eamag/protocols-with-steps huggingface dataset:
TITLE: MRI and Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer (Multi-IMPROD)
AUTHORS: Ivan Jambor

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block"><span>MULTI-IMPROD clinical trial (</span><a style = "text-decoration:underline;color:blue;cursor:pointer;"><span style = ":;">ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02241122</span></a><span>) is a mutli-institutional validation trial of IMPROD trial (</span><a style = "text-decoration:underline;color:blue;cursor:pointer;"><span style = ":;">NCT01864135</span></a><span>) using the same clinical trial set up, MRI acquisition and reporting system as IMPROD trial. Multi-IMPROD validated at 4 centers the use of high quality rapid 3 Tesla biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI), T2-weighted imaging and three separate diffusion-weighted imaging acquisitions, combined with targeted biopsy (TB) for improving risk stratification of men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) before their first biopsy.</span></div></div>

[STEPS]
TITLE: The role of mutuals in social protection policies: innovative experiences around the world
AUTHORS: Marietou  Niang, Émilie  Gélinas, Oumar  Mallé Samb, Valery  Ridde

[DESCRIPTION]
The objective of this scoping review is to produce a state of knowledge on the experiences of countries that have used community-based or health mutuals in their national social protection systems and the functions delegated to these mutuals. As this topic is to our knowledge not very developed in the literature, our review will be extended to all countries of the world. There are two main questions to be answered:
1.What are the existing experiences in the world that have usedcommunity-based health insurance orhealth mutuals in their national social protection policies?
2.What functions have been delegated to these mutuals in these country experiences?

[STEPS]
TITLE: Easy Covid LAMP
AUTHORS: ahmet , ayten 

[STEPS]
?. Collect sample into 1.5ml eppendorf tube.
?. Insert sample transfer plastic into the sample tube, mix for 5 seconds, then insert into pre-filled 0.2ml master mix PCR tube, mix for 5 seconds, discard.
?. Place PCR tube on the pre-heated heat block device and run .
[(Heat block is pre-set)]
?. Check the color of the PCR tube with naked eye: positive if yellow, negative if pink or orange.
?. Optional: Check the fluorescence signal using handheld fluorescent viewer: positive if bright green, negative if matte green.
TITLE: How to Determine Isoelectric Point
AUTHORS: 181830691 

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">Isoelectric Point, the pH of a molecule without charge on its surface, is mentioned for things that are charged, including but not limited to amphoteric electrolytes, such as amino acids and proteins. As amphoteric electrolyte, proteins’ isoelectric points are related to the ratio of acidic and basic amino acids it contains. Due to different amino acid residues, different proteins have different isoelectric points. When the positive and negative charges of a protein are exactly equal at a certain particular pH value, the protein does not move towards either the anode or the cathode in the electric field. Therefore, the isoelectric point of proteins can be determined by electrophoresis, and by which protein molecules with different charged properties, sizes and shapes can also be separated and purified.</div></div>

[STEPS]
TITLE: Applied GPU Computing in Computational Biology to Study Disparate Multicellularity Scenarios
AUTHORS: Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay

[DESCRIPTION]
A prethesis in partial fulfilment for a PhD in Bioinformatics at Heritage Institute of Technology under Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (formerly West Bengal Institute of Technology), Haringhata, West Bengal.

PhD Candidate: Avimanyu Bandyopadhyay, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Dipankar Chaudhuri and the joint supervision of Dr. Soma Banerjee, CB-611, Bioinformatics Lab, Dept. of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal.

PhD Registration no.: PhD/Tech/BI004/2016

[STEPS]
1. {"blocks":null,"entityMap":null}
TITLE: SOD2 and human alpha-synuclein immunofluorescence staining
AUTHORS: Pietro La Vitola

[DESCRIPTION]
This protocol is designed for SOD2 and human alpha-synuclein staining using the anti-SOD2 (RRID:AB_2636921) and MJFR1-Alexa 488 (RRID:AB_2537217) antibodies. Tissue stained with this protocol include 35 μm free-floating mouse brain sections. All tissue was from mice perfused with 4% PFA. 


