dungnv/qwen36-27b-length-traces huggingface dataset:
A function $f$ is defined so that

- $f(1)=1$,
- if $n$ is an even positive integer, then $f(n)=f\left(\frac{1}{2} n\right)$, and
- if $n$ is an odd positive integer with $n>1$, then $f(n)=f(n-1)+1$.

For example, $f(34)=f(17)$ and $f(17)=f(16)+1$.

Determine the value of $f(50)$.
A circle with center $O$ and radius 1 contains chord $\overline{A B}$ of length 1 , and point $M$ is the midpoint of $\overline{A B}$. If the perpendicular to $\overline{A O}$ through $M$ intersects $\overline{A O}$ at $P$, compute $[M A P]$.
The string $A A A B B B A A B B$ is a string of ten letters, each of which is $A$ or $B$, that does not include the consecutive letters $A B B A$.

The string $A A A B B A A A B B$ is a string of ten letters, each of which is $A$ or $B$, that does include the consecutive letters $A B B A$.

Determine, with justification, the total number of strings of ten letters, each of which is $A$ or $B$, that do not include the consecutive letters $A B B A$.
On a $999 \times 999$ board a limp rook can move in the following way: From any square it can move to any of its adjacent squares, i.e. a square having a common side with it, and every move must be a turn, i.e. the directions of any two consecutive moves must be perpendicular. A nonintersecting route of the limp rook consists of a sequence of pairwise different squares that the limp rook can visit in that order by an admissible sequence of moves. Such a non-intersecting route is called cyclic, if the limp rook can, after reaching the last square of the route, move directly to the first square of the route and start over.

How many squares does the longest possible cyclic, non-intersecting route of a limp rook visit?
Let $T=20$. The product of all positive divisors of $2^{T}$ can be written in the form $2^{K}$. Compute $K$.
## Real Expansion



Consider a "real" monatomic gas consisting of $N$ atoms of negligible volume and mass $m$ in equilibrium inside a closed cubical container of volume $V$. In this "real" gas, the attractive forces between atoms is small but not negligible. Because these atoms have negligible volume, you can assume that the atoms do not collide with each other for the entirety of the problem.
Context question:
a. Consider an atom in the interior of this container of volume $V$. Suppose the potential energy of the interaction is given by


$$

u(r)= \begin{cases}0 & r<d \\ -\epsilon\left(\frac{d}{r}\right)^{6} & r \geq d\end{cases}

$$



where $d \ll V^{1 / 3}$ is the minimum allowed distance between two atoms. Assume the gas is uniformly distributed within the container, what is the average potential energy of this atom? Write your answer in terms of $a^{\prime}=\frac{2 \pi d^{3} \epsilon}{3}, N$, and $V$.
Context answer:
\boxed{$-2 a^{\prime} N / V$}


Context question:
b. What is the average potential energy of an atom near the boundary of the box? Assume that there is no interaction between atoms near the boundary and the box itself.
Context answer:
\boxed{$-a^{\prime} N / V$}


Context question:
c. Using Bernoulli's law $P+U+\rho v^{2} / 2=$ constant, with pressure $P$, potential energy density $U$, mass density $\rho$ and fluid velocity $v$, what is the pressure at the boundary of the box? Assume the interior pressure is given by the ideal gas law.
Context answer:
\boxed{$\frac{N k T}{V}-a^{\prime} \frac{N^{2}}{V^{2}}$}


Context question:
d. Assuming most atoms are in the interior of the box, what is the total energy of the atoms in the box?
Context answer:
\boxed{$\frac{3}{2} N k T-a^{\prime} N^{2} / V$}


Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

Now consider an insulated partitioned container with two sections, each of volume $V$. We fill one side of the container with $N$ atoms of this "real" gas at temperature $T$, which the other side being a vacuum. We then quickly remove the partition and let the gas expand to fill the entirety of the partitioned container. During this expansion, the energy of the gas remains unchanged.
Context question:
e. What is the final temperature of the gas after the expansion?
Context answer:
\boxed{$T^{\prime}=T-\frac{a^{\prime} N}{3 k_{B} V}$}

f. What is the increase in the entropy of the universe as a result of the free expansion? Give your answer to first order in $\frac{a^{\prime} N}{V k_{B} T}$.
In the coordinate plane consider the set $S$ of all points with integer coordinates. For a positive integer $k$, two distinct points $A, B \in S$ will be called $k$-friends if there is a point $C \in S$ such that the area of the triangle $A B C$ is equal to $k$. A set $T \subset S$ will be called a $k$-clique if every two points in $T$ are $k$-friends. Find the least positive integer $k$ for which there exists a $k$-clique with more than 200 elements.
Suppose that $f(a)=2 a^{2}-3 a+1$ for all real numbers $a$ and $g(b)=\log _{\frac{1}{2}} b$ for all $b>0$. Determine all $\theta$ with $0 \leq \theta \leq 2 \pi$ for which $f(g(\sin \theta))=0$.
A plane has a special point $O$ called the origin. Let $P$ be a set of 2021 points in the plane, such that

(i) no three points in $P$ lie on a line and

(ii) no two points in $P$ lie on a line through the origin.

A triangle with vertices in $P$ is $f a t$, if $O$ is strictly inside the triangle. Find the maximum number of fat triangles.
Suppose that $x$ satisfies $0<x<\frac{\pi}{2}$ and $\cos \left(\frac{3}{2} \cos x\right)=\sin \left(\frac{3}{2} \sin x\right)$.

Determine all possible values of $\sin 2 x$, expressing your answers in the form $\frac{a \pi^{2}+b \pi+c}{d}$ where $a, b, c, d$ are integers.
A lead box contains samples of two radioactive isotopes of iron. Isotope A decays so that after every 6 minutes, the number of atoms remaining is halved. Initially, there are twice as many atoms of isotope $\mathrm{A}$ as of isotope $\mathrm{B}$, and after 24 minutes there are the same number of atoms of each isotope. How long does it take the number of atoms of isotope B to halve?
$$

\begin{array}{ll}

g=9.8 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg} & G=6.67 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{kg}^{2} \\

k=1 / 4 \pi \epsilon_{0}=8.99 \times 10^{9} \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{C}^{2} & k_{\mathrm{m}}=\mu_{0} / 4 \pi=10^{-7} \mathrm{~T} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{A} \\

c=3.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} & k_{\mathrm{B}}=1.38 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{K} \\

N_{\mathrm{A}}=6.02 \times 10^{23}(\mathrm{~mol})^{-1} & R=N_{\mathrm{A}} k_{\mathrm{B}}=8.31 \mathrm{~J} /(\mathrm{mol} \cdot \mathrm{K}) \\

\sigma=5.67 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~J} /\left(\mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot \mathrm{K}^{4}\right) & e=1.602 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C} \\

1 \mathrm{eV}=1.602 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J} & h=6.63 \times 10^{-34} \mathrm{~J} \cdot \mathrm{s}=4.14 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{eV} \cdot \mathrm{s} \\

m_{e}=9.109 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{~kg}=0.511 \mathrm{MeV} / \mathrm{c}^{2} & (1+x)^{n} \approx 1+n x \text { for }|x| \ll 1 \\

\sin \theta \approx \theta-\theta^{3} / 6 \text { for }|\theta| \ll 1 & \cos \theta \approx 1-\theta^{2} / 2 \text { for }|\theta| \ll 1

\end{array}

$$

Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

Green Revolution ${ }^{1}$



In this problem, we will investigate a simple thermodynamic model for the conversion of solar energy into wind. Consider a planet of radius $R$, and assume that it rotates so that the same side always faces the Sun. The bright side facing the Sun has a constant uniform temperature $T_{1}$, while the dark side has a constant uniform temperature $T_{2}$. The orbit radius of the planet is $R_{0}$, the Sun has temperature $T_{s}$, and the radius of the Sun is $R_{s}$. Assume that outer space has zero temperature, and treat all objects as ideal blackbodies.
Context question:
a. Find the solar power $P$ received by the bright side of the planet. (Hint: the Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the power emitted by a blackbody with area $A$ is $\sigma A T^{4}$.)
Context answer:
\boxed{$P=\pi \sigma T_{s}^{4} \frac{R^{2} R_{s}^{2}}{R_{0}^{2}}$}


Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

In order to keep both $T_{1}$ and $T_{2}$ constant, heat must be continually transferred from the bright side to the dark side. By viewing the two hemispheres as the two reservoirs of a reversible heat engine, work can be performed from this temperature difference, which appears in the form of wind power. For simplicity, we assume all of this power is immediately captured and stored by windmills.
Context question:
b. The equilibrium temperature ratio $T_{2} / T_{1}$ depends on the heat transfer rate between the hemispheres. Find the minimum and maximum possible values of $T_{2} / T_{1}$. In each case, what is the wind power $P_{w}$ produced?
Context answer:
The minimum value is simply zero, $P_{w}=0$.
The maximum value is $T_{2} / T_{1}=1$. $P_{w}=0$.


Context question:
c. Find the wind power $P_{w}$ in terms of $P$ and the temperature ratio $T_{2} / T_{1}$.
Context answer:
\boxed{$P_{w}=\frac{x^{3}(1-x)}{1+x^{3}} P$}

d. Estimate the maximum possible value of $P_{w}$ as a fraction of $P$, to one significant figure. Briefly explain how you obtained this estimate.
Let $T=\frac{1}{2}$. Compute the largest real solution $x$ to $(\log x)^{2}-\log \sqrt{x}=T$.
Let $T=11$. Let $p$ be an odd prime and let $x, y$, and $z$ be positive integers less than $p$. When the trinomial $(p x+y+z)^{T-1}$ is expanded and simplified, there are $N$ terms, of which $M$ are always multiples of $p$. Compute $M$.
The Sieve of Sundaram uses the following infinite table of positive integers:

| 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | $\cdots$ |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| 7 | 12 | 17 | 22 | $\cdots$ |
| 10 | 17 | 24 | 31 | $\cdots$ |
| 13 | 22 | 31 | 40 | $\cdots$ |
| $\vdots$ | $\vdots$ | $\vdots$ | $\vdots$ |  |

The numbers in each row in the table form an arithmetic sequence. The numbers in each column in the table form an arithmetic sequence. The first four entries in each of the first four rows and columns are shown.
Determine the number in the 50th row and 40th column.
## Spin Cycle



Cosmonaut Carla is preparing for the Intergalactic 5000 race. She practices for her race on her handy race track of radius $R$, carrying a stopwatch with her. Her racecar maintains a constant speed $v$ during her practices. For this problem, you can assume that $v>0.1 c$, where $c$ is the speed of light.
Context question:
a. How much time elapses on Carla's stopwatch with each revolution?
Context answer:
\boxed{$\frac{2 \pi R \sqrt{1-v^{2} / c^{2}}}{v}$}


Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

Carla decides to do a fun experiment during her training. She places two stationary clocks down: Clock A at the center of the race track, i.e. the origin; and Clock B at a point on the race track denoted as $(R, 0)$. She then begins her training.



For parts (b) through (d), we define Carla's inertial reference frame (CIRF) as an inertial reference frame in which Carla is momentarily at rest, and which has the same origin of coordinates as the lab frame. Thus, CIRF is a new inertial frame each moment. The times on the clocks and stopwatch are all calibrated such that they all read 0 in CIRF when she passes by Clock $B$ for the first time.
Context question:
b. In the lab frame (the reference frame of the clocks, which are at rest), what is the offset between Clock $A$ and Clock $B$ ?
Context answer:
\boxed{0}


Context question:
c. If Carla's stopwatch measures an elapsed time $\tau$, what does Clock A measure in CIRF?
Context answer:
\boxed{$t_{A}(\tau)=\frac{\tau}{\sqrt{1-v^{2} / c^{2}}}$}

d. If Carla's stopwatch measures an elapsed time $\tau$, what does Clock B measure in CIRF?
We are given an infinite deck of cards, each with a real number on it. For every real number $x$, there is exactly one card in the deck that has $x$ written on it. Now two players draw disjoint sets $A$ and $B$ of 100 cards each from this deck. We would like to define a rule that declares one of them a winner. This rule should satisfy the following conditions:

