THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Case No: 876/2017
Not Reportable
In the matter between:

JACOB NDENGEZI

APPELLANT

and

THE STATE

RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Ndengezi v The State (876/2017) [2017] ZASCA 174
(1 December 2017)
Coram:
Navsa, Swain, Mathopo JJA and Mokgohloa and Ploos van
Amstel AJJA
Heard:
1 November 2017
Delivered:

1 December 2017
Summary:

Appeal against conviction and sentence – doctrine of common
purpose improperly applied – conviction set aside – sentence reduced based on
misdirections including failure to take into account considerable period spent in
detention pending finalisation of trial.

__________________________________________________________________
ORDER
___________________________________________________________________
On appeal from: Gauteng Division of the High Court, Pretoria (Raulinga J sitting
as court of first instance):
1 The appeal in relation to the convictions on counts 1 and 2 and the related
sentences is upheld. Those convictions and the related sentences are set aside.
2 The appeal against sentence in relation to the remaining counts is upheld to the
extent reflected in the substituted order that follows.
3 The order of the court below in relation to sentence is set aside and substituted
as follows:
‘Count 3, sentenced to fifteen (15) years’ imprisonment;
Counts 4 and 5 are taken together and the sentence is one of twelve (12) years’
imprisonment;
Counts 6-9 taken together for purpose of sentence, twelve (12) years’
imprisonment;
Counts 10 and 11 taken together for purpose of sentence, three (3) years’
imprisonment.
The sentences in respect of counts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 will run concurrently with
the sentence imposed in respect of counts 4 and 5.
Accused three will serve an effective term of twenty seven (27) years’
imprisonment.’

_________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
_________________________________________________________________
The Court:

[1] The appellant, Mr Jacob Ndengezi, was the third of five accused who faced
charges in the court below, the High Court of South Africa (Circuit Local Division of
the Northern Circuit Division held at Modimolle). The appellant and his four co-
accused faced five counts of robbery with aggravating circumstances, four counts of
attempted murder and two counts involving the unlawful possession of firearms and
ammunition. In respect of the first two counts of robbery with aggravating

circumstances the appellant was convicted of theft. He was also found guilty, with all
of his co-accused, on three further counts of robbery with aggravating circumstances
and on four counts of attempted murder. Furthermore, the appellant and some of his
co-accused were found guilty on two counts relating to a contravention of provision
of the Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000. The appellant was sentenced as follows:
(i) Count 1: 6 years’ imprisonment (theft).
(ii) Count 2: 4 years’ imprisonment (theft).
(iii) Count 3: 16 years’ imprisonment (robbery with aggravating circumstances).
(iv) Count 4 – 5: (Taken together for sentencing purposes): 12 years’ imprisonment
(two counts of robbery).
(v) Counts 6-9: (Taken together for sentencing purposes): 15 years’ imprisonment
(four counts of attempted murder).
(vi) Counts 10-11: (Taken together for sentencing purposes): 3 years’ imprisonment
(unlawful possession of firearms and ammunition).
(vii) The court ordered the sentence on count 2 to run concurrently with the sentence
on count 1, and the sentences on counts 4-5 and 10-11 to run concurrently with the
sentence on counts 6-9.
The effective sentence was thus 37 years’ imprisonment.

[2] After his conviction and sentencing, the appellant applied for leave to appeal
in the court below. On 24 November 2011, the application was refused.
Subsequently, on 23 February 2015, this court granted three of the appellant’s co-
accused, namely accused one, two and four, leave to appeal to the full court in
respect of their convictions and sentences. On 23 May 2016 the full court in Pretoria
confirmed the convictions and sentences of accused 1, 2 and 4, except the
convictions and sentences on counts 1 and 2, which were set aside. Consequently,
with the deduction of the sentences related to counts 1 and 2 which had been set
aside, accused 1 and 2 each had an effective sentence of 35 years’ imprisonment
and accused 4, 33 years’ imprisonment. On 24 October 2016 the appellant was
granted special leave to appeal by this court, only in respect of the convictions on
counts 1 and 2 as well as the sentences imposed on all the counts. It is what the
present appeal is concerned with. This appeal is one of two related appeals heard by
us on the same day. The other, by accused one, two and four, under case number

296/2016, was directed against the full court’s dismissal of the appeal against
sentence.

