THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Not Reportable

Case No: 635/2016

In the matter between:

MOSES TSHOGA
APPELLANT

and

THE STATE
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:  Moses Tshoga v The State (635/2016) 2016 ZASCA 205

(15 DECEMBER 2016)

Coram:
Bosielo, Tshiqi and Dambuza JJA, Schoeman and
Nicholls AJJA

Heard:
11 November 2016

Delivered:
15 December 2016

Summary: Criminal law: rape of a ten-year-old girl : failure to refer to the
Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 in the charge sheet or at the
commencement of a trial does not necessarily vitiate a sentence of life
imprisonment imposed in terms of the Act : the appellant was sentenced to
life imprisonment in terms of subsecs 52(1) and 51(1) of the Act : no
substantial and compelling reasons to deviate from the minimum sentence of
life imprisonment.

_____________________________________________________________________

ORDER

On appeal from: Gauteng Local Division of the High Court,
Johannesburg (Van Oosten, Kathree-Setiloane, Labuschagne JJ sitting as
a full court):

The appeal is dismissed.

___________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT

Schoeman AJA (Dambuza JA and Nicholls AJA concurring):

[1] This is an appeal against a sentence of life imprisonment that was
imposed after the appellant was convicted of the rape of a ten-year-old
girl. This court granted the appellant special leave to appeal against the
sentence imposed after the Gauteng Local Division of the High Court,
Johannesburg
(Van
Oosten,
Kathree-Setiloane,
Labuschagne
JJ)
dismissed his appeal.

Background

[2] On the Saturday of 9 January 1999 the appellant, who is related to
the complainant, raped her in a veld. The complainant was ten years old
at the time. The incident occurred after her father, on the appellant‟s
suggestion, instructed her to accompany the appellant. The appellant and
the complainant‟s father had been drinking and when the liquor was
finished, the appellant said that he would go with the complainant to fetch
money from a friend. They set off on their errand by foot, using a shorter
route through the veld. Whilst they were on their way and near a clinic,
the appellant tripped the complainant and when she fell, he throttled her.
She attempted to run away, but the appellant grabbed her, threw her to the
ground, took off some of her clothes and raped her.  In the process she
was injured as she struck her head against a rock. After he had raped her
he threatened to kill her, if she told her parents.

[3] He compounded her humiliation by walking her back to her home,
whilst she was naked from her waist up, as he had torn her t-shirt. At
home she immediately informed her parents that the appellant had raped
her. The appellant denied this. The complainant‟s father then instructed
her mother and grandmother to examine her, and her grandmother
observed that her vagina was „red and slightly open‟. The complainant
was taken to the police station and later to hospital. The medical
examination revealed that the complainant‟s hymen was broken and that
she was freshly torn alongside the vaginal opening. The appellant was
then arrested.

[4] Following a trial in the Regional Court Boksburg, the appellant,
having pleaded not guilty, was convicted on 1 December 1999 of the rape
of a ten-year-old child. This offence (of raping a child under the age of 16
years) falls under s 51(1) read with Part I of Schedule 2 of the Criminal

Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 (the Act). And, in terms of the
provisions of s 52(1) of the Act, prevailing at the time, the trial magistrate
was compelled to transfer the matter to the high court for sentencing
purposes.

[5] On 13 March 2000, Labe J, in the Witwatersrand Local Division,
confirmed that the conviction was in accordance with justice and
sentenced the appellant to life imprisonment in terms of the provisions of
s 52(1) read with s 51(1) and Part I of Schedule 2 of the Act. The
appellant subsequently sought leave to appal against the conviction and
sentence. Labe J granted leave to appeal only against the sentence. On
appeal, the full court of the Witwatersrand Local Division, based on
Rammoko v Director of Public Prosecutions1, found that the sentencing
court should have obtained and considered further evidence regarding the
psychological impact the rape had on the victim and remitted the matter
to the sentencing court to sentence the appellant afresh.

[6] At the hearing of the second sentencing procedure, the contents of
a report compiled by Mr Louw, a counselling psychologist of the Teddy
Bear Clinic was accepted by counsel for the appellant and the State and
the report was handed in by consent. The court also accepted the report
prepared by Mr Maluleka, a probation officer in the employ of the
Department of Social Development, who compiled a report regarding the
appellant and his personal circumstances. After Mr Maluleka‟s testimony
and cross-examination, the appellant chose not to testify. The appellant
was again sentenced to life imprisonment by the high court on 15 March
2007. No order was made that the sentence be ante-dated. The appellant
applied for leave to appeal against the conviction and sentence and this

1 Rammoko v Director of Public Prosecutions 2003 (1) SACR 200 (SCA) para 13.

time round, Mojapelo DJP granted leave to appeal to the full court on the
basis that the court had previously granted leave to appeal.

[7] On 12 October 2011 the full court dismissed the appeal against
sentence, but ante-dated the sentence to 15 March 2000. Almost a year
later, this court granted special leave in respect of the sentence imposed.

Grounds of appeal
[8] The appellant‟s appeal essentially rests on two legs: (a) that the
sentence was shockingly inappropriate; and (b) the appellant was never
warned that he faced a sentence of life imprisonment in terms of the
provisions of s 51(1) of the Act, prior to the commencement of his trial,
or during the trial.

[9] I should mention at this stage that the record shows (and it is
common cause) that the charge sheet does not refer to the Act and that
neither the magistrate nor the prosecutor referred to the Act during the
trial, or before conviction. The first time that the magistrate mentioned s
51 of the Act was when he pronounced that he was convicting the
appellant of „the rape of this girl under the age of 16 years‟. The
magistrate further informed the appellant that the effect of the conviction
was that s 51 of the Act which sets life imprisonment as the minimum
sentence for rape of a girl of under 16 years, was applicable and that the
appellant would have to be referred to the Supreme Court for sentence
purposes, as the magistrate could not impose a life sentence. Thereafter
the matter was, as mentioned earlier, transferred to the high court for
sentencing.

[10] It is apposite to first deal with the failure of the magistrate and the
State to warn the appellant of the provisions of s 51 of the Act and the
implications of such failure.

