environmental conditions (especially temperature) and the experimental species used.
855	1	Primary production	30	Aside from those caused by the physiology of the experimental subject itself, potential losses due to the activity of consumers also need to be considered.
856	1	Primary production	30	This is particularly true in experiments making use of natural assemblages of microscopic autotrophs, where it is not possible to isolate them from their consumers.
857	1	Primary production	31	The methods based on stable isotopes and O/Ar ratios have the advantage of providing estimates of respiration rates in the light without the need of incubations in the dark.
858	1	Primary production	31	Among them, the method of the triple oxygen isotopes and O/Ar have the additional advantage of not needing incubations in closed containers and O/Ar can even be measured continuously at sea using equilibrator inlet mass spectrometry (EIMS) or a membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS).
859	1	Primary production	31	However, if results relevant to the carbon cycle are desired, it is probably better to rely on methods based on carbon (and not oxygen) isotopes.
860	1	Primary production	31	It is important to notice that the method based on carbon stable isotopes is not simply an adaptation of the classic C method, but an entirely different approach that does not suffer from the problem of lack of account of carbon recycling during photosynthesis.
861	1	Primary production	32	As primary production in the biosphere is an important part of the carbon cycle, estimating it at the global scale is important in Earth system science.
862	1	Primary production	32	However, quantifying primary production at this scale is difficult because of the range of habitats on Earth, and because of the impact of weather events (availability of sunlight, water) on its variability.
863	1	Primary production	32	Using satellite-derived estimates of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for terrestrial habitats and sea-surface chlorophyll for the oceans, it is estimated that the total (photoautotrophic) primary production for the Earth was 104.9 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C yr; equivalent to the non-SI Gt C yr).
864	1	Primary production	32	Of this, 56.4 Pg C yr (53.8%), was the product of terrestrial organisms, while the remaining 48.5 Pg C yr, was accounted for by oceanic production.
865	1	Primary production	33	Scaling ecosystem-level GPP estimations based on eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange (see above) to regional and global values using spatial details of different predictor variables, such as climate variables and remotely sensed fAPAR or LAI led to a terrestrial gross primary production of 123±8 Gt carbon (NOT carbon dioxide) per year during 1998-2005
866	1	Primary production	34	In areal terms, it was estimated that land production was approximately 426 g C m yr (excluding areas with permanent ice cover), while that for the oceans was 140 g C m yr. Another significant difference between the land and the oceans lies in their standing stocks - while accounting for almost half of total production, oceanic autotrophs only account for about 0.2% of the total biomass.
867	1	Primary production	35	Primary productivity can be estimated by a variety of proxies.
868	1	Primary production	35	One that has particular relevance to the geological record is Barium, whose concentration in marine sediments rises in line with primary productivity at the surface.
869	1	Primary production	36	Human societies are part of the Earth's NPP cycle, but exert a disproportionate influence in it.
870	1	Primary production	36	"In 1996, Josep Garí designed a new indicator of sustainable development based precisely on the estimation of the human appropriation of NPP: he coined it ""HANPP"" (Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production) and introduced it at the inaugural conference of the European Society for Ecological Economics."
871	1	Primary production	36	HANPP has since been further developed and widely applied in research on ecological economics as well as in policy analysis for sustainability.
872	1	Primary production	36	HANPP represents a proxy of the human impact on Nature and can be applied to different geographical scales and also globally.
873	1	Primary production	37	"The extensive degree of human use of the Planet's resources, mostly via land use, results in various levels of impact on ""actual NPP"" (NPP)."
874	1	Primary production	37	"Although in some regions, such as the Nile valley, irrigation has resulted in a considerable increase in primary production, in most of the Planet there is a notable trend of ""NPP reduction due to land changes"" (ΔNPP) of 9.6% across global land-mass."
875	1	Primary production	37	"In addition to this, end consumption by people raises the total HANPP to 23.8% of ""potential vegetation"" (NPP)."
876	1	Primary production	37	It is estimated that, in 2000, 34% of the Earth's ice-free land area (12% cropland; 22% pasture) was devoted to human agriculture.
877	1	Primary production	37	This disproportionate amount reduces the energy available to other species, having a marked impact on biodiversity, flows of carbon, water and energy, and ecosystem services, and scientists have questioned how large this fraction can be before these services begin to break down.
878	1	Primary production	37	Reductions in NPP are also expected in the ocean as a result of ongoing climate change, potentially impacting marine ecosystems and goods and services that the oceans provide
879	1	Wind turbine	1	A wind turbine, or alternatively referred to as a wind energy converter, is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy.
880	1	Wind turbine	2	Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis.
881	1	Wind turbine	2	The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs.
882	1	Wind turbine	2	Larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid.
883	1	Wind turbine	2	Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
884	1	Wind turbine	2	"One assessment claimed that, , wind had the ""lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands and... the most favourable social impacts"" compared to photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal, coal and gas."
885	1	Wind turbine	3	The windwheel of Hero of Alexandria (10 AD – 70 AD) marks one of the first recorded instances of wind powering a machine in history.
886	1	Wind turbine	3	However, the first known practical wind power plants were built in Sistan, an Eastern province of Persia (now Iran), from the 7th century.
887	1	Wind turbine	3	"These ""Panemone"" were vertical axle windmills, which had long vertical drive shafts with rectangular blades."
888	1	Wind turbine	3	Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries.
889	1	Wind turbine	4	Wind power first appeared in Europe during the Middle Ages.
890	1	Wind turbine	4	The first historical records of their use in England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders taking their windmill-making skills to Syria around 1190.
891	1	Wind turbine	4	By the 14th century, Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine delta.
892	1	Wind turbine	4	Advanced wind turbines were described by Croatian inventor Fausto Veranzio.
893	1	Wind turbine	4	In his book Machinae Novae (1595) he described vertical axis wind turbines with curved or V-shaped blades.
894	1	Wind turbine	5	The first electricity-generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth to light his holiday home in Marykirk, Scotland.
895	1	Wind turbine	5	Some months later American inventor Charles F. Brush was able to build the first automatically operated wind turbine after consulting local University professors and colleagues Jacob S. Gibbs and Brinsley Coleberd and successfully getting the blueprints peer-reviewed for electricity production in Cleveland, Ohio.
896	1	Wind turbine	5	Although Blyth's turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom, electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered populations.
897	1	Wind turbine	6	In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW.
898	1	Wind turbine	6	The largest machines were on towers with four-bladed diameter rotors.
899	1	Wind turbine	6	By 1908, there were 72 wind-driven electric generators operating in the United States from 5 kW to 25 kW.
900	1	Wind turbine	6	Around the time of World War I, American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping.
901	1	Wind turbine	7	By the 1930s, wind generators for electricity were common on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed.
902	1	Wind turbine	7	In this period, high-tensile steel was cheap, and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers.
903	1	Wind turbine	8	A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931.
904	1	Wind turbine	8	This was a 100 kW generator on a tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system.
905	1	Wind turbine	8	It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines.
906	1	Wind turbine	9	In the autumn of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont.
907	1	Wind turbine	9	The Smith–Putnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100 hours before suffering a critical failure.
908	1	Wind turbine	9	The unit was not repaired, because of a shortage of materials during the war.
909	1	Wind turbine	10	The first utility grid-connected wind turbine to operate in the UK was built by John Brown & Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands.
910	1	Wind turbine	11	Despite these diverse developments, developments in fossil fuel systems almost entirely eliminated any wind turbine systems larger than supermicro size.
911	1	Wind turbine	11	In the early 1970s, however, anti-nuclear protests in Denmark spurred artisan mechanics to develop microturbines of 22 kW.
912	1	Wind turbine	11	Organizing owners into associations and co-operatives lead to the lobbying of the government and utilities and provided incentives for larger turbines throughout the 1980s and later.
913	1	Wind turbine	11	Local activists in Germany, nascent turbine manufacturers in Spain, and large investors in the United States in the early 1990s then lobbied for policies that stimulated the industry in those countries.
914	1	Wind turbine	12	It has been argued that expanding use of wind power will lead to increasing geopolitical competition over critical materials for wind turbines such as rare earth elements neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium.
915	1	Wind turbine	12	But this perspective has been criticised for failing to recognise that most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production of these minerals.
916	1	Wind turbine	13	Wind Power Density (WPD) is a quantitative measure of wind energy available at any location.
917	1	Wind turbine	13	It is the mean annual power available per square meter of swept area of a turbine, and is calculated for different heights above ground.
918	1	Wind turbine	13	Calculation of wind power density includes the effect of wind velocity and air density.
919	1	Wind turbine	14	Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class III, with A to C referring to the turbulence intensity of the wind.
920	1	Wind turbine	15	Conservation of mass requires that the amount of air entering and exiting a turbine must be equal.
921	1	Wind turbine	15	Accordingly, Betz's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine as 16/27 (59.3%) of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine.
922	1	Wind turbine	16	The maximum theoretical power output of a wind machine is thus 16/27 times the kinetic energy of the air passing through the effective disk area of the machine.
923	1	Wind turbine	16	If the effective area of the disk is A, and the wind velocity v, the maximum theoretical power output P is:
924	1	Wind turbine	17	"where ""ρ"" is the air density."
925	1	Wind turbine	18	Wind-to-rotor efficiency (including rotor blade friction and drag) are among the factors affecting the final price of wind power.
926	1	Wind turbine	18	Further inefficiencies, such as gearbox losses, generator and converter losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine.
927	1	Wind turbine	18	To protect components from undue wear, extracted power is held constant above the rated operating speed as theoretical power increases at the cube of wind speed, further reducing theoretical efficiency.
928	1	Wind turbine	18	In 2001, commercial utility-connected turbines delivered 75% to 80% of the Betz limit of power extractable from the wind, at rated operating speed.
929	1	Wind turbine	19	Efficiency can decrease slightly over time, one of the main reasons being dust and insect carcasses on the blades which alters the aerodynamic profile and essentially reduces the lift to drag ratio of the airfoil.
930	1	Wind turbine	19	Analysis of 3128 wind turbines older than 10 years in Denmark showed that half of the turbines had no decrease, while the other half saw a production decrease of 1.2% per year.
931	1	Wind turbine	19	Ice accretion on turbine blades has also been found to greatly reduce the efficiency of wind turbines, which is a common challenge in cold climates where in-cloud icing and freezing rain events occur.
932	1	Wind turbine	19	Vertical turbine designs have much lower efficiency than standard horizontal designs.
933	1	Wind turbine	20	In general, more stable and constant weather conditions (most notably wind speed) result in an average of 15% greater efficiency than that of a wind turbine in unstable weather conditions, thus allowing up to a 7% increase in wind speed under stable conditions.
934	1	Wind turbine	20	This is due to a faster recovery wake and greater flow entrainment that occur in conditions of higher atmospheric stability.
935	1	Wind turbine	20	However, wind turbine wakes have been found to recover faster under unstable atmospheric conditions as opposed to a stable environment.
936	1	Wind turbine	21	Different materials have been found to have varying effects on the efficiency of wind turbines.
937	1	Wind turbine	21	In an Ege University experiment, three wind turbines (Each with three blades with diameters of one meter) were constructed with blades made of different materials: A glass and glass/carbon epoxy, glass/carbon, and glass/polyester.
938	1	Wind turbine	21	When tested, the results showed that the materials with higher overall masses had a greater friction moment and thus a lower power coefficient.
939	1	Wind turbine	22	Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both older and more common.
940	1	Wind turbine	22	They can also include blades, or be bladeless.
941	1	Wind turbine	22	Vertical designs produce less power and are less common.
942	1	Wind turbine	23	Large three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) with the blades upwind of the tower produce the overwhelming majority of wind power in the world today.
943	1	Wind turbine	23	These turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind.
944	1	Wind turbine	23	Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a yaw system.
945	1	Wind turbine	23	Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.
946	1	Wind turbine	23	Some turbines use a different type of generator suited to slower rotational speed input.
947	1	Wind turbine	23	These don't need a gearbox and are called direct-drive, meaning they couple the rotor directly to the generator with no gearbox in between.
948	1	Wind turbine	23	"While permanent magnet direct-drive generators can be more costly due to the rare earth materials required, these gearless turbines are sometimes preferred over gearbox generators because they ""eliminate the gear-speed increaser, which is susceptible to significant accumulated fatigue torque loading, related reliability issues, and maintenance costs."
949	1	Wind turbine	23	There is also the pseudo direct drive mechanism, which has some advantages over the permanent magnet direct drive mechanism.
950	1	Wind turbine	23	Most horizontal axis turbines have their rotors upwind of the supporting tower.
951	1	Wind turbine	23	Downwind machines have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind.
952	1	Wind turbine	23	In high winds, the blades can also be allowed to bend, which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance.
953	1	Wind turbine	23	Despite these advantages, upwind designs are preferred, because the change in loading from the wind as each blade passes behind the supporting tower can cause damage to the turbine.
954	1	Wind turbine	24	Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually three-bladed.
955	1	Wind turbine	24	These have low torque ripple, which contributes to good reliability.
956	1	Wind turbine	24	The blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft and range in length from .
957	1	Wind turbine	24	The size and height of turbines increase year by year.
958	1	Wind turbine	24	Offshore wind turbines are built up to 8 MW today and have a blade length up to .
959	1	Wind turbine	24	Designs with 10 to 12 MW are in preparation.
960	1	Wind turbine	24	Usual multi megawatt turbines have tubular steel towers with a height of 70m to 120m and in extremes up to 160m.
961	1	Wind turbine	25	Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.
962	1	Wind turbine	25	One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable.
963	1	Wind turbine	25	It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable.
964	1	Wind turbine	25	Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance.
965	1	Wind turbine	25	However, these designs produce much less energy averaged over time, which is a major drawback.
966	1	Wind turbine	26	The key disadvantages include the relatively low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the 360-degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train, and the difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.
967	1	Wind turbine	27	When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine.
968	1	Wind turbine	27	If the height of a rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height it is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence.
969	1	Wind turbine	27	While wind speeds within the built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites, noise may be a concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist the additional stress.
970	1	Wind turbine	28	Subtypes of the vertical axis design include:
971	1	Wind turbine	29	"Eggbeater"" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French inventor, Georges Darrieus."
972	1	Wind turbine	29	They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability.
973	1	Wind turbine	29	They also generally require some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning, because the starting torque is very low.
974	1	Wind turbine	29	The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades, which results in greater solidity of the rotor.
975	1	Wind turbine	29	Solidity is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area.
976	1	Wind turbine	29	Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing.
977	1	Wind turbine	30	A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades.
978	1	Wind turbine	30	The cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting.
979	1	Wind turbine	30	The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses.
980	1	Wind turbine	30	Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.
981	1	Wind turbine	31	"These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, ""Flettner"" vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines."
982	1	Wind turbine	31	They are always self-starting if there are at least three scoops.
983	1	Wind turbine	32	Twisted Savonius is a modified savonius, with long helical scoops to provide smooth torque.
984	1	Wind turbine	32	This is often used as a rooftop wind turbine and has even been adapted for ships.
985	1	Wind turbine	33	The parallel turbine is similar to the crossflow fan or centrifugal fan.
986	1	Wind turbine	33	It uses the ground effect.
987	1	Wind turbine	33	Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried for many years: a unit producing 10 kW was built by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in the 1980s.
988	1	Wind turbine	34	Wind turbine design is a careful balance of cost, energy output, and fatigue life.
989	1	Wind turbine	34	These factors are balanced using a range of computer modelling techniques.
990	1	Wind turbine	35	Wind turbines convert wind energy to electrical energy for distribution.
991	1	Wind turbine	35	Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components:
992	1	Wind turbine	36	A 1.5 (MW) wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower high.
993	1	Wind turbine	36	The rotor assembly (blades and hub) weighs .
994	1	Wind turbine	36	The nacelle, which contains the generator, weighs .
995	1	Wind turbine	36	The concrete base for the tower is constructed using reinforcing steel and contains of concrete.
996	1	Wind turbine	36	The base is in diameter and thick near the center.
997	1	Wind turbine	37	Due to data transmission problems, structural health monitoring of wind turbines is usually performed using several accelerometers and strain gages attached to the nacelle to monitor the gearbox and equipment.
998	1	Wind turbine	37	Currently, digital image correlation and stereophotogrammetry are used to measure dynamics of wind turbine blades.
999	1	Wind turbine	37	These methods usually measure displacement and strain to identify location of defects.
1000	1	Wind turbine	37	Dynamic characteristics of non-rotating wind turbines have been measured using digital image correlation and photogrammetry.
1001	1	Wind turbine	37	Three dimensional point tracking has also been used to measure rotating dynamics of wind turbines.
1002	1	Wind turbine	38	Wind turbine rotor blades are being made longer to increase efficiency.
1003	1	Wind turbine	38	This requires them to be stiff, strong, light and resistant to fatigue.
1004	1	Wind turbine	38	Materials with these properties are composites such as polyester and epoxy, while glass fiber and carbon fiber have been used for the reinforcing.
1005	1	Wind turbine	38	Construction may use manual layup or injection molding.
1006	1	Wind turbine	39	Companies seek ways to draw greater efficiency from their designs.
1007	1	Wind turbine	39	A predominant way has been to increase blade length and thus rotor diameter.
1008	1	Wind turbine	39	Retrofitting existing turbines with larger blades reduces the work and risks of redesigning the system.
1009	1	Wind turbine	39	The current longest blade is 88.4 m (from LM Wind Power), but by 2021 offshore turbines are expected to be 10-MW with 100 m blades.
1010	1	Wind turbine	39	Longer blades need to be stiffer to avoid deflection, which requires materials with higher stiffness-to-weight ratio.
1011	1	Wind turbine	39	Because the blades need to function over a 100 million load cycles over a period of 20–25 years, the fatigue of the blade materials is also critical.
1012	1	Wind turbine	40	Materials commonly used in wind turbine blades are described below.
1013	1	Wind turbine	41	The stiffness of composites is determined by the stiffness of fibers and their volume content.
1014	1	Wind turbine	41	Typically, E-glass fibers are used as main reinforcement in the composites.
1015	1	Wind turbine	41	Typically, the glass/epoxy composites for wind turbine blades contain up to 75% glass by weight.
1016	1	Wind turbine	41	This increases the stiffness, tensile and compression strength.
1017	1	Wind turbine	41	A promising composite material is glass fiber with modified compositions like S-glass, R-glass etc.
1018	1	Wind turbine	41	Other glass fibers developed by Owens Corning are ECRGLAS, Advantex and WindStrand.
1019	1	Wind turbine	42	Carbon fiber has more tensile strength, higher stiffness and lower density than glass fiber.
1020	1	Wind turbine	42	An ideal candidate for these properties is the spar cap, a structural element of a blade which experiences high tensile loading.
1021	1	Wind turbine	42	A 100-m glass fiber blade could weigh up to 50 metric tons, while using carbon fiber in the spar saves 20% to 30% weight, about 15 metric tons.
1022	1	Wind turbine	42	However, because carbon fiber is ten times more expensive, glass fiber is still dominant.
1023	1	Wind turbine	43	Instead of making wind turbine blade reinforcements from pure glass or pure carbon, hybrid designs trade weight for cost.
1024	1	Wind turbine	43	For example for an 8 m blade, a full replacement by carbon fiber would save 80% of weight but increase costs by 150%, while a 30% replacement would save 50% of weight and increase costs by 90%.
1025	1	Wind turbine	43	Hybrid reinforcement materials include E-glass/carbon, E-glass/aramid.
1026	1	Wind turbine	43	The current longest blade by LM Wind Power is made of carbon/glass hybrid composites.
1027	1	Wind turbine	43	More research is needed about the optimal composition of materials
1028	1	Wind turbine	44	Additions of small amount (0.5 weight %) of nanoreinforcement (carbon nanotubes or nanoclay) in the polymer matrix of composites, fiber sizing or interlaminar layers can improve fatigue resistance, shear or compressive strength, and fracture toughness of the composites by 30% to 80%.
1029	1	Wind turbine	44	Research has also shown that incorporating small amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNT) can increase the lifetime up to 1500%.
1030	1	Wind turbine	45	, a wind turbine may cost around $1 million per megawatt.
1031	1	Wind turbine	46	For the wind turbine blades, while the material cost is much higher for hybrid glass/carbon fiber blades than all-glass fiber blades, labor costs can be lower.
1032	1	Wind turbine	46	Using carbon fiber allows simpler designs that use less raw material.
1033	1	Wind turbine	46	The chief manufacturing process in blade fabrication is the layering of plies.
1034	1	Wind turbine	46	Thinner blades allow reducing the number of layers and so the labor, and in some cases, equate to the cost of labor for glass fiber blades.
1035	1	Wind turbine	47	Wind turbine parts other than the rotor blades (including the rotor hub, gearbox, frame, and tower) are largely made of steel.
1036	1	Wind turbine	47	Smaller turbines (as well as megawatt-scale Enercon turbines) have begun using aluminum alloys for these components to make turbines lighter and more efficient.
1037	1	Wind turbine	47	This trend may grow if fatigue and strength properties can be improved.
1038	1	Wind turbine	47	Pre-stressed concrete has been increasingly used for the material of the tower, but still requires much reinforcing steel to meet the strength requirement of the turbine.
1039	1	Wind turbine	47	Additionally, step-up gearboxes are being increasingly replaced with variable speed generators, which requires magnetic materials.
1040	1	Wind turbine	47	In particular, this would require an greater supply of the rare earth metal neodymium.
1041	1	Wind turbine	48	Modern turbines use a couple of tons of copper for generators, cables and such.
1042	1	Wind turbine	48	, global production of wind turbines use 450,000 tonnes of copper per year.
1043	1	Wind turbine	49	A study of the material consumption trends and requirements for wind energy in Europe found that bigger turbines have a higher consumption of precious metals but lower material input per kW generated.
1044	1	Wind turbine	49	The current material consumption and stock was compared to input materials for various onshore system sizes.
1045	1	Wind turbine	49	In all EU countries the estimates for 2020 doubled the values consumed in 2009.
1046	1	Wind turbine	49	These countries would need to expand their resources to meet the estimated demand for 2020.
1047	1	Wind turbine	49	For example, currently the EU has 3% of world supply of fluorspar and it requires 14% by 2020.
1048	1	Wind turbine	49	Globally, the main exporting countries are South Africa, Mexico and China.
1049	1	Wind turbine	49	This is similar with other critical and valuable materials required for energy systems such as magnesium, silver and indium.
1050	1	Wind turbine	49	The levels of recycling of these materials are very low and focusing on that could alleviate supply.
1051	1	Wind turbine	49	Because most of these valuable materials are also used in other emerging technologies, like light emitting diodes (LEDs), photo voltaics (PVs) and liquid crystal displays (LCDs), their demand is expected to grow.
1052	1	Wind turbine	50	A study by the United States Geological Survey estimated resources required to fulfill the US commitment to supplying 20% of its electricity from wind power by 2030.
1053	1	Wind turbine	50	It did not consider requirements for small turbines or offshore turbines because those were not common in 2008 when the study was done.
1054	1	Wind turbine	50	Common materials such as cast iron, steel and concrete would increase by 2%–3% compared to 2008.
1055	1	Wind turbine	50	Between 110,000 and 115,000 metric tons of fiber glass would be required per year, a 14% increase.
1056	1	Wind turbine	50	Rare metal use would not increase much compared to available supply, however rare metals that are also used for other technologies such as batteries which are increasing its global demand need to be taken into account.
1057	1	Wind turbine	50	Land required would be 50,000 square kilometers onshore and 11,000 offshore.
1058	1	Wind turbine	50	This would not be a problem in the US due to its vast area and because the same land can be used for farming.
1059	1	Wind turbine	50	A greater challenge would be the variability and transmission to areas of high demand.
1060	1	Wind turbine	51	Permanent magnets for wind turbine generators contain rare metals such as neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), Terbium (Tb) and dysprosium (Dy).
1061	1	Wind turbine	51	Systems that use magnetic direct drive turbines require greater amounts of rare metals.
1062	1	Wind turbine	51	Therefore, an increase in wind turbine manufacture would increase the demand for these resources.
1063	1	Wind turbine	51	By 2035, the demand for Nd is estimated to increase by 4,000 to 18,000 tons and for Dy by 200 to 1200 tons.
1064	1	Wind turbine	51	These values are a quarter to half of current production.
1065	1	Wind turbine	51	However, these estimates are very uncertain because technologies are developing rapidly.
1066	1	Wind turbine	52	Reliance on rare earth minerals for components has risked expense and price volatility as China has been main producer of rare earth minerals (96% in 2009) and was reducing its export quotas.
1067	1	Wind turbine	52	However, in recent years other producers have increased production and China has increased export quotas, leading to an higher supply and lower cost, and a greater viability of large scale use of variable-speed generators.
1068	1	Wind turbine	53	Glass fiber is the most common material for reinforcement.
1069	1	Wind turbine	53	Its demand has grown due to growth in construction, transportation and wind turbines.
1070	1	Wind turbine	53	Its global market might reach US$17.4 billion by 2024, compared to US$8.5 billion in 2014.
1071	1	Wind turbine	53	In 2014, Asia Pacific produced more than 45% of the market; now China is the largest producer.
1072	1	Wind turbine	53	The industry receives subsidies from the Chinese government allowing it to export cheaper to the US and Europe.
1073	1	Wind turbine	53	However, price wars have led to anti-dumping measures such as tariffs on Chinese glass fiber.
1074	1	Wind turbine	54	Interest in recycling blades varies in different markets and depends on the waste legislation and local economics.
1075	1	Wind turbine	54	A challenge in recycling blades is related to the composite material, which is made of a thermosetting matrix and glass fibers or a combination of glass and carbon fibers.
1076	1	Wind turbine	54	Thermosetting matrix cannot be remolded to form new composites.
1077	1	Wind turbine	54	So the options are either to reuse the blade and the composite material elements as they are found in the blade or to transform the composite material into a new source of material.
1078	1	Wind turbine	54	In Germany, wind turbine blades are commercially recycled as part of an alternative fuel mix for a cement factory.
1079	1	Wind turbine	55	A few localities have exploited the attention-getting nature of wind turbines by placing them on public display, either with visitor centers around their bases, or with viewing areas farther away.
1080	1	Wind turbine	55	The wind turbines are generally of conventional horizontal-axis, three-bladed design, and generate power to feed electrical grids, but they also serve the unconventional roles of technology demonstration, public relations, and education.
1081	1	Wind turbine	56	Small wind turbines may be used for a variety of applications including on- or off-grid residences, telecom towers, offshore platforms, rural schools and clinics, remote monitoring and other purposes that require energy where there is no electric grid, or where the grid is unstable.
1082	1	Wind turbine	56	Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty-watt generator for boat or caravan use.
1083	1	Wind turbine	56	Hybrid solar and wind powered units are increasingly being used for traffic signage, particularly in rural locations, as they avoid the need to lay long cables from the nearest mains connection point.
1084	1	Wind turbine	56	The U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) defines small wind turbines as those smaller than or equal to 100 kilowatts.
1085	1	Wind turbine	56	Small units often have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind.
1086	1	Wind turbine	57	Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, and flaps, and are actively pointed into the wind.
1087	1	Wind turbine	57	Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched.
1088	1	Wind turbine	58	On most horizontal wind turbine farms, a spacing of about 6–10 times the rotor diameter is often upheld.
1089	1	Wind turbine	58	However, for large wind farms distances of about 15 rotor diameters should be more economical, taking into account typical wind turbine and land costs.
1090	1	Wind turbine	58	This conclusion has been reached by research conducted by Charles Meneveau of Johns Hopkins University and Johan Meyers of Leuven University in Belgium, based on computer simulations that take into account the detailed interactions among wind turbines (wakes) as well as with the entire turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.
1091	1	Wind turbine	59	Recent research by John Dabiri of Caltech suggests that vertical wind turbines may be placed much more closely together so long as an alternating pattern of rotation is created allowing blades of neighbouring turbines to move in the same direction as they approach one another.
1092	1	Wind turbine	60	Wind turbines need regular maintenance to stay reliable and available.
1093	1	Wind turbine	60	In the best case turbines are available to generate energy 98% of the time.
1094	1	Wind turbine	61	Modern turbines usually have a small onboard crane for hoisting maintenance tools and minor components.
1095	1	Wind turbine	61	However, large, heavy components like generator, gearbox, blades, and so on are rarely replaced, and a heavy lift external crane is needed in those cases.
1096	1	Wind turbine	61	If the turbine has a difficult access road, a containerized crane can be lifted up by the internal crane to provide heavier lifting.
1097	1	Wind turbine	62	Installation of new wind turbines can be controversial.
1098	1	Wind turbine	62	An alternative is repowering, where existing wind turbines are replaced with bigger, more powerful ones, sometimes in smaller numbers while keeping or increasing capacity.
1099	1	Wind turbine	63	Older turbines were in some early cases not required to be removed when reaching the end of their life.
1100	1	Wind turbine	63	Some still stand, waiting to be recycled or repowered.
1101	1	Wind turbine	64	A demolition industry develops to recycle offshore turbines at a cost of DKK 2–4 million per (MW), to be guaranteed by the owner.
1102	1	Wind turbine	65	Wind turbines produce electricity at between two and six cents per kilowatt hour, which is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy sources.
1103	1	Wind turbine	65	As technology needed for wind turbines continued to improve, the prices decreased as well.
1104	1	Wind turbine	65	In addition, there is currently no competitive market for wind energy, because wind is a freely available natural resource, most of which is untapped.
1105	1	Wind turbine	65	The main cost of small wind turbines is the purchase and installation process, which averages between $48,000 and $65,000 per installation.
1106	1	Wind turbine	65	The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.
1107	1	Wind turbine	66	Wind turbines provide a clean energy source, use little water, emitting no greenhouse gases and no waste products.
1108	1	Wind turbine	66	Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.
1109	1	Wind turbine	67	Wind turbines can be very large, reaching over tall and with blades long, and people have often complained about their visual impact.
1110	1	Wind turbine	68	Environmental impact of wind power includes effect on wildlife, but can be mitigated if proper monitoring and mitigation strategies are implemented.
1111	1	Wind turbine	68	Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.
1112	1	Wind turbine	68	For every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 are killed by each of feral cats and buildings.
1113	1	Wind turbine	68	In comparison, conventional coal fired generators contribute significantly more to bird mortality, by incineration when caught in updrafts of smoke stacks and by poisoning with emissions byproducts (including particulates and heavy metals downwind of flue gases).
1114	1	Wind turbine	68	Further, marine life is affected by water intakes of steam turbine cooling towers (heat exchangers) for nuclear and fossil fuel generators, by coal dust deposits in marine ecosystems (e.g.
1115	1	Wind turbine	68	damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.
1116	1	Wind turbine	69	"Energy harnessed by wind turbines is intermittent, and is not a ""dispatchable"" source of power; its availability is based on whether the wind is blowing, not whether electricity is needed."
1117	1	Wind turbine	69	Turbines can be placed on ridges or bluffs to maximize the access of wind they have, but this also limits the locations where they can be placed.
1118	1	Wind turbine	69	In this way, wind energy is not a particularly reliable source of energy.
1119	1	Wind turbine	69	However, it can form part of the energy mix, which also includes power from other sources.
1120	1	Wind turbine	69	Notably, the relative available output from wind and solar sources is often inversely proportional (balancing).
1121	1	Wind turbine	69	Technology is also being developed to store excess energy, which can then make up for any deficits in supplies.
1122	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	1	The Second Assessment Report (SAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 1996, is an assessment of the then available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change.
1123	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	1	It was superseded by the Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001.
1124	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	2	"The Second Assessment Report, titled ""Climate Change 1995"", consists of reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report:"
1125	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	4	"These reports were prepared by over two thousand experts, and ""contain the factual basis of the issue of climate change, gleaned from available expert literature and further carefully reviewed by experts and governments."
1126	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	5	The Synthesis Report gave its purpose as providing the scientific, technical and socio-economic information for determining
1127	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	5	Working Group I, dealing with the scientific aspects of climate, stated that
1128	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	5	Working Group I subsequently characterized its reports in the First and Second Assessments as progressing from an understanding that the greenhouse effect is well understood, greenhouse gases are increasing (due largely to human activity), and therefore should lead to significant global warming (though lack of understanding limited specific regional predictions), to a greater understanding (despite continuing uncertainties) that global warming continues and is most likely due to human activity, and that very substantial cuts in emissions would be required to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations.
1129	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	5	"Working Group II assessed whether the range of plausible impacts of global warming constitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, while Working Group III provided information to help countries ""take decisions they believe are most appropriate for their specific circumstances""."
1130	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	6	"In the IPCC process, a ""convening lead author"" for each chapter worked with other lead authors and contributing authors to agree the structure of the chapter, and assign teams of scientists to write each section of the chapter, producing a draft which was subject to acceptance by the whole author group."
1131	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	6	Participating governments then provided review comments on the draft, incorporated into the assessment which was presented to seek acceptance at a plenary session of the IPCC.
1132	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	The IPCC chairman Bert Bolin had difficulty finding a convening lead author for Chapter 8.
1133	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	After delays, Benjamin D. Santer who was doing postdoctoral research on the topic was persuaded to take on the task.
1134	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	Twenty participants from various countries met at the initial meeting in Livermore, California, in August 1994 to identify the scientific topic areas, and discussion continued by email.
1135	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	At the first drafting session (in Sigtuna, Sweden, in October) Santer persuaded the others that the chapter should discuss observational and model uncertainties, though these were also covered in other chapters.
1136	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	"The ""zeroth"" draft was then sent out for peer review to scientific topic experts, all the chapter authors and lead authors of other chapters."
1137	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	Their responses were incorporated in the second drafting session in March 1995 at Brighton.
1138	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	"In May the entire draft Working Group I report as well as the summary for policymakers was submitted for full ""country review"" by participating governments, to provide comments for incorporation at the third drafting session at Asheville, North Carolina, in July."
1139	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	7	Because of the delayed timing, Santer did not receive government comments for this meeting, some did not arrive until the plenary meeting in November.
1140	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	"The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said ""Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate."
1141	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	"Governments at the November plenary meeting in Madrid demanded changes to how this was worded in the Summary for Policymakers, after extended discussions Bolin suggested the adjective ""discernible"" and this was agreed."
1142	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	"The approved Summary for Policymakers includes a section headed ""The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate"", setting out progress in detection and attribution studies, cautioning that ""Our ability to quantify the human influence on global climate is currently limited because the expected signal is still emerging from the noise of natural variability, and because there are uncertainties in key factors."
1143	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	Santer was subsequently required by the IPCC to bring the rest of the chapter into compliance with this wording.
1144	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	"The summary at the start of the accepted version of the chapter stated that ""these results indicate that the observed trend in global mean temperature over the past 100 years is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin."
1145	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	More importantly, there is evidence of an emerging pattern of climate response to forcings by greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols in the observed climate record.
1146	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on global climate.
1147	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	"The final paragraph in the chapter stated ""The body of statistical evidence in Chapter 8, when examined in the context of our physical understanding of the climate system, now points to a discernible human influence on global climate."
1148	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	8	"An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted ""that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue."
1149	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	9	"Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled ""The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing"" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science."
1150	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	9	Three weeks later, and a week after the Second Assessment Report was released, the Global Climate Coalition was echoed in a letter published in The Wall Street Journal from the retired condensed matter physicist and former president of the US National Academy of Sciences, Frederick Seitz, chair of the George C. Marshall Institute and Science and Environmental Policy Project, but not a climatologist.
1151	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	9	"In this letter, Seitz alleged that Santer had perpetrated ""a disturbing corruption of the peer-review process."
1152	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	9	"Seitz criticized the conclusions of Chapter 8, and wrote that ""key changes were made after the scientists had met and accepted what they thought was the final peer-reviewed version"", deleting ""hints of the skepticism"" he attributed to other unnamed scientists."
1153	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	10	The position of the lead author of Chapter 8, Benjamin D. Santer, was supported by fellow IPCC authors and senior figures of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).
1154	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	10	"The presidents of the AMS and UCAR stated that there was a ""systematic effort by some individuals to undermine and discredit the scientific process that has led many scientists working on understanding climate to conclude that there is a very real possibility that humans are modifying Earth's climate on a global scale."
1155	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	11	"Other rebuttals of Seitz's comments include a 1997 paper by Paul Edwards and IPCC author Stephen Schneider, and a 2007 complaint to the UK broadcast regulator Ofcom about the television programme, ""The Great Global Warming Swindle""."
1156	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	11	The 2007 complaint includes a rebuttal of Seitz's claims by the former IPCC chairman, Bert Bolin.
1157	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	12	One of the controversies of the Second Assessment Working Group III report is the economic valuation of human life, which is used in monetized (i.e., converted into US dollar values) estimates of climate change impacts.
1158	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	12	"Often in these monetized estimates, the health risks of climate change are valued so that they are ""consistent"" with valuations of other health risks."
1159	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	12	There are a wide range of views on monetized estimates of climate change impacts.
1160	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	12	The strengths and weaknesses of monetized estimates are discussed in the SAR and later IPCC assessments.
1161	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	13	In the preparation of the SAR, disagreement arose over the Working Group III Summary for Policymakers (SPM).
1162	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	13	The SPM is written by a group of IPCC authors, who then discuss the draft with government delegates from all of the UNFCCC Parties (i.e., delegates from most of the world's governments).
1163	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	13	"The economic valuation of human life (referred to by economists as the ""value of statistical life"") was viewed by some governments (such as India) as suggesting that people living in poor countries are worth less than people living in rich countries."
1164	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	13	David Pearce, who was a lead author of the relevant chapter of the SAR, officially dissented on the SPM.
1165	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	13	According to Pearce:
1166	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	13	The relevant chapter [of the Report] values of statistical life based on actual studies in different countries [...] What the authors of Chapter 6 did not accept, and still do not accept, was the call from a few [government] delegates for a common valuation based on the highest number for willingness to pay.
1167	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	14	"In other words, a few government delegates wanted ""statistical lives"" in poor countries to be valued at the same level as ""statistical lives"" in rich countries."
1168	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	14	IPCC author Michael Grubb later commented:
1169	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	14	Many of us think that the governments were basically right.
1170	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	14	The metric [used by Pearce] makes sense for determining how a given government might make tradeoffs between its own internal projects.
1171	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	14	But the same logic fails when the issue is one of damage inflicted by some countries on others: why should the deaths inflicted by the big emitters — principally the industrialised countries — be valued differently according to the wealth of the victims' countries?
1172	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	16	The Second Assessment Report consists of the following reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report.
1173	1	IPCC Second Assessment Report	16	The WG2 report has on-line text; all are available in PDF format at the IPCC's documents web page.
1174	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	1	In November 2017, 15,364 scientists signed a World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice written by lead author professor of ecology, William J. Ripple of Oregon State University, along with 7 co-authors calling for, among other things, limiting population growth, and drastically diminishing per capita consumption of fossil fuels, meat, and other resources.
1175	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	1	The Second Notice included 9 time-series graphs of key indicators, each correlated to a specific issue mentioned in the original 1992 warning, to show that most environmental issues are continuing to trend in the wrong direction, most with no discernible change in rate.
1176	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	1	The article included 13 specific steps humanity could take to transition to sustainability.
1177	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	2	The Second Notice has more scientist cosigners and formal supporters than any other journal article ever published.
1178	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	2	"The full warning was published in ""BioScience"" and it can still be endorsed on the Scientists Warning website."
1179	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	3	"In late 1992, the late Henry W. Kendall, a former chair of the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) board of directors, wrote the first warning World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, which begins: ""Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course."
1180	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	3	A majority of the Nobel Prize laureates in the sciences signed the document; about 1,700 of the world's leading scientists appended their signature.
1181	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	4	"It was sometimes offered in opposition to the Heidelberg Appeal—also signed by numerous scientists and Nobel laureates earlier in 1992—which begins by criticizing ""an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress, and impedes economic and social development."
1182	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	4	This document was often cited by those who oppose theories relating to climate change.
1183	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	5	"However, the Heidelberg Appeal offers no specific recommendations and is not an indictment of environmental science: ""We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of, monitored and preserved."
1184	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	5	But we herewith demand that this stock-taking, monitoring and preservation be founded on scientific criteria and not on irrational pre-conceptions.
1185	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	6	"In contrast, the UCS-led petition contains specific recommendations: ""We must, for example, move away from fossil fuels to more benign, inexhaustible energy sources to cut greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution of our air and water."
1186	1	World Scientists' Warning to Humanity	6	... We must stabilize population.
1187	1	Business action on climate change	1	Business action on climate change includes a range of activities relating to global warming, and to influencing political decisions on global-warming-related regulation, such as the Kyoto Protocol.
1188	1	Business action on climate change	1	Major multinationals have played and to some extent continue to play a significant role in the politics of global warming, especially in the United States, through lobbying of government and funding of global warming deniers.
1189	1	Business action on climate change	1	Business also plays a key role in the mitigation of global warming, through decisions to invest in researching and implementing new energy technologies and energy efficiency measures.
1190	1	Business action on climate change	1	(See also individual and political action on climate change.)
1191	1	Business action on climate change	2	In 1989 in the US, the petroleum and automotive industries and the National Association of Manufacturers created the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) to oppose mandatory actions to address global warming.
1192	1	Business action on climate change	2	In 1997, when the US Senate overwhelmingly passed a resolution against ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, the industry funded a $13 million industry advertising blitz in the run-up to the vote.
1193	1	Business action on climate change	3	"In 1998 ""The New York Times"" published an American Petroleum Institute (API) memo outlining a strategy aiming to make ""recognition of uncertainty ... part of the 'conventional wisdom."
1194	1	Business action on climate change	3	"The memo has been compared to a late 1960s memo by tobacco company Brown and Williamson, which observed: ""Doubt is our product since it is the best means of competing with the 'body of fact' that exists in the mind of the general public."
1195	1	Business action on climate change	3	It is also the means of establishing a controversy.
1196	1	Business action on climate change	3	Those involved in the memo included Jeffrey Salmon, then executive director of the George C. Marshall Institute, Steven Milloy, a prominent denialist commentator, and the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Myron Ebell.
1197	1	Business action on climate change	3	In June 2005 a former API lawyer, Philip Cooney, resigned his White House post after accusations of politically motivated tampering with scientific reports.
1198	1	Business action on climate change	4	"In 2002 the GCC considered its work in the US against regulation on global warming to have been so successful that it ""deactivated"" itself, although the loss of some leading members may also have been a factor."
1199	1	Business action on climate change	5	At the same time, since 1989 many previously denialist petroleum and automobile industry corporations have changed their position as the political and scientific consensus has grown, with the creation of the Kyoto Protocol and the publication of the International Panel on Climate Change's Second and Third Assessment Reports.
1200	1	Business action on climate change	5	These corporations include major petroleum companies like Royal Dutch Shell, Texaco, and BP, as well as automobile manufacturers like Ford, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler.
1201	1	Business action on climate change	5	Some of these have joined with the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (formerly the Pew Center on Global Climate Change), a non-profit organization aiming to support efforts to address global climate change.
1202	1	Business action on climate change	6	Since 2000, the Carbon Disclosure Project has been working with major corporations and investors to disclose the emissions of the largest companies.
1203	1	Business action on climate change	6	By 2007, the CDP published the emissions data for 2400 of the largest corporations in the world, and represented major institutional investors with $41 trillion combined assets under management.
1204	1	Business action on climate change	6	The pressure from these investors had had some success in working with companies to reduce emissions.
1205	1	Business action on climate change	7	The World Business Council for Sustainable Development, a CEO-led association of some 200 multinational companies, has called on governments to agree on a global targets, and suggests that it is necessary to cut emissions by 60-80 percent from current levels by 2050.
1206	1	Business action on climate change	8	In 2017, after the election of Donald Trump, backing was shown in the business community for the Paris Agreement, which became effective November 4, 2016.
1207	1	Business action on climate change	9	A central organization in climate denial was the Global Climate Coalition (1989–2002), a group of mainly United States businesses opposing immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
1208	1	Business action on climate change	9	The coalition funded deniers with scientific credentials to be public spokespeople, provided industry a voice on climate change, and fought the Kyoto Protocol.
1209	1	Business action on climate change	9	"The New York Times"" reported that ""even as the coalition worked to sway opinion [towards denial], its own scientific and technical experts were advising that the science backing the role of greenhouse gases in global warming could not be refuted."
1210	1	Business action on climate change	10	In the year 2000, the rate of corporate members leaving accelerated when they became the target of a national divestiture campaign run by John Passacantando and Phil Radford with the organization Ozone Action.
1211	1	Business action on climate change	10	"According to ""The New York Times"", when Ford Motor Company was the first company to leave the coalition, it was “the latest sign of divisions within heavy industry over how to respond to global warming.” After that, between December 1999 and early March 2000, the GCC was deserted by Daimler-Chrysler, Texaco, the Southern Company and General Motors."
1212	1	Business action on climate change	11	The organization closed in 2002, or in their own words, 'deactivated'.
1213	1	Business action on climate change	12	The U.S.
1214	1	Business action on climate change	12	Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) was formed in January 2007 with the primary goal of influencing the US government's regulation of greenhouse gas emissions.
1215	1	Business action on climate change	12	Original members included General Electric, Alcoa, Natural Resources Defense Council, etc., but they were joined in April, 2007 by ConocoPhilips and AIG.
1216	1	Business action on climate change	13	ExxonMobil has been a leading figure in the business world's position on climate change, providing substantial funding to a range of global-warming-denialist organizations.
1217	1	Business action on climate change	13	"Mother Jones"" counted some 40 ExxonMobil-funded organization that ""either have sought to undermine mainstream scientific findings on global climate change or have maintained affiliations with a small group of ""skeptic"" (denialist) scientists who continue to do so."
1218	1	Business action on climate change	13	Between 2000 and 2003 these organizations received more than $8m in funding.
1219	1	Business action on climate change	14	It has also had a key influence in the Bush administration's energy policy, including on the Kyoto Protocol, supported by both $55m spent on lobbying since 1999, and direct contacts between the company and leading politicians.
1220	1	Business action on climate change	14	It was a leading member of the Global Climate Coalition.
1221	1	Business action on climate change	14	It encouraged (and may have been instrumental in) the replacement in 2002 of the head of the IPCC, Robert Watson.
1222	1	Business action on climate change	14	It has also invested $100m into the Global Climate and Energy Project, with Stanford University, and other programs at institutions such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carnegie Mellon University and the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas Research and Development Program.
1223	1	Business action on climate change	15	Some of Exxon's activities on climate change produced strong criticism from environmental groups, including reactions such as a leaflet produced by the Stop Esso campaign, saying 'Don't buy E$$o', and featuring a tiger hand setting fire to the Earth.
1224	1	Business action on climate change	15	The company's carbon dioxide emissions are more than 50% higher than those of British rival BP, despite the US firm's oil and gas production being only slightly larger.
1225	1	Business action on climate change	16	According to a 2004 study commissioned by Friends of the Earth, ExxonMobil and its predecessors caused 4.7 to 5.3 percent of the world's man-made carbon dioxide emissions between 1882 and 2002.
1226	1	Business action on climate change	16	The group suggested that such studies could form the basis for eventual legal action.
1227	1	Business action on climate change	17	BP left the Global Climate Coalition in 1997 and said that global warming was a problem that had to be dealt with, although it subsequently joined others in lobbying the Australian government not to sign the Kyoto Protocol unless the US did.
1228	1	Business action on climate change	17	"In March 2002 BP's chief executive, Lord Browne, declared in a speech that global warming was real and that urgent action was needed, saying that ""Companies composed of highly skilled and trained people can't live in denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most reputable scientists in the world.""."
1229	1	Business action on climate change	17	In 2005 BP was considering testing carbon sequestration in one of its North Sea oil fields, by pumping carbon dioxide into them (and thereby also increasing yields).
1230	1	Business action on climate change	17	Throughout 2006 BP, led by their CEO Lord John Browne, has continued to take a leadership stance on climate change.
1231	1	Business action on climate change	17	It has cut its own operational emissions of CO by 10%.
1232	1	Business action on climate change	17	It is investing $8 billion in renewable energy over the next 10 years.
1233	1	Business action on climate change	17	And most recently it has launched a 'target zero' campaign in the UK to encourage its customers to offset their vehicle emissions when they fill up at the petrol station.
1234	1	Business action on climate change	18	BP's American division is a member of the U.S.
1235	1	Business action on climate change	18	Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) (see above).
1236	1	Business action on climate change	19	From 2005 to 2008, Koch Industries donated $5.7 million on political campaigns and $37 million on direct lobbying to support fossil fuel industries.
1237	1	Business action on climate change	19	Between 1997 and 2008, Koch Industries donated a total of nearly $48 million to climate opposition groups.
1238	1	Business action on climate change	19	"According to Greenpeace, Koch Industries is the major source of funds of what Greenpeace calls ""climate denial""."
1239	1	Business action on climate change	19	Koch Industries and its subsidiaries spent more than $20 million on lobbying in 2008 and $12.3 million in 2009, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, a nonpartisan research group.
1240	1	Business action on climate change	20	"American Electric Power, the world's largest private producer of carbon dioxide, said in 2005 that targets for carbon reduction ""represent a common-sense approach that can begin the process of lowering emissions along a gradual, cost-effective path."
1241	1	Business action on climate change	20	"The company complained that ""uncertainties over the cost of carbon"" made it very difficult to make decisions about capital investment."
1242	1	Business action on climate change	21	DuPont has cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 65% since 1990, saving hundreds of millions of dollars in the process.
1243	1	Business action on climate change	21	"Give us a date, tell us how much we need to cut, give us the flexibility to meet the goals, and we'll get it done"", Xcel Energy CEO Wayne Brunetti told ""Business Week"" in 2004."
1244	1	Business action on climate change	22	Duke Energy, FPL Group, and PG&E Corporation are members of the U.S.
1245	1	Business action on climate change	22	Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) (see above).
1246	1	Business action on climate change	23	A large proportion of carbon dioxide emissions occur because of transportation.
1247	1	Business action on climate change	23	Several companies have formed or invested in electric substitutes for standard automobiles.
