dtufail/nuremberg-trials-corpus huggingface dataset:
of the Reich. When new railroad systems or alterations in those already existing are so projected as to fall within the police competence of any Land, the Reich railroad administration shall consult the Land authorities before the decision is taken. Whenever the Reich has not yet taken over the administration of the railroads, it may construct such railroads on its own account as are deemed necessary for general traffic or for national defense by virtue of a Reich law, even against the protest of the Lands whose territory is to be traversed, but without prejudice to the sovereign rights of the Lands; or the Reich may entrust another with the execution of such construction, together with the right of expropriation, if necessary. All railroad administrations must permit the junction of other lines at the latter's expense. Article 95 Railways of general traffic not administered by the Reich shall be supervised by the Reich. Railways under the supervision of the Reich shall be constructed and equipped according to uniform principles determined by the Reich. They must be kept in safe working order and developed as traffic requirements dictate. Service and equipment for passenger and freight traffic shall be maintained in accordance with their requirements. The supervision of railway rates shall be directed to securing nondiscriminatory and moderate charges. Article 96 All railways, including those not serving as means of general traffic, must comply with any demands of the Reich for their utilization for the purpose of national defense. Article 97 It is the duty of the Reich to take over the ownership and administration of waterways serving the general traffic. After they have been taken over, waterways serving the general traffic may only be constructed or developed by the Reich or with its consent. In the administration, development or construction of waterways, the requirements of land and water economy must be safeguarded in agreement with the Lands. Their improvement shall also be taken into consideration. Every administration of waterways must permit the connection of their own with other inland waterways at the expense of the promoter. The same obligation holds for the construction of a
land and water economy must be safeguarded in agreement with the Lands. Their improvement shall also be taken into consideration. Every administration of waterways must permit the connection of their own with other inland waterways at the expense of the promoter. The same obligation holds for the construction of a connection between inland waterways and railways. With the transfer of waterways the Reich acquires the right of expropriation, the control of rates and the police survey over the waterways and navigation. The duties of the river conservancies in respect to the development of the natural waterways in the Rhine, Weser, and Elbe districts shall be taken over by the Reich. Article 98 Advisory councils to cooperate in matters concerning Reich waterways shall be formed in compliance with detailed provisions to be issued by the Reich government with the approval of the Reich Council. Article 99 On natural waterways charges may only be collected for such works, plants and other institutions as are designed to facilitate traffic. In the case of Lands and communal institutions they may not exceed the necessary costs, for construction and up-keep. The construction and maintenance costs of institutions not exclusively devoted to the facilitation of traffic but also destined for the furtherance of other purposes, may only be raised in a proportionate degree by shipping charges. Interest and sinking funds on the invested capital are included as costs of construction. The provisions of the foregoing paragraph apply also to charges collected for artificial waterways and to works erected thereon and in harbors. Within the sphere of inland navigation the entire cost of a waterway, a river basin or a system of waterways may be utilized for calculating the shipping charges. These provisions apply equally to the floating of timber on navigable waterways. It is within the exclusive competence of the Reich to exact from foreign ships and their cargoes other or higher charges than from German ships and their cargoes. Article 100 In order to cover the cost of the maintenance and construction of inland navigation routes, contributions may also be levied by virtue of a Reich law from persons enjoying benefits from the construction of dams in
ships and their cargoes other or higher charges than from German ships and their cargoes. Article 100 In order to cover the cost of the maintenance and construction of inland navigation routes, contributions may also be levied by virtue of a Reich law from persons enjoying benefits from the construction of dams in other ways than by navigation, if more than one Land is involved, or the Reich bears the costs of construction. Article 101 It is the duty of the Reich to take over the ownership and administration of all marine signal stations, particularly lighthouses, lightships, buoys, floats, and beacons. After the Reich has taken them over, marine signal stations may only be constructed or developed by the Reich or with its consent. Seventh Chapter The Judiciary Article 102 Judges are independent and subject only to the law. Article 103 The ordinary judiciary consists of the Reich Supreme Court and the courts of the Lands. Article 104 The judges of the ordinary judiciary are appointed for life. Against their will they may only be permanently or temporarily suspended from office or transferred to another