TITLE: No Title
AUTHORS: 

[DESCRIPTION]
<div>
<p>Here we describe the standardised protocol used by the <a href="http://www.caboscience.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Canadian Airborne Biodiversity Observatory</a> (CABO) to measure leaf spectral reflectance and transmittance, using an integrating sphere fitted to a portable full-range field spectroradiometer, for the special case where an individual <strong>leaf is too small and/or too narrow</strong> to entirely cover the reflectance or transmission port of the integrating sphere. Briefly, six arrays of mature, healthy and sunlit leaves from a canopy plant are arranged on a custom sample mount, and are then used for measurements of adaxial reflectance and transmittance. Reflectance measurements are referenced to a calibrated Spectralon® disk and corrected for stray light. Our leaf spectroscopy protocol is an adaptation of that of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Noda et al. (2013)</a> to the SVC DC-R/T sphere, and also builds from protocols by the <a href="https://cao.carnegiescience.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Carnegie Airborne Observatory</a> and the <a href="https://www.spectravista.com/spheres/reflectance-sphere/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SVC</a> integrating sphere user manual.</p>
</div>

[BEFORE_START]
<div>
<ol>
<li>Consult the user manual of the spectroradiometer and the integrating sphere to set up the instrument.</li>
<li>The instrument should be set up in the shade, sheltered as much as possible from the elements.</li>
<li>All canopy plants selected for measurements should have already been tagged, identified, and georeferenced before spectroscopy measurements start.</li>
<li>The spectroscopist should be positionned as close as possible to the sampled plants to minimise time from collection to measurement.</li>
<li>The spectroscopist should be in a confortable position and have enough room around the instrument to spread leaf samples around without the risk of mixing up individual leaves during handling.</li>
<li><strong>Mature, fully-developped, healthy-looking leaves from the sunlit (&gt;3 h per day of direct sunlight) portion of the canopy are selected</strong> for spectral measurements from the bulk leaf sample (often one of a few branches). Leaves should be collected from the uppermost surface of the branch (i.e. receiving the most direct sunlight).</li>
</ol>
</div>

[GUIDELINES]
<p><strong>Handling Spectralon®</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Do not touch Spectralon®</strong> (e.g. sphere interior, reference disks, plugs) with your fingers.</li>
<li><strong>Do not use canned air</strong> to remove dust on the Spectralon<strong>® </strong>disk; canned air contains chemicals that can alter Spectralon®'s optical properties.</li>
<li><strong>Do not attempt to clean Spectralon®</strong> in the field, other than <strong>blowing surface dust only on the Spectralon® reference disk or sphere plugs </strong>using the Canless Air Duster System; cleaning Spectralon® requires a special procedure that should only done in the lab.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Equipment</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Spectra Vista Corporation <a href="https://www.spectravista.com/hr-1024i/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HR-1024i</a> full-range (350-2500 nm) field spectroradiometer</li>
<li>Spectra Vista Corporation 3-inch Spectralon® DC-R/T <a href="http://www.spectravista.com/spheres/reflectance-sphere/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sphere</a></li>
<li>Semi-rugged laptop or PDA running the SVC Scan software</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.canlessair.com/product/industrial-canless-air-system-o2-hurricane/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Canless Air Duster System O<sub>2</sub> Hurricane</a> (<strong>never use canned air</strong>) to remove dust from the surface of the Spectralon<strong>®</strong> reference disk</p>
</li>
<li>Plastic containers with lids to temporarily store leaf arrays during measurements (optional)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Consumables</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Nitrile gloves for handling leaves</li>
<li>Whatman No. 2 filter paper (110 mm diameter)</li>
<li>Acetate sheets (to make thin plastic sample mounts)</li>
<li>Manila file folders (to make thin cardbboard sample platforms)</li>
<li>Scotch™ Magic Tape</li>
</ul>

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