TITLE: No Title
AUTHORS: 

[DESCRIPTION]
<p>Chemiluminescence Detection System for Horseradish Peroxidase</p>

[BEFORE_START]
<p>1. <strong>Preparation of Working Detection Solution:</strong> Allow the solutions to warm to room temperature before use. For each mini blot membrane (~60cm<sup>2</sup> ), mix 2.0ml of picoLUCENT™ Luminol Solution‐A and 2.0ml picoLUCENT™ Peroxide Solution‐B.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>2. <strong>Preparation of 1X femto‐TBST:</strong> Dilute the appropriate volume of supplied 10X femto‐TBST to 1X with DI Water (e.g. Take 10ml of 10X femto‐TBST and add 90ml DI Water to make it 1X).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>3. <strong>Preparation of 1X NAP‐BLOCKER™:</strong> Use <strong>aseptic techniques</strong> for handling NAP‐ BLOCKER™ . Allow the supplied 2X NAP‐BLOCKER™ bottle to come to room temperature and then gently shake to mix. Dilute the appropriate volume of 2X NAP‐BLOCKER™ 1:1 with 1X femto‐TBST (e.g. Take 10ml of 2X NAP‐BLOCKER™ and add 10ml of 1X femto‐TBST).</p>

[GUIDELINES]
<p><strong>INTRODUCTION </strong></p>
<p>picoLUCENT™ PLUS‐HRP kit is based on our ultra sensitive Luminol substrate that produces chemiluminescence upon reaction with horseradish peroxidase. The chemiluminescence light emission can be recorded by a short exposure to autoradiography films.  </p>
<p> </p>
<p>picoLUCENT™ PLUS‐HRP reagents are available in five sizes suitable for 5, 25, 50, 125 and 250 blots as each 4ml of working solution is suitable for 1 mini blot (8 x 7.5cm)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In addition, picoLUCENT™ PLUS‐HRP is also supplied in a kit format, containing our non‐ animal protein blocking agent (NAP‐BLOCKER™ ) and wash buffer (femto‐TBST™ ) The picoLUCENT™ PLUS‐HRP kits allow detection of low picogram levels (10‐12) of antigens with low noise (signal/background) ratio.  The kit reagents are sufficient for 25 mini blots or 1,500cm2 of PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane.  </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>ITEM(S) SUPPLIED</strong></p>
<table style="width: 547px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;"><strong>Cat. #</strong></td>
<td style="width: 34px;"><strong>Size*</strong></td>
<td style="width: 125px;"><strong>NAP‐BLOCKER™ [2X]</strong></td>
<td style="width: 106px;"><strong>femto TBST [10X]</strong></td>
<td style="width: 101px;"><strong>Luminol Solution</strong></td>
<td style="width: 107px;"><strong>Peroxide Solution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">786‐09T</td>
<td style="width: 34px;">5</td>
<td style="width: 125px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 106px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 101px;">10ml</td>
<td style="width: 107px;">10ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">786‐002</td>
<td style="width: 34px;">25</td>
<td style="width: 125px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 106px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 101px;">50ml</td>
<td style="width: 107px;">50ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">786‐09</td>
<td style="width: 34px;">25 </td>
<td style="width: 125px;">250ml</td>
<td style="width: 106px;">250ml</td>
<td style="width: 101px;">50ml</td>
<td style="width: 107px;">50ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">786‐165</td>
<td style="width: 34px;">50</td>
<td style="width: 125px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 106px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 101px;">100ml</td>
<td style="width: 107px;">100ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">786‐264</td>
<td style="width: 34px;">125</td>
<td style="width: 125px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 106px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 101px;">250ml</td>
<td style="width: 107px;">250ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">786‐424</td>
<td style="width: 34px;">250</td>
<td style="width: 125px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 106px;">-</td>
<td style="width: 101px;">500ml</td>
<td style="width: 107px;">500ml</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* For mini blots with average size of 8 x 7.5cm or 60cm<sup>2.</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>STORAGE CONDITIONS</strong></p>
<p>Shipped at ambient temperature. Upon arrival, store the kit components at 4°C, protected from light. When stored and used properly, the kit is stable for 1 year.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>ITEMS NOT SUPPLIED</strong></p>
<p>• Primary antibody</p>
<p>• Secondary antibodies, HRP‐conjugates.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>PREPARATION BEFORE USE </strong></p>
<p>1. <strong>Preparation of Working Detection Solution:</strong> Allow the solutions to warm to room temperature before use. For each mini blot membrane (~60cm<sup>2</sup> ), mix 2.0ml of picoLUCENT™ Luminol Solution‐A and 2.0ml picoLUCENT™ Peroxide Solution‐B.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>2. <strong>Preparation of 1X femto‐TBST:</strong> Dilute the appropriate volume of supplied 10X femto‐TBST to 1X with DI Water (e.g. Take 10ml of 10X femto‐TBST and add 90ml DI Water to make it 1X).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>3. <strong>Preparation of 1X NAP‐BLOCKER™:</strong> Use <strong>aseptic techniques</strong> for handling NAP‐ BLOCKER™ . Allow the supplied 2X NAP‐BLOCKER™ bottle to come to room temperature and then gently shake to mix. Dilute the appropriate volume of 2X NAP‐BLOCKER™ 1:1 with 1X femto‐TBST (e.g. Take 10ml of 2X NAP‐BLOCKER™ and add 10ml of 1X femto‐TBST).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>PROTOCOL FOR REAGENT ONLY</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Prepare the Working Detection Solution as described above.</li>
<li>Block and probe your membrane with appropriate blocking agents and antibodies as per your regular protocols.</li>
<li>Following the final wash steps, add 4ml Working Detection Solution for a mini blot and incubate for 3‐5 minute at room temperature with gentle shaking.</li>