Failure by the trial court to alert the appellant to the provisions of s
51 of the Act
[11] It is well known that the foundation of a criminal trial is the
accused‟s right to a fair trial as set out in s 35(3) of the Constitution, with
specific reference to s 35(3)(a) which provides that an accused has the
right to be informed of a charge with sufficient detail to answer to it.
This court has on several occasions held, with reference to the provisions
of s 51 of the Act, that the question whether the accused's constitutional
right to a fair trial has been breached at the sentencing phase, can only be
answered after 'a vigilant examination of the relevant circumstances'.2
One of the first cases of this court dealing with an accused‟s right to a fair
trial in relation to the terms of the Act was S v Legoa.

[12] In S v Legoa3 the appellant had pleaded guilty and was convicted of
dealing in 216,3 kilograms of dagga. After his conviction the State led
evidence as to the value of the dagga, despite the defence‟s objections.
The magistrate found the value of the dagga brought it within the ambit
of the provisions of s 51(2)(a)(i), read with Part II of Schedule 2, of the
Act  and sentenced the appellant to 15 years' imprisonment.
The court found that:
„. . . [For] the minimum sentencing jurisdiction to exist in respect of an offence, the
accused's conviction must encompass all the elements of the offence set out in the
Schedule. (This does not apply when the Schedule specifies an attribute not of the
offence, but of the accused, such as rape when committed “by a person who has been

2 S v Legoa 2003 (1) SACR 13 (SCA) para 21; S v Ndlovu 2003 (1) SACR 331 (SCA) para 12.
3 Ibid.

convicted of two or more offences of rape, but has not yet been sentenced in respect
of such convictions”.)‟4

[13] In dealing with the contents of the charge sheet and what should be
contained therein, and comparing the position pre- and post- Constitution,
the court found that the salient facts the State intended to prove in order
to increase sentencing jurisdiction under the Act ought to be clearly set
out in the charge sheet. But, the court continued, the matter was one of
substance and not form and as a result concluded that a requirement that
every charge must set out either the „specific form of the scheduled
offence with which the accused is charged, or the facts the State intends
to prove to establish it, if applied with undue formalism may be
insufficiently heedful of the practical realities under which charge sheets
are frequently drawn up.‟5

[14] As stated above, a vigilant examination of the relevant
circumstances is necessary to determine whether an accused has had a
fair trial. Thus, Legoa pertinently required that the evidence, before
conviction, should encompass all the elements that bring it within the
purview of s 51 of the Act and the increased penal regime. It was not a
requirement that the provisions of the Act should be set out in the charge
sheet, but the enquiry remained whether the accused had a fair trial,
which included his ability to answer the charge.

[15] Later in S v Mthembu6 this court (Ponnan JA and Petse AJA
writing for a full court) stated, with reference to Legoa and Ndlovu, that 'a

4 Para 14.
5 Para 21.
6 S v Mthembu [2011] ZASCA 179; 2012 (1) SACR 517 (SCA) para 17.

fair trial enquiry does not occur in vacuo, but . . . is first and foremost a
fact-based enquiry'.

[16] In S v Ndlovu7 the issue whether a firearm was a semi-automatic
weapon was not mentioned in the charge sheet. The prosecutor did not
lead evidence in that regard and a policeman, in response to a question by
the magistrate, casually mentioned that the firearm in question was a
semi-automatic firearm, without providing a basis for this conclusion. In
setting aside the compulsory sentence of 15 years‟ imprisonment and
substituting it with three years‟ imprisonment, Mpati JA said:

„The enquiry, therefore, is whether, on a vigilant examination of the relevant
circumstances, it can be said that an accused had had a fair trial. And I think it is
implicit in these observations that where the State intends to rely upon the sentencing
regime created by the Act a fair trial will generally demand that its intention
pertinently be brought to the attention of the accused at the outset of the trial, if not in
the charge sheet then in some other form, so that the accused is placed in a position to
appreciate properly in good time the charge that he faces as well as its possible
consequences. Whether, or in what circumstances, it might suffice if it is brought to
the attention of the accused only during the course of the trial is not necessary to
decide in the present case. It is sufficient to say that what will at least be required is
that the accused be given sufficient notice of the State‟s intention to enable him to
conduct his defence properly.‟

[17] In S v Mashinini8 the appellants were charged with rape and
reference was incorrectly made in the charge sheet to s 51(2) of the Act,
which carries a compulsory sentence of ten years‟ imprisonment.
However, the evidence that it was a gang rape placed the offence within
the ambit of s 51(1) of the Act, with a concomitant sentence of life
imprisonment. The matter was transferred to the high court for sentencing

7 S v Ndlovu 2003 (1) SACR 331 (SCA) para 12.
8 S v Mashinini & another [2012] ZASCA 1; 2012 (1) SACR 604 (SCA).

purposes in terms of s 52 of the Act, which court imposed life
imprisonment. On appeal to this court, in the minority judgment, Ponnan
JA9 again reiterated that a 'vigilant examination of the relevant
circumstances'10 was required. Ponnan JA went on the say that, the
factual circumstances were such that 'right from the outset both appellants
were informed in unambiguous terms that the State intended to rely on
the minimum sentencing provisions'11 even though the State had in error
referred to the wrong section in the Act. Further, the appellants chose not
to testify or to call any witnesses for sentencing purposes, despite the fact
that they well knew that the minimum sentencing provision that ordained
life imprisonment was being invoked by the State. They also never
alleged prejudice during the whole process and only raised the State's
error for the first time before this court.12 Further, Ponnan JA continued,
there was nothing of substance indicating that the appellants would have
conducted their defence differently or that they had been misled to plead
guilty.13 He thus concluded that he would have dismissed the appeal, as
the finding of the majority placed form over substance.