1248	1	Business action on climate change	23	The Tesla Roadster (2008) is an all-electric sports car, and Tesla also produces the Tesla Model S sedan.
1249	1	Business action on climate change	23	Vectrix produces and sells an electric scooter rated for 100 km/h (60 mph).
1250	1	Business action on climate change	24	There has also been greatly increased interest in personal rapid transit, which applies system engineering principles to reduce energy use, eliminate traffic jams, and produce an acceptable substitute to replace cars, all at the same time.
1251	1	Business action on climate change	24	Most systems fully meet Kyoto Treaty carbon emission goals now, 60 years ahead of schedule.
1252	1	Business action on climate change	24	Korean steel maker POSCO and its partner Vectus Ltd. have produced a working safety case, including test track and vehicles, that remains fully functional in Swedish winters.
1253	1	Business action on climate change	24	Vectus and Suncheon S. Korea signed a memorandum of understanding to install a system.
1254	1	Business action on climate change	24	Advanced Transportation Systems' ULTra passed safety certification by the UK Rail Inspectorate in 2003, and won a demonstration project at Heathrow Airport due to be in service in early 2010.
1255	1	Business action on climate change	24	ATS Ltd. estimates its ULTra PRT will consume 839 BTU per passenger mile (0.55 MJ per passenger km).
1256	1	Business action on climate change	24	By comparison, automobiles consume 3,496 BTU, and personal trucks consume 4,329 BTU per passenger mile.
1257	1	Business action on climate change	24	2getthere Inc. sells automated electric freight handling and transit vehicles designed to share existing rights of way with normal traffic.
1258	1	Business action on climate change	24	The company recently won the personal rapid transit competition for Masdar.
1259	1	Business action on climate change	25	In 2004 Swiss Re, the world's second largest reinsurance company, warned that the economic costs of climate-related disasters threatened to reach $150 billion a year within ten years.
1260	1	Business action on climate change	26	In 2006 Lloyd's of London, published a report highlighting the latest science and implications for the insurance industry.
1261	1	Business action on climate change	27	Swiss Re, has said that if the shore communities of four Gulf Coast states choose not to implement adaptation strategies, they could see annual climate-change related damages jump 65 percent a year to $23 billion by 2030.
1262	1	Business action on climate change	27	"Society needs to reduce its vulnerability to climate risks, and as long as they remain manageable, they remain insurable, which is our interest as well,"" said Mark D. Way, head of Swiss Re's sustainable development for the Americas."
1263	1	Business action on climate change	28	AIG is a member of the U.S.
1264	1	Business action on climate change	28	Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) (see above).
1265	1	Business action on climate change	29	"In the UK, some newspapers (""Daily Mail"", ""Daily Telegraph"") are significantly anti-science, while most others (with varying enthusiasm, ""The Independent"" giving it most prominence) support action on global warming."
1266	1	Business action on climate change	29	Overall, British newspapers have given the issue three times more coverage than US newspapers.
1267	1	Business action on climate change	29	"In 2006 (""British Sky Broadcasting"" (Sky) became the world's first media company to go 'climate neutral' by purchasing enough carbon offsets."
1268	1	Business action on climate change	29	"The CEO of the company James Murdoch (son of Rupert Murdoch and heir apparent for the News International empire) is a strong advocate of action on climate change and is thought to be influential on the issue within the wider group of companies, ""The Sun"" announced it was ""going green"" and now covers the global warming issue extensively."
1269	1	Business action on climate change	29	In June 2006, to much industry interest, Rupert Murdoch invited Al Gore to make his climate change presentation at the annual News Corp (including the Fox Network) gathering at the Pebble Beach golf resort, (USA).
1270	1	Business action on climate change	29	In August 2007, Rupert Murdoch announced plans for News Corp. to be carbon neutral by 2010.
1271	1	Business action on climate change	30	Businesses take action on climate change for several reasons.
1272	1	Business action on climate change	30	Action improves corporate image and better aligns corporate actions with the environmental interests of owners, employees, suppliers, and customers.
1273	1	Business action on climate change	30	Action also occurs to reduce costs, increase return on investments, and to reduce dependency on uncontrollable costs.
1274	1	Business action on climate change	31	For many companies, looking at more efficient energy use can pay off in the medium to long term; unfortunately, shareholders need to be satisfied in the short term, so regulatory intervention is often required, to encourage prudent conservation measures.
1275	1	Business action on climate change	31	However, as carbon intensity starts to show up on balance books through organizations such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, voluntary action is starting to take place.
1276	1	Business action on climate change	32	Recently there has been a spate of companies acting to improve their energy efficiency.
1277	1	Business action on climate change	32	Possibly the most prominent of these companies is Wal-Mart.
1278	1	Business action on climate change	32	Wal-Mart, the largest retailer in the US, has announced specific environmental goals to reduce energy use in its stores and pressure its 60,000 suppliers in its worldwide supply chain to follow its lead.
1279	1	Business action on climate change	32	On energy efficiency, Wal-Mart wants to increase the fuel efficiency of its truck fleet by 25% over the next three years and double it within ten years, moving from 6.5 mpg.
1280	1	Business action on climate change	32	This seems an attainable goal, and by 2020, it is expected to save the company $494 million a year.
1281	1	Business action on climate change	32	The company also wants to build a store that is at least 25% more energy efficient within four years.
1282	1	Business action on climate change	33	In August 2002, the largest gathering of ministers in the history of the world met at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg.
1283	1	Business action on climate change	33	The global environmental community discussed the role of renewables and energy efficiency in lowering carbon emissions, mitigating poverty reduction (energy access) and improving energy security.
1284	1	Business action on climate change	33	One result from WSSD was the formation of to carry forward the international dialogue on sustainable energy and its role in the energy mix.
1285	1	Business action on climate change	34	Partnerships formed include the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership, the Global Village Energy Partnership, the Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC), and the Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development.
1286	1	Business action on climate change	35	Renewable energies and renewable energy technologies have many advantages over their fossil fuel counterparts.
1287	1	Business action on climate change	35	These advantages include the absence of local pollution such as particulates, sulphur oxides (SOX's) and nitrous oxides (NOX's).
1288	1	Business action on climate change	35	For the business community, the economic advantages are also becoming clearer.
1289	1	Business action on climate change	35	Numerous studies have shown that the working environment has a significant effect on workforce morale.
1290	1	Business action on climate change	35	Renewable energy solutions are a part of this, wind turbines in particular being seen by many as a potent symbol of a new modernity, where environmental considerations are taken seriously.
1291	1	Business action on climate change	35	A workforce seeing a forward-looking and responsible company is more likely to feel good about working for such a company.
1292	1	Business action on climate change	35	A happier workforce is a more productive workforce.
1293	1	Business action on climate change	36	More directly, the high petroleum (oil) and gas prices of 2005 have only added to the attraction of renewable energy sources.
1294	1	Business action on climate change	36	Although most renewable energies are more expensive at current fuel prices, the difference is narrowing, and uncertainty in oil and gas markets is a factor worth considering for highly energy-intensive businesses.
1295	1	Business action on climate change	37	Another factor affecting the uptake of renewable energies in Europe is the EU Energy Trading Scheme (ETS or EUTS).
1296	1	Business action on climate change	37	"Many large businesses are fined for increases in emissions, but can sell any ""excess"" reductions they make."
1297	1	Business action on climate change	38	Companies with high-profile renewable energy portfolios include an aluminium smelter (Alcan), a cement company (Lafarge), and a microchip manufacturer (Intel).
1298	1	Business action on climate change	38	Many examples of corporate leadership in this area can be found on the website of The Climate Group, an independent organization set up for promoting such action by business and government.
1299	1	Business action on climate change	39	The principle of carbon offset is fairly simple: a business decides that it doesn't want to contribute further to global warming, and it has already made efforts to reduce its carbon (dioxide) emissions, so it decides to pay someone else to further reduce its net emissions by planting trees or by taking up low-carbon technologies.
1300	1	Business action on climate change	39	Every unit of carbon that is absorbed by trees—or not emitted due to funding of renewable energy deployment—offsets the emissions from fossil fuel use.
1301	1	Business action on climate change	39	"In many cases, funding of renewable energy, energy efficiency, or tree planting—particularly in developing nations—can be a relatively cheap way of making an event, project, or business ""carbon neutral""."
1302	1	Business action on climate change	39	Many carbon offset providers—some as inexpensive as $0.10 per ton of carbon dioxide—are referenced in the Carbon Offset article of this encyclopedia.
1303	1	Business action on climate change	40	Many businesses are now looking to carbon offset all their work.
1304	1	Business action on climate change	40	An example of a business going carbon neutral is FIFA: their 2006 World Cup Final will be carbon neutral.
1305	1	Business action on climate change	40	FIFA estimate they are offsetting one hundred thousand tons of carbon dioxide created by the event, largely as a result of people travelling there.
1306	1	Business action on climate change	40	Other carbon neutral companies include the bank HSBC, the consumer staples manufacturer Annie's Homegrown, world leading society publisher Blackwell Publishing, and the publishing house New Society Publishers.
1307	1	Business action on climate change	40	The Guardian newspaper also offsets its carbon emissions resulting from international air travel.
1308	1	Laurie David	1	Laurie Ellen David (née Lennard; born March 22, 1958) is an American environmental activist.
1309	1	Laurie David	1	"She produced the Academy Award-winning ""An Inconvenient Truth"" and, most recently, teamed up with Katie Couric to executive produce ""Fed Up"", a film about the causes of obesity in the United States."
1310	1	Laurie David	1	"She serves as a trustee on the Natural Resources Defense Council and a member of the Advisory Board of the Children's Nature Institute and is a contributing blogger to ""The Huffington Post""."
1311	1	Laurie David	2	Laurie Ellen Lennard was born and raised in a middle class Jewish family on Long Island.
1312	1	Laurie David	3	In 1979, she graduated from Ohio University with a degree in journalism.
1313	1	Laurie David	3	"She was married for 14 years to Larry David (co-creator of ""Seinfeld"" and creator of ""Curb Your Enthusiasm"")."
1314	1	Laurie David	3	They married in 1993, and Laurie David filed for divorce on July 19, 2007.
1315	1	Laurie David	3	They have two daughters, Cazzie Laurel (b.
1316	1	Laurie David	3	May 10, 1994) and Romy March (b.
1317	1	Laurie David	3	March 2, 1996).
1318	1	Laurie David	4	Before working full-time on environmental and political issues, David worked in the entertainment industry.
1319	1	Laurie David	4	She began her career in New York City as a talent coordinator for the Late Show with David Letterman.
1320	1	Laurie David	4	Four years later she left to start her own management company, representing comedians and comedy writers.
1321	1	Laurie David	5	She also produced several comedy specials for HBO, Showtime, MTV, and Fox Television.
1322	1	Laurie David	5	Upon moving to Los Angeles, she became vice president of comedy development for a division of Fox Broadcasting and developed sitcoms for 20th Century Fox Television.
1323	1	Laurie David	6	Laurie David has worked publicly on projects aimed at stopping climate change.
1324	1	Laurie David	6	"She founded the ""Stop Global Warming Virtual March"" with Senator John McCain and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. ""Ms."" magazine quoted Laurie David about the grassroots aspect of her campaign: ""If everyone does one thing, they are likely to do two things, then three things."
1325	1	Laurie David	6	Then they are likely to influence friends and family, and that's how you build a movement.
1326	1	Laurie David	6	"In addition to the Virtual March, David has produced other projects to bring the issue of climate change into mainstream popular culture, including the release of her first book, ""Stop Global Warming: The Solution Is You!"
1327	1	Laurie David	6	", and the comedy special, ""Earth to America!"
1328	1	Laurie David	6	for TBS, which aired November 20, 2005.
1329	1	Laurie David	6	"Aside from the Academy Award-winning documentary ""An Inconvenient Truth"", David produced HBO's ""Too Hot Not to Handle"" (a documentary on the effects of climate change in the United States), which aired on April 22, 2006."
1330	1	Laurie David	6	"Laurie David also appeared in ""Big Ideas for a Small Planet"", an environmentalist documentary series on the Sundance Channel."
1331	1	Laurie David	7	"In an interview with ""The Guardian"" in November 2006, David acknowledged that owning two homes on opposite sides of the country and flying in a private jet several times per year is at odds with her message to others."
1332	1	Laurie David	7	"In the interview she notes ""Yes, I take a private plane on holiday a couple of times a year, and I feel horribly guilty about it."
1333	1	Laurie David	7	I probably shouldn't do it.
1334	1	Laurie David	7	But the truth is, I'm not perfect.
1335	1	Laurie David	7	This is not about perfection.
1336	1	Laurie David	7	I don't expect anybody else to be perfect either.
1337	1	Laurie David	7	That's what hurts the environmental movement – holding people to a standard they cannot meet.
1338	1	Laurie David	7	That just pushes people away.
1339	1	Laurie David	8	In 2005, and then again in 2009, David was cited by the Chilmark Conservation Commission for paving over protected wetland areas on her estate on Martha's Vineyard.
1340	1	Laurie David	9	As a trustee of the Natural Resources Defense Council and a founding member of The Detroit Project , David has spearheaded numerous public education and action campaigns urging Congress and auto-makers to raise fuel efficiency standards and make higher mileage cars.
1341	1	Laurie David	9	In January 2004, the NRDC opened the David Family Environmental Action Center.
1342	1	Laurie David	9	Endowed by the David family, the Center promotes activism to protect the environment.
1343	1	Laurie David	9	It features exhibits on issues such as global warming, ocean pollution, everyday toxins, and green building solutions.
1344	1	Laurie David	10	In 2003, she was honored by Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s organization, Riverkeeper.
1345	1	Laurie David	10	She also received the Los Angeles-based Children's Nature Institute's Leaf Award in 2003 for her commitment to the environmental education of young children.
1346	1	Laurie David	11	"In October 2006, David was featured in ""Glamour"" as one of its “Women of the Year”."
1347	1	Laurie David	11	She received the Gracie Allen Award for Individual Achievement by the American Women in Radio & Television and the NRDC's 2006 Forces for Nature award for her work against global warming.
1348	1	Laurie David	12	"David's book ""The Family Dinner"" was published in 2010, with recipes by Kirstin Uhrenholdt, a foreword by Harvey Karp and an afterword by Jonathan Safran Foer."
1349	1	Laurie David	12	The book advocated for a return to the domestic tradition of an evening meal (sometimes called supper) shared around the family table.
1350	1	Laurie David	12	"David's book included recipes, ""rules"" for an effective dinner system, suggestions for stimulating conversation, a survey of ways different cultures say grace, and ways to include grandparents."
1351	1	Serotiny	1	Serotiny is an ecological adaptation exhibited by some seed plants, in which seed release occurs in response to an environmental trigger, rather than spontaneously at seed maturation.
1352	1	Serotiny	1	"The most common and best studied trigger is fire, and the term ""serotiny"" is often used to refer to this specific case."
1353	1	Serotiny	1	The term has also been used in the more general sense of plants that release their seed over a long period of time, irrespective of whether release is spontaneous; in this sense the term is synonymous with bradyspory.
1354	1	Serotiny	2	Possible triggers include:
1355	1	Serotiny	2	Some plants may respond to more than one of these triggers.
1356	1	Serotiny	2	"For example, ""Pinus halepensis"" exhibits primarily fire-mediated serotiny, but responds weakly to drying atmospheric conditions."
1357	1	Serotiny	2	"Similarly, Sierras sequoias and some ""Banksia"" species are strongly serotinous with respect to fire, but also release some seed in response to plant or branch death."
1358	1	Serotiny	3	Serotiny can occur in various degrees.
1359	1	Serotiny	3	"Plants that retain all of their seed indefinitely in the absence of a trigger event are ""strongly serotinous""."
1360	1	Serotiny	3	"Plants that eventually release some of their seed spontaneously in the absence of a trigger are ""weakly serotinous""."
1361	1	Serotiny	3	"Finally, some plants release all of their seed spontaneously after a period of seed storage, but the occurrence of a trigger event curtails the seed storage period, causing all seed to be released immediately; such plants are essentially non-serotinous, but may be termed ""facultatively serotinous""."
1362	1	Serotiny	4	In the southern hemisphere, fire-mediated serotiny is found in angiosperms in fire-prone parts of Australia and South Africa.
1363	1	Serotiny	4	"It is extremely common in the Proteaceae of these areas, and also occurs in other taxa, such as ""Eucalyptus"" (Myrtaceae) and even exceptionally in ""Erica sessiliflora"" (Ericaceae)."
1364	1	Serotiny	4	"In the northern hemisphere, it is found in a range of conifer taxa, including species of ""Pinus"", ""Cupressus"", ""Sequoiadendron"", and more rarely ""Picea""."
1365	1	Serotiny	5	Since even non-serotinous cones and woody fruits can provide protection from the heat of fire, the key adaptation of fire-induced serotiny is seed storage in a canopy seed bank, which can be released by fire.
1366	1	Serotiny	5	The fire-release mechanism is commonly a resin that seals the fruit or cone scales shut, but which melts when heated.
1367	1	Serotiny	5	"This mechanism is refined in some ""Banksia"" by the presence inside the follicle of a winged seed separator which blocks the opening, preventing the seed from falling out."
1368	1	Serotiny	5	Thus the follicles open after fire, but seed release does not occur.
1369	1	Serotiny	5	As the cone dries, wetting by rain or humidity causes the cone scales to expand and reflex, promoting seed release.
1370	1	Serotiny	5	The seed separator thus acts as a lever against the seeds, gradually prying them out of the follicle over the course of one or more wet-dry cycles.
1371	1	Serotiny	5	The effect of this adaptation is to ensure that seed release occurs not in response to fire, but in response to the onset of rains following fire.
1372	1	Serotiny	6	The relative importance of serotiny can vary among populations of the same plant species.
1373	1	Serotiny	6	"For example, North American populations of lodgepole pine (""Pinus contorta"") can vary from being highly serotinous to having no serotiny at all, opening annually to release seed."
1374	1	Serotiny	6	Different levels of cone serotiny have been linked to variations in the local fire regime: areas that experience more frequent crown-fire tend to have high rates of serotiny, while areas with infrequent crown-fire have low levels of serotiny.
1375	1	Serotiny	6	Additionally, herbivory of lodgepole pines can make fire-mediated serotiny less advantageous in a population.
1376	1	Serotiny	6	"Red squirrels (""Sciurus vulgaris"") and red crossbills (""Loxia curvirostra"") will eat seeds, and so serotinous cones, which last in the canopy longer, are more likely to be chosen."
1377	1	Serotiny	6	Serotiny occurs less frequently in areas where this seed predation is common.
1378	1	Serotiny	7	Pyriscence can be understood as an adaptation to an environment in which fires are regular, and in which post-fire environments offer the best germination and seedling survival rates.
1379	1	Serotiny	7	In Australia, for example, fire-mediated serotiny occurs in areas that are not only prone to regular fires, but also possess oligotrophic soils and a seasonally dry climate.
1380	1	Serotiny	7	This results in intense competition for nutrients and moisture, leading to very low seedling survival rates.
1381	1	Serotiny	7	The passage of fire, however, reduces competition by clearing out undergrowth, and results in an ash bed that temporarily increases soil nutrition; thus the survival rates of post-fire seedlings in greatly increased.
1382	1	Serotiny	7	Furthermore, releasing a large number of seeds at once, rather than gradually, increases the possibility that some of those seeds will escape predation.
1383	1	Serotiny	7	Similar pressures apply in Northern Hemisphere conifer forests, but in this case there is the further issue of allelopathic leaf litter, which suppresses seed germination.
1384	1	Serotiny	7	Fire clears out this litter, eliminating this obstacle to germination.
1385	1	Serotiny	8	Serotinous adaptations occur in at least 530 species in 40 genera, in multiple (paraphyletic) lineages.
1386	1	Serotiny	8	Serotiny likely evolved separately in these species, but may in some cases have been lost by the related non-serotinous species.
1387	1	Serotiny	9	"In the genus ""Pinus"", serotiny likely evolved because of the atmospheric conditions during the Cretaceous period."
1388	1	Serotiny	9	The atmosphere during the Cretaceous had higher oxygen and carbon dioxide levels than our atmosphere.
1389	1	Serotiny	9	Fire occurred more frequently than it does currently, and plant growth was high enough to create an abundance of flammable material.
1390	1	Serotiny	9	"Many ""Pinus"" species adapted to this fire-prone environment with serotinous pine cones."
1391	1	Serotiny	10	A set of conditions must be met in order for long-term seed storage to be evolutionarily viable for a plant:
1392	1	Taricha	1	The genus Taricha consists of four species of highly poisonous newts in the family Salamandridae.
1393	1	Taricha	1	Their common name is Pacific newts, sometimes also western newts or roughskin newts.
1394	1	Taricha	1	The four species within this genus are the California newt, the rough-skinned newt, the red-bellied newt, and the sierra newt, all of which are found on the Pacific coastal region from southern Alaska to southern California, with one species possibly ranging into northern Baja California, Mexico.
1395	1	Taricha	2	"Genus ""Taricha"" contains the following species:"
1396	1	Taricha	2	The rough-skinned newt and the California newt are very similar in appearance, and it can be extremely difficult to differentiate between the species.
1397	1	Taricha	2	Both are light-brown to black on the upper body and orange to yellow on the underbelly.
1398	1	Taricha	2	They have granulated skin, and they may grow to a length of eight inches.
1399	1	Taricha	2	However, rough-skinned newts have small eyes with dark lower eyelids, while California newts have large eyes and light lower eyelids.
1400	1	Taricha	2	Also, rough-skinned newts' upper teeth form a V shape, while those of the California newt form a Y shape, but this is difficult to ascertain on a living specimen.
1401	1	Taricha	3	The red-bellied newt is brown on the upper body with a red underbelly, has grainy skin, and grows to between 5.5 and 7.5 in.
1402	1	Taricha	3	It can be distinguished from other coastal newts, not only by its red belly, but also by the lack of yellow in its eyes.
1403	1	Taricha	3	Breeding males develop smooth skin and a flattened tail.
1404	1	Taricha	4	"Taricha"" spp."
1405	1	Taricha	4	eat a diet largely consisting of invertebrates, though adults will also take fish and amphibian eggs.
1406	1	Taricha	4	Most predators associate bright colors with poison (called aposematism), so if attacked, the newt will take up a defensive position, showing off the bright underbelly.
1407	1	Taricha	4	Newts of this genus are primarily nocturnal, and may be either fully aquatic or semiaquatic.
1408	1	Taricha	4	None are fully terrestrial as they must enter the water to breed.
1409	1	Taricha	4	"Juvenile newts, which are known as ""efts"", are primarily terrestrial until they reach sexual maturity."
1410	1	Taricha	5	"All species within the genus ""Taricha"" possess the biotoxin tetrodotoxin."
1411	1	Taricha	5	However, toxicity varies between species and between populations within a species.
1412	1	Taricha	5	In general, the rough-skinned newt is the most toxic species.
1413	1	Taricha	5	Their populations in northern Oregon are more toxic than those from California and Washington.
1414	1	Taricha	5	Those on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, possess little or no tetrodotoxin.
1415	1	Taricha	6	"Taricha"" newts can be lethal to humans if ingested, and at least one human fatality occurred in Oregon from eating a rough-skinned newt."
1416	1	Taricha	6	"Eastern newts of the genus ""Notophthalmus"" (= ""Diemictylus"" of earlier authors) also secrete tetrodotoxin, but in lesser amounts."
1417	1	Taricha	6	"When handling ""Taricha"" specimens, the toxins should not be allowed to come in contact with broken skin or mucous membranes."
1418	1	Taricha	6	"Proper hand washing after handling should prevent any problems with ingestion of tetrodotoxin (as well as infection from ""Salmonella"" which newts may carry), though some individuals are known to be allergic to skin contact with the toxin."
1419	1	The Earth Institute	1	<!-- Left over from Infobox Company:
1420	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	1	The United Nations Climate Change Conferences are yearly conferences held in the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
1421	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	1	They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (Conference of the Parties, COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
1422	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	1	"From 2005 the Conferences have also served as the ""Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol"" (CMP); also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the Protocol can participate in Protocol-related meetings as observers."
1423	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	1	From 2011 the meetings have also been used to negotiate the Paris Agreement as part of the Durban platform activities until its conclusion in 2015, which created a general path towards climate action.
1424	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	2	The first UN Climate Change Conference was held in 1995 in Berlin.
1425	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	3	The first UNFCCC Conference of the Parties took place from 28 March to 7 April 1995 in Berlin, Germany.
1426	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	3	It voiced concerns about the adequacy of countries' abilities to meet commitments under the Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (BSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).
1427	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	3	"COP 1 agreed on ""Activities Implemented Jointly"", first joint measures in international climate action."
1428	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	4	COP 2 took place in July 1996 in Geneva, Switzerland.
1429	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	4	Its ministerial declaration was noted (but not adopted) on 18 July 1996, and reflected a United States position statement presented by Timothy Wirth, former Under Secretary for Global Affairs for the United States Department of State at that meeting, which:
1430	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	6	COP 3 took place in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.
1431	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	6	After intensive negotiations, it adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which outlined the greenhouse gas emissions reduction obligation for Annex I countries, along with what came to be known as Kyoto mechanisms such as emissions trading, clean development mechanism and joint implementation.
1432	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	6	Most industrialized countries and some central European economies in transition (all defined as Annex B countries) agreed to legally binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of an average of 6 to 8% below 1990 levels between the years 2008–2012, defined as the first emissions budget period.
1433	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	6	The United States would be required to reduce its total emissions an average of 7% below 1990 levels; however Congress did not ratify the treaty after Clinton signed it.
1434	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	6	The Bush administration explicitly rejected the protocol in 2001.
1435	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	7	COP 4 took place in November 1998 in Buenos Aires.
1436	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	7	It had been expected that the remaining issues unresolved in Kyoto would be finalized at this meeting.
1437	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	7	"However, the complexity and difficulty of finding agreement on these issues proved insurmountable, and instead the parties adopted a 2-year ""Plan of Action"" to advance efforts and to devise mechanisms for implementing the Kyoto Protocol, to be completed by 2000."
1438	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	7	During COP4, Argentina and Kazakhstan expressed their commitment to take on the greenhouse gas emissions reduction obligation, the first two non-Annex countries to do so.
1439	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	8	COP 5 took place between 25 October and 5 November 1999, in Bonn, Germany.
1440	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	8	It was primarily a technical meeting, and did not reach major conclusions.
1441	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	COP 6 took place on 13–25 November 2000, in The Hague, Netherlands.
1442	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	The discussions evolved rapidly into a high-level negotiation over the major political issues.
1443	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	"These included major controversy over the United States' proposal to allow credit for carbon ""sinks"" in forests and agricultural lands that would satisfy a major proportion of the U.S. emissions reductions in this way; disagreements over consequences for non-compliance by countries that did not meet their emission reduction targets; and difficulties in resolving how developing countries could obtain financial assistance to deal with adverse effects of climate change and meet their obligations to plan for measuring and possibly reducing greenhouse gas emissions."
1444	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	In the final hours of COP 6, despite some compromises agreed between the United States and some EU countries, notably the United Kingdom, the EU countries as a whole, led by Denmark and Germany, rejected the compromise positions, and the talks in The Hague collapsed.
1445	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	Jan Pronk, the President of COP 6, suspended COP-6 without agreement, with the expectation that negotiations would later resume.
1446	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	"It was later announced that the COP 6 meetings (termed ""COP 6 bis"") would be resumed in Bonn, Germany, in the second half of July."
1447	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	9	The next regularly scheduled meeting of the parties to the UNFCCC, COP 7, had been set for Marrakech, Morocco, in October–November 2001.
1448	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	10	COP 6 negotiations resumed on 17–27 July 2001, in Bonn, Germany, with little progress having been made in resolving the differences that had produced an impasse in The Hague.
1449	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	10	However, this meeting took place after George W. Bush had become the President of the United States and had rejected the Kyoto Protocol in March 2001; as a result the United States delegation to this meeting declined to participate in the negotiations related to the Protocol and chose to take the role of observer at the meeting.
1450	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	10	As the other parties negotiated the key issues, agreement was reached on most of the major political issues, to the surprise of most observers, given the low expectations that preceded the meeting.
1451	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	10	The agreements included:
1452	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	12	A number of operational details attendant upon these decisions remained to be negotiated and agreed upon, and these were the major issues considered by the COP 7 meeting that followed.
1453	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	13	At the COP 7 meeting in Marrakech, Morocco from 29 October to 10 November 2001, negotiators wrapped up the work on the Buenos Aires Plan of Action, finalizing most of the operational details and setting the stage for nations to ratify the Kyoto Protocol.
1454	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	13	The completed package of decisions is known as the Marrakech Accords.
1455	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	13	The United States delegation maintained its observer role, declining to participate actively in the negotiations.
1456	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	13	Other parties continued to express hope that the United States would re-engage in the process at some point and worked to achieve ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the requisite number of countries to bring it into force (55 countries needed to ratify it, including those accounting for 55% of developed-country emissions of carbon dioxide in 1990).
1457	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	13	The date of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (August–September 2002) was put forward as a target to bring the Kyoto Protocol into force.
1458	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	13	The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was to be held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
1459	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	14	The main decisions at COP 7 included:
1460	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	16	Taking place from 23 October to 1 November 2002, in New Delhi COP 8 adopted the Delhi Ministerial Declaration that, amongst others, called for efforts by developed countries to transfer technology and minimize the impact of climate change on developing countries.
1461	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	16	It is also approved the New Delhi work programme on Article 6 of the Convention.
1462	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	16	The COP8 was marked by Russia's hesitation, stating that it needed more time to think it over.
1463	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	16	The Kyoto Protocol could enter into force once it was ratified by 55 countries, including countries responsible for 55 per cent of the developed world's 1990 carbon dioxide emissions.
1464	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	16	With the United States (36.1 per cent share of developed-world carbon dioxide) and Australia refusing ratification, Russia's agreement (17% of global emissions in 1990) was required to meet the ratification criteria and therefore Russia could delay the process.
1465	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	17	COP 9 took place on 1–12 December 2003 in Milan.
1466	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	17	The parties agreed to use the Adaptation Fund established at COP7 in 2001 primarily in supporting developing countries better adapt to climate change.
1467	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	17	The fund would also be used for capacity-building through technology transfer.
1468	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	17	At COP9, the parties also agreed to review the first national reports submitted by 110 non-Annex I countries.
1469	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	18	COP 10 took place on 6–17 December 2004.
1470	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	19	COP10 discussed the progress made since the first Conference of the Parties 10 years ago and its future challenges, with special emphasis on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
1471	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	19	To promote developing countries better adapt to climate change, the Buenos Aires Plan of Action was adopted.
1472	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	19	The parties also began discussing the post-Kyoto mechanism, on how to allocate emission reduction obligation following 2012, when the first commitment period ends.
1473	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	COP 11/CMP 1 took place between 28 November and 9 December 2005, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
1474	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	"It was the first ""Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol"" (CMP 1) since their initial meeting in Kyoto in 1997."
1475	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	It was one of the largest intergovernmental conferences on climate change ever.
1476	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	The event marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol.
1477	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	Hosting more than 10,000 delegates, it was one of Canada's largest international events ever and the largest gathering in Montreal since Expo 67.
1478	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	"The Montreal Action Plan was an agreement to ""extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol beyond its 2012 expiration date and negotiate deeper cuts in greenhouse-gas emissions""."
1479	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	20	"Canada's environment minister, at the time, Stéphane Dion, said the agreement provides a ""map for the future""."
1480	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	COP 12/CMP 2 took place on 6–17 November 2006 in Nairobi, Kenya.
1481	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	"At the meeting, BBC reporter Richard Black coined the phrase ""climate tourists"" to describe some delegates who attended ""to see Africa, take snaps of the wildlife, the poor, dying African children and women""."
1482	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	Black also noted that due to delegates concerns over economic costs and possible losses of competitiveness, the majority of the discussions avoided any mention of reducing emissions.
1483	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	Black concluded that was a disconnect between the political process and the scientific imperative.
1484	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	Despite such criticism, certain strides were made at COP12, including in the areas of support for developing countries and clean development mechanism.
1485	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	The parties adopted a five-year plan of work to support climate change adaptation by developing countries, and agreed on the procedures and modalities for the Adaptation Fund.
1486	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	21	They also agreed to improve the projects for clean development mechanism.
1487	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	22	COP 13/CMP 3 took place on 3–17 December 2007, at Nusa Dua, in Bali, Indonesia.
1488	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	22	Agreement on a timeline and structured negotiation on the post-2012 framework (the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol) was achieved with the adoption of the Bali Action Plan (Decision 1/CP.13).
1489	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	22	The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) was established as a new subsidiary body to conduct the negotiations aimed at urgently enhancing the implementation of the Convention up to and beyond 2012.
1490	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	22	Decision 9/CP.13 is an Amended to the New Delhi work programme.
1491	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	22	These negotiations took place during 2008 (leading to COP 14/CMP 4 in Poznan, Poland) and 2009 (leading to COP 15/CMP 5 in Copenhagen).
1492	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	23	COP 14/CMP 4 took place on 1–12 December 2008 in Poznań, Poland.
1493	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	23	Delegates agreed on principles for the financing of a fund to help the poorest nations cope with the effects of climate change and they approved a mechanism to incorporate forest protection into the efforts of the international community to combat climate change.
1494	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	24	Negotiations on a successor to the Kyoto Protocol were the primary focus of the conference.
1495	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	25	COP 15 took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 7–18 December 2009.
1496	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	26	The overall goal for the COP 15/CMP 5 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Denmark was to establish an ambitious global climate agreement for the period from 2012 when the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol expires.
1497	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	26	"However, on 14 November 2009, the ""New York Times"" announced that ""President Obama and other world leaders have decided to put off the difficult task of reaching a climate change agreement... agreeing instead to make it the mission of the Copenhagen conference to reach a less specific ""politically binding"" agreement that would punt the most difficult issues into the future""."
1498	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	26	Ministers and officials from 192 countries took part in the Copenhagen meeting and in addition there were participants from a large number of civil society organizations.
1499	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	26	As many Annex 1 industrialized countries are now reluctant to fulfill commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, a large part of the diplomatic work that lays the foundation for a post-Kyoto agreement was undertaken up to the COP15.
1500	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	27	The conference did not achieve a binding agreement for long-term action.
1501	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	27	A 13-paragraph 'political accord' was negotiated by approximately 25 parties including US and China, but it was only 'noted' by the COP as it is considered an external document, not negotiated within the UNFCCC process.
1502	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	27	The accord was notable in that it referred to a collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, that will approach US$30 billion for the period 2010–2012.
1503	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	27	Longer-term options on climate financing mentioned in the accord are being discussed within the UN Secretary General's High Level Advisory Group on Climate Financing, which is due to report in November 2010.
1504	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	27	The negotiations on extending the Kyoto Protocol had unresolved issues as did the negotiations on a framework for long-term cooperative action.
1505	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	27	The working groups on these tracks to the negotiations are now due to report to COP 16 and CMP 6 in Mexico.
1506	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	28	COP 16 was held in Cancún, Mexico, from 28 November to 10 December 2010.
1507	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	29	"The outcome of the summit was an agreement adopted by the states' parties that called for the US$100 billion per annum ""Green Climate Fund"", and a ""Climate Technology Centre"" and network."
1508	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	29	However the funding of the Green Climate Fund was not agreed upon.
1509	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	29	Nor was a commitment to a second period of the Kyoto Protocol agreed upon, but it was concluded that the base year shall be 1990 and the global warming potentials shall be those provided by the IPCC.
1510	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	30	"All parties """"Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet, and thus requires to be urgently addressed by all Parties,""""."
1511	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	30	It recognizes the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report goal of a maximum 2 °C global warming and all parties should take urgent action to meet this goal.
1512	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	30	It also agreed upon greenhouse gas emissions should peak as soon as possible, but recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries, since social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries.
1513	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	31	The 2011 COP 17 was held in Durban, South Africa, from 28 November to 9 December 2011.
1514	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	32	The conference agreed to a start negotiations on a legally binding deal comprising all countries, to be adopted in 2015, governing the period post 2020.
1515	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	32	There was also progress regarding the creation of a Green Climate Fund (GCF) for which a management framework was adopted.
1516	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	32	The fund is to distribute US$100 billion per year to help poor countries adapt to climate impacts.
1517	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	33	While the president of the conference, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, declared it a success, scientists and environmental groups warned that the deal was not sufficient to avoid global warming beyond 2 °C as more urgent action is needed.
1518	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	34	Qatar hosted COP 18 which took place in Doha, Qatar, from 26 November to 7 December 2012.
1519	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	34	"The Conference produced a package of documents collectively titled ""The Doha Climate Gateway""."
1520	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	34	The documents collectively contained:
1521	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	35	The conference made little progress towards the funding of the Green Climate Fund.
1522	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	36	Russia, Belarus and Ukraine objected at the end of the session, as they had a right to under the session's rules.
1523	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	36	In closing the conference, the President said that he would note these objections in his final report.
1524	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	37	COP 19 was the 19th yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 9th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (the protocol having been developed under the UNFCCC's charter).
1525	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	37	The conference was held in Warsaw, Poland from 11 to 23 November 2013.
1526	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	38	On 1–12 December 2014, Lima, Peru hosted the 20th yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 10th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (the protocol having been developed under the UNFCCC's charter).
1527	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	38	The pre-COP conference was held in Venezuela.
1528	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	39	The COP 21 was held in Paris from 30 November to 12 December 2015.
1529	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	39	Negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Paris Agreement on 12 December, governing climate change reduction measures from 2020.
1530	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	39	The adoption of this agreement ended the work of the Durban platform, established during COP17.
1531	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	39	The agreement will enter into force (and thus become fully effective) on 4 November 2016.
1532	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	39	On 4 October 2016 the threshold for adoption was reached with over 55 countries representing at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions ratifying the Agreement.
1533	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	40	COP 22 was held in Marrakech, in the North-African country of Morocco, on 7–18 November 2016.
1534	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	40	A focal issue of COP 22 is that of water scarcity, water cleanliness, and water-related sustainability, a major problem in the developing world, including many African states.
1535	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	40	Prior to the event a special initiative on water was presided by Charafat Afailal, Morocco's Minister in Charge of Water and Aziz Mekouar, COP 22 Ambassador for Multilateral Negotiations.
1536	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	40	Another focal issue was the need to reduce greenhouse emissions and utilize low-carbon energy sources.
1537	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	40	Mr. Peter Thompson, President of the UN General Assembly, called for the transformation of the global economy in all sectors to achieve a low emissions global economy.
1538	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	41	COP 23 was held on 6–17 November 2017.
1539	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	41	On Friday, 18 November 2016, the end of COP 22, the Chairperson of COP 23 from Fiji announced that it will be held in Bonn, Germany.
1540	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	41	(COP 23/CMP 13).
1541	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	42	Fijian Prime Minister and incoming President of COP 23, Frank Bainimarama, on 13 April launched the logo for this year's United Nations Climate Change Conference, to be held at UN Campus, Bonn in November.
1542	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	43	COP 24 was held on 3–14 December 2018 in Katowice, Poland.
1543	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	44	The Polish government's vision for presidency states that the organisation of COP 24 will provide an opportunity for convincing other countries that Poland does not hamper the process of tackling dangerous climate change and that Poland is one of the leaders of this process.
1544	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	45	The 25th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 25) to the UNFCCC was planned to take place from 11 to 22 November 2019 in Brazil.
1545	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	45	Upon election as President of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro withdrew Brazil from hosting the event.
1546	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	46	COP 25 was then planned to take place in Parque Bicentenario Cerrillos in Santiago de Chile, Chile from 2 to 13 December with a pre-sessional period from 26 November to 1 December 2019 with up to 25,000 delegates scheduled to attend.
1547	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	46	However, following the 2019 Chilean protests, Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced Chile's withdrawal from hosting the summit in late October 2019.
1548	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	46	"UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa stated that organizers were ""exploring alternative hosting options""."
1549	1	United Nations Climate Change conference	46	Then Spain offered, and was appointed, as the new host.
1550	1	Small Island Developing States	1	Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of small island countries that tend to share similar sustainable development challenges, including small but growing populations, limited resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters, vulnerability to external shocks, excessive dependence on international trade, and fragile environments.
1551	1	Small Island Developing States	1	Their growth and development is also held back by high communication, energy and transportation costs, irregular international transport volumes, disproportionately expensive public administration and infrastructure due to their small size, and little to no opportunity to create economies of scale.
1552	1	Small Island Developing States	2	The SIDS were first recognized as a distinct group of developing countries at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992.
1553	1	Small Island Developing States	2	The Barbados Programme of Action was produced in 1994 to assist the SIDS in their sustainable development efforts.
1554	1	Small Island Developing States	2	The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) represents this group of states.
1555	1	Small Island Developing States	3	Many SIDS now recognise the need to move towards low-carbon, climate resilient economies, as set out in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) implementation plan for climate change-resilient development.
1556	1	Small Island Developing States	3	SIDS often rely heavily on imported fossil fuels, spending an ever-larger proportion of their GDP on energy imports.
1557	1	Small Island Developing States	3	Renewable technologies have the advantage of providing energy at a lower cost than fossil fuels and making SIDS more sustainable.
1558	1	Small Island Developing States	3	Barbados has been successful in adopting the use of solar water heaters (SWHs).
1559	1	Small Island Developing States	3	A 2012 report published by the Climate & Development Knowledge Network showed that its SWH industry now boasts over 50,000 installations.
1560	1	Small Island Developing States	3	These have saved consumers as much as US$137 million since the early 1970s.
1561	1	Small Island Developing States	3	The report suggested that Barbados's experience could be easily replicated in other SIDS with high fossil fuel imports and abundant sunshine.
1562	1	Small Island Developing States	4	Currently, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 57 small island developing states.
1563	1	Small Island Developing States	4	These are broken down into three geographic regions: the Caribbean; the Pacific; and Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS)., including Associate Members of the Regional Commissions.
1564	1	Small Island Developing States	4	Each of these regions has a regional cooperation body: the Caribbean Community, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Commission respectively, which many SIDS are members or associate members of.
1565	1	Small Island Developing States	4	In addition, most (but not all) SIDS are members of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which performs lobbying and negotiating functions for the SIDS within the United Nations system.
1566	1	Small Island Developing States	4	"The UNCTAD website states that ""the UN never established criteria to determine an official list of SIDS"" but it maintains a shorter, unofficial list on its website for analytical purposes."
1567	1	Competition (biology)	1	Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed.
1568	1	Competition (biology)	1	Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both can be a factor.
1569	1	Competition (biology)	1	Competition both within and between species is an important topic in ecology, especially community ecology.
1570	1	Competition (biology)	1	Competition is one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure.
1571	1	Competition (biology)	1	Competition among members of the same species is known as intraspecific competition, while competition between individuals of different species is known as interspecific competition.
1572	1	Competition (biology)	1	Competition is not always straightforward, and can occur in both a direct and indirect fashion.
1573	1	Competition (biology)	2	According to the competitive exclusion principle, species less suited to compete for resources should either adapt or die out, although competitive exclusion is rarely found in natural ecosystems.
1574	1	Competition (biology)	2	According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources is important in natural selection.
1575	1	Competition (biology)	2	However, competition may play less of a role than expansion among larger clades; this is termed the 'Room to Roam' hypothesis.
1576	1	Competition (biology)	3	Competition occurs by various mechanisms, which can generally be divided into direct and indirect.
1577	1	Competition (biology)	3	These apply equally to intraspecific and interspecific competition.
1578	1	Competition (biology)	3	Biologists typically recognize two types of competition: interference and exploitative competition.
1579	1	Competition (biology)	3	During interference competition, organisms interact directly by fighting for scarce resources.
1580	1	Competition (biology)	3	For example, large aphids defend feeding sites on cottonwood leaves by ejecting smaller aphids from better sites.
1581	1	Competition (biology)	3	In contrast, during exploitative competition, organisms interact indirectly by consuming scarce resources.
1582	1	Competition (biology)	3	For example, plants consume nitrogen by absorbing it into their roots, making nitrogen unavailable to nearby plants.
1583	1	Competition (biology)	3	Plants that produce many roots typically reduce soil nitrogen to very low levels, eventually killing neighboring plants.
1584	1	Competition (biology)	4	Interference competition occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc.
1585	1	Competition (biology)	4	when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat.
1586	1	Competition (biology)	4	"An example of this can be seen between the ant ""Novomessor cockerelli"" and red harvester ants, where the former interferes with the ability of the latter to forage by plugging the entrances to their colonies with small rocks."
1587	1	Competition (biology)	5	Exploitation competition occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource which acts as an intermediate.
1588	1	Competition (biology)	5	For example, use of resources depletes the amount available to others, or they compete for space.
1589	1	Competition (biology)	6	Apparent competition occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator.
1590	1	Competition (biology)	6	For example, species A and species B are both prey of predator C. The increase of species A may cause the decrease of species B, because the increase of As may aid in the survival of predator Cs, which will increase the number of predator Cs, which in turn will hunt more of species B.
1591	1	Competition (biology)	7	Competition varies from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).
1592	1	Competition (biology)	7	The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g.
1593	1	Competition (biology)	7	in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.
1594	1	Competition (biology)	8	Competition can occur between individuals of the same species, called intraspecific competition, or between different species, called interspecific competition.
1595	1	Competition (biology)	8	Studies show that intraspecific competition can regulate population dynamics (changes in population size over time).
1596	1	Competition (biology)	8	This occurs because individuals become crowded as a population grows.
1597	1	Competition (biology)	8	Since individuals within a population require the same resources, crowding causes resources to become more limited.
1598	1	Competition (biology)	8	Some individuals (typically small juveniles) eventually do not acquire enough resources and die or do not reproduce.
1599	1	Competition (biology)	8	This reduces population size and slows population growth.
1600	1	Competition (biology)	9	Species also interact with other species that require the same resources.
1601	1	Competition (biology)	9	Consequently, interspecific competition can alter the sizes of many species' populations at the same time.
1602	1	Competition (biology)	9	Experiments demonstrate that when species compete for a limited resource, one species eventually drives the populations of other species extinct.
1603	1	Competition (biology)	9	These experiments suggest that competing species cannot coexist (they cannot live together in the same area) because the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.
1604	1	Competition (biology)	10	Intraspecific competition occurs when members of the same species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem.
1605	1	Competition (biology)	11	Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area.
1606	1	Competition (biology)	11	If the resource cannot support both populations, then lowered fecundity, growth, or survival may result in at least one species.
1607	1	Competition (biology)	11	Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations, communities and the evolution of interacting species.
1608	1	Competition (biology)	11	An example among animals could be the case of cheetahs and lions; since both species feed on similar prey, they are negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food, however they still persist together, despite the prediction that under competition one will displace the other.
1609	1	Competition (biology)	11	In fact, lions sometimes steal prey items killed by cheetahs.
1610	1	Competition (biology)	11	Potential competitors can also kill each other, in so-called 'intraguild predation'.
1611	1	Competition (biology)	11	For example, in southern California coyotes often kill and eat gray foxes and bobcats, all three carnivores sharing the same stable prey (small mammals).
1612	1	Competition (biology)	12	"An example among protozoa involves ""Paramecium aurelia"" and ""Paramecium caudatum."
1613	1	Competition (biology)	12	"Russian ecologist, Georgy Gause, studied the competition between the two species of ""Paramecium"" that occurred as a result of their coexistence."
1614	1	Competition (biology)	12	Through his studies, Gause proposed the Competitive exclusion principle, observing the competition that occurred when their different ecological niches overlapped.
1615	1	Competition (biology)	13	Competition has been observed between individuals, populations and species, but there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups.
1616	1	Competition (biology)	13	For example, mammals lived beside reptiles for many millions of years of time but were unable to gain a competitive edge until dinosaurs were devastated by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
1617	1	Competition (biology)	14	In evolutionary contexts, competition is related to the concept of r/K selection theory, which relates to the selection of traits which promote success in particular environments.
1618	1	Competition (biology)	14	The theory originates from work on island biogeography by the ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson.
1619	1	Competition (biology)	15	"In r/K selection theory, selective pressures are hypothesised to drive evolution in one of two stereotyped directions: ""r""- or ""K""-selection."
1620	1	Competition (biology)	15	These terms, r and K, are derived from standard ecological algebra, as illustrated in the simple Verhulst equation of population dynamics:
1621	1	Competition (biology)	16	"where ""r"" is the growth rate of the population (""N""), and ""K"" is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting."
1622	1	Competition (biology)	16	Typically, r-selected species exploit empty niches, and produce many offspring, each of whom has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood.
1623	1	Competition (biology)	16	In contrast, K-selected species are strong competitors in crowded niches, and invest more heavily in much fewer offspring, each with a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood.
1624	1	Competition (biology)	17	To explain how species coexist, in 1934 Georgii Gause proposed the competitive exclusion principle which is also called the Gause principle: species cannot coexist if they have the same ecological niche.
1625	1	Competition (biology)	17	"The word ""niche"" refers to a species' requirements for survival and reproduction."
1626	1	Competition (biology)	17	These requirements include both resources (like food) and proper habitat conditions (like temperature or pH).
1627	1	Competition (biology)	17	Gause reasoned that if two species had identical niches (required identical resources and habitats) they would attempt to live in exactly the same area and would compete for exactly the same resources.
1628	1	Competition (biology)	17	If this happened, the species that was the best competitor would always exclude its competitors from that area.
1629	1	Competition (biology)	17	Therefore, species must at least have slightly different niches in order to coexist.
1630	1	Competition (biology)	18	Competition can cause species to evolve differences in traits.
1631	1	Competition (biology)	18	This occurs because the individuals of a species with traits similar to competing species always experience strong interspecific competition.
1632	1	Competition (biology)	18	These individuals have less reproduction and survival than individuals with traits that differ from their competitors.
1633	1	Competition (biology)	18	Consequently, they will not contribute many offspring to future generations.