1. The winner only depends on the relative order of the 200 cards: if the cards are laid down in increasing order face down and we are told which card belongs to which player, but not what numbers are written on them, we can still decide the winner.
2. If we write the elements of both sets in increasing order as $A=\left\{a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{100}\right\}$ and $B=\left\{b_{1}, b_{2}, \ldots, b_{100}\right\}$, and $a_{i}>b_{i}$ for all $i$, then $A$ beats $B$.
3. If three players draw three disjoint sets $A, B, C$ from the deck, $A$ beats $B$ and $B$ beats $C$, then $A$ also beats $C$.

How many ways are there to define such a rule? Here, we consider two rules as different if there exist two sets $A$ and $B$ such that $A$ beats $B$ according to one rule, but $B$ beats $A$ according to the other.
Let $A$ be the number you will receive from position 7 and let $B$ be the number you will receive from position 9. Let $\alpha=\sin ^{-1} A$ and let $\beta=\cos ^{-1} B$. Compute $\sin (\alpha+\beta)+\sin (\alpha-\beta)$.
Triangle $A B C$ has vertices $A(0,5), B(3,0)$ and $C(8,3)$. Determine the measure of $\angle A C B$.
Let $p$ be a prime number. If $p$ years ago, the ages of three children formed a geometric sequence with a sum of $p$ and a common ratio of 2 , compute the sum of the children's current ages.
Compute the largest base-10 integer $\underline{A} \underline{B} \underline{C} \underline{D}$, with $A>0$, such that $\underline{A} \underline{B} \underline{C} \underline{D}=B !+C !+D !$.
Determine all pairs $(a, b)$ of positive integers for which $a^{3}+2 a b=2013$.
Let $T=\frac{1}{40}$. Given that $x, y$, and $z$ are real numbers such that $x+y=5, x^{2}-y^{2}=\frac{1}{T}$, and $x-z=-7$, compute $x+z$
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation technology which uses signal from satellites to determine the position of an object (for example an airplane). However, due to the satellites high speed movement in orbit, there should be a special relativistic correction, and due to their high altitude, there should be a general relativistic correction. Both corrections seem to be small but are very important for precise measurement of position. We will explore both corrections in this problem.

First we will investigate the special relativistic effect on an accelerated particle. We consider two types of frame, the first one is the rest frame (called $S$ or Earth's frame), where the particle is at rest initially. The other is the proper frame (called $S^{\prime}$ ), a frame that instantaneously moves together with the accelerated particle. Note that this is not an accelerated frame, it is a constant velocity frame that at a particular moment has the same velocity with the accelerated particle. At that short moment, the time rate experienced by the particle is the same as the proper frame's time rate. Of course this proper frame is only good for an infinitesimally short time, and then we need to define a new proper frame afterward. At the beginning we synchronize the particle's clock with the clock in the rest frame by setting them to zero, $t=\tau=0$ ( $t$ is the time in the rest frame, and $\tau$ is the time shown by particle's clock).

By applying equivalence principle, we can obtain general relativistic effects from special relavistic results which does not involve complicated metric tensor calculations. By combining the special and general relativistic effects, we can calculate the corrections needed for a GPS (global positioning system) satellite to provide accurate positioning.

Some mathematics formulas that might be useful

- $\sinh x=\frac{e^{x}-e^{-x}}{2}$
- $\cosh x=\frac{e^{x}+e^{-x}}{2}$
- $\tanh x=\frac{\sinh x}{\cosh x}$
- $1+\sinh ^{2} x=\cosh ^{2} x$
- $\sinh (x-y)=\sinh x \cosh y-\cosh x \sinh y$



- $\int \frac{d x}{\left(1-x^{2}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}+C$
- $\int \frac{d x}{1-x^{2}}=\ln \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{1-x}}+C$


