dtufail/nuremberg-trials-corpus huggingface dataset:
devoted to "Plans of foreign countries with respect to motorized armies"), 30 March, 1935, p.14. Article entitled: "The Red Danger in the East," 4 April, 1936, p.13. Article entitled: "The Red Army Today," 4 April, 1936, p.13. Article entitled: "Russia prepares for World War," 29 August, 1936, p.10. Article entitled: "Red Terrorism Nailed Down," 19 June, 1937, p.7. Cartoon bearing title "Stalin Wants World revolution," 26 February, 1938, p.13. These lists of articles are not exhaustive. These articles are merely typical of many in similar vein which appear throughout the issues of "Der SA-Mann." (5) The Training of German Youth for Aggressive Warfare. The important responsibility of training the youth of Germany in the technique of war, and of preparing them physically and spiritually for the waging of aggressive warfare, was delegated to the SA. Hitler characterized this task of the SA in these words: "Give the German Nation six million perfectly trained bodies in sport, all fanatically inspired with the love for the Fatherland and trained to the highest offensive spirit and a National Socialist State will, if necessary, have created an Army out of them in less than two years." (3215-PS) The military character of the SA is demonstrated by its organizational structure (2168-PS). As appears from the SA organizational chart, (Chart Number 8) it was organized into units closely corresponding to those of the German army. The organizational scheme consisted of divisions, regiments, battalions, companies, platoons, and squads. In addition, there were special units and branches, including cavalry, signal corps, engineer corps, and medical corps. There were also three officer training schools (2168-PS). SA members wore distinctive uniforms adapted to military functions, bore arms, and engaged in training, forced marches, and other military exercises. These facts are disclosed in photographs and articles in "Der SA-Mann". SA members, moreover, were governed by general regulations which closely resemble service regulations of an armed force (2820-PS). According to these regulations, "Discipline and obedience are the foundations as strong as steel for each military unit." These regulations further provide for punishment for disobedience. The punishments provided
moreover, were governed by general regulations which closely resemble service regulations of an armed force (2820-PS). According to these regulations, "Discipline and obedience are the foundations as strong as steel for each military unit." These regulations further provide for punishment for disobedience. The punishments provided demonstrate the militaristic character of the SA. They include the following: Reprimand in private; Reprimand in presence of superiors and announcement thereof at formations; Prohibition of right to wear the service uniform; House arrest; Arrest and confinement in jail; Demotion in rank; Prohibition of right to carry weapon. (2820-PS) Preparation for war through the SA training program was commenced in Germany as early as 1933, but the scope of this program was not made public because it constituted a violation of the Treaty of Versailles. The strict secrecy with which the program was surrounded is shown by an order from the Chief of Staff of the SA dated 25 July, 1933 (D-44): "Further to my instruction Z II 1351/33 dated 11 July 33, I find cause to ask all SA authorities to exercise the greatest caution with regard to any publicity given to the SA service not only in the press, but also in the information and news sheets of the individual SA units. "Only during the last few days, the Reich Ministry of the Interior, at the request of the Foreign Office, has given strict instructions to all Reich authorities according to which the most severe control is to be exercised on all publications which might give other countries an opening to construe German infringements of the terms of the Versailles Treaty. "As is known from the Geneva negotiations, our opponents have piled up material collected in Germany and submitted to them, which they use against us on every occasion during the conferences. "From this point of view, the information sheets circulating among the subordinate SA units cause the liveliest concern. I hold all higher SA leaders responsible that any such internal information sheets appearing in the district of their command are submitted to the most stringent control before they go into print, and I feel compelled to draw attention to the threat
among the subordinate SA units cause the liveliest concern. I hold all higher SA leaders responsible that any such internal information sheets appearing in the district of their command are submitted to the most stringent control before they go into print, and I feel compelled to draw attention to the threat of a prosecution for treason, pronounced by official instructions issued in the last few days, in cases where such reports, printed no doubt in good faith, are publicized and therefore exposed to the danger of falling into the wrong hands. "On principle, pictures of the technical specialized units of the SA and SS, in particular of the signals, motorized and possibly also of the air wings which now exist outside these formations, are forbidden, such pictures enabling other countries to prove the alleged formation of technical troop units." (D-44) Secrecy was also required in the order assigning a Wehrmacht officer to the SA in January, 1934, to assist in the SA Training program (2823-PS). A memorandum from SA Headquarters dated 20 January, 1934 designates an officer of the Wehrmacht to assist in the military training of SA members and goes on to provide: "For the purpose of disguise, Lt. Col. Auleb will wear SA uniform with insignia of rank according to more detailed regulations of the Supreme Sa leaders". (2823-PS) The military training program of the SA was for many years conducted under the guise of a sports program. This plan was created by Hitler as early as 1920 in founding what he called the National Socialist Sport Troop (SA). Hitler's declaration at the time of the creation of this sports organization was as follows: "The Sport Troop * * * is but the bearer of the military thought of a free people." (3215-PS) The fact that the so-called Sports program was in reality closely associated with and in fact a means of providing military training for German youth, is shown by the following characterization of the program by Lutze, the Chief of Staff of the Sa, in an article written in 1939 (3215-PS): "* * * This goal setting also served for the decrees of the Fuehrer to the Sa of 1935 regarding the renewing of, in 1936 regarding the evaluation of, in 1937 regarding the