[STEPS]
SECTION: Day 1
1. Rinse brain slices (35µ) in TBS (0.05M Trizma base and 0.15M NaCl; pH: 7.6) 3X 10 min 

SECTION: Day 1
2. Quench brain slices in a solution containing 3%H2O2 and 10% Methanol in TBS 20 min   
SECTION: Day 1
3. Rinse brain slices in TBS (0.05M Trizma base and 0.15M NaCl; pH: 7.6) 3X 10 min 

SECTION: Day 1
4. Incubate in blocking buffer (5% donkey serum, 2% BSA, 0.5% Triton X-100 in TBS) 60 min  hour at room temperature
SECTION: Day 1
5. Incubate with anti-SOD2 (1:1000; Cell Signaling, RRID:AB_2636921) in 50% blocking solution 1440 min  hour  at 4°C
SECTION: Day 1
9. Incubate with rabbit anti-hASYN(1:400; RRID:AB_2537217, MJFR1-Alexa 488) 1440 minat 4°C in 50%  blocking buffer  
SECTION: Day 1
8. Rinse brain slices in TBS-T (TBS+ 0.25% Triton X-100) 3X 10 min 
SECTION: Day 1
10. Rinse brain slices in TBS-T (TBS+ 0.25% Triton X-100) 2x 10 min 
SECTION: Day 1
12. Mount free-floating sections on SuperFrost+ slides (if staining free-floating tissue) and let dry at room temperature for 15 minutes.
SECTION: Day 1
13. Coverslip with fluorescent mounting medium and #1.5 coverslips. Outline coverslip with clear nail polish and store at 4oC .
SECTION: Day 1
7. Incubate in fluorescent secondary antibody at 1:200 dilution in 50% blocking buffer 60 min r at room temperature.
SECTION: Day 1
11. Rinse brain slices in TBS (0.05M Trizma base and 0.15M NaCl; pH: 7.6)10 min 
SECTION: Day 1
6. Rinse brain slices in TBS-T (TBS+ 0.25% Triton X-100) 3X 10 min
TITLE: Vandy - Hyperglycemic clamp
AUTHORS: Li Kang

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Summary:</span></div><div class = "text-block">
Mice with catheters implanted in the jugular vein (infusions) and carotid artery (sampling) are used for this procedure. The hyperglycemic clamp is used to assess insulin secretory capacity in conscious mice in response to hyperglycemia. Plasma insulin and C-Pedtide concentrations are measured at various times during the 2-hr clamp period.</div></div>

[STEPS]
?. Surgical catheterization of the carotid artery and jugular vein in mice at least 5 days prior to the day of the study (refer to protocol for Surgical Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein).
?. Weigh mouse and start fast (suggested starting time between 7:00 and 8:00 AM) by placing mouse in a plastic container with fresh bedding.
?. Mouse is hooked up to the swivel 4 hours into fasting and basal blood/plasma samples are collected 15 and 5 mins before the start of the clamp (refer to protocol for Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp for detailed set-up and connections).
?. After a total of 5 hr fast, variable infusion of 50% glucose starts. Arterial glucose is increased and maintained at 250-300 mg/dL.
?. Donor blood is infused to jugular vein catheter throughout the study to prevent a fall of hematocrit.
?. Plasma insulin and C-Peptide concentrations are measured at times as described in the following study sheet.
?. At the end of the study, mouse is anesthetized and tissues of interest are harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen.
TITLE: 城市微生物相調查計畫—採集土壤教學
AUTHORS: Hsin-Mao  Wu

[DESCRIPTION]
吳昕懋

[STEPS]
SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
1. 移除表土，取距離土表5~7公分之處的土，裝入塑膠夾鏈袋中   
   

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
2. 將塑膠袋中的土均勻混合，倒入採集罐之中  
 



SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
3. 在採集紀錄紙上勾選採樣地點、採樣種類，以及填寫日期、城市、鄉鎮、地點、採集者等資訊  