[18] Recently, in S v Kolea14 the appellant had been charged and
convicted in the regional court of one count of rape, although the
complainant testified that she had been raped more than once.15 The
charge sheet made mention of the provisions of s 51(2) of the Act, which,
read with Schedule 2 Part III provided for a minimum sentence of ten

9 The minority judgment was later followed and approved in S v Kolea. [2012] ZASCA 199; 2013 (1)
SACR 409 (SCA).
10 Para 18.
11 Para 35.
12 Para 49.
13 Para 47.
14 S v Kolea Ibid
15 S 51(1) read with Schedule 2 Part I of the Act determines that if the victim is raped more than once,
the prescribed minimum sentence is life imprisonment, unless there are substantial and compelling
circumstances not to impose life imprisonment.

years‟ imprisonment, instead of s 51(1) which prescribes a minimum
sentence of life imprisonment.  The high courts, acting in terms of s 51(1)
of the Act, found that there were substantial and compelling
circumstances and imposed a sentence of 15 years‟ imprisonment.  The
appellant appealed to the full court and on a cross-appeal by the State, the
sentence was increased to life imprisonment.

[19] On appeal to this court the appellant contended that, as he had been
charged and convicted in terms of s 51(2) of the Act, it was irregular for
the State thereafter to rely on s 51(1) which provides for a more severe
sentence. It was argued that the regional court was competent to impose a
sentence of ten years‟ imprisonment in terms of s 51(2) and therefore the
regional court had no authority to refer the matter to the high court for
sentencing purposes. Mbha JA, writing for the court, said the following:16

„The accused's right to be informed of the charge he is facing, and which must
contain sufficient detail to enable him or her to answer it, is underpinned by s 35(3)(a)
of the Constitution, which provides that  every accused person has a right to a fair
trial. The objective is not only to avoid a trial by ambush, but also to enable the
accused to prepare adequately for the trial and to decide, inter alia, whether or not to
engage legal representation, how to plead to the charge and which witnesses to call. It
follows that, if the State intends to rely on the minimum sentencing regime created in
the Act, this should be brought to the attention of the accused at the outset of the trial.
The question which must be answered, though, is what does sufficient detail in the
charge entail.‟ (My emphasis.)

[20] This court in Kolea  thus digressed from the other cases that said
that there had to be a vigilant  examination (Legoa and Mashinini); 'a fair
trial enquiry does not occur in vacuo, but . . . is first and foremost a fact-
based enquiry' (Mthembu); that „[T]he enquiry, therefore, is whether, on a

16 Para 7.

vigilant examination of the relevant circumstances, it can be said that an
accused had had a fair trial‟; and „. . . at least be required that the accused
be given sufficient notice of the State‟s intention to enable him to conduct
his defence properly (Ndlovu). The court however found, in Kolea, that
the appellant had not been prejudiced. The court considered the fact the
appellant did not raise any prejudice in the conduct of his trial due to the
failure to refer to s 51(1) of the Act in the charge sheet in the regional
court. Nor was this an issue on two occasions in the high court on
sentencing and appeal. It was raised for the first time in this court. The
court also had regard to the fact that the State had, at the outset, made it
clear that it intended to rely on the Act in the charge sheet. It is this latter
factor that distinguishes Kolea from the instant matter: no reference to the
Act was made in the charge sheet.

[21] What then is the effect of the pronouncement in Kolea that the Act
must be brought to the attention of the accused at the outset of the trial?
The difference between the ratio decidendi and obiter dictum of a
judgment was described as follows in Turnbull-Jackson v Hibiscus Coast
Municipality & others17:

„Literally, obiter dicta are things said by the way or in passing by a court.
They are not pivotal to the determination of the issue or issues at hand and are not
binding precedent. They are to be contrasted with the ratio decidendi of a judgment,
which is binding.
And (para 56):

'Only that which is truly obiter may not be followed. But depending on the
source, even obiter dicta may be of potent persuasive force and only departed from
after due and careful consideration.'

17 Turnbull-Jackson v Hibiscus Coast Municipality & others [2014] ZACC 24; 2014 (6) SA 592 (CC)
para 61

[22] In Kolea the court was not saddled with, and it did not pronounce
upon, what the position would have been had the Act not been mentioned,
as it had been mentioned. Therefore the pronouncement that the Act had
to be mentioned in a charge sheet at the outset of a trial was obiter dictum
for it was not necessary for the decision of this Court in determining
whether or not there had been prejudice. Since it decided that there was a
reference to the Act any discussion as to what the position would have
been had there been no reference to the Act, „could not advance the
reasoning by which the decision was reached.‟18 It is also clear that the
discussion in Kolea as to the possibility of prejudice considered that
substance was of paramount importance and that form was secondary. I
am of the view that a pronouncement that the Act had to be mentioned in
the charge sheet or at the outset of the trial would be elevating form
above substance. Every case must be approached on its own facts and it is
only after a diligent examination of all the facts that it can be decided
whether and accused had a fair trial or not.

[23] The appellant in this matter had opportunities in five separate
proceedings to raise a complaint of possible prejudice in the proceedings:
in the regional court after conviction, during two sentencing procedures
in the high court and during two appeals to the full court. He failed to do
so and only belatedly raised it in this court. He was not ambushed as the
charge sheet set out that he was charged with the rape of a ten-year-old
girl, which brought the offence within the ambit of s 51(1) of the Act as
was required in Legoa. He was convicted of the rape of a girl under 16
years, which is a conviction that attracts the minimum sentencing regime
in terms of the Act. He had effective legal representation throughout the

18 R v Crause 1959 (1) SA 272 (A) at 281C-D;.Pretoria City Council v Levinson 1949 (3) SA 305 (A)
at 317.

trial until his conviction and the transfer to the high court. Furthermore,
he was legally represented during both sentencing proceedings in the high
court and in both appeals to the full court. There was no objection in the
regional court after his conviction to the fact that the matter was being
transferred to the high court and to the prospect of life imprisonment
being imposed.19 He participated fully in the trial and pleaded not guilty.
He did not raise any prejudice prior to either of the two sentencing
procedures in the high court or raised it in either of the two appeals to the
full court. In both sentencing proceedings he knew the consequences of
his conviction, as the magistrate informed him that he faced life
imprisonment, but he chose not to testify during the sentencing
procedures.

