THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Not Reportable
Case No: 930/2017

In the matter between:

MESHACK FAMANDA
APPELLANT

and

THE STATE
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Famanda v State (930/2017) [2018] ZASCA 139 (28 September
2018)

Coram:

Maya P and Van der Merwe JA and Nicholls AJA

Heard:

4 September 2018

Delivered:

28 September 2018

Summary:

Appeal against refusal of petition for leave to appeal against
sentence; trial court did not take into account the amount involved and whether the
appellant was a law enforcement officer as defined; reasonable prospects of success on
appeal against sentence.

______________________________________________________________________

ORDER
______________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, Johannesburg
(Mokgoathleng J and Mosopa JA):
1 The appeal succeeds.
2 The order of court a quo is set aside and substituted with the following order:
‘The appellant is granted leave to appeal against the sentence imposed by the Regional
Court, Johannesburg to the Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, Johannesburg.’

______________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
______________________________________________________________________

Nicholls AJA (Maya P, and Van Der Merwe JA concurring):

[1] This is an appeal against the refusal of a petition for leave to appeal by the
Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, Johannesburg. The appellant, a prosecutor
employed with the National Prosecuting Authority, was convicted of corruption in
contravention of s 9(1)(a) of the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12
of 20041 (the PCCA Act), in the Johannesburg Magistrates Court on 30 November 2015.
The appellant was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.

[2] Leave to appeal against conviction and sentence was refused by the Magistrate’s
Court. A petition for leave to appeal against conviction and sentence was refused by the

1 9. Offences in respect of corrupt activities relating to members of prosecuting authority.
(1)
Any –
(a)
member of the prosecuting authority who, directly or indirectly, accepts of agrees or offers to
accept any gratification from any other person, whether for benefit of himself or herself or for the benefit
of any other person;
. . .
is guilty of the offence of corrupt activities relating to members of the prosecuting authority.

High Court. Special leave was subsequently granted by this court in respect of sentence
only.

[3] It is well established that what is to be determined at this stage is not the appeal
itself but whether the High Court should have granted the appellant leave to appeal.2
What is appealed against is the refusal of the petition to the High Court and nothing
else. It has been acknowledged that this is a cumbersome procedure. However, despite
the court’s inherent jurisdiction to regulate its own processes this court has held that it
can only do so within the confines of statutory jurisdiction.3

[4] In determining whether the High Court erred in refusing the appellant leave to
appeal on sentence, the only issue is whether there are reasonable prospects of
success. What this entails has been set out in S v Smith 2012 (1) SACR 567 (SCA)
para 7, and quoted with approval in subsequent cases:4
‘What the test of reasonable prospects of success postulates is a dispassionate decision, based
on the facts and the law, that a court of appeal could reasonably arrive at a conclusion different
to that of the trial court. In order to succeed, therefore, the appellant must convince this court on
proper grounds that he has prospects of success on appeal and that those prospects are not
remote, but have a realistic chance of succeeding. More is required to be established than that
there is a mere possibility of success, that the case is arguable on appeal or that the case
cannot be categorised as hopeless. There must, in other words, be a sound, rational basis for
the conclusion that there are prospects of success on appeal.’ (Footnote omitted).

[5] In this case the appellant, together with two policemen, was arraigned as a result
of an undercover operation carried out at the Randburg Magistrate’s Court. Numerous
complaints had been received of corrupt activities involving magistrates, prosecutors
and court orderlies in that court. This led to the police approaching the Director of Public

2S v Khoasasa 2003 (1) SACR 123 (SCA) paras 14, 19-22; S v Matshona [2008] ZASCA 58; [2008] 4 All
SA 68 (SCA) para 4; S v Smith [2011] ZASCA 15; 2012 (1) SACR 567 (SCA) paras 2 and 3; Dipholo v S
[2015] ZASCA 120 para 4; S v Tonkin 2014 (1) SACR 583 SCA (Tonkin) paras 6.
3 Id Tonkin para 6; Van Wyk v S, Galela v S 2015 (1) SACR 584 (SCA) para 20 – 21.
4 Essop v S [2016] ZASCA 114 (12 September 2016); Maphapa v S [2018] ZASCA 8 March 2018.

