THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
OF SOUTH AFRICA
Case No: 553/97
In the matter between
SEFALANA EMPLOYEE BENEFITS ORGANISATION
Appellant
and
HASLAM, WILLIAM JEFFERY
First Respondent
BARNETT, MICHAEL
Second Respondent
HENDERSON, RONALD BRYDEN
Third Respondent
RAMSAY, WEBBER & COMPANY
Fourth Respondent
THE 3 MEYER STREET TRUST
Fifth Respondent
CORAM:
Smalberger, Marais, Zulman, Plewman JJA et Melunsky AJA
DATE HEARD:
18 February 2000
DATE DELIVERED:
03 March 2000
Securities Regulation Code on Takeovers and Mergers - whether mandatory offer to
acquire shares of minority in a company must be made where transaction which would have
resulted in change of control no longer to be implemented.
JUDGMENT
MARAIS JA

MARAIS JA:     [1]     The issue in this appeal is as novel as it is narrow.  May
shareholders in a company to whom a mandatory offer to purchase their shares
would have had to be made if a transaction with another shareholder had resulted
in the purchaser acquiring control of the company, sue for damages if no such
offer is forthcoming because the purchaser repudiated the transaction, the  selling
shareholder   accepted  the  repudiation  and  successfully  claimed damages,
and  the purchaser did  not acquire control of the company?   Cameron J
answered the question in the affirmative but granted leave to appeal to this court.
His judgment is reported in 1998(4) SA 964(W).  The circumstances of the case
are set out there and repetition of the details is unnecessary.  (References in this
judgment to the Act, the Code and the panel are references respectively to the
Companies Act 61 of 1973, the Securities Regulation Code on Takeovers and
Mergers promulgated under GN R29 of 18 January 1991 and the Securities
Regulation Panel established by sec 440 B of the Act.  The references to the

legislation are to provisions as they were at the relevant time.  Subsequent
amendments have been disregarded.)
[2]     In essence what occurred was that appellant agreed to buy from Concor
Holdings (Pty) Limited (“Concor”) its “effective controlling share holding in
Time Life (Insurance Limited) of 66%”.  The agreed price was R2,50 per share.
It was common cause at least that the transaction was an “affected transaction”
within the meaning of the definition of that expression in the Act and the Code,
that the provisions of Chapter XVA of the Act and the Code were applicable and
that, if it had been implemented, it would have been necessary for appellant to
make a similar offer to respondents who were minority shareholders in Time Life.
However, before any such offer was made, appellant repudiated the agreement.
Concor accepted the repudiation and claimed damages. Appellant admitted that
it was liable to Concor for the payment of damages for breach of the agreement.
Appellant made no offer to purchase respondents’ shares in Time Life.  These

and other facts were placed before the court a quo by way of a stated case and
the questions posed were:
1.     Whether or not on the agreed facts appellant incurred an obligation
to offer to purchase the shares of respondents as minority shareholders
in Time Life Insurance Limited at R2,50 per share pursuant to the
provisions of the Act and the Code.
2.     If so, whether appellant’s failure to offer to purchase respondents’
shares constituted a contravention of such obligation.
The learned judge answered yes to both questions.
[3]     What led the court a quo to its conclusion was, in the main, the
interpretation which it considered should be placed upon certain expressions in
the statutory provisions which govern such situations (especially the definition
in sec 440 A (1) of the Act of “security”), its “overall appreciation” of those
provisions and “the principle that informs the Code as a whole, namely, that
minority shareholders should, when an affected transaction takes place, receive
equal treatment”.  There were additional considerations which were thought to

support that conclusion but the dominant factors were those I have mentioned.
The learned judge was alive to what might be thought to be an inconsistency
between the Act and the Code’s rationale and purpose and his interpretation of
appellant’s obligations under them.  He acknowledged that the Code “is directed
in the first instance at actual takeovers, not aborted takeovers”, that the would-be
acquirer of control “ abandons the booty when he or she resiles from the deal”,
and that the minority shareholders “are left with the shares they bought in the
company, controlled as when they bought into it”.  He posed the question:
“Why, then, should the plaintiffs be permitted to leap onto the bandwagon that
SEBO’s [appellant’s] admitted breach of its agreement with Concor has
created?”  Notwithstanding his acknowledgment of the factors mentioned, he
concluded that, properly interpreted, the Code did indeed permit the plaintiffs
(now respondents) to benefit from the situation in order to bring about the equal
treatment of shareholders which lay at its heart.  That control of Time Life had