[24] On appeal in this court counsel for the appellant could not point to
any prejudice the appellant had suffered due to the failure to mention the
Act in the charge sheet or at the outset of the trial, except that there might
have been the possibility that the appellant could have pleaded guilty.
However, that possibility is remote, as the appellant, eight years after the
incident and after his application for leave to appeal against his
conviction had been dismissed, still professed his innocence to Mr
Maluleka, who compiled the presentencing report.

[25] I am of the view that the appellant suffered no prejudice, in the
circumstances of this case, by the fact that the provisions of the Act had
not been mentioned in the charge sheet and that he had been referred to
the provisions of the Act by the trial court only after conviction and prior
to the commencement of the sentencing proceedings.

19 S v Kolea ibid, para 12.

[26] Furthermore, the principle of fairness connotes fairness to the
appellant, society at large and to the victim of the crime. The
Constitutional Court, in S v Jaipal20 said the following:
'The right of an accused to a fair trial requires fairness to the accused, as well as
fairness to the public as represented by the State. It has to instil confidence in the
criminal justice system with the public, including those close to the accused, as well
as those distressed by the audacity and horror of crime.'
Accordingly, the provisions of the Act are applicable and the appellant
did have a fair trial.

Were there substantial and compelling circumstances present not to
impose life imprisonment?
[27] The sentencing court took the appellant‟s personal circumstances,
the impact the crime had on the victim and the appellant‟s chances of
rehabilitation into account when determining that there were no
substantial and compelling circumstances. It was not argued that there
were substantial and compelling circumstances, but that the sentence was
shockingly inappropriate – in other words that the sentence was unjust in
the circumstances of the case.

[28] It is important when sentencing, to bear in mind the chief
objectives of criminal punishment, namely retribution, the prevention of
crime, the deterrence of criminals, and the reformation of the offender. At
the same time none of the elements of proper punishment must be over or
under
emphasised
when
considering
an
appellant‟s
personal
circumstances, the crime and the interest of society. Majiedt JA said in S
v Mudau:21

20 S v Jaipal 2005 (1) SACR 215 (CC) para 29.
21 S v Mudau 2013 JDR 0938 (SCA) para 13.

„I hasten to add that it is trite that each case must be decided on its own merits.
It is also self-evident that sentence must always be individualised, for punishment
must always fit the crime, the criminal and the circumstances of the case. It is equally
important to remind ourselves that sentencing should always be considered and
passed dispassionately, objectively and upon a careful consideration of all relevant
factors. Public sentiment cannot be ignored, but it can never be permitted to displace
the careful judgment and fine balancing that is involved at arriving at an appropriate
sentence. Courts must therefore always strive to arrive at a sentence which is just and
fair to both the victim and the perpetrator, has regard to the nature of the crime and
takes account of the interests of society. Sentencing involves a very high degree of
responsibility which should be carried out with equanimity. . .‟

[29] In S v Malgas22 it was found that the usual mitigating factors are
taken into account to determine whether there are substantial and
compelling circumstances present, but that the prescribed sentences
should not be deviated from for flimsy reasons.  As mentioned earlier,
prior to passing sentence the second time, a victim impact report was
obtained as well as a report regarding the personal circumstances of the
appellant. Mr Maluleka, the probation officer who testified at the
sentencing proceedings, compiled a pre-sentencing report in respect of
the appellant. From this report it transpired that the appellant was 28
years old, employed and engaged to the complainant‟s aunt. They had
one child. He was employed and he had passed matric in 1988. While he
was awaiting trial, the appellant was incarcerated for 12 months as an
awaiting trial prisoner. Between the initial sentence in 2000 and the
resentencing after the first appeal, while in prison, the appellant had
completed a Higher Certificate in Adult Basic Education and Training
through UNISA. He had further completed various life skills programmes
and completed various certificates in bible studies.

22 S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA).

[30] Mr Maluleka testified, as previously mentioned, that the appellant
still maintained his innocence despite then having spent nearly eight years
in prison. According to Mr Maluleka, this lack of remorse and failure to
accept responsibility for his crime impacted negatively on his possible
rehabilitation, in spite of the programmes he had attended. His opinion
was that without the appellant accepting responsibility, no course he
might attend would result in his rehabilitation, and he may rape someone
else, once released. This is a significant factor as the appellant had
previously been convicted of rape and was sentenced to lashes, nearly ten
years prior to the commission of this offence.

[31] Mr Louw, the counselling psychologist of the Teddy Bear Clinic
compiled a victim impact report. This report reflects the impact the rape
had on the complainant approximately eight years after the rape. As
mentioned, the appellant and the State accepted the facts contained in the
report to be correct as well as Mr Louw‟s conclusions. From this victim
impact report the following emerged with regard to the tests conducted
and the conclusions reached by Mr Louw.
„Results of CITES-R assessment:
 On the PTSD Sub scale of Intrusive Thoughts (IT) [the complainant] scored
11 out of a maximum of 14 points, which indicates a percentage of 71. This
indicates that [complainant] re-experiences the traumatic event at a clinically
significant level, as related to symptoms, nightmares, intrusive thoughts,
memories and images.
 On the PTSD Sub scale of Avoidance (AV) [the complainant] scored nine out
of a maximum of 16 points, which indicates a percentage of 56. This is an
indication that [the complainant] does sometimes attempt to avoid being
reminded about the traumatic event.

 On the PTSD Sub scale of Hyperarousal (HYP-AR) [the complainant] scored
nine out of a maximum of 12 points which indicates a percentage of 75. This
high percentage indicates that [the complainant] is exposed to feelings of
hyperarousal, and that she feels irritable, struggles to concentrate, has an
exaggerated startle response and feels restless and jumpy as a result.
 On the PTSD Sub scale of Sexual Anxiety (SX-A) [the complainant] scored
10 out of a maximum of ten points, which indicates a percentage of 100. The
high percentage indicates a pathological high level of anxiety that
[complainant] associates with sexual issues, as a result of the sexual assault.
She becomes upset when thinking about sexual issues, and wishes that there
were no such thing as sex. She also struggles to see herself ever having a
normal, mature sexual relationship.
 On the Social Reactions Sub Scale of Negative Reactions by Others (NRO)
[the complainant] scored two out of a maximum of 18 points, which indicates
a percentage of 11. This score indicates that [the complainant] did not
experience negative reactions by other people following her disclosure, and
that she feels that her family reacted appropriately to the situation.
 On the Social Reactions Sub Scale of Social Support (SS) [the complainant]
scored eight out of a maximum of 12 points, which indicates a percentage of
67. This indicates that [the complainant] did feel believed and supported by
the people closest to her that she disclosed to. She feels that her family is
trying to help and assist her, and is appreciative of their support.
  On the Attributions about Abuse Sub Scale of Self Blame/Guilt (SB-GU) [the
complainant] scored nine out of a maximum of 24 points, which indicates a
percentage of 38. This indicates that [the complainant] does not relate to
clinically significant levels of self-blame, and does not take undue
responsibility for what occurred.
  On the Attributions about Abuse Sub scale of Personal Vulnerability (PV)
[the complainant] scored 14 out of a maximum of 18 points, which indicates a
percentage of 78. Based on this it can be assumed that [the complainant] does
suffer from … believe that sexual assault happens to a lot of children, and that
it may occur to her again.

  On the Attributions about Abuse Sub scale of Dangerous World (DW) [the
complainant] scored 9 out of a maximum of 10 points, which indicates a
percentage of 90. [The complainant] perceives the world as a very dangerous
place, and does tend to struggle to trust people, following the sexual abuse.
 On the Attributions about Abuse Sub scale of Empowerment (EMP) [the
complainant] scored ten out of a maximum of 14 points, which indicates a
percentage of 71. This indicates that [the complainant] feels empowered in
terms of having more knowledge relating to abusive situations, which she can
use to better protect herself in future.
 On the Eroticism Sub scale Eroticism (ERO) [the complainant] scored 2 out of
a maximum of eight points, which indicates a percentage of 25 per cent. This
is an indication that [the complainant] does not associate with an increase in
sexual feelings, more than other individuals in her peer group do.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the information obtained from the clinical interview, as well as the results of
the psychometric testing, the following:
[The complainant] related several changes in her life, which she attributes to the
incident in question. She related to severe disruptions in her sexual development, and
that the meaning she attaches to sexuality continues to cause problems in her current
romantic relationship. She noted that she is still often reminded of what happened,
and that she experiences an uncomfortable emotional response when reminded. She
tries to avoid being reminded, and also avoids conversations relating to the incident.
Her sense of trust in others was affected, and she also feels that her personality was
changed, in terms of being more irritable and angry.
According to the results of the CITIES-R, [the complainant] continues to experience
elevated symptoms in terms of having intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, sexual anxiety
(very high), feeling personally vulnerable, and seeing the world as a dangerous place
(very high).
Based on the results of this assessment, the assessor is of the opinion that the incident
in question continues to have a daily and significant impact in [the complainant]‟s

life. When it is taken into account that the incident occurred about eight years ago, the
profound impact becomes apparent.
The rape was not just a physical act, causing her physical injuries. The psychological
impact remains, years after the incident, and continues to have a debilitating effect in
her life.

The assessor recommends that the court take the results of this assessment into
account when sentencing is considered, in terms of the life-long and continuous harm
that was inflicted by a person who was in a trusting and familiar relationship with the
victim.‟ (My emphasis.)

[32] It is clear from the report that the complainant‟s life has been
altered tremendously by the incident. The crime committed was a callous
exploitation of the complainant, a young girl with whom the appellant
was in a trusting relationship. It was cruel and degrading to the extent that
the complainant was compelled to walk back home with her upper body
naked, as the appellant had torn her blouse. He throttled her and
threatened her with death if she were to report the matter. This court has
before said that rape is generally degrading, humiliating and a brutal
invasion which is a violent infringement of a person‟s fundamental right
to be free from all forms of violence and not to be treated in a cruel,
inhumane
or
degrading
way.23
Furthermore,
it
infringed
the
complainant‟s fundamental right, as a child, to be protected from
maltreatment, degradation and abuse.24 The rape was very serious with
the complainant suffering debilitating, life-long consequences, namely (a)
severe disruption of her sexual development which caused problems in
her romantic development; (b) a lack of trust in others; (c) personality
changes in that she became more irritable and angry; (d) she suffers from

23 Section 12 (c) and (e) of the Constitution. See also S v Chapman 1997 (3) SA 341 (SCA) at 344J-
345B.
24 Section 28(d) of the Constitution.

hyperarousal with an exaggerated startle response; and (e) she feels
personally vulnerable and sees the world as a dangerous place.

[33] The conclusion of Mr Louw that the rape has had a long lasting
negative effect on the complainant was further confirmed by the fact that
the complainant was not called to testify in the second sentencing
procedure, eight years later, as it would have upset her severely. The
positive aspects apparent from Mr Louw‟s report are that the complainant
felt she had the support of her family who tried to assist her and she does
not blame herself for the crime that was committed against her.  However
these positive aspects pale in comparison to the psychological harm the
complainant has suffered and continues to suffer.

[34] There are numerous cases of this court where it has been said that
there are different degrees of seriousness of rape.  Cases such as
Rammoko v Director of Public Prosecutions,25 S v Abrahams26 and S v
Mahomotsa27 held that the objective gravity of the offence play an
important role in sentencing.   However, the rape in this instance can be
said to be extremely serious: a young child was raped by a relative, who
was trusted by the family with devastating psychological life-long
consequences; she suffered humiliation and physical abuse. It is
significant that the appellant was not a first time offender and has raped
before. His chances of rehabilitation are minimal as he persists with his
innocence, despite overwhelming evidence against him.

[35] I am of the view that there are no substantial and compelling
circumstances to deviate from the prescribed sentence. Furthermore, the

25 Rammoko v Director of Public Prosecutions 2003 (1) SACR 200 (SCA) para 12.
26  S v Abrahams 2002 (1) SACR 116 (SCA) para 29.
27 S v Mahomotsa 2002 (2) SACR 435 (SCA) para 17.

prescribed sentence would not be unjust, for even if there were no
prescribed sentence, life imprisonment, in my view, would have been the
appropriate sentence. The appellant‟s counsel suggested that the sentence
should be substituted with a sentence of 25 years‟ imprisonment. This
sentence, however, will not give effect to the gravity of the offence or be
fair to the complainant and society at large. I am of the view that a life
sentence is the only suitable sentence in the circumstances of this case.