Prosecutions for the requisite authority to set up an undercover operation at the court in
order to trap the officials involved.

[6] Pursuant thereto a police undercover agent was arrested on a fictitious charge
and detained in the court cells at the Randburg Magistrate Court. He paid two
policeman employed as court orderlies, accused 1 and 2 in the trial court, an amount of
R800 to secure his release from custody. Thereafter, another police undercover agent,
posing as the girlfriend of the arrestee, approached accused 1 at the court to get the
charge quashed. She was referred to the appellant, accused 3 in the trial court, who
was prosecuting the case. Upon payment of R3500 to accused 1, the charge was duly
withdrawn. The ‘girlfriend’ video-taped the communication between herself and the
policemen, and herself and the appellant. These were the salient facts leading to the
conviction of the two policemen and the appellant in terms of the PCCA Act.

[7] The accused were all sentenced in terms of the minimum sentencing legislation.
Section 51(2) of the Criminal law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 (the Act) provides for a
minimum sentence of 15 years imprisonment, for a first offender,  in respect of an
offence referred to in Part II of Schedule 2. The relevant portion of the schedule
provides that:
‘Any offence relating to exchange control, extortion, fraud, forgery, uttering, theft, or an offence
in Part 1 to 4, or section 17, 20 or 21 (in so far as it relates to the aforementioned offences) of
Chapter 2 of the Prevention and Combating of Corruption Activities Act, 2004 –
(a)
involving amounts of more than R500 000,00;
(b)
Involving amounts of more than R100 000,00, if it is proved that the offence was
committed    by a person, group of persons, syndicate or any enterprise acting in the
execution or furtherance of a common conspiracy; or
(c)
If it is proved that the offence was committed by any law enforcement officer –
(i)
involving amounts of more than R10 000,00; or
(ii)
as a member of a group of persons, syndicate or any enterprise acting in the
execution or furtherance of a common conspiracy.’

[8] Accused 1 was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment. The appellant and accused
2 were each sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, the trial court having found
substantial and compelling circumstances justifying the imposition of a lesser sentence
than the prescribed minimum. Although not set out in so many words, it is clear that the
trial court sentenced the appellant in terms of (c)(ii) above, namely on the basis that the
appellant was a law enforcement officer who acted in furtherance of a common
conspiracy with the two police officers. Paragraphs (a) and (b) were clearly not
applicable to the appellant.

[9] Most of the personal information regarding the appellant was gleaned from a
pre-sentencing report. The appellant left school in 1997, completed a Diploma in
Marketing at the Wits Technical School in 2001 and a Bachelor of Laws degree at the
University of Johannesburg in 2007. He secured employment at the National
Prosecuting Authority where he remained until after his arrest in 2011. Between the time
of his arrest and his sentencing on 10 February 2016, he worked as an administrative
clerk for a firm of attorneys at a reduced salary.  He has a previous conviction for illegal
possession of a firearm in 1997 for which he was given a suspended sentence.

[10] The trial court in finding that substantial and compelling circumstances were
present, took into consideration that the appellant was a 37 year old father of two at the
time of sentencing. He has two daughters, then aged 6 and 7 years old. Both children
live with their respective mothers and are recipients of child grants. He nonetheless was
said to have a good relationship with at least one of the children, whom he sees on
weekends. The appellant provided financial support to both children whose mothers are
unemployed. On this basis the trial court found that the appellant was the primary
caregiver, providing both financial and emotional support to the children. I am
unpersuaded that the appellant could be described as a primary caregiver in these
circumstances.

[11] There can be no doubt that the trial court was deeply concerned, and quite
correctly so, that the image of the National Prosecuting Authority had been tarnished

and the administration of justice had been brought into disrepute, by the appellant’s
actions. The crime induced a ‘sense of revulsion’ particularly because it had been
committed in the court precinct which should be a symbol of justice. Instead the
appellant made a mockery of the criminal justice system.
[12] As reprehensible as the appellant’s conduct was, it cannot be ignored that the
amount involved was R3500.  Of this, it is unclear how much the appellant personally
benefitted. I cannot agree with the view of the trial court that ‘corruption is corruption’
irrespective of the amount involved and it is the criminal intent that is punishable. Logic
dictates that corruption involving millions of rand should be viewed in a more serious
light than that involving a few thousand rand. That there are degrees of fraud and
corruption, depending on the amounts involved, is a distinction acknowledged in the Act
itself. In my view the appellant has a reasonable prospect of showing that the trial court
misdirected itself in this regard or that the sentence was startlingly inappropriate.