1634	1	Competition (biology)	18	For example, Darwin's finches can be found alone or together on the Galapagos Islands.
1635	1	Competition (biology)	18	Both species' populations actually have more individuals with intermediate-sized beaks when they live on islands without the other species present.
1636	1	Competition (biology)	18	However, when both species are present on the same island, competition is intense between individuals that have intermediate-sized beaks of both species because they all require intermediate sized seeds.
1637	1	Competition (biology)	18	Consequently, individuals with small and large beaks have greater survival and reproduction on these islands than individuals with intermediate-sized beaks.
1638	1	Competition (biology)	18	Different finch species can coexist if they have traits—for instance, beak size—that allow them to specialize on particular resources.
1639	1	Competition (biology)	18	"When ""Geospiza fortis"" and ""Geospiza fuliginosa"" are present on the same island, ""G. fuliginosa"" tends to evolve a small beak and ""G. fortis"" a large beak."
1640	1	Competition (biology)	18	The observation that competing species' traits are more different when they live in the same area than when competing species live in different areas is called character displacement.
1641	1	Competition (biology)	18	For the two finch species, beak size was displaced: Beaks became smaller in one species and larger in the other species.
1642	1	Competition (biology)	18	Studies of character displacement are important because they provide evidence that competition is important in determining ecological and evolutionary patterns in nature.
1643	1	Climate system	1	Earth's climate arises from the interaction of five major climate system components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
1644	1	Climate system	1	"Climate"" is the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns."
1645	1	Climate system	1	Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar radiation and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun.
1646	1	Climate system	1	The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system.
1647	1	Climate system	1	In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components.
1648	1	Climate system	2	The climate system can change due to internal variability and external forcings.
1649	1	Climate system	2	These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.
1650	1	Climate system	2	Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.
1651	1	Climate system	2	Human activity also releases cooling aerosols, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases.
1652	1	Climate system	2	Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components.
1653	1	Climate system	3	"The ""atmosphere"" envelops the earth and extends hundreds of kilometres from the surface."
1654	1	Climate system	3	It consists mostly of inert nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon (0.9%).
1655	1	Climate system	3	Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation.
1656	1	Climate system	3	This causes surface temperatures to rise.
1657	1	Climate system	3	The hydrological cycle is the movement of water through the atmosphere.
1658	1	Climate system	3	Not only does the hydrological cycle determine patterns of precipitation, it also has an influence on the movement of energy throughout the climate system.
1659	1	Climate system	4	"The ""hydrosphere"" proper contains all the liquid water on Earth, with most of it contained in the world's oceans."
1660	1	Climate system	4	The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface to an average depth of nearly , and can hold substantially more heat than the atmosphere.
1661	1	Climate system	4	It contains seawater with a salt content of about 3.5% on average, but this varies spatially.
1662	1	Climate system	4	Brackish water is found in estuaries and some lakes, and most freshwater, 2.5% of all water, is held in ice and snow.
1663	1	Climate system	5	"The ""cryosphere"" contains all parts of the climate system where water is solid."
1664	1	Climate system	5	This includes sea ice, ice sheets, permafrost and snow cover.
1665	1	Climate system	5	Because there is more land in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, a larger part of that hemisphere is covered in snow.
1666	1	Climate system	5	Both hemispheres have about the same amount of sea ice.
1667	1	Climate system	5	Most frozen water is contained in the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica, which average about in height.
1668	1	Climate system	5	These ice sheets slowly flow towards their margins.
1669	1	Climate system	6	"The ""Earth's crust,"" specifically mountains and valleys, shapes global wind patterns: vast mountain ranges form a barrier to winds and impact where and how much it rains."
1670	1	Climate system	6	Land closer to open ocean has a more moderate climate than land farther from the ocean.
1671	1	Climate system	6	For the purpose of modelling the climate, the land is often considered static as it changes very slowly compared to the other elements that make up the climate system.
1672	1	Climate system	6	The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation.
1673	1	Climate system	6	The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate.
1674	1	Climate system	7	"Lastly, the ""biosphere"" also interacts with the rest of the climate system."
1675	1	Climate system	7	Vegetation is often darker or lighter than the soil beneath, so that more or less of the Sun's heat gets trapped in areas with vegetation.
1676	1	Climate system	7	Vegetation is good at trapping water, which is then taken up by its roots.
1677	1	Climate system	7	Without vegetation, this water would have run off to the closest rivers or other water bodies.
1678	1	Climate system	7	Water taken up by plants instead evaporates, contributing to the hydrological cycle.
1679	1	Climate system	7	Precipitation and temperature influences the distribution of different vegetation zones.
1680	1	Climate system	7	Carbon assimilation from seawater by the growth of small phytoplankton is almost as much as land plants from the atmosphere.
1681	1	Climate system	7	"While humans are technically part of the biosphere, they are often treated as a separate components of Earth's climate system, the ""anthroposphere,"" because of human's large impact on the planet."
1682	1	Climate system	8	The climate system receives energy from the Sun, and to a far lesser extent from the Earth's core, as well as tidal energy from the Moon.
1683	1	Climate system	8	The Earth gives off energy to outer space in two forms: it directly reflects a part of the radiation of the Sun and it emits infra-red radiation as black-body radiation.
1684	1	Climate system	8	The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget.
1685	1	Climate system	8	When the total of incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, Earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming.
1686	1	Climate system	8	If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and Earth experiences cooling.
1687	1	Climate system	9	More energy reaches the tropics than the polar regions and the subsequent temperature difference drives the global circulation of the atmosphere and oceans.
1688	1	Climate system	9	Air rises when it warms, flows polewards and sinks again when it cools, returning to the equator.
1689	1	Climate system	9	Due to the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation diverts the air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern hemisphere, thus forming distinct atmospheric cells.
1690	1	Climate system	9	Monsoons, seasonal changes in wind and precipitation that occur mostly in the tropics, form due to the fact that land masses heat up more easily than the ocean.
1691	1	Climate system	9	The temperature difference induces a pressure difference between land and ocean, driving a steady wind.
1692	1	Climate system	10	Ocean water that has more salt has a higher density and differences in density play an important role in ocean circulation.
1693	1	Climate system	10	The thermohaline circulation transports heat from the tropics to the polar regions.
1694	1	Climate system	10	Ocean circulation is further driven by the interaction with wind.
1695	1	Climate system	10	The salt component also influences the freezing point temperature.
1696	1	Climate system	10	Vertical movements can bring up colder water to the surface in a process called upwelling, which cools down the air above.
1697	1	Climate system	11	The hydrological cycle or water cycle describes how it is constantly moved between the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere.
1698	1	Climate system	11	Plants evapotranspirate and sunlight evaporates water from oceans and other water bodies, leaving behind salt and other minerals.
1699	1	Climate system	11	The evaporated freshwater later rains back onto the surface.
1700	1	Climate system	11	Precipitation and evaporation are not evenly distributed across the globe, with some regions such as the tropics having more rainfall than evaporation, and others having more evaporation than rainfall.
1701	1	Climate system	11	The evaporation of water requires substantial quantities of energy, whereas a lot of heat is released during condensation.
1702	1	Climate system	11	"This ""latent heat"" is the primary source of energy in the atmosphere."
1703	1	Climate system	12	Chemical elements, vital for life, are also constantly cycled through the different components of the climate system.
1704	1	Climate system	12	The carbon cycle is directly important for climate as it determines the concentrations of two important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: and methane.
1705	1	Climate system	12	In the fast part of the carbon cycle, plants take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using photosynthesis; this is later re-emitted by the breathing of living creatures.
1706	1	Climate system	12	As part of the slow carbon cycle, volcanoes release by degassing, releasing carbon dioxide from the Earth's crust and mantle.
1707	1	Climate system	12	"As in the atmosphere makes rain a bit acidic, this rain can slowly dissolve some rocks, a process known as ""weathering""."
1708	1	Climate system	12	The minerals that are released in this way, transported to the sea, are used by living creatures whose remains can form sedimentary rocks, bringing the carbon back to the lithosphere.
1709	1	Climate system	13	The nitrogen cycle describes the flow of active nitrogen.
1710	1	Climate system	13	"As atmospheric nitrogen is inert, micro-organisms first have to convert this to an active nitrogen compound in a process called ""fixing nitrogen"", before it can be used as a building block in the biosphere."
1711	1	Climate system	13	Human activities play an important role in both carbon and nitrogen cycles: the burning of fossil fuels has displaced carbon from the lithosphere to the atmosphere, and the use of fertilizers has vastly increased the amount of available fixed nitrogen.
1712	1	Climate system	14	Climate is constantly varying, on timescales that range from seasons to the lifetime of the Earth.
1713	1	Climate system	14	"Changes caused by the system's own components and dynamics are called ""internal climate variability""."
1714	1	Climate system	14	"The system can also experience ""external forcing"" from phenomena outside of the system (e.g."
1715	1	Climate system	14	a change in Earth's orbit).
1716	1	Climate system	14	"Longer changes, usually defined as changes that persist for at least 30 years, are referred to as ""climate changes"", although this phrase usually refers to the current global climate change."
1717	1	Climate system	14	When the climate changes, the effects may build on each other, cascading through the other parts of the system in a series of climate feedbacks (e.g.
1718	1	Climate system	14	albedo changes), producing many different effects (e.g.
1719	1	Climate system	14	sea level rise).
1720	1	Climate system	15	Components of the climate system vary continuously, even without external pushes (external forcing).
1721	1	Climate system	15	One example in the atmosphere is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which operates as an atmospheric pressure see-saw.
1722	1	Climate system	15	The Portuguese Azores typically have high pressure, whereas there is often lower pressure over Iceland.
1723	1	Climate system	15	The difference in pressure oscillates and this affects weather patterns across the North Atlantic region up to central Eurasia.
1724	1	Climate system	15	For instance, the weather in Greenland and Canada is cold and dry during a positive NAO.
1725	1	Climate system	15	Different phases of the North Atlantic oscillation can be sustained for multiple decades.
1726	1	Climate system	16	The ocean and atmosphere can also work together to spontaneously generate internal climate variability that can persist for years to decades at a time.
1727	1	Climate system	16	Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
1728	1	Climate system	16	These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere; but also by altering the cloud, water vapour or sea ice distribution, which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.
1729	1	Climate system	17	The oceanic aspects of these oscillations can generate variability on centennial timescales due to the ocean having hundreds of times more mass than the atmosphere, and therefore very high thermal inertia.
1730	1	Climate system	17	For example, alterations to ocean processes such as thermohaline circulation play a key role in redistributing heat in the world's oceans.
1731	1	Climate system	17	Understanding internal variability helped scientists to attribute recent climate change to greenhouse gases.
1732	1	Climate system	18	On long timescales, the climate is determined mostly by how much energy is in the system and where it goes.
1733	1	Climate system	18	When the Earth's energy budget changes, the climate follows.
1734	1	Climate system	18	"A change in the energy budget is called a forcing, and when the change is caused by something outside of the five components of the climate system, it is called an ""external forcing""."
1735	1	Climate system	18	Volcanoes, for example, result from deep processes within the earth that are not considered part of the climate system.
1736	1	Climate system	18	"Off-planet changes, such as solar variation and incoming asteroids, are also ""external"" to the climate system's five components, as are human actions."
1737	1	Climate system	19	The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth and drives atmospheric circulation.
1738	1	Climate system	19	The amount of energy coming from the Sun varies on shorter time scales, including the 11-year solar cycle and longer-term time scales.
1739	1	Climate system	19	While the solar cycle is too small to directly warm and cool Earth's surface, it does influence a higher layer of the atmosphere directly, the stratosphere, which may have an effect on the atmosphere near the surface.
1740	1	Climate system	20	Slight variations in the Earth's motion can cause large changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe, although not to the global and yearly average sunlight.
1741	1	Climate system	20	The three types of kinematic change are variations in Earth's eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation, and precession of Earth's axis.
1742	1	Climate system	20	Together these produce Milankovitch cycles, which affect climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial periods.
1743	1	Climate system	21	Greenhouse gases trap heat in the lower part of the atmosphere by absorbing longwave radiation.
1744	1	Climate system	21	In the Earth's past, many processes contributed to variations in greenhouse gas concentrations.
1745	1	Climate system	21	Currently, emissions by humans are the cause of increasing concentrations of some greenhouse gases, such as , methane and .
1746	1	Climate system	21	The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and (~20%) also playing an important role.
1747	1	Climate system	21	When concentrations of long-lived greenhouse gases such as are increased and temperature rises, the amount of water vapour increases as well, so that water vapour and clouds are not seen as external forcings, but instead as feedbacks.
1748	1	Climate system	21	Rock weathering is a very slow process that removes carbon from the atmosphere.
1749	1	Climate system	22	"Liquid and solid particles in the atmosphere, collectively named ""aerosols"", have diverse effects on the climate."
1750	1	Climate system	22	Some primarily scatter sunlight and thereby cool the planet, while others absorb sunlight and warm the atmosphere.
1751	1	Climate system	22	Indirect effects include the fact that aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei, stimulating cloud formation.
1752	1	Climate system	22	Natural sources of aerosols include sea spray, mineral dust and volcanoes, but humans also contribute as the combustion of fossil fuels releases aerosols into the atmosphere.
1753	1	Climate system	22	Aerosols counteract a part of the warming effects of emitted greenhouse gases, but only until they fall back to the surface in a few years or less.
1754	1	Climate system	22	Although volcanoes are technically part of the lithosphere, which itself is part of the climate system, volcanism is defined as an external forcing agent.
1755	1	Climate system	22	On average, there are only several volcanic eruptions per century that influence Earth's climate for longer than a year by ejecting tons of SO into the stratosphere.
1756	1	Climate system	22	The sulfur dioxide is chemically converted into aerosols that cause cooling by blocking a fraction of sunlight to the Earth's surface.
1757	1	Climate system	22	Small eruptions affect the atmosphere only subtly.
1758	1	Climate system	23	Deforestation, or other changes to human use of the land, can affect the climate.
1759	1	Climate system	23	The reflectivity of the area can change, causing the region to capture more or less sunlight.
1760	1	Climate system	23	In addition, vegetation interacts with the hydrological cycle, so that precipitation is also affected.
1761	1	Climate system	23	Landscape fires release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and release black carbon, which darkens snow making it easier to melt.
1762	1	Climate system	24	The different elements of the climate system respond to external forcing in different ways.
1763	1	Climate system	24	One important difference between the components is the speed at which they react to a forcing.
1764	1	Climate system	24	The atmosphere typically responds within a couple of hours to weeks, while the deep ocean and ice sheets take centuries to millennia to reach a new equilibrium.
1765	1	Climate system	25	The initial response of a component to an external forcing can be damped by negative feedbacks and enhanced by positive feedbacks.
1766	1	Climate system	25	For example, a significant decrease of solar intensity would quickly lead to a temperature decrease on Earth, which would then allow ice and snow cover to expand.
1767	1	Climate system	25	The extra snow and ice has a higher albedo or reflectivity, and therefore reflects more of the Sun's radiation back into space before it can be absorbed by the climate system as a whole; this in turn causes the Earth to cool down further.
1768	1	Ablation zone	1	"Ablation zone or ""ablation area"" refers to the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, ice calving, aeolian processes like blowing snow, avalanche, and any other ablation."
1769	1	Ablation zone	1	The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) or snow line separates the ablation zone from the higher-altitude accumulation zone.
1770	1	Ablation zone	1	The ablation zone often contains meltwater features such as supraglacial lakes, englacial streams, and subglacial lakes.
1771	1	Ablation zone	1	Sediments dropped in the ablation zone forming small mounds or hillocks are called kames.
1772	1	Ablation zone	1	Kame and kettle hole topography is useful in identifying an ablation zone of a glacier.
1773	1	Ablation zone	1	The seasonally melting glacier deposits much sediment at its fringes in the ablation area.
1774	1	Ablation zone	1	Ablation constitutes a key part of the glacier mass balance.
1775	1	Ablation zone	2	The amount of snow and ice gained in the accumulation zone and the amount of snow and ice lost in the ablation zone determine glacier mass balance.
1776	1	Ablation zone	2	Often mass balance measurements are made in the ablation zone using snow stakes.
1777	1	So Much So Fast	1	So Much So Fast is a documentary film written and directed by Academy Award nominees Steven Ascher and Jeanne Jordan.
1778	1	So Much So Fast	1	It premiered in competition at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival, and won the Audience Award at the Boston Independent Film Festival.
1779	1	So Much So Fast	2	"So Much So Fast"" documents 5 years in the life of Stephen Heywood who, at 29, discovers he had the paralyzing neurodegenerative disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease)."
1780	1	So Much So Fast	3	Determined to live as well as possible, Stephen gets married, has a son and rebuilds two houses.
1781	1	So Much So Fast	3	His and his wife Wendy’s observations of the world and his disease explore the fragility of life.
1782	1	So Much So Fast	4	The film also tracks his family's response to the drug companies that ignore his disease because there is not enough profit in curing it, and his brother, Jamie Heywood's, creation of the ALS Therapy Development Foundation research facility to find a cure for Stephen's disease in time.
1783	1	Energy Modeling Forum	1	The Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) is a structured forum for discussing important issues in energy and the environment.
1784	1	Energy Modeling Forum	1	The EMF was established in 1976 at Stanford University.
1785	1	Energy Modeling Forum	1	The EMF works through a series of ad hoc working groups, each focussing on a particular corporate or policy decision.
1786	1	Energy Modeling Forum	1	The EMF provides a non-partisan platform that ensures objective consideration of opposing views.
1787	1	Energy Modeling Forum	1	Participation is by invitation.
1788	1	Energy Modeling Forum	2	Since the late-1990s, the EMF has made contributions to the economics of climate change, as witnessed in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and on integrated assessment modeling more generally.
1789	1	Energy Modeling Forum	3	John Weyant is the current director of the EMF.
1790	1	Energy Modeling Forum	4	"The EMF was convened in 1976 over concerns that the insights that large-scale energy models could provide policymakers were being overshadowed by the ""plethora of detailed quantitative results"" being disseminated and discussed."
1791	1	Energy Modeling Forum	4	As a result, the EMF sought to bring energy modelers together to provide a proper context for their work.
1792	1	Energy Modeling Forum	4	"Indeed, the EMF was ""formed to foster better communication between the builders and users of energy models in energy planning and policy analysis""."
1793	1	Energy Modeling Forum	4	The EMF periodically establishes working groups to conduct studies on selected energy topics.
1794	1	Energy Modeling Forum	4	A working group then identifies relevant existing models and sets a series of tests to illuminate the basic structure and behavior of each model.
1795	1	Energy Modeling Forum	4	Results are compared and the strengths and weaknesses of each model is documented in a (as of 1982) freely available report.
1796	1	Energy Modeling Forum	5	Reports for most of the completed projects are available from the EMF website.
1797	1	Energy Modeling Forum	5	Reports since 2006 have sometimes been published exclusively in special editions of (paywalled) academic journals instead.
1798	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	1	Friends of the Earth (FoE) Australia is a federation of independent local groups working for a socially equitable and environmentally sustainable future.
1799	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	1	It believes that pursuing environmental protection is inseparable from broader social concerns, and as a result uses an environmental justice perspective in its campaigning.
1800	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	1	It was founded in 1974 and is the Australian member of Friends of the Earth International.
1801	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	2	Friends of the Earth considers environmental issues in their social, political and human rights contexts.
1802	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	2	Their campaigns stretch beyond the traditional arena of the conservation movement and seek to address the economic, social justice and development aspects of sustainability.
1803	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	3	The current national campaigns and projects of FoEA are:
1804	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	4	A climate justice perspective addresses global warming by looking at who is harmed by climatic change, and how, and who is responsible for the emissions that caused the warming.
1805	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	4	In practical terms this means FoEA campaigns for Australia to reduce its carbon emissions to a 'globally equitable' level whilst also agreeing to accept a quota of 'climate refugees'.
1806	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	4	In 2009 it launched the Coalition for Climate Displacement and also broadened its campaign work into state based activity against the expansion of coal mining and export.
1807	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	5	The current main focus of its climate campaign is to oppose an expansion of Australia's reliance on coal and to promote a shift to low carbon sources of energy production.
1808	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	6	Since its inception, FoEA has campaigned against all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle.
1809	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	6	At present this includes the radioactive waste dump proposed for the Northern Territory and all existing uranium mines, including the Olympic Dam mine at Roxby Downs in South Australia.
1810	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	6	The co-ordinator of its national nuclear campaign is Jim Green.
1811	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	7	FoEA is calling for a moratorium on the research, development and production of synthetic nanoproducts while regulations are developed to protect the health and safety of workers, the public and the environment from the impacts of nanotechnology.
1812	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	8	FoEA campaigns on a range of industrial chemicals issues, particularly the use of Bisphenol A in consumer products and use of pesticides in drinking water catchments.
1813	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	9	The FoEA Sustainable Food and Agriculture Project addresses issues of social justice and environmental sustainability in contemporary food and farming systems.
1814	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	10	Many local FoE groups work in partnership with Indigenous communities.
1815	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	10	FoE acts as the secretariat for the Australian Nuclear Free Alliance (ANFA).
1816	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	11	In addition to more conventional campaigning, a number of FoE groups operate businesses and other ventures that act as practical examples of sustainable business.
1817	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	11	In 1999 FoE Brisbane initiated the Reverse Garbage re-use centre, which finds community uses for industrial discards which would otherwise go to landfill.
1818	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	11	The Bicycle Revolution (which finds and fixes up old pushbikes) also operates from FoE Brisbane.
1819	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	11	FoE in Melbourne has been running a large food co-operative and a bookshop for over two decades and, more recently an organic café.
1820	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	12	The local groups generate their own funds.
1821	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	12	National campaigns and projects rely on individual donations, foundations, merchandise, and bequests.
1822	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	12	FoE Australia currently receives no government or corporate funding.
1823	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	13	FoE Australia sits at the left end of the political spectrum.
1824	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	13	While it is a 'peak' green group, it is one of the smaller such groups.
1825	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	13	It tends to operate from a grassroots political structure, which means it places less emphasis on lobbying of, or engagement with, either the federal Australian government or large corporations than most other national green groups.
1826	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	13	It uses research, lobbying, media work, political advocacy and peaceful direct action to achieve its aims.
1827	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	14	It is known for developing lasting connections with a range of indigenous communities and organisations over areas of shared interest.
1828	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	15	It has been criticised for carrying out non-violent direct action by a range of conservative commentators (for instance, Andrew Bolt, columnist with the Herald Sun newspaper in Melbourne).
1829	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	15	Andrew Bolt has also accused them of being 'alarmist' on the question of climate change.
1830	1	Friends of the Earth Australia	16	Some groups and people concerned about the impacts of population growth have been critical of FoE's focus on consumption and equity in regards to resource distribution and called on the organisation to campaign more directly for a reduction in human population.
1831	1	Carbon bubble	1	The carbon bubble is a hypothesized bubble in the valuation of companies dependent on fossil-fuel-based energy production, because the true costs of carbon dioxide in intensifying global warming are not yet taken into account in a company's stock market valuation.
1832	1	Carbon bubble	1	Currently the price of fossil fuels companies' shares is calculated under the assumption that all fossil fuel reserves will be consumed.
1833	1	Carbon bubble	1	An estimate made by Kepler Chevreux puts the loss in value of the fossil fuel companies due to the impact of the growing renewables industry at US$28 trillion over the next two decades-long.
1834	1	Carbon bubble	1	A more recent analysis made by Citi puts that figure at $100 trillion.
1835	1	Carbon bubble	2	"Analysts in both the petroleum and financial industries are concluding that the ""age of oil"" has already reached a new stage where the excess supply that appeared in late 2014 may continue to prevail in the future."
1836	1	Carbon bubble	2	A consensus appears to be emerging that an international agreement will be reached to introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that is consensually predicted to limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.
1837	1	Carbon bubble	3	According to the UK's Committee on Climate Change, overvaluing companies that produce fossil fuels and greenhouse gases poses a serious threat to the economy.
1838	1	Carbon bubble	3	The committee warned the British government and Bank of England of the risks of the carbon bubble in 2014.
1839	1	Carbon bubble	3	"The following year, Mark Carney, the Governor of the Bank of England, in his lecture to Lloyd's of London, warned that limiting global warming to 2 °C appears to require that the ""vast majority"" of fossil fuel reserves be ""stranded assets"", or ""literally unburnable without expensive carbon-capture technology"", resulting in ""potentially huge"" exposure to investors in that sector."
1840	1	Carbon bubble	3	"He concluded that ""the window of opportunity is finite and shrinking"" for responding to the threat that climate change poses to financial resilience and longer-term prosperity, which he called the ""tragedy of the horizon""."
1841	1	Carbon bubble	3	That same month, the Prudential Regulation Authority of the Bank of England issued a report discussing the risks and opportunities that climate change presents to the insurance industry.
1842	1	Carbon bubble	4	"In his speech announcing his denial of the proposal to build the Keystone XL oil pipeline, United States President Barack Obama gave as one reason for the decision ""... ultimately, if we’re going to prevent large parts of this Earth from becoming not only inhospitable but uninhabitable in our lifetimes, we’re going to have to keep some fossil fuels in the ground...""."
1843	1	Carbon bubble	5	"The term ""carbon bubble"" arose in the early 21st century from the increasing awareness of the impact of fossil fuel combustion on global temperatures."
1844	1	Carbon bubble	5	The term was coined by the Carbon Tracker Initiative which published key reports in July 2011 and April 2013. and it was further popularised in the New Scientist magazine in October 2011.
1845	1	Carbon bubble	5	A widely shared article by Bill McKibben was published in Rolling Stone magazine in July 2012, bringing the idea to the attention of a popular audience.
1846	1	Carbon bubble	5	These were followed later in 2013 by a report from the Demos think tank.
1847	1	Carbon bubble	6	Author Bill McKibben has estimated that to sustain human life in the world, up to $20 trillion worth of fossil fuel reserves will need to remain in the ground.
1848	1	Carbon bubble	6	The Stern report in 2006 stated that the benefits of strong, early action to decrease the use of oil, coal and gas considerably outweigh the costs.
1849	1	Carbon bubble	6	Fossil fuel contributors, the building industry, and land use practices ignore the responsibility of the external costs and ignore the polluter pays principle according to which climate change costs will be paid by historical climate polluters.
1850	1	Carbon bubble	7	"A planned and orderly transition away from dependence on fossil fuels could prevent a disruptive ""bursting of the carbon bubble""."
1851	1	Carbon bubble	7	A number of developments are supporting such a transition.
1852	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	1	The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015.
1853	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	1	It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
1854	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	2	The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.
1855	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	2	The agreement enters into force when joined by at least 55 countries which together represent at least 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
1856	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	2	On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York,
1857	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	3	"According to the organizing committee at the outset of the talks, the expected key result was an agreement to set a goal of limiting global warming to ""well below 2 °C"" Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels."
1858	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	3	The agreement calls for zero net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to be reached during the second half of the 21st century.
1859	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	3	"In the adopted version of the Paris Agreement, the parties will also ""pursue efforts to"" limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C."
1860	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	3	The 1.5 °C goal will require zero emissions sometime between 2030 and 2050, according to some scientists.
1861	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	4	"Prior to the conference, 146 national climate panels publicly presented a draft of national climate contributions (called ""Intended Nationally Determined Contributions"", INDCs)."
1862	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	4	These suggested commitments were estimated to limit global warming to 2.7 °C by 2100.
1863	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	4	For example, the EU suggested INDC is a commitment to a 40 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 1990.
1864	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	4	"The agreement establishes a ""global stocktake"" which revisits the national goals to ""update and enhance"" them every five years beginning 2023."
1865	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	4	However, no detailed timetable or country-specific goals for emissions were incorporated into the Paris Agreement – as opposed to the previous Kyoto Protocol.
1866	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	5	A number of meetings took place in preparation for COP21, including the Bonn Climate Change Conference, 19 to 23 October 2015, which produced a draft agreement.
1867	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	6	According to the organizing committee of the summit in Paris, the objective of the 2015 conference was to achieve, for the first time in over 20 years of UN negotiations, a binding and universal agreement on climate.
1868	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	6	"Pope Francis published an encyclical called ""Laudato si'"" intended, in part, to influence the conference."
1869	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	6	"The encyclical calls for action against climate change: "" Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or aggravate it."
1870	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	6	"The International Trade Union Confederation has called for the goal to be ""zero carbon, zero poverty"", and its general secretary Sharan Burrow has repeated that there are ""no jobs on a dead planet""."
1871	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	7	The location of UNFCCC talks is rotated by regions throughout United Nations countries.
1872	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	7	The 2015 conference was held at Le Bourget from 30 November to 12 December 2015.
1873	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	8	To some extent, France served as a model country for delegates attending COP21 because it is one of the few developed countries in the world to decarbonize electricity production and fossil fuel energy while still providing a high standard of living.
1874	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	8	As of 2012, France generated over 90% of its electricity from zero carbon sources, including nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind.
1875	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	9	The conference took place two weeks after a series of terrorist attacks in the 8th ward of Paris, Saint-Denis.
1876	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	9	Marshall law was declared and national security was tightened accordingly, with 30,000 police officers and 285 security checkpoints deployed across the country until after the conference ended.
1877	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	10	"The European Union and 195 nations (""see list in reference"") were the participating parties."
1878	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	11	The overarching goal of the Convention is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase.
1879	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	11	Since COP 17 this increase is set at above pre-industrial levels.
1880	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	11	"However, Christiana Figueres acknowledged in the closing briefing at the 2012 Doha conference: ""The current pledges under the second commitment period of the Kyoto protocol are clearly not enough to guarantee that the temperature will stay below 2 °C and there is an ever increasing gap between the action of countries and what the science tells us."
1881	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	12	During previous climate negotiations, countries agreed to outline actions they intended to take within a global agreement, by 1 October 2015.
1882	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	12	These commitments are known as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions or INDCs.
1883	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	12	Together, the INDCs would reduce global warming from an estimated 4–5 °C (by 2100) to 2.7 °C, and reduce emissions per capita by 9% by 2030, while providing hope in the eyes of the conference organizers for further reductions in the future that would allow meeting a 2 °C target.
1884	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	13	Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council (WPC) argued that the keys to success lay in convincing officials in the U.S. and China, by far the two largest national emitters:
1885	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	13	As long as policy makers in Washington and Beijing didn't put all their political capital behind the adoption of ambitious carbon-emission capping targets, the laudable efforts of other G20 governments often remained in the realm of pious wishes.
1886	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	13	Things changed for the better on 12 November 2014 when President Obama and General Secretary Xi Jinping agreed to limit greenhouse gases emissions.
1887	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	14	"President Obama insisted on America's essential role in that regard: ""We've led by example [...] from Alaska to the Gulf Coast to the Great Plains [...] we've seen the longest streak of private job creation in our history."
1888	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	14	We've driven our economic output to all time-highs while driving our carbon pollution down to its lowest level in nearly two decades.
1889	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	14	And then, with our historic joint announcement with China last year, we showed it was possible to bridge the old divide between developed and developing nations that had stymied global progress for so long [...] That was the foundation for success in Paris.
1890	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	15	On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.
1891	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	15	"In the 12-page document, the members agreed to reduce their carbon output ""as soon as possible"" and to do their best to keep global warming ""to well below 2 degrees C""."
1892	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	15	In the course of the debates, island states of the Pacific, the Seychelles, but also the Philippines, their very existence threatened by sea level rise, had strongly voted for setting a goal of 1.5 °C instead of only 2 °C.
1893	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	15	"France's Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, said this ""ambitious and balanced"" plan was an ""historic turning point"" in the goal of reducing global warming."
1894	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	15	"However, some others criticized the fact that significant sections are ""promises"" or aims and not firm commitments by the countries."
1895	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	16	The Agreement will not become binding on its member states until 55 parties who produce over 55% of the world's greenhouse gas have ratified the Agreement.
1896	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	16	There is doubt whether some countries, especially the United States, will agree to do so, though the United States publicly committed, in a joint Presidential Statement with China, to joining the Agreement in 2016.
1897	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	17	"Each country that ratifies the agreement will be required to set a target for emission reduction or limitation, called a ""nationally determined contribution,"" or ""NDC,"" but the amount will be voluntary."
1898	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	17	There will be neither a mechanism to force a country to set a target by a specific date nor enforcement measures if a set target is not met.
1899	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	17	"There will be only a ""name and shame"" system or, as János Pásztor, the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News, a ""name and encourage"" plan."
1900	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	18	"Some analysts have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly ""predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, US, India, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."
1901	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	19	"Speaking at the 5th annual World Pensions Forum held on the sidelines of the COP21 Summit, Earth Institute Director Jeffrey Sachs argued that institutional investors would eventually divest from carbon-reliant firms if they could not react to political and regulatory efforts to halt climate change: ""Every energy company in a pension fund's portfolio needs to be scrutinized from purely a financial view about its future, 'Why is this [a company] we would want to hold over a five- to 20-year period?'..."
1902	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	19	If we continue to hold major energy companies that don't have an answer to a basic financial test, we are just gambling.
1903	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	19	We have to take a fiduciary responsibility – these are not good bets.
1904	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	20	"Some US policy makers concurred, notably Al Gore, insisting that ""no agreement is perfect, and this one must be strengthened over time, but groups across every sector of society will now begin to reduce dangerous carbon pollution through the framework of this agreement."
1905	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	21	As is usual before such major conferences, major NGOs and groups of governments have drafted and published a wide variety of declarations they intend to seek a consensus on, at the Paris conference itself.
1906	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	21	These include at least the following major efforts:
1907	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	22	The conference was budgeted to cost €170m (US$186.87m at the time).
1908	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	22	The French government said that 20% of the cost would be borne by French firms such as EDF, Engie (formerly known as GDF Suez), Air France, Renault-Nissan and BNP Paribas.
1909	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	23	Around the world, 600,000 took part in demonstrations in favour of a strong agreement, such as the Global Climate March organized by 350.org (and other events such as Alternatiba, Village of Alternatives).
1910	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	23	Paris had a ban on public gatherings in the wake of recent terrorist attacks (state of emergency), but allowed thousands to demonstrate on 12 December against what they felt was a too-weak treaty.
1911	1	2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference	23	There was also an illegal demonstration in Paris, including violent clashes between police and anarchists, ten policemen were injured and 317 people arrested .
1912	1	List of power stations in Arkansas	1	The following page lists all power stations in the U.S. state of Arkansas.
1913	0	Zhang Chen (volleyball)	1	Zhang Chen (born ) is a Chinese male volleyball player.
1914	0	Martina Mayne	3	Her first marriage was short.
1915	0	Mackinac Island State Park Commission	2	Mackinac State Historic Parks is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.
1916	0	Sakumo Ramsar Site	3	The size of the open lagoon varies from depending on the season.
1917	0	Pinus contorta	2	The subspecies are sometimes treated at the rank of variety.
1918	0	Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 304	3	The pilots eventually landed the aircraft at Windsor, Ontario; they learned only after landing that there had been casualties in the passenger cabin.
1919	0	Nagapur	7	These rivers meet each other near Nagapur bridge.
1920	0	Tulips (poem)	9	Barbara Hardy concurs, writing that the tulips are “inhabitants of the bizarre world of private irrational fantasy, even beyond the bridge of distorted science: they contrast with the whiteness of nullity and death, are like a baby, an African cat, are like her wound (a real red physical wound, stitched so as to heal, not to gape like opened tulips) and, finally, like her heart;” yet they, more than anything else, are what bring her back to life.
1921	0	Gran Turismo (1997 video game)	6	Sound design was one aspect that Yamauchi believed was compromised due to a lack of time.
1922	0	Phyllis and Flora	3	They pause to cool their feet in the water.
1923	0	Viveros de Coyoacán	10	Originally the area had desert type plants but Quevedo planted it with trees, and began a nursery.
1924	0	Family planning in Bangladesh	2	At this TFR and without migration a country's population is neither growing nor shrinking.
1925	0	Zion Square	21	The building was commissioned by and named for a Christian Arab merchant from Bethlehem and originally housed Cafe Europe, a popular coffeehouse patronized by Jews, Arabs, and British in the 1930s and 1940s.
1926	0	George Weiss (baseball)	13	All of the inductees had been selected by the Veterans Committee; no players were elected through the regular voting process of the Baseball Writers' Association of America.
1927	0	George Samuel Dougherty	9	Much of his time at the school was concentrated on the study of foreign police systems.
1928	0	The Gifted (film)	7	Still furious with Aica, Zoe plots revenge and shows everybody the animated video version of Aica soiling herself pants during grade school.
1929	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	76	A Domesday site Leybourne Mill was a corn mill.
1930	0	USS Algorma (AT-34)	2	On 17 July 1920, she received the alphanumeric designation AT-34.
1931	0	Celebrant (Australia)	33	Dally Messenger III also claims that as the ceremony is either chosen or created by the couple, it can be affirmed as honest and authentic.
1932	0	Helsingborg Marathon	1	The Helsingborg Marathon is planned to be an annual long-distance running event through much of Helsingborg.
1933	0	Sweet Tracks	12	The 5 bonus tracks were redeemable by entering the redemption code into the BBDMS account to obtain the five-download credit.
1934	0	It's a Wonderful World (1939 film)	2	The only clue is a half of a dime incorporated into a piece of jewelry that the victim managed to snatch from her assailant.
1935	0	Circles (Atlantic Starr song)	1	"The single was the most successful for the group thus far, peaking at number two for two weeks on the Soul Singles chart and it also became their first single to hit the ""Billboard"" Hot 100, peaking at number 38."
1936	0	Alam Gul Kuchi	3	are the majority and we are the heirs of this land.
1937	0	Herrick District Library	7	The expansion came after a long-awaited millage referendum and the switch from Herrick's status as a public library to a district library.
1938	0	Fuglede's theorem	13	This is equal to
1939	0	Heterobimetallic catalysis	1	Other organic pronucleophiles are cross-coupled with arylpalladium halides in the following examples (Scheme 2):
1940	0	The Hungry Saw	12	"Club, Vadim Rizov noted that while the ""strings and brass remain constant"" and ""Tindersticks remains a champion at feel-bad soul strings,"" the music on the album was ""pared down"" and represented ""a new sound."
1941	0	Michael Bileca	1	Michael Bileca (born March 8, 1970) is a Republican politician and a former member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 115th District, which includes north-central Miami-Dade County, stretching from Doral to Palmetto Bay, from 2012 to 2018.
1942	0	NATO Ouvrage &quot;G&quot;	1	"built a radar station in an old troops shelter (in French : ""abri-caverne"") near the fort, called ""Ouvrage ""G""""."
1943	0	Sky Cabin	2	Sky Cabin became stuck at 96 feet in the air causing riders to become stranded in the air for 8 hours.
1944	0	Jim Clash	8	Summited the following mountains:
1945	0	Johan Rodríguez	3	Rodríguez started in Aguirre's first match in charge of Mexico in 2001, a 1-0 victory over the United States.
1946	0	2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season	5	The cycle began in 2010 with the Big Ten and the then-Pac-10 publicly announcing their intentions to expand.
1947	0	2007 Orlando Predators season	43	2nd Quarter:
1948	0	Visakhapatnam	44	The GITAM University (the first private university in Andhra Pradesh) and the Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering are other technical-education institutions in the city.
1949	0	Bombus terrestris	21	If individuals were tested with flower colors significantly different than from what they were trained with, they just visited flowers most closely aligned with their innate color preferences.
1950	0	Moisture analysis	20	Additionally, slugs of water render the system nonfunctional for long periods of time as the sensor head has to “dry-down.”
1951	0	Ezra C. Carleton	1	Ezra Child Carleton (September 6, 1838 – July 24, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from the 7th district of Michigan.
1952	0	Popular Alliance (San Marino)	3	Assunta Meloni became one of the two Joint Captains Regent of San Marino.
1953	0	Cadillac Eldorado	11	Sales nearly doubled to 3,950.
1954	0	Pembroke Township, Kankakee County, Illinois	7	Almost half the working age adults are out of work.
1955	0	M48 Patton	18	Two main bearings are bolted to the mounting plate on the roof of the tank turret to support the range finder on steel radial ball bearings.
1956	0	Moisture analysis	20	The required calibration system is not as precise and adds to the cost and mechanical complexity of the system.
1957	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	50	In 1825, the mill pond was recorded as 1A 1R 1P ().
1958	0	Pinus contorta	12	"Suillus tomentosus"", a fungus, produces specialized structures called tuberculate ectomycorrhizae with the roots of lodgepole pine (""Pinus contorta"" var."
1959	0	Tejan Koroma	2	Koroma was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent on May 7, 2018.
1960	0	Kingdom of Scotland	5	In AD 793, ferocious Viking raids began on monasteries such as those at Iona and Lindisfarne, creating fear and confusion across the kingdoms of north Britain.
1961	0	Jerry Hollendorfer	10	In 2010, Blind Luck became the first Eclipse Award winner trained by Hollendorfer after winning three Grade I races.
1962	0	Jamie Delargy	1	He was Business Editor at UTV until his retirement in 2016.
1963	0	South African Police Memorial	1	It was unveiled in 1984 by State President P.W.
1964	0	Ramesh Bijlani	16	"The title of his talk, delivered in February 2011 was ""Decision Making: the Spiritual Dimension""."
1965	0	Harsharan Singh Balli	2	Balli (Harsharan Singh Balli) can be described as a stalwart BJP leader and a son of a family of freedom fighters and the only Sikh in the history of Delhi who has been elected as the Member of Legislative Assembly 4 times consecutively and has been Member of Municipal Corporation of Delhi and served as a Minister under 3 Chief Ministers in Delhi namely Shri Madan Lal Khurana ji, Late Shri Sahib Singh Verma ji and Smt.
1966	0	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse	2	The liner was constructed in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) for the North German Lloyd (NDL), and entered service in 1897.
1967	0	Cadillac Eldorado	39	This was the only production Cadillac to be equipped with concealed headlights behind vacuum operated doors.
1968	0	2007 Sydney Roosters season	11	Australia
1969	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	24	On 24 August, the submarine again closed Manila Bay.
1970	0	USS Algorma (AT-34)	6	The ship participated in the buildup of Allied forces for the invasion of northern France.
1971	0	Herpes simplex research	34	Some members of research team at Temple University have also joined forces to create Excision BioTheraputics.
1972	0	1926–27 Chicago Black Hawks season	13	Chicago ended the two game losing skid with a very solid 4–1 win over the Detroit Cougars, then won their next game by a 3–1 score against the New York Americans.
1973	0	Visakhapatnam	47	Visakhapatnam co-hosted the 32nd National Games alongside Hyderabad in 2002.
1974	0	Devolver Digital	2	Outside of publishing, the company operates Devolver Digital Films for film distribution and Special Reserve Games for limited-run games distribution, and majority-owns publisher Good Shepherd Entertainment.
1975	0	Hjálmar Jónsson (footballer)	1	Hjálmar Jónsson (born 29 July 1980) is an Icelandic retired footballer who played as a defender.
1976	0	Kingdom of Scotland	47	This image was again depicted on seals used during the late 13th century; including on one particular example used by the Guardians of Scotland, dated 1286.
1977	0	M48 Patton	36	A notable exception was the 2nd Infantry Division in the Republic of Korea, who replaced their M60A1 tanks with M48A5's, which arrived in June and July 1978.
1978	0	Maggia (municipality)	29	About 8.3% of the workforce coming into Maggia are coming from outside Switzerland.
1979	0	Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961	1	"Angelique"" was chosen as the Danish entry at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix on 19 February."
1980	0	Ziggy Steinberg	3	"In addition, he authored many short stories and humor pieces for various magazines, including ""Gagtime"", a parody of E.L. Doctorow's ""Ragtime"", which he co-wrote with David Steinberg."
1981	0	Stephen Walker (author)	3	His current project is the website of the fictional Department Of Occult Investigation, in which professor of demonology Liz Sanford battles the forces of darkness, and the vagaries of her own life.
1982	0	Wah-wah pedal	14	Funk band Kool and the Gang, B.T.Express, and Jimmy Castor Bunch used Wah-wah pedal also.
1983	0	Żupan	2	Whether the garment came from Central Asia or Ottoman Turkey or Iran still remains a question, and the same applies to the allied male garment—the kontusz.
1984	0	Máire O'Neill	4	Equivalent to the damages caused by fake pearls; hacked and cloned devices acting on a network can be dangerous.
1985	0	Bresle method	2	With spray from waves and by other means, salt gets into the air as an aerosol, and eventually as a dust-like particle.
1986	0	Bryn Mooser	4	Following the earthquake in Nepal, Mooser got involved in Virtual Reality filmmaking after shooting a scene at the rubble of Kathmandu.
1987	0	Wah-wah pedal	3	"Country guitar virtuoso Chet Atkins had used a similar, self-designed device on his late 1950s recordings of ""Hot Toddy"" and ""Slinkey""."
1988	0	Tutti	1	"Music examination boards may instruct candidates to ""play in tuttis"", indicating that the candidate should play both the solo and the tutti sections."
1989	0	Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation	2	Bhabanipur, 23.
1990	0	Hasset Go	2	Go travelled back to Manila to work as assistant pastry chef at Chef Ed Quimpo's Cosmopolitan Cuisine restaurant.
1991	0	Sohrab Hossain	6	In Kolkata he met Abbas Uddin.
1992	0	Omega Chemical Corporation	6	Multiple buildings near the site have also documented higher levels of toxic soil vapors.
1993	0	Blood, Passion and Coffee	2	Based on real events, a coffee producing family in Marcala fights to keep their farm.
1994	0	Surfactant	43	The commercially most significant type of surfactants is currently the anionic surfactant alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), which is widely used in cleaners and detergents.
1995	0	Galotxa	6	"Both the ""dau"" and the Galotxa net are only required when serving every ""quinze"", and are ignored in other play situations."
1996	0	Monkton Farleigh Priory	2	A priory church was probably completed c.1150 and the priory came to benefit from several manors, estates and churches.
1997	0	British Military Hospital, Singapore	10	It contained the names of the victims who were massacred by the Japanese.
1998	0	Alma Moodie	9	"Muzot has received its musical christening..."" And it was through Reinhart that she attended and performed at many of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM)'s festivals."
1999	0	Kingdom of Scotland	33	From the mid-16th century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England.
2000	0	Carsten Höller	12	While the scientist deals with truth and its cognition, the artist, after Nietzche, creates and transforms reality.
2001	0	Oliver Heywood	1	Oliver Heywood (9 September 1825 – 1892) was an English banker and philanthropist.
2002	0	Sam Randolph	3	He played college golf for the University of Southern California and was a three-time first-team All-American with 13 collegiate wins.
2003	0	A Gran Plan	4	"Except Farida Jalal (who is based in India), almost all the crew members of ""A Gran Plan"" are based in Singapore."
2004	0	Ufuoma McDermott	17	The USM Show also featured live musical and comedy performances from a range of Nigerian entertainers, including, Teni the entertainer, Seyi Law and MC Abbey.
2005	0	Christopher H. Phillips	9	In 1958, he returned to the State Department when he was appointed by President Eisenhower as the United States Representative to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
2006	0	MV Mill Bay	3	Coast Ferries Ltd. contracted out the construction of a new steel hulled ferry to the Victoria Machinery Depot firm in Victoria.
2007	0	American Jewish Committee	36	"They were criticized for their lack of reaction and silence during the Holocaust; historian and AJC National Director of Jewish Communal Affairs Steven Bayme said AJC leaders never understood the uniqueness of Nazism and its ""war against the Jews."
2008	0	Cadillac Eldorado	12	Just behind the open rear wheel housings the lower rear quarters were trimmed with broad, sculptured stainless steel beauty panels that visually blended into the split rear wraparound bumper assemblies.
2009	0	Revival of the Hebrew language	32	A Hebrew boys' school opened in Jaffa in 1893, followed by a Hebrew girls' school.
2010	0	Blood Road	39	The German SS guards said that the detainees were ill and were being executed to avoid infection.
2011	0	Chen Tianhua	5	Chen criticized the gazette's contents for being too militant, prodding it to add essays and news and to slip free of the provincial authorities.
2012	0	Altsiedelland	2	"The ""Altsiedelland"" was the result of early historic land acquisition in Central Europe in about the 5th to 8th centuries."
2013	0	James Kennard	2	He received rabbinic ordination in Israel in 1989.
2014	0	Crimea in the Roman era	5	Tiberius Julius Aspurgus (8 BC – 38) founded a line of Bosporan Kings which endured with some interruptions until 341.
2015	0	Andreas Pfaltz	2	In 1990 he was appointed as an associate professor at the University of Basel, becoming a full professor in 1993.
2016	0	SS R.J. Hackett	6	The ship was enrolled on March 31, 1870 in Detroit, and set off on her first voyage that spring.
2017	0	Balsam Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota	2	The Savanna Portage, a key passage from precontact Native American times into the early Euro-American settlement period, is preserved within Savanna Portage State Park and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
2018	0	The Crisis (1916 film)	4	"The Crisis"" sought to mine the success of 1915's ""The Birth of a Nation""."
2019	0	Miramar, New Zealand	5	It was called the National Film Unit.
2020	0	Geza von Hoffmann	18	Hoffmann's assumed a pivotal historical significance for the eugenics movement in Germany.
2021	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	52	The mill was a corn mill by 1847.
2022	0	Hamelen (TV series)	3	The show featured over 120 songs.
2023	0	George McTurnan Kahin	9	"In early 1975, Kahin predicted of a Khmer Rouge victory: ""I know of no basis for assuming that there is going to be a major bloodbath."
2024	0	Benzyl butyl phthalate	5	The hydrolysis under acidic conditions is a reversion of the Fischer-Speier esterification, whereas the hydrolysis under basic conditions is performed by saponification.
2025	0	Gran Turismo (1997 video game)	5	Two Honda NSX cars from 1992 were included in the Japanese version, but were removed from the North American and European versions.
2026	0	MV Mill Bay	9	On February 1, 2005 three men fell into Brentwood Bay when their canoe capsized.
2027	0	1784 in sports	2	Events
2028	0	William Parrish	4	A new election was called, which the Liberals won in a landslide.
