dtufail/nuremberg-trials-corpus huggingface dataset:
89)...... VI 1003 *C-175 OKW Directive for Unified Preparation for War 1937-1938, with covering letter from von Blomberg, 24 June 1937. (USA 69)...... VI 1006 *C-182 Directive No. 2 from Supreme Commander Armed Forces, initialed Jodl, 11 March 1938. (USA 77)...... VI 1017 *C-194 Orders by Keitel and Commander-in-Chief of Navy, 6 March 1936, for Navy cooperation in Rhineland occupation. (USA 55)...... VI 1019 *D-39 Telegrams relating to activities against partisans in Italy. (GB 275)...... VI 1023 *D-569 File of circulars from Reichsfuehrer SS, the OKW, Inspector of Concentration Camps, Chief of Security Police and SD, dating from 29 October 1941 through 22 February 1944, relative to procedure in cases of unnatural death of Soviet PW, execution of Soviet PW, etc. (GB 277)...... VII 74 *D-730 Statement of PW Walther Grosche, 11 Dec3ember 1945. (GB 279)...... VII 177 *D-731 Statement of PW Ernst Walde, 13 December 1945. (GB 178)...... VII 183 *D-735 Memorandum of conference between German Foreign Minister and Count Ciano in presence of Keitel and Marchal Cavallero, 19 December 1942. (GB 295)...... VII 190 *D-763 Circular of OKW, 18 August 1944, regarding penal jurisdiction of non-German civilians in Occupied Territories. (GB 300)...... VII 222 *D-764 Circular of OKW, 18 August 1944, concerning combatting of "terrorists" and "saboteurs" in Occupied Territories and jurisdiction relative thereto. (GB 299)...... VII 223 *D-765 Directives of OKW, 2 September 1944, regarding offenses by non-German civilians in Occupied Territories. (GB 302)...... VII 225 *D-766 Circular of OKW, 4 September 1944, regarding offenses by non-German civilians in Occupied Territories. (GB 301)...... VII 226 *D-767 Memorandum, 13 September 1944, on offenses by non-German civilians in Occupied Territories. (GB 303)...... VII 228 *D-769 Telegram signed by Gen. Christiansen, 21 September 1940, relative to application of capital punishment in connection with Railway strike in Holland. (GB 304)...... VII 229 *D-770 Circular, 24 September 1944, on offenses of non-German civilians in Occupied Territories. (GB 305)...... VII 229 *D-774 Directive of Chief of OKW to German Foreign Office at Salzburg, on treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers, 14 June 1944. (GB 307)...... VII 231 *D-775 Draft of directive, 14 June 1944,
Circular, 24 September 1944, on offenses of non-German civilians in Occupied Territories. (GB 305)...... VII 229 *D-774 Directive of Chief of OKW to German Foreign Office at Salzburg, on treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers, 14 June 1944. (GB 307)...... VII 231 *D-775 Draft of directive, 14 June 1944, from OKW to Supreme Commander of "Luftwaffe", regarding treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB 308)...... VII 232 *D-776 Draft of directive of Chief of OKW, 15 June 1944, to German Foreign Office at Salzburg, concerning treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB 309)...... VII 233 *D-777 Draft of directive, 15 June 1944, from OKW to Supreme Commander of "Luftwaffe" concerning treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB 310)...... VII 234 *D-779 Letter from Reichsmarshal to Chief of OKW, 19 August 1944, regarding treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB 312)...... VII 235 *D-780 Draft of communication from Ambassador Ritter, Salzburg, to Chief of OKW, 20 June 1944, on treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB 313)...... VII 236 *D-781 Note of OKW to Supreme Commander of "Luftwaffe", 23 June 1944, regarding treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB 314)...... VII 239 *D-782 Note from German Foreign Office, Salzburg, 25 June 1944, to OKW. (GB 315)...... VII 239 *D-783 Note of a telephone communication, 26 June 1944, with regard to treatment of "Terrorist"-aviators. (GB 316)...... VII 240 *D-784 Note from Operation Staff of OKW signed Warlimont, 30 June 1944, concerning treatment of Allied "Terrorist"-flyers. (GB-317)...... VII 240 *D-785 Note from OkW to Supreme Commander of "Luftwaffe", 4 July 1944, concerning "Terror"-flyers. (GB 318)...... VII 241 *D-786 Note, 5 July 1944, on "Terror"-flyers. (GB 319)...... VII 242 *EC-177 Minutes of second session of Working Committee of the Reich Defense held on 26 April 1933. (USA 390)...... VII 328 *EC-194 Secret memorandum of Keitel concerning use of prisoners of war in the war industry, 31 October 1941. (USA 214)...... VII 336 *EC-286 Correspondence between Schacht and Goering, March-April 1937, concerning price control. (USA 833)...... VII 380 EC-338 Memorandum of 15 September 1941 from Canaris to Keitel concerning an OKW Order regulating the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war...... VII 411 *EC-406 Minutes of Eleventh
1941. (USA 214)...... VII 336 *EC-286 Correspondence between Schacht and Goering, March-April 1937, concerning price control. (USA 833)...... VII 380 EC-338 Memorandum of 15 September 1941 from Canaris to Keitel concerning an OKW Order regulating the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war...... VII 411 *EC-406 Minutes of Eleventh Meeting of Reichs Defense Council, 6 December 1935. (USA 772)...... VII 455 *EC-407 Minutes of Twelfth Meeting of Reichs Defense Council, 14 May 1936. (GB 247)...... VII 462 **L-3 Contents of Hitler's talk to Supreme Commander and Commanding Generals, Obersalzberg, 22 August 1939. (USA 28) (Referred to but not offered in evidence.)...... VII 752 *L-52 Memorandum and Directives for conduct of war in the West, 9 October 1939. (USA 540)...... VII 800 *L-79 Minutes of conference, 23 May 1939, "Indoctrination on the political situation and future aims". (USA 27)...... VII 847 *L-90 Fuehrer decree, February 1942, concerning prosecution of offenses in Occupied Territory; "First Ordinance" signed by Keitel for execution of the directive; memorandum of 12 December 1941, signed by Keitel. (USA 503)...... VII 871 *L-158 Circular letter from SIPO and SD Commander of Radom District, 28 March 1944, concerning measures to be taken against escaped officers and non-commissioned officer PWs. (USA 514)...... VII 906 L-179 Letter from RSHA to police officials, 5 November 1942, concerning criminal procedure against Poles and members of Eastern people...... VII 976 *L-211 OKW circular entitled Direction of War as Problem of Organization, 19 April 1938. (GB 161)...... VII 1043 *L-221 Bormann report on conference of 16 July 1941, concerning treatment of Eastern populations and territories. (USA 317)...... VII 1086 *R-100 Minutes of instructions given by Hitler to General von Brauchitsch on 25 March 1939. (USA 121)...... VIII 83 *UK-20 Keitel Order on treatment of supporters of De Gaulle who fight for Russians, 26 May 1943. (GB 163)...... VIII 538 *UK-57 Keitel directives, 4 January 1944 and 21 April 1944, concerning counteraction to Kharkov show trial. (GB 164)...... VIII 539 *UK-66 Report of British War Crimes Section of Allied Force Headquarters on German reprisals for partisan activity in Italy. (GB 274)...... VIII 572 Affidavit A Affidavit of Erwin Lahousen, 21
*UK-57 Keitel directives, 4 January 1944 and 21 April 1944, concerning counteraction to Kharkov show trial. (GB 164)...... VIII 539 *UK-66 Report of British War Crimes Section of Allied Force Headquarters on German reprisals for partisan activity in Italy. (GB 274)...... VIII 572 Affidavit A Affidavit of Erwin Lahousen, 21 January 1946, substantially the same as his testimony on direct examination before the International Military Tribunal at Nurnberg 30 November and 1 December 1945...... VIII 587 Affidavit I Affidavit of Leopold Buerkner, 22 January 1946...... VIII 647 Statement III The Origin of the Directives of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, by Wilhelm Keitel, Nurnberg, 15 September 1945...... VIII 669 Statement IV The Position and Powers of the Chief of the OKW, by Wilhelm Keitel, Nurnberg, 9 October 1945...... VIII 672 Statement V Notes Concerning Actions of German Armed Forces During the War and in Occupied Territory, by Wilhelm Keitel, Nurnberg, 19 October 1945...... VIII 678 Statement VI The Relationship Between Canaris and Keitel, by Erwin Lahousen, Nurnberg, 23 October 1945...... VIII 682 Statement IX My Relationship to Adolf Hitler and to the Party, by Erich Raeder, Moscow, fall 1945...... VIII 707 **Chart No. 7 Organization of the Wehrmacht 1938-1945. (Enlargement displayed to Tribunal.)...... VIII 776 Chapter XVI Part 3 Contents Chapter XVI Part 5
10. JULIUS STREICHER Through his words and his deeds Julius Streicher assumed for himself the unofficial title of "Jew-baiter Number One" of Nazi Germany. For the course of some twenty-five years, Streicher educated the German people in hatred and incited them to the persecution and to the extermination of the Jewish race. He was an accessory to murder, on a scale perhaps never attained before. A. STREICHER'S CAREER AND POSITIONS. Streicher was born in 1885. He became a school teacher in Nurnberg and formed a party of his own, which he called the German Socialist Party. The Chief policy of that party was anti-Semitism. In 1922 he handed over his party to Hitler, who wrote a glowing account of Streicher's generosity in Mein Kampf (M-3). The appointments which Streicher held in the Party and state were few. From 1921 until 1945, he was a member of the Nazi Party. In 1925 he was appointed Gauleiter of Franconia, and he remained as such until about February 1940. From the time that the Nazi government came into power in 1933 until 1945 he was a member of the Reichstag. In addition to that, he held the title of Obergruppenfuehrer in the SA (2975-PS). The propaganda which Streicher carried out throughout those years was chiefly done through the medium of his newspapers. he was the editor and publisher of "Der Stuermer" from 1922 until 1933, and thereafter the publisher and owner of the paper. In 1933 