TITLE: Transformation of Diplonema papillatum by electroporation
AUTHORS: Matus Valach, Gertraud Burger

[DESCRIPTION]
Variant protocol for transformation of Diplonema papillatum by electroporation using a "home-made" transformation buffer. The procedure was devised based on previously published protocols by Kaur et al. (DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14041) and Dyer et al. (DOI: 10.3791/54342). For additional details, see also Faktorová et al. (DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15130).

[BEFORE_START]
Perform a simple test of antibiotic resistance of wild-type cells in the chosen culture conditions, e.g., temperature (16 vs 20 vs 27 °C), medium composition (e.g., horse serum vs fetal bovine serum) or antibiotic supplier. Into a 24-well plate, distribute 1.5 mL medium per well and add the antibiotic at several different concentrations (e.g., for G418, choose 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 µg/mL). This arrangement (6 columns, each with a different antibiotic concentration) allows to perform three WT replicates together with one positive control resistant to the antibiotic of choice. Inoculate 1–5×105 cells per well and let the cells grow for 3–4 days, then examine the extent of growth. The lowest antibiotic concentration at which the WT cells do not grow is then used for the selection.
For example, when cultivating Diplonema papillatum in a horse serum-based medium and using G418 (Bioshop; potency min. 650 µg/mg), 100 µg/mL is the threshold value at 20 °C, but >125 µg/mL is needed for efficient selection at 16 °C.

[STEPS]
1. Prepare the transformation (cytomix-like) buffer.


 

 

2. Inoculate Diplonema cells at 1–2×105 /mL into 100 mL OSS medium supplemented with 0.05% tryptone and let them grow for 2–3 days.

 



3. Harvest the cells while they are in the late exponential phase (optimal density 8×106–2×107 /mL) by centrifugation (2,000×g, 5 min, 4 °C).
 

6. Resuspend the pellet in ice-cold 200 µL transformation buffer (see the recipe above), immediately centrifuge (4 °C, 1,000×g, 1 min), and discard the supernatant.
 

7. Resuspend the pellet in ice-cold 100 µL transformation buffer supplemented with 1–4 µg linearized DNA (e.g., a PCR product or a restriction fragment of a plasmid). 
 

8. Immediately transfer the cell suspension into an electroporation cuvette (0.2 mm), which has been pre-cooled on ice.
9. Wipe the cuvette to remove moisture, quickly transfer the cuvette into an electroporation apparatus (e.g., Gene Pulser Xcell from Bio-Rad), and apply the pulse.

Pulse parameters: 
1,500 V, 0.4 ms (also referred to here at "high voltage"); or 
140 V, 1,400 µF ("low voltage").
 

10. Immediately after the pulse, put the cuvette back on ice, add 1 mL cold (1–5 °C) OSS, and resuspend the cells.
11. Transfer the cell suspension into a well of a 24-well (or 48-well) plate. Distribute the pulsed cell suspension into 24–48 wells (depending on the expected or desired number of independent clones, but the higher the number of wells, the more likely it is that a pure clonal cell line will quickly be obtained). Add additional OSS into each well (~1 and ~0.5 mL when using 24- and 48-well plates, respectively). Cultivate for 5–8 h without selection.
12. Prepare OSS with the antibiotic of choice at a concentration that is double of the selection concentration (e.g., 200 µg/mL G418 if the final selection concentration is to be 100 µg/mL). To each well with pulsed cell suspension in OSS, add an equal volume of this medium. The final volume is usually 1.6–2 mL (24-well plates) or 0.8–1 mL (48-well plates).
 


13. Let the cells grow for 2–4 days. Observe the cells in the plates under a microscope to check their growth. If there is visible growth, i.e., cells actively swimming (as opposed to floating passively) in the 'column', transfer an aliquot of these swimming cells into a new plate with a 1.5–2× higher concentration of the antibiotic (e.g., if using G418 at 100 µg/mL, this well population passaging should be done at 150–200 µg/mL). After a growth for additional 5–9 days, start analyzing well populations or make conserves for later analyses.
 
14. If a well population is a mixture of cells containing a wild-type allele and a correctly integrated DNA construct, perform 10× serial dilutions of cells from each selection well into a new plate with fresh medium (if using G418, usually at 100–150 µg/mL) to ensure that truly independent cell lines are selected. This phase may take up to 3 weeks in total.
4. Resuspend the pelleted cells in OS (i.e., medium without the serum), then transfer them into 1.5-mL tubes and centrifuge (2,000×g, 5 min, 4 °C).
 

5. Repeat the washing with OS once more, then aliquot the cells into tubes, so that after the final centrifugation, each pellet contains 1–4×108 cells. Remove as much OS buffer as possible. From this point on, keep the cells on ice.