[36] Therefore the following order is made:
„The appeal is dismissed.‟

______________________

I SCHOEMAN
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

Bosielo JA (Tshiqi JA concurring):
[37] I have had the benefit of reading a comprehensive judgment
penned by my colleague, Schoeman AJA. The salient facts relevant to the
issue to be decided have been fully set out in her judgment. There is
therefore no need to repeat them. However, for the reasons set out
hereunder, I do not agree with both her reasoning and conclusion.

[38] It is common cause as my colleague has recorded in her judgment
that, notwithstanding the fact that the appellant was charged with the rape
of a 10 year old female, which brings this offence within the purview of s
51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 (the Act), which
calls for a minimum sentence of life imprisonment unless the court found
that substantial and compelling circumstances existed which justified a

lesser sentence in terms of (s 51(3)), and that there was no mention of this
crucial element of the charge either in the charge sheet, during the plea
proceedings, or even during the entire trial, the appellant was nonetheless
sentenced to life imprisonment purportedly under s51(1). The transcript
shows that the issue of life imprisonment was only raised perfunctorily by
the trial court after conviction. To be precise this occurred only at the
sentencing stage. It was explained to the appellant as follows:
„YOU ARE THEN FOUND GUILTY OF RAPE OF THIS GIRL UNDER THE AGE
OF 16 YEARS.
That of course also implies when you come to the sentence aspect that I will have to
apply section 51, Act 105 of 1997, minimum sentences for certain serious offences. It
says notwithstanding any other law but subject to sub-section (3) and (6) a high court
shall, if it has convicted a person of an offence referred to in part 1 of Schedule 2,
sentence the person to life imprisonment. Part 1 of Schedule 2 states as regards rape,
when the victim is a girl under the age of 16 years.
I will therefore have to refer you to the Supreme Court for sentence. I cannot impose
life imprisonment.‟

[39] The crisp question to be answered in this appeal is whether the
failure to inform the appellant clearly and properly either at the beginning
of the trial or during the trial of the exact nature, the details and the
consequences of the offence that he faced, has denied him his right to a
fair trial. Both counsel conceded, correctly in my view, that the failure to
alert the appellant properly of the charge which he was facing and that he
faced the peril of life imprisonment is an irregularity. However, they
differed on whether this irregularity is so gross as to render the trial
unfair.

[40] At the heart of this appeal lies the right to a fair trial to which every
accused is entitled. To the extent relevant, s 35(3) of the Constitution
provides:
„Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right –
(a) to be informed of the charge with sufficient detail to answer it.‟

[41] Our courts, in particular this Court, have grappled with this
subsection on many occasions. In the process they have produced a long
list of cases which attempted to define the concept of a fair trial. I think
the correct starting point is S v Zuma 1995 (1) SACR 568 (CC) para 16
where the Constitutional Court stated the following:
„… The right to a fair trial conferred by that provision [s 25(3) of the interim
Constitution] is broader than the list of specific rights set out in paras (a) to (j) of the
subsection. It embraces a concept of substantive fairness which is not to be equated
with what might have passed muster in our criminal courts before the Constitution
came into force.
In S v Rudman and Another; S v Mthwana 1992 (1) SA 343 (A), the Appellate
Division, while not decrying the importance of fairness in criminal proceedings, held
that the function of a Court of criminal appeal in South Africa was to enquire
“whether there has been an irregularity or illegality, that is a departure from the
formalities, rules and principles of procedure according to which our law requires a
criminal trial to be initiated or conducted”.
A Court of appeal, it was said (at 377)
“does not enquire whether the trial was fair in accordance with “notions of basic
fairness and justice”, or with the “ideas underlying the concept of justice which are
the basis of all civilized systems of criminal administration”.‟
That was an authoritative statement of the law before 27 April 1994. Since that date s
25(3) has required criminal trials to be conducted in accordance with just those
“notions of basic fairness and justice”. It is now for all courts hearing criminal trials
or criminal appeals to give content to those notions.‟ (Own emphasis.)
See also National Director of Public Prosecutions v King [2010] ZASCA
8; 2010 (2) SACR 146 (SCA) para 4.

Section 25(3) of the interim Constitution has been replaced by s 35(3) of
the final Constitution. Hence I find the dictum in Zuma applicable to this
case.

[42] As Zuma demands the question to be answered is whether it can be
said that the appellant‟s trial was conducted in accordance with those
basic notions of fairness and justice. The first case on point is S v Legoa
2003 (1) SACR 13 (SCA) where the appellant was charged with dealing
in dagga. The appellant pleaded guilty to the charge as read out, which
plea the State accepted. Specific mention was made in the charge sheet of
the penalty provisions of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of
1992. No reference or mention was made of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act (the Act). As a result, the appellant had not been warned
that the minimum sentencing provisions would be applicable to him. He
was only informed that the penal provisions under the Drugs and Drug
Trafficking Act would be applicable. This is the case that he faced and
answered to. The issue on appeal was whether, notwithstanding the fact
that the appellant was not informed of the offence that he faced was
subject to the minimum sentencing legislation, he could nonetheless still
be sentenced under that Act. After a consideration of previous cases like
S v Seleke en andere 1976 (1) SA 675 (T), R v Zonele & others 1959 (3)
SA 319 (A), this Court held that it was highly unfair to confront the
appellant for the first time, after he had pleaded and been convicted of an
offence under a different statute with different penal provisions, to
thereafter proceed and sentence him under the Minimum Sentence Act.
However, this Court refrained from being pedantic and laying down a
general and inflexible rule that it is obligatory for the State to set out
clearly in the charge sheet the facts which it intends to rely on to bring an
accused within the ambit of the minimum sentence regime as well as the

statute under which he or she is charged. But it held that if this was seen
to be desirable or important in the pre constitutional era as it was found in
Seleke, it should be given more importance now as it is an entrenched
constitutional right. However, this Court cautioned that this is a matter of
substance and not form and that this required that the facts of each case
should be analysed scrupulously to determine if there has indeed been a
failure of justice - this being a factual enquiry.

