dtufail/nuremberg-trials-corpus huggingface dataset:
There were at least fifty of these in Berlin. Communists, Jews, and other known enemies of the Nazis party were taken to these points, and, if they were enemies of sufficient importance, they were immediately transferred to the Gestapo headquarters." (1759-PS) In addition, SA members served as guards at concentration camps during this consolidation period and participated in mistreatment of the persons there imprisoned. A report to Hitler by the public prosecutor of Dresden concerning the Knollprosse of one Vogel, who was accused of mistreatment of the persons imprisoned in a concentration camp, reads as follows (787-PS): "The prosecuting authority in Dresden has indicted Oberregierungsrat Erich Vogel in Dresden (case designation 16 STA 4 107/34) on account of bodily injury while in office. The following subject matter is the basis of the process: "Vogel belongs to the Gestapo office of the province of Saxony since its foundation and is chief of Main section II, which formerly bore the title ZUB (Zentralstelle fuer Umsturzbekaempfung) (Central office for combatting overthrow). In the process of combatting efforts inimical to the State Vogel carried out several so called borderland actions in the year 1933 in which a large number of politically unreliable persons and persons who had become political prisoners in the border territories were taken into protective custody (Schutzhaft) and brought to the Hohnstein protective custody camp. In the camp serious mistreatment of the prisoners has been going on at least since summer of 1933. The prisoners were not only, as in protective custody camp Bredow near Stettin, beaten into a state of unconsciousness for no reason with whips and other tools but were also tortured in other ways, as for instance with a drip-apparatus especially constructed for the purpose, under which the prisoners had to stand so long that they came away with serious purulent wounds of the scalp. The guilty SA-leaders and SA-men were sentenced to punishment of six years to nine months of imprisonment by the main criminal court of the provincial court in Dresden of 15 May 1935 (16 STA. 3431.34). Vogel, whose duties frequently brought him to the camp, took part in this mistreatment, insofar as it happened in the
and SA-men were sentenced to punishment of six years to nine months of imprisonment by the main criminal court of the provincial court in Dresden of 15 May 1935 (16 STA. 3431.34). Vogel, whose duties frequently brought him to the camp, took part in this mistreatment, insofar as it happened in the reception room of the camp during completion of the reception formalities, and in the supply room, during issuing of the blankets. In this respect it should be pointed out that Vogel was generally known to the personnel of the camp-exactly because of his function as head of the Zub-and his conduct became at least partly a standard for the above-named conduct of the SA-leaders and men." "In his presence, for instance, the SA-men Mutze dealt such blows to one man, without provocation, that he turned around on himself. As already stated, Vogel not only took no steps against this treatment of the prisoners, but he even made jokes about it and stated that it amused him the way things were popping here. "In the supply room Vogel himself took a hand in the beating amid the general severe mistreatment. The SA men there employed whips and other articles and beat the prisoners in such a manner that serious injuries were produced; the prisoners partly became unconscious and had to lie in the dispensary a long time. Vogel was often present in the supply room during the mistreatment. At least in the following cases he personally laid violent hands upon prisoners." "* * * the prisoner was laid across the counter in the usual manner, held fast by the head and arms, and then beaten for a considerable time by the SA men with whips and other articles. Along with this Vogel himself took part in the beating for a time, and after this mistreatment slapped him again, so that the prisoner appeared green and blue in the face. The prisoner is the tinsmith Hans Kuehitz, who bore the nickname Johnny. Upon his departure Vogel gave the head of the supply room, Truppenfuehrer Meier from 6 to 8 Reichsmarks with the stated reason that the SA men 'had sweated so.' The money was then distributed by Meier to those SA-comrades who had taken part in the mistreatment." (787-PS) Similarly, the SA participated in the seizure and dissolution of the German trade unions in 1933, a