position or retired by virtue of a judicial decision and only for the reasons and in the form prescribed by law. The legislature may fix an age limit, on reaching which judges shall retire. A temporary suspension from office as provided by law is not affected hereby. If a change is effected in the organization of the courts or their districts the judicial administrative authorities of the Lands may order involuntary transfers to another court or removal from office, but only on full pay. These provisions do not apply to commercial judges, lay judges, and jurors. Article 105 Exceptional courts are prohibited. No one may be deprived of the right to be heard by his legally prescribed judge. The legal provisions concerning military courts and courts martial are not affected hereby. Military courts of honor are abolished. Article 106 Military jurisdiction shall be abolished except in time of war and on men-of-war. Details shall be regulated by a Reich law. Article 107 Both in the Reich and in the Lands, administrative courts shall be established under the laws for the protection of individuals against
courts of honor are abolished. Article 106 Military jurisdiction shall be abolished except in time of war and on men-of-war. Details shall be regulated by a Reich law. Article 107 Both in the Reich and in the Lands, administrative courts shall be established under the laws for the protection of individuals against decrees and orders of the administrative authorities. Article 108 A Constitutional Court shall be established for the German Reich in accordance with a Reich law. SECOND PART FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE GERMANS First Chapter The Individual Person Article 109 All Germans are equal before the law. In principle men and women have the same civil rights and duties. Public-legal privileges or disadvantages of birth or of rank are to be abolished. Titles of nobility shall be regarded merely as part of the name, and may no longer be bestowed. Titles may only be bestowed when they indicate an office or profession; academic degrees are not affected hereby. Orders and decorations may not be conferred by the State. No German may accept titles or orders from a foreign government. Article 110 Citizenship of the Reich and the Lands is acquired and lost in accordance with the provisions of a Reich law. Every citizen of a Land is at the same time a citizen of the Reich. Every German has in every Land of the Reich the same rights and duties as the citizens of that Land. Article 111 All Germans enjoy liberty of travel and residence throughout the whole Reich. Everyone has the right to sojourn and settle in any place within the Reich, to acquire real estate and to pursue any means of livelihood. Restrictions require a Reich law. Article 112 Every German is permitted to emigrate to a foreign country. Emigration may only be restricted by a Reich law. All citizens of the Reich within and without the territory of the Reich are entitled to the protection of the Reich in relation to foreign countries. No German may be surrendered to a foreign government for prosecution or punishment. Article 113 No laws or administrative orders may prejudice in their free and characteristic development the elements of the population of the Reich whose mother tongue is other than German, especially in regard to the use of their mother tongue in schools,
to a foreign government for prosecution or punishment. Article 113 No laws or administrative orders may prejudice in their free and characteristic development the elements of the population of the Reich whose mother tongue is other than German, especially in regard to the use of their mother tongue in schools, in matters of internal administration, and the administration of justice. Article 114 The freedom of the person is inviolable. Curtailment or deprivation of personal freedom by a public authority is only permissible on a legal basis. Persons who have been deprived of their freedom must be informed at the latest on the following day by whose authority and for what reasons the deprivation of freedom was ordered; opportunity shall be afforded them without delay of submitting objections to their deprivation of freedom. Article 115 Every German's home is his sanctuary and is inviolable. Exceptions may only be made as provided by law. Article 116 An act can only be punishable if its penalty was fixed by law before the act was committed. Article 117 The secrecy of letters and all postal, telegraphic and telephone communications is inviolable. Exceptions are inadmissible except by Reich law. Article 118 Every German has the right, within the limits of the general laws, to express his opinions freely in speech, in writing, in print, in picture form or in any other way. No conditions of work or employment may detract from this right and no disadvantage may accrue to him from any person for making use of this right. Censorship is forbidden, but in the case of moving pictures deviations from this rule may be established by law. Legal provisions are also admissible for combatting pornography and obscene publications and for the protection of young persons at public plays and entertainment. Second Chapter The General Welfare Article 119 Marriage as the cornerstone of family life and the preservation and increase of the nation is placed under the special protection of the Constitution. It is based on the equal rights of both sexes. It is the duty of the State and the Communes to foster the purity, health, and social advancement of the family. Families with numerous children have a claim to