not changed, nor would change, does not seem to have been regarded as
important.  More about that anon.
[4]     What requires to be appreciated at the outset, so it seems to me, is that
shareholders are not ordinarily entitled to equality of treatment when offers to
purchase their shares are made.  A purchaser who sets out to acquire control of
a company, not in one fell swoop, but incrementally by way of a succession of
purchases from different shareholders over an extended period of time, is under
no legal or moral obligation to offer or to pay the same price from the inception
of and throughout the exercise.  It is only when the stage is reached at which an
intended or proposed transaction will, if consummated, result in a change of
control within the meaning of the Code that the hand of the panel is laid upon the
transaction.  That, in my view, is the plain meaning of the relevant provisions in
the Act and the Code and I did not understand counsel for respondents to
contest that interpretation of them.

[5]     However, it does not necessarily follow that, whether or not the last
mentioned transaction does eventuate, or, if it has been entered into, is
consummated, a mandatory offer must be made to purchase the shares of
shareholders other than the particular shareholder or shareholders who are, or are
to be, or were, privy to the particular transaction which has or will have, or
would have had, the effect of control of the company passing to the offeror.
The same can be said when the attempted takeover is (as here) not by way of
incremental transactions over a period of time, but by way of a transaction or
proposed transaction with a single shareholder relating to a number of shares
sufficient to result in a passing of control.  To assume that simply because such
a transaction has been proposed or entered into, it follows inexorably that such
a mandatory offer to other shareholders must be made, even although, for
example, the proposed transaction has been rejected out of hand by the principal
offeree (using the word offeree in its ordinary sense and not in its artificially

defined sense in the definition of “offeree company” in Section B 1 of the Code),
or if entered into, cancelled by mutual consent between offeror and principal
offeree, would be, to my mind, a petitio principii and would beg the question
which arises in the circumstances of this case.
[6]     The learned judge a quo regarded it as unnecessary to consider questions
of that nature and purported to confine his holding to the facts of this case,
namely, an admitted repudiation by appellant of the transaction which, if
implemented, would have resulted in a transference of control, and an admission
of liability to pay Concor damages for breach of the agreement.  When
interpreting a statute one is not obliged of course to conjure up all manner of
fanciful and remote hypotheses in order to test the implications of a construction
which one is considering placing upon it.   However, where readily conceivable
and potentially realistic situations spring immediately to mind it is a salutary
practice to test the proposed construction by applying it to such situations.  If

the exercise produces startling (as opposed to merely anomalous) results, it may
become clear that the proposed construction is not correct.  This, in my view,
is just such a case.  If the legislation does not oblige an offeror in the
hypothetical circumstances postulated in the examples given earlier to make an
offer to other shareholders, it is difficult to see how it could have obliged
appellant to do so.
[7]     Common to all the situations under consideration is the stark fact that the
sole rationale for the existence of an obligation to make a similar offer to other
shareholders, namely, a transference of control, has fallen away prior to the
making of an offer to them and there no longer exists any present prospect of the
offeror acquiring control.  Whose “fault” that is (and there may be none) is of no
consequence; the fact of the matter is that shareholders who were in jeopardy of
finding themselves locked into a company the control of which has changed
without their concurrence, are no longer in such jeopardy.  The mischief which

the relevant provisions of the Act and the Code were enacted to counter is
entirely absent.  (See Spinnaker Investments (Pty) Ltd v Tongaat Group Ltd.
1982 (1) SA 65 (A) at 72 H - 73 A.)
[8]     What warrant then is there for interpreting those provisions and the Code
as imposing an obligation to make an offer to other shareholders?  In considering
the question I shall not lose sight of the possibility raised in AG v Prince Ernest
Augustus of Hanover [1957] AC 436 by Viscount Simonds LC at 462 that
“Parliament may well intend the remedy to extend beyond the immediate
mischief”.  As against that, I bear in mind that it should not lightly be presumed
that the legislature intended (to borrow the words of Bennion, Statutory
Interpretation, 3 ed (1997) 725) “to apply coercive measures going wider than
was necessary to remedy the mischief in question”.
[9]     Counsel for respondents (as did the court a quo) sought to found the
existence of such an obligation upon an extensive interpretation of the word

“acquires” where it occurs in Section F, Rule 8.1(a) of the Code, the words
“acquisition” and “security” in their respective definitions in sec 440 A of the
Act, and the principle, for which the Act and the Code provide, of fair and equal
treatment of all shareholders in relation to affected transactions.  Counsel for
respondents made much of what he called the factor of timing and submitted that
once a situation arose which fell squarely within the ambit of the Code,
corresponding rights accrued and obligations arose and were “crystallised”.
Without the consent of the beneficiaries of that crystallisation, nothing which
happened thereafter could deprive them of those rights.  When pressed, he
acknowledged that the proposition might be too broadly stated and that in the
hypothetical situations postulated earlier, and in others which could be
conceived, the result might well be different, but argued that it would be unfair
and would infringe the principle of equality  of treatment to deny respondents the
right to do what their fellow shareholder, Concor, had done, namely, sue for
damages.

[10]     It is of course so that there appears superficially to be inequality of
treatment but the respective positions of Concor and respondents are not the
same.  If an offeror has contracted unconditionally to buy shares from a
shareholder a repudiation by the offeror of the agreement may well entitle the
offeree to damages.  But a shareholder to whom no offer has been extended, let
alone accepted, and with whom there is therefore no contractual privity, is in a
very different position.  The appeal to the principle of equality of treatment
ignores the undeniable fact that the only circumstance which led the legislature to
enjoin equality of treatment, namely, a change in control, is absent.  In short, the
provisions of the Act and the Code should not be construed in isolation and
without taking sufficient account of the mischief which it was manifestly enacted
to combat.  A reading which gratuitously confers upon shareholders with whom
there is no contract the same benefits as those with whom there is a contract
when  the  position as shareholders of the former is quite unaffected by what has

occurred and remains precisely what it was, is, to my mind, unjustified and
inherently unlikely to have been intended.  Thus, even if it be assumed in
respondents’ favour that the mere conclusion of the agreement amounted to an
acquisition of shares conferring control upon appellant within the meaning of the
Code (a questionable assumption), the transaction envisaging a change of control
was aborted before any offer had been extended to respondents, the rationale for
the making of a mandatory offer for respondents’ shares no longer existed, and
it would have been pointless to require an offer to be made to them.  No
discernible legislative purpose would have been served by it.
[11]     The learned judge thought that what he called “certainty regarding market
dealings” and a perceived need for the “market” to be able “to judge that a
takeover has occurred” were reasons to adopt the interpretation which he
favoured.  I do not find this consideration persuasive.  The legislation is not
concerned with the “market” in general; it is concerned with the rights of existing

shareholders in a company in which a change of control has occurred or is to
occur.  In any event, there is no prohibition in the Act or the Code against an
offeree seeking and obtaining the offeror’s agreement to undo his, her or its
acceptance of an offer or, against, where grounds exist, the cancellation by an
offeree of a transaction, even although the implementation of that transaction is
essential to the transference of control.   Discernible certainty in that regard,
thought to stem merely from the conclusion of an agreement, may therefore be
illusory.
[12]     In the present case the learned judge correctly rejected a submission by
counsel for respondents that ownership of the shares sold by Concor and the
voting rights which they carried passed to appellant upon conclusion of the
agreement and satisfaction of the conditions upon which it was dependent.  The
price was payable against transfer of the shares and it had not been paid.  The
shares were not transferred.  Unlike the case of Botha v Fick 1995(2) SA 750 (A)

in which the particular facts led the court to conclude that there was a reciprocal
intention to pass and acquire ownership of the relevant shares simul ac semel
with the conclusion of the agreement, there is no such indication here and the
stated case does not contain any admission that such was the intention of the
parties.
[13]     However, the learned judge proceeded to hold that appellant had acquired
ownership of at least “rights or interest  ......  in respect of [the] shares” and that
such “rights or interests” were, in terms of the definition of “security” in the Act
and the Code, securities in their own right.  He concluded that inasmuch as Rule
8.1(a) required a mandatory offer to be made when “securities” were acquired,
the “rights or interests” were securities by definition, and because, whatever
meaning be attached to the word “acquires”, those “rights or interests” (and
therefore “securities”) had been acquired by appellant, appellant became bound
to extend an offer to respondents.  The short answer to this line of reasoning may

well be that “rights or interests  ......  in respect of  ......  shares” are not what
appellant agreed to acquire;  it agreed to acquire the shares themselves and only
if, in the result, it did so or continued to intend to do so would the obligation to
extend an offer to respondents have arisen.
[14]     Be that as it may, for the reasons given earlier, I consider that even if there
had been an acquisition of that nature, because it was cancelled prior to the
making of any offer to respondents and without the situs of control having been
disturbed in any way, no obligation to make an offer to respondents arose.
[15]     There was some tentative discussion during argument of the possibility
that control may have passed to appellant and remained with it until Concor’s
acceptance of appellant’s repudiation simply by virtue of appellant having
acquired the right to obtain ownership of the shares even although ownership of
the shares had not yet passed.  I know of no principle of law, and we were not
referred to any, which, in the absence of anything more, would have entitled