<li>Drain the detection reagent and wrap the membrane in saran wrap or clear plastic wrap and expose to an autoradiography film.</li>
</ol>
<p><em><strong>NOTE</strong>: Do NOT wash or rinse the membrane after addition/removal of the working</em><br /><em>detection solution.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>REDEVELOPING THE MEMBRANE</strong></p>
<p>The membrane can be redeveloped within a day or two, provided that the detection reagents are removed from the membrane within 30‐60 minutes of the first developing procedure. After each developing procedure, wash the membrane with 50ml TBS with Tween‐20.  Keep the membrane moist and at 4°C. Redevelop the membrane according to the protocol above and expose the autoradiography film.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>TROUBLESHOOTING</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>Uniform High Background</strong></em></p>
<table style="width: 645px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 40px;"><strong>Suggested Cause</strong></td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 40px;"><strong>Resolution/ Precaution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 89px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 89px;">Concentration of antibody too high</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 89px;">Reduce the concentration of primary and/ or secondary antibodies as high concentration can result in a high background.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 78px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 78px;">Interference from incompatible blocking agent</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 78px;">Investigate a different blocking agent, such as non animal protein blocking agents.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 76px;">Antibodies cross‐react with proteins present in blocking agents</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 76px;">Investigate a different blocking agent, such as non animal protein blocking agents.    Avoid milk based blocking agents when probing with avidin/biotin systems. Milk contains biotin.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 129px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 129px;">Non‐specific sites insufficiently blocked</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 129px;">Optimize the blocking buffer and conditions, including amount and type of blocking protein (agent) and length and temperature of blocking step. Add Tween® 20 to the blocking agent, if detergent is not already present. Final concentration of 0.05%. Incubate with antibodies in blocking agent containing 0.05% Tween® 20.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 20px;">Washing steps insufficient</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 20px;">Increase volume and length of wash steps. Use wash buffers with Tween® 20, such as out femto‐ TBST™ or femto‐TBST™ Wash Buffers.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 20px;">Membrane exposed too long to film</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 20px;">Reduce the exposure time.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 20px;">Membrane issues</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 20px;">Membranes not wetted correctly, check manufacturer’s instructions. Membrane inadvertently dried out during procedure. Use orbital shaking or rocking with all incubation steps. Handle membrane carefully, do not touch with exposed skin.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="width: 107px; height: 20px;">Bacterial or other contamination</td>
<td style="width: 385px; height: 20px;">Prepare fresh buffers.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Blotchy or Speckled High Background</strong></em></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Suggested Cause</strong></td>
<td><strong>Resolution/ Precaution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Concentration of antibody too high</td>
<td>Reduce the concentration of primary and/ or secondary antibodies as high concentration can result in a high background.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Interference from incompatible blocking agent</td>
<td>Investigate a different blocking agent, such as non animal protein blocking agents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HRP conjugate may have aggregated</td>
<td>Filter through a 0.2μm filter. Use new conjugate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Antibodies cross‐react with proteins present in blocking agents</td>
<td>Investigate a different blocking agent, such as non animal protein blocking agents. Avoid milk based blocking agents when probing with avidin/biotin systems. Milk contains biotin.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Non‐specific sites insufficiently blocked</td>
<td>Optimize the blocking buffer and conditions, including amount and type of blocking protein (agent) and length and temperature of blocking step. Add Tween® 20 to the blocking agent, if detergent is not already present. Final concentration of 0.05%.Incubate with antibodies in blocking agent containing 0.05% Tween® 20.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Washing steps insufficient</td>
<td>Increase volume and length of wash steps. Use wash buffers with Tween® 20, such as out femto‐ TBST™ or femto‐TBST™ Wash Buffers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Membrane exposed too long to film</td>
<td>Reduce the exposure time.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Membrane issues</td>
<td>Membranes not wetted correctly, check manufacturer’s instructions. Membrane inadvertently dried out during procedure. Use orbital shaking or rocking with all incubation steps. Handle membrane carefully, do not touch with exposed skin.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bacterial or other contamination</td>
<td>Prepare fresh buffers. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dirty equipment</td>
<td> Ensure all equipment is free of contaminants. Ensure no residual gel pieces are present on the membrane.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><em><strong> </strong></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Weak or No Signal</strong></em></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="height: 40px;"><strong>Suggested Cause</strong></td>