Part A. Single Accelerated Particle 

Consider a particle with a rest mass $m$ under a constant and uniform force field $F$ (defined in the rest frame) pointing in the positive $x$ direction. Initially $(t=\tau=0)$ the particle is at rest at the origin $(x=0)$.
Context question:
1.  When the velocity of the particle is $v$, calculate the acceleration of the particle, $a$ (with respect to the rest frame).
Context answer:
\boxed{$a=\frac{F}{\gamma^{3} m}$}

2.  Calculate the velocity of the particle $\beta(t)=\frac{v(t)}{c}$ at time $t$ (in rest frame), in terms of $F, m, t$ and $c$.
Points $A(k, 3), B(3,1)$ and $C(6, k)$ form an isosceles triangle. If $\angle A B C=\angle A C B$, determine all possible values of $k$.
Computing electric fields

Electrostatics relies on multiple methods for computing electric fields and potentials. In this problem, we will explore two of them, Gauss's Law and Legendre polynomials.

Uniform charge distributions

Let us consider a hollow conducting sphere of radius $R$ charged with the electric charge $Q$, uniformly distributed on its surface. In order to calculate its potential, we can use Gauss's Law, which states that the flux of the electric field $d F=\mathbf{E} \cdot \mathbf{d} \mathbf{A}$ across a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by that surface: $F=Q / \varepsilon_{0}$. We have denoted $\mathbf{d A}=d A \mathbf{n}$ the elementary oriented (towards the exterior) surface element.
Context question:
(a) Compute the electric potential inside and outside the sphere.
Context answer:
\boxed{$\Phi_{-}=\frac{Q}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} R}$,$\Phi_{+}=\frac{Q}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} r}$}


Extra Supplementary Reading Materials:

Legendre polynomials and non-uniform charge distributions

Legendre polynomials are a type of orthogonal polynomials essential in mathematical physics. One of their applications is in computing electric potentials for more complicated charge configurations. We will denote the $n$-th Legendre polynomial (having degree $n$ ) as $P_{n}$. Legendre polynomials are defined on $[-1,1]$ and we can express their scalar product as

$$
\left\langle P_{m}(x), P_{n}(x)\right\rangle=\int_{-1}^{1} P_{m}(x) P_{n}(x) d x
\tag{1}
$$

The first two Legendre polynomials are $P_{0}(x)=1$ and $P_{1}(x)=x$.
Context question:
(a) Knowing that Legendre polynomials are orthogonal $\left(\left\langle P_{m}(x), P_{n}(x)\right\rangle=0\right.$ if $m \neq n)$ and $\operatorname{deg} P_{n}(x)=n$, obtain $P_{2}(x)$ and $P_{3}(x)$. For reaching the usual and most convenient form of these polynomials, divide your results by the norm: $\left\|P_{n}(x)\right\|=\frac{2}{2 n+1}$.

Let us now consider a sphere of radius $R$ centered at the origin. Suppose a point charge $q$ is put at the origin and that this is the only charge inside or outside the sphere. Furthermore, the potential is $\Phi=V_{0} \cos \theta$ on the surface of the sphere.

We know that we can write the potential induced by the charge on the sphere (without taking into account $q$ ) in the following way:

$$
\begin{array}{ll}
\Phi_{-}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} A_{n} r^{n} P_{n}(\cos \theta), & r<R \\
\Phi_{+}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{B_{n}}{r^{n+1}} P_{n}(\cos \theta), & r>R
\end{array}
$$
Context answer:
\boxed{$P_{2}(x)=C_{2}\left(x^{2}+\lambda_{1} x+\lambda_{0}\right)$ , $P_{3}=\frac{1}{2}\left(5 x^{3}-3 x\right)$}

(b) Compute the electric potential both inside and outside the sphere.
Determine all integer values of $x$ such that $\left(x^{2}-3\right)\left(x^{2}+5\right)<0$.
Determine all real numbers $a, b$ and $c$ for which the graph of the function $y=\log _{a}(x+b)+c$ passes through the points $P(3,5), Q(5,4)$ and $R(11,3)$.
Find (in closed form) the difference between the number of positive integers at most $2^{2017}$ with even weight and the number of positive integers at most $2^{2017}$ with odd weight.
Elizabeth is in an "escape room" puzzle. She is in a room with one door which is locked at the start of the puzzle. The room contains $n$ light switches, each of which is initially off. Each minute, she must flip exactly $k$ different light switches (to "flip" a switch means to turn it on if it is currently off, and off if it is currently on). At the end of each minute, if all of the switches are on, then the door unlocks and Elizabeth escapes from the room.