Meier from 6 to 8 Reichsmarks with the stated reason that the SA men 'had sweated so.' The money was then distributed by Meier to those SA-comrades who had taken part in the mistreatment." (787-PS) Similarly, the SA participated in the seizure and dissolution of the German trade unions in 1933, a measure taken by the Nazis under the direction of Robert Ley. An official Nazi Party circular containing an order promulgated by Robert Ley concerning the program for the seizure of the union properties read as follows: "SA, as well as SS, are to be employed for the occupation of trade union properties and for the taking into protective custody all personalities who come into the question." (392-PS) The SA also participated extensively in the Jewish persecutions conducted by the Nazis. The affidavit of Mr. Geist, former U.S. Consul in Berlin (1759-PS) sets forth numerous instances of attacks upon Jewish-American citizens. Mr. Geist also declares that on the morning after the Nazis' acquisition of power, SA groups roamed the streets of Berlin seizing and beating Jewish persons and other political opponents of the Nazi Party. There after SA men participated in many attacks of physical violence upon Jews, including Jewish-American citizens. In addition, uniformed SA men were employed as a display of threatening force in order to coerce Jewish persons to dispose of their property at greatly reduced values. (1759-PS) SA participation in the Jewish program of 10 to 11 November, 1938, is disclosed in a confidential report of an SA Brigade Fuehrer to his Group Commander, dated 29 November, 1938 (1721-PS): "To: SA Group Electrical Palatinate (Kurpfalz) MANNHEIM "The following order reached me at 3 o'clock on 10 November 1938. 'On the order of the Gruppenfuehrer, all the Jewish synagogues within the 50th Brigade are to be blown up or set fire immediately. 'Neighboring houses occupied by Aryans are not to be damaged. The action is to be carried out in civilian clothes. Rioting and plundering are to be prevented. Report of execution of orders to reach Brigade Fuehrer or office by 8:30.' "I immediately alerted the Standartenfuehrer and gave them the most exact instructions; the execution of the order began at once. "I hereby report that the
to be carried out in civilian clothes. Rioting and plundering are to be prevented. Report of execution of orders to reach Brigade Fuehrer or office by 8:30.' "I immediately alerted the Standartenfuehrer and gave them the most exact instructions; the execution of the order began at once. "I hereby report that the following were destroyed in the area of * * * "Standarte 115 1. Synagogue at Darmstadt, Bleichstrasse........Destroyed by fire 2. Synagogue at Darmstadt, Fuchsstrasse.........Destroyed by fire 3. Synagogue at Ober/Ramstadt....................Interior and furnishings wrecked 4. Synagogue at Graefenhausen...................Interior and furnishings wrecked 5. Synagogue at Griesheim.......................Interior and furnishings wrecked 6. Synagogue at Pfungstadt......................Interior and furnishings wrecked 7. Synagogue at Eberstadt.......................Destroyed by fire" "Standarte 145 1. Synagogue at Bensheim....................... Destroyed by fire 2. Synagogue at Lorch in Hessen.................Destroyed by fire 3. Synagogue at Heppenheim......................Destroyed by fire 4. Prayer House Alsbach.........................Destroyed by fire 5. Meeting room Alsbach.........................Destroyed by fire 6. Synagogue at Rimbach.........................Furnishings completely destroyed" "Standarte 168 1. Synagogue in Seligenstadt............Destroyed by fire 2. Synagogue in Offenbach...............Destroyed by fire 3. Synagogue in Klein-Krotzenburg.......Destroyed by fire 4. Synagogue in Steinheim on the Main...Destroyed by fire 5. Synagogue in Muehlheim on the Main....Destroyed by fire 6. Synagogue in Sprendlingen............Destroyed by fire 7. Synagogue in Langen..................Destroyed by fire 8. Synagogue in Egelsbach...............Destroyed by fire" "Standarte 186 1. Synagogue in Beerfelden...........Blown up 2. Synagogue in Michelstadt..........Furnishings wrecked 3. Synagogue in Koenig...............Furnishings wrecked 4. Synagogue in Hoechst i/Odenwald...Furnishings wrecked 5. Synagogue in Gross-Umstadt........Furnishings wrecked 6. Synagogue in