[3] It is common cause that the complainants in respect of the first two counts of
robbery with aggravating circumstances had indeed each been robbed of a motor
vehicle, namely, a BMW and a Volkswagen Polo respectively. In respect of the first
and second robbery, the appellant was not identified as one of the robbers. The
motor vehicles were subsequently used in the bank robbery in respect of which the
appellant and his co-accused were implicated. The other counts faced by the
appellant and his co-accused were related to the bank robbery and its aftermath.
The bank robbery occurred more than a week after the BMW had been taken and
two days after the complainant in respect of the Volkswagen Polo had been robbed.
In convicting the appellant of the robbery of the two vehicles, the trial court (Raulinga
J), with reference to S v Mgedezi & others 1989 (1) SA 687 (A), said the following:
‘I think all that refers to common purpose, all that would confirm that the five requirements in
Mgedezi had been met and it, therefore, means that one or the other or all of the four
accused were actually involved and participated in the commission of the offences.’

[4] I pause to note that the court below did not rely on the doctrine of recent
possession to justify a conviction of theft on the counts of robbery with aggravating
circumstances (counts 1 and 2), or of receiving property knowing it to have been
stolen. Those would have been competent verdicts in terms of s 260 of the Criminal
Procedure Act 51 of 1977. Instead, the court below relied on the doctrine of common
purpose and Mgedezi. In relation to common purpose the court below placed
reliance on the following passage from that case which reads as follows:
‘In the absence of proof of a prior agreement, accused No 6, who was not shown to have
contributed causally to the killing or wounding of the occupants of room 12, can be held
liable for those events, on the basis of the decision in S v Safatsa & others 1988 (1) SA 868
(A), only if certain prerequisites are satisfied. In the first place, he must have been present at
the scene where the violence was being committed. Secondly, he must have been aware of
the assault on the inmates of room 12. Thirdly, he must have intended to make common
cause with those who were actually perpetrating the assault. Fourthly, he must have
manifested his sharing of a common purpose with the perpetrators of the assault by himself
performing some act of association with the conduct of the others. Fifthly, he must have had
the requisite mens rea; so, in respect of the killing of the deceased he must have intended

them to be killed, or he must have foreseen the possibility of their being killed and performed
his own act of association with recklessness as to whether or not death was to ensue.’

[5] The court below erred when it proceeded to apply the principles set out in
Safatsa and Mgedezi to the facts of this case. The association in relation to a
common purpose that manifested itself was in respect of the other counts, excluding
counts 1 and 2, in respect of which the appellants were convicted. The bank robbery
occurred some time after the complainants on counts 1 and 2 had been robbed of
their vehicles.

[6] Before us, the State rightly did not oppose the setting aside of the
convictions on those two counts. The State was constrained to concede that the
court below had erred in convicting the appellant on those counts and did not seek to
justify it on any basis. It follows that on that score the appeal should succeed.

[7] Considering the sentences set out in para 1 above, it follows that if the
sentences on counts 1 and 2 are left out of the equation, the effective sentence
imposed by the trial judge would be one of 31 years’ imprisonment. Before us it was
submitted on behalf of the appellant that the sentence was too severe and should be
reduced significantly in proportion to the nature and seriousness of the offences.

[8] Raulinga J’s judgment on sentence was brief. In sentencing the appellant
and his co-accused he rightly took into account that the peace in Modimolle, the
town in which the bank robbery occurred, was disturbed in the most dramatic fashion
by the robbers during and after the bank robbery. He noted that, in making their
getaway, the appellant and his co-accused shot at the police, damaging their
vehicles, and in the process hijacked two motor vehicles belonging to innocent
bystanders. The court below recorded that innocent people were traumatised by the
robbery and its aftermath. The appellant was 28 years old at the time of the
commission of the offences in question and was a first offender. The court below, in
sentencing the appellant and his co-accused, said the following:
‘While the sentences that I am going to meter out now will also consider the circumstances
of the accused, I want to say that it is more an emphasis on the rights of the victim and it is
unfortunate that this campaign is starting when you are being sentenced because I believe

this campaign must be promoted from now on. The victims have to be protected over and
above the rights of perpetrators and I must state again that our sentences have to be
blended with mercy and that they have to be proportionate. It is for that reason that the
following sentences are being meted out.’ (Our emphasis.)
Earlier, Raulinga J had said the following:
‘[I]t is high time that we should start to emphasise the rights of the victims more than
emphasising the rights of the perpetrators.’