<td style="height: 40px;"><strong>Resolution/ Precaution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 80px;">
<td style="height: 80px;">Improper transfer of proteins to membrane</td>
<td style="height: 80px;">Ensure correct protein transfer by staining the membrane with a suitable, reversible membrane stain. We recommend Swift™ Membrane Stain (Cat. No. 786‐677).   For poor transfer of high molecular weight proteins, use our High Molecular Weight Transfer Buffer (Cat. No. 786‐423). Ensure the transfer sandwich and apparatus is assembled correctly and electrodes are correctly orientated. Avoid over heating during transfer.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 60px;">Poor binding of protein to membrane</td>
<td style="height: 60px;">Add 20% methanol to transfer buffer for improved binding. For low molecular weight proteins, reduce transfer time or use a membrane with a smaller pore size to prevent proteins passing through.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 60px;">Concentration of antibody too high</td>
<td style="height: 60px;">Reduce the concentration of primary and/ or secondary antibodies as high concentration can result in the signal generating too quickly and fading away before development.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 60px;">Concentration of antibody too low</td>
<td style="height: 60px;">Increase antibody concentration to overcome possible poor affinities.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="height: 40px;">Antigen levels too low</td>
<td style="height: 40px;">Load more proteins on the initial gel.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 60px;">Blocking agent binds antigen</td>
<td style="height: 60px;">Optimize blocking agent type and concentration.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 60px;">HRP activity inhibited by sodium azide</td>
<td style="height: 60px;">Avoid using buffers that use sodium azide as a preservative.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="height: 20px;">Exposure time too short  </td>
<td style="height: 20px;">Extend the film exposure time.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="height: 20px;">Detection substrate inactive</td>
<td style="height: 20px;">Ensure the substrate(s) shelf life has not expired. Cross reaction between the 2/3 component systems may have occurred. Check for activity by preparing substrate and, in a dark room, add a small amount of conjugate. If active a blue light should appear. </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="height: 20px;">Excessive stripping</td>
<td style="height: 20px;"> If the membrane has been stripped, antigen sites may have been destroyed. Use mild stripping conditions, we recommend Western ReProbe™ (Cat. No. 786‐119). Limited the number of times a membrane is reprobed.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Non‐Specific Bands</strong></em></p>
<table style="width: 14px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 10px;">Suggested Cause</td>
<td style="width: 10px;">Resolution/ Precaution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 10px;">Concentration of antibody too high</td>
<td style="width: 10px;">Reduce the concentration of primary and/ or secondary antibodies as high concentration can result in non‐specific binding.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 10px;">Presence of SDS</td>
<td style="width: 10px;">Thoroughly wash blot after transfer. Do not use SDS in development steps. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Diffuse Bands</strong></em></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Suggested Cause</strong></td>
<td><strong>Resolution/ Precaution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Concentration of antibody too high</td>
<td>Reduce the concentration of primary and/ or secondary antibodies as high concentration can result in non‐specific binding.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Protein concentration too high</td>
<td>Reduce the amount of protein loaded </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Ghost/ Hollow Bands or Brown/Yellow Bands on Membrane</strong></em></p>
<table style="width: 830px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20px;">
<td style="height: 20px; width: 163px;"><strong>Suggested Cause</strong></td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 653px;"><strong>Resolution/ Precaution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="height: 40px; width: 163px;">Concentration of antibody too high</td>
<td style="height: 40px; width: 653px;">Reduce the concentration of primary and/ or secondary antibodies as high concentration can result in rapid consumption of the substrate. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Blank Areas</strong></em></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 40px;">
<td style="height: 40px;"><strong>Suggested Cause</strong></td>
<td style="height: 40px;"><strong>Resolution/ Precaution</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60px;">
<td style="height: 60px;">Incomplete transfer of proteins</td>
<td style="height: 60px;">Ensure correct protein transfer by staining the membrane with a suitable, reversible membrane stain. We recommend Swift™ Membrane Stain (Cat. No. 786‐677). Ensure the transfer sandwich and apparatus is assembled correctly and electrodes are correctly orientated. Avoid over heating during transfer. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>STRIPPING AND RE‐PROBING MEMBRANE</strong></p>
<p>The developed membrane can be stripped and re‐probed with any other antibody by using a suitable stripping buffer. G‐Biosciences Western‐Re‐Probe™ Buffer (5X) is recommended for stripping and re‐probing procedures.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>CITATIONS </strong></p>
<p>1. Maruscak, A., et al (2008) Am J Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 294: L974‐L983    </p>

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