TITLE: Probiotics
AUTHORS: Sulav Indra Paul

[DESCRIPTION]
<div class = "text-blocks"><div class = "text-block"><span>Gut probiotic  improves growth and health of </span><span style = "font-style:italic;">B. gonionotus</span><span> fishes</span></div></div>

[STEPS]
?. [Euthanasia methods]
Pure clove oil was first dissolved in ethyl alcohol in 1:9 ratio (clove oil: ethyl alcohol)
?. [Euthanasia methods]
This solution then diluted in water in order to obtain concentrations of 0.05 mL (50 mg), and 0.20 mL (200 mg) of clove oil per 500 mL of water
?. [Euthanasia methods]
For hematological study, experimental fish were anesthetized by using 0.05 mL clove oil per 500 mL of water
?. [Euthanasia methods]
For histological, reproductive and intestinal microflora study, fish were euthanized by using 0.20 mL of clove oil per 500 mL of water, and death was confirmed by the destruction of the brain
?. [Collection of probiotic samples from the gut of B. gonionotus]
The abdomens of fish were cut aseptically by sterile scissors and the gut was taken out with care to avoid any distortion of gut and contamination with blood.
?. [Collection of probiotic samples from the gut of B. gonionotus]
The gut was cut into small pieces and rinsed with 0.9% (w/v) saline solution and placed in a conical flask containing 10 ml distilled water.
?. [Collection of probiotic samples from the gut of B. gonionotus]
The sample was stirred with a stirrer to make a homogenous solution.
?. [Isolation of probiotic bacteria from the gut of B. gonionotus]
One gram of sample was diluted in 10 ml sterilized water and inoculated on De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar (MRS) media (Himedia, India)
?. [Isolation of probiotic bacteria from the gut of B. gonionotus]
The agar plates were incubated at 28oC for 24 h in an incubator and the colony characteristics were observed carefully to choose desired colonies
?. [Isolation of probiotic bacteria from the gut of B. gonionotus]
The isolates were routinely sub-cultured on NA (Nutrient agar) plates and incubated at 28oC and stored in a freezer at -20oC supplemented with 10% glycerol.
?. [Molecular identification of probiotic strains]
Genomic DNA of the selected isolates was extracted by using a commercial GenJET genomic DNA purification kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)  #K0721
?. [Molecular identification of probiotic strains]
DNA was amplified by using universal primer 8F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R (5'-GGATACCTTGTTACGACTT-3').
?. [Molecular identification of probiotic strains]
The PCR amplification condition was done by an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min; 35 cycles of a denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, an annealing at 57 °C for 40 sec and an extension at 72 °C for 1 min and a final extension step at 72 °C for 10 min.
?. [Molecular identification of probiotic strains]
Then the PCR amplicons were purified by using a commercial kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)
?. [Molecular identification of probiotic strains]
16S rRNA gene sequencing was done  by Sanger Sequencing
?. [Preparation of probiotic strains]
each strain was cultured in 1 litre nutrient broth in an orbital shaker and incubated at 28°C for 24 h
?. [Preparation of probiotic strains]
Then the broth media was centrifuged at 8000 × g for 5 min. The pelleted probiotic bacterial strains were collected and washed twice in sterile water
?. [Preparation of probiotic strains]
The pellets were then suspended in sterile distilled water and were added to the dough
?. [Preparation of probiotic strains]
A spread plate technique was used to assess the viability of cells according to the cell concentrations measured at OD600.
?. [Acidic pH tolerance test and preparation of simulated gastrointestinal juice of host]
The five gut probiotic bacteria were grown in MRS broth in an orbital shaker and incubated at 28°C for 24 h
?. [Acidic pH tolerance test and preparation of simulated gastrointestinal juice of host]
The cultures were centrifuged at 8000 × g for 5 min at 40C
?. [Acidic pH tolerance test and preparation of simulated gastrointestinal juice of host]
The pellets were washed and suspended in sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS).
?. [Acidic pH tolerance test and preparation of simulated gastrointestinal juice of host]
Each probiotic strain was diluted 10-2 in sterile PBS at pH 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0.
?. [Acidic pH tolerance test and preparation of simulated gastrointestinal juice of host]
Gastrointestinal juices were prepared fresh by dissolving pepsin (Thermo Fisher, USA) from B. gonionotus stomach mucosa (3 g/L) in sterilized saline solution (5g/L)
?. [Acidic pH tolerance test and preparation of simulated gastrointestinal juice of host]
The pH of the gastrointestinal preparation was adjusted to 2.0 with 12 M HCl
?. [Exposure of gut probiotics to simulated gastrointestinal juice and total viable counts]
A 1-mL aliquot of each culture was centrifuged at 5000 × g for 10 min at 40C and washed three times in sterile PBS
?. [Exposure of gut probiotics to simulated gastrointestinal juice and total viable counts]
The tolerance of five probiotic bacteria to simulated gastrointestinal juices was determined by mixing 0.2 mL of each washed cell suspension with 1 mL of gastric juice.
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
The experimental fish were humanely killed by using clove oil (0.20 mL per 500 mL of water),
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
Death was confirmed by the destruction of the brain
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
The whole liver and part of the intestine from each fish were dissected carefully, cut to separate each other, and stored in bouins solution for 24 h
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
These samples were dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol and cleared in xylene
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
The fixed tissues were embedded in histoparaffin (Paraplast plus; Sigma-Aldrich) and sections (7 µm) were cut using a microtome (CUT-5602, Germany)
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
Then the sections of intestinal villi and liver were selected and stained with Delafield’s hematoxylin-eosin for observation under a light microscope (DM 100; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
Ten slides were prepared from the intestine of each fish through histological method.
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
Then the slides were observed under a trinocular microscope.
?. [Histological analyses of intestine and liver of the probiotic treated silver barb]
Images were captured using a digital camera (DFC 290, Leica) and the villi length of the intestine was measured using AmScope software (Version 3.7; Carl Zeiss Primo Star, Germany)
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
A total of 27 fish from each treatment were anesthetized with the clove oil (0.05 mL per 500 mL of water) for hematological analysis
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
Blood was collected from fish using a 3 cc syringe containing 10% blood anti-coagulant (EDTA) inserted into the caudal peduncle region to drag out blood.
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
The blood was transferred to a test tube coated with EDTA, and stored at -30 oC until use.
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
Red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) were counted using an improved Neubauer hemocytometer (MarienFeld Company Germany) under the light microscope (DM 100; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany)
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
To measure hemoglobin, fresh blood was collected from fish from each treatment and was poured in the edge of a strip of hemoglobin meter before the coagulation of blood.
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
The glucose level of blood was measured through a glucose meter from the sample.
?. [Measurement of Hematological Parameters]
To measure packed cell volume (PCV) (%), blood was taken in a capillary tube at the marked level and sealed with gum.