TITLE: Immunohistochemical staining of Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) core proteins in islet beta cells of formalin-fixed human pancreas
AUTHORS: Lora Starrs, Debra Brown, Sarah Popp, Charmaine Simeonovic

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block">Paraffin sections (4 μm thickness) of formalin-fixed human pancreases were treated with heat/citrate buffer for antigen retrieval. Sdc-1core proteins were detected immunohistochemically using rat anti-mouse CD138 (Sdc-1) mAb (BD Biosciences), with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-rat Ig (Dako). Background staining was checked using the corresponding isotype control Ig instead of the primary antibody. 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) was used as the chromogen. For morphometry, stained sections were imaged using a light microscope with attached camera (Olympus BX41). Image J software with color deconvolution plugin was used for the quantitative analysis of the % of islet area stained.</div></div>

[STEPS]
?. See Guidelines, "Before starting".
?. Deparaffinize slides in each xylene for 1 min. rehydrate slides in graded alcohols beginning in absolute ethanol (10 dips)/ container of absolute ethanol), followed by 90% ethanol (10 dips) and 70% ethanol (10 dips). Wash well in running tap water for 5 min.
?. Wipe around sections with a tissue, encircle the sections using a diamond pencil and place in a slide container of tap water (250 ml).
?. Block endogenous peroxidase activity by incubating sections in 3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol (25 ml 30% H2O2  + 225 ml methanol).
?. Wash 2 x 2 min in 250 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) followed by wash in running tap water for 2-5 min.
?. Prepare citrate buffer, pH 6 for antigen retrieval. Dissolve 1.05 g Citric acid in 500 ml deionized water and pH using 2 - 10 M NaOH.
?. Transfer slides to 250ml citrate buffer and heat in microwave (1600 watt) for 2 min on High power followed by 2 x 6 min on Low power. Allow the slides to cool on the bench for 30 min. Wash slides in 250 ml PBS, 3 x 10 min.
?. Wipe around sections using tissue. To block non-specific binding of Ig, apply animal free block (diluted to 20% v/v with deionized water) to tissue sections and incubate for 10 min at room temperature.
?. Tip off excess block in Step 8, wipe around sections using tissue and incubate with 50 μg/ml anti-Sdc1 mAb (or 50 μg/ml rat IgG2aκ as isotype control; diluted in M.O.M. diluent), 125-150 μl/section at room temperature for 1 hour.
?. Wash off primary antibody with PBS and transfer slides to slide container with 250 ml PBS. Wash 2 x 2min.
?. Wipe around sections using tissue and incubate with 26 -52 μg/ml secondary HRP-rabbit anti-rat Ig (Dako; or alternative 30 μg/ml, Sigma) , 150 μl/section, for 30 min at room temperature.
?. Wash off secondary antibody with PBS and transfer to slide container with 250 ml PBS. Wash slides 2 x 2min.
?. Prepare AEC working solution: 4.75 ml acetate buffer (see Guidelines), 0.25ml AEC stock solution and 25 μl 3% H2O2. Filter using a disposable 0.2 μm filter. Use within 2 hours of preparation, refrigerate for short-term storage. Protect from light.
?. Wipe around sections using tissue and cover the sections with AEC solution for 30 min at room temperature.
?. Wash off AEC solution with deionized water and transfer slides to slide container with 250 ml deionized water. Wash 3x in 10 min.
?. Lightly counterstain with Gill’s hematoxylin, wash in deionized water (2 x) and briefly dip in ammonium water (100 μl ammonia in 250 ml deionized water), 2 x 2 sec. Wash in deionized water (2x in 250 ml) and coverslip using glycergel mounting medium.
?. Image sections using a light microscope with camera attachment. Use Image J software with color deconvolution plugin to determine % of islet area stained.