and increase of the nation is placed under the special protection of the Constitution. It is based on the equal rights of both sexes. It is the duty of the State and the Communes to foster the purity, health, and social advancement of the family. Families with numerous children have a claim to proportionate assistance. Motherhood has a claim to the protection and care of the State. Article 120 To provide their children with a thorough physical, spiritual, and social education is the supreme duty and natural right of parents, whose activities shall be supervised by the State. Article 121 The same conditions shall be created by law for the physical, spiritual and social development of illegitimate as for legitimate children. Article 122 Youth shall be protected against exploitation and also against neglect of their moral, mental or physical well-being. The States and Communes shall make the necessary arrangements. Compulsory measures for their welfare may only be ordered on the basis of law. Article 123 All Germans have the right to assemble peacefully and unarmed without giving notice and without special permission. A Reich law may make previous notification obligatory for assemblies in the open air, and may prohibit them in the case of immediate danger to the public safety. Article 124 All the Germans have the right to form associations or societies for purposes not contrary to criminal law. This right may not be curtailed by preventive measures. The same provisions apply to religious associations and societies. Every association may become incorporated according to the provisions of the civil law. The right may not be refused to any association on the grounds that its aims are political, social-political or religious. Article 125 The liberty and secrecy of the vote is guaranteed. Details shall be regulated by election laws. Article 126 Every German has the right to address requests or complaints in writing to the competent authorities or to the people's representatives. This right may be exercised individually or by several persons collectively. Article 127 Communes and communal unions have the right of self-administration within the limits of the law. Article 128 All citizens without distinction
in writing to the competent authorities or to the people's representatives. This right may be exercised individually or by several persons collectively. Article 127 Communes and communal unions have the right of self-administration within the limits of the law. Article 128 All citizens without distinction shall be eligible for public office in accordance with the laws and according to their capabilities and achievements. All provisions discriminating against women are abolished. The principles governing the legal status of the public officials shall be regulated by Reich law. Article 129 Public officials shall be appointed for life, unless otherwise provided by law. Pensions for retired officials or the surviving dependents of deceased officials shall be regulated by law. The vested rights of public officials are inviolable. Legal steps may be taken by public officials for pecuniary claims. Public officials may be only temporarily suspended from office, temporarily or permanently relieved or transferred to a different office with a lower salary on the conditions and in the form provided by law. In every case where a disciplinary sentence is pronounced, the way must be open for appeal and a new trial. Entries unfavorable to a public official may not be made in his official record until opportunity has been afforded him of expressing his own view of the facts. Public officials shall be permitted to inspect their official records. The inviolability of vested rights and the competence of the civil courts to adjudicate pecuniary claims are also assured particularly to the regular soldiers. In other respects their position shall be regulated by Reich law. Article 130 Public officials are servants of the whole community, and not of a party. Liberty of political opinion and freedom to form associations is guaranteed to all public officials. A Reich law shall provide in detail for the special representation of public officials. Article 131 If a public official in the execution of the official authority vested in him transgresses his official duty towards a third person, the State or the public body in whose service the officer is, is in principle held responsible. The right of recovery from the officer is reserved. Recourse to the ordinary civil courts
in the execution of the official authority vested in him transgresses his official duty towards a third person, the State or the public body in whose service the officer is, is in principle held responsible. The right of recovery from the officer is reserved. Recourse to the ordinary civil courts may not be excluded. Details shall be regulated by the competent legislature. Article 132 It is the duty of every German to accept honorary offices in accordance with the laws. Article 133 It is the duty of all citizens to render personal services to the State and the Commune in accordance with the laws. The duty of military service is determined by the provisions of the Reich Defense Law. This shall also stipulate how far single Fundamental Rights of the Constitution shall be restricted in respect to members of the defense forces, in the interest of the fulfillment of their tasks and the maintenance of discipline. Article 134 All citizens without distinction contribute to all public burdens in proportion to their means and in accordance with the laws. Third Chapter Religion and Religious Associations Article 135 All inhabitants of the Reich enjoy full religious and conscientious