following characterization of the program by Lutze, the Chief of Staff of the Sa, in an article written in 1939 (3215-PS): "* * * This goal setting also served for the decrees of the Fuehrer to the Sa of 1935 regarding the renewing of, in 1936 regarding the evaluation of, in 1937 regarding the yearly repetitive exercises of the SA sport badge. Parallel to this decree of the Fuehrer for the physical betterment and military training the organizational and development missions within the SA were met. Out of the conception that the preservation and intensification of the military power of our people must especially be requested by military and physical exercises, the training was especially carried out systematically in these fields. In 25 schools of the troop and in 3 Reichsfuehrer schools of the SA yearly 22,000 to 25,000 officers and non-coms were trained since 1934 in special educational courses until they possessed the education and examination certificates. In clearly outlined training directives the training goals which had to be achieved yearly were given and at the same time the yearly Reich competitive contests were established. Hand in hand The training of the Fuehrer Corps and corresponding organizational measures and the training at the front proceeded on the broadest basis." (3215-PS) The military nature of the Sports Program is likewise demonstrated by the tests and standards required to obtain the sports award. The Organization Book of the Party lists these tests as follows (2354-PS): "The performance test includes three groups of exercises: Body exercises, Military sports, Topographical (naval) services. "Group I: Body Exercises; 100-meter race, Broad jump, Shot-put, Throwing of hand grenades, 3000-meter race. "Group II: Military sports; 25-Kilometer march with pack, Firing of small-caliber arms, Aimed throwing of hand grenades, 200-meter cross-country race with gas masks over 4 obstacles, Swimming or bicycle riding, Basic knowledge of first aid in case of accidents. "Group III: Terrain service; Orientation, Terrain observation, Estimate of terrain, Estimate of distance, Camouflage, Observing and reporting, Utilization of terrain and general behavior in terrain service." (2354-PS) In 1939, the SA Sports Program was formally recognized,
knowledge of first aid in case of accidents. "Group III: Terrain service; Orientation, Terrain observation, Estimate of terrain, Estimate of distance, Camouflage, Observing and reporting, Utilization of terrain and general behavior in terrain service." (2354-PS) In 1939, the SA Sports Program was formally recognized, in a decree issued by Hitler, as a military training program. At the same time the SA was openly declared to be an agency for pre and post-military training, that is, military training prior to and following military service in the Wehrmacht (2383-PS). The decree provided in part as follows: "Der Fuehrer. In amplification of my decree of the 15th February, 1935, and 18th March, 1937, regarding the acquisition of the SA sport insignia and the yearly repetitive exercises, I lift the SA sport insignia to the SA military insignia and make it as a basis for pre-imposed military training. "I designate the SA as standard bearer of this training. "These soldiers who honourably were discharged out of the active military service and who were serviceable soldiers are to be placed into the Army ranks for the retaining of their spiritual and physical energy and to be attached to the SA insofar as no other organization of the Party (the SS, NSKK, and SFK) have received them for special training." (2383-PS) The SA military training program was not confined to its members, but extended to the entire youth of Germany. Thus the Chief of Staff of the SA, in re-establishing the sports program in 1935, declared (2354-PS): "In order to give conscious expression to the fostering of a valiant spirit in all parts of the German people, I further decide that this SA Sport Insignia can also be earned and worn by persons who are not members of the movement, inasfar as they comply racially and ideologically with the National Socialist requirements". (2354-PS) The pamphlet entitled "The SA", shows that responsibility for conducting this nation-wide program was lodged in the operational main office of the SA (2168-PS). According to the pamphlet it was the duty of this office to- "Prepare the fighting training of the bodies of all Germans capable of bearing arms (Wehrfahig) and as preparation therefor must organize
for conducting this nation-wide program was lodged in the operational main office of the SA (2168-PS). According to the pamphlet it was the duty of this office to- "Prepare the fighting training of the bodies of all Germans capable of bearing arms (Wehrfahig) and as preparation therefor must organize the execution of corporal exercises (basic physical training) and sports achievements, so that the widest stratum of the population is laid hold upon and will be kept in condition to bear arms (Wehrtuchtig) both physically and spiritually, as well as ideologically in character up to greatest old age." (2168-PS) The extent to which the SA carried the military training program into the lives of the German people may be seen from the following excerpt from "Das Archiv" (3215-PS): "Next to the companies of the SA were the sport badge associations (SAG) in which all the militaristic nationals entered who were prepared to voluntarily answer the call