2029	0	Persoonia sulcata	2	Flowering occurs from September to November and is followed by fruit which are smooth green drupes.
2030	0	Alexander Livingston, 3rd Earl of Callendar	3	Upon the death of his uncle, Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Callendar, he inherited the titles Earl of Callendar.
2031	0	Beatrice Hahn	7	Most of his research was focused on leukemia, the disease that had taken his sister's life at an early age.
2032	0	The Drop (film)	2	Marv ridicules Bob and some patrons for commemorating the 10th anniversary of the murder of a man named Richie Whelan.
2033	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	10	"That evening brought a change in orders; and, in preparing to clear the area, ""Saury"" found herself between two enemy ships."
2034	0	Tony Ezekiel	8	He has been actively involved in some philanthropic activities such as:
2035	0	Celebrant (Australia)	67	The celebrant is responsible for processing and lodging all legal paperwork to register the marriage in accordance with defined procedures.
2036	0	Codex Runicus	4	According to Olaus Magnus, there were many books written with runes in important Swedish religious centres, such as Skara and Uppsala, before the Reformation.
2037	0	Diaphania semaphoralis	1	Diaphania semaphoralis is a moth in the family Crambidae.
2038	0	Bombus terrestris	3	The queen is between 20–22 mm long, males range from 14–16 mm, and workers from 11–17 mm.
2039	0	Julie Dodds-Streeton	3	Dodds-Streeton served her articles with Paveys and was admitted as a solicitor in 1981.
2040	0	2011–12 Iranian Volleyball Super League	1	The regular season begins on October 19, 2011, and ends on February 29, 2012.
2041	0	Middlewich First	1	after losing 3 seats in the 2019 local elections as well as losing all 7 seats they held on Middlewich Town council.
2042	0	4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery	6	By the end of 1915 the 67th Division was still not fully trained or equipped, and on 22 December the 1st/IV Bde left the division to prepare for overseas service independently.
2043	0	Beatrice Hahn	9	In 1983, George Shaw joined Gallo's laboratory and he and Hahn began to collaborate on their research.
2044	0	Skrunda-1	7	The winning bidder pulled out of the auction, as did the runner up.
2045	0	15th Brigade (Japan)	1	The brigade is subordinated to the Western Army and is headquartered in Naha, Okinawa.
2046	0	19th Regiment Royal Artillery	4	"In December 2012, the regiment was officially named ""The Scottish Gunners"" when the 40th Regiment Royal Artillery (The Lowland Gunners) was placed in suspended animation."
2047	0	Peril (band)	4	The depth to which sounds were crossed made Zorn's Naked City sound like a mere pit band.
2048	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	6	A diameter by wide cast iron overshot waterwheel from Lower Mill, Polegate, Sussex, was reconstructed at the mill in the early 1980s and the owner intended to reconstruct the machinery to return the building to a working mill.
2049	0	Kingdom of Scotland	42	James I took a greater interest in naval power.
2050	0	Public-access television	22	Cable companies saw this regulation as an unlawful intrusion by the federal government into their business practices, and immediately started challenging the legality of these new rules.
2051	0	John Joseph Hirth	10	Hirth retired as Vicar Apostolic on 25 October 1920.
2052	0	Visakhapatnam	40	It handled 19,550 aircraft including 1,421 international and 18,129 domestic.
2053	0	MilitaryWeek.com	3	"We are living in times of unparalleled threat and hostility from unseen and often unknown enemies"", Woodson states on the ""MilitaryWeek.com"" website; ""The tendency of governments facing this situation is to turn inward, to sit on information as they try to formulate a strategy to meet this daunting challenge."
2054	0	Mikołaj Olędzki	3	He then began to excel at swimming, appearing for Northamptonshire’s county team from a young age.
2055	0	Destiny 2: Forsaken	12	"Forsaken"" is available as paid downloadable content (DLC) to owners of ""Destiny 2"" and its two existing expansions, """" and """", and is priced at US$40—double the price of the previous two expansions individually."
2056	0	Bondo, Switzerland	10	Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of −0.5%.
2057	0	Rockyhock, North Carolina	1	Its elevation is 26 feet (8 m).
2058	0	Jefferson Township High School (New Jersey)	1	Jefferson Township High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Jefferson Township, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States, operating as the lone secondary school of the Jefferson Township Public Schools.
2059	0	Acapulco	1	Acapulco is also Mexico's largest beach and balneario resort city.
2060	0	Tulips (poem)	9	What this interpretation implies, then, is that the choice of life is necessarily a difficult and painful one, whereas death is not itself a choice but rather simply a refusal to continue living.
2061	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	8	By noon, she was clear.
2062	0	SMS Novara (1913)	15	Following the armistice, the entire Austro-Hungarian fleet was transferred to the newly formed Yugoslavia.
2063	0	Humid continental climate	7	A hot summer version of a continental climate features an average temperature of at least in its warmest month.
2064	0	Portage Glacier Highway	3	This portion of the route terminates at the Placer Creek Bridge.
2065	0	The Bots Master	37	As of 2018, there have been no DVD releases of any kind.
2066	0	Nicolette Hennique	4	In 1955 Hennique published a moving book of memories of her father.
2067	0	Small Victories	2	"Small Victories"" was another visual effects milestone for the series."
2068	0	Phantom Blot	7	The Blot often operates in disguise and has acted under various aliases and identities, adopting many different personalities to suit his parts.
2069	0	Derivative test	10	"Further suppose that ""f"" is continuous at ""a"" and differentiable on some open interval containing ""a"", except possibly at ""a"" itself."
2070	0	The Bots Master	1	The show also had a toyline based on it.
2071	0	Huntingburg, Indiana	3	The CICL then merged with the Prospect League.
2072	0	The Variable Man	5	However the order for Terra to launch a full-scale attack against the Centaurian Empire (under the assumption that the majority of the enemy ships and planets would have been destroyed in the Icarus explosion) had already been given.
2073	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	10	The elect escape damnation only because God through Christ forgives the sin of his elect by infusing faith into them.
2074	0	Kallang Wave Mall	1	Kallang Wave Mall () is a shopping mall in Kallang, Singapore.
2075	0	Nichya	5	and a few new songs.
2076	0	Szymanowski's House	1	Its other address is 16, Italyansky Lane, in the city of Taganrog, Rostov Oblast.
2077	0	Velocette Valiant	6	"The 1959 ""Valiant Veeline"" (also known as the ""Vee Line"") was the same as a standard Valiant with a 'dolphin' full fairing made of fibre glass that had big windscreen, a fascia panel housing the speedometer and ammeter, as well as a small glove box."
2078	0	Carlyle Glean	1	He was educated at the University of Calgary (BEd) and the University of East Anglia (MA, 1982).
2079	0	James Cannan	18	This required the same shipping space as two tons of supplies shipped across in the Atlantic Ocean, the distance there being half as great.
2080	0	Acapulco	20	The storm stranded tourists and left more than 100 dead in the city.
2081	0	Steve Boardman (historian)	1	Boardman's work focuses on kingship and the nobility in the later Middle Ages, and he has completed work on Kings Robert II and Robert III of Scotland, as well as Clan Campbell.
2082	0	Monumental Arch of Palmyra	1	Its ruins later became one of the main attractions of Palmyra until it was officially destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in 2015.
2083	0	Woptober	3	"The album's first promotional single, ""Icy Lil Bitch"", was released on October 11, 2016."
2084	0	National Museum of History of Azerbaijan	5	Museum’s collection consists of the materials discovered during these excavations and from ethnographic expeditions.
2085	0	Crisis on Earth-X	19	"Unlike the previous crossover, ""Invasion!"
2086	0	Herpes simplex research	21	Sanofi Pasteur and the clinical-stage immunotherapy company Immune Design have entered a broad collaboration, which will explore the potential of various combinations of agents against HSV-2, including an adjuvanted trivalent vaccine candidate G103, consisting of recombinantly-expressed viral proteins.
2087	0	Ulrich Schwaneberg	2	Ulrich Schwaneberg studied chemistry at the University of Stuttgart and received his diploma in 1996.
2088	0	Jim Henderson (baseball)	5	He played the majority of that season with the Class A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, but also played for the Class A-Advanced Brevard County Manatees and Double-A Huntsville Stars.
2089	0	Multimethodology	8	It seems unproductive, therefore, to speak of multi-biologies or of multi-methodologies.
2090	0	Zaleplon	21	Pure zaleplon in its solid state is a white to off-white powder with very low solubility in water, as well as low solubility in ethanol and propylene glycol.
2091	0	Wilfrid Gariépy	8	He was more successful in the 1913 election, when he ran in the new Beaver River electoral district.
2092	0	Meat shoot	3	There are target cards numbered from 1 - 20 for each shoot.
2093	0	Women photographers	18	"With no longer being labeled as ""a wife of a photographer"" women who already have a keen eye for the fashionable side of things photographer seem to be strong suit for them."
2094	0	Hayes railway station	6	In 1909 however the 8:37 a.m. Hayes - Charing Cross service was formed of Continental boat train stock where on arrival it was used to work the 10:00 a.m. Charing Cross- Folkestone boat train.
2095	0	NatWest	22	National Westminster Bank use the following series of six digit sorting codes formatted into three pairs separated by hyphens:
2096	0	Viveros de Coyoacán	10	Later, he acquired a portion of the San Pedro Martìr Hacienda, called Potrero del Altillo, with a surface of 301,452m and it was annexed to the original land.
2097	0	Louise Minchin	5	In 2006 she toured the country in a converted bus meeting England fans as part of the World Cup coverage for BBC News.
2098	0	Ufuoma McDermott	10	2003 saw her in the Queen of all Nations beauty pageant (Dubra Fufeyin) where she was again the 1st runner up.
2099	0	Mahasti	4	"Mahasti created an image of a ""gentle-woman"" singer, a lady with great manners."
2100	0	R4600	1	The R4600 was designed as a low-end workstation or high-end embedded microprocessor.
2101	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	41	He wrote in 1797 that it was worth 'a guinea a quire'.
2102	0	Kesselman	1	"Kesselman is a German and Yiddish surname, literally ""kettle-man""."
2103	0	Covering problems	2	The most prominent examples of covering problems are the set cover problem, which is equivalent to the hitting set problem, and its special cases, the vertex cover problem and the edge cover problem.
2104	0	Amine Laâlou	4	He improved his personal best to 1:43.68 at the Weltklasse Zürich meeting prior to the 2004 Summer Olympics.
2105	0	Charles V. Hogan	3	He represented the 1st Essex District, which consisted of Lynn, Nahant, and Swampscott.
2106	0	Ethnic groups of Japan	12	Likewise, Brazil maintains its status as home to the largest Japanese community outside of Japan.
2107	0	Herrick District Library	8	The renovation began on January 4, 1998 and took 18 months with the reopening occurring on June 11, 1999.
2108	0	Processed meat	6	Yet, when nitrate or nitrite interact with certain components in red meat, such as heme iron, amines, and amides, they can form nitroso compounds, which may contribute to the association between consumption of processed meats and higher incidence of colorectal cancer.
2109	0	Fumigatory box	4	Plants were placed in the box for one hour and one vial of cyanide was released per 300 cubic feet (8.5 cubic meters) of space inside the fumigatory box.
2110	0	Blood Road	37	The pit was long, wide, and deep.
2111	0	Kit Martin	2	"At his home, Gunton Park, Martin also restored the historic designed landscape, winning the ""Country Life"" Genius of the Place Award for 2007."
2112	0	Paul Cook (footballer)	17	The end of his first season saw him guide Chesterfield to eighth position finishing just two points outside the play-off zone.
2113	0	Blood Road	30	Christie notes that Kiefer certainly did not come from an insane asylum, but it is interesting as a characterization.
2114	0	James Shears and Sons	1	The firm was founded by James Shears (c1750-1820) and continued by his two sons Daniel Towers Shears (1784–1860) and James Henry Shears (1788–1855) and subsequently by William Shears.
2115	0	Frotteurism	7	However, frotteuristic acts, as opposed to frotteuristic disorder, may occur in up to 30% of men in the general population.
2116	0	Fuad Chehab	10	Fouad Chehab died in Beirut in April 1973, at the age of 71.
2117	0	2012 Albanian presidential election	4	The Democratic Alliance Party has officially proposed the name of its current leader Neritan Ceka as the party's nominee for the presidential race.
2118	0	Bondo, Switzerland	7	During the 16th century some of the population left Bondo to Italy, and later to eastern Europe (either as bakers or soldiers).
2119	0	Thoughts for the Times on War and Death	4	"Freud's account of the centrality of loss in culture has been seen as seminal for his later work, ""Civilization and its Discontents""."
2120	0	Bryn, Llanelli	2	The village has its own school Ysgol Y Bryn, which is an English school.
2121	0	Old Windsor Road	4	Almost all of its original concrete markers have disappeared with the extensive road widening.
2122	0	Climbing hold	15	Finger strength must be trained in order to use pockets effectively.
2123	0	Wang Baoshan	3	His time at the club was not very successful, he had lost the respect of the players and was floating above relegation also the club were in debt and could not afford to be relegated, which saw on September 2006 Wang being sacked as the team's manager and replaced by Xie Feng for the rest of the season.
2124	0	Benzyl butyl phthalate	22	Canadian Authorities have restricted the usage of phthalates, including BBP, in soft vinyl children's toys and child care articles.
2125	0	Arthur William Brown	3	Brown's works included illustrated stories of American authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Irvin Cobb, such as Sinclair Lewis.
2126	0	Ben Brush	3	Ben Brush's dam, Roseville, was purchased by Colonel Catesby Woodford and Colonel Ezekial Clay of Runnymede Farm near Paris, Kentucky in 1891 from the horseman H. Eugene Leigh.
2127	0	Mackinac Island State Park Commission	3	On July 15, 2009, the Park celebrated its 20 millionth visitor.
2128	0	Ramesh Bijlani	2	Ramesh Lal Bijlani was born in 1947 in Sukkur, Pakistan.
2129	0	Herpes simplex research	12	The company, now known under the name Admedus Vaccines, is researching DNA technology for vaccines with prophylactic and therapeutic potential.
2130	0	Yusei Kikuchi	10	Kikuchi has confirmed that he has never hit a home run in his baseball career.
2131	0	Vicki-Lee Walberg	1	She was the last title holder to advance to the semifinal of the contest.
2132	0	Christian Solinas	1	Christian Solinas (born 2 December 1976) is an Italian politician, leader of the Sardinian Action Party and member of the Senate.
2133	0	International Institute for Sustainable Development	10	It aims to enhance national adaptation planning and action in developing countries through coordination of bilateral support and in-country actors.
2134	0	Multimethodology	1	One could argue that mixed methods research is a special case of multimethod research.
2135	0	Hope Lutheran Church (Westcliffe, Colorado)	1	The building was designed and constructed in 1917 by Reverend John Reininga and was added to the National Register in 1978.
2136	0	Gran Turismo (1997 video game)	4	Winning one particular championship also unlocks a video and a few additional demonstration tracks.
2137	0	Jimmy Coffey	12	Kilkenny introduced their veteran star, Lory Meagher, at the interval and he scored Kilkenny's solitary point of the second half.
2138	0	Codenames (board game)	6	Teams take turns.
2139	0	Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District	3	The five houses, which are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8 Jermain Street, occupy lots averaging in size, for a total area of .
2140	0	OR1F2	1	"Olfactory receptor 1F2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ""OR1F2P"" gene."
2141	0	Honeyz	4	We were looking at En Vogue as someone that we would like to aspire to.
2142	0	Nick Morris (basketball)	4	The invention was featured on the ABC New Inventors program.
2143	0	Robert Gallucci	5	In 2015, Gallucci became director of The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress.
2144	0	Jakobea of Baden	3	She had been born a Protestant, but was raised as a Roman Catholic and did not choose for either side.
2145	0	Veene Sheshanna	2	"His father, Chikkaramappa, was a ""Vainika"" (player of the veena) in the court of the Maharaja of Mysore."
2146	0	Ramesh Bijlani	2	He attended school in Delhi.
2147	0	Cadillac Eldorado	14	The split rear bumper assemblies were each updated with a low-profile combined reverse light/grille unit that replaced the previous years separate, round exhaust exits and reverse lights; the round brake/tail light units at the base of the fins remained unchanged.
2148	0	British Military Hospital, Singapore	6	Many died from suffocation.
2149	0	Dagmar Hagelin	3	"Dagmar's father, Ragnar Hagelin commented to Swedish media on the sentence that he, ""couldn't describe the happiness he felt that after 34 years of struggles, Dagmar’s killer would finally pay for his crimes""."
2150	0	Arkansas Highway 309	1	Arkansas Highway 309 (AR 309 and Hwy.
2151	0	New York Central Hudson	8	Two J-1 class Hudsons, numbers 5311 and 5313, were sold to the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway in 1948 and were renumbered 501 and 502 respectively.
2152	0	Burkholderia mallei	4	The bacterium would have lost the genes that were not necessary for living in an animal host.
2153	0	Caldicot Town F.C.	2	In the 1963–64 season a second side was formed to play in the East Gwent Division 2.
2154	0	Stonehenge II	1	Stonehenge II is an homage to the original Stonehenge monument and is located in the Texas Hill Country.
2155	0	Geza von Hoffmann	19	Hoffmann was acknowledged as an expert in Germany and America on eugenics.
2156	0	Choqa Bala-ye Sofla	1	At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 57 families.
2157	0	Jakobea of Baden	3	William the Rich could never overcome the early death of his eldest son Charles Frederick.
2158	0	Mari Wolf	3	When she resigned from the column after her divorce, Robert Bloch took over as the feature's author.
2159	0	Lyndhurst, Ohio	9	The per capita income for the city was $28,206.
2160	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	33	By 10:38, nine depth charges had been dropped, but none was close.
2161	0	Richard Charles Guthridge	2	Likewise, the 1851 Census finds Ann Gutteridge working as a mangler in Limehouse whilst caring for the 8 year-old James Junior.
2162	0	Christopher H. Phillips	6	"He graduated with the class of 1948 and wanted to go into politics, however, he took a job as a City Hall reporter the ""Beverly Evening Times"" instead to support his wife and 2-year-old daughter."
2163	0	Tulips (poem)	8	Pamela Annas bases her argument around the organization of stanzas.
2164	0	Dane Sardinha	1	A. Sardinha (born April 8, 1979 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American former professional baseball catcher.
2165	0	Bill Fraser (New Zealand politician)	4	While on leave between operational tours, he met Dorothy Tucker at a services club in Gisborne.
2166	0	Imperatorin	1	It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative.
2167	0	Canadian Baseball League	6	The league announced a national television deal with sports channel The Score, while a crowd of 5,100 took in the league's inaugural game in London, Ontario.
2168	0	Walter Ruttmann	1	Walter Ruttmann (28 December 1887 – 15 July 1941) was a German film director and along with Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling and Oskar Fischinger was an early German practitioner of experimental film.
2169	0	2006 Washington Redskins season	9	The new flagship station is Triple X ESPN Radio, which consists of three simulcast frequencies that cover the greater Washington, D.C. area.
2170	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	52	During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was a paper mill.
2171	0	Revival of the Hebrew language	34	During this period, the World Zionist Congress also adopted Hebrew as its official language.
2172	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	43	On 3 July 1944, she topped off at Midway Island.
2173	0	Art &amp; Project	14	In some cases distribution (and even printing) took place in other cities:
2174	0	George Weiss (baseball)	14	"Stengel lamented his death, saying, ""George's death is a tough thing on baseball."
2175	0	Maxibon	1	Maxibon is a brand of ice cream sandwich made by Nestlé.
2176	0	Human pyramid	9	In cheerleading, pyramids are multiple groups of stunts connected aerially by the flyers.
2177	0	Comet Morehouse	1	At times, the tail seemed to split into up to six separate tails; at others, the tail appeared completely detached from the head of the comet.
2178	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	1	"B. Warfield said, ""The system of doctrine taught by Calvin is just the Augustinianism common to the whole body of the Reformers."
2179	0	Jerry Hollendorfer	8	Among North American trainers, only two others have crossed the 7,000 win barrier: Dale Baird and Steve Asmussen.
2180	0	Youth (1922 film)	1	Youth () is a 1922 German silent film directed by Fred Sauer and starring Grete Reinwald, Fritz Schulz and Fritz Rasp.
2181	0	Points of Departure (Babylon 5)	1	John Sheridan is tested by a warship leader (Richard Grove) who wants to goad him into initiating a battle so that Minbari forces can justify a counterattack on Babylon 5.
2182	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	2	Attacking in greatly superior force, Eugène's troops captured the fort on the morning of the 17th.
2183	0	Nakul Dubey	3	He was Minister of Urban Development, Environment and Prohibition during 2007-12.
2184	0	Ninja (militia)	10	In 2016, Bintsamou again raised his forces after contested modifications of the constitution by president Sassou-Nguesso.
2185	0	Owa language	15	E.g.
2186	0	Pacific Marine Ecozone (CEC)	2	The large and increasing population in nearby coastal areas, including the major centres of Vancouver and Seattle, exerts significant strain on the natural habitats within this ecozone.
2187	0	Celebrant (Australia)	17	I am still amazed at his vision.
2188	0	Leslie Jamison	3	"She was a member of the college literary magazine ""The Advocate"" and social club The Signet Society."
2189	0	Women photographers	46	Lesbians took photos of themselves, their friends, and their lovers embracing each other in intimate settings which hinted at same-sex relationships without being explicitly erotic.
2190	0	Burkholderia mallei	4	"This suggestion has found support from studies that compare strains of ""B. mallei"" to ""B. pseudomallei"" and indicate that their two respective genomes are very similar."
2191	0	VI Corps (United States)	11	The German offensive into the Ardennes on 16 December 1944, forced a major redeployment of allied armies south of the Ardennes, and like the rest of the U.S.
2192	0	Philip Kinorra	2	"In the UK he was signed to Brian Epstein’s NEMS label and issued one single, ""Running By The River"" b/w ""Rainy Day"", before NEMS folded."
2193	0	Tingsryd Municipality	7	In the table the localities are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005.
2194	0	Home for the Holidays (1995 film)	8	When the football hits the car, however, Walter shoves Tommy onto the ground and threatens him.
2195	0	Sara Jobin	6	Sara also enjoys studying the teachings of Hazrat Inayat Khan on mysticism and music.
2196	0	Alma Moodie	6	Her mother had planned to return to Australia, leaving Alma in the care of Max and Elsa Reger, but the start of World War I meant she could not leave Europe.
2197	0	Visakhapatnam	18	The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was in 1978, and the lowest was in 1904.
2198	0	Albert Hudson	6	He held this position until his death in 1947.
2199	0	Dorylus	4	The drones are larger than the soldiers and the queens are even larger.
2200	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	23	After the war, there was some experimentation with hovercraft, which were planned to be armed with several machine guns and capable of .
2201	0	Climate resources of Azerbaijan Republic	5	Taking into consideration the power, directions, and continuation of winds as well as possibilities of taking advantage of wind energy, the two zones may be differed in the territory of country.
2202	0	Sama–Bajaw languages	18	The voice alternations in Sama-Bajau languages can also be accompanied by a change in the case-marking of pronouns and a change in word-order.
2203	0	Trenčín	22	Railway tracks from the aforementioned cities end in Trenčín.
2204	0	Huntingburg, Indiana	16	The median income for a household in the city was $33,415, and the median income for a family was $41,925.
2205	0	Soft Em	1	"Soft Em (Ꙧ ꙧ; italics: ""Ꙧ ꙧ"") is a letter of the Cyrillic script, a Cyrillic letters such as ligature to Em (М м ""М м"") and Ge (Г г ""Г г"")."
2206	0	Drummin, County Mayo	2	Situated close to Croagh Patrick, Drummin is known for its scenery and the constant rumour of gold.
2207	0	Portage Glacier Highway	23	FFH 35 turns off the Portage Glacier Highway onto Portage Lake Loop Road, passing west of the Begich, Boggs Visitor Center Complex.
2208	0	Destiny 2: Forsaken	13	"Season of the Forge"" released on December 4, 2018, followed by ""Season of the Drifter"" on March 5, 2019, and then ""Season of Opulence"" on June 4, 2019."
2209	0	Magdolna Nyári-Kovács	1	Magdolna Nyári-Kovács (1 July 1921 – 5 May 2005) was a Hungarian fencer.
2210	0	Codex Runicus	4	Support for this idea has been found in reports written by Olaus Magnus, a Catholic ecclesiastic active during the 16th century in Uppsala, Sweden, who fled the country due to the Reformation.
2211	0	King's Head Inn, Aylesbury	13	The supernatural history of the King's Head tells of at least three known ghosts to haunt the property.
2212	0	American Jewish Committee	15	"Before the Six-Day War in 1967, AJC was officially ""non-Zionist""."
2213	0	NatWest	5	Westminster Foreign Bank (established 1913) was restyled International Westminster Bank in 1973.
2214	0	Robert Gallucci	9	607 (September 2006), pp.
2215	0	Munster	3	In the early centuries AD, Munster was the domain of the Iverni peoples and the Clanna Dedad familial line, led by Cú Roí and to whom the king Conaire Mór also belonged.
2216	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	23	Jayavarman V (son of Rajendravarman) also remained a devote of Shiva.
2217	0	Clostridium stercorarium	1	Clostridium stercorarium is a cellulolytic thermophilic bacterium.
2218	0	Nat King Cole discography	7	Since many radio stations in the US adopt a format change to Christmas music each December, many holiday hits have an annual spike in popularity during the last few weeks of the year and are retired once the season is over.
2219	0	Legislation on Chinese Indonesians	15	Even some of the prominent Chinese figures were trying hard to make the Chinese-Indonesian return to Indonesia.
2220	0	Gladstone (electoral district)	3	MLA William Morton was re-elected by acclamation in every provincial election from 1941 to 1953.
2221	0	Joshua Zapata	2	He spent the vast majority of his senior spell with the club, however, registered with the reserves in Segunda División B.
2222	0	Shahid Ahmed (cricketer)	2	In Norway's opening match against Vanuatu, Ahmed scored 133*, the only century scored in the tournament, and took 3/11.
2223	0	Magna International	12	Magna acquired 80% of New Venture Gear, once a joint venture between General Motors and Chrysler, in September 2004, and combined it into Magna Powertrain.
2224	0	Florida State Road 842	3	While Broward Boulevard continues eastward, SR 842 ends temporarily, with no signage directing motorists to the continuation.
2225	0	CHRY-FM	1	"CHRY-FM branded as ""VIBE1055 FM"" is a Canadian radio station."
2226	0	President Abraham Lincoln Hotel	6	Grand opening was Friday, August 30, 1985.
2227	0	1905–06 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season	1	During the 1905–06 season Hearts competed in the Scottish First Division, the Scottish Cup and the East of Scotland Shield.
2228	0	Peterson Patriot	2	"Blackert, and was renamed the ""Peterson Patriot""."
2229	0	Kingdom of Scotland	15	The Crown remained the most important element of government, despite the many royal minorities.
2230	0	White Street Gallery District	2	It is located in the geographical center of the island, and is bounded by White and Leon Streets, and Truman and Flagler Avenues.
2231	0	American Jewish Committee	42	"David Harris responded that the statement was intended to preserve the tradition of bipartisan support for Israel and prevent it from becoming ""a dangerous political football."
2232	0	2012 Albanian presidential election	16	I thought to contribute in the last session for the same goal, but based on what I declared above, I cannot be part of this process which apparently warns a storm.
2233	0	Timofei Moșneaga	12	Following Moldova's proclamation of independence, he was appointed leader of the group of special observers in the State Council of the USSR.
2234	0	1895 Kesteven County Council election	3	The only sitting councillor elected an alderman was W. B. Harrison of Grantham no.
2235	0	Sam Randolph	4	After his playing career waned, Randolph moved into the teaching ranks.
2236	0	The Drop (film)	14	"The critical consensus states ""There's no shortage of similarly themed crime dramas, but ""The Drop"" rises above the pack with a smartly written script and strong cast."
2237	0	Pitch Battle	6	The battles consist of three rounds; in the first round 2 choirs battle each other with a song of choice then again in the 'Riff-off' where a theme is selected at random and both choirs sing songs based around that theme, the judges will then select which choir they would like to advance to the solo battle.
2238	0	MV Xue Long	15	On March 8, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing disappeared.
2239	0	Sara Jobin	2	During her time at Harvard, she would take private piano lessons with Patricia Zander, a faculty member at the New England Conservatory of Music.
2240	0	Obedska bara	3	The pond is an authentic complex of stagnant tributaries, marshes, pits, marsh vegetation, damp meadows and forests.
2241	0	Andrea Radonjić	2	Radonjić from Podgorica was crowned Miss Montenegro 2011.
2242	0	Adelsö	5	The night ferry runs less frequently during the summer months.
2243	0	Ninja (militia)	6	The ceasefire agreement was condemned by Kolélas.
2244	0	Women photographers	16	A number of Danish women were quick to open their own studios.
2245	0	Dane Sardinha	8	Sardinha spent his first full season at the Triple-A level in 2004, playing for the Louisville Bats.
2246	0	Visakhapatnam	19	The total slum population covers 44.61% of the total population which implies 770,971 people reside in slums.
2247	0	SS R.J. Hackett	5	Most of the ships built by Peck & Masters were of a relatively conventional design, but in 1869 Peck again indulged in the unconventional.
2248	0	Ian Foster (footballer)	3	However, his time in that job came to an end when he arrived at Galway in April 2008, as he accompanied Kenna to Terryland Park following the sacking of Tony Cousins.
2249	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	37	Obrazcova, Kira and Lloyd Candow (Newfoundlander); children Christopher and Sandra
2250	0	Liénard–Wiechert potential	5	formula_8 is the velocity of the source expressed as a fraction of the speed of light
2251	0	Drowned World Tour 2001	11	The DVD was also certified platinum in Brazil and the United Kingdom by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD) and British Phonographic Industry (BPI) respectively for shipment of 50,000 copies.
2252	0	Mongolian Latin alphabet	9	A few of the letters (f, k, p, v) were rarely used, being found only in borrowings, while q, w and x were excluded altogether.
2253	0	Flag of Maine (1901–09)	9	There are three known copies of this flag, one in San Francisco, Maryland, and Maine.
2254	0	Phantom Blot	18	"The story was published in the United States in 2019, under the title ""Dracula""."
2255	0	Yves Saint-Martin	7	United States
2256	0	PECO Energy Company	4	PECO formerly provided electricity to 35,000 customers in portions of Cecil and Harford counties in Maryland through subsidiary Conowingo Power Company.
2257	0	Alan Isler	1	Alan Isler (September 12, 1934 – March 29, 2010) was an American novelist and professor.
2258	0	A.S.D. Albignasego Calcio	5	"The ""CUS Calcio Padova"" was founded in 1946 in the University of Padua."
2259	0	Chegaste	2	Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Kany García posted a photo with Lopez and Carlos on October 17, revealing that the singers had collaborated.
2260	0	Amine Laâlou	4	He came close to winning a medal at the 2004 World Indoor Championships but he missed out after coming fourth in the 800 m behind Brazil's Osmar dos Santos.
2261	0	The Waitabits	1	"The Great Explosion"" dealt with oddball human societies."
2262	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	69	in 1776 Thomas Golding insured the mill.
2263	0	Toxin and Toxin-Target Database	2	The primary focus of the T3DB is on providing mechanisms of toxicity and identifying target proteins for common toxic substances.
2264	0	Audubon, New Jersey	9	The per capita income for the borough was $34,243 (+/- $1,815).
2265	0	Claude Nicollier	1	His first spaceflight (STS-46) was in 1992, and his final spaceflight (STS-103) was in 1999.
2266	0	Kartidris	1	Its six species are known from mountainous areas in China, Thailand and India.
2267	0	Magnus Carlsen	96	Carlsen won the blitz event, scoring 16/21 (+13–2=6), one and a half points ahead of his nearest competitors, Karjakin and Anand.
2268	0	Dane Sardinha	4	In lieu of a bonus the Reds signed Sardinha to a six-year contract with a guaranteed payout, regardless of whether he made it to the majors.
2269	0	Emre Can	25	"Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who ""...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch."
2270	0	Livers Ain't Cheap	6	"Instead of using the original title, it was released under the new title ""The Real Thing""."
2271	0	Freyella	2	There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus: -
2272	0	Load factor (electrical)	7	Its value is always less than one because maximum demand is never lower than average demand, since facilities likely never operate at full capacity for the duration of an entire 24-hour day.
2273	0	Pierre Gemayel	1	He was known for his deft political maneuvering, which led him to take positions which were seen by supporters as pragmatic, but by opponents as contradictory, or even hypocritical.
2274	0	Metrô (band)	5	The band soon grew to be one of the most famous and successful acts of Brazil, touring extensively (sometimes they performed seven shows in a week) and constantly appearing in numerous variety shows of the time.
2275	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	11	He took it in tow, with the master of the schooner acting as pilot for both ships for the unfamiliar shores around Boston Harbor.
2276	0	Cellular Jail	1	Many notable independence activists such as Veer Savarkar, Batukeshwar Dutt, Yogendra Shukla among others, were imprisoned here during the struggle for India's independence.
2277	0	Humid continental climate	3	Wide temperature ranges are common within this climate zone.
2278	0	M48 Patton	38	The M48 Patton has the distinction of playing a unique role in an event that was destined to radically alter the conduct of armored warfare.
2279	0	Ekteswar	4	It is a solid structure, not generally seen in Bengal.
2280	0	Bombus terrestris	5	Drones leave the colony shortly after reaching adulthood to find a mate outside the nest.
2281	0	Old Customs House (Knoxville, Tennessee)	2	Much of the original interior has been altered.
2282	0	Harry Barton (baseball)	1	He played for the Philadelphia Athletics.
2283	0	Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition	1	The refers to a series of Japanese Antarctic expeditions for scientific research.
2284	0	ZeroFOX	1	It provides cloud-based software as a service (SaaS) for organizations to detect risks found on social media and digital channels, such as phishing, malware, scams, impersonator accounts, piracy, counterfeit and more.
2285	0	2007 Sydney Roosters season	1	They competed in the NRL's 2007 Telstra Premiership and finished 10th (out of 16).
2286	0	Hucknall Urban District	3	Since 1974 the town of Hucknall has formed part of the Ashfield district, with Linby and Papplewick becoming part of Gedling.
2287	0	John Tudor (footballer)	3	Gent in Belgium and stayed two years, scoring 16 goals in 40 games for De Buffalos.
2288	0	Gunbai	2	"The main use is at the end of a bout, when the ""gyoji"" decides the victor and points the ""gunbai"" to either the east or west position (each wrestler is assigned to start from either the east or west position each tournament day)."
2289	0	Benzyl butyl phthalate	5	Both the carbonyl C-atoms are weakly electrophilic and therefore targets for attacks by strong nucleophilic compounds.
2290	0	Marc Macaulay	2	"He also appeared in the episode of Robert Dirscherl in ""Unsolved Mysteries"" playing an agent."
2291	0	Our Lady of Sion School	17	Entrance to the Sixth Form requires the minimum attainment of a 54 points from nine GCSEs.
2292	0	Kingdom of Scotland	43	Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime.
2293	0	Monte Burney	18	In 1910 a researcher concluded that the volcano had been active in postglacial time, given that pumice formations found around the volcano would not have survived glaciation.
2294	0	George Everett Chalmers	7	Upon Dr. Chalmers' re-election in the 1970 provincial election, the Progressive Conservatives under the leadership of Richard Hatfield formed the government.
2295	0	VI Corps (United States)	9	When the Battle of Montelimar ended on 28 August 1944, the Germans had suffered 2,100 battle casualties plus 8,000 POWs, while the Americans had 1,575 casualties.
2296	0	The Galleries (Wigan)	2	Subsequently, Propinvest also acquired the nearby Victorian Makinson Arcade, built in the 1890s.
2297	0	Portage Glacier Highway	9	A viewing area for the Explorer Glacier is located near milepost 2, and a turnout for the Portage River is located near milepost 3.
2298	0	Christ Church School	4	Much of the original land was later sold to help in the building of Barnes, which was established in 1925 as a school for boarders.
2299	0	Caldicot Town F.C.	13	has always been committed to bringing youth players through the ranks and into the 1st team setup.
2300	0	Peter Metro	2	"Initially performing under the name Peter Ranking, he changed his name when he discovered that another deejay was using that name, and since he was resident deejay on the ""Metromedia"" sound system, he chose the name Peter Metro."
2301	0	Joel Resnicoff	3	"After two years at ""Parsons"", he worked as a fashion illustrator for seven years on the staff of ""Women's Wear Daily (WWD)"", the trade journal often referred to as ""the Bible of fashion"
2302	0	VI Corps (United States)	14	Within two days, all German forces in the region surrendered unconditionally, ending the war for VI Corps.
2303	0	The Skeptic's Dictionary	8	"Skeptical Inquirer stated that it was ""a book that should be a staple of everyone’s diet-part of the package we are given at birth to help us avoid the dangers and pitfalls of living in a world riddled with bad ideas and empty promises...""."
2304	0	South African Army Armoured Formation	4	The formation of an armoured corps was proposed in 1924.
2305	0	James Cannan	8	"For ""distinguished service in the field during operations in the Dardanelles"", Cannan was mentioned in despatches and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 5 November 1915."
2306	0	Lindy Remigino	2	Remigino was born in Elmhurst, Queens, New York.
2307	0	Mitchell River (Queensland)	3	It may have been previously named the Vereenighde River in 1623 by a Dutch merchant and navigator, Jan Carstensz.
2308	0	Visakhapatnam	5	by the Chola Dynasty king Kulothunga I.
2309	0	Gates Corporation	3	It replaced the hemp and rope belt used on automobiles and industrial machinery at the time, and was a model for the common serpentine belt.
2310	0	Blood Road	63	There were different perspectives on how the sentencing should be viewed.
2311	0	Long Service Awards (Denmark)	4	Until 1925 the medal was for privates, sergeants and non-commissioned officers only.
2312	0	Terry Raymond	5	Shortly after, Janine witnesses Margaret kissing her supposed brother, and when she discovers that Terry is intending to give Margaret £10,000, she tells him that Margaret is conning him and informs him about the kiss she'd witnessed.
2313	0	M48 Patton	6	Instead, it was decided that any needed design changes uncovered by the testing of the T48 tanks would be incorporated into the series production vehicles as quickly as possible.
2314	0	Randha	1	Randha is a suburb of the city Berhampur and is only 6 km away.
2315	0	Gilda Joyce: Psychic Investigator	2	But soon, through a little investigation, Gilda and Juliet become unlikely partners on their mission to uncover what really happened to Melanie Splinter.
2316	0	Philip Agee	24	He revealed the identities of dozens of CIA agents in the CIA London station.
2317	0	M48 Patton	25	The number of return rollers was reduced to 3 per side.
2318	0	USS LST-247	7	"LST-247"" set sail for Saipan in June 1944, where there were run-ins with the Japanese."
2319	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	34	In 1795, Messrs Balston, Finch, Hollingworth & Co were owner occupiers.
2320	0	I Wonder (Departure)	5	"it scares me""."
2321	0	Codex Runicus	5	84–91), a chronicle of the early Danish monarchs (fol.
2322	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	4	These babies were condemned to hell due to lack of baptism (according to Augustine).
2323	0	Dietmar Bonnen	21	Archangelos, Rodini, Solovki (graphic compositions)
2324	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	13	The loss of the 3rd in this action was 6 killed, 4 wounded and 1 missing.
2325	0	International Coalition of Library Consortia	15	Consortia pursue many cooperative topics and host many projects, for example: resource sharing and inter-library lending; rationalizing and sharing print collections; building shared integrated library management systems; training; digitization programs; and advocacy, to name some.
2326	0	Blood Road	24	The kapos received more food than they could manage to eat themselves.
2327	0	Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa	18	The league champions:
2328	0	Ranaghat subdivision	2	A portion of the east forms the boundary with Bangladesh.
2329	0	Amphion (horse)	7	In the early stages of the race he was second, behind leader L'Abbe Morin.
2330	0	Rebecca Sandefur	5	Sandefur is an enrolled member of the Chickasaw Nation.
2331	0	Royalmont Academy	2	Royalmont purchased the campus from Mason City School District on July 17, 2014, for $1 million.
2332	0	Oliver Heywood	20	The commission was given to Albert Bruce-Joy, with the £2600 cost being met by contributions from 332 donors.
2333	0	Pierre-Lambert Goossens	3	"On 1 June 1883, Goossens was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Namur and Titular Bishop of ""Abdera""."
2334	0	Sergio Bernal	3	He announced his retirement on 9 December 2010 after 21 years of playing for the UNAM Pumas.
2335	0	Nice-Capades	4	While the Fischoeders stave the audience off, Bob and Linda search the mall for Santa.
2336	0	Pat Kronebusch	4	She later received her M.A.
2337	0	Kwaku Dua I	6	In 1863, the Ashanti invaded territory to their south which was then under British protection, which soured relations with the British.
2338	0	It's a Wonderful World (1939 film)	6	"However, Mallon kills the wrong actor, a last-minute replacement, during a performance of ""What Price Glory?""."
2339	0	Alderman Newton's School	1	Some of these entailed quite elaborate faux fur collars.
2340	0	Magnus Carlsen	42	The tournament was a double round robin involving Wang Yue, Boris Gelfand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Teimour Radjabov, and Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu.
2341	0	2007 Sydney Roosters season	7	For Player Contracts see below in the external links section for details.
2342	0	1988 Brussels summit	1	The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 2–3 March 1988.
2343	0	M48 Patton	38	These were later replaced with M48A3s), the 1-69th Armor in the Central Highlands of central South Vietnam and the 2-34th Armor positioned near the Mekong Delta.
2344	0	Evangelistas Lighthouse	2	Most of the 80 workers were Croats and Chilotes, ten of whom were dismissed for insubordination.
2345	0	Codex Runicus	9	The section with the verse and musical notations are on the last leaf and reads:
2346	0	Shakalaka Boom Boom	4	At the music-signing, Ruhi gets her gun out, though it doesn't seem to work.
2347	0	Unseen (Buffy/Angel novel)	9	Buffy and Angel have travelled into the dimensional portals in order to find the missing kids.
2348	0	Acapulco	50	Even some of the local nightclubs feature French DJs.
2349	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	4	The controversy over infant baptism with the Pelagians was a major reason for Augustine's change.
2350	0	Lyse Lafontaine	2	"Born to ""La Presse"" reporter Gaston Lafontaine, Lyse studied literature at the Université de Montréal and earned her degree."
2351	0	Arizona State Route 89	1	It is part of the former route of U.S. Route 89 (US 89) throughout the state.
2352	0	Stigmella glutinosae	2	"The larvae feed on ""Alnus glutinosa"", ""Alnus cordata"", ""Alnus incana"", ""Alnus subcordata"" and ""Alnus viridis""."
2353	0	Bill May (synchronized swimmer)	2	May became interested in synchronized swimming when he was 10 years old while living in Syracuse, New York after watching his sister in a beginning class.
2354	0	Vivipary	3	In some trees, like jackfruit, some citrus, and avocado, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe; strictly speaking this condition cannot be described as vivipary, but the moist and humid conditions provided by the fruit mimic a wet soil that encourages germination.
2355	0	Cariwest	3	The festival is free and open to all who chose to attend; there is an entrance fee to some special events.
2356	0	Galatasaray Men's Basketball Team past rosters	21	Roster
2357	0	NATO Ouvrage &quot;G&quot;	9	Consolidation and automation of radar surveillance made the Salbert facility obsolete.
2358	0	Eileen Guppy	6	She was the first female member of staff to be recognized in this way.
2359	0	Women photographers	24	Margaret Bourke-White (1906–1971) was the first foreigner to photograph Soviet industry as well as the first female war correspondent and the first woman photographer to work for Life.
2360	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	6	On 8 December (7 December east of the International Date Line), she got underway for her first war patrol.
2361	0	Derivative test	22	"Let ""f"" be a real-valued, sufficiently differentiable function on the interval formula_21 and formula_22 an integer."
2362	0	Derivative test	4	However, calculus is usually helpful because there are sufficient conditions that guarantee the monotonicity properties above, and these conditions apply to the vast majority of functions one would encounter.
2363	0	2006 Washington Redskins season	23	With the loss, the Redskins dropped to 2–5 for the season.
2364	0	Small Victories	2	"Small Victories"" was nominated for Best Special Effects in 2001 for an Emmy, a Gemini Award and a Leo Award."
2365	0	American Jewish Committee	7	The organization was led in its early years by lawyer Louis Marshall, banker Jacob H. Schiff, Judge Mayer Sulzberger, scholar Cyrus Adler, and other well-to-do and politically connected Jews.
2366	0	Yume no seirei	4	"Like ""yume no seirei"", ""binbōgami"" is a skinny, dirty, old man."
2367	0	Theodora W. Youmans	5	Catt's hunch proved correct when another Wisconsin referendum on women's suffrage failed in 1917.
2368	0	Surfactant	55	Also agrochemical formulations such as Herbicides (some), insecticides, biocides (sanitizers), and spermicides (nonoxynol-9).
2369	0	Christ Church School	1	The school is twinned with Barnes School, in Deolali, Nashik.
2370	0	Wah-wah pedal	9	"Martin Barre, lead guitarist for the fledgling Jethro Tull, also employed it to great effect on their second album ""Stand Up"", particularly on ""We Used to Know"" and ""Look into the Sun""."
2371	0	John V, Count of Oldenburg	4	Initially, the dukes of Brunswick occupied Butjadingen.
2372	0	Moses Gabb	4	Unlike his colleagues, did not join the new United Australia Party and instead remained in parliament as an independent.
2373	0	John Bale (baseball)	2	Bale, a graduate of Crestview High School, Crestview, Florida, was an All-State selection in baseball his senior season after going 11-2 with a 0.38 ERA.
2374	0	Skrunda-1	2	The deadline for dismantling was 29 February 2000.
2375	0	1010 Mass	1	As of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1620 L Street, 1333 H Street, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, the Republic Building, 1111 19th Street, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building.
2376	0	Visakhapatnam	42	As per the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, urban Visakhapatnam had 1,44,268 (Western: 144,268) students enrolled in 434 schools.
2377	0	Veene Sheshanna	3	He was a diligent student and practised music for several hours each day.
2378	0	Kenneth Levin	2	"His thesis was on ""Sigmund Freud's Early Studies of the Neuroses, 1886–1905."
2379	0	James Shears and Sons	19	Despite this the partners in the Coal Company, with seven others, formed the Llanelly Railway & Dock Co in 1827 to build a new deep-water dock in Llanelli and a railway to connect it to the new pit then in the process of sinking.
2380	0	Draconic creature (Dungeons &amp; Dragons)	16	They gather in groups at camps on the fringes of civilization, and occasionally raid against a town or village.
2381	0	Betulinic acid	8	"This glucoside did not exhibit any significant ""in vitro"" activity on human melanoma (MEL-2) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines, which confirms the importance of the carboxylic acid function to preserve the cytotoxicity."
2382	0	Bujały	2	<br>
2383	0	Cadillac Eldorado	64	Despite its smaller exterior size, the Eldorado’s interior volume remained comparable to the previous generation model as well as Lincoln's Mark VII.
2384	0	Almost Adults	9	While it does not quite touch on ideas of nostalgia so entrenched in queer cinema, it seems to directly reflect how young people connect and disconnect with themselves and each other.
2385	0	1727 Mette	5	They gave a rotation period of approximately 2.981 hours (best rated results) with a brightness variation between 0.22 and 0.38 magnitude, indicating a moderately elongated body ().
2386	0	The Dove (1968 film)	3	Death agrees, with the condition that if he wins he will take both Inga and Victor.
2387	0	Julia Baird	11	The Bairds had three children: Nicholas (b.
2388	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	43	On 5 July, a cracked cylinder liner forced her back to Midway for repairs, and, on 6 July, she headed out again.
2389	0	University Ridge Golf Course	15	The large green is fronted by a rocky creek.
2390	0	Ethnic groups of Japan	2	The total legal resident population of 2012 is estimated at 127.6 million.
2391	0	Moisés Canelo	4	He accepted the agreement and the recording was made in Panama.
2392	0	Carsten Höller	17	Höller's interaction with the culture of the Congo began when he started making regular visits to Kinshasa since 2001, interested in the role of music on public opinion and in turn in effecting politics.
2393	0	Cavit Cav	3	The same year, the first Istanbul Championship and Turkish National Championship were held with lessons learnt from the Olympic standards.
2394	0	Public-access television	5	Since 53% to 60% of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and grants, most stations solicit individual donations by methods including fundraising, pledge drives, or telethons which can disrupt regularly scheduled programming.
2395	0	MV Mill Bay	14	"The fuel rebate for fares aboard the ""Mill Bay"" dropped from ten percent to five percent on January 25, 2010."
2396	0	PBA Bowling Tour: 1997 Season	4	At the Ebonite Challenge in Rochester, New York, Steve Hoskins rolled the PBA's 11th televised 300 game, and also went on to win the tournament.
2397	0	Muscatel (tea)	1	Though difficult to describe, it is prized by tea aficionados.
2398	0	Polyphase merge sort	7	For each polyphase iteration, the total number of runs follows a pattern similar to a reversed Fibonacci numbers of higher order sequence.
2399	0	Bennett Sims	4	In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
2400	0	University Ridge Golf Course	16	The ninth hole (Hedgerow) is an uphill, double dogleg par 5 playing to 587 yards from the back tees.
2401	0	Operation Bürkl	2	Bürkl and seven other German policemen were killed in the 90-second shoot-out.
2402	0	Fortress of Ghat	1	It was started by the Military of the Ottoman Empire and finished by the Royal Italian Army in the 1930s.
2403	0	Whitney Reynolds	25	Months later, Reynolds and Heiner welcomed their children, Marlowe and Acher on July 29, 2016.
2404	0	Trenčín	19	The festival for non-Olympic sports will be held in town 2017.
2405	0	Fine Cotton	17	As of December 2014, he was a horse trainer with stables in rural Victoria.
