THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Not Reportable
Case No: 175/2016

In the matter between:

DEEZ REALTORS CC
t/a FIRZT REALTY COMPANY

FIRST APPELLANT

DENESE ZASLANSKY

SECOND APPELLANT

SOLOMON ZASLANSKY

THIRD APPELLANT

and

SOUTH AFRICAN SECURITISATION
PROGRAM (PTY) LIMITED

FIRST RESPONDENT

UTAX RENTALS (PTY) LIMITED

SECOND RESPONDENT

SUNLYN INVESTMENTS (PTY) LIMITED

THIRD RESPONDENT

SASFIN BANK LIMITED

FOURTH RESPONDENT

Neutral Citation:
Deez Realtors v SA Securitisation Program (175/2016) [2016]
ZASCA 194 (2 December 2016).
Coram:

Bosielo, Petse JJA and Fourie, Makgoka and Nicholls AJJA
Heard:

18 November 2016
Delivered:

2 December 2016

Summary: Practice: civil procedure: prescription: extinctive prescription: interruption
of: service of summons on debtor by creditor claiming payment of a debt arising from
contract: contract affording creditor two alternative remedies in the event of breach:

creditor suing for accelerated payment of remaining instalments: amendment of
particulars of claim to substitute damages claim for accelerated payments: meaning
to be assigned to word „debt‟: amendment not affecting essential character of the
debt: debt remaining the same in substance: section 10(1) and 15(1) of the
Prescription Act 68 of 1969: word „debt‟ of wider import than „cause of action‟.
___________________________________________________________________

ORDER
___________________________________________________________________

On appeal from:   Gauteng Local Division of the High Court, Johannesburg (Windell
J sitting as court of first instance):
The appeal is dismissed with costs.
___________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________________

Petse JA (Bosielo JA and Fourie, Makgoka and Nicholls AJJA concurring):

[1] On 2 September 2010 the respondents, South African Securitisation Program
(Pty) Ltd, as first plaintiff, Utax Rentals (Pty) Ltd, as second plaintiff, Sunlyn
Investments (Pty) Ltd, as third plaintiff, and Sasfin Bank Limited, as fourth plaintiff
(the plaintiffs), instituted an action in the Gauteng Local Division of the High Court,
Johannesburg. The present appellants, Deez Realtors CC, Denese Zaslansky and
Solomon Zaslansky were the first, second and third defendants respectively (the
defendants). In what follows I shall, for convenience, refer to the appellants as the
defendants and the respondents as the plaintiffs. The summons was served on the
defendants on 7 and 8 September 2010.

[2] The plaintiffs‟ action comprised two claims, styled Claim A and Claim B in
terms of which the plaintiffs claimed the sum of R586 239.34 and R582 088.93
respectively. The plaintiffs also claimed, in each instance, payment of interest at the
rate of 15% per annum and costs of suit. These amounts were alleged to be due and
payable to the plaintiffs, in respect of certain printing equipment, pursuant to clause
14.1 of two written lease agreements, concluded between the second plaintiff and

the first defendant on 14 December 2009. The first, third and fourth plaintiffs are
cessionaries of the second plaintiff‟s right, title and interest accruing under the two
lease agreements, in terms of two agreements of cession concluded between the
parties during July 2005 and March 2006. The plaintiffs averred in their particulars of
claim that the first defendant had breached the agreements in material respects. The
second and third defendants had bound themselves as sureties and co-principal
debtors for all amounts that were or might be due and payable under the
agreements.

[3] Common in relation to both claims was the allegation in the plaintiffs‟
particulars of claim that the first defendant had defaulted in the punctual payment of
moneys as they fell due in terms of the agreements. And in consequence, the first
plaintiff was entitled to claim immediate payment of all the amounts which would
have been payable in terms of the agreements until the expiry of the rental period
regardless of whether or not such amounts were then due for payment.

