THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

NOT REPORTABLE
Case No:  534/13

In the matter between:

LOURENS STEPHANUS PRINSLOO

APPELLANT

and

THE STATE

RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Prinsloo v State (534/13) [2014] ZASCA 96 (15 July
2014)

Coram:

Bosielo, Saldulker JJA and Mathopo AJA

Heard:

29 May 2014

Delivered:

15 July 2014

Summary:
Criminal law ─ appeal against conviction ─ crimen iniuria and
assault ─ the proper approach where the state and defence
versions are mutually destructive ─ evaluation of the
probabilities, strength and weaknesses of both versions.

ORDER

On appeal from:  Free State High Court, Bloemfontein (Musi and Daffue JJ
sitting as court of appeal):
The appeal against conviction is dismissed.

JUDGMENT

Mathopo AJA (Bosielo and Saldulker JJA concurring):

[1] This appeal arises from an altercation about parking at a female
residence called Vergeet-My-Nie situated at the University of the Free State.
The appellant was convicted of two counts of crimen iniuria and one count of
assault by the Bloemfontein Magistrate Court on 4 January 2012. All the
counts were taken together for purposes of sentencing. He was sentenced to
a fine of R6 000 or twelve months imprisonment, wholly suspended for a
period of five years on suitable conditions. The appellant appealed only
against his conviction to the Free State High Court, with the leave of the trial
court. The appeal was dismissed on 14 February 2013. The appeal on
conviction before us is with leave of the court below.

[2] The circumstances giving rise to the conviction and sentence may be
summarised as follows: On 3 February 2010 Ms Mkhiwane, the complainant
in count one, testified that she went to the Vergeet-My-Nie female residence
at  the University of the Free State with her two daughters Ms Ayanda
Mkhiwane (Ms Ayanda) and Ms Zintle Mkhiwane (Ms Zintle). Her youngest
daughter Ms Zintle was enrolled as a first year student and would be housed
at that residence. Upon their arrival at the residence there were no available

parking bays. Ms Mkhiwane parked her vehicle next to the residence, in a
non-designated spot, as she had to offload Ms Zintle’s luggage. After
offloading the luggage, they returned to the motor vehicle. She entered first.
She then overheard Ms Ayanda speaking to someone and noticed the
appellant and three ladies pointing their fingers at them.  Ms Ayanda asked
them what the problem was. At that stage, the appellant, who was 30 metres
away from them, moved towards their vehicle and uttered the following words
whilst pointing at her: ‘Yes I have a problem but I do not want to talk to you, I
want to talk to the stupid and rude one’. The appellant also said to Ms Ayanda
that she does not have a driver’s licence because she is black.

[3] Ms Mkhiwane alighted from her vehicle to reprimand the appellant not
to speak to her in that manner and told him that she was old enough to be his
mother. Undaunted, the appellant grabbed her on the chest with his left hand
and said, ‘I will beat the hell out of you, woman’. She was scared; she lost her
balance and informed the appellant that she was going to have him arrested.

[4] Undeterred, the appellant told her that by the time she had him
arrested he would have beaten ‘the hell out of her’ and boasted that he would
represent himself in court as he is a lawyer. At that stage the appellant’s
girlfriend, Ms Blaauw, came and physically pulled the appellant away from the
parking lot to the residence. A few seconds later the appellant returned, and in
an angry and aggressive manner, pointed at Ms Mkhiwane and her two
daughters and blurted the following words: ‘Julle fucking kaffirs’. Once again
Ms Blaauw intervened and restrained the appellant, who was visibly angry.

[5] According to Ms Mkhiwane, she and her daughters then left the scene
to report the incident, however, before they did so, they returned to the
residence to ask for the appellant’s name. The appellant refused and crudely
asked, ‘What the fuck are you going to do with the name?’ Ms Mkhiwane then
decided to take down the registration number of a blue City Golf belonging to
one of the women who was with the appellant. She thereafter went to report
the matter to a Professor Viljoen at the university. Thereafter she reported the
matter at the police station.

[6] In a direct response to a question about how she felt when the words in
the aforegoing paragraphs were used, she responded that she felt naked,
worthless, belittled, dirty and that she felt like something had been taken away
from her. She testified further that she understood the word kaffir to be
derogatory and racist. It was her evidence further that these words were also
heard by a young man who was nearby, and who was equally disturbed and
wanted to take up the cudgels on her behalf and assault the appellant.
However Ms Mkhiwane stopped him from taking such action. What incensed
and humiliated her most was the fact that the appellant uttered those words in
the presence of her two daughters and other members of the public.

[7] She denied emphatically under cross-examination that she and her
daughters were aggressive and unruly towards the appellant and his
companions and that they incited the argument. She reiterated that the
appellant was initially talking to her daughter Ms Ayanda, and later
approached her after she alighted from the vehicle. At that stage she
observed from the appellant’s facial expression that he was angry. She
disputed the allegations that she referred to herself as a doctor and had
threatened to ensure that the appellant did not obtain his degree from the
university.

[8] The next witness for the State was Ms Ayanda. At the time of the
incident she was reading for her Master’s degree at the same university. She
corroborated her mother’s evidence in all material respects. The last witness
for the State was Ms Zintle, Ms Mkhiwane’s youngest daughter. Save for a
few unimportant discrepancies in her evidence, it is essentially the same as
that of her mother and sister. An ill-fated attempt was made to discredit her by
pointing out some discrepancies in her evidence in court and the statement
which she allegedly made to Ms Elize Saayman, the university internal
investigator. The Magistrate rightly attached no value to the statement as she
found that it was not property taken from Ms Zintle, and further that it was not
read back to her before she signed it. Ms Saayman also confirmed in
evidence that the statement was written down in a rush. She only caused Ms

Zintle to sign it the following day, in the absence of her parent or guardian,
notwithstanding the fact that she was 17 years old at the time.

[9] The appellant testified in his defence and called the two female friends
who were with him at the residence as his witnesses. He conceded in his
evidence that he saw a vehicle parked on the pavement and he and his two
female friends spoke about the fact that the vehicle was parked at the wrong
place. Whilst they were talking, they saw Ms Mkhiwane and her two
daughters. Ms Ayanda stood at the front passenger door and asked them
whether there was a problem, to which they did not respond. He testified that
she appeared aggressive and provocative. Although he did not reside at the
residence, he felt obliged to tell them that they had parked in the wrong place.
Ms Ayanda then said to them ‘Who do you think you are to tell me where to
park?’ and referred to him as an idiot who wanted to impress the girls he was
with.

[10]  He testified further that Ms Mkhiwane alighted from her vehicle and
calmly took his arm and asked what the problem was. Ms Ayanda kept
intervening while he was talking to Ms Mkhiwane. He then told her to keep
quiet as he was talking to her mother. He told Ms Mkhiwane that they had
parked at the wrong place, whereupon Ms Mkhiwane asked whether the
appellant was in charge of the parking area. He told her that he was not in
charge but that if they went to campus control they would be told not to park
there.

[11] According to the appellant, Ms Mkhiwane suddenly became aggressive
and said that the university would castrate him for what he was doing. At this
stage Ms Zintle also got out of the car and screamed at him. A serious verbal
altercation ensued. Ms Blaauw then came over and removed him from the
parking lot. As he was being removed, Ms Ayanda then said to Ms Blaauw
‘You must teach your boyfriend to behave’ to which she responded ‘He knows
how to behave’. Ms Ayanda then referred to him as a racist.

[12]  The appellant confirmed that he and the two ladies left the scene and
returned a few minutes later. He testified that at this stage that Ms Mkhiwane
got out of the car, screamed at him and said ‘You mother fucker, who do you
think you are?’. He further testified that all three of them shouted and swore at
him. At this stage Ms Mkhiwane asked for his name and student number and
he replied that he is not a student at the university. He refused to provide his
personal particulars. She then said that she would find out who he is and
would ensure that he does not pass a single subject at the university and
does not graduate.