2406	0	Acapulco	4	"The ""de Juárez"" was added to the official name in 1885 to honor Benito Juárez, former President of Mexico (1806–1872)."
2407	0	Dagmar Hagelin	3	Ragnar Hagelin resided in Stockholm, Sweden, until his death in 2016.
2408	0	Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961	2	The DMGP was held at the Fredericia Theatre in Fredericia, hosted by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen.
2409	0	National Museum of History of Azerbaijan	9	4 Hadji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev str., Baku, 1005 (near “Sahil” metro station).
2410	0	Magnus Carlsen	7	He was officially awarded the IM title on 20 August 2003.
2411	0	St. Brandon	27	"The atoll was probably discovered in 975 A.D. by Arabian sailors along with Dina Arobi (""Abandoned Island"" - Mauritius) and may be referred to as ""Baixos"" on the 1502 Cantino Planisphere."
2412	0	Magnus Carlsen	39	His ninth-round loss to Kramnik ended a streak of 36 rated games undefeated.
2413	0	Nikolay Kostomarov	7	"He also wrote prose in Russian (the novelette ""Kudeyar"", 1875), and Russian mixed with Ukrainian (""Chernigovka"", 1881), but these also are considered insignificant."
2414	0	Magnus Carlsen	72	Carlsen had a poor start to the tournament with two draws and a loss in the third round to Radosław Wojtaszek, which left him in tenth place among the fourteen players.
2415	0	Space Shuttle Independence	3	"Because KSC was to receive the retired ""Atlantis"", Space Shuttle ""Explorer"" was removed from the KSC Visitor Center on December 11, 2011, and relocated to the Vehicle Assembly Building's turn basin dock adjacent to the Launch Complex 39 Press Site."
2416	0	American Jewish Committee	12	AJC took the position that prejudice was indivisible, and that the rights of Jews in the United States could be best protected by arguing in favor of the equality of all Americans.
2417	0	William George (priest)	2	He proceeded to his degree of B.A.
2418	0	Fuglede's theorem	13	"so U is unitary, and hence has norm 1 for all λ; the same is true for ""V""(λ), so"
2419	0	Mark Edwards (harpsichordist)	4	In addition to his prize at the Bruges competition, Mark won third prize at the 2012 Jurow International Harpsichord Competition, and second prize in the 2011 Concours d'Orgue de Québec.
2420	0	Velocette LE	5	The rear swinging arm was uprated with cast aluminium to improve rigidity, and the brakes were improved.
2421	0	Academic ranks in the United Kingdom	8	Research and teaching career pathway (academic staff whose responsibilities encompass both research and teaching)
2422	0	Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg	5	His uncle Louis of Anhalt-Köthen made him a member of the Fruitbearing Society.
2423	0	Acceptance angle (solar concentrator)	7	"The acceptance angle may then be seen as a ""tolerance budget"" to be spent on all these imperfections."
2424	0	Julie Dusanko	7	Fielding
2425	0	Gaunt's Earthcott	1	It consists of a ruined chapel, a few houses and two farms, Green Farm and Court Farm.
2426	0	Oneida Milling and Elevator Company Grain Elevator	1	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
2427	0	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse	9	The Blue Riband, an award given for the fastest crossing of the North Atlantic, east and westbound, had previously been held by the Cunard liner .
2428	0	NatWest	10	The branches were to have been separated from the group in 2016 as a standalone business operating under the previously dormant Williams & Glyn's brand.
2429	0	King's Head Inn, Aylesbury	4	That window is still there, though it is heavily protected.
2430	0	M48 Patton	20	At this same time the US Army Field Forces (USAAFF) declared the T42 medium tank unfit for production in November 1952, mainly due to serious shortcomings of its hull design.
2431	0	Dietmar Bonnen	25	Ryoan-ji (composition for five melody instruments and percussion)
2432	0	1935 Colorado A&amp;M Aggies football team	1	The 1935 Colorado A&M Aggies football team represented Colorado Agricultural College (now known as Colorado State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1935 college football season.
2433	0	ARM Cortex-A57	6	In March, 2015, Nvidia released the Tegra X1 SoC, which has four A57 cores running at a maximum of 2 GHz.
2434	0	Bombus terrestris	2	"There are 14 tribe lineages within Apinae, and ""B. terrestris"" is in the bumblebee tribe, Bombini."
2435	0	The O.C. (season 1)	10	However, the show did come in for some criticism.
2436	0	USS Algorma (AT-34)	2	The tug was placed out of commission at Mare Island on 3 May 1922.
2437	0	Mount Morgan State High School	27	In February 1976, staff numbers at the mine were reduced to below 500.
2438	0	Orthopedic pillow	7	The most common of the three.
2439	0	Arthur William Brown	2	"At the age of 16, he was hired as a chalk plate artist for the ""Hamilton Spectator""."
2440	0	Devine, Texas	3	There were 1,551 housing units at an average density of 498.8 per square mile (192.6/km²).
2441	0	Bossier City, Louisiana	27	0.3% of the city's populace are adherents to Islam.
2442	0	1972 Oakland Athletics season	5	"According to Bill Libby's Book, ""Charlie O and the Angry A's"", owner Charlie O. Finley banned the word ""Athletics"" from the club's name because he felt that name was too closely associated with former Philadelphia Athletics owner Connie Mack, and he wanted the name ""Oakland A's"" to become just as closely associated with himself."
2443	0	Daniel Fischlin	9	"was released in 2010 on the Montreal-based label Ambiances Magnétiques and their second CD, ""Winter’s Gate"", was released in 2011 under the BarCode Free label."
2444	0	Claude Nicollier	15	Following his astronaut career, he delivered a lecture on his experiences, “Revisiting Hubble,” at the first Starmus Festival in 2011 in the Canary Islands.
2445	0	Women photographers	25	"Her specialty was documenting from marginalized communities who were ""away from mainstream society and toward its more interesting, often troubled fringes"" She had 18 publications produced, most notably ""Streetwise"" that also became a documentary with Martin Bell and ""Ward 81""."
2446	0	2018 Dallas Wings season	4	McWilliams-Franklin posted a 1–2 record in her three games in charge.
2447	0	SS R.J. Hackett	16	The wreck slipped slightly off the reef, and currently sits in of water.
2448	0	Blood Road	49	He tried to stop the Sunday bathing, but with no success.
2449	0	Rusty Hevelin	6	He had four grown sons, John, Scott, Bruce, and Will.
2450	0	Alexander Stewart (1699–1781)	13	Alexander and Mary Stewart (née Cowan) had seven children:
2451	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	6	Augustine attempted at least five answers over a decade of time trying to explain 1 Tim.2:4 regarding the extent of Christ's redeeming sacrifice.
2452	0	Christ Church School	15	Girls wear a similar T-shirt, with a house-coloured skirt, with house-coloured shorts underneath.
2453	0	Emre Can	1	Emre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club Juventus and the Germany national team.
2454	0	Nauru at the 2016 Summer Olympics	6	The country has previously won a medal at every edition of the Commonwealth Games it has contested.
2455	0	Frankenmuth, Michigan	18	"This style is marked by the use of timbers in ""square"" and ""X"" patterns on the outside of buildings, as well as the use of ""X"" patterns on windows, doors, and other building features."
2456	0	Magnus Carlsen	19	He scored 6/8 in the 37th Chess Olympiad and achieved a PR of 2820.
2457	0	Cadillac Eldorado	37	In 1966, changes included a somewhat coarser mesh for the radiator grille insert, which was now divided by a thick, bright metal horizontal center bar housing rectangular parking lamps at the outer ends.
2458	0	Cornelius Winter	30	He found it his greatest support under all his afflictions.
2459	0	Lyndhurst, Ohio	8	Population growth in Lyndhurst, which tapered during the Great Depression, skyrocketed during the postwar period, driven by both the baby boom and white flight from the urban center of Cleveland.
2460	0	Irish Sailing Association	17	Management: Peter Gray, Ken Ryan, Kare Brevik
2461	0	Geza von Hoffmann	17	"In addition, because of Hoffmann's work, the United States was also looked down upon by German eugenicists for ""lack of enforcement."
2462	0	Daniel Fischlin	36	• the University of Guelph College of Arts Teaching Excellence Award;
2463	0	Koffiehuis	2	"On May 11, 1934, the Afrikaans Theatre Society () held its first performances there - productions of ""Rooibruin Blare"" and ""Ruwe Erts"", both by Henry Allan Fagan."
2464	0	Jim Henderson (baseball)	12	He was assigned to AA Biloxi Shuckers for the 2018 season.
2465	0	Anne Looby	1	Looby has also worked extensively in film and television, appearing in serial A Country Practice as vet Anne Lacey and the award-winning ABC mini-series Simone De Beauvoir’s Babies.
2466	0	Amine Laâlou	3	Born in Salé, Laâlou started his international track career competing at the younger levels, running over 800 m at the inaugural World Youth Championships in 1999 and reaching the semi-finals at the 2000 World Junior Championships.
2467	0	John Cordts	3	He later became a regular participant in the CanAm series, in which he raced until 1974, mainly in McLarens and Lolas.
2468	0	Shanghai Theatre Academy	1	Its predecessor was Shanghai Municipal Experimental Theatre School cofounded by the famous educator Gu Yuxiu ().
2469	0	Garry Peterson	1	Garry Dennis Peterson (born May 26, 1945) is a Canadian drummer who has been a long-term member of the Canadian rock band The Guess Who.
2470	0	Lystrocteisa	2	"The species name ""myrmex"" is Greek for ant."
2471	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	2	Her keel was laid down on 28 June 1937 by the Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut.
2472	0	Guangji Temple (Wuhu)	1	"Alongside Puji Temple, Nengren Temple and Jixiang Temple, Guangji Temple is known as one of the ""Four Buddhist Temples in Wuhu""."
2473	0	Cadillac Eldorado	1	The Cadillac Eldorado is a premium luxury car that was manufactured and marketed by Cadillac from 1952 to 2002 over twelve generations.
2474	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	16	Newfoundland joined Canada as its tenth province in April 1949 (Commission of Government and Confederation with Canada).
2475	0	Ex-ex-gay	4	On June 27, 2007, Bussee, along with fellow former Exodus leaders Jeremy Marks and Darlene Bogle, issued a public apology for their roles in Exodus.
2476	0	M48 Patton	27	The continued use of gasoline engines was undesirable due mainly to its high fuel consumption, poor low-end torque and fuel flammability.
2477	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	14	Thirty minutes later the position fell.
2478	0	Hermann Claasen	4	"Cologne - Remains of an old city"", took its title from the Old Testament’s Daniel who defy Nebuchadnezzar and are thrown into an oven, and preceded the only other volume of Trümmerfotografie with equal impact, Richard Peter’s ""Dresden: a camera accuses"" The Mayor (until 1946) of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, supported the distribution of Claasen's book."
2479	0	Philosophy of testimony	1	This definition may be distinguished from the legal notion of testimony in that the speaker does not have to make a declaration of the truth of the facts.
2480	0	Wang Baoshan	5	In 2013, Wang became the head coach of Chongqing Lifan.
2481	0	Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea	2	In the 17th century as a result of an intervention by Giovan Battista Aleotti was built the clock tower and marble door and the palace received its present appearance.
2482	0	Ohio State Route 288	2	SR 288 comes to an end as it arrives as the T-intersection it has with SR 97.
2483	0	The Drop (film)	6	Bob and Marv return the money to the Chechens, who in turn inform them that the bar will be the drop site for the night of the Super Bowl.
2484	0	Loris Ohannes Chobanian	7	He was the recipient of the 1981 Cleveland Arts Prize.
2485	0	Oftershausen	3	In 1984 Dippishausen-Oftershausen municipality was incorporated into its neighboring municipality Siegershausen, which in turn merged with its neighbors in 1996 to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.
2486	0	Jake Diekman	9	Early in the season, Diekman emerged as a reliable reliever in the Phillies' bullpen, and was used extensively by manager Ryne Sandberg.
2487	0	2010–11 IFA Championship	2	As a result, the promotion/relegation play-off did not take place.
2488	0	36th Virginia Infantry	2	In late September 1861, Albert Beckett's Cavalry was mustered out of this regiment.
2489	0	Taho	5	"A ""mantataho"" carries two large aluminum buckets that hang from each end of a carrying pole."
2490	0	Jamie Robba	1	"Jaime Kevaghn ""Jamie"" Robba (born 26 October 1991) is a Gibraltarian footballer who plays for Gibraltar Premier Division club St Joseph's and the Gibraltar national team as a goalkeeper."
2491	0	Arkansas Highway 309	2	Highway 309 begins at Yell County Route 28 near Blue Mountain Lake in Yell County.
2492	0	Chen Tianhua	2	He enrolled into the new-style Qiushi Academy in his hometown Xinhua in the late 1890s.
2493	0	Nasko Milev	5	On 4 October Milev came on the pitch for the final minutes of the 1-0 win over PFC Montana.
2494	0	Crisis on Earth-X	16	3, Hob.
2495	0	M48 Patton	4	The hull was redesigned, moving the driver's station to the front center and the bow-mounted machine gun and its associated crew station were removed and converted to safe container storage for additional main gun ammunition.
2496	0	American Jewish Committee	38	"Richard Cohen remarked that the essay ""has given license to the most intolerant and narrow-minded of Israel's defenders so that, as the AJC concedes in my case, any veering from orthodoxy is met with censure ... the most powerful of all post-Holocaust condemnations—anti-Semite—is diluted beyond recognition."
2497	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	11	By 16 January, she was east of the Tarakan lightship; and, on 18 January, she crossed the equator into the southern latitudes.
2498	0	International Coalition of Library Consortia	7	The closed session/invitational meetings happen twice a year (North American venue in spring; European venue in fall) to keep consortia informed about new e-resources, pricing practices of information providers and vendors, and other issues of importance to directors, governing boards, and library members.
2499	0	Helmholtz decomposition	26	Since this is not true of R, the Hodge decomposition theorem is not strictly a generalization of the Helmholtz theorem.
2500	0	Amphion (horse)	17	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Amphion was inbred 4 × 4 × 5 to Touchstone.
2501	0	Middleware analyst	3	Such a bypass of queue alias deviates best practices and should be corrected when the administrator and/or programmer can correct it within time and scope parameters.
2502	0	Caldicot Town F.C.	7	Much hard work by many people had to be done to achieve this goal.
2503	0	The Peninsula New York	10	The serene indoor rooftop pool at The Peninsula New York boasts sleek décor that features striking floor-to-ceiling teak columns set against a cool black tile floor.
2504	0	Surfactant	23	Nonionic surfactants have covalently bonded oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, which are bonded to hydrophobic parent structures.
2505	0	Cornelius Winter	8	He learned to write, but had learned none of the multiplication tables.
2506	0	Magnus Carlsen	13	Then followed three draws until Agdestein won the championship title with a victory in the sixth rapid game.
2507	0	Andrea Sala (footballer)	2	Sala also played in the next round.
2508	0	2006 Washington Redskins season	11	"The Redskins started the regular season against the Minnesota Vikings at home on September 11, in the first game of an ESPN ""Monday Night Football"" doubleheader on opening weekend."
2509	0	Anthony J. Resta discography	3	"Albums and soundtracks that have earned certified RIAA Gold and Platinum awards with Resta's involvement include Duran Duran's ""Greatest"" (gold and platinum), and ""Thank You"" (gold), Shawn Mullins' ""Soul's Core"" (gold and platinum), Collective Soul's ""Dosage"" (gold and platinum), and ""Blender"" (gold), the ""Scream 3"" soundtrack (gold), and the Twilight soundtrack (gold, platinum, and double platinum)."
2510	0	Tom Donahue	5	In 1972, he moved to the role of general manager at KSAN, where he encouraged DJs to play music from different eras and genres interspersed with interesting commentary.
2511	0	Christ Church School	5	The main building is a long, three-storey structure which houses the 1st to 10th grade classes,the ISC classes,the IGCSE classrooms as well as the science laboratories, teacher's rooms and administration offices.
2512	0	The White Deer	14	The Royal Recorder told King Clode Tocko's story of the white deer, while adding a few liberties of his own in the storytelling.
2513	0	James White (basketball)	19	On December 18, 2012, he was assigned to the Erie BayHawks of the NBA D-League.
2514	0	Gran Turismo (1997 video game)	8	"The opening song for the North American and PAL versions is a Chemical Brothers remix of the Manic Street Preachers song ""Everything Must Go""."
2515	0	Maggia (municipality)	32	Of the 71 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.6% were Swiss men, 29.6% were Swiss women, 8.5% were non-Swiss men.
2516	0	Standard Eight	14	To keep prices down, the car at launch was very basic with sliding windows, single windscreen wiper and no external boot lid.
2517	0	Draconic creature (Dungeons &amp; Dragons)	9	For example, the Deep Dragon of the Forgotten Realms setting has a Corrosive Acid gas breath weapon, but has a Charm immunity rather than an acid immunity.
2518	0	Lyndhurst, Ohio	10	Of the city's population over the age of 25, 43.2% held a bachelor's degree or higher.
2519	0	Alma Moodie	6	4.
2520	0	Kingdom of Scotland	13	These can be seen in the elaborate ritual coronation at the Stone of Scone at Scone Abbey.
2521	0	Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa	16	The league continued to remain unchanged.
2522	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	11	"In return, the master gave a present to Nelson of ""four sheep, some poultry, and a quantity of vegetables"", which Nelson ordered to be shared amongst the sick."
2523	0	James Lind (physician, born 1736)	10	He gave Thomas Pennant a map of Islay, and a measurement of its longitude.
2524	0	USS Algorma (AT-34)	4	During late August and early September, she acted as a target towing vessel during exercises held off the coast of Maine.
2525	0	Cheers (season 5)	7	Specials
2526	0	Honeyz	15	"Despite Célena insisting in 2009 that there was ""zero"" chance of Honeyz ever getting back together, but it was confirmed in October 2012 that Honeyz, along with Atomic Kitten, Liberty X, B*Witched, Five and 911, would be reuniting for the ITV2 reality-documentary series ""The Big Reunion"" on ITV2 at some time in 2013."
2527	0	Blood Road	55	The article provides a broad overview of what happened in connection with the Blood Road and the postwar trials.
2528	0	Climbing hold	15	"One fingered pockets are called ""monos"", and are considered extremely stressful on the tendons."
2529	0	Bombus terrestris	33	This species was introduced to Chile in 1998.
2530	0	SS R.J. Hackett	2	He was born in Butternuts, New York in 1822.
2531	0	Portage Glacier Highway	9	A short, long boardwalk trail and the long Trail of Blue Ice are accessible through the Moose Flats Day-Use area.
2532	0	Four Sisters	2	But through it all, they remain true to each other.
2533	0	Magnus Carlsen	65	Carlsen won the Vugar Gashimov Memorial in Şəmkir, Azerbaijan, played from 20–30 April.
2534	0	Liénard–Wiechert potential	1	The Liénard–Wiechert potentials describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge.
2535	0	M48 Patton	20	However, its turret design was used for the M47 Patton and its T139 90 mm gun was be standardized as the 90mm Gun M41 used on the M48A2 and A3 variants of the M48-series.
2536	0	1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis)	3	Molla Bjurstedt defeated Louise Hammond Raymond 6–0, 6–1
2537	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	59	Jericho, Karl and Gerda; children Renate, Manfred, Klaus
2538	0	Maggia (municipality)	7	With the economic growth of Locarno the population of Maggia grew.
2539	0	The Drop (film)	11	Torres asks Bob if he has seen Deeds as he has been reported missing and was last seen at the bar, just as Whelan had been years earlier.
2540	0	Acrolophus scotera	1	It is found in South America.
2541	0	Jerry Reichow	7	Jerry Reichow currently resides in Santa Fe, NM with his wife Carolyn Reichow.
2542	0	National Museum of History of Azerbaijan	7	During the Soviet period, four layers of white paint were applied over the highly decorative floral designs on the walls.
2543	0	Dubaj	1	Dubaj () may refer to:
2544	0	Legislation on Chinese Indonesians	15	Yap Thiam Hien, a Chinese-Indonesian lawyer, famous for his Indonesian nationalist idealism, established Baperki (Indonesian Citizenship Discussion Body) in 1954.
2545	0	Cambridgeshire Lodes	9	Navigation on the lode ceased around 1900, and it is not currently navigable.
2546	0	Caroline Scally	2	She held her first solo show in 1930 in the Dublin Painters' Gallery.
2547	0	Tarin Bradford	1	Tarin Bradford (born 22 May 1980) is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played for the North Queensland Cowboys and Manly Warringah Sea Eagles in the National Rugby League.
2548	0	Thai football league system	3	The Thailand football competition system before 1996 is listed below:
2549	0	Magnus Carlsen	40	"In 2011, Carlsen said: ""Thanks to [Kasparov] I began to understand a whole class of positions better."
2550	0	2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations qualification	13	The nine teams were drawn into three groups of three teams.
2551	0	Hyunmoo-3	3	Hyunmoo-3 bears no resemblance to the previous Hyunmoo SSM, which were improved versions of Nike Hercules surface-to-air missiles that were converted into short-range high-speed surface-to-surface ballistic missiles in response to North Korea's Scud-B and Nodong-1 missile threats.
2552	0	Edwill van Aarde	1	He is the presenter and commentator with the longest uninterrupted service at any broadcaster in South Africa, 50 years (in 2011).
2553	0	PECO Energy Company	14	PECO's utility business is capital intensive and requires significant investments for the electric and gas delivery systems to ensure adequate capacity and reliability for customers.
2554	0	Jakobea of Baden	3	"She had a relationship with the much younger Dietrich von Hall zu Ophoven, who was ""Amtmann"" at Monheim am Rhein and was eventually arrested and locked up in the tower of Düsseldorf Castle."
2555	0	Popular Alliance (San Marino)	6	On 24 February 2017 AP and UpR officially merged and formed Future Republic as a political party.
2556	0	Colleen Madigan	5	"They also sent out a press release titled ""Disturbing Alter-Ego Revealed"" which accused her of living a ""time-consuming double life."
2557	0	Home for the Holidays (1995 film)	5	When Claudia arrives at the airport, she is greeted by her parents, who drive her to their home and help her unpack.
2558	0	Toxin and Toxin-Target Database	1	Each toxic compound record (ToxCard) in T3DB contains nearly 100 data fields and holds information such as chemical properties and descriptors, mechanisms of action, toxicity or lethal dose values, molecular and cellular interactions, medical (symptom and treatment) information (Fig.
2559	0	DailyLit	4	DailyLit founders Susan Danziger and Albert Wenger became inventors and advisors for the newly merged company.
2560	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	3	When Augustine started fighting the Pelagians he converted to the Gnostic and Manichaean view and taught that humankind has no free will to believe until God infuses grace, which in turn results in saving faith.
2561	0	Carsten Höller	4	Among Höller's works is a series of corkscrewing tubular metal slides made from 1998 that is an ongoing project.
2562	0	Deseado Massif	1	As such the Deseado Massif is one of the oldest regions of Patagonia as it existed in some form during the Paleo and Mesoproterozoic.
2563	0	Robert Gallucci	9	"Vulnerability,"" ""Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"", Vol."
2564	0	Philetus Swift House	2	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
2565	0	International Boxing Union (since 1996)	3	Briggs went on to win the WBO title a few years later, after defeating Sergei Liakhovich in November 2006.
2566	0	James White (basketball)	11	On December 16, 2006, the Spurs assigned White to play in their NBA Development League affiliated team the Austin Toros.
2567	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	58	Theravada Buddhism, unlike almost all the previous religions of the country, its doctrines were not imposed from above but were preached to the people.
2568	0	Into the Electric Castle	9	It also claims its kind caused the emergence of humanity on Earth, and that the eight heroes were in an experiment in understanding and/or rediscovering emotions.
2569	0	The Jammers	1	"19 on the ""Billboard"" Dance chart, as of January 8, 1983."
2570	0	2017 Munster Senior Hurling Championship Final	7	Conor Lehane had been a doubt for Cork but was named in the starting line-up for the final in an unchanged Cork team.
2571	0	Magnus Carlsen	119	"Carlsen has also stated that he follows in the traditions of Karpov and Fischer, but additionally mentions Reuben Fine as a player who ""was doing in chess similar to what I am doing""."
2572	0	Celebrant (Australia)	51	Duncan, after several months of correspondence, responded negatively by appointing 1000 extra celebrants.
2573	0	R4600	2	Both were fabricated in a 0.65 μm CMOS process and required a 5 V power supply.
2574	0	River Heights, Saskatoon	7	The community boundaries, however, abut the Mall at Lawson Heights and associated commercial to the north, commercial development off Circle Drive to the west and additional commercial on Pinehouse Drive, also to the north of River Heights.
2575	0	Monopropellant rocket	11	LMP-103S is UN Class 1.4S allowing for transport on commercial aircraft, and was demonstrated on the Prisma satellite in 2010.
2576	0	The Waitabits	5	The story is characterized by humor.
2577	0	Jack Marin	3	He has been a playing member and has served on its board of directors.Marin is currently involved with the United States Marine Corps and Hope For The Warriors, a non-profit based out of Jacksonville, N.C.
2578	0	Bresle method	14	This annex describes a stress test to ensure patch adhesion and wash ability.
2579	0	Real Betis cantera	3	The academy is based at the club training complex, Ciudad Deportiva Luis del Sol.
2580	0	Canton of Chenôve	1	Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015.
2581	0	Visakhapatnam	36	Road and rail are preferred for long-distance commuting and are supported by Dwaraka bus station and Visakhapatnam railway station respectively.
2582	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	7	Richard Clemetson took over the mill between 1878 and 1887, followed by William James Hawes sometime between 1890 and 1895.
2583	0	Tom Donahue	6	"A re-created example of Donahue's DJ show can be found on the album ""The Golden Age Of Underground Radio""."
2584	0	Remains of the Day (song)	3	While Barkis was admired by Emily for his supposed good personality and physical appearance, her father forbade her to marry him due to his poverty.
2585	0	Magna International	1	The company is the largest automobile parts manufacturer in North America by sales of original equipment parts.
2586	0	Jake Diekman	2	Diekman throws a fastball in the upper-90s (mph), a slider, and an occasional changeup; his fastball is among the fastest of any left-handed reliever in the major leagues.
2587	0	Small Victories	11	"The reflections of the green screen on the floor aboard Thor's ship (""green spill"", usually an undesired side effect) were used to key selective patches for the reflection of the big spaceship screen."
2588	0	45th United States Congress	2	Striking back, Congress overrode another of Hayes’s vetoes and enacted the Bland-Allison Act that required the purchase and coining of silver.
2589	0	Yonathan Daza	2	Daza signed with the Colorado Rockies as an international free agent in October 2010.
2590	0	Gregor Ramsay	6	World Series by Renault granted Ramsay two wildcard entries for the Renault 2.0 Eurocup, with MP Manor Motorsport running alongside championship leader and fellow Brit, Oliver Rowland.
2591	0	The Gifted (film)	7	Zoe bumps into Mark who has graduated from a university in the U.S.
2592	0	SMS Novara (1913)	8	"Novara"" and the other vessels took the crew captive and destroyed the submarine."
2593	0	Popular Alliance (San Marino)	5	The list won eleven seats in the election's second round run-off.
2594	0	KRBX	1	KRBX, branded as Radio Boise, is a listener-supported, independent community radio station headquartered in Boise, Idaho, United States, broadcasting at 89.9 FM and 93.5 FM (on translator K228EK), presenting a freeform radio format.
2595	0	Herpes simplex research	29	Genocea has announced it would shift their strategic efforts to cancer vaccines while at the same time heavily cutting down on research and development of GEN-003 vaccine against genital herpes.
2596	0	International Institute for Sustainable Development	5	IISD Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA) is a natural laboratory consisting of 58 small lakes and their watersheds set aside for scientific research.
2597	0	Devolver Digital	1	The company was founded in June 2009 by Mike Wilson, Harry Miller and Rick Stults, alongside business partners Nigel Lowrie and Graeme Struthers.
2598	0	Jerry Reichow	7	His longevity and success in the fickle “Not For Long” league is all the more impressive considering his background when entering the personnel department in 1965.
2599	0	Kevin Horkin	18	"The controversial aspects of the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 or the Baker Bill as it became known related to the intention to have American Pit Bull Terriers ""humanely destroyed"" in other words ""put to sleep""."
2600	0	DIY America	2	The series is a documentary based exploration into the American subcultures of skateboarding, graffiti, street art, punk and hip hop, focusing on topics like creativity and perseverance.
2601	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	1	The Fishery Protection Squadron is a front-line squadron of the Royal Navy with responsibility for patrolling the UK's Extended Fisheries Zone.
2602	0	M48 Patton	18	It mounted the M3A1 gun using a Y-shaped muzzle brake on the barrel and carried 53 rounds.
2603	0	Mackinac Island State Park Commission	2	The commission maintains the official Michigan Governor's Summer Residence on Mackinac Island and distributes photographs, media kits, brochures and other promotional material.
2604	0	M48 Patton	53	On the night of October 15/16, the Israeli 14th Brigade of the 143rd Division lost 70 tanks out of 97.
2605	0	Sohrab Hossain	8	He could perform all the diverse subgenres of Nazrul Sangeet—be it Kirtan or satirical songs.
2606	0	Kee Kim Swee	10	"Both of his sons went back to China, while the girl changed her surname into ""Chin"" by marriage."
2607	0	Bombus terrestris	18	This kind of behavior can be seen most often in foraging activities.
2608	0	The World's Last Night and Other Essays	5	Joad agreed with Lewis and concluded that the size of the universe and the span of time in which it formed did not have “any necessary bearing upon our views as to the nature of the universe as a whole, more particularly as regards its origin, purpose, destiny and end.” The enlargement of the scale of the universe did not reduce the importance of mankind.
2609	0	Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels	1	Hedwig of Munsterberg-Oels (; 10/12 June 1508, Oleśnica – 28 November 1531, Legnica) was born Duchess of Münsterberg and Oleśnica and Countess of Kladsko and by marriage Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach.
2610	0	Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series	2	Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series
2611	0	Mae Young	10	On April 2, Mae accompanied The Kat at WrestleMania 2000 to her match against Terri Runnels; Kat lost the match as Mae was distracted by kissing the guest referee, Val Venis, before attacking Terri and her manager, Moolah.
2612	0	Eugnosta dives	2	The hindwings are brown, with an aeneous tinge.
2613	0	Sea Sprite 27	7	The boat's galley is located on the port side of the cabin just forward of the companionway steps, with the icebox doubling as a navigation table.
2614	0	C845H1343N223O243S9	1	The molecular formula CHNOS (molar mass: 18802.638 g/mol) may refer to:
2615	0	Thomas P Stratten	2	He completed a BSc (Engineering) at the University of Cape Town in 1923.
2616	0	Galotxa	10	"The ""quinze"" is won when the other team is not able to re-hit the ball over the net."
2617	0	Borotou-Koro	2	Borotou-Koro was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
2618	0	Into the Electric Castle	1	Into the Electric Castle (also known as Into the Electric Castle – A Space Opera) is the third album of the progressive metal project Ayreon by Dutch songwriter, producer, singer, and multi-instrumentalist Arjen Anthony Lucassen, released in 1998.
2619	0	Cadillac Eldorado	66	The optional full cabriolet roof, which re-created the dashing look of a convertible top, was offered this year in limited colors.
2620	0	Marco Paolini	3	His performances usually consist of monologues with frequent use of the Venetian language, irony and satire.
2621	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	31	The building was some wide, long and high.
2622	0	Devolver Digital	7	"They have typically focused on smaller indie developers, and while they are often associated with weird and bizarre games, such as ""Genital Jousting"", this is only by happenstance, according to Wilson."
2623	0	KTEN	13	The downside of the deal was that the station was becoming even more of a hybrid network affiliate, adding to any existing confusion among viewers; it carried the majority of the NBC programming lineup and the entirety of Fox's schedule as well as a handful of ABC programs.
2624	0	Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games – Men's 4x100 metre medley relay	1	The men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay event at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games occurred on Saturday, July 22, 2006 at the S.U.
2625	0	Cymbuliidae	2	They breathe through the skin.
2626	0	Acceptance angle (solar concentrator)	5	In the general case, the acceptance angle in one direction may be different from the other.
2627	0	The White Deer	12	The king decreed that the princess would send his sons on tasks, and the son that succeeds would marry the princess (Thurber, 34-36).
2628	0	Popular Alliance (San Marino)	4	After the political crisis of 2011, AP confirmed its alliance with PDCS, creating the new alliance San Marino Common Good, which won the 2012 general election, even though AP itself lost three seats.
2629	0	Magnus Carlsen	81	In July, Carlsen won the 9th edition of the Bilbao Masters Final, scoring 17 points out of 10 games (+4–1=5; a win was 3 points, a draw was 1 point).
2630	0	Moisés Canelo	3	After recording their first single in the seventies, Moisés and the group became famous in Honduras and were invited to make musical tours, including his first international tour to the United States.
2631	0	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse	12	"Reymann soon sank three ships, ""Tubal Cain"", ""Kaipara"", and ""Nyanza"", but only after taking their occupants on board."
2632	0	Frankenmuth, Michigan	1	The city is surrounded by Frankenmuth Township.
2633	0	Walter Ruttmann	5	He died in Berlin of wounds sustained when he was working on the front line as a war photographer.
2634	0	Typhoon Skip	3	Satellite pictures at the time showed a well-defined center of circulation at the lower levels of the atmosphere and distinct curved banding features.
2635	0	Owa language	20	For example: 'meau, mia' is the singular form, and 'mego, migo' is the second person form.
2636	0	Murray S Smith	2	"In ""Engaging Characters: Fiction, Emotion, and the Cinema"" (1995) Smith rehabilitated the idea that characters are central to our experience of narrative."
2637	0	Whitney Reynolds	17	"In addition to market expansions, ""The Whitney Reynolds Show"" has started streaming on Amazon and streaming nationally on PBS."
2638	0	Jim Henderson (baseball)	7	His fastball had great velocity, reaching up to 98 mph, and he established his slider as a strike-out pitch.
2639	0	Honeyz	20	"When asked by Simon Cowell to tell the judges about themselves, Cherry said ""I used to be in a girl group called the Honeyz"", implying that the band were over."
2640	0	Adrian Ioana	2	in Mathematics from the University of Bucharest in 2003, and completed his Ph.D. at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2007, under the supervision of Sorin Popa.
2641	0	Werner Park	4	The separate parks allow the Storm Chasers to play at home during the CWS.
2642	0	Hana Airport	9	Hana Airport is a subordinate of the Maui District officials.
2643	0	Daniel Fischlin	13	He is a founding co-editor of Critical Studies in Improvisation/Études critiques en improvisation, a journal, which is an open-access, peer-reviewed, electronic, academic journal on improvisation, community, and social practice housed at the University of Guelph.
2644	0	Sidney Hayward	1	Sidney Pascoe Hayward MC QC (8 September 1896 – 11 February 1961) was a British barrister and legal writer.
2645	0	Devolver Digital	4	As the company did not occupy any office, its mailing address was that of a bird feed shop owned by Stults until 2018.
2646	0	Revival of the Hebrew language	11	In the Arab Middle East, Ladino and Colloquial Arabic were the spoken languages most prevalent in Jewish communities (with Ladino more prevalent in the Mediterranean and Arabic, Aramaic, Kurdish, and Persian more widely spoken by Jews in the East), while Classical Arabic was used for secular writing, and Hebrew used for religious purposes (though some Jewish scholars from the Arab world, such as Maimonedes (1135–1204), wrote primarily in Arabic or in Judeo-Arabic languages).
2647	0	James White (basketball)	10	45 overall (Alexander Johnson), and second-round draft choices in 2007 and 2008.
2648	0	47th New York Volunteer Infantry	5	Reconnaissance to Wright River February 6.
2649	0	Max (The X-Files)	13	"VanDerWerff was unconvinced that the episode, along with ""Tempus Fugit"", merited being stretched over two parts; however, she felt that the character of Fenig was ""a simultaneous paean to the many, many lives lost in this fictional war and a very real story about someone who could very well live on the edges of our society, driven mad by visions that are only real to himself, visions the rest of us would immediately disregard as unbelievable and surreal""."
2650	0	Red Berry (wrestler)	7	"He was often seen at ringside wearing a warm up jacket with the phrase, ""I am Right"" emblazoned on the back."
2651	0	If I Close My Eyes	2	Michel Legrand, a longtime collaborator for Streisand, serves as a featured artist on this version.
2652	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	41	In 1859 the 'Turkey Mill' watermark was sold to William Balston's two sons at Springfield Mill, and thereafter paper produced at Turkey Mill was watermarked 'Original Turkey Mill', 'O.T.M.
2653	0	Irish Sailing Association	17	Flying Dutchman: Harold Cudmore, Richard O'Shea
2654	0	SMS Novara (1913)	6	She was launched on 15 February 1913; the ship was still undergoing fitting-out work when World War I broke out in July 1914.
2655	0	Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250	2	Today the UKSS at Site 250 is still standing, however it is deteriorating.
2656	0	Galotxa	10	"Then the ""bot"" must turn it back to the team in the ""rest"" midfield."
2657	0	2009 Cumbria County Council election	2	Those who were temporarily away from their ordinary address (for example, away working, on holiday, in student accommodation or in hospital) were also entitled to vote in the local elections, although those who had moved abroad and registered as overseas electors cannot vote in the local elections.
2658	0	Shakalaka Boom Boom	8	"Nikhat Kazmi of ""Times of India"" said, ""This one's definitely not for the fastidious, choosy viewer but for those who don't mind losing it for a bit, ""Shakalaka Boom Boom"" works like an average Bollywood musical."
2659	0	Benzyl butyl phthalate	1	BBP is a clear liquid with the chemical formula CHO.
2660	0	Viveros de Coyoacán	3	In the 1930s, the area became open to the public as a park and today, Viveros receives anywhere from 2,500 to 3,000 visitors each day, many of whom come to exercise, especially along its jogging paths.
2661	0	Sydney Showground Stadium	6	The RAS is seeking funding from the New South Wales Government to expand the stadium as part of a major upgrade of the Showground precinct.
2662	0	Pseudocalamobius tsushimae	1	It was described by Breuning in 1961.
2663	0	Keith Bradshaw (rugby player)	5	Wales beat England and Scotland, Bradshaw scoring a conversion in the Scottish encounter.
2664	0	Flag of Maine (1901–09)	7	"This act passed both houses and on March 21, 1901 was ""Engrossed – Chapter 233 – State Law""."
2665	0	Kingdom of Scotland	11	After the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, in which James VII was deposed by his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange in England, Scotland accepted them under the Claim of Right Act 1689, but the deposed main hereditary line of the Stuarts became a focus for political discontent known as Jacobitism, leading to a series of invasions and rebellions mainly focused on the Scottish Highlands.
2666	0	Bhaktapur	18	It has been made of copper, cement, zinc and steel.
2667	0	Alma Moodie	15	51 (1939), to her.
2668	0	Joseph Fernandez	1	Joseph Fernandez may refer to:
2669	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	64	In 1801 he insured the mill for £350 and died in 1805 aged 69.
2670	0	Julie Dodds-Streeton	3	practising principally in commercial law.
2671	0	Sohrab Hossain	1	He met singer Abbas Uddin in a function in Ranaghat.
2672	0	Celebrant (Australia)	7	Therefore, the civil celebrant has come to be defined as a professionally trained ceremony-provider who works in accordance with the wishes of the client couple.
2673	0	Stawell, Victoria	4	It is named after Sir William Foster Stawell (1815–89), the Chief Justice of Victoria.
2674	0	Unseen (Buffy/Angel novel)	11	They are not considered as official Buffyverse reality, but are novels from the authors' imaginations.
2675	0	Hans Coverdale Road	15	"(25°42'08.40""S 28°18'00.15""E)"
2676	0	Cadillac Eldorado	25	Standard equipment included power brakes, power steering, automatic transmission, dual back-up lamps, windshield wipers, two-speed wipers, wheel discs, outside rearview mirror, vanity mirror, oil filter, power windows, six-way power seats, heater, fog lamps, Eldorado engine, remote control trunk lock, radio with antenna and rear speaker, power vent windows, air suspension, electric door locks, license frames, and five whitewall tires.
2677	0	Augeron	10	"Le Pays d'Auge"" published in 1958 a story in the Honfleur dialect: ""Maître Ursin rev'nant!""."
2678	0	Portage Glacier Highway	20	Work on the project was finally approved following the Ninth Circuit's decision.
2679	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	41	In the 1930s Soviet leaders used Whatman Paper to publish their five-year plan for the future of the USSR and at the end of World War Two the peace treaty with Japan was written on Whatman Paper.
2680	0	Alan Isler	2	His writing is dense but comical, referential and intellectual in the tradition of Nabokov, and often concerned with the bitter-sweet condition of the solitary Jew in a Gentile world.
2681	0	MedPro Group	1	Byron Somers and by his descendants ran Medical Protective until 1998 when General Electric purchased the company.
2682	0	Belenenses SAD	2	Historic football club C.F.
2683	0	Herpes simplex research	11	"David M. Knipe, a Professor at Harvard Medical School has developed ""dl""5-29."
2684	0	Art &amp; Project	13	In some cases the standard format was abandoned, for example:
2685	0	Nagapur	5	Most people in Nagapur have the Sapre Bhor, Katore surnames.
2686	0	Hélder Samir Lopes Semedo Fernandes	1	Hélder Samir Lopes Semedo Fernandes, known as Samir (born 13 October 1988) is a Cape Verdean football player who plays for Sertanense.
2687	0	Owa language	11	"But occasionally the third-to-last syllable is stressed, as in ""fe.fe.ne"" 'female'."
2688	0	South Branch Roaring Creek	8	The conductance ranged from 35 to 146 micro-siemens, with an average of 82 micro-siemens.
2689	0	Chimezie Ikeazor	2	Chimezie Ikeazor was educated at Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha, Anambra State, proceeding subsequently to the University of London, where he obtained a Degree in Theology and subsequently read Law at King's College London.
2690	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	3	The VIII Armeekorps numbered 24,500 infantry, 2,600 cavalry, and 62 guns.
2691	0	Máire O'Neill	2	He was a vice-principal and maths teacher at Glenties Comprehensive School.
2692	0	Public-access television	47	PEG television has been challenged by cable TV operators and telephone companies, who are now expanding into the cable TV business.
2693	0	Meat shoot	3	The targets are hung out one at a time, and each shooter fires one shot at one target, in the numerical order of the sign up sheet.
2694	0	Humid continental climate	6	Fall foliage is noted during the autumn.
2695	0	Eduard Strauss II	2	He enrolled at University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, and learned composition technique from Franz Schmidt.
2696	0	Home for the Holidays (1995 film)	9	The phone rings a second time, and Henry answers; it turns out to be Jack calling.
2697	0	Blood Road	42	In the course of three years, around 30 prisoners managed to escape from the camps in Saltdal and make their way to Sweden.
2698	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	41	The Hollingworths were originally in partnership with William Balston, but he withdrew from the partnership in 1805 and set up a new paper mill at Springfield, Maidstone.
2699	0	NATO Ouvrage &quot;G&quot;	7	The system used triangulation to establish the position of radar targets.
2700	0	Middleware analyst	6	The ESB is part of this reference architecture and provides the backbone of an SOA but is not considered an SOA by itself.
2701	0	LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene &amp; MacRae	10	LeBoeuf’s Denver and Newark offices closed in 2003 and 2004, respectively.
2702	0	B	6	"This occurs particularly in words ending in , such as ""lamb"" and ""bomb"", some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters)."
2703	0	Mae Young	4	She was the youngest of eight children (one died at birth).
2704	0	Old Ironsides (poem)	7	"Today, ""Constitution"" is well known by its nickname ""Old Ironsides"" and is the oldest commissioned ship in the world still afloat."
2705	0	Kevin Horkin	12	Horkin finished second taking 31.9% of the vote.
2706	0	Lydie Arickx	2	By the early 1980s, she participated in international events such as the Basel Fair (Foire de Bâle), FIAC and Art Paris.
2707	0	The White Deer	2	"Part of the summary of the story in ""The White Deer Summary and Study Guide"" states this:"
2708	0	Whitefield Academy (Missouri)	1	Whitefield Academy is a PreK-12 college preparatory, classical Christian school.
2709	0	2005 Kazakh presidential election	1	The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) criticized the elections, calling them unfair, but noted improvements.
2710	0	R4600	1	These companies fabricated the microprocessor and marketed it.
2711	0	Ivan Klapez	2	Amongst his collectors are Sebastian Conran and he has produced several commissions such as ‘Liberty’, bronze, 1991, Commissioned by The Aims of Industry for The
2712	0	Bombus terrestris	3	"B. terrestris"" are pollen-storing bees that generally feed and forage on nectar and pollen."
2713	0	Michael Ryan (equestrian)	1	Michael Ryan (born 3 April 1976 in Limerick, Ireland) is an Irish equestrian.
2714	0	Katimavik-Hazeldean	8	There is also a small light-industrial area in the extreme southwest corner, home to a number of automotive businesses along Edgewater Street and restaurants facing Walter Baker Park across Terry Fox Drive.
2715	0	Purewa Tunnel	3	constructing the North Auckland Line).
2716	0	Bossier City, Louisiana	18	Dement was succeeded as mayor in 2005 by his administrative assistant and former mayoral opponent from 1989, Lo Walker, the first Republican to hold the city's top executive position.
2717	0	NatWest	23	The Royal Bank of Scotland Group maintained that its charges were fair and enforceable and stated it intended to defend its position vigorously.
2718	0	Basque Nationalist Action	9	Despite the fact that the party was declared illegal, the court ruling was not retroactive, which meant that those elected members of EAE-ANV remained in their positions as city councilors until the next Spanish local election was held in 2011.
2719	0	Piper PA-28 Cherokee	31	In the cockpit, all Cherokees use control yokes rather than sticks, together with rudder pedals.
2720	0	Velocette LE	3	"The Velocette LE was launched at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1948 as the ""Motorcycle for Everyman""."
2721	0	Giacinto Camillo Maradei	2	On 2 April 1696, he was appointed by Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Policastro.
2722	0	Iowa Archeological Society	1	"It publishes the academic ""Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society"" and the IAS Newsletter."
2723	0	Benzyl butyl phthalate	23	According to EU Council Directive 67/548/EEC1, BBP is classified as reproductive toxicant and therefore restricted in use.
2724	0	Points of Departure (Babylon 5)	3	Commander Sinclair has since been recalled to Earth and subsequently assigned as Earth's ambassador to Minbar.
2725	0	Nest of Worlds	4	After another thirty-five years they move again, and so on: if they live long enough, they may return to their home country.
2726	0	Bossier City, Louisiana	41	The city hosts four riverboat casino gambling resorts along the east bank of the Red River: Margaritaville, Horseshoe, Boomtown, and Diamond Jack's.
2727	0	Phyllis and Flora	3	Finally, in the fourth part, covering stanzas sixty through seventy nine, the women arrive at Cupid's court.
2728	0	Anisha Ambrose	1	"In 2013, she made her acting debut in the Telugu film, ""Alias Janaki"" produced by Neelima Tirumalasetti."
2729	0	Heart Oxfordshire	7	"The additional tagline of ""Haven't you heard?"
2730	0	Jackie Goldberg	1	Jackie Goldberg is an American politician and teacher, and a member of the Democratic Party.
2731	0	Ceacheí	7	by trumpeter Jorge Yuraidini, leader of the Chilean fans in the VIII South American Basketball Championship for Women in Santiago, won by Chile.
2732	0	NatWest	22	On 28 November 2007 the three admitted one charge of wire fraud after a plea bargain.
2733	0	Sacrifice (Gary Numan album)	3	Various tracks were worked on with, amongst others, previous Machine + Soul producer Kipper but Numan wasn't quite happy with the direction, and it was whilst he was considering signing to another label that they suggested he record vocals to a recently released soundtrack for The Radial Pair.
2734	0	Wah-wah pedal	5	Banaron, being a fan of the big band style of music, was interested in marketing the wah pedal for wind instruments as suggested by Page rather than for the electric guitar as suggested by Casher.
2735	0	Alfredo Miguel Aguayo Sánchez	8	The following are books written by Alfredo M. Aguayo y Sanchez:
2736	0	Bo Mya	5	In late 1994, a group of KNLA soldiers broke away from the main army and formed the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA).
2737	0	Richard Fremantle	3	In the following years, he travelled extensively in Europe, living and working in Italy, France, Great Britain, and Austria.
2738	0	Seattle Seawolves	1	The team was founded in 2017 and competes in Major League Rugby, the top-level rugby competition in the United States that played its first season in 2018.
2739	0	Julia Baird	7	Lennon's Aunt Harriet and Uncle Norman Birch were made legal guardians of the girls—ignoring Dykins' parentage, as he had never legally married Julia.
2740	0	Typhoon Skip	5	Rapid weakening then began; however, and the JTWC downgraded Skip to a tropical storm later that day.
2741	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	60	A stream rises at Cossington and enters the Medway from the right at Aylesford.
2742	0	Magna International	4	Stronach took Multimatic Investments public in 1969 through a merger with Magna Electronics Corporation, an aerospace, defense and industrial components company, and became known as Magna International in 1973.
2743	0	Andres Avila	2	In 2015, he pitched for Stockton and the Double-A Midland RockHounds.
2744	0	Veene Sheshanna	3	Sheshanna displayed precocious musical talent as a young boy of five.
2745	0	Solresol	10	However, if they have a pair of repeated syllables, their meanings relate to sickness or medicine (e.g.
2746	0	Tambovsky, Republic of Adygea	1	There are 8 streets.
2747	0	Christ Carrying the Cross (Lotto)	1	Christ Bearing the Cross is a 1526 painting by Lorenzo Lotto, now in the Louvre.
2748	0	John Allen (baseball)	3	He died on September 24, 1967 in Hagerstown, Maryland and was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Hagerstown.
2749	0	Boris Dvornik	5	He soon realised that he had not the taste for politics and resigned his seat one month later.