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
4. 最後拍兩張照片
 

   
        

 

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
5. 接著打開iNaturalist app
SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
5.1. 如圖所示，點選右下角的加號  

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
5.2. 如下圖所示接著需選擇觀察類型，請點「選擇照片」   

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
5.3. 請點選左上角紅框處的相機圖示，上傳第二張照片；接著點選圖中央綠框處，定位採集地點 
  

 

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
5.4. 按下打勾處完成定位  

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
6. 上傳完成後，若是搭載Android之裝置，可在app中的詮釋資料，找到iNaturalist ID (如下圖紅框處)  



SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
6.1. 若是搭載iOS之裝置，請在app中的觀察紀錄右上角，點選分享按鈕後，開啟瀏覽器，並在網址列末端找到iNaturalist ID   
  

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
7. 在採集紀錄紙上填入ID，並將紀錄紙下半部，沿虛線撕下並放入採集罐中    

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
8. 記得將採集地點恢復原狀！   

SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
9. 將採集罐保存於室溫，並將樣本放置回收處，詳細地址資訊附於採集工具包中。
待團隊評估樣品品質後，會再與您通知。
SECTION: 採土與iNaturalist紀錄教學
5.5. 最後點選圖中藍框處，將樣本加入「台灣土壤微生物相調查」專案中
TITLE:  Measuring photophysiological traits of diatoms from Rapid Light Curves using a Water-PAM 
AUTHORS: Phoebe Argyle, Jana Hinners, Nathan G. Walworth, Sinead Collins, Naomi M. Levine, Martina A. Doblin

[DESCRIPTION]
This is a brief protocol for how to measure ETRmax, alpha (α) and Ik for microalgae cultures using the Rapid Light Curve protocol included in the WinControl software used with a Walz Water-PAM instrument.

Based on the protocol developed in:

Ralph, P.J., Gademann, R., 2005. Rapid light curves: a powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity. Aquat. Bot. 82(3), 222-237.

This method was used in:

Argyle, P. A., Walworth, N. G., Hinners, J., Collins, S., Levine, N. M., & Doblin, M. A. (2021). Multivariate trait analysis reveals diatom plasticity constrained to a reduced set of biological axes. ISME Communications, 1(1), 59.

Argyle, P. A., Hinners, J., Walworth, N. G., Collins, S., Levine, N. M., & Doblin, M. A. (2021). A high-throughput assay for quantifying phenotypic traits of microalgae. Frontiers in microbiology, 12, 706235.

[STEPS]
SECTION: Prepare culture
1. Take a 2 mL aliquot of microalgae culture into a glass cuvette compatible with the WATER-PAM instrument. 

When the overall culture volume is limited (i.e. <2 mL of culture available for the measurement), take 0.5-1 mL and dilute with sterile seawater to a final volume of 2 mL.

Notes:
 The optimal volume for the WATER-PAM is 2-3 mL .


SECTION: Make measurements
2. Set up the WATER-PAM according to the manufacturer's instructions.

 



SECTION: Make measurements
3. Initiate a Rapid Light Curve by clicking Program > Light Curve in WinControl. 

  
  

To achieve a successful RLC, there should be at least 3 points on the rise, multiple points to estimate the ETRmax, and at least one point on the decline at the highest irradiance (see instrument manual). 

If the curve does not achieve these criteria, this may require optimization of the instrument settings such as the gain and irradiance steps. 

Modify the Light Curve Intensity (LI) to change the first irrandiance step of the curve, keeping in mind there will always be 8 steps to the curve. 

Gain settings should be adjusted by the user, if Fo or Fm exceeds the maximum value (>4000) then reduce the gain, or dilute the sample. 
NB: Do not adjust the gain settings in between samples as this renders the data incomparable. 

The curve width is usually set to 10 seconds.

