TITLE:  ELISA for quantification of IL-1 in human serum.
AUTHORS: Angel  Justiz-Vaillant

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block"><span>Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. They have both paracrine and autocrine function. Interleukins are also used in animal studies to investigate aspect related to clinical medicine.</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499840" style = "text-decoration:underline;color:blue;cursor:pointer;"><span style = ":;">[1]</span></a></div><div class = "text-block"><span>Macrophages, large granular lymphocytes, B cells, endothelium, fibroblasts, and astrocytes secrete IL-1. T cells, B cells, macrophages, endothelium and tissue cells are the principal targets. IL-1 causes lymphocyte activation, macrophage stimulation, increased leukocyte/endothelial adhesion, fever due to hypothalamus stimulation, and release of acute phase proteins by the liver. It may also cause apoptosis in many cell types and cachexia.</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499840" style = "text-decoration:underline;color:blue;cursor:pointer;"><span style = ":;">[2]</span></a></div><div class = "text-block">Reference</div><div class = "text-block"><span>1. Zhu Z, Wang D, Jiao W, Chen G, Cao Y, Zhang Q, Wang J. Bioinformatics analyses of pathways and gene predictions in IL-1α and IL-1β knockout mice with spinal cord injury. Acta Histochem. 2017 Sep;119(7):663-670. [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28851482" style = "text-decoration:underline;color:blue;cursor:pointer;"><span style = ":;">PubMed</span></a><span>]</span></div><div class = "text-block"><span>2. Boraschi D, Bossu P, Macchia G, Ruggiero P, Tagliabue A. Structure-function relationship in the IL-1 family. Front. Biosci. 1996 Oct 01;1:d270-308. [</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9159234" style = "text-decoration:underline;color:blue;cursor:pointer;"><span style = ":;">PubMed</span></a><span style = ":;">]</span></div></div>

[STEPS]
?. An anti-human IL-1 coating antibody is adsorbed onto microwells by incubation overnight at 4°C.
?. Add 50 µl  of human serum. Human IL-1 present in the serum sample binds to antibodies adsorbed to the microwells.
?. The microplate is blocked with 3% non-fat milk-PBS buffer and later wasth o remove unbound proteins.
?. Fifty (50) µl of biotin-conjugated anti-human IL-1 antibody is added. The optimal dilution must be investigated.
?. The microplate is rewashed with PBS-Tween 20 buffer, pH 7.4.
?. One hundred µl of streptavidin-HRP conjugate is added and binds to the biotin-conjugated anti-human IL-1 antibody. The optimal dilution of this conjugate must be investigated.
?. The plate is washed following incubation to remove the unbound Streptavidin-HRP.
?. Add 100 µl of 3,3',5,5'- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB; Sigma-Aldrich) to each well.
?. Incubate the microwells in the dark for 15 min.
?. A colored product is formed in proportion to the quantity of human IL-1 present in the sample or standard.
?. The reaction is terminated by addition of 100 µl 3M H2SO4  and absorbance is measured at 450 nm.
?. A standard curve is made from 7 human IL-1 standard dilutions and the human IL-1 sample concentration determined.
?. For better results place the microplate on a plate shaker in every incubation.