of the SA for the preservation of military proficiency. Up until now around 800,000 nationals outside of the SA could successfully undergo the physical betterment as well as the political military training of the SA on the basis of the SA sport badge. "As pronounced proof heretofore it may be shown that alone 13,400 officers and around 30,000 non-coms in the Reserve Corps of the Wehrmacht from its (SA) own ranks stand at the disposal of the SA and can be employed at any time for the direction of SA military forces * * *". (3215-PS) In 1939, the extension of the SA military program to non-SA members was officially recognized by Hitler. This occurred in the ordinance for the execution of the Hitler decree of 16 January, 1942: "Every German man who has completed his seventeenth year and who shows preliminary requirements for honorary service with the weapon, has the customary duty to win the SA military insignia in preparation for military service. "During the years in the Hitler Youth following his sixteenth year, he is to prepare himself for the winning of the SA military insignia." (2383-PS) The SA, in its military training program, was no mere marching and drilling society. It embraced every phase of the technique of modern warfare. This appears clearly from the
the Hitler Youth following his sixteenth year, he is to prepare himself for the winning of the SA military insignia." (2383-PS) The SA, in its military training program, was no mere marching and drilling society. It embraced every phase of the technique of modern warfare. This appears clearly from the articles on military training which appear throughout the issues of "Der SA-Mann". The titles of these articles indicate their substance. The following are a few examples: Article entitled: "Defense Platoon and the Company in Battle" (with diagrams), 27 January, 1934, p.10.. Article entitled: "Die Luftwaffe" (with diagrams on Aircraft Gunnery), 3 February 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Pistol Shooting," 17 February, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Orientation in Terrain," 10 March, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "First Aid-ABC," 17 March, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "We go into the Terrain" (relating to map study and map symbols), 24 March, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "What every SA Man must know about Aviation," 21 April, 1934, p.13. Article entitled: "Expert firing in German National Sport" (relating to small caliber firing), 12 May, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Chemical Warfare," 19 May, 1934, p. 13. Article entitled: "What every SA Man should know about Aviation," 19 May, 1934, p. 12. Article entitled: "Flame Throwers on the Front," 26 May, 1934, p.14. Article entitled: "Modern Battle Methods in the View of the SA Man," 2 June, 1934, p.14. Article entitled: "The Significance of Tanks and Motors in Modern War," 4 August, 1934, p.13. Article entitled: "The Rifle 98," 8 September, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "The Combat Battalion" (with description of tactical missions and maneuvers of the battalion), 15 September, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Air Strategy and Air Tactics," 29 September, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Gas Protection and the Gas Mask," 6 October, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "The Pistol 08" (with diagram of the pistol, its nomenclature and field stripping), 6 October, 1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Training the SA in Map and Terrain Study," 24 November, 1934, p.4. Article entitled: "The Defense," with subheading "What does the War of Tomorrow look like?" 1 December, 1934, p.13. Series of articles by a Wehrmacht officer entitled: "Training in the Army of the Third Reich," beginning
1934, p.7. Article entitled: "Training the SA in Map and Terrain Study," 24 November, 1934, p.4. Article entitled: "The Defense," with subheading "What does the War of Tomorrow look like?" 1 December, 1934, p.13. Series of articles by a Wehrmacht officer entitled: "Training in the Army of the Third Reich," beginning on 12 January, 1935, p.13. Series of articles entitled: "Construction and Composition of various units of the Modern Army," written by a Brigadier General in the Wehrmacht-beginning 26 January, 1935, p.15, and ending 20 April, 1935, p.16. Article entitled: "Small caliber firing" (with sketches of ammunition, rifles, targets, and aiming technique), 26 January, 1935, p.19. Article entitled: "Armies of Tomorrow" (discussion of anticipated developments in motorized and mechanized warfare. One section of the article is devoted to "Plans of foreign countries with respect to motorized armies"), 30 March, 1935, p.14. The issues of "Der SA-Mann" also contain many photographs and articles demonstrating SA participation in military exercise, including forced marching, battle maneuvers, obstacle runs, small calibre firing, and the like. Among these photographs and articles are the following: Each issue of "Der SA-Mann" contains advertisements for the sale of various items of military equipment, including uniforms, steel helmets, rifles, boots, grenades, field glasses, ammunition, etc. (See, for example, 20 January, 1934, p.16; and 9 March, 1935, p.16.) Picture of SA men marching in military formation executing "goose step," 14 April, 1934, p.8. Group of pictures showing SA Troops marching in military formations and in full pack and bearing flags being reviewed by Hitler. Title of page is "SA Marches into the New Year," 12 January, 1935, p.3. Photographs of uniformed SA Troops marching in streets of Saarbrucken with caption: "In the streets of free Saarbrucken thuds the marching steps of the SA," 9 march, 1935, p.3. Group of photographs entitled: "SA brigade 6 Marches for the German Danzig," 4 May, 1935, p.3. Article entitled: "Who fights against us we will defeat, who provokes us we shall attack" (with picture of SA men in military formation bearing caption: "We are a political ideological troop"), 13 July, 1935, p.1.