[4] In their plea the defendants, inter alia, alleged that the plaintiffs had, on 16
July 2010, elected to terminate the agreements and communicated their election to
the first defendant. This allegation prompted the plaintiffs to amend their particulars
of claim. The plaintiffs‟ amended particulars of claim consequently alleged that on 16
July 2010 and as a result of the first defendant‟s breach of the agreements each of
the plaintiffs elected to cancel the agreements and communicated such election to
the first defendant. The plaintiffs further alleged that pursuant to their cancellation of
the agreements they were entitled to payment of all arrear amounts outstanding as
at the date of cancellation together with the aggregate amounts of rentals which
would, but for the cancellation, have been payable to the plaintiffs for the unexpired
period of the agreements. The amount representing the value of the goods on
cancellation was, in respect of each claim, to be deductible from the aggregate
amount of rentals claimed.

[5] The amendment of the plaintiffs‟ particulars of claim in turn elicited, from the
defendants, a notice of intention to amend their plea in terms of rule 28(1) of the
Uniform Rules of Court. In that notice, the defendants sought to introduce a special
plea of prescription, alleging that the plaintiffs‟ claims were prescribed in that by the

time the plaintiffs‟ amendment was effected on 23 June 2014, a period of more than
three years had, since 16 July 2010, elapsed. The plaintiffs objected to the
defendants‟ proposed amendment, inter alia, on the grounds that, if allowed, it would
render the defendants‟ plea excipiable.

[6] Following the plaintiffs‟ objection, the defendants lodged an application for
leave to amend in terms of Uniform rule 28(4). In their affidavit in support of their
application, the defendants averred that the plaintiffs‟ amendment as effected on 23
June 2014 relied on their right to cancel the agreement which they had exercised on
16 July 2010. And as the election to cancel „creat[ed] a debt of a different nature to
the debt arising from the election to accelerate payments‟ the summons issued on 2
September 2010 and served on 8 September 2010 did not interrupt the running of
prescription of the debt flowing from the cancellation of the agreement. The plaintiffs
opposed the application for leave to amend. They, in essence, contended that their
right to sue the defendants both prior to and post the amendment of their particulars
of claim derived from clause 14.1 of the two rental agreements in issue. And that
such right arose from the breach of the agreements. Consequently, the debt claimed
in the pre and post amendment of the particulars of claim was in reality the same or
substantially the same debt.

[7] In due course the application for leave to amend came before Windell J in the
court a quo. After her analysis of the case law, the learned judge stated the
following:
„[26]
A right to claim performance under a contract ordinarily becomes due according to its
terms or, if nothing is said, within a reasonable time, which, in appropriate
circumstances can be immediately. When the contract fixes the time for performance
mora is said to arise from the contract itself (mora ex re). The rental agreements in
casu contained a lex commissoria entitling the creditor to cancel the contract if [the
first defendant] fails to perform by the time fixed for performance.‟

[8] She then continued:
„[28] Extinctive prescription commences to run as soon as the debt is due. In terms of
clause 14 the debt "became due" when [the first defendant] defaulted in the payment
of the monthly installments. Prescription started to run from the date of [the first

defendant‟s] breach. At the time of the breach the plaintiff had all the necessary facts
to institute action for specific performance or alternatively cancelation.‟

[9] Ultimately, she concluded:
„[35]
The allegations and relief need not be identical for the purpose of the interruption of
prescription. I am satisfied that the plaintiffs' amended claim is not a different debt
from the one initially pleaded. The issuing of the summons therefore interrupted
prescription. The proposed special plea is accordingly excipiable and bad in law.‟

[10] Consequently, the court a quo dismissed the application with costs. The
appeal now before us is with its leave.

[11] Counsel were agreed that in order to determine whether the debt sought to be
recovered by the plaintiffs prior to and post the amendment is substantially the same,
it is necessary to compare the allegations and relief claimed in both instances.1 A
comparison of the particulars of claim before and after the amendment reveals that
the plaintiffs sued on two lease agreements. In both instances the plaintiffs relied on
clause 14.1 – which is in identical terms in both agreements – and which affords the
plaintiffs two inconsistent remedies. The one remedy is to cancel the contract. Upon
cancellation, the creditor would be entitled to sue for: (a) the amounts in arrears as at
the date of cancellation; (b) liquidated damages representing the aggregate of all
rentals which would, but for the cancellation, have been payable for the remaining
period of the agreement; and (c) the market value of the goods, as determined in
accordance with one or the other of the ways provided for in the agreements, would
be deductible from the quantum of the liquidated damages.

[12] Alternatively, in the event that the creditor elects to keep the contract in force
the following remedies would then accrue. The creditor would be entitled to sue for:
(a) arrear rentals as at the date of election; (b) accelerated payment representing all
of the rentals which would have become due and payable under the contract for the
remaining unexpired period of the contract; and (c) repossession of the goods
pending full settlement of the amounts claimed.

1 Wavecrest Sea Enterprises (Pty) Ltd v Elliot 1995 (4) SA 596 (SE) at 600H-J, cited with approval by
this court in CGU Insurance Ltd v Rumdel Construction (Pty) Ltd 2004 (2) SA 622 (SCA) para 7.

[13] As already mentioned, clause 14.1 of the agreements accorded the plaintiffs a
right to cancel the agreements, if the first defendant, as lessee, failed to comply with
any of its obligations under the agreements. This occurred when the defendants
failed to pay certain instalments as they fell due and payable. In that event, the
plaintiffs would have a right, without prejudice to any other rights which they might
have in law, to cancel the agreements without prior notice. In addition, the plaintiff‟s
would have a right to: (a) take possession of the goods; (b) demand payment of
arrear rentals due on the date of cancellation; and (c) claim liquidated damages. The
liquidated damages would be the aggregate of all rentals which would, but for
cancellation, have been payable for the unexpired period of the contract less the
market value of the goods as at the date of their return to the possession of the
plaintiffs.

[14] The alternative remedy, upon breach by the first defendant, was to sue for the
immediate payment of the aggregate amount of all rentals which would otherwise
have become due and payable in terms of the agreements for the unexpired period
of the agreements, and all arrear rentals in terms of the agreements. In addition, the
plaintiffs would be entitled to be placed in possession of the goods until full payment
of the amounts due under the agreements.

[15] As already indicated, on 16 July 2010 the first plaintiff addressed a letter to
the first defendant advising that the first defendant was in arrears with its instalments
and calling upon it to pay the total amount then in arrears and also the amount
representing the aggregate value of the rentals which would have been payable had
the agreements continued until the expiry of the rental period. The first plaintiff also
intimated in that letter that should the first defendant fail to pay the amounts claimed
within seven days of the date of demand, the first plaintiff would issue summons
without further notice.

[16] As previously mentioned, the plaintiffs instituted an action against the
defendants on 2 September 2010. In this action the plaintiffs claimed payment of all
the amounts which would have been payable in terms of the agreements until the
expiry of the initial period. The defendants pleaded to this claim and averred that the

plaintiffs, having elected to cancel the agreements, were precluded from claiming
accelerated payments, but were obliged to sue for liquidated damages.

[17] The point taken by the defendants in their plea that the plaintiffs could not sue
for accelerated payments prompted the plaintiffs to amend their particulars of claim.
In the latest amendment of their particulars of claim, the plaintiffs, relying on the self-
same breach by the defendants, claimed liquidated damages representing the
aggregate of all rentals which would have been payable in terms of the agreements
but for the early termination of the agreements.

[18] As already indicated, the defendants sought to amend their plea by
introducing a special plea of prescription to the plaintiffs‟ amended particulars of
claim. In the court a quo, the plaintiffs successfully opposed the proposed
amendment. The defendants‟ case was, and still is, essentially that the debt in the
plaintiffs‟ amended claim is an entirely different debt from the one that was claimed
in the previous claim. And that the right which the plaintiffs sought to enforce in their
original claim derived from their election to sue for accelerated payments, thus, in
effect, enforcing the agreements. But in the amended claim, the right sought to be
enforced flowed from the cancellation of the agreements. As the original claim
(namely, for accelerated payment of rentals) did not serve to interrupt the running of
prescription of the right derived from the cancellation of the agreements, it followed
that the debt claimed in the amended claim, it being a different debt, has become
prescribed.

[19] Counsel for the defendants emphasised, as did counsel in CGU Insurance v
Rumdel (Pty) Ltd,2 that if the plaintiffs had pursued their claim in its unamended form
it would have eventually failed at the trial. In that event, a defence of res judicata
would not be available to the defendants if the plaintiffs were to institute a fresh
action based on the cancellation of the agreements. It was argued that these factors
underscore the material distinction between what counsel contended were two
different debts.

2 Ibid at para 4.

[20] As I see it, this appeal raises the fundamental question whether the debt in
the amended claim is the same or substantially the same debt as originally claimed
by the plaintiffs. If it is, the appeal must fail.3 But if it is not, then the appeal must
succeed.

[21] If the service of the plaintiffs‟ summons on 8 September 2010 did not interrupt
the running of prescription of the plaintiffs‟ claim now advanced in the amended
particulars of claim, then the plaintiffs‟ claim had long become prescribed by the date
on which the amendment was effected. It is to that question that I now turn.

[22] The parties were agreed that the Prescription Act 68 of 1969 (the Act) applies
to a debt of the kind in issue in this appeal. Section 10(1) of the Act provides that a
debt shall, subject to Chapters 3 and 4, be extinguished after a lapse of the period
which in terms of the relevant law applies in respect of the prescription of such debt.
Section 12(1) of the Act, which is the relevant law referred to in s 10(1), in turn,
provides, subject to subsections (2), (3) and (4) which are not material for the
present purposes, that prescription shall commence to run as soon as the debt is
due. Section 15(1) which provides for judicial interruption of prescription reads:
„15 (1) The running of prescription shall, . . . , be interrupted by the service on the debtor of
any process whereby the creditor claims payment of the debt.‟

[23] I propose dealing briefly with the general principles relating to applications for
amendments of pleadings. First, it must be emphasized that the primary object of
allowing an amendment is „to obtain a proper ventilation of the dispute between the
parties, to determine the real issues between them, so that justice may be done‟.
(See, for example, D E van Loggerenberg Erasmus Superior Court Practice 2016 5I2
at D1-332; Blaauwberg Meat Wholesalers CC v Anglo Dutch Meats (Exports) Ltd
2004 (3) SA 160 (SCA) para 12; Cross V Ferreira 1950 (3) SA 443 (C) at 447A-H.)
[24] As to the general approach to be adopted, the Constitutional Court made plain
in Affordable Medicines Trust & others v Minister of Health & others 2006 (3) SA 247
(CC) that (para 9):

3 See for example, Mazibuko v Singer 1979 (3) SA 258 (W) at 265D-266C; Sentrachem Ltd v Prinsloo
1997 (2) SA 1 (A) at 15A-16D; Associated Paint & Chemical Industries (Pty) Ltd t/a Albestra Paint and
Lacquers v Smit 2000 (2) SA 789 (SCA) paras 13-15.

„The practical rule that emerges . . . is that amendments will always be allowed unless the
amendment is mala fide . . . or unless the amendment will cause an injustice to the other
side which cannot be cured by an appropriate order for costs, or “unless the parties cannot
be put back for the purposes of justice in the same position as they were when the pleading
which it is sought to amend was filed”. . . . The question in each case, therefore, is, what do
the interests of justice demand?‟

[25] But, where an amendment would render a pleading excipiable it will, save in
exceptional circumstances, not be allowed. This is so because generally speaking
the issue that the amendment seeks to introduce must be a triable issue.4 By a
triable issue is meant an issue that is viable or relevant for adjudication at the trial
and which, as a matter of probability, will be proved by the evidence foreshadowed in
the notice of intention to amend.5

[26] In The Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd v Miracle Mile Investments 67 (Pty)
Ltd & another [2016] ZASCA 91; [2016] 3 All SA 487 (SCA) this court said (para 26):
„The election and communication thereof in the form of the requisite notices are essential
pre-conditions to create a cause of action in the first place. . . . Prescription would therefore
commence to run only from the date of a notice claiming the outstanding balance . . .‟

