THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case No: 416/07

ANNE ELIZABETH MARY PRATT

Appellant
and
FIRST RAND BANK LIMITED

Respondent

Neutral citation: Pratt v First Rand Bank (416/07) [2008] ZASCA 92 (12
SEPTEMBER 2008)

Coram:
HARMS ADP, CLOETE, HEHER and JAFTA JJA and KGOMO AJA
Heard:
2 SEPTEMBER 2008
Delivered: 12 SEPTEMBER 2008
Corrected:

Summary: Currency – exchange control – rulings issued by Reserve Bank –
admissibility of evidence to prove status and scope of such.
____________________________________________________________________
_

ORDER
__________________________________________________________________
On appeal from: High Court, Pretoria (Mokgoatlheng AJ sitting as court of first
instance).

The appeal is dismissed with costs including the costs of two counsel.

____________________________________________________________________
_

JUDGMENT
__________________________________________________________________
HEHER JA (HARMS ADP, CLOETE, JAFTA JJA and KGOMO AJA concurring):
[1] The appellant, Mrs Anne Pratt, would appear to be an astute and successful
businesswoman. In 2001 she owned thirty per cent of the shares in Anne Pratt and
Associates (Pty) Ltd. The balance was held by the Fast Track Trust, registered in the
Isle of Man, of which the appellant was, at least, a beneficiary and perhaps its
controller. She wished to rearrange her affairs. For this purpose she consulted the
respondent, a commercial bank and an ‘authorised dealer’1 in foreign exchange.
[2] Eventually a series of agreements was concluded. For present purposes they
were designed to bring about, first, the acquisition of the Trust’s interest in the
company by a close corporation, Classy Living CC of which the appellant was to be
the sole member, and, second, the payment for such acquisition. To this end the

1 In s 1 of the Schedule to the Exchange Control Regulations contained in  GNR1111 of 1 December 1961, as amended,
‘authorised dealer’ means, in respect of any transaction in respect of gold, a person authorised by the Treasury to deal in
gold, and in respect of any transaction in respect of foreign exchange, a person authorised by the Treasury to deal in
foreign exchange’.

respondent agreed to lend the appellant the sum of R25 million. At her request it
transferred that amount to an account held by the Trust at a bank in Jersey in the
Channel Islands.
[3] When the date for repayment of the loan fell due the appellant declined to
honour the obligation. The respondent threatened proceedings to recover the debt but
the appellant issued summons first. She claimed an order declaring that the
agreements were null and void.
[4] Her case as pleaded was that the agreements or their implementation
constituted a transaction2 whereby capital or a right to capital was directly or
indirectly exported
from the Republic of South Africa in contravention of Exchange Control Regulation
10(1)(c),3 because no exemption or permission to do so was granted by the Treasury

2 There was some debate between counsel as to whether the agreements in their cumulative effect constituted a single
transaction for the purposes of Regulation 10(1)(c) or whether each agreement had to be examined according to its own
terms. The appellant’s counsel espoused the first approach and I shall assume for purposes of this judgment that he is
correct.
3 ‘10 Restriction on export of capital
(1) No person shall, except with permission granted by the Treasury and in accordance with such conditions as the
Treasury may impose─
. . .
(c) enter into any transaction whereby capital or any right to capital is directly or indirectly exported from the Republic.’

or

The appellant’s parallel reliance on regulation 3(1)(e) is no longer relevant in this appeal.

a person authorised by the Treasury, and the loan agreement, being part of that
transaction, was illegal, null and void and unenforcible at the instance of the
respondent.
[5] The respondent denied that the transaction embodied in the agreements fell
within the ambit of regulation 10(1)(c) as relied on by the appellant. It pleaded in the
alternative that, if it did so fall─
(a)
in terms of Regulation 22E,4 the Minister of Finance may delegate to any
person any power or function conferred upon the Treasury by any provision of the
Regulations;
(b)
pursuant to that power the said Minister delegated the powers and functions
conferred upon the Treasury in respect of regulation 10(1)(c) to the Governor of the
Reserve Bank or the South African Reserve Bank;

4 ‘22E Delegation of powers
(1) The Minister of Finance may delegate to any person any power or function conferred upon the Treasury by any
provision of these regulations or assign to any such person a duty imposed thereunder to the Treasury.
(2) The Treasury shall not be divested of any power or function or duty delegated to any person under sub-regulation (1)
and may at anytime withdraw or amend any decision taken by any such person in the exercise or performance of the
power or function or duty in question.’