in Beerfelden...........Blown up 2. Synagogue in Michelstadt..........Furnishings wrecked 3. Synagogue in Koenig...............Furnishings wrecked 4. Synagogue in Hoechst i/Odenwald...Furnishings wrecked 5. Synagogue in Gross-Umstadt........Furnishings wrecked 6. Synagogue in Dieburg..............Furnishings wrecked 7. Synagogue in Babenhausen..........Furnishings wrecked 8. Synagogue in Gross-Bieberau.......Destroyed by fire 9. Synagogue in Fraenk. Crumbach.....Furnishings destroyed 10. Synagogue in Reichelsheim........Furnishings destroyed" "Standarte 221 1. Synagogue and Chapel in Gross Cerau......Destroyed by fire 2. Synagogue in Ruesselheim.................Torn down and furnishings destroyed 3. Synagogue in Dornheim....................Furnishings destroyed 4. Synagogue in Wolfskehlen.................Furnishings destroyed" "The Fuehrer of Brigade 50 (STARKENBURG) "/s/[Illegible] "Brigadefuehrer" (1721-PS) In connection with the persecutions of the Jews, the SA again performed its propaganda function. It was the function of the SA to create and foster among the people an anti-Jewish spirit. Evidence of this function is to be found in the issues of "Der SA-Mann". Article after article in this publication was devoted to propaganda designed to engender hatred toward the Jewish race. The nature of these articles is apparent from some of the titles: Article entitled: "Finish up with the Jew", with subtitle: "We want no women to buy from Jews, and no Jewish girl friends," 27 July, 1935, p.4. Article entitled: "The Jewish World Danger," 2 February, 1935, p.5. Article entitled: "Jewish Worries," (defending the practices of excluding Jews from certain resorts). 20 July, 1935, p.4. Article entitled: "Jews aren't wanted Here," with pictures posted on outskirts of villages showing signs bearing the same message. (1 June, 1935, p.1.) The last portion of this article reads as follows: "Since the day when National Socialism unrolled its flag and the march began for the Germany for Germans, our battle also included the Jewry * * * Let the Jew continue with his methods against New Germany. We know that at the end we will remain the victor for Snake remains a snake, and Jew remains a Jew! * * * * * *
unrolled its flag and the march began for the Germany for Germans, our battle also included the Jewry * * * Let the Jew continue with his methods against New Germany. We know that at the end we will remain the victor for Snake remains a snake, and Jew remains a Jew! * * * * * * "German women, if you buy from Jews and German girl, if you carry on with Jews, then both of you betray your German Volk and your Fuehrer, Adolf Hitler, and commit a sin against your German Volk and its future! Then, also, outside of the last German village, the sign will stand 'Jews are not wanted here!' and then, finally, no German citizen will again cross the threshold of a Jewish store. To achieve this goal is the mission of the SA man as political soldier of the Fuehrer. Next to his word and his explanations stands his example". Article entitled: "God Save the Jew," 17 August, 1935, p.1. Photograph showing SA men gathered around trucks upon which are posted signs reading: "Read The Stuermer and you will know the Jew." 24 August, 1935, p.3. Photograph apparently representing public SA rally showing large sign which reads: "He who knows a Jew knows a devil," 24 August, 1935, p.3. Article entitled: "The Face of the Jew" (with portrait of a Jew holding the hammer and sickle), 5 Oct., 1935, p.6. Article entitled: "Jews, Blacks and Reactionaries," 2 November, 1935, p.2. Article entitled: "The Camouflaged Benjamin-Jewish Cultural Bolshevism in German music," 23 November, 1935, p.2. Article entitled: "The Jewish Assassination," 15 February, 1936, p.1. Article entitled: "Murder-The Jewish Slogan," 4 April, 1936, p.11. Series of articles entitled: "The Jewish Mirror." Eight weekly installments beginning 22 May 1936, p.17. Series of articles entitled: "Gravediggers of World Culture," beginning 5 December, 1936, p. 6 and continuing weekly to 13 March 1937. Article entitled: "Rumania to the Jews?" 2 January, 1937, p.6. Article entitled: "Bismarck's Position on Jews," 2 January, 1937, p.7. Article entitled: "Jewry is a Birth Error," 13 February 1937, p.5. Article entitled: "The Protection of the German Blood," 24 April, 1937, p.1. Article entitled: "Crooked Ways to Money and Power," 24 April, 1937, p.1. Article entitled: "The Camouflage of Jewry-Beginning or End?" 22 May, 1937, p.14. Article entitled: "How come still German Jews?" 18
