dyfan/halluhard-seed-questions huggingface dataset:
The 2023-2032 Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey Origins, Worlds, and Life recommended that "NASA develop scientific exploration strategies, as it has for Mars, in areas of broad scientific importance, e.g., Venus... that have an increasing number of U.S. missions and international collaboration opportunities" (OWL, p.22-10). In NASA's initial responses to that Decadal Survey, the agency asserted that "...specific scientific exploration strategies should be community generated by bodies such as the Analysis Groups," thus placing the onus on the planetary community to generate and support these exploration strategies. In late 2022, the Venus Exploration Analysis Group began a project to develop a new exploration strategy for Venus, reflecting the 2021 selections of the VERITAS, DAVINCI, and EnVision missions and the sweeping comparative planetology recommendations relevant to Venus in Origins, Worlds, and Life.
  This is that strategy.
  Taking a broad look at the scientific, technological, and programmatic advances required to address the key outstanding questions that Venus poses, and predicated on VERITAS, DAVINCI, and EnVision flying as planned in the early 2030s, this report outlines a set of actions available to NASA, VEXAG, and the planetary science community at large to establish a sustained program of Venus exploration in the years and decades ahead. Key to this approach is recognizing Venus as a unique setting where multiple, cross-disciplinary, Decadal-level planetary, Earth, heliophysics, and exoplanet science questions can be addressed, as well as being a worthy target of exploration in its own right.
  This report offers Assessments of the current state of Venus exploration, and Actions for the U.S. and international Venus community, as well as NASA, to consider. This strategy is a living document and should be updated as warranted.

Research question: What are the main scientific and technological challenges to establishing a sustained program of Venus exploration, and what types of missions or instruments would best address those challenges?
This study investigated the use of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry and soil image analysis for rapid soil fertility assessment, with a focus on key indicators such as available boron (B), organic carbon (OC), available manganese (Mn), available sulfur (S), and the sulfur availability index (SAI). A total of 1,133 soil samples from diverse agro-climatic zones in Eastern India were analyzed. The research integrated color and texture features from microscopic soil images, PXRF data, and auxiliary soil variables (AVs) using a Random Forest model. Results showed that combining image features (IFs) with AVs significantly improved prediction accuracy for available B (R2 = 0.80) and OC (R2 = 0.88). A data fusion approach, incorporating IFs, AVs, and PXRF data, further enhanced predictions for available Mn and SAI, with R2 values of 0.72 and 0.70, respectively. The study highlights the potential of integrating these technologies to offer rapid, cost-effective soil testing methods, paving the way for more advanced predictive models and a deeper understanding of soil fertility. Future work should explore the application of deep learning models on a larger dataset, incorporating soils from a wider range of agro-climatic zones under field conditions.

Research question: How does portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry compare to conventional laboratory analyses for measuring soil nutrients and elements in terms of accuracy, cost, speed, and field applicability?
Student attitudes and approaches to problem solving can impact how well they learn physics. Prior research in the US using a validated Attitude and Approaches to Problem Solving (AAPS) survey suggests that there are major differences between students in introductory physics and astronomy courses and physics experts in terms of their attitudes and approaches to physics problem solving. Here we discuss the validation, administration and analysis of data for the Turkish version of the AAPS survey for high school and university students in Turkey. After the validation and administration of the Turkish version of the survey, the analysis of the data was conducted by grouping the data by grade level, school type, and gender. While there are no statistically significant differences between the averages of various groups on the survey, overall, the university students in Turkey were more expert-like than vocational high school students. On an item by item basis, there are statistically differences between the averages of the groups on many items. For example, on average, the university students demonstrated less expert-like attitudes about the role of equations and formulas in problem solving, in solving difficult problems, and in knowing when the solution is not correct, whereas they displayed more expert-like attitudes and approaches on items related to meta-cognition in physics problem solving. A principal component analysis on the data yields item clusters into which the student responses on various survey items can be grouped. A comparison of the responses of the Turkish and American university students enrolled in algebra-based introductory physics courses shows that on more than half of the items, the responses of these two groups were statistically significantly different with the US students on average responding to the items in more expert-like manner.

