TITLE: Start or STop Anticoagulants Randomised Trial (SoSTART) after spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage
AUTHORS: Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Martin S. Dennis, Kasia Adamczuk, Karen Innes, Ruth Fraser, Jonathan Drever, Lynn Dinsmore, Carol Williams, Steff Lewis, Philip M. White, David E. Newby, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Adrian Parry-Jones, Dan Lasserson, Colin Oliver, Joanna Wardlaw, John Norrie

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Primary research question</span></div><div class = "text-block">For adults surviving spontaneous (non-traumatic) symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage with persistent/paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), does starting full treatment dose oral anticoagulation (OAC) result in a beneficial net reduction of all serious vascular events compared with not starting OAC?</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Trial design</span></div><div class = "text-block">Investigator-led, multicentre, randomised, open, assessor-masked, parallel group, clinical trial of investigational medicinal product (CTIMP) prescribing strategies. We plan for a pilot phase, followed by a safety phase.</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Objectives</span></div><div class = "text-block">Pilot phase: ~30 hospital sites keep screening logs and recruit at least 60 participants >24 hours after spontaneous symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage with AF and a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 to determine the acceptability and feasibility of recruiting the target sample size in a definitive trial in an acceptable timescale.</div><div class = "text-block">Safety phase: ~60 hospital sites will recruit at least 190 participants to determine whether the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage is sufficiently low (non-inferior) to justify a definitive trial.</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Eligibility criteria</span></div><div class = "text-block">Inclusion: Spontaneous symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, AF and a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2.</div><div class = "text-block">Exclusion: Patient age <18 years. Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within the last 24 hours. Brain imaging that first diagnosed the intracranial haemorrhage is not available. Intracranial haemorrhage is exclusively due to trauma or haemorrhagic transformation of ischaemic stroke. Patient or their doctor is certain about whether to start full dose OAC. Intention to implement the allocated treatment strategy for <1 year. Patient is not registered with a general practitioner. Patient is pregnant, breastfeeding, or of childbearing age and not taking contraception. Lactose intolerance. Patient and carer unable to understand spoken or written English. Previously randomised in SoSTART.</div><div class = "text-block">Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sub-study: MRI must be done after intracranial haemorrhage but before randomisation. Sub-study participants must not have contraindications to MRI. </div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Setting</span></div><div class = "text-block">Recruitment in secondary care (inpatient and outpatient services in stroke, general internal medicine, medicine of the elderly, cardiology, neurology and neurosurgery) with follow-up in primary and secondary care.</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Randomisation</span></div><div class = "text-block">Central, web-based randomisation, with 1:1 allocation of intervention: comparator, using a minimisation algorithm.</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Intervention</span></div><div class = "text-block">Start long-term (≥1 year) full treatment dose OAC (either a non-vitamin K antagonist direct oral anticoagulant [DOAC] or vitamin K antagonist if a DOAC cannot be used), chosen by the patient’s physician before randomisation.</div><div class = "text-block">Comparators	Do not start OAC (standard clinical practice without OAC may include antiplatelet drug(s) or no antithrombotic drugs).</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Outcome measures</span></div><div class = "text-block">Pilot phase: The proportions of eligible patients who are recruited, unsuitable, or decline to participate; the acceptability of the trial protocol to investigators and patients; and the rate of recruitment per site.</div><div class = "text-block">Safety phase: Primary outcome: Recurrent, symptomatic, spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage. Exploratory outcomes: All symptomatic serious vascular events (i.e. major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events [MACCE]) including non-fatal stroke and spontaneous subdural haemorrhage, non-fatal myocardial infarction, vascular death, sudden death, or death of unknown cause. Individual symptomatic vascular events. Individual types of fatal events. Dependence according to the modified Rankin Scale.</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Follow up</span></div><div class = "text-block">At least one year after randomisation, using annual questionnaires to participants and their GPs, including review of any medical records and brain imaging relating to outcomes.</div><div class = "text-block"><span style = "font-weight:bold;">Sample size</span></div><div class = "text-block">We plan to recruit at least 60 participants in a pilot phase and at least 190 participants in a safety phase (12% equivalence margin in the outcome of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, 1-sided p=0.025 and power 90%).</div></div>

[STEPS]