2750	0	Battle of Tayabas	2	Gen. Primo de Rivera signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato ending the first phase of the Philippine revolution.
2751	0	2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations qualification	1	The 2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations qualification was a men's under-17 football competition which decided the participating teams of the 2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations.
2752	0	Bill May (synchronized swimmer)	6	The International Swimming Federation (FINA) allowed May to compete in its sanctioned events.
2753	0	Bresle method	3	Salt contamination beneath a coating, such as paint on steel, can cause adhesion and corrosion problems due to the hygroscopic nature of salt.
2754	0	Inter-American Commission of Women	5	The chosen countries were Argentina, Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Panama, and Venezuela and the appointed delegates were Dr. Ernestina A. López de Nelson from Argentina, María Elena de Hinestrosa from Colombia, María Alvárez de Guillén Rivas from El Salvador, Alice Téligny Mathon from Haiti, Clara González from Panama and Lucila Luciani de Pérez Díaz from Venezuela.
2755	0	Jake Diekman	4	He received an offer for a full scholarship to be a Nebraska Cornhusker, which he would have accepted, had the Phillies not drafted him in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft's 30th round.
2756	0	Augeron	1	This dialect includes both coastal and inland areas.
2757	0	Kila Airfield	6	Some of the wartime revetments remain on the police property and portions of the wartime taxiways and runway are visible.
2758	0	Naked Jungle	3	"The programme was made by the same producers as CITV's children's gameshow ""Jungle Run"", and used the same set as well as following the same format, apart from having individual winners instead of a winning team."
2759	0	Eileen Guppy	3	She spent many years working in roles subordinate to senior male staff due to her gender and despite her qualifications.
2760	0	Taho	3	The main ingredient, fresh soft/silken tofu, is processed to a consistency that is very similar to a very fine custard.
2761	0	Kingdom of Scotland	37	The establishment of Christianity brought Latin to Scotland as a scholarly and written language.
2762	0	Magnus Carlsen	118	When he started playing in top tournaments, he had trouble getting much out of the opening.
2763	0	Devolver Digital	6	In March 2013, at the SXSW Film Festival, Devolver Digital announced Devolver Digital Films, a film distribution subsidiary.
2764	0	Casa de Cervantes	2	That is to say, it was a new or nearly-new house.
2765	0	VI Corps (United States)	7	This, along with the poor performance at Anzio, would cast a shadow over the reputation of the corps.
2766	0	February 2018 Mogadishu attacks	2	On 23 February 2018, two suicide car bombs exploded in the Somali capital of Mogadishu.
2767	0	Nichya	4	in 2004.
2768	0	Hearn Generating Station	5	The turbine hall was almost 300 metres long and was an impressive sight, viewed from the visitor gallery on the west side of the plant where the offices were located.
2769	0	Mülheim Association of Free Churches and Evangelical Communities	8	It allows infant and adult baptism.
2770	0	Guy-Marie Sallier	1	"Sallier wrote ""Recollections of a Parlementary Magistrate"" a retrospective account of the events that happened during the critical year of 1788."
2771	0	NatWest	7	Thereafter the bank concentrated on its core domestic business as the restyled NatWest Group, reflecting its modern positioning as a portfolio of businesses.
2772	0	Carl Otto Lampland	4	He first went to Lowell Observatory in 1902 when invited by Percival Lowell and Lampland was closely involved with Lowell in planetary observation.
2773	0	Flamborough Head Lighthouse	5	This is now a Grade II listed building.
2774	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	6	Brattle Mill was a corn mill.
2775	0	Dilnaz Irani	2	She completed her Electronics Engineering studies from St. Xaviers, Mumbai and has completed eight levels of the Trinity College London exam course and has also worked as a software engineer for four years.
2776	0	The Round House (novel)	5	He takes the money to Sonja.
2777	0	Gateshead Talmudical College	4	(501(C)3)
2778	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	16	A Fleet Air Arm helicopter gave a demonstration of air-sea rescue operations as part of the display.
2779	0	Mount Morgan State High School	33	It is L-shaped in plan and has a strong street presence derived from its simple and regular massing, grand proportions, and symmetrical composition.
2780	0	Golosov Ravine	2	For example, one amazing story was described in the 17th-century sources.
2781	0	The Wild Party (1956 film)	3	They end up taking Erica and her fiancée, naval officer Arthur Mitchell, captive at an amusement park, with dire consequences for all.
2782	0	Surfactant	53	The use of biosurfactants as a way to remove petroleum from contaminated sites has been studied and found to be safe and effective in the removal of petroleum products from soil.
2783	0	Kingdom of Scotland	25	"In James V's reign the bawbee (1½ d) and half-bawbee were issued, and in Mary, Queen of Scot's reign a twopence piece, the hardhead, was issued to help ""the common people buy bread, drink, flesh, and fish""."
2784	0	La Presa, Texas	7	The per capita income for the CDP was $9,665.
2785	0	Rattray Head	2	The Rattray Head lighthouse was built in 1895.
2786	0	David Rocha	8	On 2 July, he signed a two-year contract with Extremadura UD, still in the second division.
2787	0	The Tale of Genji (manga)	1	"The Tale of Genji"" sold 14 million copies with its 13 ""tankōbon"" volumes by May 2006."
2788	0	Women photographers	36	Receiving her education in photography at the School of Visual Arts in New York and the University of California, San Diego, Lorna Simpson was considered a pioneer of conceptual photography well before the peak of her career.
2789	0	Alma Moodie	6	Alma became thin and ill, and claimed she did not touch her violin for four years.
2790	0	Wah-wah pedal	1	"Wah-wah effects are used when a guitarist is soloing, or creating a ""wacka-wacka"" funk-styled rhythm for rhythm guitar playing."
2791	0	Heterobimetallic catalysis	9	The resulting Ni-amido rapidly undergoes reductive elimination, allowing the Ni-catalyzed aryl amination to proceed at room temperature without the use of phosphine ligands.
2792	0	Claude Nicollier	3	In parallel, he became a Swiss Air Force pilot in 1966, in the Fliegerstaffel 5 on Hawker Hunter where he holds a commission as captain, and has logged 5,600 hours flying time, including 4,000 hours in jet aircraft.
2793	0	Ali Marpet	6	She founded the Mamapalooza music and arts festival and the popup museum Museum of Motherhood.
2794	0	Canoeing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's C-1 200 metres	1	Medals in this event are not redistributed yet.
2795	0	Thai football league system	9	In 1999 season, Provincial League was found by the Football Association of Thailand for this reason, There are two separate football league competitions in Thailand in the meantime.
2796	0	Sama–Bajaw languages	3	The first six are spoken in the Sulu region of the Southern Philippines.
2797	0	36th Virginia Infantry	2	It and the 22nd Virginia were initially assigned under the command of former Virginia Governor Henry A.
2798	0	Adam Rundle	2	He subsequently joined Newcastle's neighbours Darlington in December 2001.
2799	0	Azygophleps kovtunovitchi	1	Azygophleps kovtunovitchi is a moth in the family Cossidae.
2800	0	Kennelly–Heaviside layer	4	"Nevertheless, Marconi had received signals in Newfoundland that were broadcast in England, so clearly there must be ""some"" mechanism allowing the transmission to reach that far."
2801	0	36th Virginia Infantry	2	The primary counties of recruitment were Putnam, Boone, Roane, Nicholas, Raleigh, Logan, Giles and Bland.
2802	0	Mahar	18	Other notable Mahar authors writing in Marathi include Shantabai Kamble, Raja Dhale, Daya Pawar, and Narendra Jadhav.
2803	0	Josip Kopinič	2	A. Burmistrov and N. P. Yegipko, Kopinič, in spring 1938, Kopinič participated to the hazardous journeys which their submarines made from France, where they had been repaired, along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula through the Straits of Gibraltar to Cartagena, i.e., a route almost entirely controlled by the nationalist forces.
2804	0	M48 Patton	41	1971: 54.
2805	0	Emre Can	11	He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield.
2806	0	SMS Novara (1913)	7	"On 2 May, ""Novara"" towed the German U-boat from Pola out of the Adriatic Sea."
2807	0	Samara Vijayatunggavarman	6	By 1045, he had been instated as the new king of Srivijaya.
2808	0	Playa cativo	1	In 1980 was built the Rainbow Lodge in Playa Cativo, followed by the Buenavista Lodge.
2809	0	Portage Glacier Highway	9	Past milepost 6 is a turnout for the Byron Glacier and Portage Lake.
2810	0	Women photographers	14	Sarah Ann Harrison operated in her name between 1864 and 1871 from 74, Strada della Marina, Isola (Senglea), Malta.
2811	0	British Military Hospital, Singapore	5	Among the patients in the Hospital were crew members who were survivors of Force Z, comprising and (nicknamed the Plymouth Argylls) which were sunk by Japanese torpedo bombers off the coast of Kuantan, Pahang, on 10 December 1941.
2812	0	Newton Nite Hawks	2	Founded by local businessmen Jim Foster and Jim Williams in 1974, the Newton Nite Hawks were coached by Tom Ross during their first season.
2813	0	Julia Baird	6	Julia took Baird and Jackie to Rosebury Street, Liverpool, to watch Lennon play with The Quarrymen on the back of a flatbed coal truck on 22 June 1957.
2814	0	2013–14 Major Indoor Soccer League season	1	The 2013–14 Major Indoor Soccer League season is the third under the United Soccer Leagues banner, fifth under the MISL name, and the sixth season overall.
2815	0	Magna International	14	In July 2015, Magna bought the German company Getrag, which was one of the largest suppliers of automotive transmissions worldwide for $1.9 billion.
2816	0	Wah-wah pedal	11	"Milestones of this signature guitar and amplifier combination include songs such as ""Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"" as well as the ""Star Spangled Banner"" which was played by Hendrix at Woodstock in 1969."
2817	0	1990 Houston Cougars football team	1	The Cougars lost only once in the season, to eventual SWC champions Texas, and were ranked 10th in the final AP Poll of the year.
2818	0	John H. Biggs	5	He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations.
2819	0	Chris Karamesines	1	But he would lose in the first round against Brandon Bernstein.
2820	0	2006 Washington Redskins season	39	However, St. Louis started rally with Bulger completing a 64-yard TD pass to RB Steven Jackson and a 10-yard TD pass to RB Stephen Davis.
2821	0	Religion in the Falkland Islands	2	The Anglican Parish of the Falkland Islands is an extra-provincial church in the Anglican Communion.
2822	0	John H. Biggs	5	He is a fellow of the Society of Actuaries.
2823	0	The Last Tycoons	1	It focuses on the history of the prominent investment bank Lazard Frères.
2824	0	Jim Downey (politician)	1	James Erwin Downey (born August 10, 1942) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada.
2825	0	Dil Vil Pyar Vyar	2	The first love story is about love getting a second chance.
2826	0	Multimethodology	8	"The terms methodology and biology share a common suffix """"logy""."
2827	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	16	The capture of Tarvis and its outlying forts gave Eugène an open road to Villach, which he occupied on 20 May.
2828	0	Destiny 2: Forsaken	10	With Uldren dead and Cayde avenged, the Guardian speaks to Petra and is presented with a broken Awoken talisman.
2829	0	HMS Fisgard (1819)	3	Having been accepted into service, she was laid up in ordinary for 24 years, only being activated in 1843.
2830	0	South African Army Armoured Formation	3	The tank in question is now on display at the Army College at Thaba Tshwane.
2831	0	Inter-American Commission of Women	9	The specific language was, “There shall be no distinction based on sex as regards to nationality.” In addition, the conference passed the Convention on Nationality which established that neither marriage nor divorce could affect the nationality of the members of a family, extending citizenship protection to children as well.
2832	0	Proopiomelanocortin	15	The combination of bupropion and naltrexone acts via hypothalamic POMC neurons to decrease appetite.
2833	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	14	When he returned to Cambodia, he proclaimed himself a god-king (deva-raja) according to Khmer traditions, identifying himself with Shiva.
2834	0	Berlin, Schoenhauser Corner	6	The film was viewed by 1.5 million watchers in the first twelve weeks after its premiere.
2835	0	Lilleheden railway halt	1	The halt is located on the Hirtshals Line from Hirtshals to Hjørring.
2836	0	Women photographers	40	Simpson's friend, Walter Johnson, became one of her biggest mentors and guide as she expanded her knowledge in photography.
2837	0	José Anthony Torres	1	He is currently manager of Sporting San Miguelito.
2838	0	Claude Nicollier	15	"The talk was published in the book ""Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space""."
2839	0	Acceptance angle (solar concentrator)	5	Point focus systems, on the other hand, are sensitive to off-pointing in both directions.
2840	0	2007 Orlando Predators season	71	Scoring Summary:
2841	0	St John Hutchinson	3	In 1917 he was appointed Assistant Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Re-construction.
2842	0	James Southwell	3	"His first album, ""Dark Angel"", was recorded at Kevin Borich's studio in December 2005."
2843	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	61	They did not cook in the temple, but lived on alms food.
2844	0	Jonah (musical)	4	Sydney Theatre Company intended the season at the Wharf Theatre to be a tryout before a transfer to the larger Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre and a national tour.
2845	0	USS Batfish (SSN-681)	5	"On 17 March 1978, ""Batfish"" detected a Soviet Navy Yankee I-class ballistic missile submarine in the Norwegian Sea some above the Arctic Circle."
2846	0	Carrollton High School (Carrollton, Georgia)	1	The school's mascot is the Trojan.
2847	0	University Ridge Golf Course	6	The first two days were a pro-am event, followed by the 54-hole event on Friday through Sunday, without a cut.
2848	0	Oberea pseudopascoei	1	It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1950.
2849	0	Polyphase merge sort	4	Each iteration could be considered to reduce the run count by an average factor of the square root of 2 ~= 1.41.
2850	0	Codex Runicus	8	The melody is one that is well known to all Danes, having been used as an interval signal on Danish radio since 1931.
2851	0	Hasselt – Maastricht tramway	3	the overall southern part of the Dutch Limburg province) and Antwerp (via Hasselt), as current rail services from the Dutch province to Belgium are solely in the southerly direction of Liège-Guillemins (via Maastricht).
2852	0	Shakalaka Boom Boom	8	"The girls — Kangana and Celina — are mere confetti"" and gave it 3 out of 5 stars."
2853	0	The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)	5	The Wizard is a cackling white-bearded man in a starry black robe and conical hat who produces custom seats for each of the four nervous travelers, including one for Toto (the Toto chair is mostly cut out of the frame in most video versions, but is later shown in a full shot of Toto sitting).
2854	0	Jennie's Hat!	1	Jennie's Hat is a 1971 children's picture book by American author and illustrator Ezra Jack Keats.
2855	0	Great Northern Conference	23	Girls Hockey
2856	0	Evangelistas Lighthouse	4	These islands are a good landfall both by day and by night, as they are 170 feet high, and the light is visible 20 miles.
2857	0	Bombus terrestris	28	Perhaps encapsulation represents an invariable trait of bumblebees, or immunity is far too complex to characterize solely based on measurements of encapsulation.
2858	0	Acceptance angle (solar concentrator)	6	It is, therefore, a measure of the tolerance a concentrator has to tracking errors.
2859	0	Eyewitness (British TV series)	4	When the series was released on video, episodes from the first two seasons featured brief behind-the-scenes clips after the main program.
2860	0	Old Islam in Detroit	2	The first parts of the book discusses the first Muslims to settle Detroit and the city's the first Islamic religious facility, the Highland Park Mosque.
2861	0	Bath Blitz	8	Casualties on the Square were low, considering the devastation, with the majority of hotel guests and staff having taken shelter in the hotel's basement.
2862	0	The Round House (novel)	6	Geraldine was able to run away from him, and she has suffered guilt for what might have happened to Mayla.
2863	0	Michael Ryan (equestrian)	2	Ryan also took part at the 2006 World Equestrian Games and at four editions of European Eventing Championships (in 2003, 2005, 2009 and 2015).
2864	0	Nicomachus (son of Aristotle)	2	Nicomachus was born to the slave Herpyllis, and his father's will commended his care as a boy to several tutors, then to his adopted son, Nicanor.
2865	0	Cadillac Eldorado	65	One of Eldorado's most expensive singular options was the Motorola cellular telephone mounted inside the locking center arm rest.
2866	0	Great Northern Conference	9	Boys Soccer
2867	0	Aermacchi AM.3	8	Each of the two inner hardpoints was stressed for a 170 kg (375 lb) load, with the two outer points being stressed for a 91 kg (200 lb) load.
2868	0	James Cannan	16	Although his tenure was brief, Cannan gained valuable experience working with the bureaucracy.
2869	0	Munster	6	By the mid-19th century much of the area was hit hard in the Great Famine, especially the west.
2870	0	Conexus Arts Centre	2	Planned and originally funded to commemorate the Canadian Centennial in 1967, its construction was interrupted by a substantial increase in cost and after the steel frame was put up the project did not proceed further for some years.
2871	0	Tito Guízar	2	In a career that spanned over seven decades, Guízar trained early as an opera singer and traveled to New York in 1929 to record the songs of Agustín Lara.
2872	0	Irish Sailing Association	9	See
2873	0	Ben Brush	6	Ben Brush was the last champion to carry Mike's colors.
2874	0	Piper PA-28 Cherokee	7	The original Cherokees were the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 (PA-28-150 and PA-28-160), which started production in 1961 (unless otherwise mentioned, the model number always refers to horsepower).
2875	0	Proconsul (mammal)	5	At the time Consul was being used as a circus name for performing chimpanzees.
2876	0	Misteri di Trapani	6	"As the most famous contemporary historian of the story of the city of Trapani, Francesco Pugnatore, does not mention the existence of the ""Misteri"" in its ""magnum opus"", the much detailed 'Historia di Trapani' published in 1594, we can reasonably presume that the procession of the ""Misteri"" was not held before at least the latter part of the 16th century."
2877	0	George McTurnan Kahin	5	He became the director of Cornell's Southeast Asia Program in 1961 and held the position until 1970.
2878	0	Jim Henderson (baseball)	9	Still seeking to reclaim his lost velocity after his 2014 shoulder surgery, Henderson was outrighted off the Brewers roster on May 21, 2015.
2879	0	Portage Glacier Highway	19	In 1993, the AkDOT&PF finally initiated the study for the alternative transportation system to Whittier.
2880	0	Christ Carrying the Cross (Lotto)	2	Taken to Rome before then being sold in France, entering the Louvre collection in 1982.
2881	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	8	Both groups possessed the Holy Spirit, so how can one account for the difference?
2882	0	Bath Blitz	2	"The city was bombed in April 1942 as part of the so-called ""Baedeker raids"", in which targets were chosen for their cultural and historical, rather than their strategic or military, value."
2883	0	Storytone	3	"In March 2014, Neil Young expressed interest in recording an album alongside an orchestra, stating: ""I'd like to make a record with a full-blown orchestra, live - a mono recording with one mic."
2884	0	Togo women's national football team	5	The performance of the new team, however, wasn't good as expected, since they were eliminated in the group stage after suffering heavy defeats to Senegal, Mali and Nigeria.
2885	0	Urusei Yatsura (band)	3	"Other singles released by the band include ""Strategic Hamlets"" and ""Slain By Elf""."
2886	0	Gates Corporation	6	In 2003, Gates changed its name to The Gates Corporation, a move reflecting the company's expanding range of industrial brands, product lines, and customers.
2887	0	Honeyz	3	This was the first time Denton and Goodman appeared in the same line-up.
2888	0	Julia Baird	6	The Quarrymen played twice that day as part of a celebration to mark the 750th anniversary of the granting of Liverpool's charter by King John.
2889	0	Grand Mound, Iowa	1	Grand Mound is a city in Clinton County, Iowa, United States.
2890	0	Estonia–Lithuania relations	1	Estonia–Lithuania relations refer to the bilateral relations between Estonia and Lithuania.
2891	0	Public–public partnership	1	Partners can include other local, regional, state, provincial, first nations or aboriginal governments, national or federal governments, school boards, parks boards, non-governmental organizations, unions, pension funds, professional organizations, and governments, labour, non-governmental organizations and community groups in developing countries.
2892	0	Skrunda-1	6	The winning bid was by Russian firm Alekseevskoye-Serviss for 1.55 million lats (3.1 million USD; 2.2 million EUR).
2893	0	The Food Project	2	Founded in 1991 by Ward Cheney, a local farmer and educator, the Food Project (abbreviated as TFP) is a non-profit organization committed to bringing youth together from the urban neighborhoods of Boston and the surrounding suburbs in order to build sustainable food systems.
2894	0	Wah-wah pedal	13	"David Gilmour (Pink Floyd) used the pedal to create the ""whale"" effect during ""Echoes""."
2895	0	Giacomo Aragall	1	Jaume Aragall i Garriga (; born 6 June 1939), better known as Giacomo Aragall, is a Spanish operatic tenor.
2896	0	Ramesh Bijlani	7	He was elected to the Fellowship of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of India in November 2005.
2897	0	SMS Novara (1913)	9	"On 29 December, ""Novara"", the cruiser , and the old coastal defense ship sortied to support ""Helgoland"" and six destroyers after they had run into a minefield, which sank a destroyer and badly damaged another."
2898	0	Susie Gharib	10	Gharib, one of four daughters of a Cleveland anesthesiologist, is of Iranian descent.
2899	0	William Parrish	2	He was a member of Brandon town council for two years.
2900	0	Odostomia rotundata	1	Odostomia rotundata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
2901	0	The Waitabits	3	"The ""Thunderer"" duly arrives in orbit above Eterna and surveys it from space."
2902	0	Jean-Armel Drolé	3	In 2013, Drolé joined Tieffe Club, and eventually transferred to Perugia in the Serie B. Drolé made his professional debut in a 0-0 Serie B tie with Cesena in September 2015.
2903	0	Baka-Nswazwi	1	They are found in Tutume, Nswazwi, Marapong, Masunga and Nkange in Botswana.
2904	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	1	Many different processes were performed by the use of water power:- corn milling, fulling, paper making, iron smelting, pumping water, making gunpowder, vegetable-oil extraction, and electricity generation.
2905	0	Ninja (militia)	3	"According to a 2002 news report by IRIN News, analysts believed Ntoumi commanded ""only a few hundred dedicated fighters and up to 3,000 more loosely attached"", the latter of which were divided and unenthusiastic."
2906	0	Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs	7	Jacobs is Mohawk.
2907	0	Honeyz	17	On 27 March 2013 it was announced that the bands would perform a mini Christmas tour in December 2013.
2908	0	Philip Agee	17	Agee describes his first overseas assignment in 1960 to Ecuador, where his primary mission had the aim of forcing a diplomatic break between Ecuador and Cuba.
2909	0	Polyphase merge sort	18	"Define fib(i) as the ""ith"" Fibonacci number, where fib(i) = fib(i-1) + fib(i-2)."
2910	0	M48 Patton	25	This new rear hull arrangement on the M48A2 tank helped in cooling the engine and minimizing the infrared (heat) signature of the vehicle.
2911	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	48	"During the time Tamalinda studied at the famous Mahavihara Monastery in Sri Lanka (1180–1190), a new dynamic type of Theravada Buddhism was being preached as the ""true faith"" in Sri Lanka."
2912	0	The Food Project	9	In 2004, The Food Project was supported by the Cirque du Soleil through a donation of tickets to their Varekai Benefit performance at Suffolk Downs in Boston.
2913	0	Nano (footballer, born 1995)	9	On 4 August 2018, Nano returned to his first club Tenerife on a one-year loan deal.
2914	0	Fergus Dubdétach	3	"The ""Lebor Gabála"" synchronises Lugaid's reign with that of the Roman emperor Commodus (180–192)."
2915	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	5	A large majority of the members of council and house were naturally Native New Mexicans.
2916	0	Tom Donahue	4	"He subsequently took over programming for a foreign-language station KMPX and changed it into what is considered to be America's first alternative ""free-form"" radio station."
2917	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	17	"The skippers lodged complaints with the Fishery Board Officer at Aberdeen, and it was considered ""possible that a fishery protection vessel may be sent""."
2918	0	Gordon Thomas Whyburn	3	His doctoral students include John L. Kelley and Alexander Doniphan Wallace.
2919	0	Kindl-Bühne Wuhlheide	6	"In March 2008, the Kindl-Bühne Wuhlheide was awarded the Live Entertainment Award for ""Location of the Year""."
2920	0	Sky Cabin	1	On a clear day, Downtown Los Angeles can be viewed directly from the tower.
2921	0	Monte Burney	17	Other dates are 8,425 ± 500 years before present for MB1 and 3,830 ± 390 or 3,820 ± 390 for MB2, both by radiocarbon dating.
2922	0	Thai football league system	11	In 2003 season, the Provincial League was organized by the Sports Authority of Thailand; relegation was to the Pro League 2 for the next season.
2923	0	Fułki	1	Fułki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dalików, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
2924	0	John Henry (spy)	16	George was eager to divorce Caroline because of her suspected adultery of which proof was needed to obtain a legal divorce.
2925	0	19th Regiment Royal Artillery	3	During the 1950s and 1960s it served in the Korean War and Aden Emergency.
2926	0	Amphion (horse)	10	At the Newmarket Houghton meeting he finished second to Sheen in a £1,000 Plate.
2927	0	2005–06 Mansfield Town F.C. season	2	Mansfield Town's score comes first
2928	0	Brian Ickler	6	However, on May 20, the team was shut down.
2929	0	John Henry (spy)	14	They were made the subject of a special message to Congress, and created much excitement throughout the country.
2930	0	Owa language	9	The Owa language consists of 5 phonemic vowels, ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ, ɐ, separated in three categories: front (ɪ, ɛ), central (ɐ), and back (ɔ ʊ).
2931	0	Blood Road	62	Presentation of evidence was difficult.
2932	0	Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa	4	"The league started out with ten clubs, with the league champion being promoted to the ""Verbandsliga""."
2933	0	Optical coherence elastography	3	However, OCE can also cause tissue damage in some handling.
2934	0	One's Self I Sing	4	The Female equally with the Male I sing.
2935	0	Felix of Thibiuca	1	Felix ( 303) was a bishop of Thibiuca in Africa who was martyred during the Great Persecution under the Roman emperor Diocletian alongside Audactus, Fortunatus, Januarius, and Septimus.
2936	0	Velutheri Kesavan Vaidyar	1	He was a follower and a friend of Sree Narayana Guru.
2937	0	Thelymitra fuscolutea	4	The chestnut sun orchid grows in heath, forest and on the edges of winter-wet swamps.
2938	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	65	The timber clad original mill building dates from the reign of Queen Anne.
2939	0	Basque Nationalist Action	7	Arguably in order to tamper the court assessment of its candidates, EAE-ANV only disclosed its intentions to run for those elections with the shortest possible legal notice.
2940	0	A8 road (Latvia)	1	Currently A8 has 2x2 lanes until Jelgava bypass, other parts have 1x1 or 2x1 lanes.
2941	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	28	The mill was recorded as Checqworth Mill on the 1801 Ordnance Survey map.
2942	0	Harrison Hill	2	In the Halkomelem language, Harrison Knob is called Qithyll, there are 198 mounds in 15 distinct clusters over an area comprising 10 km.
2943	0	Prometheus (short story)	1	"It was not published in Kafka's lifetime, first appearing in ""Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer"" (1931)."
2944	0	Ben Brush	6	He then lost to the high-class Requital in the Flatbush Stakes.
2945	0	Climbing hold	15	A smooth radius on a pocket is generally the most comfortable to climb on.
2946	0	Sky Cabin	2	Sky Cabin opened in 1974 as park of the former Roaring 20s area.
2947	0	Li Yannian (musician)	1	Li Yannian (, died 90 BC) was a Chinese musician during the Han Dynasty.
2948	0	Aqua (Kingdom Hearts)	5	Nomura felt the open back of Aqua's outfit presented at the Tokyo Game Show 2009 was too revealing and modified the design to be more conservative.
2949	0	NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co.	1	Absent such conditions, bargaining was not occurring.
2950	0	James Lind (physician, born 1736)	2	His mother Helen was daughter of George Allardice, Member of Parliament.
2951	0	Toxin and Toxin-Target Database	1	In total there are 42,433 toxic substance-toxin target associations.
2952	0	1992–93 Scottish First Division	1	The 1992–93 Scottish First Division season was won by Raith Rovers, who were promoted along with Kilmarnock to the Premier Division.
2953	0	Thomas Percival (antiquarian)	4	"In this he was following up Josiah Owen and his ""Jacobite and Non-juring Principles freely Examined"" (1747)."
2954	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	55	"The mill was marked on the first 6"" OS map of Kent in 1865."
2955	0	Cariwest	1	The festival gives the attendees a chance to enjoy Caribbean culture.
2956	0	Automobiles Boitel	4	Boitel took some deposits with the orders which subsequently could not be refunded because the business failed.
2957	0	Piper PA-28 Cherokee	21	PA-28s were built under license in Brazil as the Embraer EMB-711A and EMB-711C Corisco (PA-28R-200), EMB-711B (PA-28R-201), EMB-711T (PA-28RT-201) and EMB-711ST Corisco Turbo (PA-28RT-201T) and the EMB-712 Tupi (PA-28-181).
2958	0	Sergey Kuvaev	2	Sergey Kuvaev was born in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia.
2959	0	Kingdom of Scotland	35	In December of the same year, matters were taken even further, when at a meeting of the General Assembly in Glasgow the Scottish bishops were formally expelled from the Church, which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis.
2960	0	Christopher H. Phillips	10	In 1970, President Richard Nixon nominated Phillips to serve as the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations Security Council, with the rank of Ambassador.
2961	0	Montrose Works F.C.	1	Montrose Works F.C.
2962	0	Everybody Knows (Leonard Cohen song)	1	It has often been covered and used in soundtracks.
2963	0	BCSWomen	2	Grace Hopper was a pioneering American computer scientist.
2964	0	Bombus terrestris	8	"A ""false queen"" might take control of the colony for a short period."
2965	0	Brenda Buttner	3	In 2000, she joined Fox News where she would spend the rest of her career.
2966	0	The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)	4	"A creature resembling the A-B-Sea Serpent of ""The Royal Book of Oz"" extends itself as stairsteps for Dorothy to enter the coach."
2967	0	Suning Plaza	1	Suning Plaza () may refer to:
2968	0	2006 Washington Redskins season	19	John Hall was 1/2 on field goals with no PATs.
2969	0	Steven Sample	9	He led two strategic planning processes to improve the university on the whole.
2970	0	2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season	9	"For this list, a ""major upset"" is defined as a win by a team seeded 7 or more spots below its defeated opponent."
2971	0	John Perkins Cushing	11	Through his son, Robert, he was the grandfather of Grafton Dulany Cushing (1864–1939), Howard Gardiner Cushing (1869–1916), Olivia Cushing Andersen (1871–1917).
2972	0	Sama–Bajaw languages	22	This, again, makes West Coast Bajau more similar to the languages of Sarawak, than the other languages of the Sama-Bajaw group.
2973	0	Nakul Dubey	6	Dubey was given the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Award for the best work in Kanpur.
2974	0	Charlotte County, Virginia	12	The Board of Supervisors is the legislative policy making body for the County.
2975	0	Little Sparrow	10	"Shine"" was released as the fourth and final single in July 2001."
2976	0	Mike Schooler	1	He attended Garden Grove High School in Garden Grove, California, Cal State Fullerton and Golden West College.
2977	0	1916 U.S. National Championships (tennis)	2	R. Norris Williams defeated William Johnston 4–6, 6–4, 0–6, 6–2, 6–4
2978	0	Aqua (Kingdom Hearts)	5	After design was completed, Nomura was still unsure of how Aqua would be received.
2979	0	George Weiss (baseball)	12	He retired at age 72 on November 14, 1966, and was succeeded by former Cardinal GM Bing Devine.
2980	0	Young Party	3	After the 2002 elections TMSF assumed ownership of Uzan's companies and later sold them.
2981	0	Carsten Höller	16	"The club was divided into equal amounts of floor space representing the ""Congo"" and the ""West""."
2982	0	Disney's Beach Club Resort	7	In addition, vacation homes at Disney's Beach Club Villas are broken down into three different sized accommodations, ranging from studios that sleep 4, one-bedroom villas that sleep 4, and two-bedroom villas that sleep 8.
2983	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	50	The mill had an overshot waterwheel diameter and some wide of composite construction and powered three pairs of millstones via a lineshaft.
2984	0	Kingdom of Scotland	31	French, Flemish and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish burghs, most of which were located in the south and east, an area to which Anglian settlers had already brought a form of Old English.
2985	0	Wah-wah pedal	1	"The pedal sweeps the peak response of a frequency filter up and down in frequency to create the sound, a spectral glide, also known as ""the wah effect""."
2986	0	Yume no seirei	5	"Makura-gaeshi"", or pillow shifter, is another ""yōkai"" relate to sleep."
2987	0	Danny Alexander	15	Cameron called for a fresh start in relations between the parliaments in Westminster and Holyrood and committed to appearing every year to answer questions at the Scottish Parliament.
2988	0	Herpes simplex research	11	The vaccine is now being researched and developed by Sanofi Pasteur.
2989	0	The O.C. (season 1)	10	functions well enough for its target audience, churning plenty of soap storylines out of a talented cast.
2990	0	McGlusky the Sea Rover	2	A stowaway becomes mixed up with gunrunners.
2991	0	Kingdom of Scotland	35	During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook, severely reducing the powers of bishops, although not abolishing them.
2992	0	Honeyz	13	Following this and a departure from their management, the group decided to go their separate in December 2001.
2993	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	3	"Following commissioning, ""Saury"" conducted tests in the New London, Connecticut, area and as far south as Annapolis, Maryland, before visiting New York City in late April for the 1939 New York World's Fair."
2994	0	Once Upon a Time (season 5)	8	"Addressing rumours surrounding the characters origins Kitsis and Horowitz stated, ""we are sticking to the canon of the movie ""Brave"" in terms of who her parents are and where she came from, but post-movie is where our ""Once Upon a Time"" spin comes into play""."
2995	0	Maggia (municipality)	3	"Maggia is first mentioned in 1200 as ""de madia""."
2996	0	Louise Minchin	6	She started work for Radio 5 Live in 1998, and married David Minchin the same year.
2997	0	Totness Recreation Park	17	"The large eucalypts in the north provide nestinge sites for Adelaide rosellas (""Platycercus elegans"") and kookaburras (""Dacelo novaeguineae"")."
2998	0	Qaracalar	1	It has a population of 976.
2999	0	Frédéric Lavenir	1	Prior to joining that firm, he was the Deputy Director of the Economy, Finance and Industry for France, and before that he was an administrator for Trésor public.
3000	0	Wah-wah pedal	5	At this point the first electric guitar was plugged into the prototype wah pedal by guitarist Del Casher who suggested to Joe Banaron that this was a guitar effects pedal rather than a wind instrument effects pedal.
3001	0	Urusei Yatsura (band)	2	Founding members Fergus Lawrie and Graham Kemp met in the summer of 1993, whilst attending the University of Glasgow.
3002	0	NATO Ouvrage &quot;G&quot;	10	The barracks were dismantled.
3003	0	Szymanowski's House	2	Three of its windows looked out onto Frunze Street, two more, onto Italyansky Lane.
3004	0	Polyamine oxidase	3	The systematic name of this enzyme class is N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating).
3005	0	Southport 24 Hour Race	1	The West Lancashire Yacht Club 24 Hour Race, has always been more commonly known as the Southport 24 Hour Race.
3006	0	Amphion (horse)	8	In the finishing straight Sainfoin pulled clear and was followed by Surefoot and Amphion.
3007	0	Blood Road	15	They received small portions of simple food, their clothing was not suitable for winter use, and the hygiene conditions were extremely deficient with much lice infestation.
3008	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	12	Author Digby Smith listed 3,500 Austrians and 6 guns at Tarvis, 450 men and 11 guns at Malborghetto, and 250 men and eight guns at Predil.
3009	0	Harmonia Macrocosmica	3	"In the foreword to his ""Chronologica"", Gerard Mercator stated the intention to publish an atlas which would cover everything of the then-known cosmos, geography and history of the earth."
3010	0	Storytone	5	"Surrounded by the finest musicians in Hollywood, with arrangements and orchestrations by Christ Walden and Michael Bearden, I sang seven of the ""Storytone"" songs live for the second time."
3011	0	Brian Ickler	4	In the Truck Series, he has two top fives, three top tens, and one pole.
3012	0	Fatma Moalla	2	"Moalla then attended university at ""Institut des Hautes Études de Tunis...[and] She graduated with her mathematics degree in June 1960."
3013	0	Hopliancistrus	1	It is endemic to Brazil and can be found in the Tapajós and Xingu River basins.
3014	0	Ferndale Institution	1	Is located in Mission, British Columbia, in the central Fraser Valley, about 80 kilometres east of Vancouver.
3015	0	M48 Patton	32	As many components from the M60A1 were utilized as possible.
3016	0	2012 Albanian presidential election	12	It accused the Democratic Party of not consulting them over the move to elect Zaganjori.
3017	0	SMK tank	6	The SMK's armament was a short 76.2 mm gun in the upper centrally placed turret and a 45 mm weapon in the forward turret.
3018	0	Ōguchi Station	1	Many services continue west of Higashi-Kanagawa via the Negishi Line to during the offpeak, and to during the morning peak.
3019	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	11	The ranch became a military outpost in the department in 1856.
3020	0	Cantref of Penfro	2	The eastern part of Cwmwd Penfro was sometimes called Cwmwd Maenorbier, and the northern part of Cwmwd Coedrath was sometimes called Cwmwd Arberth, but both these were post-Norman lordships, and were probably not genuine commotes.
3021	0	Hayes railway station	4	Initially the 13 weekday and four Sunday services operated as far as Elmers End where they connected with Addiscombe to London trains.
3022	0	John Allen (baseball)	2	"In Robert Peyton Wiggins's book ""The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs"", he states that Allen ""deserted"" the Terrapins to play with the minor league Montreal Royals of the International League."
3023	0	Into the Electric Castle	6	Then in the Garden of Emotions, the Egyptian (Anneke van Giersbergen), overwhelmed by her emotions, becomes convinced that Amon-Ra is coming to seal her fate.
3024	0	Owa language	1	The Owa language is a language of the Solomon Islands.
3025	0	Piper PA-28 Cherokee	8	In 1962, Piper added the Cherokee 180 (PA-28-180) powered by a 180-horsepower (134-kW) Lycoming O-360 engine.
3026	0	R4600	7	The 150 and 180 MHz R4650s were priced at $60 and $74, respectively.
3027	0	Once Upon a Time (season 5)	12	On December 18, it was revealed that the recurring role had been recast to Teri Reeves, who will be making her first appearance in the 16th episode of the season.
3028	0	Dale Williams (footballer)	5	Upon leaving Shrewsbury, he was expected to trial with Kidderminster Harriers.
3029	0	SMS Novara (1913)	3	Commissioned into the French fleet as Thionville, the ship served from 1920 to 1932 as a training ship, and from 1932 to 1941 as a barracks ship in Toulon before being broken up for scrap.
3030	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	68	Firstly, people in the Corner Brook group were invited to come and were immediately employed in their areas of expertise.
3031	0	Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea	1	The Biblioteca Comunale Ariostea is located in the Palazzo Paradiso in central Ferrara, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
3032	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	18	This group of Latvians and Baltic Germans made its way to Corner Brook between late 1949 and 1954.
3033	0	Venkalacheddikulam Divisional Council	2	In 1987 there was a major re-organisation of local government in Sri Lanka.
3034	0	Belenenses SAD	1	Os Belenenses Futebol, SAD, commonly known as Belenenses SAD, is a Portuguese football club from Lisbon founded on 1 July 2018.
3035	0	Acceptance angle (solar concentrator)	9	Parallel rays and sunlight are therefore transmitted differently by a solar concentrator and the corresponding transmission curves are also different.
3036	0	Whitney Reynolds	25	Then in front of 250 gala guests and a live audience on Facebook, Reynolds, and Heiner held a gender reveal party and were stunned to find out that they were going to have a boy and a girl.
3037	0	Celebrant (Australia)	2	that these ceremonies would not be inferior in status to religious weddings.
3038	0	Blanc Wan	2	He is a governor of the Royal Northern College of Music.
3039	0	Bise (disambiguation)	2	Bise or BISE may also refer to:
3040	0	St. Brandon	34	In more modern times the islands were mined for phosphates derived from guano.
3041	0	Aku Päiviö	5	He was best known for his dual-coding theory.
3042	0	John Joseph Hirth	5	He was consecrated bishop on 25 May 1890.
3043	0	Ethnic groups of Japan	1	A news article in 2018 states that approximately 1 out of 10 young people residing in Tokyo are foreign nationals.
3044	0	Guangji Temple (Wuhu)	10	The Hall of Four Heavenly Kings is also the shanmen of the temple which is the first important hall in Guangji Temple.
3045	0	Psammodrilus balanoglossoides	2	Between the prostomium and the peristomium is a ring of long cilia.
3046	0	1991 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres	4	<br>
3047	0	Magnus Carlsen	28	He finished in sole second place, ½ point behind the winner World Champion Viswanathan Anand.
3048	0	Mathematical text fragment (Berlin, Staatliche Museen, pap. 11529)	1	Several lines of text in each proposition were left shorter than the remainder of the text lines in order to leave space in the right of the column for the illustrations.
3049	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	52	Alfred Reginald Fremlin was the miller in 1855.
3050	0	Blanc Wan	2	Blanc Wan has established a profile as a pianist, musicologist and educator.
3051	0	Acapulco	15	It became an archdiocese in 1983.
3052	0	Robert Gallucci	15	"U.S. Nonproliferation Policy: Lessons Learned from Our Experience with Iraq and North Korea,"" in ""Pulling Back From the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats"" (Frank Cass Publishers, 1998)."
3053	0	1727 Mette	8	"There are several hundreds of asteroids known to have satellites ""(also see )""."
3054	0	Public-access television	42	Often the city or town may use the G channel to cablecast city council meetings, election programming, local emergency announcements and other events and programs as valued by the local government.
3055	0	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse	6	Having gained more influence in Europe after William I, German Emperor, his grandfather, had created the German Empire in 1871, Emperor Wilhelm II wished to consolidate German influence on the sea and thus decrease that of the British.
3056	0	AKPD Message and Media	1	"TIME has praised one of their most talked about ads, ""Dante,"" as ""The Ad that Won the New York Mayor's Race.""."
3057	0	Aeroflot Flight 6551	3	At the time the weather consisted of clouds at altitudes of 1000–1300 meters, mild wind and rain, with visibility at 10 kilometers.
3058	0	Public-access television	53	"In Germany, Norway and Sweden there are ""open channels""."
3059	0	Alam Gul Kuchi	3	"He later added that there's nothing wrong with his statement because """"that's true that we [Kochis, and Pashtuns?]"
3060	0	SMS Novara (1913)	4	"Novara"" carried about of coal that gave her a range of approximately at ."
3061	0	Honeyz	17	The bands were originally only supposed to perform a one-off concert at London's Hammersmith Apollo on 26 February 2013, but when the entire show sold out in under five minutes shortly after the premiere of the first episode on 31 January 2013, rumours circulated that producers of the show were planning to tour the concert around the UK.
3062	0	Microcolona technographa	2	The forewings are brownish-fuscous, with a slender blackish-grey streak along the basal third of the costa, interrupted in the middle by a whitish dot.
3063	0	Herpes simplex research	34	Researchers at Temple University have been researching how to disrupt HSV from replicating that could eventually lead to a cure.
3064	0	Anna Adelaïde Abrahams	2	She moved to The Hague in 1877.
3065	0	Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District	2	Many of the 2,600 that were produced remain today.
3066	0	Robert Gallucci	3	Gallucci left the world of academia in 1974 and went on to hold various positions relating to international affairs.
3067	0	Russ Jones	6	Jones wrote more than two dozen paperback novels under the name Jack Younger and other pseudonyms.
3068	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	13	He was promoted to lieutenant, which required a special order from the King in Council, as he had only been in the Navy four and a half years.
3069	0	James A. Shelton	2	"Two ships have been named USS ""Shelton"" in his honor."
3070	0	Scott Evans (actor)	4	He has two sisters, Carly and Shanna, and an older brother, actor Chris Evans.
3071	0	Werner Park	2	The club moved from Rosenblatt Stadium in south Omaha (in Douglas County) into Werner Park on December 17, 2010.
3072	0	Magnus Carlsen	85	Karjakin won game 8 after Carlsen overpressed, but Carlsen equalised the match in game 10.
3073	0	4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery	7	On 9 June 1916, the brigade joined 63rd (Royal Naval) Division, which had recently arrived in France from the Mediterranean and had no artillery.
3074	0	Not a Saint	1	It has peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart.
3075	0	La Presa, Texas	4	The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.42% White, 0.59% African American, 10.63% from other races, and 2.36% from two or more races.
3076	0	MV Xue Long	13	"It was heading eastward from Zhongshan Station when it was dispatched along with several other icebreakers by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority to free ""Akademik Shokalskiy"" which had become trapped in ice off the East Antarctic coast."
3077	0	Jorge Palatsí	2	Cultural Leonesa
3078	0	LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene &amp; MacRae	1	to form Dewey & LeBoeuf, which went bankrupt in 2012.
3079	0	Julia Garner	13	"Garner has also acted in another Netflix series, ""Maniac,"" as Ellie, the sister of main character Annie, played by Emma Stone."
3080	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	69	A steam engine was recorded at the mill in 1887, but had gone by 1890, when Walter Skinner was the miller, still there in 1895.
3081	0	Berlin, Schoenhauser Corner	1	Berlin, Schoenhauser Corner () is an East German crime film directed by Gerhard Klein.
3082	0	William T. Moore (Texas politician)	6	The two subsequent nominations, Gardiner Symonds of Houston and Albert P. Beutel of Lake Jackson, supported coeducational status and were confirmed.
3083	0	R4600	7	On 16 September 1997, 150 and 180 MHz versions of both microprocessors were introduced.
3084	0	Timofei Moșneaga	16	His bust stands among 39 other distinguished Moldovan doctors on the Alley of Brilliant Scientists and Doctors in Chișinău, near the Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
3085	0	Nasko Milev	3	Milev participated in 25 games for Botev Plovdiv U19 team and scored 13 goals.
3086	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	16	The losses incurred in the invasion and retreat seriously weakened Archduke John's army.
3087	0	Linenize	1	It may be thought of as the process of making another process imitate linen.
3088	0	Sam Shields	4	He recorded 37 receptions, the most by a Miami true freshman since Reggie Wayne in 1997.
3089	0	Magnus Carlsen	29	In the 11 rounds he achieved four wins, four draws and two losses in the blindfold, and three wins, two losses, and six draws in the rapid.
3090	0	Polyphase merge sort	3	The dataset is distributed evenly between two of the working files, either as sorted runs or in the simplest case, single records, which can be considered to be sorted runs of size 1.
3091	0	Portage Glacier Highway	5	The tunnel operates from early morning until late evening on a schedule that varies seasonally and according to construction and maintenance needs.
3092	0	Louise Epstein	2	Louise Epstein has studied literary science and history of ideas at Lunds university.
3093	0	Burkholderia mallei	19	The most notable and notorious unit, Unit 731, used the bacterium to conduct experiments on live human subjects.
3094	0	Happy Ever After (album)	1	Happy Ever After is rock band The Dogs D'Amour's seventh studio album, it was released in the year 2000 following the band's reformation.
3095	0	Janice Lawrence Braxton	13	In 2003, she joined the Cleveland Rockers as an assistant coach.
3096	0	SS R.J. Hackett	13	"In the early 1870s, the ""R. J. Hackett"" was valued at $48,000."
3097	0	Kazuhiko Torishima	2	"Torishima was most notably editor to Akira Toriyama during ""Dr. Slump"" (1980) and the beginning of ""Dragon Ball"" (1984), and to Masakazu Katsura during ""Wingman"" (1983)."
3098	0	Simone Elkeles	1	She is a New York Times Bestselling young adult author.
3099	0	Drowned World Tour 2001	8	"Colin Jacobson from the DVD Movie Guide website complained about its lack of sharpness and commented, ""Frankly, I'm at a loss to understand how such an unattractive video hit the shelves""."
3100	0	Acapulco	38	The area has over 25,000 condominiums, most of which function as second homes for their Mexican owners.
3101	0	Sıraköy, Tarsus	1	The distance to Tarsus is and to Mersin is .
3102	0	The Round House (novel)	1	"Some critics considered it a thematic sequel to Erdrich's 2008 novel ""The Plague of Doves"" due to its themes of revenge."
3103	0	Owa language	3	All three locations are categorized under the Makira province, which is the home of the Owa language.
3104	0	2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers	36	The manpower requirements for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) led to further reductions in coast defences in April 1944: 559th and 571st Coast Rgts were disbanded and 570th had all their batteries assigned to it, 24 and 33 Coast Observer Detachments replacing 105 and 106, though they also left in July.
3105	0	MV Xue Long	11	"Xue Long"" provides annual resupply for China's Antarctic Zhongshan Station at Prydz Bay."
3106	0	Eduard Strauss II	2	Eduard II visited Japan in 1956.
3107	0	Intersection (1994 film)	6	The women part ways, each believing that she was Vincent's true love.
3108	0	Betulinic acid	8	"obtained the 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of betulinic acid by microbial transformation with ""Cunninghamella"" species, while ""Baglin et al."
3109	0	International Coalition of Library Consortia	14	The ICOLC leadership is organic and evolutionary from within the community.
3110	0	Magnus Carlsen	88	Aronian won the tournament with 6/9 (+3–0=6).
3111	0	Ranaghat subdivision	17	Hospitals in Ranaghat subdivision: (Name, location, beds)
3112	0	The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)	4	"Suits of armor sing to them, ""Hail to the Wizard of Oz!"
3113	0	Helmholtz decomposition	11	Then using the vectorial identities
3114	0	Clément Gosselin	1	He recruited other French Canadians, assisted in American operations during and after the Battle of Quebec, and, following the American retreat from Quebec in 1776, continued to serve in Hazen's regiment.