Research question: What teaching practices or interventions have been shown to effectively promote more expert-like attitudes and approaches to physics problem solving among high school and university students?
Multiferroics, defined for those multifunctional materials in which two or more kinds of fundamental ferroicities coexist, have become one of the hottest topics of condensed matter physics and materials science in recent years. The coexistence of several order parameters in multiferroics brings out novel physical phenomena and offers possibilities for new device functions. The revival of research activities on multiferroics is evidenced by some novel discoveries and concepts, both experimentally and theoretically. In this review article, we outline some of the progressive milestones in this stimulating field, specially for those single phase multiferroics where magnetism and ferroelectricity coexist. Firstly, we will highlight the physical concepts of multiferroicity and the current challenges to integrate the magnetism and ferroelectricity into a single-phase system. Subsequently, we will summarize various strategies used to combine the two types of orders. Special attentions to three novel mechanisms for multiferroicity generation: (1) the ferroelectricity induced by the spin orders such as spiral and E-phase antiferromagnetic spin orders, which break the spatial inversion symmetry, (2) the ferroelectricity originating from the charge ordered states, and (3) the ferrotoroidic system, will be paid. Then, we will address the elementary excitations such as electromagnons, and application potentials of multiferroics. Finally, open questions and opportunities will be prospected.

Research question: What strategies are most promising for designing or discovering single-phase materials that exhibit both robust ferroelectricity and magnetism at or near room temperature?
The function of the organism hinges on the performance of its information-processing networks, which convey information via molecular recognition. Many paths within these networks utilize molecular codebooks, such as the genetic code, to translate information written in one class of molecules into another molecular "language" . The present paper examines the emergence and evolution of molecular codes in terms of rate-distortion theory and reviews recent results of this approach. We discuss how the biological problem of maximizing the fitness of an organism by optimizing its molecular coding machinery is equivalent to the communication engineering problem of designing an optimal information channel. The fitness of a molecular code takes into account the interplay between the quality of the channel and the cost of resources which the organism needs to invest in its construction and maintenance. We analyze the dynamics of a population of organisms that compete according to the fitness of their codes. The model suggests a generic mechanism for the emergence of molecular codes as a phase transition in an information channel. This mechanism is put into biological context and demonstrated in a simple example.

Research question: How can concepts from rate-distortion theory be applied to explain why and how molecular coding systems (like the genetic code) emerge and evolve in biological populations?
In this paper, we study the problem of one-shot skeleton-based action recognition, which poses unique challenges in learning transferable representation from base classes to novel classes, particularly for fine-grained actions. Existing meta-learning frameworks typically rely on the body-level representations in spatial dimension, which limits the generalisation to capture subtle visual differences in the fine-grained label space. To overcome the above limitation, we propose a part-aware prototypical representation for one-shot skeleton-based action recognition. Our method captures skeleton motion patterns at two distinctive spatial levels, one for global contexts among all body joints, referred to as body level, and the other attends to local spatial regions of body parts, referred to as the part level. We also devise a class-agnostic attention mechanism to highlight important parts for each action class. Specifically, we develop a part-aware prototypical graph network consisting of three modules: a cascaded embedding module for our dual-level modelling, an attention-based part fusion module to fuse parts and generate part-aware prototypes, and a matching module to perform classification with the part-aware representations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on two public skeleton-based action recognition datasets: NTU RGB+D 120 and NW-UCLA.