he also founded and thereafter published a daily newspaper called the "Fraenkische Tageszeitung." In addition, in later years he published several other papers, mostly local journals, from Nurnberg. B. STREICHER'S PART IN THE REMOVAL OF OPPOSITION THROUGH ANTI-JEWISH PROPAGANDA AND INCITEMENT. The course of Streicher's incitement and propaganda may be traced more or less in chronological order by referring to short extracts from "Der Stuermer." The extracts which follow were selected at random. They were selected with a view to showing the various methods which Streicher employed to incite the German people against the Jewish race, but his newspapers are crowded with them, week after week, day after day. It is impossible to pick up any copy without finding the same kind of invective and incitement in the headlines and in the articles. In a speech which Streicher made in 1922 in Nurnberg, after abusing the Jews in the
the Jewish race, but his newspapers are crowded with them, week after week, day after day. It is impossible to pick up any copy without finding the same kind of invective and incitement in the headlines and in the articles. In a speech which Streicher made in 1922 in Nurnberg, after abusing the Jews in the first paragraph, he went on to say: "We know that Germany will be free when the Jew has been excluded from the life of the German people." (M-11). In a speech in 1924 he stated: "I beg you and particularly those of you who carry the cross throughout the land to become somewhat more serious when I speak of the enemy of the German people, namely, the Jew. Not out of irresponsibility or for fun do I fight against the Jewish enemy, but because I bear within me the knowledge that the whole misfortune was brought to Germany by the Jews alone. "I ask you once more, what is at stake today? The Jew seeks domination not only among the German people but among all peoples. The communists pave the way for him. Do you not know that the God of the Old Testament orders the Jews to consume and enslave the peoples of the earth? "The government allows the Jew to do as he pleases. The people expect action to be taken. You may think about Adolf Hitler as you please, but one thing you must admit. He possessed the courage to attempt to free the German people from the Jew by a national revolution. That was action indeed." (M-12). In a speech in April 1925 Streicher declared: "You must realize that the Jew wants our people to perish. That is why you must join us and leave those who have brought you nothing but war, inflation, and discord. For thousands of years the Jew has been destroying the nations. Let us make a new beginning today so that we can annihilate the Jews." (M-13). This appears to be the earliest expression of one of the conspirators' primary objectives-the annihilation of the Jewish race. Fourteen years later it became the official policy of the Nazi Government. In April 1932 Streicher made the following statement: "For 13 years I have fought against Jewry." "We know that the Jew whether he is baptized as a Protestant or as a Catholic, remains a Jew. Why cannot you realize, you Protestant clergymen, you Catholic priests,
official policy of the Nazi Government. In April 1932 Streicher made the following statement: "For 13 years I have fought against Jewry." "We know that the Jew whether he is baptized as a Protestant or as a Catholic, remains a Jew. Why cannot you realize, you Protestant clergymen, you Catholic priests, you who have scales before your eyes and serve the god of the Jews who is not the god of Love but the God of Hate. Why do you not listen to Christ, who said to the Jews, 'you are children of the devil'." (M-14). (1) The Anti-Jewish Boycott of 1933. When the Nazi Party came to power, they officially started their campaign against the Jews by the boycott of 1 April 1933. The boycott was agreed on and approved by the whole government, as appears from Goebbel's diary (2409-PS). Streicher was appointed the chairman of the central committee for the organization of that boycott. He started his work on Wednesday, 29 March (2156-PS). On that same day the central committee issued a proclamation announcing that the boycott would start on Saturday at 10:00 AM sharp: "Jewry will realize whom it has challenged." (M-7). On 30 March, two days before the boycott was due to start, an article was published under the title, "Defeat the Enemy of the World!-by Julius Streicher, official leader of the central committee to combat the Jewish atrocity and boycott campaign" (2153-PS). The article stated, in part: "Jewry wanted this battle. It shall have it until it realizes that the Germany of the brown battalions is not a country of cowardice and surrender. Jewry will have to fight until we have won victory. "National Socialists! Defeat the enemy of the world. Even if the world is full of devils, we shall succeed in the end." (2153-PS). As head of the central committee for that boycott, Streicher outlined in detail the organization of the boycott in orders which the committee published on 31 March 1933 (2154-PS). The committee stressed that no violence should be employed against the Jews during the boycott, but not for humanitarian reasons. The order was issued because, if no violence were employed, Jewish employers would have no grounds for discharging their employees without notice, and for refusing to pay them any wages. The Jews were also reported,