[43] Then followed S v Ndlovu 2003 (1) SACR 331 (SCA) where the
appellant was charged and convicted of the unlawful possession of a
firearm and ammunition. The charge sheet did not specify that the firearm
was a semi-automatic firearm which called for a minimum sentence of
not less than 15 years‟ imprisonment in terms of s 51(2)(a) of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act. It was not disputed that the appellant had
not been alerted of the important fact that he was charged under the
minimum sentencing regime and that he faced the peril of a sentence in
terms of that Act. Faced with this legal conundrum, this Court endorsed
both Seleke and Legoa, and held at para 14 that „by invoking the
provisions of the Act without it having been brought pertinently to the
appellant‟s attention that this would render the trial in that respect
substantially unfair. That, in my view constituted a substantial and
compelling reason why the prescribed sentence ought not to have been
imposed‟.

[44] In upholding the appeal in Ndlovu, this Court went further and
stated at para 12:
„[W]here the state intends to rely upon the sentencing regime created by the
Act, a fair trial will generally demand that its intention pertinently be brought to the
attention of the accused at the outset of the trial, if not in the charge sheet then in

some other form, so that the accused is placed in a position to appreciate properly in
good time the charge that he faces as well as its possible consequences . . . It is
sufficient to say that what will at least be required is that the accused be given
sufficient notice of the State‟s intention to enable him to conduct his defence
properly.‟

[45] It is clear from the two cases cited above that without laying an
inflexible rule, this Court reiterated and confirmed the principle that
every accused is entitled to a fair trial as peremptorily decreed by our
Constitution. In the context of the specificity or sufficiency of details in
the charge sheet as envisaged by s35(3)(a), this Court  held that,
depending on the facts of each case, a failure to provide sufficient details
in the charge sheet of the offence for which the accused is charged and
the relevant legislation particularly where the State would want to rely on
an increased penal jurisdiction , or advise an accused fully and properly
of the charge he or she is facing, either at the beginning of the trial, or at
any stage of the trial, but before its conclusion, might lead to the
conclusion that he or she did not receive a fair trial.

[46] In order to appreciate the importance of why s 35(3) of the
Constitution guarantees the right of every accused person to a fair trial, it
is important to interrogate its underlying rationale. Section 35(3) sets out
clearly that every accused person must be informed of the charge which
he or she is facing with sufficient detail to answer it. It is axiomatic that
an accused person will never be able to defend him or herself effectively
unless he or she knows what the charge against him or her is. Evidently,
this requires that he or she must fully understand what the charge is, the
law under which he or she is charged and what the possible consequences
for him or her are upon conviction. It is intended to ensure that an

accused person is put in a position where he or she can put up his or her
best defence. Undoubtedly, this is essential as it will enable him or her to
consider and decide on the best strategy to adopt, and whether to enlist
legal assistance, or not, and if so, what kind of legal assistance. The
accused may also decide to plead guilty or to enter into a plea bargaining
agreement with the State.

[47] As this Court held in Ndlovu, it would be grossly unfair to an
accused person not to be told at all, either through the charge sheet or
during plea proceedings or at the trial in regard to the applicability of the
minimum sentence legislation. To inform him about such a patently
serious matter at the end of a trial as it happened in this case, defeats the
very purpose envisaged by s 35(3) of the Constitution. The options that
he or she can still exercise at such a late stage are severely limited or non-
existent as the horse has already bolted. Why charge an accused with a
particular statute that calls for a particular sentence and only after he or
she is convicted to change and sentence him to a period that does not
form of part the charge for which he or she stood trial and for which he or
she was convicted. Put simply, such a trial is a trial by ambush which is
neither desirable nor permissible in a constitutional democracy
underpinned by a Bill of Rights.

[48] Importantly, in terms of the charge sheet to which the appellant
pleaded, he was due to be sentenced to a sentence of imprisonment not
exceeding 10 years in terms of s 92 of the Magistrates‟ Courts Act 32 of
1944 upon conviction. In contrast, he was sentenced to imprisonment for
life in terms of s 51(1) of the Act after the court had found that there were
no substantial and compelling present circumstances to justify a lesser

sentence. Undoubtedly, this is offensive to any notion of fairness and
justice to the appellant.

[49] My colleague found that the failure by either the magistrate or the
prosecutor to inform the appellant of the applicability of the minimum
sentence legislation, and the undisputed fact that even the charge sheet
was silent about this crucial element of the charge, did not render the
appellant‟s trial unfair. She bases this on the fact that the appellant went
through five separate proceedings during the sentencing stages but never
raised this issue as a complaint. Based on this, she concludes that „he was
not ambushed as the charge sheet set out that he was charged with the
rape of a ten year old girl which brought the offence within the ambit of s
51(1) of the Act‟. This statement assumes that that the appellant knew
that he could object or that his legal representative knew that he could
object. What is clear is that neither his lawyer nor the appellant were
afforded any opportunity to say anything in respect of the decision to
refer the matter to the High Court. It was a final and an unequivocal order
by the magistrate. Unfortunately, this statement seems to suggest that the
appellant had the responsibility to ensure that he received all the
necessary details that would make the charge more serious than what the
State, armed with all the relevant information contained in the docket, has
elected to charge him with. Needless to state that it is the State which
elected which charge to prefer against an accused. Public prosecutors
who are representatives of the State are legally trained to read the docket
and decide which is the appropriate charge against an accused and not the
other way round. An accused plays no part in this election. In any event it
is clear from the plain reading of s 35(3) that the responsibility is on the
State and the presiding officer to observe, respect and protect the right of
every accused to a fair trial.

