TITLE: LABORATORY PROTOCOLS OF ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE, MALARIA SCREENING USING RDT (HRP-2), PROCESSING OF WET PREPARATION,  KATO-KATZ  AND EXAMINATION OF STOOL SAMPLES, REPORTING OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHES AND FAECAL PARASITES (PREVALENCE AND 
AUTHORS: Jean  Claude Nkurunziza, Aloys Niyongabo, Nicolette   Nabukeera-Barungi, Joan   Nakayaga Kalyango, Mercy Muwema Mwanja, Ezekiel   Mupere, Joaniter I. Nankabirwa

[DESCRIPTION]
To determine the prevalence of anaemia in children aged 6-24 months living in a high malaria transmission setting in Burundi, we used laboratory protocols to test anaemia using a portable hemocue analyser and screend for malaria using a Malaria Ag Pf/Pan rapid test; a rapid, qualitative test for the detection of HRP-II (Histidine rich protein II- HRP-2). We also detected Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and other faecal parasites microscopically by wet preparation and Kato-Katz technique. Laboratory protocols were used in cross-sectional that determined the prevalence and factors associated with anaemia in children aged 6-24 months living in a high malaria transmission setting in northern Burundi. 

[BEFORE_START]
Wear protective gloves before handling blood or stool specimens
Collect stool in a dry, sterilized, wide mouthed container/vial


[GUIDELINES]
1.WHO: Bench aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994. 
2.WHO: Public report, Product: SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f and SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f POCT. In Prequalification of Diagnostics Programme; 2016.
3.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Reference and Selected Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Hemoglobin in Blood; Approved Standard—Third Edition, H15-A3, Vol. 20 No. 28, Pennsylvania, USA, 2000; [(accessed on 28 January 2021); Available online:  https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/CLSI/preview_H15-A3.pdf]
4.Swiss Tropical Institute: KATO-Katz technique for helminth eggs. Basel, 2005

[STEPS]
SECTION: MALARIA SCREENING USING RDT (HRP-2)
9. Open the alcohol swab and Clean the patient’s 4th finger towards the side of the pulp (if the subject is right-handed, choose the 4th finger on the left hand and vice-versa) or a heel prick in the case of children age 6-11 months, and allow it to air dry.
SECTION: MALARIA SCREENING USING RDT (HRP-2)
8. After the test packet opened, the test cassette was removed and labelled with subject’s code number 
10. After using the alcohol swab, place it on its wrapper and set it aside, it may be used again to stop the bleeding after collecting the subject’s’ blood.
16. A positive results was recorded when the test and control bands appeared after 15 minutes and a negative results when only the control band showed.
15. Wait for 15 minutes after adding assay diluent and read test results
11. Open the sterile lancet and prick the 4th finger (or a heel prick in the case of children age 6-11 months).
12. A collect amount of blood was collected using the capillary tube. 
13. The blood sample was pipetted into the round hole of the RDT.
14. Place four drops of assay diluent vertically into the square hole of the cassette.
SECTION: WET MOUNT PREPARATION OF STOOL SAMPLE FOR MICROSCOPY
17. Take samples with a wooden applicator from different places in the faeces sample (collected in a sterile container).
SECTION: WET MOUNT PREPARATION OF STOOL SAMPLE FOR MICROSCOPY
18. Place a drop of saline solution and one drop of Lugol’s Iodine solution on a labelled and clean microscopy slide (subject’s code number, date and hour)
SECTION: WET MOUNT PREPARATION OF STOOL SAMPLE FOR MICROSCOPY
19. Place the collected faeces specimen on the drops of solution.
SECTION: WET MOUNT PREPARATION OF STOOL SAMPLE FOR MICROSCOPY
20. Dissociate the faeces and remove harmful debris with an applicator if necessary.
SECTION: WET MOUNT PREPARATION OF STOOL SAMPLE FOR MICROSCOPY
21. Cover with a coverslip, pressing lightly to avoid air bubbles.
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
22. Analyze the stool on the day of production and collection
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
23. Macroscopic examination:  colour, consistency, blood, mucous, parts of parasite and adult parasite
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
24. Microscope calibration using ocular micrometer disk
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
25. 10X magnification objective: systematic examination of the preparation to detect helminthes.
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
26. 40X magnification objective: accurate identification of faecal parasites found at the 10X objective.
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
27. Microscopic examination to detect ova (eggs) or larvae of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) or any faecal parasite.
SECTION: READING AND REPORTING FAECAL PARASITES FROM WET PREPARATION
28. Report the nature of sol-transmitted helminthiasis or any faecal parasite on the laboratory report form. Report the result “POSITIVE” or “NEGATIVE”. If the result is POSITIVE, report the species of the detected parasites.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29. PREPARATION OF THIN SMEAR 

SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.1. Cut hydrophilic cellophane into 25mm x 30mm pieces and soak them in 50% Glycerol-Malachite Green (or Methylene Blue solution) for at least 24 hours before use.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29. Cut hydrophilic cellophane into 25mm x 30mm pieces and soak them in 50% Glycerol-Malachite Green (or Methylene Blue solution) for at least 24 hours before use. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.2. Label microscopic glass slide with the subject’s code number.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.3. Transfer a small amount of stool onto a piece of scrap paper
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.4. Press nylon screen on top of faecal sample.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.5. Using flat-sided of a wooden applicator stick, scrape across the upper surface of the screen the sifted faecal material so that only debris remains.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.6. Place a template on a labelled microscope slide and transfer a small amount of sieved faecal material through the template and carefully fill the hole. Level with the applicator stick. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.7. Remove the template vertically and carefully (avoid any horizontal movement) so that all the faecal material is left on the slide and none is left sticking to the template. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.8. Cover the faecal sample on the slide with a glycerol-soaked cellophane strip, wipe off any excess of glycerol-malachite green solution on the upper surface of the cellophane with a small piece of absorbent tissue. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.9. Invert the microscope slide and press the faecal sample against the cellophane on a smooth surface (a second clean microscope slide or a clean applicator) to spread the sample evenly. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
29.10. Do not lift the slide straight up. The cellophane may separate. Gently slide the microscope slide sideways holding the cellophane. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
30. READING AND REPORTING OF FAECAL PARASITES
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
30.1. The slide should be read within 30-60 minutes. To read the slide, place it under the microscope using the 40 and 100x magnification objectives.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
30.2. Read all fields on the slide using the vertical 'zig zag' system and the tally counter to record how many eggs are seen under the slide as it is read.
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
30.3. Record the number and nature of each egg on a recording form next to the sample number. Multiply by the appropriate number to give number of eggs per gram of faeces: by 24 for a 41.7mg template. If there are no eggs, score "0". 
7. The recorded result was the hemoglobin value is displayed after 5 seconds.
6. Haemoglobin was measured by placing the microcuvette in the cuvette holder, gently sliding the cuvette holder to measuring position.
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
5. Fill the microcuvette completely with blood in one step and make sure that no specimen is drawn out from the open end by wiping off specimen from the outside
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
4. After wiping away the first 2 or 3 drops of blood. The fingertip is lightly pressed until a collect amount of blood appears
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
3. Open the sterile lancet and prick the 4th finger (or a heel prick in the case of children age 6-11 months). 
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
2.3. After using the alcohol swab, place it on its wrapper and set it aside, it may be used again to stop the bleeding after collecting the subject’s’ blood.
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
2.2. Clean the patient’s 4th finger towards the side of the pulp (if the subject is right-handed, choose the 4th finger on the left hand and vice-versa)or a heel prick in the case of children age 6-11 months, and allow it to air dry.
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
2.1. Open the alcohol swab
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
2. Preparation of the patient’s site to prick 
SECTION: ANAEMIA TESTING USING PORTABLE HEMOCUE
1. 1.Switch-on the HemoCue Hb 301 analyser. Check if the vial of HemoCue Hb 301 is empty. 
SECTION: KATO-KATZ
30.4. Report the result “POSITIVE” or “NEGATIVE”. If the result is POSITIVE, report the species of the detected parasites.