  
 

NB: If comparing different cultures, it is important to conduct all measurements within a similar time window based on the photoperiod. I.e. within a 1-2 hour window 2 hours after the onset of light.
TITLE: Nucleic acid precipitation
AUTHORS: Elizabeth Fozo

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">Precipitation of nucleic acids</div></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Steps]
Bring volume of reaction/nucleic acid mixture to 200µL with sterile, clean water
?. [Steps]
Add 20µL of 3M sodium acetate (NaOAc), 1µL glycogen, and 550µL ethanol (99%).
?. [Steps]
Place in -20°C freezer for approximately 30-60 minutes or store there indefinitely.
?. [Steps]
Spin samples at 4°C, 13000 RPM for 20 minutes.
?. [Steps]
Decant liquid, careful not to disturb pellet.
?. [Steps]
Add 300µL of 70% ethanol to wash the pellet. Dislodge the pellet with ethanol streaming.
?. [Steps]
Vortex carefully (optional).
?. [Steps]
Spin as in step 4 but only for 10 minutes.
?. [Steps]
Carefully aspirate liquid, careful not to suck up the pellet.
?. [Steps]
Allow pellet to air dry completely. Can set in a rock on top of 65°C heat block.
?. [Steps]
Resuspend pellet in clean water.
TITLE: Qaigen RNEasy RNA extration protocol
AUTHORS: Jessica Pardy, Michael Dan Siemon, Dilan Joseph, Justin Donovan, christopher.degroot, Richard Gibson

[DESCRIPTION]
This protocol was employed by Western University for RNA extraction of wastewater samples for wastewater-based epimelogy in London, Ontario, Canada and surrounding area. The protocol was adapted from QIAamp® Viral RNA
Mini Handbook for use with the Qiagen RNeasy extraction kit.

[STEPS]
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
1. Thoroughly mix wastewater sample then aliquot 40 mL into 50 mL Falcon tube. Centrifuge at 12000 RPM for 90 min. Decant supernatant, assume 280 µl pellet.
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
2. Pipet 1120 µl prepared Buffer AVL into Falcon tube with sample
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
3. Pulse-vortex samples for 15s every 2 minutes for 8 minutes
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
4. Add 1120ul ethanol then centrifuge at 4000RPM for 5 minutes
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
5. Process supernatant through QiAmp Mini column by adding 750 µl and centrifuging at 8000 rpm for 1 min. Remove flow-through and repeat until all supernatant has been processed
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
6. Add 500 µl Buffer AW1 to QiAmp Mini column and centrifuge at 6000 x g (8000 rpm) for 1 min. Replace the collection tube with a clean 2 ml collection tube
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
7. Add 500 µl Buffer AW2 to QiAmp Mini column and centrifuge at 6000 x g (8000 rpm) for 1 min. Replace the collection tube with a clean 2 ml collection tube
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
8. Dry membrane by centrifuging at 13000 rpm for 3 min
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
9. Place the QIAamp Mini column in a clean 1.5 ml eppendorf tube.
Add 60 µl Buffer AVE equilibrated to room temperature.
SECTION: Protocol modified from QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Handbook
10. Centrifuge at 6000 x g (8000 rpm) for 1 min
TITLE: ssDNA2.0: Klenow mix
AUTHORS: Sarah Nagel, Anna Schmidt, Matthias Meyer

[DESCRIPTION]
Protocol for the preparation of Klenow mix for automated single-stranded DNA library preparation using the ssDNA2.0 method (Gansauge et al. 2020). 

References
Gansauge, M.-T., Aximu-Petri, A., Nagel, S., & Meyer, M. (2020). Manual and automated preparation of single-stranded DNA libraries for the sequencing of DNA from ancient biological remains and other sources of highly degraded DNA. Nature Protocols, 15, 2279-2300.