[13] In addition no consideration was given to whether the appellant was a ‘law
enforcement officer’ within the meaning of the Act. Section 51(8) of the Act provides:
‘For the purposes of this section and Schedule 2, “law enforcement officer” includes –
(a)
a member of the National Intelligence Agency of South Africa or the South African
Secret Service referred to in section 3 of the Intelligence Services Act,  2002 (Act No. 65
of 2002); and
(b)
a correctional official of the Department of Correctional Services or a person authorised
under the Correctional Services Act, 1998 (Act No. 111 of 1998).’

[14] Law enforcement officer is a term imported from North America and there is very
little reference to ‘law enforcement officer’ in South African statutes.5 In America it is

5 Section 252A(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 states that ‘[a]ny law enforcement officer,
official of the State, or any other person authorised thereto for such a purpose . . . may make use of a
trap’. Section 1 of the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-
Related Information Act 70 of 2002 defines ‘law enforcement officer’ to mean any member of –
‘(a) the Police Service;
(b) the Defence Force, excluding a member of a visiting force;
(c) the Agency or Service;
(d) the Directorate; or
(e) any component referred to in paragraph (e) of the definition of “law enforcement agency”’.
‘Agency’, as found in (c) above, means agency as defined in s 1 of the Intelligence Services Act. The
definition of service, as found in (c) was deleted. Paragraph (e) of the definition of law enforcement

defined as ‘a government employee who is responsible for the prevention, investigation,
apprehension or detention of individuals suspected or convicted of offences against the
criminal laws, including an employee engaged in this activity who is transferred to a
supervisory or administrative position, or serves as a probation or pre-trial officer’.6 The
Collins English Dictionary describes a law enforcement officer as ‘an official or
employee who detects crime and who upholds the law, such a police officer, sheriff,
customs official etc.’

[15] There can be little doubt that a law enforcement officer in terms of s 51(8) of the
Act includes a police officer. ‘Include’ is generally used in the interpretation of statutes to
expand the meaning of the words or phrases occurring in the preceding section.  It is a
phrase of extension and not of restrictive definition. However, ‘include’ is susceptible to
another construction in the context of the statute which does not merely add to the
words expressed, but may be equivalent to ‘mean and include’ in which instance it
connotes an exhaustive explanation of the meaning which must be attached to these
words or expressions.7  In other words depending on the context in which the word
‘includes’ is used, it may have vastly differing effects. Depending on context, it may
mean to expand the preceding words in the phrase, or to define them exhaustively.
There is a reasonable prospect that the appellant may show that a member of the
prosecuting authority is not included in the definition of ‘law enforcement officer’ and
accordingly no minimum sentence would be applicable.

[16] For the two reasons set out above I am of the view that there are reasonable
prospects of success on appeal.

[17] In the result I make the following order:
1 The appeal succeeds.

agency reads ‘law enforcement agency means . . . any component of the prosecuting authority,
designated by the National Director to specialise in the application of Chapter 6 of the Prevention of
Organised Crime Act’.
6 KE Lioe Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations – The German and European Perspective
(2011) at 168.
7 Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases 7th edition volume 2.

2 The order of court a quo is set aside and substituted with the following order:
‘The appellant is granted leave to appeal against the sentence imposed by the Regional
Court, Johannesburg to the Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, Johannesburg.’

_________________
C H Nicholls
Acting Judge of Appeal

APPEARANCES:

For the Appellant:

W A Karam
Instructed by:

Legal Aid, Johannesburg

Legal Aid, Bloemfontein

For the Respondent:

I Bayat
Instructed by:

Director of Public Prosecutions, Johannesburg
Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein