TITLE: Small Object and Artefact Photography - &#39;SOAP&#39; Protocol V.2
AUTHORS: Jacopo Niccolo  Cerasoni, Felipe  Do Nascimento Rodrigues

[DESCRIPTION]
Photography is among one of the most widely used methods in scientific publications to efficiently and objectively communicate morphological, technological and aesthetic characteristics of any object. Particularly, in the fields of archaeology and anthropology, the study of small objects and artefacts is fundamental for the better understanding of past and present human activities. For these purposes, photography offers a method for researchers and alike to use photographs as objective evidence for their findings, results and interpretations. Here, the Small Object and Artefact Photography (SOAP) protocol is presented. This protocol aims to offer a standardised and full-encompassing method for the most objective and scientifically reproducible application of photography for academic purposes. The protocol follows an optimised step-by-step method, presenting the practice of small object and artefact photography from the initial set up of the equipment, the best methods for camera handling and functionality use, to the application of post-processing softwares. This method has been developed for anyone interested in producing clear and high quality photographs for a multitude of applications, from academic and scientific publications to public outreach.

[GUIDELINES]
In the following protocol, typographical emphases and brackets have been used for software and in-text references. 
They are: (1) software features and tools written in bold, e.g. lock or Rectangle Tool; (2) "layers" in "quotation marks", e.g. "background"; (3) references to steps of the protocol in italics, e.g. step 21; (4) <keyboard buttons> in <angle markers>, e.g. <right click> or <Del>; and (5) computational workflows  linked by angle markers (>), e.g. <right click> > Arrange > Bring to Back.

Please note: This protocol has been developed for Adobe® Photoshop®, being specifically developed using Adobe® Photshop® 2021. Nevertheless, previous Adobe® Photoshop® versions and other vector graphics softwares can be used (e.g. GIMP®). If previous versions or different softwares are being used, some functionalities will have to be accessed and applied differently.

[STEPS]
SECTION: Collect Equipment
1. Collect and prepare equipment (see materials section for full list of equipment).

   

SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
2. Select lens (ideally macro lens), lock camera on a tripod, camera mount or copy stand and place on light box (if available). Ideally use a macro lens.

Please note that the camera support greatly depends on the surroundings where the photographic station has been set up. Tripods work best on open spaces. On tighter spaces, photography arms with a clamp to attach to stable surfaces (such as tables) are more suitable.

 

SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
2.1. To ease the use of the camera, a remote control can be used (if the camera does not include one, remote control can be accessed via WiFi or Bluetooth; both Android and iOS universal applications exist for this purpose).

  
 


SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
2.2. If a tripod or camera mount cannot be used, make sure to grip the camera properly, following these instructions:
Use both hands (right hand on camera grip, left hand under lens)
Stabilise whole body (rest camera-holding arm on knee or solid surface, or lean whole body against surface)


SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
3. Place background material. Satin paper or velvet are preferred given their non-reflective properties.

  
SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
3.1. The colour of the background should be complementary to the main colour of the artefact or object being photographed. The best colour for the background will make the subject stand out. This will make it easier later in the process to colour balance the image and remove the background digitally.
SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
4. Place artefact flat onto the workspace.
SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
4.1. If the artefact does not sit flat due to its irregular shape, use an appropriate amount of modelling clay wrapped in plastic wrap so to create a modellable support surface.

   
SECTION: Setting Photographic Environment
5. With lamps or other light-sources set up direct and diffused lighting from one or more sides and the top. Try to prevent major shadowing on the background surface.

 
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
6. Select image raw format.

RAW image formats (CR2, CRW, NEF, PEF...) are always preferred as they undergo the least amount of digital processing, with little to no loss of visual details.

Other formats can also be used if very high resolution photos are not necessary, and they are:

Tagged Image Files (TIF/TIFF): Large files which do not loose much visual quality by using the so-called "loss-less" compression. 
JPG/JPEG: Standard and default format for many application. Considerable compression, resulting in lower quality and smaller files.
 


 
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
7. Select photographic mode. 

Generally, manual mode is preferred as it gives the highest degree of freedom for adjusting the various functions and settings.

In some cases, Aperture or Time modes can also be used as they offer the possibility to adjust just one of the two respecting settings. In such cases, all the other camera functions and settings (i.e. ISO, exposure, focus...) will be set automatically.
 