[13]  The appellant’s friends, Ms Blaauw and Ms Botha, testified in support
of his evidence. I find it expedient to deal with their versions together as their
evidence is essentially the same. They both described the appellant as calm
during the incident and imputed offensive and aggressive behaviour to the
second State witness Ms Ayanda. They testified that all three State witnesses
swore at the appellant. They denied emphatically that the appellant uttered
the words he was accused of. Importantly, they said that Ms Zintle uttered
derogatory words to the effect that they should ‘Leave the mother fuckers
alone’. Ms Blaauw further testified that the appellant was calm and was
verbally attacked for no reason. However, her evidence contradicts the
evidence tendered by the appellant, in which he admitted that he was angry.

[14]  In this court the main thrust of the appellant’s contention was that the
Magistrate misdirected herself in that she failed to specifically mention in her
judgement that she had considered the credibility of the each of the
witnesses. It was contended that in so doing she had adopted a piecemeal
approach to the evaluation of the evidence. In my view, this contention is
misplaced. Although the Magistrate did not explicitly state that she considered
the credibility of each of the witnesses, it is clear from her judgment as a
whole, that in arriving at her conclusion, she had had regard to the credibility
of the witnesses. On the contrary, the record reveals that the Magistrate made
a proper assessment and analysis of all the evidence by, amongst other
things, weighing the strength and the weaknesses of the state’s case vis-à-vis
that of the appellant, including the probabilities and improbabilities of both

versions of events. It is axiomatic that an examination of the probabilities is
not done in vacuum. Such an exercise requires an analysis and evaluation of
the evidence as a whole. See S v M 2006 (1) SACR 135 (SCA) para 189.

[15]  An attempt was made to discredit Ms Zintle on the basis that she
deviated from her statement to the police. In my view, the alleged
discrepancies are not material and cannot affect the probative value of the
evidence of the State witnesses. To expect witnesses to remember and recall
their evidence verbatim appears to me to be irrational. The criticism levelled
against Ms Zintle’s statement is baseless because on the evidence of Ms
Saayman, the statement was taken in a hurry. To my mind this implies that
Ms Zintle had little time to consider her statement. This explains why the
same statement was altered the next day. It is not unreasonable to assume
that she was seriously traumatised by this unfortunate incident. It would be
unrealistic to expect her to give a lucid and coherent account of the events
shortly after the incident. Furthermore, Ms Zintle, who was a minor at the time,
was allowed to depose to a statement without the support or guidance of her
parent or legal guardian. In all likelihood she did not intend this statement to
replace the evidence which she would give in a subsequent trial. In short, the
making of a statement is not the same as giving evidence in court, where in
many instances crucial evidence only will only come to light through cross-
examination. I find the criticism against her evidence to be without substance.
See S v Mafaladiso 2003 (1) SACR 583 (SCA).

[16]  Counsel for the appellant argued further that because the State
witnesses did not repeat in their evidence some of the words which were used
in the charge sheet, the State witnesses should be disbelieved as this
constituted discrepancies. I do not agree. It is a known fact that the drafting of
charge sheets is the prerogative of the Public Prosecutor. This is done on the
basis of the facts contained in the statements in the docket made by
witnesses. The witnesses play no role or part in this regard. To expect the
charge sheet to regurgitate the exact words used by the witnesses when they
made their statements to the police is to my mind unrealistic. The evidence
given by witnesses is intended to explain and support the averments in the

charge sheet. It is to be expected that witnesses will, whilst giving evidence in
court, elaborate and explain the legalistic averments contained in the charge.
Consequently, I find this ground to be without merit.

[17] I find the following pieces of evidence by the appellant to be destructive
to his credibility and reliability as a witness: first, the appellant fared badly
when he was confronted with the evidence of the State witnesses that he had
to be dragged from the scene by his girlfriend in order to put a stop to the first
altercation at the car; secondly, it is telling that, after being pulled into the
dormitory, he returned a few seconds later, still aggressive, and continued
insulting them. Furthermore, the appellant contradicted himself concerning the
question whether he was angry or not at the material time. He maintained in
his evidence in chief that he was not angry with the State witnesses that day.
His two witnesses also denied that he was angry. However, later in cross
examination he conceded that he became angry during the altercation. Self-
evidently, this is a glaring and material contradiction on a material aspect of
the case.  In my view, this contradiction between the appellant and his
witnesses is destructive of their credibility. It is no doubt this contradiction is
the result of a poor attempt by the appellant and his witnesses to deny the fact
that he was angry and that he blurted these derogatory words while in that
state.  This contradiction between the appellant and his witness is destructive
of their credibility.

[18]  It is trite that the State bears the onus to prove the guilt of the appellant
beyond reasonable doubt and that there is no duty on the appellant to
convince the court of the truthfulness of any explanation which he gives. If his
explanation is found to be reasonably possibly true, the court will have no
reason to reject it. See S v Mbuli 2003 (1) SACR 97 (SCA) at 110D-E. See
also S v V 2000 (1) SACR 453 (SCA) at 455B. However, this does not require
proof beyond any shadow of doubt by the State. See S v Phallo 1999 (2)
SACR 558 (SCA) para 10.

[19] The Magistrate delivered a well-reasoned judgment which accounted
for all the proven facts. She found the following serious improbabilities in the

appellant’s version; first, that the defence witnesses did not hear the appellant
swearing at the State witnesses, but they heard Ms Ayanda calling the
appellant a racist; secondly, whilst this incident happened at the same place,
it is clear that they chose to hear and testify about what was favourable to the
appellant; thirdly, although present at the scene, none of them witnessed the
appellant grabbing Ms Mkhiwane by her shirt; fourthly, they could not explain
why Ms Ayanda reacted in an aggressive manner to the appellant, if he was
indeed calm and had only politely informed them that they had parked in an
unauthorised place; fifthly, that Ms Mkhiwane, who on the appellant’s version,
alighted from her vehicle in a calm and composed manner, suddenly and for
no reason, hurled abuses at the appellant; sixthly, that Ms Mkhiwane would
utter such abusive words in the presence of her own daughters; and  lastly,
why Ms Blaauw had thought it necessary to pull the appellant away from the
parking lot into the dormitory if he was as composed as he alleged.  These
improbabilities demonstrate unquestionably that the appellant and his
witnesses’ evidence is unreliable, as correctly found by the trial court. I am
satisfied that their evidence was correctly rejected by the trial court as false.

[20] Against this backdrop I have no doubt that the appellant behaved in a
high-handed and cantankerous manner, and further that he uttered the words
attributed to him. The word kaffir is racially abusive and offensive and was
used in its injurious sense. This was an unlawful aggression upon the dignity
of the complainants. The State witnesses testified about how they felt when
so insulted by the appellant. It is trite that in this country, its use is not only
prohibited but is actionable as well. In our racist past it was used to hurt,
humiliate, denigrate and dehumanise Africans. This obnoxious word caused
untold sorrow and pain to the feelings and dignity of the African people of this
country. The appellant cannot claim that he did not know that the use of such
word is offensive and injurious to the dignity of the complainants.  I agree with
the trial court’s finding that such conduct seeks to negate the valiant efforts
made to break from the past and has no place in a country like ours which is
founded upon the democratic values of human dignity, and the advancement
of human rights and freedoms.

[21]  In conclusion, I find that the trial court was correct in finding that the
appellant uttered the words allegedly used, and further that he had intended
to and did in fact humiliate, denigrate and injure the dignity of the
complainants.  It follows that the appeal must fail.

[22]  In the result I make the following order:

The appeal against conviction is dismissed.

____________________

R S Mathopo

Acting Judge of Appeal

Appearances
For the Appellant:

R Heathcote SC (with him W J Edeling)

Instructed by:

Horn & Van Rensburg Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For the Respondent:
S Giorgi

Instructed by:

Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein