THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

Case No 402/2001
REPORTABLE

In the matter between

Absa Bank Ltd t/a Bankfin                                                              Appellant

and

Jordashe Auto CC                                                                         Respondent

Before:
Schutz, Farlam, Nugent JJA, Jones and Heher AJJA

Heard:
20 September 2002

Delivered: 27 September 2002

Competing claims to vehicles between seller of alleged consignment stock with
reservation of ownership and bank claiming ownership under a floor plan agreement in
form of a sale – bank failing to establish estoppel as it did not rely on a possible
representation by consignor – bank alleging fraud by consignor – referred back for
evidence.

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JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________

SCHUTZ JA and HEHER AJA
[1] This is a dispute about who owns certain 31 motor vehicles.  One
contender relies upon its reservation of ownership when 27 of the vehicles
were delivered to a second-hand motor dealer for sale on consignment.
The other relies upon an alleged fictitious delivery of the same 27 vehicles
to it by the dealer, under a floor plan agreement.  The remaining four were
not delivered to the dealer and Absa’s lack of defence to the claim for these
vehicles will be dealt with below.  The dealer was one Marais who traded
at Nelspruit under the name of Ritchies Motors (“Ritchies”).  That he acted
dishonestly is clear.  He and his close corporation are not parties to the
appeal.
[2] The party who sold on consignment is Jordashe Auto CC
(“Jordashe”), which traded at Florida as a second-hand motor dealer.  It is
the respondent in this Court, having been successful in obtaining a final
order for the return of the vehicles in its urgent application in the Transvaal
Provincial Division.  The party who provided Ritchies with finance under
the floor plan and who claims that it has acquired ownership of the vehicles
by a fictitious delivery by Ritchies is Absa Bank Ltd (“Absa”).  Bankfin
was the division of Absa with whom Ritchies dealt.  Jordashe cited and
served Ritchies as the first respondent in the Court of first instance and

Absa as the second.  Ritchies did not oppose the application.  The vehicles
had already been or were about to be attached by Absa.  In this Court Absa
is the appellant, having obtained special leave to appeal.  Jordashe was
successful not only before the judge of first instance (Coetzee AJ) but also
before the Full Court (Roux J with Roos and Bertelsmann JJ concurring).
[3] The record has swelled to 908 pages, but the founding affidavit of
Jordaan was simple and short – 19 pages long.  He alleged that in 1998 he,
as the representative of Jordashe, concluded an oral agreement with Marais,
acting for Ritchies.  The terms were that Jordashe would deliver vehicles to
be sold on consignment, that any profit over the pre-determined cost price
would be divided equally, that Ritchies was to pay over Jordashe’s share
(the cost price plus half the profit) upon receiving moneys from the persons
to whom Ritchies sold, that Ritchies would not be entitled otherwise than
as agreed to sell, pledge or burden the vehicles, and, finally, that ownership
would remain vested in Jordashe until it had been paid in full.  No mention
was made in the founding affidavit as to the ownership of vehicles which
Ritchies might accept as trade-ins as part payment of the price of vehicles
sold by it.  However, in the replying affidavit, in response to a challenge
that certain of the vehicles had never been owned by it, Jordashe stated that
the agreement extended also to vehicles that had been traded in, so that
when Ritchies took possession of them it did so as agent for Jordashe,
which became the owner.

[4] Jordashe’s treatment of its acquisition of the vehicles it itself
delivered to Ritchies was brief.  Jordaan said that vehicles identified in a
Schedule C were bought in the ordinary course of business, that the price
was paid to the sellers and delivery was taken.  Registration papers were
received from the sellers, but the vehicles were not registered in Jordashe’s
name, as this would have entailed unnecessary expense and administration.
[5] When vehicles were delivered by Jordashe to Ritchies from time to
time the keys and registration papers were handed over and signed
acknowledgements of the reservation of ownership were obtained.
[6] During October 1999 Jordaan became concerned over Ritchies’s
payment record.  On 4 November he went to Nelspruit and confronted
Marais.  He was shocked to discover that certain of the vehicles held on
consignment had been registered in the name of Ritchies, contrary to the
agreement, and presumably by the use of falsified transfer of ownership
forms.  That is Jordaan’s version.  He demanded the return of all the
Jordashe vehicles, only ultimately to discover that Marais had subjected
some of them to a floor plan agreement with Absa that purports to vest
ownership in Absa.  Not all the vehicles on the floor were subject to this
agreement, and eventually Marais agreed that Jordashe could remove those
vehicles not subject to it.
[7] On the same day, 4 November, Jordaan came to an agreement with
Ritchies’s attorneys that, pending an application to the High Court by
Jordashe for the return of the vehicles, Ritchies would not deal with,