appellant, who had not yet acquired ownership of the shares or paid for them,
to dictate to the seller how the seller was to vote pending the passing of
ownership.  Such a purchaser would obviously not be entitled to vote as if he,
she or it were a registered shareholder.
[16]     Lest it be thought that too little attention has been paid to the definition
of “security” and too much given to the passing of control, it should be pointed
out that the central thrust of the legislation is to regulate “affected transactions”.
The recurring use of the expression in sections 440 C (1), (2) and (3) (functions
of panel) 440 K (1), (3) and (5) (compulsory acquisition of securities of minority
in affected transaction) and 440 L (restrictions in respect of affected transaction)
of the Act and in explanatory notes 1 (a), (c) and the rules in Section A 2 (a) and
Section C 1, 2.10, 2.11 of the Code, coupled with the use of the word “offer”
in numerous rules in the Code, makes that plain.
[17]     The word “offeror” is defined in the Act (sec 440 A (1)) and the Code

(Section B 1) as meaning “any person or two or more persons acting in concert
who enter into or propose any affected transaction” and “offer” is defined in
Section B 3 of the Code as including “an offer in respect of an affected
transaction, however effected.”
[18]     The definition in both the Act (sec 440 A (1)) and    the Code (Section
B 1) of “affected transaction” centres around a change in control.  It reads:
“‘affected transaction’ means any transaction including a transaction which
forms part of a series of transactions or scheme, whatever form it may take,
which -
(a)
taking into account any securities held before such transaction or
scheme, has or will have the effect of -
(i)
vesting control of any company (excluding a close
corporation) in any person, or two or more persons acting in
concert, in whom control did not vest prior to such
transaction or scheme; or
(ii)
any person, or two or more persons acting in concert,
acquiring or becoming the sole holder or holders of, all the
securities, or all the securities of a particular class, of any
company (excluding a close corporation); or
(b)
involves the acquisition by any person, or two or more persons
acting in concert, in whom control of any company (excluding a
close corporation) vests on or after the date of commencement of

section 1 (c) of the Companies Second Amendment Act, 1990, of
further securities of that company in excess of the limits prescribed
in the rules;”.
[19]     “Control” is defined in the same provisions as meaning “subject to
subsection (2) (b) [of section 440 A], a holding or aggregate holdings of shares
or other securities in a company entitling the holder thereof to exercise, or cause
to be exercised, the specified percentage or more of the voting rights at meetings
of that company, irrespective of whether such holding or holdings confers de
facto control.”
[20]    “Specified percentage” is in turn defined as meaning “the percentage, or
different percentages in respect of different types of companies, prescribed in the
Rules for the purpose of determining control as defined above”.
[21]     What all this shows, in my opinion, is that the coming into existence of
a transaction or proposed transaction which involves the acquisition of securities
which will, if implemented, result in a change of control within the meaning of the

Code is a necessary, but not a sufficient, state of affairs to trigger the obligation
to make an offer to other shareholders.  Its continuing existence is a sine qua
non.
[22]     Even General Principal 2 in Section C of the Code upon which reliance
was placed by counsel for respondents as an indicator of the need for equality
of treatment shows that to be so.  It reads:  “All holders of the same class of
securities of an offeree company shall be treated similarly by an offeror.”  But an
“offeree company” is by definition in both sec 440 A (1) of the Act and Section
B 1 of the Code a company “the securities or part of the securities of which are
or are to be the subject of any affected transaction or proposed affected
transaction”.  And, as we have seen, the definition of “affected transaction”
makes a change of control a sine qua non of an affected transaction.
[23]     The appeal is upheld with costs including the costs of two counsel.  The

following order is substituted for the order of the court a quo.
1.
On the agreed facts the defendant did not incur an obligation to offer to
purchase the shares of the plaintiffs as minority shareholders in Time Life
Insurance Limited at R2,50 per share pursuant to the provisions of the
Companies Act and the Securities Regulation Code.
2.
The defendant’s failure to offer to purchase the plaintiffs’ shares did not
constitute a contravention of an obligation to make such an offer.
3.
The plaintiffs are to pay the costs of the proceedings including the costs
of two counsel.

R M MARAIS
JUDGE OF APPEAL
SMALBERGER JA)
ZULMAN
JA)
PLEWMAN
JA)
MELUNSKY   AJA)     CONCUR