Research question: How do multi-level (global body vs local body-part) representations and part-aware attention mechanisms improve generalization in one-shot skeleton-based action recognition, especially for distinguishing fine-grained actions?
This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Polar V800 to measure vertical jump height. Twenty-two physically active healthy men (age: 22.89 +- 4.23 years; body mass: 70.74 +- 8.04 kg; height: 1.74 +- 0.76 m) were recruited for the study. The reliability was evaluated by comparing measurements acquired by the Polar V800 in two identical testing sessions one week apart. Validity was assessed by comparing measurements simultaneously obtained using a force platform (gold standard), high-speed camera and the Polar V800 during squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. In the test-retest reliability, high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were observed (mean: 0.90, SJ and CMJ) in the Polar V800. There was no significant systematic bias +- random errors (p > 0.05) between test-retest. Low coefficients of variation (<5%) were detected in both jumps in the Polar V800. In the validity assessment, similar jump height was detected among devices (p > 0.05). There was almost perfect agreement between the Polar V800 compared to a force platform for the SJ and CMJ tests (Mean ICCs = 0.95; no systematic bias +- random errors in SJ mean: -0.38 +- 2.10 cm, p > 0.05). Mean ICC between the Polar V800 versus high-speed camera was 0.91 for the SJ and CMJ tests, however, a significant systematic bias +- random error (0.97 +- 2.60 cm; p = 0.01) was detected in CMJ test. The Polar V800 offers valid, compared to force platform, and reliable information about vertical jump height performance in physically active healthy young men.

Research question: What factors should be considered when evaluating the validity and reliability of consumer wearable devices for measuring vertical jump height in athletes?
A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement of its branching fraction so far. Furthermore, evidence for the $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ decay is obtained with a statistical significance of three standard deviations. The branching fraction measurements are statistically compatible with SM predictions and impose stringent constraints on several theories beyond the SM.

Research question: How do precise measurements of rare B meson decays into muon pairs constrain or rule out different types of theories beyond the Standard Model, and which classes of models are most affected?
A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement of its branching fraction so far. Furthermore, evidence for the $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ decay is obtained with a statistical significance of three standard deviations. The branching fraction measurements are statistically compatible with SM predictions and impose stringent constraints on several theories beyond the SM.

Research question: Why are rare flavor-changing neutral-current decays of B mesons to muon pairs considered especially sensitive probes for physics beyond the Standard Model?
The Advanced Data Protection Control (ADPC) is a technical specification - and a set of sociotechnical mechanisms surrounding it - that can change the current practice of Internet-based personal data protection and consenting by providing novel and standardized means for the communication of privacy and consenting data, meta-data, information, requests, preferences, and decisions. The ADPC supports humans in practicing their rights to privacy and agency by giving them more human-centric control over the processing of their personal data and consent. It helps the data controllers to improve their users' experiences and provides them with easy-to-adopt means to comply with the relevant legal and ethical requirements and expectations.

Research question: What are the main technical and social challenges in implementing standardized mechanisms that give individuals more control over their personal data and consent online?
A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement of its branching fraction so far. Furthermore, evidence for the $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ decay is obtained with a statistical significance of three standard deviations. The branching fraction measurements are statistically compatible with SM predictions and impose stringent constraints on several theories beyond the SM.

Research question: How do precise measurements of very rare B-meson decays to muon pairs constrain or rule out extensions of the Standard Model, and what types of new-physics scenarios are most affected?
The ILSUM shared task focuses on text summarization for two major Indian languages- Hindi and Gujarati, along with English. In this task, we experiment with various pretrained sequence-to-sequence models to find out the best model for each of the languages. We present a detailed overview of the models and our approaches in this paper. We secure the first rank across all three sub-tasks (English, Hindi and Gujarati). This paper also extensively analyzes the impact of k-fold cross-validation while experimenting with limited data size, and we also perform various experiments with a combination of the original and a filtered version of the data to determine the efficacy of the pretrained models.

Research question: What are effective strategies for improving abstractive text summarization performance in low-resource languages when only a small amount of labeled training data is available?
A 2-dimensional discrete Boltzmann model for combustion is presented. Mathematically, the model is composed of two coupled discrete Boltzmann equations for two species and a phenomenological equation for chemical reaction process. Physically, the model is equivalent to a reactive Navier-Stokes model supplemented by a coarse-grained model for the thermodynamic nonequilibrium behaviours. This model adopts 16 discrete velocities. It works for both subsonic and supersonic combustion phenomena with flexible specific heat ratio. To discuss the physical accuracy of the coarse-grained model for nonequilibrium behaviours, three other discrete velocity models are used for comparisons. Numerical results are compared with analytical solutions based on both the first-order and second-order truncations of the distribution function. It is confirmed that the physical accuracy increases with the increasing moment relations needed by nonequlibrium manifestations. Furthermore, compared with the single distribution function model, this model can simulate more details of combustion.