  
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
10. Set the depth of field.

The depth of field will determine what part of the subjects in the frame will be in focus. This will be dependent by the interaction of two settings:

1. Focal length
2. Aperture

By adjusting the focal length and the aperture it is possible to control which portion of the subject will be in focus. This can therefore result in a single flat plane being in focus, or a full volumetric object being fully in focus.
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
10.1. Focal length is the measure of distance between the point of convergence of the lens and the sensor.

It is measured in millimetres (mm), and it defines how much of the scene will be captured. A small focal length will result in a wider angle of view, and vice versa. 

 


   
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
10.2. Aperture controls the opening that lets light in the lens.

It is expressed in f-stops (larger the number, smaller the opening)

Aperture affects depth of field as follows:

Larger opening -> shallower depth of field
Smaller opening -> larger depth of field
 

  

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
12. Set the shutter speed.

The shutter speed, or time value, is the length of time the camera shutter is open. It is therefore responsible for:

1. the brightness level of the photograph
2. the degree of blurring motion or freezing action in the case the object or camera are not still.

It is expressed in fractions of a second or full seconds.
 

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
13. Set the focus.

Focus is the adjustment of the lens to find the maximum resolution, sharpness and contrast for the chosen subject.

Focus can be achieved either with a Manual or Automatic Focus mode. When photographing still macro subjects, such as in this case, Manual Focus is preferred as it offers full control to select and focus upon the surfaces of interest.
 


  
 

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
11. Select ISO (International Organisation for Standardization)

This is the light sensitivity of the sensor. A higher ISO means the lens will be more light sensitive, therefore increasing the image noise.

ISO is expressed in arbitrary doubling numbers, from 50 to 25600 (50, 100, 200, 400, etc.).
 

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
9. Adjust Exposure.

Exposure is the amount of light which reaches the camera sensor. This is dependent on the relationship between the three main functions discussed previously, which include:

1. Aperture
2. Shutter Speed (or Time Value)
3. ISO

Adjusting these three separate functions will result in a certain amount of light reaching the sensor. Furthermore, exposure can be further altered using the in-camera exposure function. 
 
   

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
14. Experiment with different settings.

Rarely the perfect settings are found on the first try, and environmental variables can constantly change. For this reason, take several photos with different values for each setting.
 

Below are a series of photographs taken of the same artefact, keeping the environmental variables and photographic equipment consistent.
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
14.1.    
Focal Length - 47mm

Aperture (F/stop) - f/8

Exposure time (shutter speed) - 1/3 sec.

ISO - ISO-100
SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
14.2.    
Focal Length - 47mm

Aperture (F/stop) - f/8

Exposure time (shutter speed) - 1/3 sec.

ISO - 6400

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
14.3.   
Focal Length - 50mm

Aperture (F/stop) - f/8

Exposure time (shutter speed) - 1/4 sec.

ISO - 200

SECTION: Importing
15. Open Adobe® Photoshop®.



SECTION: Importing
16. Select: Open > choose photograph of choice.
SECTION: Importing
16.1. If the original image was in RAW format (depending on brand of camera used, RAW images will have different names and encodings, e.g. DCR, CRW, CR2, CR3, NEG, ARW), the software Adobe® Camera Raw® will automatically open.

do not modify the photograph on Adobe® Camera Raw®, click open to import the photograph on Adobe® Photoshop®.

 
SECTION: Importing
17. The photograph will automatically be imported as the "background" layer. 

Unlock this layer by selecting the lock symbol. The layer will then be named "layer 0" and fully workable when selected.

  
SECTION: Importing
17.1. Note: To make a layer selected, click on the layer of choice on the layers tab. This will make the layer on the layers tab light grey in colour, and any action or selection will apply to the specific layer.
SECTION: White Balancing
18. White balancing is the process of adjsting colour casts of the photograph. This will therefore adjust all color curves based on what is manually selected as a pure white, realistically adjusting the photograph's colours to their true tone and hue.

Once the selected photograph is imported, the first step is to balance the whites, greys and blacks.
 

SECTION: White Balancing
19.   Select: Image > Adjustments > Curves...
SECTION: White Balancing
19.1. Use the White, Grey and Black Balancing Tools to adjust the white balance of the photograph. 

This will be done by selecting each tool and clicking on an area of the photograph with its respective tone.

  

SECTION: White Balancing
19.2. Select OK to confirm white balancing.

  

SECTION: Background Removal
20. For automatic background removal: Select >  Subject

SECTION: Background Removal
20.1. Most times the subject will be appropriately selected and isolated. If, however, the selection area is incorrect (with extra or missing portions), the Lasso tool can be used to add or remove areas.

  

SECTION: Background Removal
20.2. Double check that edges of selection areas are consistent with the original edges of the object or artefact.
SECTION: Background Removal
21. Once the object has been selected properly, you can enhance the edges so to have a cleaner looking product. This is done with the feathering function, as it will create a transparency gradient and create a less "abrupt" edge. 

To do so, right click on the isolated subject and select Feather... > select a feathering radius of maximum 3 pixels. Then click OK.

  

SECTION: Background Removal
22. Finally, using the Lasso Tool, <right click> on the subject, and select Layer via copy...

This will create a separate layer, with the final subject correctly isolated and ready for finalisation.

  

SECTION: Detailing and Composition
23. To include a background, create a new "layer", and draw the background using the Rectangle Tool. Keeping in mind Step 3, select the best suited colour as a background.


SECTION: Detailing and Composition
24. To add a scale activate the "layer" of original photograph. Use the Rectangle Tool or Line Tool to trace the original photographed scale to the desired length, hence creating a new object which will be the final scale of choice.
SECTION: Detailing and Composition
25. Using the Rectangle Tool, Line Tool, Elipse Tool, Pen Tool, or any other preferred tool, add any symbols of choice (e.g. dotted line for wear, arrow for percussion point)
SECTION: Detailing and Composition
26. Repeat Steps 22-25 for any other subject of choice.
SECTION: Detailing and Composition
27. Once all the items of choice are included in a single canvas, position them in their final position and add connectors if you wish (using the Line Tool or Rectangle Tool).
 


  

SECTION: Exporting
28. On Adobe® Photoshop® a variety of export formats can be selected. The most common are: 


1. .TIF/TIFF (File > Save as… > Save as type: > TIFF)


2. .JPG (File > Export > Export as… > Save as type: > JPEG)


3. .PNG (File > Export > Export as… > Save as type: > PNG)


4. .PSD/.PDD/.PSDT (File > Save as… > Save as type: > Photoshop) 
 

SECTION: Setting Camera Functions
8. White Balance

White balance is the adjustment of the colour temperatures captured by the lenses. On the camera, this is a process that can be adjusted in three ways: 

1. Automatic: Auto adjusted during capture

2. Pre-set: Predetermined categories built in the camera (e.g. 'Cloudy', 'Incandescent', 'Direct Sunlight')

3. Manual: Some cameras come with the option to manually choose a colour temperature (Values in Kelvin)

These on-camera options can be useful if a quicker acquisition and processing is required.

Lastly, White Balance can be also changed on the Post Processing phase by: manually adjusting the values on post processing software (see step 18).

SECTION: Collect Equipment
1.1. Arguably the most important part of a camera is the lens. Before continuing with this method, we suggest the reader understand what type of lenses exist and which one works best for its use. In this case, we suggest using a macro lens. Find below definitions and descriptions of Macro Lens and commonly used standard zoom lens:

Macro Lens: A Macro Lens is a type of lens that allows very close up shots of the subject. In many cases, it requires close proximity to the subject being photographed but in return, it offers high levels of detail, which are difficult to be acquired with regular lens. This in turn, makes macro lens ideally suited for small object and artefacts photography.

Standard Zoom Lens:  Standard Zoom Lens is a highly variable type of lens, allowing for the capture of landscapes, people, buildings and small objects and artefacts. Although it may not perform as well as a macro lens, its flexibility makes it an ideal lens for many archaeology professionals, projects and institutions, hence, one of the most commonly available lens types. 

Ultimately, the choice of a lens should be reflected against the questions and needs of the archaeologist/photographer. If highly detailed close-up photographs are required, a Macro Lens is recommended, however, if illustrative photographs are required, a Standard Zoom Lens is more than capable to achieve good and usable photographs.