[27] In this case, the requisite notice cancelling the agreements and demanding:
(a) payment of the amount in arrears as at the date of cancellation; (b) payment of
the liquidated damages; and (c) return of the goods, was given on 16 July 2010. As
already mentioned, the first plaintiff instituted an action against the defendants on 2
September 2010 and by 8 September 2010 summons had been served on the
defendants. Consequently, it must be accepted that when the plaintiffs instituted
action against the defendants, the process commencing action interrupted the
running of prescription when it was served on the defendants by 8 September 2010
at the latest.

[28] I have, to the extent necessary for the present purposes, already set out the
similarities between the plaintiffs‟ claim as pursued in the plaintiffs‟ summons both

4 Gross v Ferreira, ibid at 450A-F. See also Caxton Ltd v Reeva Forman (Pty) Ltd & another 1990 (3)
SA 547 (A) at 565H-J.
5 Ciba-Geigy (Pty) Ltd v Lushof Farms (Pty) Ltd & ‘n ander 2002 (2) SA 447 (SCA) para 34.

prior to and post the amendment. It is now apposite to make reference to the
differences resulting in two different debts as perceived by the defendants. The
defendants rely on four bases for their contention. First, that prescription did not
commence to run until the decision to cancel was taken and communicated to the
first appellant. It bears mentioning that the election to cancel was exercised and
communicated to the defendants on 16 July 2010. Second, the original claim was for
payment of accelerated rentals under the agreement whereas the claim pursued
post the amendment was for liquidated damages. And the quantum of the damages
is different to the quantum of the amount of accelerated rentals. Third, the facta
probanda necessary to sustain the two claims differ. Fourth, cancellation brought the
agreements to an end, whereas the claim for accelerated rentals did not, but on the
contrary sought to enforce the agreements.

[29] Counsel for the defendants referred us to a number of cases in support of the
proposition that in this case we were dealing with two substantially different debts.
That being so, proceeded the argument, the proposed amendment sought to be
introduced by the defendants should have been allowed by the court a quo. I do not
find it necessary to analyse and discuss each of those cases. The defendants
strongly relied on National Sorghum Breweries Ltd (t/a Vivo African Breweries) v
International Liquor Distributors (Pty) Ltd 2001 (2) SA 232 (SCA) – a case concerned
with a defence of res judicata – and contended that „a claim for liquidated damages
remains a claim for damages‟ and that it does not avail the plaintiffs that the
liquidated damages arose from a contract. And, that such liquidated damages were
quantified in accordance with the formula stipulated in the agreements was of no
consequence.

[30] The facts in National Sorghum Breweries were briefly as follows. In the first
summons the plaintiff relied on a contract that had been breached and sought
cancellation of the contract and repayment of the purchase price. In the second
summons, whilst the plaintiff relied on the conclusion of the contract, its breach and
cancellation thereof, it claimed damages alleged to have been suffered as a
consequence of the breach. The court of first instance dismissed the defence of res
judicata on the ground that the two claims were different despite the presence of
common elements in the allegations made. The appeal against that finding was

dismissed by this court. In my view that case is distinguishable on the facts and
cannot assist the defendants. Indeed, it aptly demonstrates the dangers of arguing
by analogy.

[31] The defendants also heavily relied on a passage in Imprefed (Pty) Ltd v
National Transport Commission 1990 (3) SA 324 (T) in which the following is stated
(at 329I-330A):
„It is true that the amount claimed is the same as the amount previously claimed (after an
increase) as contractual remuneration. The fact remains that contractual remuneration and
damages are not the same thing.‟
Whilst accepting that this statement might well be obiter, the defendants were
nevertheless emboldened by its apparent approval by this court in CGU Insurance.
However, this court in CGU Insurance found Imprefed (Pty) Ltd to have been
distinguishable on the facts from the facts of that case. It also noted that the nature
of the other debt in Imprefed (Pty) Ltd was different. Similarly, for the present
purposes, it offers no support to the defendants that is tenable on the facts of this
case.

[32] The defendants made much of the fact that enforcement of agreements gives
rise to consequences different to those that would flow from cancellation of
agreements. For this reason it was argued that the two inconsistent remedies
provided for in clause 14.1 give rise to two different debts. It is of course true that
different consequences flow from either enforcing or cancelling a contract. But the
defendants‟ contentions on this score are only correct as far as they go. Beyond that,
they falter. In the context of clause 14.1, whichever way the election is exercised, it
gives rise to a single debt. This must therefore necessarily mean that the debt owed
by the debtor does not change its essential character. In reality, what the plaintiffs
did in this case was to invoke a wrong remedy in their particulars of claim – one
which was not available to them having previously elected to cancel the agreements
– to sue for the debt then due by the defendants. The defendants‟ plea alerted them
to this mistake. What they then sought to achieve with their amendment was to
allege, in the words of Jones AJA in CGU Insurance, the correct „material facts that
begot the debt‟ owed to them in the first place. That self-same debt flowed from the

breach of the two agreements. (Compare HMBMP Properties (Pty) Ltd v King 1981
(1) SA 906 (N) at 910A-911D.) Indeed, the terms of clause 14.1 themselves
contemplate a single debt arising in the event of breach.

[33] To my mind, the contentions advanced by the defendants are unsustainable.
They manifest a misconception of the concept of a „debt‟ within the meaning of
s 10(1) of the Prescription Act. This court has repeatedly emphasized that the word
„debt‟ bears a „wide and general meaning‟ and that it „does not have the technical
meaning given to the phrase “cause of action” when used in the context of
pleadings.‟6 In Evins v Shield Insurance Co Ltd 1980 (2) SA 814 (A) at 825F-G,
Trollip JA was at pains to explain the distinction between a „debt‟ on the one hand
and „cause of action‟ on the other in these terms:
„“Cause of action” is ordinarily used to describe the factual basis, the set of material facts,
that begets the plaintiff‟s legal right of action and, complimentarily, the defendant‟s “debt”,
the word used in the Prescription Act.‟7

[34] This meaning of „debt‟ was, most recently, elaborated upon by the
Constitutional Court in Makate v Vodacom Ltd [2016] ZACC 13; 2016 (4) SA 121
(CC) which, with reference to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3 ed
(1993) vol 1 at 604, said (para 85):
„1. Something owed or due: something (as money, goods or service) which one person is
under an obligation to pay or render to another. 2. A liability or obligation to pay or render
something; the condition of being so obligated.‟

[35] In my view, the effect of the amendment of the plaintiffs‟ particulars of claim
was merely to cure a defective cause of action (namely, mistakenly claiming
accelerated rentals when they had already cancelled the contracts) by introducing
the correct cause of action for liquidated damages pursuant to the election that they
had exercised. The nature of the debt claimed remained the same. In substance, the
remedies provided for in clause 14.1 both sought to place the plaintiffs in the position
in which they would have been, had the breach not intervened. Hence they gave rise

6 CGU Insurance para 6; Drennan Maud & Partners v Pennington Town Board 1998 (3) SA 200
(SCA) at 212G-I.
7 See also FirstRand Ltd v Nedbank (Swaziland) Ltd 2004 (6) SA 317 (SCA) para 4.

to a single debt. As emphasised by this court in CGU Insurance, „the debt is not the
set of material facts‟ required to sustain the cause of action but rather „that which is
begotten by the set of material facts.‟

[36] In these circumstances, it follows that the appeal must fail for substantially the
same reasons that the court a quo gave. In the result the following order is made:
The appeal is dismissed with costs.

________________________
X M PETSE
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

For the Appellants:

S C Vivian
Instructed by:
T G Fine Attorneys, Johannesburg
c/o Lovius Block, Bloemfontein

For the Respondents:

A G Sawma SC
Instructed by:
Wright Rose-Innes Inc, Johannesburg
c/o Phatshoane Henney, Bloemfontein