TITLE: Mouse Surgery –  Transplantation of human thymus into the kidney capsule of NSG mice
AUTHORS: Austin Chen, Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei, Markus Holzl, Megan Sykes

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">This protocol details our minimally invasive approach for implanting human thymus tissue under the kidney capsule of NSG mice. In contrast to our open abdominal approach, this approach is from the dorsal aspect of the mouse and requires only two interrupted sutures and 1-2 staples to close the incision. The technique can be applied to other strains of mice, though we have found the NSG kidney capsule to be more delicate, and thus more challenging to manipulate during surgery. </div><br/><br/><br/></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Day 0 or 1, Irradiation]
1. Put the mice into an irradiation cage2. Irradiate the mouse with indicated grey     120 – 150 for NSG    250-270 for NS3. Put the mice back into their original cage
?. [Day 1, Thymus surgery (all of these steps take place within the hood)]
Make sure to read and understand steps 14-19 prior to starting the protocol as these steps take place in quick succession and require strategic placement of forceps, cotton tipped applicators, other tools, and the tissue within the hood.1. Thaw the thymic tissue according to protocols. In brief, put thymus into warm BM Medium for 15 minutes. Transfer into new BM Medium for 15 min. Make 1 mm³ pieces. Additionally it can be discussed to vigorously pipette the tissue, thereby, excess of thymocytes can be removed.2. Place the thymic tissue into medium and a   petri-dish and cut into appropriate pieces (1 mm³ pieces are usually used)3. Anesthetize mice using ketamine/xylazine ip injection (or isoflurane) (See anesthesia protocol)4. For surgery via the back: Shave the left dorsal aspect of the mouse with the electric shaver.5. Wipe the shaved area with iodine and then wipe excess iodine with an alcohol wipe6. Find the approximate location of the kidney underneath the skin palpating the dorsal area and looking for the kidney. Both spleen and kidney appear dark red and it can be hard to differentiate the two.·The kidney appears rounder and more plump while the spleen is thinner and longer.·It may be hard to locate the kidney7. With a pointed scissor, make an approximately   cut into the left side of the back, parallel to the spine. To make a cut parallel to the spine, you must pinch the skin perpendicular to the spine. If you then cut this perpendicular fold, the result will be a parallel incision.·Do this by pinching the skin together with the forceps so that there is about   on each side of the pinch. Cut the fold to make a   incision.8. Gently put the scissors below the skin, being careful not to puncture the peritoneum. Open the scissors to separate the fascia from the skin. ·Do this a few times to give maneuverability between the skin and the fascia9. Again, try to locate the kidney underneath the peritoneum·It may not be possible to see the kidney, and only the spleen may be visualized·If this is the case, making the next cut slightly away from the spleen, closer to the spine, may be helpful as one difficulty later on is having the spleen continually protrude out of the hole, making it difficult to isolate the kidney.10. With a pointed scissor, cut an approximately  cut into the peritoneum, parallel to the spine. This cut is essential. If it is too small, the kidney cannot pop out. If it is too big, the kidney slips back in. This requires some practice and each mouse kidney is a different size; sometimes adjustments to the cut must be made.11. Squeeze the kidney out by pushing the belly with your thumbs with counter pressure from your index fingers near the dorsum of the mouse. If perfect, the kidney will pop out. Oftentimes, intestines or spleen will protrude out of the hole with the kidney. If this is the case, use a Q-tip soaked in 1x PBS to gently push the other viscera back into the hole while keeping the kidney out. This step may require a few tries and a few Q-tips. ·If done correctly, the kidney should remain above the peritoneum and will not slip back in.12. If the kidney is slips back, you can use a wet Q-tip pressed against the mouse to prevent the kidney from slipping back into the hole while you operate.13. When the kidney is out, it is essential to wet the kidney every 20-30 seconds with 1x PBS using a wet Q-tip.14. Create a hole in the kidney capsule by using 2 forceps to gently lift the capsule and then poke a hole.·This can be done with 2 sharp forceps or 1 sharp forcep and 1 blunt forcep.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.2. Place the thymic tissue into medium and a  petri-dish and cut into appropriate pieces (1 mm³ pieces are usually used)3. Anesthetize mice using ketamine/xylazine ip injection (or isoflurane) (See anesthesia protocol)4. For surgery via the back: Shave the left dorsal aspect of the mouse with the electric shaver.5. Wipe the shaved area with iodine and then wipe excess iodine with an alcohol wipe6. Find the approximate location of the kidney underneath the skin palpating the dorsal area and looking for the kidney. Both spleen and kidney appear dark red and it can be hard to differentiate the two.·The kidney appears rounder and more plump while the spleen is thinner and longer.