[STEPS]
TITLE: Practice Protocols for PBI 
AUTHORS: Holly  Rumery

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">This protocol describes the steps of a Practice Protocol.</div></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Set 1]
AIf you click the box beside the one, that is the checklist functionality.
[reagent]
?. [Set 1]
B Automatically turns into a 3 min timer.To create, type 3:00, highlight 3:00, and then select duration component.
?. This is used to showcase a sidenote.
?. - Insert images or videos by using the tool bar - You can upload a document by adding an attachment using attach file (the paperclip on the tool bar)
?. 
?. [You can state different temperatures using this component]
?. 
?. [Set 1]
?. [Set 1]
TITLE: eDNA extraction from buffer EtOH 100% using DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (QIAGEN)
AUTHORS: delphine.vanhaecke

[DESCRIPTION]
This is a protocol for extracting eDNA from the buffer EtOH 100% in which Millipore filters are stored.


[STEPS]
1. Clean the laminar flow hood and micropipettes with DNAZAP (solution 1 and 2) and rinse with ddH2O.
2. Place disposable gloves, sleeves and 1.5ml sterilized tubes (as many as the number of samples to process + 1 negative extraction control) in the laminar flow hood and submit to UV light for 10 minutes.
3. In the meantime, sterilize the tubes containing the filters with bleach (10%). Let dry and then clean with Ethanol 70%.
4. Beadbeat the tube with the filter (stored in EtOH 99.9%) for 20s at 4.0M/S. Let tubes rest for 5min then beadbeat again.
5. In the flowhood, remove the EtOH buffer from the tube and pipet it in a new 1.5mL sterilized LoBind tube
6. Centrifuge the LoBInd tube with EtOH for 60 minutes at 8000rpm and 6°C (check if pellet has formed at bottom).
7. Refill the tubes with the filter with EtOH and store at -80°C.
8. In the flowhood, remove the supernatant and let the pellet dry with the fan on for 30 min.
9. Add 20µl proteinase K, 200µl PBS 1x, 200µl buffer AL to each pellet.
Freshly prepare 5ml of PBS 1x from PBS10X (mix 500µl PBS10x with 4500µl nuclease free water).

10. Vortex well.
11. Incubate samples at 56°C for two hours in a thermoshaker at 600rpm.
12. Vortex 15s.
13. In the flowhood, add 200 µl EtOH 100%. 
14. Mix by vortexing.
15. Pipet the mixture (650 µl) into the DNeasy Mini spin column placed in a 2 ml collection tube. Centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 1 min. Discard flow- through and collection tube.
16. Place the DNeasy Mini spin column in a new 2 ml collection tube, add 600 μl Buffer AW1, and centrifuge for 1 min at 8000 rpm. Discard flow-through and collection tube.
17. Place the DNeasy Mini spin column in a new 2 ml collection tube, add 600 μl Buffer AW2, and centrifuge for 3 min at 14,000 rpm to dry the Dneasy membrane. Discard flow-through and collection tube.
18. Place the DNeasy Mini spin column in a clean 1.5 ml  microcentrifuge LoBIND tube, and
pipet 75 μl Buffer AE directly onto the DNeasy membrane. Incubate at room temperature for 1min, and then centrifuge for 1 min at 8000 rpm to elute.
19. Repeat step 18 in a new 1.5 ml  microcentrifuge LoBIND tube for a 2nd elution.
20. Discard spin column and store eDNA samples at -20C.
TITLE: No Title
AUTHORS: 

[DESCRIPTION]
<p>Background: Natural disasters increase the level population stress, including pregnant women, who can experience prenatal maternal stress, affecting to the fetus and trigger perinatal complications, such as low birth weight, smaller head circumference, etc. However, little is known about effects of earthquake on perinatal outcomes.  </p>
<p>Objective: To evaluate the effect of earthquake occurred on February 27, 2010 and perinatal outcomes of Chilean pregnant women, and to examine these effects by timing of exposure during pregnancy and newborn gender.</p>
<p>Methods: A register-based study was performed using data collected from women who had a vaginal delivery in a large private health center in Santiago, Chile, during 2009 and 2010. The study population was categorized according to exposure to earthquake and timing during gestation. Primary perinatal outcomes were gestational age at birth, birth weight, length and head circumference. Analyses adjusted for gender, gestational age at exposure, parity, maternal age and income.</p>
<p>Results: A total of 1,966 eligible vaginal deliveries occurred during 2009 and 2,110 in 2010. Birth weight was not affected by the trimester of exposure; however, length, head circumference and gestational age at birth were significantly different according to trimester of exposure and gender of newborn. In multivariable analysis, newborns were shorter by 2 mm, 5 mm and 4.5 mm, if they were exposed during their first, second and third trimester, respectively. Furthermore, newborns had a smaller head circumference by 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm if they were exposed during first and second trimester of gestation.</p>
<p>Conclusion: In this cohort, exposure to the February 2010 earthquake resulted in earlier delivery and reduced length and head circumference in the offspring. This association varied according to trimester of exposure and fetal gender. Health workers should include exposed to high levels of stress associated with natural disasters when assessing pregnancy risk factors.</p>

[STEPS]
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?.
TITLE: No Title
AUTHORS: 

[DESCRIPTION]
<p><span style="color: #000339; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; display: inline !important; float: none;">This protocol is part of the manuscript: <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000862" target="_blank">Gonçalves et al. Commensal bacteria and essential amino acids control food choice behavior and reproduction. Plos Biology. 2017 Apr 18.</a><br /></span></p>

[BEFORE_START]
<p>Prepare the required fly and bacterial media.</p>

[GUIDELINES]
<p><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/pr-journal/iu3fw26.png" data-src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/pr-journal/iu3fw26.png" data-ofn="Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 1.55.25 AM.png" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Prepare high yeast-based medium (HYBM) <strong>WITHOUT</strong> antibiotics and <strong>NO</strong> yeast granules for rearing the experimental flies as follows:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>mix 8 g agar, 80 g barley malt syrup, 22 g sugar beet syrup, 80 g corn flour, 10 g soya flour, <strong>41.67 g instant yeast</strong>, 8 ml propionic acid, and 12 ml nipagin (15% in 96% ethanol) and fill up to 1000 ml using milliQ filtered water</li>
<li>autoclave before pouring into polypropylene fly culture vials (VWR, #734-2261)</li>
<li><strong>DO NOT supplement the food with live instant yeast granules on the surface</strong></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>Perform all fly rearing, maintenance, and behavioral testing at 25°C in climate-controlled chambers at 70% relative humidity in a 12-hr-light-dark cycle (Aralab, FitoClima 60000EH).</p>

[STEPS]
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?. 
?.
TITLE: Testing and validation of a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Older People with frailty and Acute Care needs (PROM-OPAC).
AUTHORS: James van Oppen

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">Aim: To refine, validate, and evaluate the early impact of a novel PROM instrument, the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Older People with frailty and Acute Care Needs (PROM-OPAC).</div></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Preparatory work]
Semi-structured interviews with 15-30 older people living with frailty with recent experience of UK emergency and acute care.Qualitative analysis using blended approach of framework and comparative methods.Outcome: a framework to define outcome goals for acute healthcare among older people living with frailty.
?. [Stage 1]
Field-testing the draft instrument in UK sites with a representative sample of 150 older people living with frailty.Evaluation will include feasibility in the form of response rates and feedback, internal consistency, and retest reproducibility, and patient feedback to inform iterative development.Outcomes will be reviewed with lay collaborators and clinicians.
?. [Preparatory work]
?. [Preparatory work]
Development of a novel patient-reported outcome measure for this setting.Review of existing instruments and extensive comparison and reflection with the framework of health outcome goals which has been produced, in order to prepare and exhaustive list of item stems, questions, and responses.Reduction, iterative refinement, and evaluation of content validity of the exhaustive list through patient review in interviews, lay collaborator review in surveys, and clinician review in surveys and short interviews, in order to prepare a draft PROM instrument.
?. [Stage 2]
Disseminated testing and validation in separate sites with a further sample of 150 older people living with frailty.Evaluation will include interpretability and construct validity through comparison with alternative measures of healthcare quality.
?. [Stage 3]