Research question: How do discrete kinetic (Boltzmann/lattice) models represent thermodynamic nonequilibrium effects in combustion, and what are their main advantages and limitations compared with conventional reactive Navier–Stokes approaches?
Phosphorus (P) is considered to be one of the key elements for life, making it an important element to look for in the abundance analysis of spectra of stellar systems. Yet, there exists only a handful of spectroscopic studies to estimate the P abundances and investigate its trend across a range of metallicities. We have observed full HK band spectra at a spectral resolving power of R=45,000 with IGRINS instrument. Abundances are determined using SME in combination with 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. The investigated sample of stars have reliable stellar parameters estimated using optical FIES spectra (GILD; Jönsson et al. in prep.). In order to determine the P abundances from the 16482.92 Angstrom P line, we take special care of the CO($ν=7-4$) blend. We determine the C, N, O abundances from atomic carbon and a range of non-blended molecular lines (CO, CN, OH) which are aplenty in the H band region of K giant stars, assuring an appropriate modelling of the blending CO($ν=7-4$) line. We present [P/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trend for 38 K giant stars in the metallicity range of -1.2 dex $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ 0.4 dex. We find that our trend matches well with the compiled literature sample of prominently dwarf stars and limited number of giant stars. Our trend is found to be higher by $\sim$ 0.05 - 0.1 dex compared to the theoretical chemical evolution trend in Cescutti et al. 2012 resulting from core collapse supernova (type II) of massive stars with the P yields from Kobayashi et al. (2006) arbitrarily increased by a factor of 2.75. Thus the enhancement factor might need to be $\sim$ 0.05 - 0.1 dex higher to match our trend. We also find an empirically determined primary behaviour for phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus abundance is found to be elevated by $\sim$ 0.6 - 0.9 dex in two metal poor s-enriched stars compared to the theoretical chemical evolution trend.

Research question: What are the main nucleosynthetic sources of phosphorus in the Galaxy, and how do they influence the observed trend of phosphorus abundance with stellar metallicity?
Recently, several methods have been proposed for estimating the mutual information from sample data using deep neural networks. These estimators ar referred to as neural mutual information estimation (NMIE)s. NMIEs differ from other approaches as they are data-driven estimators. As such, they have the potential to perform well on a large class of capacity problems. In order to test the performance across various NMIEs, it is desirable to establish a benchmark encompassing the different challenges of capacity estimation. This is the objective of this paper. In particular, we consider three scenarios for benchmarking:i the classic AWGN channel, ii channels continuous inputs optical intensity and peak-power constrained AWGN channel iii channels with a discrete output, i.e., Poisson channel. We also consider the extension to the multi-terminal case with iv the AWGN and optical MAC models. We argue that benchmarking a certain NMIE across these four scenarios provides a substantive test of performance. In this paper we study the performance of mutual information neural estimator (MINE), smoothed mutual information lower-bound estimator (SMILE), and directed information neural estimator (DINE). and provide insights on the performance of other methods as well. To summarize our benchmarking results, MINE provides the most reliable performance.

Research question: What are the main practical challenges and failure modes when using neural-network-based estimators to estimate mutual information from finite samples across different channel types (continuous, discrete, and multi-terminal)?
A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ and $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement of its branching fraction so far. Furthermore, evidence for the $B^0\toμ^+μ^-$ decay is obtained with a statistical significance of three standard deviations. The branching fraction measurements are statistically compatible with SM predictions and impose stringent constraints on several theories beyond the SM.

Research question: How do precise measurements of rare leptonic B-meson decays to muon pairs constrain extensions of the Standard Model, and which classes of new-physics models are most strongly affected?