[50] I do not agree with the finding by my colleague as it suggests that
the mere mention of a rape of a 10 year old girl is sufficient to alert the
appellant that this is not an ordinary rape but rape under s 51(1) of the
Act. Even if it did, a reference to rape of a 10 year old girl does not on its
own tell an accused that he is facing the real peril of imprisonment for life
as opposed to any lengthy term of imprisonment. It is important to
remember that our criminal justice system is adversarial. Every accused
person must be afforded an opportunity to be able to present an answer to
the charge against him or her. This is in line with the fact that until
proven guilty an accused is presumed to be innocent. Furthermore, there
is no obligation on him or her to assist the State in making or proving a
case against him or her. The Constitution provides him or her with certain
procedural safeguards. These include the right to remain silent and right
against self- incrimination. Even more important is the fact that the duty
lies on the State to adduce sufficient and relevant evidence to prove the
guilt of an accused beyond reasonable doubt. The corollary hereof is that
there is no duty on the part of an accused to assist the State in his or her
prosecution. This is so because every criminal trial holds the potential of
grave consequences for every accused. It is a truism that life
imprisonment has replaced the death penalty as the ultimate sentence. It is
a sentence that should not be lightly imposed. Where an accused faces a
charge that might attract life imprisonment as an appropriate sentence, it
is only fair that such an accused should be fully aware of the charge that
he is facing, its details and the probable sentence that might be imposed
on him, should he be convicted. This is what the Constitution demands.

[51] This matter is distinguishable from S v Kolea [2012] ZASCA 199;
2013 (1) SACR 409 (SCA). In Kolea the state‟s intention to rely on the

minimum sentencing regime was made clear to the appellant from the
outset. Unlike in this case, the charge sheet made it clear that the
appellant was charged with rape read together with the provisions of s
51(2) of the Act although on the proven facts, it should have been s 51(1).
It was on this basis that this Court found that, notwithstanding the fact
that the charge sheet referred to a wrong section, the appellant had
nonetheless been sufficiently informed of the charge which he faced. As a
result this Court found that the mistake about the correct section did not
cause him any prejudice that might render the trial unfair.

[52] In this case the charge sheet informed the appellant that he was
charged with rape of a 10 years old girl and nothing more. There is no
mention of the minimum sentence legislation. At no stage did the
prosecutor apply to have the charge sheet duly amended to reflect the
correct charge. This is notwithstanding the fact s 86 (1) of the Criminal
Procedure Act 51 of 1977 permits him or her. One is driven to conclude
that the State was happy to charge him with and convict him on the
charge as it stood in the charge sheet. For all intents and purposes this is
an ordinary rape which does not call for life imprisonment as a mandatory
sentence. At the time the law prescribed a sentence not exceeding 10
years for such an offence. In all likelihood this is the sentence which the
appellant expected and not imprisonment for life. The complaint raised
by the appellant cannot be described as mere legal technicalities or
stratagems as it sits at the heart of a constitutionally protected right to a
fair trial. I have no doubt that the imposition of life imprisonment in
circumstances where he was never so alerted, caused the appellant grave
prejudice. Such has resulted in the appellant being denied his
constitutionally protected right to a fair trial. This goes against the spirit
and purport of the Bill of Rights, which is the cornerstone of our

democracy which resulted in him not having a fair trial. What this means
is that, as the appellant had not been informed of the applicability of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act, it was inappropriate and impermissible
for the regional magistrate to refer the proceedings to the High Court for
sentencing. The regional magistrate should have sentenced the appellant
for the rape in line with the penal jurisdiction of the magistrate court in
place at the time. This is so because in law the appellant was convicted of
ordinary rape and could only be sentenced for ordinary and not rape read
with s 51(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act. It follows that this
sentence cannot stand.

[53] Having set the sentence of life imprisonment aside, what then
would be an appropriate sentence? As I said earlier, the appellant was
charged and convicted of rape of a 10 year old girl. A Magistrates‟ Court
is a creature of statute. Its powers and penal jurisdiction is as set out in
the Magistrates‟ Courts Act. It cannot impose any sentence in excess of
what the Act prescribes. This is in line with the hallowed principle of
legality enshrined in our Constitution. Section 9 of the Magistrates‟
Courts Act as it applied then prescribed a sentence of not more than 10
years. Although this offence calls for life imprisonment in terms of the
Criminal Law Amendment Act, this Court cannot as a court of appeal
impose any other sentence outside the one statutorily prescribed by s 9 of
the Magistrates‟ Courts Act. This Court is bound to impose a sentence
which the regional magistrate was competent to impose. Our task
therefore is to determine what an appropriate sentence should be, given
all the facts relevant to this case. This should not be misconstrued to
imply that this Court fails to appreciate the seriousness and prevalence of
this offence. Our courts, but in particular, this Court has spoken in
numerous judgements about the horrors of this offence and its deleterious

effect on its victims, family members and the broader society. The nature
of this offence, its effect, impact on the complainant and the personal
circumstances of the appellant have been fully set out by my colleague.
There is no doubt that this is a very serious offence which calls for a
severe sentence which will adequately reflect its seriousness and
society‟s legitimate outrage and indignation at the people who commit
such crimes. This is so because such crimes bring about pain, heartbreak
and destruction of the victims‟ lives. Our courts have a huge
responsibility to protect society against such crimes by imposing
appropriate sentences. The appellant‟s circumstances pale when one reads
them against the seriousness of the offence. Ordinarily, as the majority
judgement holds, he deserved a more severe sentence. However, as the
law stood then, the appellant stood to be sentenced to imprisonment for a
period not exceeding 10 years imprisonment for the crime with which he
was charged and for which he was convicted.

[54] In the result:
1 The appeal against sentence is upheld.
2 The sentence of life imprisonment imposed on the appellant is set aside
and replaced with a sentence of 10 years‟ imprisonment.
3 The sentence imposed is antedated in terms of s282 of the Criminal
Procedure Act 51 of 1997 to 15 March 2000.

______________________

L O BOSIELO
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES

For Appellant:
W A Karam
Instructed by:
Johannesburg Justice Centre
Johannesburg Justice Centre, Johannesburg
Bloemfontein Justice Centre, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:

L A Surendra
Instructed by:
Director of Public Prosecutions
Director of Public Prosecutions, Johannesburg
Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein