TITLE: Preparing ONT-tagged Primers and Master Mix for Fungal DNA Barcoding
AUTHORS: Stephen       Douglas Russell

[DESCRIPTION]
ONT primer preparation has two specific aspects that are unique when comparing to Sanger sequencing protocols. The first is that each primer needs to be "tagged" - a unique ~10-15bp sequence is added to the 5' end of the forward and reverse primers. Secondarily, these tagged primers need to be "multiplexed" - meaning that each individual specimen has a unique combination of forward-tagged primer and reverse-tagged primer. These tags allow the DNA amplicons for all of the specimens to be "pooled" or mixed together for sequencing, and then to be "demultiplexed" or sorted back out, allowing the resulting sequences to be associated with the individual specimens they originated from. 

It is possible to perform ONT sequencing without the tags, but you would not be able to associate the sequences with any individual specimens. Ex - If you had ten closely related Russula specimens in your sequencing run, you would be able to document sequences of all ten of the species, but you would have a difficult time associating the sequences with the individual specimens/observations they originated from. They would be sequences without faces. This may be common if you are examining the community ecology or environmental DNA of a particular location, but this result would not be ideal for most DNA barcoding goals involving specimens. Thus, if you are running 480 specimens on a Flongle flowcell, you need to have 480 unique primer combinations for the sequencing run.

The easiest way to accomplish this is to have a single unique forward primer tag for each plate you are including, combined with 96 unique reverse primers for the plate. If you are including five plates, you would have five unique forward primers (a different one for each plate) combined with a standard set of 96 reverse primers. This results in 480 unique tags for each of the 480 specimens that are being barcoded.

Note: This protocol utilized a primer plate of 96 different reverse primers. In the future I plan on ordering the primer plate of 96 unique primers for the forward ITS1F primers. This will allow ad-hoc combinations of a different ONT-tagged reverse primer to extend into the LSU region as needed. 

[STEPS]
SECTION: Ordering ONT-tagged Primers
1.   - Determine how many unique primers you need to order. Ex - If you are planning to utilize a Flongle cell with up to 480 specimens, you would need to order five unique forward ONT-tagged primers. If you hope to use a 10.4.1 cell with 10,000+ specimens, you would need to order at least 105 unique forward tagged primers. 
ITS1F sequences and/or unique ONT primer tags can be found here:  

  

  
2.   - You will need to order a primer plate of 96 unique ONT-tagged reverse primers. You will only need to order a single 96 well plate. These reverse primer tags will be the same set for each plate you include in a sequencing run.

ITS4 sequences and/or unique ONT primer tags can be found here:  
A Eurofins template ready for upload can be found here:   

  

  

SECTION: Preparing Forward Primer Stock
3. When your forward primers arrive in individual tubes, they will be at a 100uM concentration. You will need to make new working tubes at a 10uM concentration. 

In a new 1.5uL tube, using filter tips:
900uL molecular water
100uL of 100uM forward primer

Label each tube such as "ONT001 10uM."
SECTION: Create Master Mix / Forward Primer (MMF) Stock
4. In 1.5mL tubes, add:

625 uL Master Mix
62.5 uL of 10uM ONT-tagged Forward Primer

Label tube with ONT name "MMF ONT001"

Each tube with this mixture will be the stock for 1 plate (100rxns). If you are running a Flongle with 288 specimens, you will need to make three tubes, each with a different ONT-tagged forward primer. 5 plates, 480 specimens, 5 forward primers.

Note: It is possible to make larger MMF batches for each forward primer and to store them in the freezer until ready for use with future runs. 
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
5. Materials Required:
  
  
96 well plates
Multichannel Pipettes (90uL, 10uL, 6.2uL, 4.6uL)


Your ONT-tagged reverse primers arrived in a 100uM stock solution. I typically work with 10uM primer solution for most protocols. I also typically do not like to thaw out my stock plate with any regularity, so it would be best to make multiple working plates of your reverse primers. 

Summary:

100 uM Reverse Primer Stock Solution
                    |
"Working" Reverse Primer Plates
180uL H2O
20ul Primer
                    |
"PCR Ready" Reverse Primer Plates
160uL H2O
25ul "Working" primer
                    |
PCR Reaction
4.6uL "PCR Ready" reverse primer into each cell of PCR reaction

SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
5.1. Wipe down your working area with Eliminase or similar.
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
5.2. Place 90uL of molecular water into each cell of new 96 well plates. A multichannel pipette is most efficient for this job. It is also best to use filter tips.
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
5.3. Transfer 10uL of reverse primer from your stock plate into each of the 96 wells, making sure each primer stays in the correct cell. Make sure to use new filter tips for each transfer.
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
5.4. Label each plate you create "ONT ITS4 10uM Working"
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
6. It is possible to use the 10uM working plates directly into your PCR reactions. However, it would require that very small amounts be added to each cell (0.625uL). These small amounts are often difficult to pipette accurately, especially with a multichannel pipette. In order to increase the volume being utilized, we can create "PCR Ready" plates that also include molecular water that we would need to be including in our PCR reaction anyway. 

Each working plate should make "15-16 PCR Ready" plates.
Each "PCR Ready" primer plate should make 9-10 PCR plates.

SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
6.1. Place 40uL of molecular water into each cell of new 96 well plates. A multichannel pipette is most efficient for this job. It is also best to use filter tips.
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
6.2. Transfer 6.25uL of reverse primer from your working (10uM) plate into each of the 96 wells, making sure each primer stays in the correct cell. Make sure to use new filter tips for each transfer.
SECTION: Preparing Reverse Primer Stock-Working-PCR Ready Plates
6.3. Label each plate you create "ONT ITS4 PCR Ready." 
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7. Make a determination of how many plates you will need for this sequencing run. For a Flongle, this will likely be 1-5. For example, if you are running 288 specimens, you will need to set out 3 new 96 well plates.

We will be performing 1/2 reactions (12.5uL total volume).

Quick Summary:
Each cell of each plate will have a different ONT-tagged primer combination and a total of:
6.9 MMF
        6.25uL of Master Mix
        0.625 ONT-tagged forward primer
4.6 "PCR Ready" reverse primer mix
        4uL Molecular water
        0.625 ONT-tagged reverse primer
1.1ul DNA template

12.5uL total reaction volume
        
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7.1. Add 6.9uL of the MMF stock into each cell of the new 96 well plates. REMINDER: Each new plate needs different MMF stock from a different ONT-tagged primer.

I keep 8-strip tubes filled with premade MMF for each ONT forward primer. This way I can quickly thaw the strip and lay out plates for each primer as needed. I use non-filtered tips for this step in order to save money.
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7.2. Add 4.6uL from a "PCR Ready" reverse primer plate to each cell.

Note: It will likely be easiest to use a multichannel pipette for this step. 

*Be sure to use new tips for each cell. You will use 96 different tips for this step. I use non-filtered tips here in order to save money.
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7.3. Place plates in the freezer until they are ready to be utilized. 
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7.4. Add 1.1ul of DNA template to each cell. 

NOTE: Check each tip of the pipette to ensure the requisite amount is contained in the tip. It will likely be easiest to use a multichannel pipette for this step.
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7.5. Cap off each row of the 96 well plate.
SECTION: Create Master Mix Plates
7.6. Label each plate with the forward primer ONT name. "ONT001 ITS1F-4"
SECTION: Run Thermocycler Program
8. Standard ITS program:

94C for 1 min
Repeat 30X:
    94C for 1 min
    51C for 1 min
    72C for 1 min
72C for 8 min
10C to stop