"Jewry is a Birth Error," 13 February 1937, p.5. Article entitled: "The Protection of the German Blood," 24 April, 1937, p.1. Article entitled: "Crooked Ways to Money and Power," 24 April, 1937, p.1. Article entitled: "The Camouflage of Jewry-Beginning or End?" 22 May, 1937, p.14. Article entitled: "How come still German Jews?" 18 June, 1938, p.2. Article entitled: "Westheimer Jew Servants," 22 January, 1938, p.2. Article entitled: "The Poor Jew-Well, Well! !" 19 March, 1938, p.15. Article entitled: "Jewish Methods, Churchly Parallel," 9 September, 1938, p.4. Article entitled: "Jews and Free Masons," 13 January, 1939, p.15. Article entitled: "Friends of the World Jewry-Roosevelt and Ickes," 3 February, 1939, p.14. The circulation of these articles was not intended to be confined to members of the SA. On the contrary, the Plan was to educate the members of the SA with this philosophy, and for the SA in turn to disseminate it into the minds of the German people. This fact is demonstrated in The introduction to a series of anti-Jewish articles entitled "Gravediggers of World Culture," which began in the issue of 5 December, 1936, at page 6. This introduction stated in part as follows: "We suggest that the comrades especially take notice of this series of articles and see that they are further circulated." (3050-A-E-PS) In addition, intensive campaigns were conducted to persuade the public to purchase and read "Der SA-Mann," and various issues were posted in public places so that the general public might read them. "Der SA-Mann" itself contained several photographs showing particular issues posted upon street bulletin boards. There are also several photographs showing advertising displays, one of which reads as follows "Der SA-Mann belongs in every house, every hotel, every inn, every waiting room, and every store" (page 3 of the issue of 31 October, 1936). (3050-A-E-PS) In view of such widespread publicity for the objectives and methods of the SA, it is inconceivable that volunteers for membership did not know of the criminal character of this organization. (4) Fostering of Militarism. In the final phase of the SA in the conspiracy-its participation in the preparation for aggressive warfare-the Sa was again employed to
of the SA, it is inconceivable that volunteers for membership did not know of the criminal character of this organization. (4) Fostering of Militarism. In the final phase of the SA in the conspiracy-its participation in the preparation for aggressive warfare-the Sa was again employed to inculcate a particular Nazi ideology into the minds of the German people. It was the function of the SA to prepare Germany mentally for the waging of an aggressive war. At all times, and especially during the period from 1933-39, SA leaders emphasized to SA members the duty and responsibility of creating and fostering a militaristic spirit throughout Germany. In 1933, Hitler established the so-called SA sports program and at that time, according to Sturmfuehrer Bayer in his pamphlet "The SA," "the SA was "commissioned to obtain an increase of and preservation of a warlike power and a warlike spirit as the expression of an aggressive attitude". (2168-PS) In 1937, Hitler renewed the so-called sports program and then declared the program to be a means "for the fostering of a military spirit" among the German people. (3050-A-E-PS) The Organization Book of the Party is to the same effect. The function of the SA is characterized as follows: "While the political organization of the NSDAP has carried out the political leadership, the SA is the training and education instrument of the Party for the realization of the world-philosophical soldier-like attitude. "Consequently, the young German in the SA is being inculcated in the first instance from the standpoint of world philosophy and character, and trained as the bearer of National Socialist armed will." (3220-PS) The contents of a number of articles designed to serve as war propaganda material may be gained from their titles, which are very graphic. A number of articles relate to the Nazi Lebensraum philosophy: Article entitled: "The German Living Space," 5 January, 1935, p.13. Article entitled: "Folk and Space-A Geopolitical View," 27 April, 1935, p.13. Article entitled: "The Enlargement of our Living Space," 25 April, 1936, p.10. Article entitled: "Our Right, Our Colonies," 10 October, 1936, p.15. Article entitled: "Our Right for Colonies," 18 December, 1937, p.7. Article entitled: "Space and Folk," 14