(c)
the Reserve Bank, through its exchange control department, acting in
pursuance  of such delegation, issued exchange control rulings applicable to
authorised dealers, including the respondent;
(d)
in terms of exchange control ruling E.5(C)(a)5 the respondent was permitted, in
relation to regulation 10(1)(c), to remit through normal banking channels the local
sale
or redemption proceeds of non-resident owned assets in South Africa;
(e)
the respondent was accordingly permitted to conclude and implement the
transactions reflected in the agreements.
[6] The respondent counterclaimed for specific performance of the loan agreement
in the form of payment.6 The appellant pleaded a defence substantially founded on the
facts set up in support of the claim in convention.
[7] The matter proceeded to trial. An order made in terms of rule 33(4) confined

5 Chapter E of the Exchange Control Manual is headed ‘GENERAL POLICY APPROACH TO EXCHANGE
CONTROL’. Ruling 5(C)(a) provides ‘The local sale or redemption proceeds of non-resident owned assets in South
Africa may be regarded as remittable through normal banking channels. . .’
6 It claimed, in the alternative and conditionally, on the basis of unjustified enrichment (a case not relevant to this

the initial hearing (to the extent presently relevant) to the following questions:
(a)
whether the agreements constituted transactions falling within the ambit of
regulation 10(1)(c);
(b)
whether the respondent had permission to conclude such agreements and/or
was exempted from the provisions of that regulation;
(c)
if the respondent did not have permission or exemption, were the agreements a
contravention of that regulation;
(d)
if they were a contravention, was the result a nullity?
[8] Only the respondent led evidence. The witness was Mr Andreas Ribbens, its
official in charge of exchange control and the person with whom the General
Manager, Exchange Control in that department of the Reserve Bank liaised in relation
to any issue not dealt with through the normal day-to-day structures of their
respective banks. I shall shortly consider the substance of his testimony.
[9] The trial judge, Mokgoatlheng AJ, answered the separated questions as

appeal).

follows:
(a)
the agreements constituted transactions falling within the ambit of regulation
10(1)(c)7;
(b)
the respondent had permission to conclude the agreements;
(c)
the agreements did not contravene the aforementioned regulation and were not
null and void.
[10] The learned judge dismissed the plaintiff’s summons and ordered the appellant
to pay the respondent’s costs including those of two counsel. He granted leave to
appeal to this Court.
[11] There was no dispute in the appeal that regulation 10(1)(c) was engaged by the
agreements or certain of them.
[12] Before proceeding to the merits of the appeal it is necessary to remark on the
approach adopted by the learned judge and the parties to the onus of proof at the trial.
All seem to have accepted that the defendant carried the burden of showing that it had

permission from the Reserve Bank to remit the proceeds of the sale to Jersey.
However, proof that such permission was necessary and that it was not obtained were
essential elements of the plaintiff’s case as pleaded ─ without such proof her claim
lacked its raison d’etre. Moreover, the illegality on which the plaintiff relied was not
such as appeared ex facie the transaction. She was, therefore, required not only to
plead it but also to adduce evidence of all necessary and relevant facts in its support:
Yannakou v Apollo Club 1974 (1) SA 614 (A) at 623G-H; F & I Advisors (Edms) Bpk
v Eerste Nasionale Bank van SA Bpk 1999 (1) SA 515 (SCA) at 525F-526C. This was
clearly an instance where the plaintiff bore the onus of proving a negative: see
Schmidt, Bewysreg 4ed 34-5; Kriegler v Minitzer 1949 (4) SA 821 (A) at 828.
[13] The incidence of the onus was of the greatest importance. The cardinal question
in the first stage of the case was compliance (or not) with the requirements of
regulation 10(1)(c). The failure of the appellant to adduce any evidence of absence of
permission should have been fatal to the success of her claim. It was not her case,

7 And within regulation 3(1)(e).

even on appeal, that the respondent’s evidence discharged her onus. Her counsel
contended only that such evidence was inadmissible, and, therefore, ineffective in
discharging the onus which the respondent appeared to have accepted.
[14] Nevertheless, since evidence was placed before the court concerning the issue
of permission it cannot be ignored and I shall briefly deal with its admissibility and
substance.
[15] The respondent’s purpose, in presenting the evidence, was principally to show
that if the transactions were struck by regulation 10(1)(c) (which it disputed, but the
learned judge, correctly, I think, found they did) then the export of capital or a right to
capital took place ‘with permission granted by the Treasury and in accordance with’
such conditions as it had imposed.
[16] The respondent relied on the exchange control rulings to justify and explain the
existence of permission. At the trial counsel for the appellant voiced a clear objection
to any reference to such rulings unless their admissibility was established by the
calling of evidence from the Reserve Bank to identify the source of such rulings and

to bring them within the scope of the permission contemplated in regulation
10(1)(c). Nor, according to counsel, was evidence from Mr Ribbens admissible to
interpret that regulation or any ruling which related to its application. I have no
quarrel with the last-mentioned submission in so far as it relates to the regulation, but
the same does not hold for rulings.
[17] The exchange control rulings have no statutory force. Mr Ribbens explained
that they are ‘general authorities given to authorised dealers to do certain
transactions’. They are not made available to the public. There is a rulings committee
which is convened by the Reserve bank and on which representatives of authorised
dealers serve. At its meetings the content of rulings existing and proposed is
discussed and the subject, if necessary, may be pursued at a liaison committee
meeting between banks and the Reserve Bank. Out of the decisions taken at these
meetings emerge the rulings which are issued by the Reserve Bank for the guidance
of authorised dealers. It is clear that a ruling is nothing more or less than a
comunication between the Reserve Bank and dealers which is designed to facilitate