·It may be hard to locate the kidney7. With a pointed scissor, make an approximately   cut into the left side of the back, parallel to the spine. To make a cut parallel to the spine, you must pinch the skin perpendicular to the spine. If you then cut this perpendicular fold, the result will be a parallel incision.·Do this by pinching the skin together with the forceps so that there is about   on each side of the pinch. Cut the fold to make a   incision.8. Gently put the scissors below the skin, being careful not to puncture the peritoneum. Open the scissors to separate the fascia from the skin. ·Do this a few times to give maneuverability between the skin and the fascia9. Again, try to locate the kidney underneath the peritoneum·It may not be possible to see the kidney, and only the spleen may be visualized·If this is the case, making the next cut slightly away from the spleen, closer to the spine, may be helpful as one difficulty later on is having the spleen continually protrude out of the hole, making it difficult to isolate the kidney.10. With a pointed scissor, cut an approximately  cut into the peritoneum, parallel to the spine. This cut is essential. If it is too small, the kidney cannot pop out. If it is too big, the kidney slips back in. This requires some practice and each mouse kidney is a different size; sometimes adjustments to the cut must be made.11. Squeeze the kidney out by pushing the belly with your thumbs with counter pressure from your index fingers near the dorsum of the mouse. If perfect, the kidney will pop out. Oftentimes, intestines or spleen will protrude out of the hole with the kidney. If this is the case, use a Q-tip soaked in 1x PBS to gently push the other viscera back into the hole while keeping the kidney out. This step may require a few tries and a few Q-tips. ·If done correctly, the kidney should remain above the peritoneum and will not slip back in.12. If the kidney is slips back, you can use a wet Q-tip pressed against the mouse to prevent the kidney from slipping back into the hole while you operate.13. When the kidney is out, it is essential to wet the kidney every 20-30 seconds with 1x PBS using a wet Q-tip.14. Create a hole in the kidney capsule by using 2 forceps to gently lift the capsule and then poke a hole.·This can be done with 2 sharp forceps or 1 sharp forcep and 1 blunt forcep.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.7. With a pointed scissor, make an approximately  cut into the left side of the back, parallel to the spine. To make a cut parallel to the spine, you must pinch the skin perpendicular to the spine. If you then cut this perpendicular fold, the result will be a parallel incision.·Do this by pinching the skin together with the forceps so that there is about  on each side of the pinch. Cut the fold to make a  incision.8. Gently put the scissors below the skin, being careful not to puncture the peritoneum. Open the scissors to separate the fascia from the skin. ·Do this a few times to give maneuverability between the skin and the fascia9. Again, try to locate the kidney underneath the peritoneum·It may not be possible to see the kidney, and only the spleen may be visualized·If this is the case, making the next cut slightly away from the spleen, closer to the spine, may be helpful as one difficulty later on is having the spleen continually protrude out of the hole, making it difficult to isolate the kidney.10. With a pointed scissor, cut an approximately  cut into the peritoneum, parallel to the spine. This cut is essential. If it is too small, the kidney cannot pop out. If it is too big, the kidney slips back in. This requires some practice and each mouse kidney is a different size; sometimes adjustments to the cut must be made.11. Squeeze the kidney out by pushing the belly with your thumbs with counter pressure from your index fingers near the dorsum of the mouse. If perfect, the kidney will pop out. Oftentimes, intestines or spleen will protrude out of the hole with the kidney. If this is the case, use a Q-tip soaked in 1x PBS to gently push the other viscera back into the hole while keeping the kidney out. This step may require a few tries and a few Q-tips. ·If done correctly, the kidney should remain above the peritoneum and will not slip back in.12. If the kidney is slips back, you can use a wet Q-tip pressed against the mouse to prevent the kidney from slipping back into the hole while you operate.13. When the kidney is out, it is essential to wet the kidney every 20-30 seconds with 1x PBS using a wet Q-tip.14. Create a hole in the kidney capsule by using 2 forceps to gently lift the capsule and then poke a hole.·This can be done with 2 sharp forceps or 1 sharp forcep and 1 blunt forcep.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.9. Again, try to locate the kidney underneath the peritoneum·It may not be possible to see the kidney, and only the spleen may be visualized·If this is the case, making the next cut slightly away from the spleen, closer to the spine, may be helpful as one difficulty later on is having the spleen continually protrude out of the hole, making it difficult to isolate the kidney.10. With a pointed scissor, cut an approximately  cut into the peritoneum, parallel to the spine. This cut is essential. If it is too small, the kidney cannot pop out. If it is too big, the kidney slips back in. This requires some practice and each mouse kidney is a different size; sometimes adjustments to the cut must be made.11. Squeeze the kidney out by pushing the belly with your thumbs with counter pressure from your index fingers near the dorsum of the mouse. If perfect, the kidney will pop out. Oftentimes, intestines or spleen will protrude out of the hole with the kidney. If this is the case, use a Q-tip soaked in 1x PBS to gently push the other viscera back into the hole while keeping the kidney out. This step may require a few tries and a few Q-tips. ·If done correctly, the kidney should remain above the peritoneum and will not slip back in.12. If the kidney is slips back, you can use a wet Q-tip pressed against the mouse to prevent the kidney from slipping back into the hole while you operate.13. When the kidney is out, it is essential to wet the kidney every 20-30 seconds with 1x PBS using a wet Q-tip.14. Create a hole in the kidney capsule by using 2 forceps to gently lift the capsule and then poke a hole.