alienate or hypothecate any of those to which Jordashe laid claim.  We do
not find it necessary to deal with the manner in which this undertaking was
respected or not respected, save to state that before Jordashe reached the
High Court, Absa had issued summons in the Nelspruit magistrate’s court
claiming possession of the vehicles.  The basis of the claim was
ownership.  Marais had consented to judgment.  The messenger then
attached the vehicles on behalf of Absa.  This all happened on one day, 9
November 1999.
[8] Jordaan contends that the floor plan agreement is a simulation.  What
is in truth a loan of money secured by a pledge of movables which have not
been delivered to the pledgee, has been dressed up as a sale and delivery.
[9] Absa’s answer is contained mainly in the affidavits of Messrs Crous
and Badenhorst.  The latter’s various affidavits are lengthy.  Much of them
was hearsay and important parts were struck out.  I shall seek to abstract
the essence of the defences.  Absa is said to have obtained ownership from
Ritchies by delivery under the floor plan.  The basis for this contention is to
be found in the dealings between Absa and Ritchies, in that Ritchies issued
invoices to Absa, Absa paid out Ritchies and Ritchies has not repaid Absa.
The affidavits are not directed towards showing that Ritchies acquired
ownership from the persons from whom it bought the vehicles.  Thus, apart
from the possible presumption arising from Ritchies’s apparent possession
of them, nemo dat quod non habet rears its head.

[10] Jordashe’s contention that the floor plan is a simulation is contested.
Delivery is said to have occurred by Ritchies’s continued holding of the
vehicles being a holding on behalf of Absa.  In other words, no physical
transfer having taken place, Absa relies on constitutum possessorium.
[11] Badenhorst then challenges Jordashe’s version of what had happened
between that firm and Ritchies.  In the first place the alleged delivery for
sale on consignment is challenged.  Far from Jordashe being the victim of
Marais, it is charged with having conspired with Marais to secure finance
from Absa by deceit.  There is no direct evidence to support this, but there
are deponents who claim that Jordashe knew of the existence of the floor
plan well before 4 November 1999.  As will appear later in this judgment
the issue of deceit is now to be referred for evidence, but for the moment it
is convenient to proceed on the assumption that Jordaan’s evidence is
truthful.
[12] Then Absa disputes that Jordashe has proved that it ever acquired the
vehicles from sundry sellers.  Jordashe is challenged to prove its
acquisition of ownership.  A constant refrain is that if Jordaan is shown to
have erred in one particular the whole body of evidence becomes suspect.
This challenge elicited a very lengthy replying affidavit in which Jordashe
seeks to establish its ownership vehicle by vehicle and document by
document.  Certain of the vehicles were acquired by Ritchies not from
Jordashe but from other persons.  Jordashe’s response is, yes, that is true,
these were the vehicles which were taken by Ritchies as trade-ins, and as

