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[DESCRIPTION]
<p>Here we describe the standardised protocol used by the <a href="http://www.caboscience.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Canadian Airborne Biodiversity Observatory</a> (CABO) to measure leaf spectral reflectance and transmittance, using an integrating sphere fitted to a portable full-range field spectroradiometer. This "standard version" of our protocol describes the common case where an individual leaf is large enough to entirely cover the reflectance or transmission port of the integrating sphere. Briefly, six mature, healthy and sunlit leaves from a canopy plant are selected for measurements of adaxial reflectance and transmittance. Leaf scans are referenced to a calibrated Spectralon® disk and corrected for stray light to yield NIST-traceable, high-fidelity leaf spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements. Our leaf spectroscopy protocol builds from <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMNnFTSUV4eENzS28/view" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">that</a> of the <a href="https://cao.carnegiescience.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Carnegie Airborne Observatory</a>, as well as from integrating sphere user manuals from two companies (<a href="https://www.asdi.com/products-and-services/accessories/integrating-sphere" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ASD Inc.</a>, <a href="https://www.spectravista.com/spheres/reflectance-sphere/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SVC</a>).</p>

[BEFORE_START]
<ol>
<li>Consult the user manual of the spectroradiometer and the integrating sphere to set up the instrument.</li>
<li>The instrument should be set up in the shade, sheltered as much as possible from the elements.</li>
<li>All canopy plants selected for measurements should have already been tagged, identified, and georeferenced before spectroscopy measurements start.</li>
<li>The spectroscopist should be positionned as close as possible to the sampled plants to minimise time from collection to measurement.</li>
<li>The spectroscopist should be in a confortable position and have enough room around the instrument to spread leaf samples around without the risk of mixing up individual leaves during handling.</li>
<li><strong>Six mature, fully-developped, healthy-looking leaves from the sunlit (&gt;3 h per day of direct sunlight) portion of the canopy are selected</strong> for spectral measurements from the bulk leaf sample (often one of a few branches). Leaves should be collected from the uppermost surface of the branch (i.e. receiving the most direct sunlight).</li>
</ol>

[GUIDELINES]
<p><strong>Handling Spectralon®</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Do not touch Spectralon®</strong> (e.g. sphere interior, reference disks, plugs) with your fingers.</li>
<li><strong>Do not use canned air</strong> to remove dust on the Spectralon<strong>® </strong>disk; canned air contains chemicals that can alter Spectralon®'s optical properties.</li>
<li><strong>Do not attempt to clean Spectralon®</strong> in the field, other than <strong>blowing surface dust only on the Spectralon® reference disk or sphere plugs </strong>using the Canless Air Duster System; cleaning Spectralon® requires a special procedure that should only done in the lab.</li>
<li><strong>Never blow air inside of the integrating sphere, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">especially not when it is attached to the</span></strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> <strong>spectroradiometer</strong></span>, as this will blow dust inside the instrument.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Equipment</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Spectra Vista Corporation <a href="https://www.spectravista.com/hr-1024i/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HR-1024i</a> full-range (350-2500 nm) field spectroradiometer</li>
<li>Spectra Vista Corporation 3-inch Spectralon® DC-R/T <a href="http://www.spectravista.com/spheres/reflectance-sphere/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sphere</a></li>
<li>Semi-rugged laptop or PDA running the SVC Scan software</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.canlessair.com/product/industrial-canless-air-system-o2-hurricane/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Canless Air Duster System O<sub>2</sub> Hurricane</a> (<strong>never use canned air</strong>) to remove dust from the surface of the Spectralon<strong>®</strong> reference disk</p>
</li>
<li>Plastic containers with lids to temporarily store leaf samples during measurements (optional)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Consumables</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Nitrile gloves for handling leaves</li>
</ul>

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