1935, p.3. Group of photographs entitled: "SA brigade 6 Marches for the German Danzig," 4 May, 1935, p.3. Article entitled: "Who fights against us we will defeat, who provokes us we shall attack" (with picture of SA men in military formation bearing caption: "We are a political ideological troop"), 13 July, 1935, p.1. Article entitled: "The SA is and remains the Shock Troop of the Third Reich" (with picture of Gruppenfuehrer reviewing SA men marching in uniform and in full pack, in military formation), 24 August, 1935, p.2. Article entitled: "SA Men at the heavy machine gun," 3 July, 1936, p.14. Photograph of SA men in uniform and full pack on obstacle run, 29 August, 1936, p.7. Article entitled: "Fight, Fight, Fight" with subtitles: "Preparation of Francken Division for the NS War Games" (with picture of SA men bearing arms), 26 June, 1937, p.4. Photograph of SA men bearing weapons, bearing caption: "Austria's SA: through battle, distress and persecution, to victory." Photograph bearing caption: "German-Austrian SA was armed in the hour of decision," 2 April, 1938, p.1. Photograph of SA men bearing arms on battle maneuvers, 19 August, 1938, p.8., bearing the caption: "The way to victory." Article entitled: "SA and the Wehrmacht" (with pictures of SA men on field maneuvers throwing hand grenades), 2 September, 1938, p.1. Photograph of SA men on field maneuvers, 9 September, 1938, p.18. Photograph of SA men bearing arms in trenches, apparently on field maneuvers, 16 September, 1938, p.1. (Frankens-SA). Photographs of SA men marching under arms, and on the rifle range, 30 September, 1938, p.4. (Frankens-SA). Photograph of SA Regiment Feldherrnhalle marching in goose-step with rifles and steel helmets and with the Luftwaffe insignia of sovereignty on their uniform and helmets, 11 November, 1938, p.4. Photograph entitled "Regiment Feldherrnhalle was there", (referring to the incorporation of the Sudetenland), 14 October, 1938, p.6. Photograph bearing the caption: "Training with the KK Rifle. Something entirely new for the Sudeten German. Every SA man must be outstanding in marksmanship," 6 January, 1939, p.3. Article entitled: "The SA-the forger of military power," with the subheading: "The SA as bearer of the Premilitary Training," 27
1938, p.6. Photograph bearing the caption: "Training with the KK Rifle. Something entirely new for the Sudeten German. Every SA man must be outstanding in marksmanship," 6 January, 1939, p.3. Article entitled: "The SA-the forger of military power," with the subheading: "The SA as bearer of the Premilitary Training," 27 January, 1939, p.1. Photograph of Von Brauchitsch (Wehrmacht) and Lutze reviewing the SA, 3 February, 1939, p.3. Photograph of SA on march with full pack and rifles. (Frankens-SA), 3 February, 1939, p.1. C. Cooperation with the Wehrmacht in Preparation for Aggression. Evidence of the SA's participation in the conspiracy is found in the care which was taken at all times to coordinate the military training program of the SA with the requirements of the Wehrmacht. As early as 1934, an SA memorandum provided that the Sa chief of training and his subordinates should remain- "* * * in direct touch with the respective offices and sections of the Reich defense Ministry." (2823-PS) The same memorandum recites that a Lieutenant-Colonel of the Wehrmacht was assigned to the SA with the duty of participating- "* * * in all questions regarding training and organization * * *." (2823-PS) Another SA memorandum declared that: "* * * permanent liaison between the Reich Defense Ministry and the Supreme Commander of the SA * * * has been assured." (2821-PS) Hitler's words regarding cooperation between Wehrmacht and SA were as follows: "The requirements of the Wehrmacht are to be taken into consideration in organization and training. "The Chief of Staff of the SA releases the required executionary directives in agreement with the Commander in Chief of the Wehrmacht units. He alone is responsible for the fulfillment." (2383-PS) A speech by the Chief of Staff of the SA relating to the technical and specialized branches of the SA revealed that this opportunity for collaboration with the Wehrmacht in specialized military training was utilized to the utmost: "In the course of this development also special missions for military betterment (program) were placed on the SA. The Fuehrer gave the SA the cavalry and motor training and called SA Obergruppenfuehrer Littmann