[9] The court below did not take into account the period of three years and
seven months that the appellant had spent in detention pending the finalisation of the
trial.

[10] The ‘campaign’ purportedly started by the court below is unhelpful and is
against the preponderance of authorities which state that a balance should be struck
between societal interests and the interests of an accused person. The failure to take
into account the considerable period spent in detention is a further misdirection,
entitling this court to interfere in the sentence imposed.1

[11] There is no rule of thumb that in determining an appropriate sentence, one
should take into account the period of detention awaiting the completion of the trial
and double it before subtracting it from what the sentence would otherwise have
been. Put differently, there is no mechanical formula to determine the extent to which
a sentence should be reduced by reason of the period of detention prior to
conviction. In this regard see S v Radebe [2013] ZASCA 31; 2013 (2) SACR 165
(SCA) at para 11. In para 13 the following appears:
‘In my view there should be no rule of thumb in respect of the calculation of the weight to be
given to the period spent by an accused awaiting trial. (See also S v Seboko 2009 (2) SACR
573 (NCK) para 22.) A mechanical formula to determine the extent to which the proposed
sentence should be reduced, by reason of the period of detention prior to conviction, is
unhelpful. The circumstances of an individual accused must be assessed in each case in
determining the extent to which the sentence proposed should be reduced.’
Part of para 14 reads as follows:

1 See S v Kgosimore [1999] ZASCA 63; 1999 (2) SACR 238 (SCA), para 10.

‘A better approach, in my view, is that the period in detention pre-sentencing is but one of
the factors that should be taken into account in determining whether the effective period of
imprisonment to be imposed is justified: whether it is proportionate to the crime committed.’

[12] It was suggested on behalf of the appellant that an effective sentence of
between 16 and 20 years would be appropriate. We disagree. Having regard to the
brazen manner in which the bank was robbed and the getaway effected, including a
shootout wild-west style with innocent bystanders being drawn into the robbers’ web
of violence, a lenient sentence such as the one proposed would send out the wrong
message. It must become clear to would-be perpetrators of offences such as the
ones in question that they will be met with the full force of the law and that sentences
will be appropriate to the offences they commit. However, the effective sentence
imposed motivated by the court below on the basis of the ‘campaign’ referred to is
severe. Moreover, the period of incarceration pending the finalisation of the trial was
substantial and ought to have been taken into account by the court below in favour of
the appellant. In our view, having regard to all the circumstances, including the time
spent in detention pending the outcome of the trial, an effective sentence of 27
years’ imprisonment constituted in the manner appearing in the substituted order that
follows, is appropriate.

[13] The following order is made:
1 The appeal in relation to the convictions on counts 1 and 2 and the related
sentences is upheld. Those convictions and the related sentences are set aside.
2 The appeal against sentence in relation to the remaining counts is upheld to the
extent reflected in the substituted order that follows.
3 The order of the court below in relation to sentence is set aside and substituted
as follows:
‘Count 3, sentenced to fifteen (15) years’ imprisonment;
Counts 4 and 5 are taken together and the sentence is one of twelve (12) years’
imprisonment;
Counts 6-9 taken together for purpose of sentence, twelve (12) years’
imprisonment;
Counts 10 and 11 taken together for purpose of sentence, three (3) years’
imprisonment.

The sentences in respect of counts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 will run concurrently with
the sentence imposed in respect of counts 4 and 5.
Accused three will serve an effective term of twenty seven (27) years’
imprisonment.’

___________________
M S Navsa
Acting Deputy President

__________________
K G B Swain
Judge of Appeal

_________________
R S Mathopo
Judge of Appeal

_________________
F E Mokgohloa
Acting Judge of Appeal

________________
J Ploos van Amstel
Acting Judge of Appeal

Appearances:

For the Appellant:
H Fraser

Instructed by:

Pieter Coetzee Attorneys, Pretoria

Martins Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For the Respondent:
J P van der Westhuizen

Instructed by:

Director of Public Prosecutions, Pretoria

Director of Public Prosecution, Bloemfontein