미국 개혁교회 아바비아 선교의 창설멤버들, 제임스 캔틴, 랜싱, 그리고 새뮤얼 즈웨이머 '''새뮤얼 즈웨이머'''(, 1867년 4월 12일 1952년 4월 2일)는 미국의 선교사, 여행가, 신학자로, '''이슬람의 사도'''(The Apostle to Islam)라는 별명으로 알려져 있다. == 생애 == 새뮤얼 매리너스 즈웨이머는 미시간주 브리즐랜드에서 태어났다. 미시간 홀랜드에 있는 호프 칼리지와 뉴브런즈윅 신학교를 졸업하고 호프 칼리지, 럿거스 대학교에서 명예학 박사를 받았다. === 신학 === 즈웨이머는 부모의 칼빈주의 따른 신학으로 모든 것들에서 하나님의 주권을 강조하였다. 성경은 그의 믿음과 사역의 사고에 실제적으로 작동하게 했다. 그는 신론을 공부하고 성경의 하나님과 대조적인 것을 알았지만 좀더 토착화하였다. 그래서 이슬람의 신의 개념은 동양의 칼빈주의적 개념에서 이해가 되었다. === 선교학 === 즈웨이머의 선교의 최고의 목적은 사람들의 구원이 아니라 하나님의 영광이었다. 그는 칼빈이 것처럼 세상은 하나님의 영광의 극장인데 하나님의 복음이 전파됨으로써 그의 영광의 극장이 된다고 보았다. 결국 그의 선교학이란 하나님의 주권이 기초이며 하나님의 영광이 목표이며 하나님의 의지가 동기가 된다. == 작품 == ''Arabia, the Cradle of Islam'' (1900) ''Topsy Turvy Land'' (1902), with his wife, Mrs. Amy E. Zwemer ''Raymond Lull'' (1902) ''Moslem Doctrine of God'' (1906) ''The Mohammedan World of Today'' (1906) ''Islam: challenge to faith: studies on the Mohammedan religion and the needs and opportunities of the Mohammedan world'' (1907) ''Our Moslem sisters: cry of need from lands of darkness interpreted by those who heard it'', (1907) edited with Annie van Sommer ''The Moslem World'' (1908) ''The Nearer and Farther East: Outline studies of Moslem lands, and of Siam, Burma, and Korea'' (1908), with Arthur Judson Brown ''The Unoccupied Mission Fields'' (1910) ''Islam and missions: being papers read at the second Missionary conference on behalf of the Mohammedan world at Lucknow, January 23-28, 1911'' (1911) ''The Moslem Christ'' (1911) ''The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia'' (1911) ''Daylight In The Harem: New Era For Moslem Women'' (1911) Papers on present-day reform movements, conditions and methods of work among Moslem women read at the Lucknow Conference ''Zigzag Journeys in the Camel Country'' (1912) ''Childhood in the Moslem World'' (1915) ''Mohammed or Christ? An account of the rapid spread of Islam in all parts of the globe, the methods employed to obtain proselytes, its immense press, its strongholds, suggested means to be adopted to counteract the evil'' (1916) ''The Disintegration of Islam'' (1916) student lectures on missions at Princeton TS ''A Moslem Seeker after God: Showing Islam at its best in the life and teaching of al-Ghazali, mystic and theologian of the eleventh century'' (1920) ''The Influence of Animism on Islam An Account of Popular Superstitions'' (1920) ''The Moslem World, Volume 4'' (1914) ''The Moslem World, Volume 8'' (1918) ''The Moslem World, Volume 9'' (1919) ''The Moslem World, Volume 10'' (1919) ''The Moslem World, Volume 11'' (1919) ''The Moslem World, Volume 12'' (1919) ''The Law of Apostasy in Islam'' (1924) ''Moslem Women'' (1926), with his wife, Mrs. Amy E. Zwemer ''The Glory of the Cross'' (1928) ''Across the world of Islam'' (1929) ''The exalted name of Christ'' (1932), translated from Arabic by Oskar Hermansson and Gustaf Ahlbert, assisted by Abdu Vali Akhond ''Thinking Missions with Christ'' (1934) ''Taking hold of God studies on the nature, need and power of prayer'' (1936) ''It's Hard To Be Christian: Some Aspects of the Fight for Character in the Life of the Pilgrim'' (1937) ''The Solitary Throne, addresses Given at the Keswick Convention on the Glory and Uniqueness of the Christian Message'' (1937) ''The Golden Milestone Reminiscences of Pioneer Days Fifty Years in Arabia'' (1938), with James Cantine ''Dynamic Christianity and the World Today'' (1939) ''Studies in Popular Islam: Collection of papers dealing with the Superstitions Beliefs of the Common People'' (1939) ''The Glory of the Manger: Studies on the Incarnation'' (1940) ''The Art of Listening to God'' (1940) ''The Cross Above the Crescent'' (1941) ''Islam in Madagascar'' (1941) ''Into All the World'' (1943) ''Evangelism Today: Message Not Method'' (1944) ''The Origin of Religion: Evolution or Revelation '' (1945) based on the Smyth Lectures 1935 ''Heirs of the Prophets'' (1946) ''A factual survey of the Moslem world with maps and statistical tables'' (1946) ''The Glory of the Empty Tomb'' (1947) ''How Rich the Harvest'' (1948) ''Sons of Adam: Studies of Old Testament characters in New Testament light'' (1951) ''Social And Moral Evils Of Islam'' (2002) reprint of an earlier work == 같이 보기 == San Geronimo William Borden 화이팅 == 최근 작품들 == ''Call to Prayer'' Diggory Press, ''Heirs of the Prophets'' Diggory Press, ''Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Moslems'' Diggory Press, ''The Glory of the Cross'' Diggory Press, ''The Law of Apostasy in Islam'' Diggory Press, ''The Moslem Christ'' Diggory Press, ''The Moslem Doctrine of God'' Diggory Press, ''The Moslem World'' ''The Influence of Animism on Islam: An Account of Popular Superstitions'' == 참고 문헌 == Wilson, J. Christy, ''Apostle to Islam. biography of Samuel M. Zwemer'', Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1952. Wilson, J. Christy, ''Flaming Prophet: The Story of Samuel Zwemer'', New York: Friendship Press, 1970. Greenway, Roger S. (Editor), ''Islam and the Cross: Selections from "The Apostle to Islam"'', and Publishing, 2002. Ipema, P. (Peter), ''The Islam interpretations of Duncan B. Macdonald, Samuel M. Zwemer, A. Kenneth Cragg and Wilfred C. Smith'', Thesis (Ph.D.) Hartford Seminary Foundation, 1971. ''The vital forces of Christianity and Islam: Six studies by missionaries to Moslems'' with an introduction by the Rev. S. M. Zwemer, and concluding study by Professor Duncan B. Macdonald, Oxford University Press, 1915. Janet Geoff Benge, '' Samuel Zwemer: The Burden of Arabia ''. YWAM Publishing,2013 == 각주 == 분류:1867년 출생 분류:1952년 사망 분류:미국의 기독교 선교사 분류:미국의 개신교도 분류:미국의 동양학자 분류:종교학자 분류:바레인에 거주한 미국인 분류:미시간주 출신 분류:네덜란드계 미국인 분류:미국의 복음주의자