the application of the regulatory system. Like any communication between
businessmen falling short of a contract it is open to elucidation by either party. Mr
Ribbens’s evidence in this regard was part of an explanation of how authorised
dealers conduct their day to day business in the practical environment created by the
Reserve Bank for the oversight of foreign exchange dealings in order to implement
the Foreign Exchange Regulations. There could be no valid objection to that
evidence. Nor as Mr Puckrin conceded at the outset of his argument could he argue
that the fact that rulings were issued to authorised dealers and exist in specific terms
amounted to hearsay evidence. As a fact those rulings were the basis upon which the
authorised dealers dealt with exchange control transactions and it was admissible for
Mr Ribbens to explain the interrelation of the rulings and to testify, again as a fact,
that the respondent understood and applied ruling E5(c)(a) as a blanket permission
granted to remit off-shore the proceeds of the sale of securities owned by foreigners
provided that that was effected through normal banking channels. Ribbens also
located the decision to grant such permission in the historical context of the

slackening of exchange controls upon assets held by non-residents. The evidence of
such an ongoing practice by authorised dealers at the behest of the Reserve Bank and
in the environment described by Mr Ribbens was such as to give rise to a rebuttable
inference of fact, viz that the practice had the approval of the Reserve Bank. But the
appellant to whom it was open to challenge such evidence in cross-examination, did
not do so, nor as I have said, did it adduce countervailing evidence.
[18] Mr Puckrin submitted, on behalf of the appellant, that ruling E.5(A)(i)(a)
(which, as noted, permits remittal of proceeds of non-resident owned assets through
normal banking channels) provides in specific terms for the ‘administrative
procedures governing transactions in securities’. That ruling continues:
‘The attention of authorised dealers is also drawn to the provisions of, inter alia, Exchange Control
Regulation 10(1)(c). In this regard it is essential that all securities related transactions, between a
resident and a non-resident/immigrant whereby capital or any right to capital is directly or indirectly
exported from the Republic, especially those which have cross-border cash flow implications, are
carefully scrutinized and documentary evidence such as brokers’ notices/validated trade advices,

sighted in order to ensure that such transactions are concluded at arms length and at market
related prices. In the case of any doubt on the part of the Authorised Dealer concerned the proposed
transaction is to be referred to the Exchange Control Department of the South African Reserve
Bank.’
[19] Mr Ribbens testified as to the procedures followed by the respondent. But Mr
Puckrin submitted that the respondent had fallen short of the requirements by failing
to scrutinise the transactions carefully and have sight of the documentary evidence in
order to ensure that the agreements were concluded at arms length (which, he
submitted, they were not) and at market-related prices (which he likewise submitted
was not the case). I have referred to the evidence of the status of the rulings as
‘guidelines’ to dealers. That evidence does not of itself elevate their terms to
‘conditions’ for the purpose of the statutory prescriptions. If that was the contention
of the appellant it was open to the appellant (assuming that the pleadings raised the
issue) to call witnesses from the Reserve Bank to provide a basis but she did not. Nor,
in any event, upon a fair reading of Ribbens’s evidence, can one conclude that the

measure of the respondent’s scrutiny of or insight into documents fell short of what
the Reserve Bank regarded as sufficient.
[20] The appellant also built an argument on the proposition that the exchange
control department of the Reserve Bank had, in ruling E.5(C)(a), unlawfully
delegated the exercise of its discretion to permit or refuse applications for the export
of sale proceeds which had been conferred on it by the Treasury for the purposes of
regulation 10(1)(c). But that is not so. The department did not delegate any power. It
took a decision to grant a blanket permission and authorised its dealers to implement
the decision through normal banking channels. The ruling as quoted above, does no
more than recommend a thorough investigation of applications and, in case of doubt,
a referral to the department for a decision.
[21] In the result the appellant has failed to persuade me that the court a quo erred in
finding that the evidence of Ribbens was admissible and that such evidence
established that the respondent was authorised to remit the proceeds of the sale of the
member’s interest in Anne Pratt and Associates (Pty) Ltd as it did.

[22] Mr Puckrin contended that the learned judge erred in dismissing the claim in
convention. He submitted that the answers to the rule 33(4) questions left open the
possibility of amendment of the terms of that claim. I do not agree; its very
foundation has, as I earlier discussed, been destroyed. Moreover a long time has
passed since the order was made, nothing has been done to supplement the claim and
counsel did not suggest what might  still be done.
[23] The high court did not make any order in respect of the counterclaim. The
respondent will accordingly be entitled to enrol the counterclaim for finalisation in
that court in due course. It is accordingly unnecessary to provide for that in the order.
[24] In the result the following order is made:
The appeal is dismissed with costs including the costs of two counsel.

____________________

J A HEHER

JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

FOR APPELLANT:
C E PUCKRIN SC

K W LÜDERITZ

FOR RESPONDENT:
P F LOUW SC

M A CHOHAN

ATTORNEYS:

FOR APPELLANT:
KLAGSBRUN DE VRIES & VAN DEVENTER,
PRETORIA

HONEY & PARTNERS, BLOEMFONTEIN

FOR RESPONDENT:
ROUTLEDGE MODISE

c/o FRIEDLAND HART INC, PRETORIA

MATSEPES, BLOEMFONTEIN