TITLE: Preparation of Artificial Urine
AUTHORS: alow

[DESCRIPTION]
A method for producing artificial urine as a media for bacterial experiments

[STEPS]
1. Take twelve 50 mL tubes and label with sufficient information. There are 12 reagents (Table 1 in Materials) which require plastic tube storage so you can label these 1 to 12 but missing out number 4 for Urea. You will need two tubes for reagent 9, Potassium oxalate.
2. Weight out the chemical powders to the labelled tubes as described in table 2.
 

3. Add 40-45 mL ultrapure water to the powders and give them time to go fully into solution. It may be necessary to warm some chemicals.
4. Depending upon what volume of AU you want to prepare, you will need to calculate how much of reagent 4 (Urea) to make. For 1L AU, you need 100 mL of the 10X reagents so you may want to prepare 1.5 times the volumes in order to be able to accurately transfer 100 mL. Urea should be prepared in a glass bottle of sufficient size for the volume being made. After dissolving the powder and making up to the final volume with ultrapure water, warm up the urea, or use pre-warmed water to dissolve. Due to the endothermic nature of urea dissolving, the liquid becomes sufficiently cold such that it also cools down the mixture of reagents after it is added and will cause reagent 9 to precipitate. Once reagent 9 precipitates out of solution, it is very difficult to reverse the reaction so you will not get a true AU solution and you will need to begin mixing again! However, urea also breaks down with heat to form isocyanates which may be detrimental to bacteria so it is recommended to avoid unnecessary heating.
5. The media components, reagents 13 and 14, can be prepared in glass bottles and autoclaved. Note, the final AU will be filter sterilized since not all reagents are sufficiently heat stable to be sterilized by autoclaving. So it is not essential to autoclave the Peptone or YE but if you plan to keep these media components more than the working day, you should autoclave them and prepare them in glass bottles.
6. Top up the 12 plastic tubes to exactly 50 mL each with more ultrapure water.
7. For reagent 9, Potassium oxalate, transfer 5 mL of the now ready 1000X into a new 50 mL tube and top up to 50 mL to produce the 100X stock.
8. Take ten 10mL stripettes (which can be labelled and reused if the packaging is retained).
9. Being transferring each of the reagents into a 1L beaker or 1L measuring cylinder, one at a time in the order that they appear in the list. (It should work in any order but it can help to prevent precipitation if the order is followed.) Use a stripette to transfer 10 mL for the 100X reagents. Add reagent 9, Potassium oxalate DROPWISE to help avoid precipitation. It will also help to prevent any precipitation if you add in 100-200 mL ultrapure water at the start.
10. Transfer 100 mL of the 10X reagents.
11. Use a Bunsen with the media components (reagents 13 and 14) to maintain sterility of the stocks.
12. After addition of all 14 reagents, top up to 1L with ultrapure water and mix well.
13. Aliquot the AU as desired and freeze for storage longer than 2 days, otherwise keep at 4ºC when not in use.
14. AU contains some reagents which cannot be autoclaved, so the final solution must be filter sterilized using a 0.2 um filter before being used in an experiment.      
15. Disposal: AU can be flushed down the sink with plenty water. AU that has been used to grow bacteria or harbours phages must be collected into an autoclavable container.
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