Let $E(n, k)$ be the minimum number of minutes required for Elizabeth to escape, for positive integers $n, k$ with $k \leq n$. For example, $E(2,1)=2$ because Elizabeth cannot escape in one minute (there are two switches and one must be flipped every minute) but she can escape in two minutes (by flipping Switch 1 in the first minute and Switch 2 in the second minute). Define $E(n, k)=\infty$ if the puzzle is impossible to solve (that is, if it is impossible to have all switches on at the end of any minute).

For convenience, assume the $n$ light switches are numbered 1 through $n$.
Compute the $E(9,5)$
Compute the base $b$ for which $253_{b} \cdot 341_{b}=\underline{7} \underline{4} \underline{X} \underline{Y} \underline{Z}_{b}$, for some base- $b$ digits $X, Y, Z$.
Let $T=8$. Let $f(x)=a x^{2}+b x+c$. The product of the roots of $f$ is $T$. If $(-2,20)$ and $(1,14)$ lie on the graph of $f$, compute $a$.
Determine all triples $(x, y, z)$ of real numbers that satisfy the following system of equations:

$$
\begin{aligned}
(x-1)(y-2) & =0 \\
(x-3)(z+2) & =0 \\
x+y z & =9
\end{aligned}
$$
In a soccer league with 5 teams, each team plays 20 games(that is, 5 games with each of the other 4 teams). For each team, every game ends in a win (W), a loss (L), or a tie (T). The numbers of wins, losses and ties for each team at the end of the season are shown in the table. Determine the values of $x, y$ and $z$.

| Team | W | L | T |
| :---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| A | 2 | 15 | 3 |
| B | 7 | 9 | 4 |
| C | 6 | 12 | 2 |
| D | 10 | 8 | 2 |
| E | $x$ | $y$ | $z$ |
Find all functions $f: \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}$ such that the equation

holds for all rational numbers $x$ and $y$.

$$
f(x f(x)+y)=f(y)+x^{2}
$$

Here, $\mathbb{Q}$ denotes the set of rational numbers.
Let $T=2018$, and append the digits of $T$ to $\underline{A} \underline{A} \underline{B}$ (for example, if $T=17$, then the result would be $\underline{1} \underline{\underline{A}} \underline{A} \underline{B}$ ). If the resulting number is divisible by 11 , compute the largest possible value of $A+B$.
Circle $\omega_{1}$ has center $O$, which is on circle $\omega_{2}$. The circles intersect at points $A$ and $C$. Point $B$ lies on $\omega_{2}$ such that $B A=37, B O=17$, and $B C=7$. Compute the area of $\omega_{1}$.
Determine all possible values for the area of a right-angled triangle with one side length equal to 60 and with the property that its side lengths form an arithmetic sequence.

(An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtained from the previous term by adding a constant. For example, $3,5,7,9$ are the first four terms of an arithmetic sequence.)
For every real number $x$, define $\lfloor x\rfloor$ to be equal to the greatest integer less than or equal to $x$. (We call this the "floor" of $x$.) For example, $\lfloor 4.2\rfloor=4,\lfloor 5.7\rfloor=5$, $\lfloor-3.4\rfloor=-4,\lfloor 0.4\rfloor=0$, and $\lfloor 2\rfloor=2$.
Determine the integer equal to $\left\lfloor\frac{1}{3}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{2}{3}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{3}{3}\right\rfloor+\ldots+\left\lfloor\frac{59}{3}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor\frac{60}{3}\right\rfloor$. (The sum has 60 terms.)
Compute the number of five-digit integers $\underline{M} \underline{A} \underline{R} \underline{T} \underline{Y}$, with all digits distinct, such that $M>A>R$ and $R<T<Y$.