1935, p.13. Article entitled: "Folk and Space-A Geopolitical View," 27 April, 1935, p.13. Article entitled: "The Enlargement of our Living Space," 25 April, 1936, p.10. Article entitled: "Our Right, Our Colonies," 10 October, 1936, p.15. Article entitled: "Our Right for Colonies," 18 December, 1937, p.7. Article entitled: "Space and Folk," 14 October, 1938, p.3. Article entitled: "Colonies for Germany," 2 January, 1937, p.4. This article reads in part as follows: "The German Ambassador in London, Herr von Ribbentrop, recently, on occasion of a reception in the Anglo-German Fellowship * * * has renewed, in a speech which aroused great interest, the unretractable claim of Germany for the restitution of its colonies which had been snatched away. "Shortly thereafter the Reichsbank president and Reich Minister of Economics, Dr. Schacht, published in the English magazine, 'Foreign Affairs,' a detailed article on the German colonial problem. * * * "For the rest Dr. Schacht laid out the categorical demand that Germany must, in order to solve its raw materials problem, get colonies, which must be administered by Germany, and in which the German standard currency must be in circulation." The next group consists of articles condemning the Versailles Treaty: Article entitled: "What is the Situation regarding our battle for Equal Rights?" 7 April 1934, p.4. Article entitled: "The Dictate of Versailles," 30 June, 1934, p.15. This article reads in part as follows: "* * * The dictate of Versailles established the political, economical and financial destruction of Germany in 440 artfully-one could also say-devilishly devised paragraphs; this work of ignominy is a sample of endless and partly contradictory repetitions in constantly new forms. Not too many have occupied themselves with this thick book to a great extent, for one could only do it with abomination * * *" Article entitled: "The Unbearable Limitations of our Fleet," 7 July, 1934, p.15. Article entitled: "Versailles after 15 years," 19 January, 1935, p.13. This article reads in part as follows: "This terrible word 'Versailles,' since a blind nation ratified it, has become a word of profanity for all those who are infatuated in the spirit of this enormous
of our Fleet," 7 July, 1934, p.15. Article entitled: "Versailles after 15 years," 19 January, 1935, p.13. This article reads in part as follows: "This terrible word 'Versailles,' since a blind nation ratified it, has become a word of profanity for all those who are infatuated in the spirit of this enormous production of hatred. The Versailles dictate is German fate in the fullest sense of the word. Every German stood up under the operation of this fate during the past 15 years. Therefore, every last German must also grasp the contents of this dictate so that one single desire of its absolute destruction fills the whole German Volk." Article entitled: "How about Germany's fight for Equal Rights?" 16 March, 1935, p.1. Article entitled: "Through Adolf Hitler's Acts: Free from Versailles," 30 January, 1937, pp. 12-13. Article entitled: "Versailles will be Liquidated," 13 February, 1937. This article reads in part as follows, p. 4: "The National Socialist Movement has again achieved a victory, for upon its flag since the beginning of the fight stands: The liquidation of the Versailles Treaty. For this fight the SA marched year after Year * * *." A third group consists of articles describing preparations for war allegedly being carried on by other nations: Article entitled: "Military Training of the English Youth" (showing pictures of Eton students wearing traditional Eton dress-tall hats and frock coats-marching with rifles), 26 January, 1935, p.14. Article entitled: "The Army of the Soviet Union" (with pictures of self-propelled artillery and tanks. One picture bears the quotation "The Artillery of the Red Army is already extensively motorized"), 16 March, 1935, p.14. Photograph of Russian Artillery bearing the notation "Soviet Russian Heavy artillery on maneuver," 16 March, 1935, p.1. Article entitled: "Armies of Tomorrow" (Discussion of anticipated developments in motorized and mechanized warfare. One section of the article is devoted to "Plans of foreign countries with respect to motorized armies"), 30 March, 1935, p.14. Article entitled: "The Red Danger in the East," 4 April, 1936, p.13. Article entitled: "The Red Army Today," 4 April, 1936, p.13. Article entitled: "Russia prepares for World War," 29 August, 1936, p.10. Article entitled: "Red Terrorism Nailed Down," 19