freedom. The undisturbed exercise of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution and is under state protection. The general state laws are unaffected hereby. Article 136 Civil and civic rights and duties are neither contingent upon nor limited by the exercise of religious freedom. The enjoyment of civil and civic rights and the eligibility for public office are independent of religious belief. Nobody is obliged to reveal his religious conviction. The authorities are only entitled to ask questions concerning adherence to a religious body so far as rights and duties are dependent thereon or in pursuance of statistical inquiries prescribed by law. No one may be compelled to attend any church service or ceremony or to participate in religious exercises, or to take oath in religious form. Article 137 There is no State Church. Freedom to form religious societies is guaranteed. The combination of religious societies within the territory of the Reich is subject to no restrictions. Every religious society regulates and
or to participate in religious exercises, or to take oath in religious form. Article 137 There is no State Church. Freedom to form religious societies is guaranteed. The combination of religious societies within the territory of the Reich is subject to no restrictions. Every religious society regulates and administers its affairs independently within the limits of the law, applicable to all. It appoints its officers without the cooperation of the State or the civil community. Religious societies become incorporated in accordance with the general provisions of civil law. Religious societies remain bodies of public law if this has been their status hitherto. Similar rights shall be granted to other religious societies on their application, if their constitution and the number of their members offer a guarantee of permanency. If several such religious societies are united as public bodies, this union is also a public body. Such religious societies as are public bodies are entitled to levy taxes on the basis of the civil tax-roll in accordance with the laws of the respective Lands. Associations devoted to the common cultivation of a philosophy of life are placed on the same footing as religious societies. So far as the execution of these provisions requires more detailed regulation, this is within the competence of the Lands' legislatures. Article 138 State contributions to religious societies based on laws, contract or special legal titles shall be commuted by Lands legislation. The Reich shall establish the principles therefor. Property and other rights of religious societies and associations in their institutions, foundations, and other properties for cultural, educational, and charitable purposes are guaranteed. Article 139 Sundays and public holidays recognized by the State remain under legal protection as days of rest and spiritual edification. Article 140 Members of the defense forces shall be allowed the necessary free time for performing their religious duties. Article 141 So far as there is need for divine service and spiritual consolation in the army, in hospitals, prisons or other public institutions, the religious societies shall be permitted to perform the religious offices, but all compulsion shall be avoided. Fourth Chapter Education and the Schools Article 142
duties. Article 141 So far as there is need for divine service and spiritual consolation in the army, in hospitals, prisons or other public institutions, the religious societies shall be permitted to perform the religious offices, but all compulsion shall be avoided. Fourth Chapter Education and the Schools Article 142 Art and science and the teaching thereof are free. The State guarantees them protection and takes part in their cultivation. Article 143 The education of young persons shall be provided for by means of public institutions. The Reich, Lands and Communes shall cooperate in their establishment. The training of teachers shall be regulated uniformly for the whole Reich according to the generally recognized principles of higher education. Teachers in public schools have the rights and duties of state officials. Article 144 The whole school system is under the supervision of the State, which may cause the Communes to participate therein. The supervision of schools is exercised by trained expert officials as their occupation-in-chief. Article 145 Attendance at school is universally obligatory. In principle this duty is fulfilled by attending an elementary school for at least eight school years and a connected continuation school until the completion of the eighteenth year. Instruction and school supplies are supplied free of charge in the elementary and continuation schools. Article 146 The system of public schools shall be organically developed. The intermediate and secondary school system shall be built upon the basis of common elementary schools. This system shall be determined by the needs of all kinds of vocations, and for the reception of a child into a particular school, his abilities and inclination shall be the deciding factor, not the economic and social status or the religious confession of his parents. Within the Communes, however, on the petition of parents and guardians, popular schools professing their own faith or philosophy of life shall be established, so far as this does not interfere with an organized school system in the sense, also, of Paragraph 1, supra. As far as possible the will of parents and guardians shall be taken into consideration. Details shall be regulated by Lands legislation based on principles prescribed by a Reich law. Public funds