such were also subject to the ownership agreement.  This is how the trade-
ins came to be dealt with only in the replying affidavit.  Absa also makes a
point about certain of the vehicles which Jordashe had claimed that it
owned and had delivered to Ritchies – that those vehicles were not to be
found on Ritchies’s floor on the day of the attachment, but were on the
floor of Jordashe’s premises at Florida.  Some of them had been advertised
for sale in a magazine called Auto-Trader.  Jordaan’s response is that one
of these vehicles (No 33 on Schedule C) had indeed been delivered to
Ritchies but had been returned for sale by Jordashe as Ritchies had not
managed to sell it.
[13]  The four other vehicles previously referred to (Nos 24, 31, 32 and 35
on Schedule C) had not yet been sent to Ritchies but their registration
papers had.  Jordashe deposed without contradiction that no consignment
price had been agreed with Ritchies in respect of these vehicles.  Ritchies
had then fraudulently put registration papers of the four vehicles forward to
Absa under the floor plan agreement as being available on its floor.  As the
uncontested evidence is that these four vehicles were never in the hands of
Ritchies, even if constitutum possessorium were a valid method of delivery
to Absa, that would not avail Absa, as one of the requirements, possession
by the ‘seller’, would be absent.  Accordingly it can be stated at once that
Absa has no claim to these four vehicles.
[14] Absa also relies upon estoppel.  Jordashe is said to have made a
representation that Ritchies could alienate the vehicles, this by permitting

them to be displayed for sale on Ritchies’s floor and by handing over the
registration certificates.  Absa is said to have acted on this representation to
its prejudice by entering into the floor plan agreement and by making
payments to Ritchies pursuant to it.  In response Jordaan, apart from stating
that the agreement is a simulation, contends that the representation was
made by Marais and not by Jordashe, and that, far from its misleading
Absa, Absa misled itself by not asking for proof of Ritchies’s acquisitions
of ownership.  Attention is also drawn to the fact, already mentioned, that
Absa makes no attempt to prove that Ritchies acquired ownership of the
vehicles from persons other than Jordashe.  Accordingly, in so far as
Jordashe may prove that it was the one which acquired and thereafter
retained ownership, there is nothing to contradict that proof.
[15] We now turn to consider whether Absa has established that it
acquired ownership.
Has Absa acquired ownership by delivery?
[16] In order to have acquired ownership in this manner Absa has to
prove five things:  1.  A delivery.  2.  In a form that the law allows.  3.  By
a person entitled to pass ownership.  4.  Marais intended to pass ownership.
5.  Absa intended to receive ownership.
[17] Whether the third requirement is satisfied depends largely upon
whether Jordashe’s version  of the contract reserving ownership and its
ignorance of the existence of the floor plan until 4 November 1999 is
accepted.  If it is, then Marais could never have intended to pass ownership

because he knew he could not.  His purpose would have been to defraud
both Absa and Jordashe.  Absa has produced no direct evidence to
contradict the terms of the contract but it claims that there are clear pointers
that Jordashe knew of the floor plan well before 4 November.  The fact that
it then remained silent, the argument proceeds, indicates that it was
colluding with Marais in order to obtain finance from Absa by fraud.  If
this suspicion becomes established the whole of Jordaan’s testimony
collapses.  Instead of being an innocent victim of Marais he would emerge
as one acting in concert with Marais to persuade Absa to part with its
money.  Hence the need to probe the matter in evidence.
Jordashe’s complicity?  Reference to evidence.
[18] The pointers to complicity relied on are those that follow.  On 13
October 1999 one De Necker, an Absa official, visited Jordashe’s premises
at Florida where he met Jordaan.  That much is common cause.  According
to De Necker he told Jordaan that he wished to inspect certain vehicles
which were subject to a floor plan agreement.  Jordaan was co-operative
and pointed out vehicles.  De Necker then asked why the vehicles which
were subject to a floor plan agreement between Absa and Ritchies were
were not at the latter’s premises at Nelspruit, to which Jordaan responded
that Ritchies had difficulty in selling certain models.  Jordaan has a
different version of the conversation in which he denies that there was any
mention of a floor plan.

[19] Another Absa official, one Auckamp, visited the Florida premises on
28 October 1999, where he spoke to an employee who was presumably Mr
Boersma.  According to Auckamp, after he had identified himself as an
Absa official he stated that his purpose was to see if he could find whether
certain vehicles which could not be found at Ritchies’s premises at
Nelspruit were at Florida.  Boersma co-operated in pointing out vehicles.
Boersma’s version is slightly different, to the effect that all that was said
was that as a bank official Auckamp was inspecting certain vehicles on
behalf of Ritchies.
[20] A further Absa official, one Van Heerden, deposes that he
telephoned Jordaan on 13 October 1999.  His stated purpose was to find out
whether certain vehicles which Ritchies wished to place on the floor plan
and which it claimed had been bought from Jordashe, had been paid for.
He received an affirmative answer.  Van Heerden concludes his affidavit
by stating that Jordaan was fully aware that vehicles had been subjected to
the floor plan by Ritchies, but he does not explain why he makes that
statement.  Jordaan denies the telephonic conversation entirely.
[21] Mr van Rensburg was Marais’s attorney.  He states that on 2
November 1999 there was a meeting held in Pretoria at which Jordaan,
Marais and he were present.  At the meeting, according to Van Rensburg, a
list of vehicles subject to the floor plan was drawn up at the request of
Jordaan and handed to him.  That list is Annexure C to Jordaan’s founding
affidavit.  It is headed ‘Vloerplan Voorraad Soos Op 2 November 1999’.

The floor plan was then discussed with a possible view to Jordashe taking it
over and employing Marais.  Van Rensburg’s impression was that Jordaan
had known of the floor plan for some time.  Jordaan agrees that the meeting
took place on 2 November but states that is was concerned with Marais’s
financial crisis and denies that there was any mention of a floor plan.
Jordaan does not explain why the list was dated 2 November or why it
referred to floor plan stock.
[22] The probability or improbability of the versions put forward by
either side was debated.  In view of the course that the matter has taken the
less we say on that subject the better.
[23] In the court of first instance Absa argued, in the alternative, that
should its main defences fail, Jordashe could not obtain a final order
without evidence, because of certain conflicts of fact.  Neither party asked
for a reference to evidence.  Mr van der Merwe, for Absa, whilst conceding
that it bore the onus to prove the fraud alleged, relied on Ngqumba en ’n
Ander v Staatspresident en Andere etc 1988 (4) SA 224(A) at 259C-263D,
which holds that, even where the onus is on the respondent, it is for the
applicant claiming final relief to call for evidence (We shall assume for the
purposes of the present case that that case was correctly decided).  The
Court consequently pointed out to Mr Davis, for Jordashe, the difficulty
which might face him whilst this decision stood.  Bound by Absa’s version
and unready to have the witnesses tested, his client might lose its case.
After an adjournment we were informed that the parties had agreed that the

matter be referred back and had prepared a draft order to regulate the next
stage in this protracted case.  That draft forms part of the order at the end of
this judgment.
[24] A further matter, however, had already been fully argued by Mr van
der Merwe, and we intend to express our views, adverse to Absa, on this
point.
Has an estoppel been established?
[25] On the facts of this case we are of the view that no estoppel has been
established.  The submission was, that by placing the vehicles on Ritchies’s
floor without any warning of a reservation of ownership, Jordashe had held
out to the world and thus to Absa that Ritchies was authorized to sell them.
However, this is not a case in which a passer-by was attracted into
Ritchies’s premises by a display of cars.  There is no evidence that Absa
inspected vehicles before ‘buying’ them, and if there were later inspections
their purpose was to make sure that what it had ‘bought’ was either still
there or had been paid for.  Rather was Absa induced by papers, Marais’s
fraudulent papers, in which Jordashe had had no part.  The papers which
Jordashe had sent to Ritchies were not used.  Marais had fraudulently
acquired new registration papers in his own name.  Those were what he
used.  Those were what helped to induce Absa.  In Badenhorst’s own
words, the inducement was the presentation of a Ritchies invoice, proof of
full payment for the vehicle and a registration document.  So little did Absa
rely on what was on the floor, that in one case it placed on the floor plan a