violence should be employed against the Jews during the boycott, but not for humanitarian reasons. The order was issued because, if no violence were employed, Jewish employers would have no grounds for discharging their employees without notice, and for refusing to pay them any wages. The Jews were also reported, apparently, to be transferring businesses to German figureheads in order to alleviate the results of this persecution; accordingly the committee declared that any property so transferred was to be considered as Jewish for the purpose of the boycott (2154-PS). It is therefore clear that early in 1933 Streicher was taking a leading part, as appointed by the Government, in the persecution against the Jews. Further extracts from Streicher's newspapers illustrate the form which his propaganda developed as the years went on. An article in the new Year's issue of a new paper founded and edited by Streicher-a semimedical paper called "The people's health Through Blood and Soil"-is an example of the remarkable lengths to which he went in propagandizing against the Jews: "It is established for all eternity; alien albumen is the sperm of a man of alien race. The male sperm in cohabitation is partially or completely absorbed by the female, and thus enters her bloodstream. One single cohabitation of a Jew with an Aryan woman is sufficient to poison her blood forever. Together with the alien albumen she has absorbed the alien soul. Never again will she be able to bear purely Aryan children, even when married to an Aryan. They will all be bastards, with a dual soul and a body of a mixed breed. Their children will also be crossbreeds; that means, ugly people of unsteady character and with a tendency to illnesses. Now we know why the Jew uses every artifice of seduction in order to ravish German girls at as early an age as possible; why the Jewish doctor rapes his patients while they were under anesthetic. He wants the German girl and the German woman to absorb the alien sperm of the Jew. She is never again to bear German children. But the blood products of all animals right down to the bacteria like the serum, lymph, extracts from internal organs etc., are all alien albumen, The have a poisonous effect if directly introduced into the blood stream
German woman to absorb the alien sperm of the Jew. She is never again to bear German children. But the blood products of all animals right down to the bacteria like the serum, lymph, extracts from internal organs etc., are all alien albumen, The have a poisonous effect if directly introduced into the blood stream either by vaccination or by injection. By these products of sick animals the blood is ravished, the Aryan is impregnated with an alien species. The author and abettor of such action is the Jew. He has been were of the secrets of the race question for centuries, and therefore plans systematically the annihilation of the nations which are superior to him. Science and authorities are his instruments for the enforcing of pseudo-science and the concealment of truth." (M-20). At the beginning of 1935, the following extract, entitled "The Chosen People of the Criminals," appeared in "Der Stuermer": " * * * and all the same, or, let us say, just because of this, the history book of the Jews, which is usually called the Holy Scriptures, impresses us as a horrible criminal romance, which makes the 150 penny-dreadfuls of the British Jew, Edgar Wallace, go green with envy. This 'holy' book abounds in murder, incest, fraud, theft, and indecency." (2697-PS). In a speech on 4 October 1935 (the month following the proclamation of the Nurnberg Decrees) Streicher made a speech which is reported in the Voelkischer Beobachter and is entitled in that newspaper "Safeguard of German Blood and German Honor." The report in that article reads in part: "Gauleiter Streicher speaks at a German Labor Front mass demonstration for the Nurnberg laws." "We have therefore, to unmask the Jew, and that is what I have been doing for the past fifteen years." (M-34). In a leading article in "Der Stuermer" Streicher again emphasized the part which he himself had taken in this campaign: "The 'Stuermer's' 15 years of work of enlightenment has already led an army of those who know-millions strong-to national Socialism. The continued work of the 'Stuermer' will help to ensure that every German down to the last man will, with heart and hand, join the ranks of those whose aim it is to crush the head of the serpent Pan-Juda beneath their heels.
has already led an army of those who know-millions strong-to national Socialism. The continued work of the 'Stuermer' will help to ensure that every German down to the last man will, with heart and hand, join the ranks of those whose aim it is to crush the head of the serpent Pan-Juda beneath their heels. He who helps to bring this about helps to eliminate the devil, and this devil is the Jew." (M-6). The extraordinary length to which Streicher went in his propaganda is illustrated by the publication in "Der Stuermer" of a photograph of the burning hull of the airship "Hindenburg," which caught fire in June 1937 in America. The caption beneath the picture includes the comment: "The first radio picture from the United States of America shows quite clearly that a Jew stands behind the explosion of our airship Hindenburg. Nature has depicted clearly and quite correctly that devil in human guise." Although it is not clear from that photograph, the meaning of that comment is apparently that the cloud of smoke in the air is in the shape of a Jewish face. In a speech in September 1937 at the opening of the Wilhelm Gustloff bridge in Nurnberg, Streicher declared: "The man who murdered Wilhelm Gustloff had to come from the Jewish people, because the Jewish text books teach that every Jew has the right to kill a non-Jew, and, indeed, that it is pleasing to the Jewish God to kill as many non-Jews as possible. "Look at the way the Jewish people have been following for thousands of years past; everywhere murder, everywhere mass murder. Neither must we forget that behind present day wars there stands the Jewish financier who pursues his aims and interests. The Jew always lives on the blood of other nations; he needs such murder and such victims. For us who know, the murder of Wilhelm Gustloff is the same as ritual murder." "It is our duty to tell the children at school and the bigger ones what this memorial means." "The Jew no longer shows himself among us openly as he used to. But it would be wrong to say that victory is ours. Full and final victory will have been achieved only when the whole world has been rid of Jews." (M-4). Extracts from the correspondence columns of "Der Stuermer," show another method which Streicher employed in his propaganda (M-26; M-27; M-28). The
openly as he used to. But it would be wrong to say that victory is ours. Full and final victory will have been achieved only when the whole world has been rid of Jews." (M-4). Extracts from the correspondence columns of "Der Stuermer," show another method which Streicher employed in his propaganda (M-26; M-27; M-28). The correspondence columns of every issue are full of purported "letters" from Germans protesting that some German has been buying shoes from a Jewish shop, etc., thus by printing these letters assisting in the general boycott of the Jews. (2) "Ritual Murder" Propaganda. Another form of propaganda employed by Streicher concerned the "Ritual Murder." Sometime in 1934 "Der Stuermer" began publishing accounts of Jewish ritual murder which horrified the whole world to such an extent that even the Archbishop of Canterbury, together with people from every country in the world, protested that any government should allow such matter to be published in their national newspapers. Streicher based his ritual murder propaganda on a medieval belief that during their Eastertide celebrations the Jews were in the habit of murdering Christian children. Streicher misrepresented this medieval belief to make it appear that not only was this done in the Middle Ages, but that the Jews are still doing it and still want to do it. A few passages from "Der Stuermer" together with descriptions of photographs published therein will illustrate the type of propaganda that Streicher was putting out concerning "ritual murder": "This the French front-line soldier should take with him to France: The German people have taken a new lease of life. They want peace, but if anyone tries to attack them, if anyone tries to torture them again, if anyone tries to push them back into the past, then the world would see another heroic epic; then heaven will decide where righteousness lies-here, or where the Jew has the Whiphand and where he instigates massacres, one could almost say the biggest ritual murders of all times. If the German people are to be slaughtered according to the Jewish rites, the whole world will be thus slaughtered at the same time." "As you have drummed morning and evening prayers into your children's heads, so now drum this into their heads, so that the German people may gain the spiritual power to convince the rest of the world which the Jews