3115	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	7	"On 26 January 1796 the ""Dutton"", which was transporting troops to the West Indies, ran aground under the citadel in Plymouth with almost 500 men, women and children still on board."
3116	0	Beatrice Hahn	7	One of the main areas of interest for Gallo was tumor-causing retroviruses.
3117	0	Nasko Milev	5	On 28 February, Nasko Milev came on as a substitute and in the 89 minute he scored his first ever goal in an official game during the 2-2 draw with PFC Pirin Blagoevgrad.
3118	0	Aaron Volpatti	1	Anthony Aaron Volpatti (born May 30, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played with the Vancouver Canucks and the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL).
3119	0	Moisture analysis	16	When a condensate forms on the surface of the cooling material, an analysis of the reflected IR beam will show absorption in the wavelengths that correspond to the molecular structure of the condensation formed.
3120	0	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator	6	GnRH antagonists are primarily used in IVF treatments to block natural ovulation.
3121	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	66	In 1755 Richard Gowlett was the papermaker here, and in that year he took John Evernden and Elizabeth Sands as apprentices.
3122	0	Andres Avila	5	Avila was selected for the Mexico national baseball team at the 2017 World Baseball Classic and 2019 exhibition games against Japan.
3123	0	EuroBasket 2015 Group B	2	The group was considered as the toughest group in the tournament.
3124	0	Chegaste	1	"The original version of the song, ""Llegaste"", was released on Carlos' Spanish album ""Amor Sin Límite"" (2018)."
3125	0	Mexican Restaurants, Inc.	3	The company operates restaurants primarily in Texas, but also operates some locations in Oklahoma and Louisiana.
3126	0	John Joseph Hirth	7	The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1912 said the vicariate had about 2,500,000 pagans, 7,000 Catholics, 12,000 catechumens, 30 White Fathers; 23 lay brothers and six Missionary Sisters of Notre-Dame-d'Afrique.
3127	0	Hasset Go	2	He then became involved in promoting local Filipino pastries with the Department of Tourism.
3128	0	Magnus Carlsen	15	There, Carlsen lost to Evgeny Bareev, but then won against Joël Lautier and Vladimir Malakhov before losing again to Gata Kamsky.
3129	0	Burnett Field	7	The Dallas Cowboys used Burnett Field as their primary practice facility when the team was founded in 1960.
3130	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	36	He built numerous public works to serve the people, including waterworks, hospitals, temples, hospices for travelers.
3131	0	Ferndale Institution	2	The current Warden is Shawn Huish.
3132	0	Kashan Airport	2	The actions in a short time to build a 2700-meter and 45 meter band and a few aircraft taxi and parking aircraft capable of heavy-duty park and a pavilion building, the led.
3133	0	VI Corps (United States)	8	Fearing their forces in southern France would be caught in a squeeze between the U.S.
3134	0	Points of Departure (Babylon 5)	5	To their surprise, they found that Sinclair had the soul of the Minbari within him, and, in line with their beliefs that Minbari souls find new vessels when their host dies, recognized that souls of deceased Minbari have found their way into humans.
3135	0	Calamotropha aequilata	1	Calamotropha aequilata is a moth in the family Crambidae.
3136	0	Ufuoma McDermott	2	"At the age of seven, her father coined a pet name for her: ISIO (which means ""star"" in Urhobo)."
3137	0	Basingwerk Abbey	7	He thought he had only been listening a short while, but when he returned, the abbey was in ruins.
3138	0	Skrunda-1	2	"Pursuant to an agreement ""On the Legal Status of the Skrunda Radar Station During its temporary Operation and Dismantling"", signed by Latvia and the Russian Federation on 30 April 1994, the Russian Federation had been allowed to run the radar station for four years, after which it was obliged to dismantle the station within eighteen months."
3139	0	Wake Up (ClariS song)	3	Clara and Alice related the lyrics referring to a transition to a new lifestyle to their enrollment into high school earlier in 2012.
3140	0	Meat shoot	1	Meat shoots are commonly mistaken as block shoots, ham shoots, turkey shoots, etc.
3141	0	Magnus Carlsen	5	The family spent one year in Espoo, Finland, and then in Brussels, Belgium, before returning to Norway in 1998, where they lived in Lommedalen, Bærum.
3142	0	St Nicolas' Church, Hockley	4	In 1942, the church of St Edward on New John Street West was closed, and the parishes were united.
3143	0	Fuglede's theorem	24	Then
3144	0	Magnus Carlsen	42	The field featured World Champion Viswanathan Anand, female world No.
3145	0	Sama–Bajaw languages	29	In this case, the structure is grammatical regardless of whether the undergoer is definite/specific or not.
3146	0	The Galleries (Wigan)	1	The Galleries is a shopping complex the town centre of Wigan, Greater Manchester owned by Wigan Council.
3147	0	4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery	1	It saw active service on the Western Front during World War I and was reconstituted as medium artillery in the interwar years.
3148	0	George Samuel Dougherty	6	He would have a stormy relationship during his two and a half years with the NYPD however.
3149	0	Union Federal Party	2	It was founded by members of Torch Commando from Natal.
3150	0	Oliver Heywood	14	Heywood's philanthropic pursuits were looked at as very admirable considering that many of his contemporaries were uninterested in public duties.
3151	0	Legislation on Chinese Indonesians	19	6/2000; annulment supported by former president Megawati Soekarnoputri in Keppres No 19/2002 by declaring Chinese New Year as national holiday.)
3152	0	Max (The X-Files)	3	"Dialogue in the episode was inspired by the 1949 film ""The Third Man""."
3153	0	Reckless (1995 film)	10	Though Lucas deals with heavyweight issues, his cool, studied approach somehow diminishes them .
3154	0	Kee Kim Swee	1	Kapitan China Kee Kim Swee (or Kee Kim Sui, also known as Kee Abdullah after he converted to Islam) was one of the prominent and important Chinese nationality (Hainanese) who settled in Tawau, Sabah.
3155	0	Gran Turismo (1997 video game)	4	Credits can be used to purchase additional vehicles, and for parts and tuning.
3156	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	1	Jeremiah Coghlan CB (c. 1776 – 4 March 1844) was a British naval officer.
3157	0	Vic's Ice Cream	2	The black and white checkered floor tiles, blue jeans and tucked-in shirts worn by employees, and menu items all date back to the store's inception during the Truman administration.
3158	0	KTEN	30	The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26, using PSIP to display KTEN's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 10 on digital television receivers.
3159	0	Paul Boothe	1	He lives in London, Ontario, Canada.
3160	0	Tulips (poem)	4	"It was originally published in ""Ariel""."
3161	0	Audubon, New Jersey	19	There were 8 voters registered to other parties.
3162	0	Mae Young	13	", Young teamed with Moolah and defeated Dawn Marie and Torrie Wilson.<ref name=""SmackDown!23/09/04""></ref>"
3163	0	Trinity Independent Chapel	2	With its large, elegant frontage—a combination of Grecian and Italian Renaissance styles—directly facing the main road, this lavish building came to dominate its streetscene at a time when chapel architecture in the East End of London was generally low-key.
3164	0	Union Federal Party	1	It never gained any seats in Parliament, and ceased to exist in 1960.
3165	0	Guangji Temple (Wuhu)	10	Hengha Erjiang, also known as Nryana, are enshrined in the left and right side of the hall.
3166	0	2018 Dallas Wings season	4	The team lost to the 5th seeded Phoenix Mercury 83–101 in the first round of the playoffs to end their season.
3167	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	1	Their shared expertise and family connections reunited them after leaving Latvia – in Poland, Lower Saxony, West Germany, and in Corner Brook, Newfoundland.
3168	0	Verwaltung	1	In particular, the state (Land) administrations, which had been independent until that time, became part of a unified Reich Authority.
3169	0	Lyse Lafontaine	5	On 1 June 2017 at the 19th Prix Iris, she was awarded the Iris Hommage for 30 years of contributions to Quebec cinema.
3170	0	Magnus Carlsen	54	Carlsen would have won the classical tournament on the traditional 1–½–0 scoring system, with 7/10.
3171	0	Schmidtia	3	"Several names have been coined with the name ""Schmidtia"" but are now regarded as better suited to other genera (""Coleanthus"" and ""Tolpis"")"
3172	0	Drowned World Tour 2001	10	"In the United States, the release debuted atop the ""Billboard"" Top Music Videos chart."
3173	0	Pustoshkinsky District	1	The area of the district is .
3174	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	8	At 0411, she sighted an enemy destroyer and, at 04:24, she fired.
3175	0	Burkholderia mallei	11	Acute infection in horses results in a high fever, loss of fat or muscle, erosion of the surface of the nasal septum, hemorrhaging or mucus discharge.
3176	0	Nnenna Elendu Ukeje	1	In the 2015 general elections she was also re-elected to the house of representative & once again appointed as the house committee chairman on foreign affairs
3177	0	Ezra Hendrickson	3	Upon graduating, Hendrickson joined the amateur Des Moines Menace in 1994, where he played striker, scoring 13 goals in his first year.
3178	0	Kingdom of Scotland	41	The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the Firth of Clyde and anchored off the island of Kerrera in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the Kingdom of the Isles, but he died before the campaign could begin.
3179	0	Acapulco	31	Industrial production is limited mostly to bottling, milk products, cement products, and ice and energy production.
3180	0	John Anthony (physician)	3	"He was the author of a devotional work, ""The Comfort of the Soul, laid down by way of Meditation."
3181	0	Bill May (synchronized swimmer)	7	"Said May, ""It was a huge disappointment and it was very humbling."
3182	0	Firecracker	11	They were handmade, beginning with rolling tubes.
3183	0	Sample-based synthesis	10	For the model to be sufficiently expressive, it is therefore necessary that multisamples be made across both pitch and force of playing.
3184	0	John Anthony (physician)	7	by John Anthony, Dr. of Physick, London, 1654, 4to
3185	0	Blood Road	33	He was brought back to the camp, where he was kept for three days without food or water.
3186	0	Draconic creature (Dungeons &amp; Dragons)	11	All known linnorms are evil and cruel.
3187	0	Blood Road	49	A German doctor came for an inspection and all of the prisoners were examined; all of those that were seriously ill were sent south.
3188	0	Leslie Jamison	2	Her parents are Joanne Leslie, a nutritionist and former professor of public health, and economist and global health researcher Dean Jamison; Leslie Jamison is the niece of clinical psychologist and writer Kay Redfield Jamison.
3189	0	Mount Morgan State High School	32	The former Technical College Building, which prominently fronts the Burnett Highway and Dee Street intersection, is a landmark in its setting and makes an important visual contribution to the streetscape.
3190	0	Shahrekord Airport	2	It locates at 3 kilometers south of the city.
3191	0	Blood Road	14	The Blood Road was a road section northeast of Rognan in the municipality of Saltdal.
3192	0	Herpes simplex research	28	Results showed up to a 75% reduction in viral load and a weak reduction in viral shedding by 14%.
3193	0	Ghanta Chakrapani	1	During the talks, the Government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) appointed him as the convenor for the Cease-fire Monitoring Committee.
3194	0	Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation	9	Census data about mother tongue and religion is not available at the ward level.
3195	0	Wah-wah pedal	18	"Davis first used this technique in 1970 (at concerts documented on ""Live-Evil"" and ""The Cellar Door Sessions"") at a time when he also made his keyboard players (Keith Jarrett and Chick Corea) play electric pianos with a wah-wah pedal."
3196	0	Climbing hold	4	However, using a process known as hollow-backing the weight of the hold can be dramatically reduced.
3197	0	Johan Rodríguez	2	The club won the Invierno 1997 championship and the CONCACAF Champions Cup tournaments of 1996 and 1997.
3198	0	Indonesia national football team records and statistics	4	(3 place)
3199	0	Angela Masi	2	Angela Masi was born on January 10, 1987 in the Italian city Bari.
3200	0	NatWest	6	Deregulation in the 1980s, culminating in the Big Bang in 1986, also encouraged the bank to enter the securities business.
3201	0	New York Central Hudson	3	The 2-8-4's 4-wheel trailing truck permitted a huge firebox to be located after the boiler.
3202	0	Mission Creep (Person of Interest)	2	He finds out that she is now engaged.
3203	0	Great Northern Conference	1	The Conference was formed in 2008 with former Lumberjack members Lakeland, Medford, Northland Pines and Tomahawk, Cloverbelt member Mosinee, and Wisconsin Valley's Antigo and Merrill.
3204	0	Bear Lodge Mountains	3	Devils Tower was declared a United States National Monument in 1906.
3205	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	15	"After 35 minutes ""General Ernouf"" was seen to catch fire and ten minutes later she blew up with a dreadful explosion."
3206	0	Chhamb, Hamirpur	1	Chhamb is located in the area of Sujanpur, in the Hamirpur district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
3207	0	Haddiscoe railway station	4	An existing station on the Yarmouth-Beccles Line at this junction was renamed from Herringfleet Junction to Haddiscoe High Level at the same time.
3208	0	Stella Zambalis	2	She began her career as a mezzo-soprano and switched to soprano in the mid 1990s.
3209	0	Yahoo! Pipes	5	The pipe editor was composed of three panes: the canvas, the library and the debugger.
3210	0	Malcolm Bowie	2	He was awarded a DPhil at the University of Sussex in 1970.
3211	0	Hearn Generating Station	8	Many of the workers took early retirement and others were transferred to other sites.
3212	0	Maggia (municipality)	7	With the merger of 2004, Maggia has become a more important regional center.
3213	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	10	By c.1715 the Kentish cloth trade has declined, and Harris only mentions two fulling mills and one paper mill.
3214	0	Ocellate spot skate	1	"The ocellate spot skate (""Okamejei kenojei""), also known as the spiny rasp skate or swarthy skate, is a species of skate in the family Rajidae and is commonly found in the north-western Pacific Ocean."
3215	0	Game classification	6	A third method, developed by Funk and Buchman, and refined by others, classifies electronic games into six categories: general entertainment (no fighting or destruction), educational (learning or problem solving), fantasy violence (cartoon characters that must fight or destroy things, and risk being killed, in order to achieve a goal), human violence (like fantasy violence, but with human rather than cartoon characters), nonviolent sports (no fighting or destruction), and sports violence (fighting or destruction involved).
3216	0	Aqua (Kingdom Hearts)	3	When Xehanort unlocks his own heart to subdue a resisting Terra and sinks into the realm of darkness, Aqua dives in and salvages Terra's body, remaining trapped in the dark realm.
3217	0	Sam Shields	1	He would later win Super Bowl XLV with the team over the Pittsburgh Steelers.
3218	0	Bombus terrestris	21	"This has been demonstrated in ""B. terrestris,"" where bees trained on artificially colored flowers will pick a similar color to the one they were trained with when tested with an array of flower choices."
3219	0	Mahasti	6	Nazemiyan was executed by the Revolutionary Court of the new Islamic Republic shortly after the Islamic revolution.
3220	0	Lindy Remigino	2	He was named after aviator Charles Lindbergh.
3221	0	David Carpenter (baseball, born 1987)	3	He was called up on June 21, 2014 and designated for assignment on August 2.
3222	0	Chegaste	2	"In October 2016, ""Billboard"" magazine confirmed that Lopez is working on her second Spanish album, which is set to be released in 2017 through Sony Music Latin."
3223	0	Pierre Gemayel	7	In the years before and after Lebanon's independence, Gemayel's influence and that of the Kataeb Party was limited.
3224	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	46	On 19 August 1945, she sailed for San Francisco, California, and inactivation.
3225	0	Multimethodology	12	Multimethodology and mixed methods research are desirable and feasible because they provide a more complete view, and because the requirement during the different phases of an intervention (or research project) make very specific demands on a general methodology.
3226	0	John V, Count of Oldenburg	6	Their children were:
3227	0	Devolver Digital	10	The presentation explicitly stated that the coin was not a cryptocurrency, should not be considered currency and warned viewers that they could not buy anything with it.
3228	0	Indonesia at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics	12	Zainudin and Dewi Safitri are the nation's representatives in weightlifting.
3229	0	Matt Stover	11	Stover announced his retirement from professional football on May 25, 2011 with the Baltimore Ravens.
3230	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	9	The Department of New Mexico, which at this time included the Territory of Arizona, had the most officers of Hispanic descent, serving in nineteen units of the Union army.
3231	0	Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider	7	However, its wooden wheels and lack of sprung suspension limited towing speed to .
3232	0	President Abraham Lincoln Hotel	9	While the hotel made payments to its state loan initially, it fell behind in payments just two years after opening.
3233	0	St. Brandon	33	The Deed formally declared that “… the jouissance currently held by the St Brandon Fish & Manure Company Ltd of the islands and islets referred to above be converted to a permanent lease in accordance with the above Ordinance, [with the company] claiming the rights of those to whom the Government of Mauritius granted it originally” and that the lease was to commence as from 2 October 1901.
3234	0	David Maurice Brousson	1	He represented North Vancouver-Capilano in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1969 to 1973 as a Liberal.
3235	0	2007 Sydney Roosters season	19	Chairman - Nick Politis
3236	0	Munster	14	Munster is noted for its tradition of hurling.
3237	0	Antonis Kapnidis	4	In the summer of 2018, Kapnidis joined fellow Football League team Ergotelis on a two-year contract.
3238	0	James Cannan	20	In December 1949, the government changed and Blamey wrote to the new Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, once again recommending knighthoods for a number of his generals, including Cannan.
3239	0	Curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament	4	Thursday, February 18, 2:00 PM
3240	0	Magnus Carlsen	40	"In 2012, when asked what he learnt from working with Kasparov, Carlsen answered: ""Complex positions."
3241	0	Lyndhurst, Ohio	9	Males had a median income of $45,172 versus $31,652 for females.
3242	0	Beatrice Hahn	19	"Hahn's careful phylogenetic analysis also supported that the source of HIV-1 was the chimpanzees that were members of ""P.t."
3243	0	Cambridgeshire Lodes	1	The Cambridgeshire Lodes are a series of man-made waterways, believed to be Roman in origin, located in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.
3244	0	Graylands	4	The hamlet was no longer directly connected to Horsham proper due to the A road, insulating Graylands from any urban development.
3245	0	Mongolian Latin alphabet	10	The second version of Latin alphabet made few minor changes to make the way it works to look more familiar to European languages.
3246	0	Wilfrid Gariépy	9	He was re-elected in the 1917 election by an even larger margin over Gray, his 1913 opponent.
3247	0	Latvians and Baltic Germans in Corner Brook, Newfoundland	68	Many Baltic Germans and Latvians immigrated to the rest of Canada after the war.
3248	0	Lutheran Volunteer Corps	3	Luther Place and its senior pastor, John Steinbruck, were inspired by the Jesuit Volunteer Corps and the Mennonite Voluntary Service who had volunteers working in some of their outreach programs, such as DC Hotline and the Luther Place Night Shelter.
3249	0	Kitshoff	1	Notable people with the surname include:
3250	0	Johann Rietsch	2	Rietsch was born in Nuremberg, and trained there as a bellmaker, which was at the time a major industry in the city.
3251	0	The Fountain of Life (painting)	10	This placement must be contrasted with those on the two level, where the books held by Mary and John rest stably on their laps.
3252	0	The Food Project	5	The North Shore branch has a farm in Lynn and a farm in Beverly.
3253	0	Pinus contorta	11	The fires occur most often after years of drought.
3254	0	Acapulco	43	Most are concentrated between the Fiesta Americana and Continental Plaza hotels.
3255	0	Bikram Singh (politician)	1	Singh is a member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly and represents the Jaswan-Pragpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency).
3256	0	Magnus Carlsen	37	In early 2009 Carlsen engaged former World Champion Garry Kasparov as a personal trainer.
3257	0	Nest of Worlds	9	Dave also reads notes that Zef had placed inside the book on slips of paper.
3258	0	Multimethodology	13	You engage in a mixed methods study when you want to construct a quantitatively-driven design, a qualitatively-driven design, or an interactive/equal-status design.
3259	0	KTEN	2	KTEN's history traces back to 1952, when Eastern Oklahoma Television Inc.—a locally based company owned by Bill Hoover, C. C. Morris and Brown Morris, who also owned radio stations KADA (1230 AM) in Ada and KWSH (1260 AM) in Wewoka through their Oklahoma Broadcasting Company subsidiary – applied with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a license to operate a television station on VHF channel 12 (the 1952 assignment of the frequency to the Sherman–Ada media market under the Sixth Report and Order consequently resulted in the FCC also moving the channel 12 allocation originally assigned to Waco, Texas westward to Abilene—where it would become occupied by present-day ABC affiliate KTXS-TV—to avoid interference with any Sherman-Ada station that would be assigned to that channel).
3260	0	Don Houghton	2	Born in Paris, Houghton started writing for radio in 1951 before moving into film and television in 1958.
3261	0	Cellular Jail	3	Many died in this enterprise.
3262	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	55	Some machinery still remains in the mill.
3263	0	Syed Hasan Imam (actor)	2	He won the first prize in Rabindra Sangeet category in All India Festival.
3264	0	Glenn Fredly	1	He produces new talented artists like female vocalist YURA & male soloist Gilbert Pohan.
3265	0	Mayken Coecke	1	Bruegel was apprenticed to Pieter Coecke van Aelst, a leading Antwerp artist who had relocated to Brussels .
3266	0	Mari (given name)	2	In Japanese it appears as , or can be written using different kanji characters so that it means, respectively:
3267	0	Kenneth Levin	2	in English language and literature from Oxford University, an M.D.
3268	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	3	According to these sources, two monks, Sona and Uttara, were sent to propagate the doctrine of the Master in this region following the great council of 274 B.C.
3269	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	55	A 1423 Thai account of a mission to Sri Lanka mentions eight Khmer monks who again brought orthodox Mahavihara sect of Singhalese order to Kampuchea.
3270	0	Devine, Texas	3	The population density was 1,331.4 people per square mile (514.0/km²).
3271	0	Bossier City, Louisiana	18	Three casinos in the city have financed a number of municipal projects, many completed during the administration of the late Mayor George Dement.
3272	0	Ramesh Bijlani	17	Excerpts from the talk are on YouTube.
3273	0	Burke County Courthouse (Georgia)	2	A two-story annex was built in 1940 and joined by an open bridge on two levels at the rear of the building.
3274	0	Sacrifice (Gary Numan album)	6	"Prior to ""Sacrifice"", ""I spent quite a few years just trying to write songs that would get me back on the radio""."
3275	0	Moses Gabb	2	He then left missionary work because of doctrinal differences, did not enter the ministry, and instead opened a store at Alberton until his election to parliament.
3276	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	14	This was just prior to the Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 to 28, 1862, the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign.
3277	0	2002 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards	1	The 25th Stinkers Bad Movie Awards were released by the Hastings Bad Cinema Society in 2003 to honour the worst films the film industry had to offer in 2002.
3278	0	M48 Patton	29	It had a modified hatch to allow more room in comparison to the previous M1 cupola and the two rear vision blocks were eliminated.
3279	0	Augustine's influence on John Calvin	2	These were detailed in the Second Synod of Dort in 1618–1619 against the opposing Five Articles of Remonstrance which followed the theology of Jacobus Armenius.
3280	0	Alexander Stewart (1699–1781)	15	He died on 22 April 1781.
3281	0	Deseado Massif	1	Analysis of mantle xenoliths reveals that the lithospheric mantle of the Deseado Massif is about 2100 to 1000 million years old.
3282	0	Totness Recreation Park	14	The southern section of the park was originally granted to John Dunne in 1853, a significant figure in Mt Barker's early history.
3283	0	Aeroflot Flight 6551	1	"Aeroflot Flight 6551 ( ""Reys 6551 Aeroflota"") was a scheduled domestic passenger flight on an Ilyushin Il-18B from Baku to Novosibirsk with a stopover in Tashkent that crashed on 11 May 1973 over Semipalatinsk in the Kazakh SSR, killing all 63 people aboard."
3284	0	Hidekazu Takayama	1	Hidekazu Takayama (born 20 March 1948) is a Brazilian politician and pastor from Rolândia, having served as city councillor and state representative.
3285	0	John Bale (baseball)	7	From to , Bale pitched for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp in Japan's Central League.
3286	0	Bresle method	5	The Bresle method was launched in 1995 in the ISO 8502-6 and ISO 8502-9 standards.
3287	0	Richard Fremantle	6	Fremantle was one of the few people permitted to photograph the renowned Florentine drawing and painting atelier of Nerina Simi (1890-1987), and his series of photos are a precious record of her and of the interior of her 19th-century studio.
3288	0	Draconic creature (Dungeons &amp; Dragons)	12	"Linnorms are sometimes referred to as ""Norse dragons""."
3289	0	SMS Novara (1913)	1	"SMS ""Novara"" was a scout cruiser of the Austro-Hungarian Navy which served during World War I."
3290	0	Ant Broads &amp; Marshes National Nature Reserve	3	The NNR includes:
3291	0	Munster	3	During the Early Middle Ages, most of the area was part of the Kingdom of Munster, ruled by the Eóganachta dynasty.
3292	0	Remington D. B. Vernam	2	He attained ace status when he shot down three enemy observation balloons and three enemy planes.
3293	0	Toby Morse	3	In 1989, Morse started being a roadie for bands such as Gorilla Biscuits, Killing Time, and finally Sick of It All, staying with them for several years.
3294	0	Arthur William Brown	2	DuMond, and F.R.
3295	0	James Moran Sr.	2	Moran was born on September 27, 1912 in the South Boston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.
3296	0	Hearn Generating Station	13	In 2002, Ontario Power Generation announced that Studios of America and Comweb Group (headed by Paul Bronfman) would be leasing the property of the former generating station and had plans to construct a square metre multipurpose film production studio called Great Lakes Studios on the site.
3297	0	Kingdom of Scotland	48	"There was also a ""Scottish"" version of this flag, in which the cross of Saint Andrew overlaid the cross of St George."
3298	0	Pat Moran	1	Moran's 1919 Reds also captured their first World Series championship.
3299	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	7	Although at great risk of being dashed to pieces on the rocks, he was successful in saving a good number of lives.
3300	0	Magnus Carlsen	120	"When asked in a 2016 interview whether Carlsen's style resembles his own, Karpov answered: ""It is quite possible."
3301	0	John Joseph Hirth	5	For several years he traveled through his huge vicariate visiting the scattered missions.
3302	0	The Jammers	1	Jammers were an American boogie music group led by Richie Weeks and consisting of the members of Instant Funk, Weeks & Co and various Salsoul Records acts.
3303	0	Ranaghat subdivision	2	The area slopes southwards.
3304	0	David Rocha	6	On 21 January 2016 Rocha moved abroad for the first time in his career, after agreeing to a three-year deal with Major League Soccer side Houston Dynamo.
3305	0	Cadillac Eldorado	39	The rear end was inspired by the GM-X Stiletto concept car.
3306	0	Yahoo! Pipes	5	After creation, the pipe was saved and run.
3307	0	1993–94 Logan Cup	1	It was held in Zimbabwe from 14 January – 20 March 1994.
3308	0	Ali Marpet	7	"Marpet said that it would be a ""huge honor"" to represent Jews as an athlete."
3309	0	Magnus Carlsen	55	Carlsen won the tournament by winning both tiebreak games against Caruana.
3310	0	The Loner (Maurice Gibb song)	5	The biggest differences between the two versions are a slower tempo, poor quality on Gibb's original (as that version was unreleased until now, and only appearing on some bootlegs) and the use of faster tempo on Bloomfields' version.
3311	0	2018 PD20	1	Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.
3312	0	Moo box	1	When turned upside down, it produces a noise that resembles the mooing of a cow.
3313	0	Amphion (horse)	4	Ridden by Tom Cannon, he won the race easily by two lengths from Yard Arm.
3314	0	Obedska bara	4	Obedska pond is one of the world's oldest nature areas, first administrative protective measures having been introduced 1874, when the Habsburg Empire protected it as hunting ground of the royal family.
3315	0	Golosov Ravine	3	This wasn’t the only reported incident of time travel in the surroundings of Golosov Ravine.
3316	0	Cadillac Eldorado	65	On an interesting note, the rectangular marker lamp, located on the bumper extension molding just behind the rear wheel well on 1986 and '87 Eldorado models, would suddenly re-appear on the 1990 & '91 Seville (base models only) and Eldorado Touring Coupé.
3317	0	Brisbane Capitals	2	The Bullets were sold in 1991, while the WNBL license was relinquished in 1995.
3318	0	Julie Dodds-Streeton	6	The panel was a part of a dispute settlement procedure for customers who received financial advice from the Commonwealth Bank received between 2003 and 2012.
3319	0	Inga–Shaba HVDC	8	Although not the first 500 kV HVDC project in operation (the ±533 kV Cahora Bassa scheme having been completed in 1977) it was the first such scheme to use only a single twelve-pulse bridge per pole.
3320	0	Mount Morgan State High School	42	The ceilings of the ground floor level are plaster and those on the first floor are T&G timber boards.
3321	0	George Bowman (Australian politician)	3	George Bowman was the father with Eliza Sophia née Pearce of George Pearce Bowman (1821–1870), pastoralist, Robert Bowman (1830–1873), medical practitioner, and Alexander Bowman (1838–1892) (also a Member of the Legislative Assembly), parliamentarian, the eldest, fifth and seventh sons, pioneers of the Hawkesbury region.
3322	0	Dagenham F.C.	8	Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e.
3323	0	Live at the Royal Albert Hall (featuring The Parallax Orchestra)	2	"Three songs, ""Addicted To Pain"", ""Words Darker Than Their Wings"" and ""The End Is Here"", were released prior to the album."
3324	0	Folkets Dagblad Politiken	2	"Politiken"" was launched in 1916, first issue published on 27 April that year, by the left-wing of the Swedish Social Democratic Party."
3325	0	Kevin Horkin	15	Since 2009, Horkin has been a board member of the Development Advisory Group of the Community Foundation for Merseyside & Lancashire, a charitable trust which helps donors to support their community by channelling money into community projects.
3326	0	Mission Creep (Person of Interest)	4	Reese visits Latimer, claiming to be a soldier wanting to join the gang.
3327	0	Jagdgeschwader 20	1	During the Battle of France it was subordinated to Luftflotte 2.
3328	0	Climate change in New Hampshire	3	Rising temperatures will melt snow earlier in spring and increase evaporation, and thereby dry the soil during summer and fall.
3329	0	John Henry (spy)	15	"Richard Leopold wrote, ""In buying sight unseen, in February, 1812, the worthless Henry letters at the cost of a badly needed frigate in order to expose the supposed intrigues of the New England Federalists, Madison and Secretary of State Monroe looked like fools as well as knaves."
3330	0	Sky Cabin	1	The skyline of Disneyland and Disney's California Adventure can also be viewed.. Before the announcement of the park's former Windseeker ride, Sky Cabin was a possible location to become replaced by Windseeker.
3331	0	Amphion (horse)	6	In May he started as a 100/8 outsider for the Great Jubilee Stakes, run over one mile at Kempton Park.
3332	0	Maggia (municipality)	12	Maggia has a population () of .
3333	0	Bands of Mercy	6	"A July 18, 1899, article in the ""San Francisco Call"" about their local Band of Mercy, for example, mentions members reporting on the number of animal cruelty cases that had been reported in the last year (2,379) along with the resulting numbers of prosecutions (195) and convictions (129)."
3334	0	Aku Päiviö	4	"In 1929 he was invited by the Finnish Organization of Canada to work as the editor of their ""Vapaus"" newspaper in Sudbury."
3335	0	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse	9	"Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse"" set out on her maiden voyage on 19 September 1897, travelling from Bremerhaven to Southampton and thence to New York."
3336	0	Hearn Generating Station	6	The eight short chimneys were a source of air pollution in local neighborhoods and downtown Toronto and also fly ash and other particulates.
3337	0	Ranaghat subdivision	18	Nabla (Fulia) Block Primary Health Centre, Santipur CD Block, Fulia Colony, 10 beds
3338	0	Mission Creep (Person of Interest)	9	If it does, I hope they realize that Finch is the best edge they've got and act accordingly.
3339	0	Sydney Showground Stadium	7	On 24 September 2016, the ground hosted its first ever AFL finals game with the Giants losing to the by six points in a close preliminary final.
3340	0	Richard Lee (Royal Navy officer)	2	"With Rodney, ""Triumph"" participated in the victory over the Spanish at the Battle of Cape St Vincent and the inconclusive Battle of Martinique against the French during 1780."
3341	0	Cadillac Eldorado	54	Only nine of the latter are known to have been retrofitted by the American Sunroof Company under the direction of General Motors' Cadillac Motor Car Division.
3342	0	Julie Dodds-Streeton	5	On 1 February 2010 Dodds-Streeton was appointed to the Federal Court, where she served for four years until her retirement on 1 April 2014.
3343	0	Atlantic Express (airline)	1	Atlantic Express (a trading name of Skyblue Airways) is an airline based at Exeter International Airport in the United Kingdom.
3344	0	Crisis on Earth-X	12	"Russell Tovey also voices the character in ""Freedom Fighters""."
3345	0	Indonesia national football team records and statistics	24	3 place
3346	0	2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers	25	In 1924 the RGA was subsumed into the RA, and in 1938 the coast brigades were redesignated as heavy regiments, hence the unit at Cardiff became the Glamorgan Heavy Regiment, RA.
3347	0	Nest of Worlds	9	He comes home to find most of the household murdered (including Zef).
3348	0	Berlin, Schoenhauser Corner	2	The police suspect that his friends assisted him.
3349	0	Miramar, New Zealand	2	"Miramar' means ""look at the sea"" in Spanish."
3350	0	Piper PA-28 Cherokee	1	They have a single door on the right side, which is entered by stepping on the wing.
3351	0	John Perkins Cushing	8	Shortly after his return to Boston in 1830, he married Mary Louisa Gardiner (1799–1862), the only daughter of the Rev.
3352	0	Loretto High School	14	A Capella (The Loretto Lionettes), Business and Investments, Book Club, Creative Writing Club, Domestic Divas, Ecology Club, French Club (Le Cercle Francais), Furry Friends, Med Club, Multi-Cultural Club, Peace Club, Pink Ladies, Political Society, Photography, Relaxation, Shakespeare Society, Spanish Club, Spanish Conversation, Spirit and Sport, Yoga Club
3353	0	Mongolian Latin alphabet	13	The orthography of the Mongolian Latin is based on the orthography of the Classical Mongolian script.
3354	0	Claude Nicollier	4	In 2004, he started teaching at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and became a full professor in March 2007.
3355	0	Kingdom of Scotland	44	These armies rarely managed to stand up to the usually larger and more professional armies produced by England, but they were used to good effect by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 to secure Scottish independence.
3356	0	Cambridgeshire Lodes	11	Reach Lode joins the River Cam at Upware, a further below Swaffham Bulbeck Lode, and runs for to the village of Reach.
3357	0	George F. Bensel House	1	Bensel, president of Southern States Land & Timber, was the original owner.
3358	0	Herrick District Library	10	In 2016, voters overwhelmingly approved a renewal of the library's operating millage.
3359	0	Herrick District Library	5	Library consultant Anders Dahlgren reported that Herrick was 42 percent lower than the national average in terms of the number of volumes held and that 60 percent more space was needed just to house the number of collections at that time.
3360	0	Gilda Joyce: Psychic Investigator	2	Gilda Joyce is a spunky, 13-year-old that wants to be a psychic investigator.
3361	0	Augustus Austen Leigh	1	He was appointed a tutor at the college from 1868 to 1881, and was dean from 1871-3 and 1882-5, and vice-provost from 1877 to 1889.
3362	0	Mahar	17	"Some Buddhist leaders among the population prefer that the term ""Mahar"" no longer be applied to these converts."
3363	0	Belenenses SAD	2	Added to the stock purchase, a parasocial deal was struck where the founding club could keep special rights, such as veto power over certain SAD decisions and the power to buy its stock back.
3364	0	Hugo Fox	2	In 1921, he studied with Walter Guetter, the principal bassoonist of the CSO.
3365	0	San Lucas Island	6	"José León Sánchez, a prisoner of the island, wrote ""La Isla de Hombres Solos,"" translated into English as ""The Island of Lonely Men,"" based on his time in the prison at San Lucas Island."
3366	0	Swynnerton Plan	3	When the Swynnerton Report was first published, its findings, in complement with the East Africa Royal Commission 1953–1955, was a reversal of previous colonial policies on native agricultural practices.
3367	0	Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 304	4	This put significant strain on the windmilling propeller and in all probability caused it to fail in flight.
3368	0	Euryanthe	8	Her soul can find no rest until the ring, lying in her tomb, should be moistened with the tears of an injured and innocent maiden.
3369	0	Totness Recreation Park	3	Totness Recreation Park is located about south-east of the Adelaide city centre and about north-west of the town of Mount Barker.
3370	0	Beatrice Hahn	8	All of the patients with the reported disease were gay males and displayed symptoms of a skin cancer and unique form of pneumonia.
3371	0	Irish Sailing Association	30	See
3372	0	Symphony No. 3 (Haydn)	2	It is scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, strings and continuo.
3373	0	Adam Rundle	13	He made his debut for Gateshead the following day against York City at Bootham Crescent.
3374	0	Robert Gallucci	11	"in ""The Sacred and The Sovereign: Rethinking Religion and International Politics"", John Carlson and Erik Owens, Eds."
3375	0	Zaleplon	8	In addition, some contend the efficacy and safety of long-term use of these agents remains to be enumerated, but nothing concrete suggests long-term use poses any direct harm to a person.
3376	0	Andreas Schleicher	3	In 1994 he became project manager at the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) of the OECD in Paris.
3377	0	St. Brandon	14	"Blue-faced Boobies ""Sula dactylatra melanops"" are found on Serpent Island and Ile du Nord."
3378	0	Denis Pack-Beresford (MP)	4	He was elected as on eof the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Carlow County at a by-election in 1862 and held the seat until standing down at the 1868 general election.
3379	0	Cheers (season 5)	13	"IGN"" called ""Thanksgiving Orphans"" the fourth best ""Cheers"" episode and topped the season finale ""I Do, Adieu"" in the list."
3380	0	Mill Chute (Hersheypark)	3	Due to a large amount of rain from Hurricane Agnes, Hersheypark experienced an unprecedented flood which resulted in the destruction of the Lost River.
3381	0	Once Upon a Time (season 5)	7	On July 1, 2015, it was announced that Liam Garrigan would play King Arthur during the first half of the season, while Gabe Khouth and Lee Arenberg confirmed via social media that they would be returning as Sneezy / Tom Clark and as Grumpy / Dreamy / Leroy respectively.
3382	0	The Wave (novel)	5	He calls a Wave meeting in the auditorium and requests that only Wave members be present.
3383	0	Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 304	3	4 engine on the aircraft experienced a drop in RPM.
3384	0	Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years	1	Freshly Squeezed... the Early Years is a semi-official compilation of the English rock band Pulp's early material recorded from 1983 to 1992 and originally released on the London independent label Fire.
3385	0	Public-access television	9	The rent for equipment usage and studio time was opposed and later dropped.
3386	0	Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa	9	"The old ""Oberliga Nord"" was disbanded and at its stead, the ""Regionalliga Nord"" was set as the second tier of the league system."
3387	0	Mae Young	8	"As an instructor, her students included Ric ""The Equalizer"" Drasin and The Fabulous Moolah."
3388	0	Katimavik-Hazeldean	7	Beginning in the late 1980s, the area between Terry Fox Drive and the Carp River has slowly filled with small office buildings, research and development facilities, and big-box stores, with some parcels still awaiting development.
3389	0	Kingdom of Scotland	42	In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers participated in the major expedition to Biscay.
3390	0	2004 Thailand Open – Doubles	1	Justin Gimelstob and Graydon Oliver won the doubles tennis matches in the final 5–7, 6–4, 6–4, against Yves Allegro and Roger Federer
3391	0	Adam Contessa	5	As of the 2012/13 season, he is playing for Yarraville Club, also in the VTCA.
3392	0	Jim Clash	6	Jim has driven several cars over 200 mph including:
3393	0	Wah-wah pedal	11	Michael Schenker also utilized the pedal in his work.
3394	0	Evangelistas Lighthouse	3	It was restored in 1995-96 with the fiberglass lantern then in use replaced with a replica of the original lantern.
3395	0	B	11	B is also a musical note.
3396	0	John Bryant (basketball)	7	In his first season with the Bavarians he helped the club reach the Top 16 of the EuroLeague and win the German championship.
3397	0	Johann Rietsch	2	He gained a general reputation locally for his intelligence and education, owing to his poetry, ability at playing the harp, and command of French.
3398	0	1955 New York Yankees season	4	= Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
3399	0	Karin Peckert-Forsman	1	She competed in the women's combined event at the 1936 Winter Olympics.
3400	0	Hervé I, Count of Perche	4	They had a number of children:
3401	0	USS LST-247	8	She underwent maintenance and resumed sail in January 1945, where she participated in the February amphibious assault on the Japanese stronghold island of Iwo Jima.
3402	0	2007 Orlando Predators season	78	2nd Quarter:
3403	0	Magnus Carlsen	102	Carlsen retained his title by defeating Caruana 3–0 in rapid tiebreak games.
3404	0	Mount Morgan State High School	25	By the 1950s the site had acquired: an assay laboratory at the northeastern end of the site; and a carpenters and trade shop located between the Science Block and Workshop and the residence.
3405	0	Extreme project management	9	Extreme project management contributes to success in three different ways:
3406	0	Arthur James Wilson	2	He began cycling at the age of eleven and became deaf at age 12 after contracting scarlet fever, Faed was a self applied anagram of deaf.
3407	0	Sverre J. Herstad	5	"Herstad was a motor and transport journalist, under the pseudonym ""Mr."
3408	0	SMS Novara (1913)	8	"The first such raid, conducted by ""Novara""s sister ships and , took place on the night of 22–23 November."
3409	0	Red Berry (wrestler)	8	In 1969, when Monsoon turned into a fan favorite, he dropped Berry as his manager.
3410	0	Russ Jones	6	"Younger also is the byline on ""Maniac!"
3411	0	Crocker Park	1	Crocker Park is a lifestyle center and mixed-use development in Westlake, Ohio.
3412	0	Monte Burney	8	The strongest volcanic eruption in the region occurred 7,750 years before present at Cerro Hudson volcano, which deposited tephra all over southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
3413	0	James Shears and Sons	19	The case with appeals lasted from 1826 until 1838; the final result was against the company and led eventually to its collapse.
3414	0	Colombia at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics	4	The following Colombian competitors won medals at the Championships
3415	0	Wilfrid Gariépy	16	The King government's policy of conscription cost it popularity in Quebec, and Gariépy's critical approach gained favour.
3416	0	CHRY-FM	5	Volunteers are to be in supportive roles while on air talent will be professionalized in a departure from the station's long time commitment to community radio.
3417	0	Bombus terrestris	21	These skills might take several days to develop, as memory does not always hold perfectly on a day-to-day basis, sometimes deteriorating overnight.
3418	0	Pustoshkinsky District	1	Its administrative center is the town of Pustoshka.
3419	0	Kingdom of Scotland	35	The Calvinism of the reformers led by Knox resulted in a settlement that adopted a Presbyterian system and rejected most of the elaborate trappings of the Medieval church.
3420	0	Schuylerville High School	1	The school teams are known as the Black Horses.
3421	0	2017 in baseball	5	Baseball America awards
3422	0	Cornelius Winter	15	Therefore, he began again the itinerant preaching in England he had done before going to America.
3423	0	Sea Sprite 27	12	Similar sailboats
3424	0	K. A. C. Creswell	13	In June 1973, his health failing, Creswell returned to England.
3425	0	Ranaghat subdivision	8	The subdivision contains 47 gram panchayats under 4 community development blocks:
3426	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	1	José Guadalupe Gallegos (April 13, 1828 – May 18, 1867) was a native New Mexican military leader, county sheriff, rancher and politician.
3427	0	Antigonus (sculptor)	1	"According to Pliny, Antigonus sculpted statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, and a ""Perixyomenos"" – probably a sculpture of a man scraping himself."
3428	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	6	The committee members were Charles P. Clever, United States Marshal in Santa Fe; Facundo Pino, the brother of Nicolas Pino; W.J.
3429	0	The Nation and Athenaeum	4	Other contributors included Edmund Blunden, H. E. Bates, H. N. Brailsford, J.
3430	0	Daniel Fischlin	18	Co-authored with Martha Nandorfy.
3431	0	Burkholderia mallei	1	"Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus ""Burkholderia"" causing glanders; the Latin name of this disease (""malleus"") gave its name to the species causing it."
3432	0	Loretto High School	3	Admission to Loretto High School was selective and based on the student's previous school record, placement test, interview, recommendation, and application.
3433	0	Jack Buechner	6	In that election, 102 of the 406 House members who won re-election did so with 60 percent of the vote or less, and R.W.
3434	0	University Ridge Golf Course	13	After laying up, players must avoid a deep bunker short and left of the green.
3435	0	Jon Miller (TV presenter)	6	"He was hired in 1962 by Southern Television and appeared in its regional news magazine ""Day by Day"", talking each week about a different animal."
3436	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	12	Mr Paddon was also wounded in six places.
3437	0	Betulinic acid	4	Caspases are produced as inactive proenzymes, which are proteolytically processed to their active forms.
3438	0	Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal	2	In the parliamentary election held on 19 and 26 October 2001, the then-PRDS won 51.0% of the popular vote and 64 out of 81 seats.
3439	0	Quincy (name)	2	Notable people with the name include:
3440	0	Bennett Sims	1	Upon retirement from the Diocese in 1983, Sims founded the Institute for Servant Leadership at Emory University and served as president of the institute until 1999.
3441	0	James Shears and Sons	2	By 1779 Gore had taken James Shears into partnership and the firm became Gore & Shears.
3442	0	Public-access television	44	PEG television has come under fire from many sources including cable TV providers, local governments and officials, producers, viewers and even corporate litigation from potential copyright infringements.
3443	0	Kingdom of Scotland	35	Particularly important was the work of the Lutheran Scot Patrick Hamilton.
3444	0	Family planning in Bangladesh	5	Essential Drugs Company Ltd started manufacturing condoms in Bangladesh from 2010.
3445	0	Sweet Tracks	10	"Nonetheless, the complete album was available within BBDMS by searching for the album title ""Sweet Tracks"", then clicking on the appropriate ""Buy"" button."
3446	0	Sovereign (1793 ship)	6	"On 30 May the country ship ""Begum Shaw"", Gavin (or Guy) Hamilton master and owner, arrived at Calcutta from Coringa."
3447	0	Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District	18	"If the company was allowed to continue, ""success was assured"", it said."
3448	0	Braathens SAFE Flight 139	7	On 29 May 1986, Huseby was found guilty of hijacking in Eidsivating Court of Appeal.
3449	0	William T. Moore (Texas politician)	7	Texas A&M would be substantially different and not as great a university if it weren't for him.
3450	0	Brett Novak	3	He would go on to incorporate his Visual Effects experience into his later independent skateboard work.
3451	0	Indonesia at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics	1	According to the head of the national contingent, Ade Lukman, athlete training was conducted by individual managers of each sport.
3452	0	Optical coherence elastography	9	Imaging ex vivo excised tissues to perform two-dimensional mapping of elastic modulus.
3453	0	Richard Charles Guthridge	7	The land around Carapook was made available to Selectors after 1850 and many settlers came to the region and secured blocks of land.
3454	0	NatWest	8	The takeover of NatWest in early 2000 was the biggest in UK history.
3455	0	Munster	15	Traditionally, the dominant teams in Munster football are Kerry GAA and Cork GAA, although Tipperary GAA and Limerick GAA have also won All-Ireland Senior Football Championships.
3456	0	Mari (given name)	1	It is also a devotional given name in Tamil.
3457	0	Hana Airport	8	The official authority of Hana Airport is the Governor of Hawaii.
3458	0	Pullman London St Pancras	2	It was later on bought by the AccorHotels group and started to operate as the Novotel Euston before being renamed Novotel London St Pancras when the Eurostar service was moved from Waterloo Station to St Pancras Station.
3459	0	John Joseph Hirth	9	He was succeeded at Southern Victoria Nyanza by Joseph Sweens.
3460	0	Mae Young	9	"Mae made her WWF in-ring debut on the September 27 episode of ""Raw is War""; along with Moolah, she competed in a handicapped evening gown match against WWF Women's Champion Ivory, who stripped Mae from her gown before Moolah picked up the victory."
3461	0	Harmonia Macrocosmica	3	"In 1660, Andreas Cellarius' ""Harmonia Macrocosmica"" was published as the seventh volume of the project."
3462	0	HMS Bonaventure (31)	2	"On 10 January 1941 she, along with and/or , shelled and sank the Italian torpedo boat off Cape Bon, Tunisia, Operation ""Excess""."
3463	0	Harold Hewitt	1	He was a Victorian state and Australian national champion who competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics where he won a bronze medal in the men's eight.
3464	0	Sama–Bajaw languages	33	"The preverbal focus position can be followed by focus particles such as ""no."
3465	0	Defense Information System Network	11	As one of few on time, within budget, to required performance standard DoD ACAT 1AM programs, GIG-BE shows how a government integrated, contractor assisted acquisition can achieve transformational results.
3466	0	Jerry Hollendorfer	14	One of the horses that died was Battle of Midway, who had finished third in the 2017 Kentucky Derby.
3467	0	Philip Agee	24	The Labour MP Stan Newens promoted a parliamentary bill, gaining the support of more than 50 of his colleagues, which called for the CIA station in London to be expelled.
3468	0	King's Head Inn, Aylesbury	11	In 1797, William Pitt the Younger introduced a tax on all clocks and watches and public clocks such as these became much more popular to check the time of day.
3469	0	Nick Morris (basketball)	4	In 2006 Morris co-invented the Vulcan Wheel, ergonomically designed one-piece extruded aluminium wheelchair wheel for use in general travel and sport.
3470	0	Fergus Dubdétach	1	He ruled for a year, before he was defeated by Cormac, with the assistance of Tadg mac Céin and Lugaid Láma, in the Battle of Crinna.