vehicle that had never been sent to Nelspruit.  Nor was the registration
certificate.
[26] In these circumstances the fourth requirement for an estoppel (see
NBS Bank Ltd v Cape Produce Co (Pty) Ltd and Others 2002 (1) SA
396(SCA) at 412D-E) has not been established.  Supposing that Jordashe
did make a representation, Absa did not rely on it.  This being so it is
unnecessary to consider the other aspects of estoppel.  The plea of estoppel
must fail.  It is therefore also unnecessary to give further consideration to
the issues of simulation or delivery by constitutum possessorium.
[27] Overall, then, Absa has not established that it acquired ownership of
the vehicles.
What remains?
[28] Mr Davis conceded that two vehicles had been wrongly included in
the order.  Following the numbering in annexure C, no 36 was fully paid
for by Ritchies.  VW Jetta BFB202GP had not been claimed in the original
claim.  It does not appear on annexure C so that it should not have been
included in the order.  These two vehicles are no longer in issue.
[29] In the papers there was some debate about the vehicles numbered 12,
14, 16, 25 and 28.  Mr Davis says they should have been included in the
order.  But they were not and there is no cross-appeal.  Accordingly Mr
Davis agrees that they are not subjects of this appeal and that separate
proceedings will have to be brought.

[30] There may yet be room for argument about whether certain of the
vehicles allegedly traded in have been identified as consignment stock.  In
this connection I would point out that they fall into different classes and
that it may not be necessary for Jordashe to prove ownership.  Possession
may suffice – see Shenker v Bester 1952 (3) SA 664(A) at 674H-676B and
Makakole v Officer Commanding C I D, Maseru and Another L A C (1985-
1989) 207 (a decision of the Lesotho Court of Appeal).  These cases may
be relevant if it is established that Absa has no title to the vehicles.
[31] The main issue remaining is to be the subject of evidence, whether
Jordashe knew of the floor plan, consented to or acquiesced in it and
remained quiet.
Costs
[32] Mr Davis asked that the costs of appeal be reserved to that they may
follow victory in the oral hearing.  Mr van der Merwe asks for costs,
contending that an unnecessary appeal was occasioned by Jordashe’s
failure to ask for evidence at first instance.  We agree with this argument.
[33] Although we were not addressed on the matter it seems to us that the
costs orders in favour of Jordashe against Absa both at first instance and in
the appeal to the Full Court should be set aside and reserved.
Order
[34] 1.
The appeal succeeds with costs, including the costs of two

counsel, in respect of all vehicles except the vehicles
numbered 24, 31, 32 and 35 on Schedule C.  The appeal fails
in the case of those excepted vehicles.
2.
The matter is referred for hearing of oral evidence in the
Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court of  South
Africa at a date to be arranged with the registrar on the
following questions:

2.1
Whether or not Jordashe Auto CC knew of the existence
of the floor plan agreement before the 4th November
1999 and if so,
2.2
since when had it known of the said floor plan
agreement,
2.3
if so, whether Jordashe Auto CC consented to or
acquiesced in it.
3.
The evidence shall be that of any witnesses whom the parties
or either of them may elect to call, subject, however to what is
provided in para 4 hereof.
4.
Save for the witnesses whose affidavits are already filed,
neither party shall be entitled to call any witnesses unless:
(a)
It has served on the other party, at least 14 days before
the date appointed for the hearing (in the case of a
witness to be called by Jordashe Auto CC) and at least
10 days before such date (in the case of a witness to be

called by Absa Bank Ltd), a statement signed by the
witness wherein the evidence to be given in chief by
such person is set out;  or
(b)
the court, at the hearing, permits such person to be
called despite the fact that no such statement has been
so served in respect of his evidence.
5.
Either party may subpoena any person to give evidence at the
hearing, whether such person has consented to furnish a
statement or not.
6.
The fact that a party has served a statement in terms of para 4
hereof, or subpoenaed a witness, shall not oblige such party to
call the witness concerned.
7.
Within 20 days of the making of this order, each of the parties
shall make discovery, on oath, of all documents relating to the
issue referred to in para 2 thereof, which are or have been at
any time in the possession or under the control of such party.
Such discovery shall be made in accordance with rule of court
35 of the High Court Rules, and the provisions of that rule,
with regard to the inspection and production of documents
discovered shall be operative.
8.
The costs orders granted in favour of Jordashe against Absa, at
first instance and on appeal to the Full Court, are set aside and
those costs are reserved.  The parties are allowed to make

written submissions with regard to the alteration of this order 8
within three weeks.

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W P SCHUTZ
JUDGE OF APPEAL

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J A HEHER AJA
ACTING JUDGE
OF APPEAL

CONCUR

FARLAM JA
NUGENT JA
JONES AJA