TITLE: Spatio-temporal modelling for future prediction of wetlands
AUTHORS: Rajashree Naik, Laxmi Kant Sharma

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">This protocol is intended to help the wetland researchers willing to use remote sensing data. It is designed for conducting past, present and future geospatial modelling. It involves step by step methods for collection of satellite data, processing of data, conducting research, accuracy assessment, future prediction and map composition using Arc GIS, ERDAS Imagine and Terrset software. The expected outcomes will be the Land Use Land Cover maps of past, present and future at spatio-temporal scale in .tif, .img or .png format. Area of each class, rate of change, area transition matrix and the wetland change driving factors will also be obtained. The only limitation is to have prior field knowledge for the wetland for better results.</div></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Study area]
Decide the wetland to be studied.Collect Toposheet. Georeference and mosaic in Arc GIS. Digitize the official boundary of the wetland.Shape file is ready in .shp format (vector layer).
?. [Data collection]
Create an account and login to  USGS Earth ExplorerEnter the name of the study area, and thedata range or the time period of study in the space provided.   In the second tab named “Dataset”, select “Declassified” for the aerial photograph “CORONA” and “Landsat” for satellite images.Select “Landsat Collection 2 Level 1” for collecting Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data and “Landsat Collection 2 Level 2” for Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets.Then click on the “Result” option given below to visualize the results.In the second tab named “Dataset”, select “Declassified” for the aerial photograph “CORONA” and “Landsat” for satellite images.Select “Landsat Collection 2 Level 1” for collecting Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data and “Landsat Collection 2 Level 2” for Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets.Then click on the “Result” option given below to visualize the results.Download the tiles after checking the metadata
?. [LULC classification]
Select “Raster tab”, then “Supervised menu” and then “Signature editor”.Select minimum 20 to 30 signature for each LULC classes using the training datasets obtained from field.Save the Signature file.Select “Supervised Classification”.Import subset image of study area as input file and also import signature file.Set Parametric rule as “Maximum Likelihood”.Give a name for the output file.Run the program.Obtain the classified map and do accuracy assessment.Calculate the total area of each class. Repeat the steps for all the desired years of study.
?. [Change detection]
Select the “Raster Tab”.Select “Thematic” menu.Select “Matrix Union”.Import two classified images of different years.Give output file name.Select “Union” in Area type and “Unsigned 16 bit” in data type.Run the programExport transition matrix output file to MS Excel sheetCalculate rate of change
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?. [Future prediction]
Open TerrsSet Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling software.Import two classified maps in .tif format.Open "Land Change Modeler".Create new session and name it.Obtain “Change maps”, “Change analysis” and “Spatial trend of change”.
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?. [CORONA Aerial Photograph]
Add downloaded Declassified CORONA photograph.Georeference it.To the required form using “Clip” option of Raster in Data Management tools.Digitize and classify using visual interpretation keys.Calculate area using scale “Calculate geometry” in the attribute table.Compose final map.
?. [Map composition]
Add the Maps to Arc GIS.Switch over to “Layout View”.Go to “Insert” menu.Insert Map elements like Legends, North Arrow, Scale bar and text, Grid. “Export” the final composed map in tiff format.
?. [Soil, water and bird study]
Soil and water sample were analyzed using the protocols of APHA [1]. Bird census were conducted using protocol of [2].
?. [Data processing]
Unzip the downloaded tiles. “Layer stack” the respective band numbers representing Blue, Green, Red and NIR bands.Create True Color Composite (TCC) and False Color Composite (FCC) for visualization and LULC class identification.“Subset” the study area using the prepared boundary shapefile.
?. [Soil, water and bird study]