THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Not Reportable
Case No: 168/2018

In the matter between:

NTSHAVHENI SAMUEL NNDWAMBI                                                    APPELLANT

and

THE STATE                                                                                          RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:  Nndwambi v S (168/2018) [2018] ZASCA 99 (14 June 2018)
Coram:
Lewis and Saldulker JJA and Mothle AJA
Heard:
No oral hearing in terms of s 19(a) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of
2013
Delivered:  14 June 2018

Summary: An extracurial admission made by a co-accused is not admissible against
other co-accused. Conviction set aside.

___________________________________________________________________

ORDER

On appeal from: Limpopo Division of the High Court, Thohoyandou (Makgoba AJ
sitting as court of first instance):
1 The appeal against the convictions for murder and robbery with aggravating
circumstances is upheld, and the convictions and sentences on those counts are set
aside.
2 The order of the trial court is replaced with:
‘The fourth accused is found not guilty on the charges of murder and robbery with
aggravating circumstances.’
__________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT

Lewis JA (Saldulker JA and Mothle AJA concurring)

[1] This is an appeal against convictions of the appellant for murder and robbery
with aggravating circumstances, handed down by the then Limpopo Division of the
High Court, Thohoyandou, (Makgoba AJ) on 22 August 2005. The appellant was one
of four co-accused, three of whom pleaded not guilty. The first accused made an
extra-curial admission exculpating himself to a large degree and incriminating the
other three accused, including the appellant. Makgoba J accepted the extra-curial
admission and convicted all four of the accused on the strength of that admission
alone. The appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder and 20
years’ imprisonment for the robbery. Makgoba AJ refused the appellant’s application
for leave to appeal against conviction and sentence on 16 March 2007.

[2] The appellant has been detained in custody for well over ten years now. This
court gave leave to appeal to it in January 2017. The appeal was not timeously
prosecuted and lapsed. The appellant seeks condonation for the delay in
prosecuting the appeal and its reinstatement on the roll. The explanations proffered
for the delay relate in the main to the tardiness of the court processes and the illness

of counsel representing the State. In my view, while the explanations are not
particularly compelling, the delay is not the fault of the appellant and there would be
a grave miscarriage of justice if the appeal were not to be considered. Condonation
is accordingly granted and the appeal reinstated.

[3] As the State has conceded, the admission incriminating the appellant should
not have been sufficient to discharge the State’s onus of proving the appellant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. The appellant denied any involvement in the
commission of the offences and no evidence was led by the State other than that of
the accused who incriminated his co-accused.

[4] In the seminal decision of S v Litako [2014] ZASCA 54; 2015 (3) SA 287, this
court (per Navsa and Ponnan JJA) held that s 3(1)(c) of the Law of Evidence
Amendment Act (which permits the admission of hearsay evidence in exceptional
circumstances) did not prevail over the principles of the common law that admissions
made extra-curially were not to be used against a co-accused. This court examined
the South African common law, as well as the law of other jurisdictions, in particular
England from which our law of evidence derives, and concluded that since any out-
of-court statement by a co-accused would compromise the constitutional right to a
fair trial, it should not be admissible against an accused. See paras 67 and 68 of
Litako in particular.

[5] Given the State’s concession in this regard, as well as its referral to Mulaudzi
v S [2016] ZASCA 70, in which this court upheld the appeal of one of the appellant’s
co-accused in the trial court (on the basis that the evidence adduced by the State
before the trial court was not satisfactory in all respects), this court considers it
unnecessary to hold an oral hearing for the appeal. Section 19(a) of the Superior
Courts Act 10 of 2013 provides that a court may dispose of an appeal without the
hearing of oral argument.

[6] Accordingly, despite the fact that the appeal has been set down for hearing on
15 August 2018, we have agreed, having considered counsels’ heads of argument
and the record of the trial, that the appeal should be upheld, the convictions being
bad in law. The Registrar of this court is directed immediately to transmit the order of

this court to the detention centre in which the appellant is being held, so that he can
be released from custody immediately.

[7] Accordingly:
1 The appeal against the convictions for murder and robbery with aggravating
circumstances is upheld, and the convictions and sentences on those counts are set
aside.
2 The order of the trial court is replaced with:
‘The fourth accused is found not guilty on the charges of murder and robbery with
aggravating circumstances.’

________________________
C H Lewis
Judge of Appeal

APPEARANCES

For Appellant:

A A Ramanyimi

Instructed by:

Sigwavhulimu Attorneys, Thohoyandou

Bokwa Inc, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:

N R Nekhambele

Instructed by:

Director of Public Prosecutions, Thohoyandou

Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein