TITLE: Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres) Breeding Monitoring Protocol
AUTHORS: Kerri Wolter

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">The Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres) is southern Africa’s only endemic vulture species and is listed as Endangered by the IUCN 2015. More recently, the Cape Vulture has been classified as an appendix CITIES I species. Notwithstanding it being the most studied vulture in southern Africa and being the central focus of vulture conservation in southern Africa, it has shown a consistent and continued decline with range contraction. This protocol sets out in a simple and step-by-step programme to initiate and maintain a breeding monitoring programme for cliff nesting vultures. It is important to keep a consistent approach to monitoring so population trends can be monitored over time, results analysed and sound conservation strategies put in place to halt and reverse declines. </div></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Background Information Collection]
Has this colony ever been visited or monitored before, and if so, how many birds, pairs, nests and fledglings were counted on each visit?
?. [Background Information Collection]
Has anything ever been published on the colony?
?. [Background Information Collection]
Have the number of breeding pairs at this colony shown any long-term trends, e.g. increase or decline?
?. [Background Information Collection]
Have the vultures ever abandoned this colony only to return at some later date? (This is called ‘colony switching’.)
?. [Background Information Collection]
Have dying or dead birds ever been found at this colony, or in the near vicinity?
?. [Background Information Collection]
In the vicinity of the breeding site is there any evidence of poisoning, drowning, persecution, electrocution or collision with power-lines or other structures?
?. [Background Information Collection]
Is the colony within a conservation area? If so, is it part of a conservation or management plan?
?. [Background Information Collection]
Has the colony ever been part of an environmental impact assessment?
?. [Monitoring the Breeding Colony]
There are three important elements to monitoring a Cape Vulture breeding colony: documenting its physical characteristics, recording the number of breeding pairs and success, which helps determine what threats the particular site may be facing.
?. [Monitoring the Breeding Colony]
There are five aspects of a breeding colony which needs to be documented: site description, land tenure, physical features, bioclimatic characteristics and land-use patterns. Once you have the data, check that the supplied information is reasonably correct by ground truthing the data. The data required is listed in the table below:  ABC1EntryEssential?Description2Site Description3NameYesPlease use the name supplied from the Site Register unless one does not already exist.4RegionYesPlease use Country or Provincial codes.5Co-ordinatesYesRecord the co-ordinates as south and then east in the format: Dd.dddddd
i.e. -30.654865°S 26.968427°E6LocalityYesSay in your own words where the site is and how to get there. Mention any particular permits needed, dangerous dogs (or farmers) etc.78Photographic RecordList the names of persons who have photographed the cliff faces and give file names etc, if known. Old  photographs may be particularly important as a source of historical information.9Land TenureYesWho owns or controls the land, e.g. private farmer, communal land etc.10Physical Features11AltitudeHeight of the top of the cliffs, metres above sea level12GeologyE.g. Sandstone13GeomorphologyE.g. Sheer cliff above river gorge14FacesE.g. a series of separate faces15AspectThe general direction in which the site faces.16Face HeightFrom the top of the face to the scree slope below.17DispersionDescribe how the nests are dispersed about the face, e.g. scattered in clumps of 2 or 3.18Bioclimatic19Vegetation20Bio-climatic region(Only defined in KwaZulu-Natal)21Climatic regimeE.g. winter rainfall22RainfallE.g. About 650 mm p.a23Wind RegimeE.g. south-east in summer24Frost and snowE.g. occasionally during the winter25Land-use Patterns26ImmediateYesWithin 5 km, e.g. commercial farms, all pastoralist27IntermediateYesBetween 5 and 25 km, e.g. about 50% commercial farms, as above and about 50% communal lands, some cultivation, low livestock density28DistantBeyond 25 km: e.g. 30% commercial farms, 55% communal lands (both as above) and 15% urban.
ABC1EntryEssential?Description2Site Description3NameYesPlease use the name supplied from the Site Register unless one does not already exist.4RegionYesPlease use Country or Provincial codes.5Co-ordinatesYesRecord the co-ordinates as south and then east in the format: Dd.dddddd
i.e. -30.654865°S 26.968427°E6LocalityYesSay in your own words where the site is and how to get there. Mention any particular permits needed, dangerous dogs (or farmers) etc.78Photographic RecordList the names of persons who have photographed the cliff faces and give file names etc, if known. Old  photographs may be particularly important as a source of historical information.9Land TenureYesWho owns or controls the land, e.g. private farmer, communal land etc.10Physical Features11AltitudeHeight of the top of the cliffs, metres above sea level12GeologyE.g. Sandstone13GeomorphologyE.g. Sheer cliff above river gorge14FacesE.g. a series of separate faces15AspectThe general direction in which the site faces.16Face HeightFrom the top of the face to the scree slope below.17DispersionDescribe how the nests are dispersed about the face, e.g. scattered in clumps of 2 or 3.18Bioclimatic19Vegetation20Bio-climatic region(Only defined in KwaZulu-Natal)21Climatic regimeE.g. winter rainfall22RainfallE.g. About 650 mm p.a23Wind RegimeE.g. south-east in summer24Frost and snowE.g. occasionally during the winter25Land-use Patterns26ImmediateYesWithin 5 km, e.g. commercial farms, all pastoralist27IntermediateYesBetween 5 and 25 km, e.g. about 50% commercial farms, as above and about 50% communal lands, some cultivation, low livestock density28DistantBeyond 25 km: e.g. 30% commercial farms, 55% communal lands (both as above) and 15% urban.
?. [Photographing the Breeding Colony]
Go to the best viewing point for each named section of the breeding cliff and take one or more photographs of the ledge, if this is possible. Each photograph should be at a sufficiently large scale so that individual nests can be clearly seen.
?. [Photographing the Breeding Colony]
It is best to take the photographs at the start of the breeding season when the birds have finished, or nearly finished nest building. At this time it is usual for one bird of the pair to be standing on the nest and this makes the nest more visible.
?. [Photographing the Breeding Colony]
The best photographs are taken at the time of day and in the weather conditions similar to what you will be monitoring in so that the photograph will resemble what you are likely to see when you are monitoring.
It is not possible to arrange the weather, in advance, for photography! But the best photographs are taken on a lightly overcast day with no direct sunlight. Ideally, the whole cliff, including the ledges, caves and potholes should be equally lit. Taking the photographs the day after a light rain can enhance their resolution as the air will be clearer. Avoid taking documentary photographs in late winter or spring when the citizens of southern Africa, all of whom have arsonist tendencies, are burning the grasslands as this creates an impenetrable haze.
?. [Photographing the Breeding Colony]
When photographing a site first take one or more overview pictures showing all, or most, of the colony. Then take a series of OVERLAPPING photographs of each cliff. This is important because the first time you scan a cliff it is likely that you will miss some sections which might later be utilized.
?. [Photographing the Breeding Colony]
Once you have selected the photographs you are to use in the field have them printed as large as possible to fit on an A4 sheet and have them available on a photoshop software computer package where you can zoom into the photo.
Carry your photographs in the field in a small concertina file so that all the photographs pertaining to a single face are kept together and staple the data sheets to each photograph. Make sure your computer is fully charged and the files are either on your laptop hard drive or external hard drive. Always keep a backup! Also make sure you are able to charge your laptop as you will be out in the field for hours and need access to your laptop should you choose to use a software package rather than printed photographs.
?. [Colony Census]
Take your nest-record photographs, telescope, tripod, sun block lotion, etc. and get to the first view site as soon as possible in the morning. Set up and scan the breeding cliff and take out the appropriate photographs and data recording forms. Scan the cliff to ensure that there are no nests on the cliff which are not on your photographs.
The primary purpose of the colony census is to record the contents of each and every nest and so deduce what breeding activity is taking place. It is essential that each and every nest be numbered and that the activities are recorded for each nest accordingly so that comparisons can be made between successive visits.
If there are sections of the cliffs newly in use, then make a note to photograph them later or if the light allows, photograph straight away and add them onto your database.
?. [Colony Census]
Use your telescope to record the nest contents as best you can, it is often easiest to write in the activity codes as shown in the table below. Each of these codes is clearly defined in this table.  AB1CodeMeaning2AAdult at the nest3BAdult brooding, usually sits slightly elevated at 15° to 45° to the horizontal, sometimes the nestling can be seen under the adult.4CNestling in the nest (we no longer use the term ‘chick’ as it is too imprecise)5DDead bird in or close to the nest6EEgg in the nest, often only seen when the adult rises up to turn it.7FFledgling8HNest is hidden, i.e. you can see or infer that a nest is there but the contents are not visible.9IIncubating = a bird sitting tight on an egg in the nest. An incubating adult usually sits horizontally on nest but may rise up occasionally to roll the egg or to sit in another position.10KCopulation, usually at or on the nest11LLost nest, there was a nest at the site on a previous visit but it is no longer visible, and whitewash has gone.12RRinged nestling or fledgling seen at the nest13TTenanted nest, one or more adults standing on or close to the nest as if to demonstrate that they are holding the site14WWorking i.e building a nest or working on or with its nest15ZRinged, or marked adult at nest16?Code, or observation uncertain17-Nest present but no other activity
AB1CodeMeaning2AAdult at the nest3BAdult brooding, usually sits slightly elevated at 15° to 45° to the horizontal, sometimes the nestling can be seen under the adult.4CNestling in the nest (we no longer use the term ‘chick’ as it is too imprecise)5DDead bird in or close to the nest6EEgg in the nest, often only seen when the adult rises up to turn it.7FFledgling8HNest is hidden, i.e. you can see or infer that a nest is there but the contents are not visible.9IIncubating = a bird sitting tight on an egg in the nest. An incubating adult usually sits horizontally on nest but may rise up occasionally to roll the egg or to sit in another position.10KCopulation, usually at or on the nest11LLost nest, there was a nest at the site on a previous visit but it is no longer visible, and whitewash has gone.12RRinged nestling or fledgling seen at the nest13TTenanted nest, one or more adults standing on or close to the nest as if to demonstrate that they are holding the site14WWorking i.e building a nest or working on or with its nest15ZRinged, or marked adult at nest16?Code, or observation uncertain17-Nest present but no other activity
?. [Colony Census]
Once you have finished the census of each section of the cliff fill in the totals at the bottom of the data form. Then scan that section of the cliff again and perform a visual check to make sure that you have not missed anything.
?. [Colony Census]
Once you have completed the census for a face you need to add up the totals for that visit: Use only one code for a nest. i.e. do not give a single nest T, K and W, choose the most relevant one only for the breeding session. i.e during May I would be more relevant than T but in August, C would be more relevant than T. • Tenanted: Number of nests with a single adult, or a pair at the site. • Incubating: Number of nests with an adult sitting tight on the nest. • Nestlings : Number of chicks definitely seen. • Fledging : Number of fledglings definitely seen. • Hidden: Number of nests hidden based on birds’ behaviour • Working: Number of adults working on their nests but which are not incubating etc. • Copulating • Active nests: Total of all the above for each monitoring phase
For each cliff face or sector (photo) a separate form must be completed, as per the sheet linked to this protocol
?. [Entering Photos and Data on the Computer]
Every year, photos and data must be entered according to that year. This means you need to save each file and document with the year in addition to the original file name.i.e F4Manutsa.IMG2018/Sept.
This is vital as often nest are added to the photos with each new breeding season and each year needs to reflect this.
?. [Entering Photos and Data on the Computer]
A folder for the year monitored also needs to be opened and all images for that year saved into that folder. Ideally this should be done at the start of the breeding survey and when you open each photo, before closing it, you save it into the new folder with the new year and date.
It is super important to get this right as confusion comes when photo are not saved to respective years but nests added and the correct year is not reflected accordingly. This is as important as undertaking an accurate survey.
?. [Background Information Collection]
It is probable that in the vicinity of the colony there will be people who have taken an interest in the vultures over the years, these are likely to include landowners, farmers, employees of Nature Conservation agencies, teachers etc. These people need to be located and interviewed. Most of the colonies are on private land with a only a handful in reserves. If available contact details and relevant information for each colony will be given to you before you head out into the field. You will be trained before the monitoring so you feel comfortable and suitably prepared. Arrangements for site visits, monitoring and accommodation on site will be prepared beforehand and this information will all be shared with you.