·This can be done with 2 sharp forceps or 1 sharp forcep and 1 blunt forcep.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.10. With a pointed scissor, cut an approximately cut into the peritoneum, parallel to the spine. This cut is essential. If it is too small, the kidney cannot pop out. If it is too big, the kidney slips back in. This requires some practice and each mouse kidney is a different size; sometimes adjustments to the cut must be made.11. Squeeze the kidney out by pushing the belly with your thumbs with counter pressure from your index fingers near the dorsum of the mouse. If perfect, the kidney will pop out. Oftentimes, intestines or spleen will protrude out of the hole with the kidney. If this is the case, use a Q-tip soaked in 1x PBS to gently push the other viscera back into the hole while keeping the kidney out. This step may require a few tries and a few Q-tips. ·If done correctly, the kidney should remain above the peritoneum and will not slip back in.12. If the kidney is slips back, you can use a wet Q-tip pressed against the mouse to prevent the kidney from slipping back into the hole while you operate.13. When the kidney is out, it is essential to wet the kidney every 20-30 seconds with 1x PBS using a wet Q-tip.14. Create a hole in the kidney capsule by using 2 forceps to gently lift the capsule and then poke a hole.·This can be done with 2 sharp forceps or 1 sharp forcep and 1 blunt forcep.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.12. If the kidney is slips back, you can use a wet Q-tip pressed against the mouse to prevent the kidney from slipping back into the hole while you operate.13. When the kidney is out, it is essential to wet the kidney every 20-30 seconds with 1x PBS using a wet Q-tip.14. Create a hole in the kidney capsule by using 2 forceps to gently lift the capsule and then poke a hole.·This can be done with 2 sharp forceps or 1 sharp forcep and 1 blunt forcep.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.        i.  The sharp forcep can be used to create the hole.        ii. Alternatively, a 28 gauge needle can also be used to poke the hole.15. Continue holding the capsule with the forcep that was not used to poke the hole in order to keep track of the location of the hole.16. While holding the capsule, insert the space making tool (a blunted pipette tip) under the kidney and make space. If done right, bleeding is minimal and the capsule stays intact.·If you do not have a space making tool, you can use a blunt straight forcep to make space instead keeping the forcep closed and then probing under the capsule and sliding very gently back and forth and forward and back.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around   or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.·Once you release the thymic piece and retract the forceps, you may then have to re-enter with the blunt forceps closed to nudge the piece back in as the thymic pieces are sticky and may get stuck on the forceps as you try to release and retract.17. With a blunt, straight forceps, insert a 1mm³ piece of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule·To prevent it from slipping out, try to insert the tissue around  or more past the entry of the hole. The balance is pushing the thymic piece in while not tearing the kidney capsule.18. Check that the thymic piece is indeed under the kidney capsule.19. Gently push the kidney into the retro peritoneum by using forceps to hold and slightly widen the opening to allow the kidney to fall in.20. Sew the peritoneum closed with 2 interrupted sutures using the absorbable 4-0 vicryl.21. Close the skin with the stapler.22. Inject mice subcutaneously with  of Buprenorphine (12.5 ug/mL) + Gentamicin (2.5 mg/mL) solution23. Add topical eye ointment to the mouse’s eyes24. Carefully place the mouse into the cage and put it on a cage heater25. Mice should awaken in ~30 minutes
200 µl
?. [Day 2, Medical Treatment]
After Surgery, antibiotics, analgesics, loCD2, and CD34+ cells1. Inject another dose subcutaneously of  of Buprenorphine and Gentamicin 1 day after surgery.2. Inject intraperitoneally 400 ng of loCD2 antibody into each mouse.a. We prepare working solutions so that we can inject  of solution for each mouse.     For example, prepare 4000 ng/mL solution in  for 9 mice.    i. We prepare  extra to ensure that each mouse gets enough.b. Only inject loCD2 antibody if you are implanting tissue that may contain remnant thymocytes, such as fetal thymus pieces.3. Each mouse must receive CD34+ cells since they were irradiated. Inject intravenously 100,000-200,000 CD34+ cells.a. More CD34+ cells leads to quicker reconstitution.
200 µl
1000 µl
10 mL
1 mL