3471	0	Mission Creep (Person of Interest)	6	Reese and Finch find that the woman whom Joey was meeting had a husband on his Division who was killed in Afghanistan.
3472	0	Grand Mound, Iowa	10	The racial makeup of the city was 98.9% White, 0.3% Asian, and 0.8% from two or more races.
3473	0	Wah-wah pedal	18	Noted saxophonist King Curtis was also known to use a wah-wah pedal.
3474	0	Nicholas Grey	2	He graduated B.A.
3475	0	Destiny 2: Forsaken	11	They fight their way through and find Dûl Incaru, the Eternal Return, a powerful Hive Wizard and daughter of Savathûn, a Hive god and sister to Oryx.
3476	0	Game classification	5	action games, video games, fighting and shoot 'em up games, and driving and racing simulators), other vehicular simulators (not covered by driving and racing), strategy games (e.g.
3477	0	Magnus Carlsen	72	In January, Carlsen won the 77th Tata Steel Chess Tournament, which was played mainly in Wijk aan Zee on 9–25 January.
3478	0	George Weiss (baseball)	8	The Yankee farm system produced two more Hall of Famers early in Weiss's GM tenure, Whitey Ford and Mickey Mantle, and continued to contribute key members of their 1950s teams.
3479	0	Public-access television	10	Filmmakers George Stoney, and Red Burns (who had served on the Canadian Film Board), along with Sidney Dean (City Club of NY), were instrumental in developing the theoretical legal basis and the practical need for public-access television, and helped to eventually obtain public-access television requirements in the franchise agreement between the city government and the cable company.
3480	0	The Gifted (film)	8	Mark is admitted to the hospital while Aica asks Zoe to apologize.
3481	0	Ninja (militia)	7	As of 2009, active Ninja remnants still exist in the southern Pool.
3482	0	47th New York Volunteer Infantry	5	Bombardment and capture of Fort Pulaski April 10–11.
3483	0	Thomas I of Constantinople	1	His feast day is March 21 (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, March 21 falls on April 3 of the modern Gregorian Calendar).
3484	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	50	In 1839 the mill was leased by the Earl of Jersey.
3485	0	Portage Glacier Highway	3	The highway continues to the six-lane Bear Valley Staging area, and the toll booth for the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel.
3486	0	Defense Information System Network	11	GIG-BE achieved initial operational capability (IOC) at six sites Sept. 30, 2004.
3487	0	1894 English cricket season	1	Meanwhile, at Hove, Surrey's Tom Richardson and Bill Lockwood bowling Sussex out for 44 and 109 to secure victory by an innings and 15 runs, giving Surrey their fourth official title.
3488	0	Gordon Thomas Whyburn	1	Gordon Thomas Whyburn (7 January 1904 Lewisville, Texas – 8 September 1969 Charlottesville, Virginia) was an American mathematician who worked on topology.
3489	0	William T. Moore (Texas politician)	6	"Bob Cherry called Moore ""the father of the modern Texas A&M University,"" noting that Moore could skillfully pass or kill bills in the interest of TAMU."
3490	0	Ted LeFevre	9	"LeFevre's designs for the new musical ""Ebenezer"" in New York during Christmas of 1996 led to work on twelve summer shows for Surflight Theatre in Beach Haven, New Jersey during their 1998 and 1999 seasons, then ""Gigi"" in 2001, ""On the Town"" in 2002, ""Fiddler on the Roof"" in 2003, ""State Fair"" and ""Anything Goes"" in 2004, ""Shenandoah"" in 2005, ""Annie Get Your Gun"" in 2006, ""Aida"" in 2007, ""All Shook Up"" and ""The Will Rogers Follies"" in 2008, ""Hairspray"" in 2009, and ""The Drowsy Chaperone"" in 2010."
3491	0	4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery	29	In 1961, 458 Regiment (less one battery that merged into 211 Field Squadron Royal Engineers) amalgamated with 265 LAA and 570 LAA regiments, forming P (Kent) Battery in a new 265 LAA Regiment.
3492	0	John of Flanders	2	He died at Anhaive Castle in Jambes and is buried at Flines Abbey near Douai.
3493	0	Frankenmuth, Michigan	15	About 2.4% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.
3494	0	Hans Coverdale Road	15	"Hans Coverdale Road North ends at a """"dead-end"""" location, where construction (by the City Council of Tshwane) to extend the route into the neighbouring suburb of Jan Niemand Park, Pretoria, across the Rietspruitjie (a minor river running from the Moreleta River, thought the heart of Eersterust and ending in the eastern region of Eersterust) is yet to amend."
3495	0	Mackinac Island State Park Commission	2	which are overseen by a professional curatorial staff.
3496	0	Togo women's national football team	5	"Now coached by Kaï Tomety, the ""Éperviers Dames"" finally returned to the international competition in the maiden edition of the WAFU Women's Cup, after 11 years of absence."
3497	0	Burkholderia mallei	2	In 1885, the German Botanist and Bacteriologist, Wilhelm Zopf (1846–1909) gave the pathogen its binomial name, after analyzing samples of the bacterium.
3498	0	Gravity Investments	1	Gravity Investments is an American investment services company.
3499	0	Purewa Tunnel	1	Eastern Line passenger services operate through it, and it is also used by the Northern Explorer and freight services.
3500	0	Ethnic groups of Japan	2	The statistics also do not take into account minority groups who are Japanese citizens such as the Ainu (an aboriginal people primarily living in Hokkaido), the Ryukyuans (from the Ryukyu Islands south of mainland Japan), naturalized citizens from backgrounds including but not limited to Korean and Chinese, and citizen descendants of immigrants.
3501	0	Humid continental climate	9	In the Eastern Hemisphere, this climate regime is found within interior Eurasia, east-central Asia, and parts of India.
3502	0	Cheers (season 5)	13	"He praised Lilith's appearances, finding her ""poorly handled"" since she appeared in only two episodes this season."
3503	0	Trenčín	1	Trenčín (, also known by other alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech border, around from Bratislava.
3504	0	Battle of Tarvis (1809)	14	The Italians seized a key redoubt and began rolling up Gyulai's defenses from the south.
3505	0	Cumbria House	2	Throughout much of the 20th century, the administration of Cumberland County Council had been carried out from the Courts in Carlisle.
3506	0	USS Dodge County (LST-722)	5	She was subsequently assigned, once again, to the Amphibious Force of the United States Atlantic Fleet.
3507	0	2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers	37	The Glamorgan batteries were amalgamated into 281st (Glamorgan Yeomanry) Field Regiment while the Pembroke batteries were amalgamated into 302nd (Pembroke Yeomanry) Field Regiment.
3508	0	Kee Kim Swee	9	Some of the children's names were not recorded.
3509	0	Cellular Jail	12	These three died due to [[force-feeding]].
3510	0	Naked Jungle	5	"This was from a viewer complaining that he could ""do without Keith Chegwin prancing around""."
3511	0	Magna International	6	The company has produced more than 46 million components and opened a $66.5 million plant to produce cameras and driver-assistance components.
3512	0	1980 CONCACAF Champions' Cup	13	Played in Tegucigalpa from 8–12 February 1981.
3513	0	Sweet Tracks	11	"If a user found the Sweet Tracks album page but still find all the ""Buy"" buttons greyed out, he or she was likely enrolled in a non-BBDMS version of Rhapsody; only BBDMS enrollees were authorized to download the album."
3514	0	Sydney Showground Stadium	3	In conjunction with an expansion and upgrade in 2011–12, it was renamed Sydney Showground Stadium.
3515	0	Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs	1	Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs (born August 8, 1993), occasionally credited as Devery Jacobs, is a Kanienʼkehá꞉ka (Mohawk) actress.
3516	0	Mayken Coecke	1	1545 – Brussels, 1578) or Maria Coecke was the daughter of Pieter Coecke van Aelst and Mayken Verhulst.
3517	0	Draconic creature (Dungeons &amp; Dragons)	25	They are extremely skilled at casting magic and spells, particularly ones associated with fire.
3518	0	VI Corps (United States)	5	The VI Corps took part in some of the most high-profile operations in World War II.
3519	0	Paul Boothe	4	He later served as Senior Associate Deputy Ministry for Industry Canada (2007–2010) and Deputy Minister for Environment Canada (2010–2012).
3520	0	Mark Schmitt	2	Schmitt has written extensively on budget and tax policy, and on the history and role of ideas in politics.
3521	0	Crisis on Earth-X	23	"Schedeen awarded ""The Flash""s episode a 9.2 out of 10, noting that while part 1 had ""a slow start"" and part 2 gave ""a fairly underwhelming follow-up... the crossover finally seemed to click"" in part 3."
3522	0	Vanessa Summers	1	Joseph W. Summers in 1991.
3523	0	Devine, Texas	6	Males had a median income of $26,395 versus $18,605 for females.
3524	0	Sea Lion Rocks railway station	2	The zoo, created in the adjacent cove had been a feature from 1893 and was the sole reason for the building of the line.
3525	0	St John Hutchinson	7	Although the Liberals were experiencing a mini-revival nationally, he could not translate that into a win on the Isle of Wight;
3526	0	Mill Chute (Hersheypark)	2	The result left an open space in the park, and the first ride purchased to fill that void was the Mill Chute.
3527	0	Simone Elkeles	2	Simone Elkeles was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 24, 1970.
3528	0	MV Mill Bay	17	The MV Klitsa now (as of summer 2016) services the Brentwood Bay - Mill Bay route.
3529	0	Terpene	5	Although the structures of terpenoids are rationalized as derivatives of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), isoprene is not involved in the biosynthesis.
3530	0	Magnus Carlsen	58	Before this, Nielsen was on Viswanathan Anand's team.
3531	0	Women photographers	21	Her images of the Columbia River which she developed in a darkroom on a houseboat were exhibited in 2008 at the Portland Art Museum.
3532	0	The Flint Street Nativity	7	The film was broadcast by ITV on 22 December 1999.
3533	0	Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation	10	According to the District Census Handbook Kolkata 2011, 141 wards of Kolkata Municipal Corporation formed Kolkata district.
3534	0	Burleene Township, Todd County, Minnesota	5	21.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
3535	0	Julia Baird	4	Baird's mother, Julia Lennon, was the fourth of five children in the Stanley family: Mary, known as 'Mimi' (1906–1991), Elizabeth 'Mater' (1908–1976), Anne 'Nanny' (1911–1988), Julia 'Judy' (1914–1958), and Harriet 'Harrie' (1916–1973).
3536	0	1926–27 Chicago Black Hawks season	6	Chicago began December with a 2–2 tie with the New York Americans, ending their three game losing skid, as Rabbit McVeigh scored a goal late in the third period.
3537	0	Inter-American Commission of Women	10	The first, which was actually aimed at wresting control of CIM from Doris Stevens, proposed reorganizing the Inter-American Commission of Women, making it permanent and giving each government the means to appoint their own “official” representative.
3538	0	Tulips (poem)	7	The feelings suggested by her description of the room are hibernation, dormancy, and detachment.
3539	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	17	By 14 May, she was off Timor; and, by 16 May, she was in the Flores Sea, en route to the Banda Sea and the eastern Sulawesi (Celebes) coast.
3540	0	Burkholderia mallei	18	The Germans' plans for biological warfare started in 1915 on the East Coast of the United States; they intended to infect and kill the livestock that were being sent to the Allies and facilitate the transfer of the disease to humans.
3541	0	Visakhapatnam	39	, the percentage of transport mode shares in the city are, 18% buses, 9% autos, 15% two wheelers, 2% cars and 55% non-motorised transport (bicycles and pedestrians).
3542	0	Louise Epstein	3	"Epstein is the author of two novels, ""En trollkarl vittnar inte"" (1992) and ""Sju dagar i augusti"" (1994) both released by the publisher Brombergs."
3543	0	Revival of the Hebrew language	6	In most cases, certainly in the base of Hebrew's revival, 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the use of Hebrew was not at all natural, but heavy in flowery language and quotations, non-grammatical forms, and mixing-in of other languages, especially Aramaic.
3544	0	Max (The X-Files)	6	The military recovers the crashed UFO from the lake, including the alien body.
3545	0	Benzyl butyl phthalate	15	However, if BBP is taken up by the body it can exert toxic effects.
3546	0	Samara Vijayatunggavarman	3	This inscription was written during the short reign of Mahinda VI.
3547	0	Tam Kung	3	It was originally a small shrine.
3548	0	HMPNGS Ted Diro	5	Their maximum speed is .
3549	0	Yusei Kikuchi	1	As a high school pitcher, Kikuchi had a fastball that was clocked at 154 km/h (96 mph) in 2009.
3550	0	Aeroflot Flight 6551	4	At the time the Il-18 was flying on autopilot when within the span of six seconds the instrument speed decreased from 400 to 370 km/h while at its assigned altitude before entering a rapid decline with no lateral roll, reaching overloads ranging from 1.5 to -0.8g.
3551	0	Philosophy of testimony	7	Proponents of anti-reductivism in the history of philosophy include Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Reid.
3552	0	Burkholderia mallei	2	This bacterium is also one of the first to be identified containing a type VI secretion system which is important for its pathogenicity.
3553	0	Loretto High School	12	Music <br>
3554	0	Gran Turismo (1997 video game)	7	The studio was established in April 1998, before the Western release of the game.
3555	0	47th New York Volunteer Infantry	4	The 47th New York Infantry mustered out of service on August 30, 1865.
3556	0	IOOF Lodge Building (Marlinton, West Virginia)	1	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
3557	0	Liberation Society	3	These practices included compulsory local levies known as church rates that were imposed on people, regardless of their religious belief, for use by the Established Church of England for maintenance and running of their parish churches.
3558	0	President Abraham Lincoln Hotel	11	Rod Blagojevich to lift a ban on state employees staying there.
3559	0	Susquehanna Polling &amp; Research	2	Susquehanna Polling & Research was founded by James Lee in 2000.
3560	0	St. Brandon	4	Over time however, the island eroded until it became submerged and a coral atoll was left behind.
3561	0	Kevin Horkin	8	Horkin also took part in a discussion on the Granada TV programme Upfront on so called Acid House parties arguing in favour of bringing them under the existing licensing legislation.
3562	0	Liénard–Wiechert potential	33	The conclusion is that, under certain conditions, the retarded time exists and is unique.
3563	0	George Weiss (baseball)	19	... clung to the excuse of so many clubs: We're not going to promote just anyone to the majors because they happen to be black; we're holding out for someone special ... By that standard, of course, only the black Babe Ruth or Lou Gehrig was going to get the call.
3564	0	Portage Glacier Highway	17	The highway was probably paved sometime between 1965 and 1967, and three small bridges along the route were constructed, all of which are still used today.
3565	0	Bhaktapur	15	Many of the stone sculptures date to the Licchavi period.
3566	0	Herpes simplex research	30	Their vaccine (named VCL-HB01) was involved in a Phase II clinical trial.
3567	0	Moses Gabb	3	He was re-elected at the 1922 election, defeating George Ritchie, who had resigned as state Treasurer to challenge Gabb.
3568	0	2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers	28	Although designated a major port, Newport still had no guns.
3569	0	Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa	12	"As the new third tier, the ""Oberliga Nord"" was re-established."
3570	0	Nancy Birdsall	1	She co-founded CGD in November 2001 with C. Fred Bergsten and Edward W. Scott, Jr. and served as president until 2016.
3571	0	Red Berry (wrestler)	11	He was elected Parks Commissioner once.
3572	0	USS Saury (SS-189)	26	The submarine, badly in need of a charge, did not attack.
3573	0	Firecracker	1	A firecracker (cracker,noise maker,banger,) is a small explosive device primarily designed to produce a large amount of noise, especially in the form of a loud bang; any visual effect is incidental to this goal.
3574	0	Mari Wolf	3	"Wolf worked in the aerospace industry in Southern California, and was described as a ""calculating-machine operator"" at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1955."
3575	0	Dianne Donghi	3	On April 15, 1970, after attempting to forge checks using a false name, Donghi and good friend Linda Sue Evans were arrested in New York City.
3576	0	Dane Sardinha	6	Sardinha advanced to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts in 2002.
3577	0	Fishing in Bangladesh	1	In the past, people of Bangladesh were mostly dependent upon land-based proteins.
3578	0	Baranzate	3	It was established as a comune in its own right in November of that year by the promulgation of a regional law.
3579	0	Huntingburg, Indiana	14	28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
3580	0	Steven Sample	9	Sample's fundraising initiatives raised more than $430 million for sponsored research.
3581	0	Rob Swire	1	He is sometimes referred to by the stage name Anscenic.
3582	0	Math Curse	4	The book was also adapted for the stage by Heath Corson and Kathleen Collins in 1997.
3583	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	66	An illustration of Middle Mill can be seen here.
3584	0	Mount Morgan State High School	2	The Technical College Building has aesthetic significance for its composition and materials, and as a landmark in the town.
3585	0	Codex Runicus	10	"The Codex Runicus has the shelfmark ""AM 28 8vo"" and is part of the Arnamagnæan Collection in the Arnamagnæan Institute at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark."
3586	0	Francesco Rustici	3	Later he came under the influence of the style of Caravaggio.
3587	0	Surrey United	1	Surrey United may refer to:
3588	0	Wake Up (ClariS song)	5	"It begins with anime depictions of Clara and Alice and shows the microbes from ""Moyashimon"" throughout the video."
3589	0	Kingdom of Scotland	40	They were still largely seen as a training school for clergy, and came under the control of the hard line Protestors.
3590	0	Pinus contorta	5	"The species name is ""contorta"" because of the twisted, bent pines found at coastal areas and the tree's twisted needles."
3591	0	Portage Glacier Highway	7	Track circuits in the tunnel had problems because of moisture; in 2015 these were replaced with axle counters.
3592	0	Celebrant (Australia)	68	Authorised marriage celebrants also frequently offer general celebrant services; but since these services are extra-legal, they may also be conducted on an ad hoc basis by untrained people.
3593	0	Amphion (horse)	11	He then went past them and won by one and a half lengths from the colt Mark Price, who was a neck in front of third placed Mons Meg.
3594	0	Beni Burnett	7	Burnett became a Licentiate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1925 and a Fellow in 1955.
3595	0	Gerardo Ablaza	1	Gerardo C. Ablaza, Jr. is a Filipino business executive, president and chief executive officer of Manila Water Company, the water utility subsidiary of Ayala Corporation.
3596	0	American Jewish Committee	7	"The committee saw itself as the natural ""steward"" of the community and took on the mission of educating the new arrivals in proper Americanism."
3597	0	One's Self I Sing	3	Yet utter the word Democratic, the word en-Masse.
3598	0	Katelyn Pope	3	Pope was added to the Strikers' squad for its WBBL02 campaign (2016–17).
3599	0	Munster	16	Munster Rugby is an Irish Rugby Football Union representative side which competes in the Pro14 competition, winning in 2003, 2009 and 2011 and in the Heineken Cup, winning in 2006 and 2008.
3600	0	Audubon, New Jersey	26	, the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Camden County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
3601	0	MV Xue Long	15	"Following the ""Akademik Shokalskiy"" rescue operation in the Antarctic, ""Xue Long"" docked in Perth, Western Australia."
3602	0	Fidanishte	1	The neighborhood of Fidanishte is located in the city of Peć, Kosovo.
3603	0	Tyrrell 020	2	The car was powered by the Honda RA101-E V10 engine previously raced by McLaren in and maintained by Mugen Motorsports, which would run Mugen-Honda badged engines the following year for Footwork Arrows.
3604	0	Perinthus	1	Perinthus or Perinthos () was a great and flourishing town of ancient Thrace, situated on the Propontis.
3605	0	Association for the Conservation of Energy	1	The Association for the Conservation of Energy was formed in 1981 and Andrew Warren has been the Director since its formation.
3606	0	Dane Sardinha	18	Duke is an infielder in the Colorado Rockies organization and his youngest, Bronson, was an outfielder with the New York Yankees in 2007.
3607	0	Terry Raymond	2	He decides to make another attempt at a reconciliation with his children and returns to Walford in August 1997; arriving on the day Tiffany and Grant are having their marriage blessed.
3608	0	Shameless (Camila Cabello song)	3	"Shameless"" is a power pop-punk song with a dark edge."
3609	0	Human pyramid	9	Cheerleaders may perform human pyramids with more difficult stunt sequences and gymnastics incorporated into routines.
3610	0	Bombus terrestris	1	It is one of the main species used in greenhouse pollination, and so can be found in many countries and areas where it is not native, such as Tasmania.
3611	0	Obedska bara	3	It is one of the richest and best preserved wildlife habitats in the Pannonian plain.
3612	0	Arayoor	1	This village has a post office.
3613	0	Aku Päiviö	1	With Sanna Kannasto and A.T. Hill he was one of the key figures in the Finnish Canadian socialist movement of the early 1900s.
3614	0	Mount Morgan State High School	16	A 1912 plan, signed off by Thomas Pye, the Deputy Government Architect at the time, shows these changes.
3615	0	Blood Road	2	The prisoners lived in a primitive camp in the village of Botn, just outside Rognan.
3616	0	FedRAMP	4	FedRAMP’s security baselines are derived from NIST SP 800-53 (as revised) with a set of control enhancements that pertain to the unique security requirements of cloud computing.
3617	0	Edo Wonderland Nikko Edomura	6	English speaking staff are available.
3618	0	Kesselman	2	The surname may refer to:
3619	0	Silwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site	2	The name Silwerboomkloof means “Valley of the Silvertrees”.
3620	0	Forum Popilii	5	Pope Innocent VI first tried censures as a means of enforcing his commands as sovereign, and sent Cardinal Albornoz to Forlimpopoli (1355).
3621	0	Harmonia Macrocosmica	3	"He and fellow-cartographer Hendricus Hondius published their ""Novus Atlas"" in 1636, which featured over 320 maps in four languages."
3622	0	Bondo, Switzerland	10	, the gender distribution of the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.
3623	0	KTLW	4	On January 1, 2019, the station, along with the rest of the national network, flipped from Christian Rock to a Christian worship music format playing music by artists such as Elevation Worship, Hillsong Worship, and Vertical Worship as well as several solo artists such as Lincoln Brewster and Kutless.
3624	0	Celebrant (Australia)	48	As a group, they decided to escalate the profile of the Institute and take a lead in bringing all celebrants together.
3625	0	Baranzate	1	It was created in 2004 after its previous establishment, in 2001, had been declared unconstitutional.
3626	0	Cadillac Eldorado	50	(8.2L) V8 of 1970–76 gave way to a new 425 cu in.
3627	0	Vanessa Summers	1	Vanessa Janice Summers is a Democratic member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 99th District in her native Indianapolis since being appointed to the seat following the death of her father Del.
3628	0	Steinunn Refsdóttir	3	These verses are one of the few testimonies of pre-Christian skaldic poetry composed by a woman that has come down to us.
3629	0	HMS Bonaventure (31)	3	"310 survivors rescued by HMS ""Hereward"" and ."
3630	0	Pinus contorta	2	"There are four subspecies of ""Pinus contorta"", and one of them is sometimes considered to have two varieties."
3631	0	Belenenses SAD	5	The Club created its own professional senior that started playing in the Lisbon FA regional leagues at the start of the 2018–19 season.
3632	0	Cadillac Eldorado	23	"New mechanical items were a ""scientifically engineered"" drainage system and new shock absorbers."
3633	0	Crimea in the Roman era	14	These are the Roman client kings of the Bosporan Kingdom:
3634	0	Old Customs House (Knoxville, Tennessee)	7	Following the completion of the TVA Towers in 1976, ownership of the Customs House was transferred to Knox County for use by the Lawson McGhee Library's Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection, and the Knox County Archives.
3635	0	Mission Creep (Person of Interest)	10	The first two episodes were monotonous, boring and not as interested in character.
3636	0	Rob Swire	2	During his residence, he created a song which was played on a local Zimbabwe radio station.
3637	0	Blood Road	37	"One of these stated what happened: ""A pit was dug about from the camp and the Serbian prisoners were gathered around it."
3638	0	Bill Fraser (New Zealand politician)	3	5 Squadron of the Air Training Corps in 1941 and trained at Ohakea as an air gunner.
3639	0	Glyphodes conjunctalis	2	The wingspan is about 20 mm.
3640	0	Stawell, Victoria	7	At the same time, shafts were being sunk around Big Hill, becoming known as the Quartz Reefs.
3641	0	Liénard–Wiechert potential	14	In the case that there are no boundaries surrounding the sources, the retarded solutions for the scalar and vector potentials (SI units) of the nonhomogeneous wave equations with sources given by the charge and current densities formula_23 and formula_24 are, in the Lorenz gauge (see Nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation),
3642	0	Lustron Houses of Jermain Street Historic District	22	Instead of being demolished, the houses were moved elsewhere.
3643	0	Kongamato	2	"Frank Melland, in his 1923 book ""In Witch-bound Africa"", describes it as living along certain rivers, and very dangerous, often attacking small boats, and anybody who disturbed the creature."
3644	0	John Raus	2	Raus attended Stamford High School and St. Luke's School in New Canaan, Connecticut, played club soccer for the Beachside Premiere club team, and played college soccer at Seton Hall University, where he was a teammate of US national team standout Sacha Kljestan.
3645	0	Jerry Hollendorfer	5	In 1986, he also won his first stakes race with Novel Sprite, who won over $400,000 and was named the national Claimer of the Year after Hollendorfer claimed him for $16,000.
3646	0	Jan de Beijer	1	Jan de Beijer (24 September 1703 – c. 1780), also given as Jan de Beyer, was a Dutch draughtsman and painter known for this drawings of towns and buildings in the present-day countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
3647	0	Greatest Hits (SWV album)	1	"Also, although it is not noted anywhere on the packaging, the radio version of ""Weak"" is included, rather than the album version, the only difference being that the ad-libs and backing vocals at the end are changed."
3648	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	55	Probably a Domesday site and one of the five mills owned by the Townsmen of Leeds.
3649	0	Vanda cristata	4	The first description was published in 1832 by John Lindley.
3650	0	Visakhapatnam	31	Adding one more feather to its cap, Visakhapatnam is home to India's tallest musical fountain opened in the central park.
3651	0	The Hungry Saw	1	"Following the release of the band's sixth album, ""Waiting for the Moon"" in 2003, Tindersticks had entered an extended hiatus before reconvening to perform at the Don't Look Back event in September 2006."
3652	0	William T. Moore (Texas politician)	4	He's the most important man there, and I want him back.
3653	0	Dietmar Bonnen	26	Medea (composition for three violoncelli, three electric guitars, percussion and electronics)
3654	0	2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season	6	The top 25 from the AP and USA Today Coaches Polls.
3655	0	Blood Road	29	"SS ""Hauptsturmführer"" Franz Kiefer, who was the commandant at the Botn camp, was an exceptionally brutal man according to all witnesses."
3656	0	Keith Bradshaw (rugby player)	4	In May 1964, Bradshaw was chosen as part of the Welsh squad to tour Africa, the first team from Wales to play outside Europe.
3657	0	Gerardo Ablaza	6	Gerry sits as a member of the board of trustees in various De La Salle schools in the country.
3658	0	1727 Mette	7	"The moon measures about 2 kilometers in diameter and orbits ""Mette"" once every 20 hours and 59 minutes."
3659	0	Crimea in the Roman era	10	When in 62–66 CE the Roman garrisons were installed in Taurica, Charax became one of their strongholds.
3660	0	Viveros de Coyoacán	7	By the early 20th century massive deforestation was causing problems such as desertification, erosion, flooding from unimpeded runoff and more.
3661	0	Peter Griesar	6	He felt that he no longer had a role in the group, unlike Matthews, Tinsley, and Beauford, who had grown into their roles.
3662	0	Bombus terrestris	8	Usually, the worker-queen conflict will force the queen out and the new workers will become queenless.
3663	0	Acapulco	45	There is also an underwater statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe here, created in 1958 by Armando Quesado in memory of a group of divers who died here.
3664	0	Herpes simplex research	11	The vaccine induces strong HSV-2-specific antibody and T-cell responses, protects against challenge with a wild-type HSV-2 virus, reduces the severity of recurrent disease, and provides cross-protection against HSV-1.
3665	0	Medway watermills (lower tributaries)	62	The East Malling Stream enters the Medway from the left at Aylesford.
3666	0	Cornelius Winter	27	His remains were placed in the vault beneath the pulpit.
3667	0	David Rocha	2	Born in Cáceres, Extremadura, Rocha started playing football in CP Cacereño's youth system, and made his debuts as a senior in the 2002–03 campaign, in Segunda División B.
3668	0	Saponification	8	In lithium-based greases, lithium carboxylates are thickeners.
3669	0	Public–public partnership	3	Far more countries have hosted PUPs than PPPs (44 countries with private participation).
3670	0	22 Gia Long Street	1	The image was widely misreported as showing Americans crowding on to the roof of the United States Embassy to board a helicopter.
3671	0	Acapulco	54	This led many more to choose Acapulco, in spite of the fact that for many travelers, the flight is longer and more expensive than to Cancún.
3672	0	Mario Tokić	3	At the end of the 2006-07 season Tokić announced he would be joining Austria's arch rivals Rapid for the new season.
3673	0	Shahid Ahmed (cricketer)	2	He was the leading run scorer in the tournament with 349 runs, and was later named in the Team of the Tournament.
3674	0	Charles Whybrow Ligar	2	Ligar was born in Ceylon, (now Sri Lanka) where his father was stationed.
3675	0	Cornelius Winter	14	On the death of Whitefield 1770, the trustees of the Bethesda Orphanage sent Winter to receive ordination from the Bishop of London.
3676	0	Bresle method	5	Not only ISO, but also the US Navy, IMO, NAVSEA, and ASTM adopted this method as their standard.
3677	0	M48 Patton	1	The M48A3 and A5 versions used a diesel engine, however gasoline engine versions were still in use in the US Army National Guard through 1968 and through 1975 by many West German Army units.
3678	0	St John Hutchinson	3	He held this post for four years.
3679	0	Mount Morgan State High School	40	The former Science Block and Workshop is a two-storey, masonry structure, with a corrugated metal-clad, Dutch-gable roof.
3680	0	4th Home Counties Brigade, Royal Field Artillery	15	Next day a mass raid arrived over the Medway and flew up the Thames towards Hornchurch.
3681	0	Jamie Robba	6	As the lowest ranked club of the competition, Europa were unseeded in Group Two and would go on to face Liechtenstein club FC Vaduz in the First Qualifying Round.
3682	0	Brett Novak	4	Brett Novak and Kilian Martin met in 2009 competing against each other in a California freestyle-skateboarding contest.
3683	0	Daniel Fischlin	23	Co-edited with Ajay Heble.
3684	0	The Food Project	8	2015: Dudley Neighbors Inc. (DNI), which has ownership over the parcel of land at 40 West Cottage where The Food Project has farmed on a year-to-year basis since 1998, has granted The Food Project a 99-year lease.<br>
3685	0	Selworthy	8	The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny.
3686	0	Women photographers	27	Henriette Grindat (1923–1986) was one of the few Swiss women to develop an interest in artistic photography, associating with André Breton and later collaborating with Albert Camus, with whom she published images of the River Sorgue in the south of France.
3687	0	Ninja (militia)	4	These programs to pacify the country were controversial and unsuccessful, and the militias survived.
3688	0	History of Buddhism in Cambodia	19	The primary form of Buddhism practiced in Cambodia during Angkor times was Mahayana Buddhism, strongly influenced with Tantric tendencies.
3689	0	Blood Road	4	The number of prisoners in the Botn camp can only be estimated from testimonies of survivors.
3690	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	8	Even before an organised navy was established, the herring fishermen in Great Yarmouth fought skirmishes with foreign fishermen, who would be hanged as pirates from the gallows at Cross Sands if caught.
3691	0	Jakobea of Baden	3	The Catholic side, represented primarily by her sister-in-law Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, then took matters into their own hands.
3692	0	Crocker Park	4	The final phase, which was completed in 2014, includes a new corporate headquarters for American Greetings.
3693	0	Wah-wah pedal	14	"Geezer Butler, bassist of Black Sabbath, used it when playing his solo ""Bassically"", along with the bass line in ""N.I.B.""."
3694	0	Wah-wah pedal	5	After the installation, Page began playing his saxophone through the pedal and had asked Joe Banaron, CEO of Warwick Electronics Inc./Thomas Organ Company, to listen to the effect.
3695	0	Churchill, Victoria	9	83.1% of people only spoke English at home.
3696	0	Visakhapatnam	10	At Lingalakonda, there are also rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows spread over the hill.
3697	0	Piper PA-28 Cherokee	20	It featured a lengthened fuselage and seating for one pilot and five passengers.
3698	0	Portage Glacier Highway	24	The entire highway is located within the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska.
3699	0	Women photographers	30	Elizabeth Buehrmann from Chicago (c. 1886–1963) specialized in taking portraits of leading businessmen and prominent society women in their own homes at the beginning of the 20th century, becoming a member of the famous Paris Photo-Club in 1907.
3700	0	Sascha Stegemann	3	On 31 August 2014, Stegemann made his Bundesliga debut in the match between Mainz 05 and Hannover 96.
3701	0	James White (basketball)	14	He was deactivated April 7 to make room for forward Carl Landry, who had recovered from a gunshot wound.
3702	0	Trinity Independent Chapel	7	Gradually, as chapel design came more and more to adopt Anglican church architecture (the two often being indistinguishable by the late Victorian era), the bell was allowed to be unfixed.
3703	0	Fishery Protection Squadron	13	Two smaller ships were also sent by the French to replace local wooden transport vessels, and in Autumn a French squadron gathered at Saint Pierre and Miquelon, forcing the British government to respond by sending two extra ships to Sydney, Nova Scotia, only 18 hours steaming from St Peirre.
3704	0	Thomas Percival (antiquarian)	7	Their only child Katherine, married Joseph Pickford of Alt Hill, Lancashire.
3705	0	Rob Swire	4	"Swire was also extensively involved in creating publicity material for the new album, as he explained during an interview with Lucy Chakaodza of ""The Independent."
3706	0	Papari	1	Papari (Cyrillic: Папари) is a village in the municipality of Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
3707	0	Zion Square	11	The Zion Cinema closed in 1972 and was demolished.
3708	0	Amy Shuard	5	The latter part of the career saw her essay Wagnerian roles, and she was the first English soprano to sing Brünnhilde at Covent Garden.
3709	0	Louise Minchin	7	In December 2011 the BBC announced that Minchin would replace Williams as a main presenter of BBC Breakfast along with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt when the programme moved to Salfordthe first edition was presented on Tuesday 10 April 2012.
3710	0	The Variable Man	4	Then the odds start to side with Terra, and Terra prepares to fight with this new-found technology.
3711	0	Saponification	7	However, the majority of modern soaps are manufactured from polyunsaturated triglycerides such as vegetable oils.
3712	0	36th Virginia Infantry	4	The 36th Virginia skirmished in Raleigh county on December 20 and Roane County on Christmas, then encamped in Mercer County during the winter of 1862-1863.
3713	0	Ukase of 1821	3	"In addition to the adjustment to include all of Prince of Wales Island within the Russian sphere, the British-Russian agreement also established the principle of the ""lisière"", a vaguely-defined strip of mainland extending inland ten leagues from the sea, and also wording concerning the marine boundary north from Prince of Wales Island's southern tip."
3714	0	Hanover Township, Columbiana County, Ohio	6	The township, governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.
3715	0	Mount Morgan State High School	14	The Grammar Schools Act 1860 provided scholarships for high-achieving students to attend elite grammar schools, although few were awarded.
3716	0	Mission Creep (Person of Interest)	11	I loved Reese becoming a part of this gang, and having to disconnect himself from Finch's handy little ear bud actually caused Finch to show up at the crime scene.
3717	0	Ceacheí	3	"Occasionally the voice 1 prefixes the phrase: ¡""Atención chilenos de corazón""!"
3718	0	Sam Shields	3	Shields also lettered twice in track and field while at Sarasota, where he was one of the state's top sprinters.
3719	0	Aermacchi AM.3	12	Following the end of South Africa's involvement in the in 1989 and the subsequent downsizing of the SAAF, the Bosbok was retired from service in 1992.
3720	0	Chua Ser Koon	2	In 1944, she was born in Singapore.
3721	0	Optical coherence elastography	11	This task has always been done by utilizing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) elastography to characterize the elastic properties of parts within the plaque.
3722	0	John Rowlands (Giraldus)	3	He carried one school on for 12 months without receiving any salary.
3723	0	Antena 1 (Portugal)	1	Antena 1 is one of the three national radio channels produced by the Portuguese public broadcasting entity Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, the others being Antena 2 and Antena 3.
3724	0	Magnus Carlsen	93	On 1 October, Carlsen won the Isle of Man Open, a tournament held from 23 September to 1 October.
3725	0	Kingdom of Scotland	6	A long period of political instability followed.
3726	0	Codenames (board game)	8	The hint's number tells the field operatives how many words in the grid are related to the word of the clue.
3727	0	Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation	2	Fenwick Bazar, 14.
3728	0	Optical coherence elastography	4	However, it’s still in the early stage of development and needs more clinical practice before enters into the market.
3729	0	Magnus Carlsen	86	Carlsen then lost in round 8 to Richárd Rapport, and ultimately placed second with 8/13 (+4–1=8), one point behind winner Wesley So.
3730	0	Trenčín	7	The town became the hub of the middle Považie (Váh) region.
3731	0	2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers	38	The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:
3732	0	Middleware analyst	8	This requires application-level data encryption prior to delivering the data to the queuing system for transport.
3733	0	Oliver Holzwarth	3	"In 2011, he released an EP called ""The Mirror of Silence"" with Pergana."
3734	0	Visakhapatnam	3	The city is home to the oldest shipyard and the only natural harbour on the east coast of India.
3735	0	Cadillac Eldorado	57	The engine itself was extremely rugged and durable, but its complex electronics were the source of customer complaints.
3736	0	2007 Sydney Roosters season	10	The following is a list of Sydney Rooster players who have played for Australia or New Zealand and other nations, New South Wales or Queensland and City or Country in representative levels of football during the 2007 calendar year.
3737	0	Spencer Haywood	3	Haywood attended Trinidad State Junior College in Trinidad, Colorado, during the 1967–68 college season, where he averaged 28.2 points and 22.1 rebounds per game.
3738	0	Vivipary	1	Similarly, some Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum, develop and drop plantlets from notches in their leaves, ready to grow.
3739	0	Max (The X-Files)	2	The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files.
3740	0	Red Berry (wrestler)	7	"When The Fabulous Kangaroos were feuding with The Scufflin' Hillbillies in the northeast, Hillbillies manager ""Cousin alfred"" appeared with a jacket that said ""He's Wrong!"
3741	0	Nicholas Grey	2	at Cambridge, and on 3 December of that year became headmaster of Charterhouse.
3742	0	Chocky	4	The novel was adapted and produced by John Tydeman as a single 60 minute drama for the BBC Radio 2, and first broadcast on 27 November 1968.
3743	0	Jeremiah Coghlan	2	"Coghlan's exploits have been described as similar to plots for a collection of Hornblower novels Coghlan has also been compared to Hornblower because they were both protégés of Sir Edward Pellew aboard HMS ""Indefatigable""."
3744	0	Victor Arboleda	2	He made the move to the Timber's senior team on January 12, 2017.
3745	0	Magnus Carlsen	121	"Levon Aronian said in 2015: ""Magnus' main secret is his composure and the absence of any soul-searching after mistakes during a game."
3746	0	Żupan	5	"It was a long robe-like garment, always opened in the front, with long sleeves and a row of buttons (later very often decorative buttons called ""guzy"") and since the 1570s, also a collar."
3747	0	Julia Baird	6	"My Son John""—sung by David Whitfield—was released in 1956."
3748	0	Portage Glacier Highway	5	The tunnel also contains several pull-outs, which are reserved for disabled vehicles.
3749	0	Hearn Generating Station	14	The Ontario government announced in April 2005 that the Portlands Energy Centre would not be part of the approved of new power production in Ontario coming online in the next few years.
3750	0	José Guadalupe Gallegos	4	"According to Ralph Twitchell, ""without exception, in the days of construction of the Santa Fe railway into the Southwest, there was no town which harbored a more disreputable gang of gamblers, desperadoes, and outlaws than did Las Vegas."
3751	0	MV Xue Long	10	"The ""Xue Long"" left port on 2 July, sailed through the Bering Strait then joined a westbound convoy on the Northern Sea Route to the Barents Sea, before arriving in Iceland in mid-August."
3752	0	2012 Albanian presidential election	14	Zaganjori then withdrew his candidacy, stating that he wanted to be elected as a consensus candidate and as the opposition did not trust him he did not want to be elected with the governing party's votes alone.
3753	0	Howard Pack	4	Transeastern was folded into Seatrain in September 1966; At the time Seatrain had lost more than $500,000 in a four-month period before the merger, while Transeastern's fleet had netted nearly $7 million in a ten-month period.
3754	0	Charaxes violetta	6	For a full list see Eric Vingerhoedt, 2013.
3755	0	Sumit Sangwan	4	He started his career at avery early age, picking up the gloves when he was only 11, at his uncle’s boxing academy in the village.
3756	0	Public-access television	48	"In California, the passage of AB2987 or ""The Digital Infrastructure and Video Competition Act of 2006,"" has changed the laws by which cable TV companies operate and as a result many public-access television studios in the state have closed."
3757	0	2007 Orlando Predators season	52	1st Quarter:
3758	0	Ekteswar	2	The temple was built of laterite, but had subsequent additions of sandstone and brick.
3759	0	Sumit Sangwan	3	He is supported by Olympic Gold Quest.
3760	0	The Galleries (Wigan)	3	In 2019, The Fire Within Festival was held on the top floors of the Galleries in six vacant retail spaces.
3761	0	Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider	5	In 1909 the French army invited the submission of proposals from state arsenals for fitting its de Bange cannons with modern recoil systems.
3762	0	Academic ranks in the United Kingdom	2	In some countries, senior lecturers are generally paid the same as readers, but the latter is awarded primarily for research excellence, and traditionally carries higher prestige.
3763	0	Inter-American Commission of Women	9	The instrument made it clear that should a woman marry a man of a different nationality, her citizenship could be retained.
3764	0	Sync.in	7	Sync.in Pro allows teams to create a secure site on a sync.in sub-domain with users for everyone in the team.
3765	0	Rob Swire	3	The album was released in 2005, to considerable commercial success.
3766	0	Ida Mae Martinez	5	She attended Norwich Free Academy, but eventually dropped out of high school.
3767	0	Hearn Generating Station	20	(film).
3768	0	Tamás Nagy	1	Tamás Nagy may refer to:
3769	0	Ralph Wright (footballer)	1	Ralph Wright (born 3 August 1947) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender and midfielder.
3770	0	The Drop (film)	9	Deeds refuses Bob's offer of $10,000 for Rocco, then threatens to kill Nadia if he does not open the time lock safe during the window available at 2 a.m.
3771	0	Sakumo Ramsar Site	12	The area is encroached upon by cattle which graze in the dry season and land developers who build very close to the site which is a government properly and should not be used by any developer.
3772	0	Mahar	11	Their recruitment was halted under Lord Kitchener in the early 1890s.
3773	0	2001 Northamptonshire County Council election	1	The 2001 Northamptonshire County Council election took place on 7 June 2001 to elect members of Northamptonshire County Council, England.
3774	0	Bhaktapur	19	The city celebrates festivals each month starting from new year festival to the Holi puni at the end of the year.
3775	0	George Everett Chalmers	3	In 1939 Dr. Chalmers was a founding member of the Fredericton Medical Clinic, the city's largest health clinic.
3776	0	Yongyuth Wichaidit	5	According to the Bangkok Post, the Prime Minister of Thailand asked him to resign.
3777	0	M48 Patton	7	The US Army Tank and Automotive Command and Carnegie Institute of Technology began development of the armor in November 1952 at Fort Belvoir VA as Project TT2-782/51.
3778	0	Confederate Mothers Memorial Park	2	Plans to further develop the park with other amenities have never been realized.
3779	0	Minuscule 109	8	It does not contain the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11), but it was added by a later hand.
3780	0	SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse	6	There he saw the strength and size of these British ships, notably the latest and then-largest liner owned by White Star, .
3781	0	Zion Square	11	Large commercial centers were opened in the new, outlying neighborhoods of Talpiot, Givat Shaul, and Malha, weaning customers away from the city center.
3782	0	Philip O'Reilly	6	Maire, who married firstly Aodh Maguire and secondly Ruaidhri Og Maguire, the 5th Lord Enniskillen.
3783	0	Celebrant (Australia)	38	He appointed a well-known model Jill-Ellen Fuller as the inaugural President of the Australian Civil Marriage Celebrants Association (ACMCA).
3784	0	The Food Project	8	The Rooted in Community Network is also co-founded.<br>
3785	0	Moses Gabb	4	"In the same year, the ""Sydney Morning Herald"" described Gabb as being an ""unexciting speaker"" and ""a sort of inverted alchemist afflicted with an ambition for turning gold into lead."
3786	0	Charles Buxton (Labour politician)	10	Shortly before the outbreak of World War II they still argued that peace could be attained by responding to German grievances.
3787	0	Western Province, Rwanda	2	It is divided into the districts of Karongi, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Nyamasheke, and Rutsiro.
3788	0	Destiny 2: Forsaken	3	"A new competitive Crucible mode was added, called ""Breakthrough""—two teams of four fight to attempt to capture a central point called a ""Breaker""; the first team that captures the Breaker can then hack the opposing team's vault, all while the opposing team defends their vault from being hacked."
3789	0	B	7	As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with , , or instead.
3790	0	Conway, Iowa	10	The median age was 42 years.
3791	0	Pleistarchus	1	"Pleistarchus or Plistarch ( ""Pleistarkhos""; died around 458 BC) was the Agiad King of Sparta from 480 to 458 BC."
3792	0	Flamborough Head Lighthouse	2	This is now a Grade II* listed building.
3793	0	Simon Dickie	2	There were stern discussions with the New Zealand selectors.
3794	0	Holiness Baptist Association	7	This Holiness Baptist group continued until 1917.
3795	0	Women photographers	47	Joan.
3796	0	Marc Ellis (rugby)	2	In 1998, after two seasons of league, Ellis played for North Harbour in the NPC, where he remained for another two seasons.
3797	0	Job Durupt	1	He became an officer of the Legion of Honour in 2016.
3798	0	Mount Morgan State High School	33	A timber-framed, weatherboard-clad former scullery flanks the northwestern end of the verandah and stands on low brick stumps.
3799	0	Portage Glacier Highway	20	The contract for the phase had been awarded prior to the lawsuit, but work on the components was not completed until very late in 1998.
3800	0	My Indigo (song)	3	"At the occasion, den Adel also performed a cover for the song ""The Rose"", by Bette Midler."
3801	0	Selworthy	19	It has a predominantly ageing population with 80% being over 45 years old.
3802	0	Hamelen (TV series)	7	Loeki Knol was the only original cast member involved, playing Lidwina Walg.
3803	0	Flinsberg	2	Flinsberg is the geographical centre of Germany.
3804	0	M48 Patton	8	This hull design was manufactured for the original M48 and M48A1 versions of the M48 series.
3805	0	2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season	13	The NCAA has never recognized a consensus All-America team in women's basketball.
3806	0	Into the Electric Castle	7	The surviving characters finally reach the Electric Castle, penetrating the Castle Hall.
3807	0	Maribavir	1	Maribavir showed promise in Phase II clinical trials and was granted fast track status, but failed to meet study goals in a Phase III trial.
3808	0	Brian Ickler	5	The truck was to be sponsored by Miccosukee Indian Gaming, but the tribe pulled out of all NASCAR sponsorship.
3809	0	Humid continental climate	5	Within North America, moisture within this climate regime is supplied by the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent western subtropical Atlantic.
3810	0	Magnus Carlsen	65	In the second half of the tournament, Carlsen scored 4/5, beating Mamedyarov and Nakamura again, and securing the tournament victory by beating Caruana in the final round, finishing with +5−2=3.
3811	0	M48 Patton	45	1973-1974: 74.
3812	0	The Wackiest Ship in the Army (TV series)	7	A paperback based on the series, by Lee Bergman, was released in 1965.
3813	0	Rinzia torquata	1	Rinzia torquata, commonly known as necklace rinzia, is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
3814	0	Chen Tianhua	8	He committed suicide in Tokyo Bay by drowning himself to protest against Japanese restrictions imposed on the activities of Chinese students in December 1905.
3815	0	James Shears and Sons	19	A likely factor contributing to Shears' disengagement from the Llangennech Company was the situation in which the affairs of the British Iron Company were then placed; this must have required much of his attention and finance.
3816	0	Climate change in New Hampshire	2	The United States Environmental Protection Agency reports:
3817	0	Keith Bradshaw (rugby player)	5	The France encounter was an exciting contest filled with incident.
3818	0	Bossier City, Louisiana	41	Horse racing and gambling on slot machines is also available at Harrah's Louisiana Downs, which opened in 1974.
3819	0	Bryn Mooser	6	"His film with David Darg, ""Baseball in the Time of Cholera"" became the winner of a jury award at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2012."
3820	0	Disney's Beach Club Resort	6	Some rooms also have a day bed in addition to 2 Queen beds or 1 King bed.
3821	0	Caldicot Town F.C.	10	Caldicot struggled in their second season back in 2008–09 and finished 14th, having topped the table up till Christmas.
3822	0	Robert Sexé	2	Sexé was a reporter during World War I.
3823	0	Nauru at the 2016 Summer Olympics	2	Nauru participated in six Summer Olympic Games between its debut in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
3824	0	Polyphase merge sort	7	With 4 files, and a dataset consisting of 57 runs, the total run count on each iteration would be 57, 31, 17, 9, 5, 3, 1.
3825	0	2015 El Fahs train accident	1	On 16 June 2015, a collision took place between a train and a lorry, in El Fahs, Tunisia, resulting in 19 deaths and 98 injuries.