THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Reportable
Case No: 446/2017
In the matter between:

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL PARKS

APPELLANT
and

MTO FORESTRY (PTY) LTD

FIRST RESPONDENT
PARKSCAPE

SECOND RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
South African National Parks v MTO Forestry (Pty) Ltd & another
(446/2017) [2018] ZASCA 59 (17 May 2018)
Coram:

Navsa, Leach and Dambuza JJA and Davis and Rogers AJJA

Heard:

1 March 2018

Delivered:

17 May 2018

Summary:
Administrative law – whether management framework and totality of
relevant evidence including previous public participation concluded in anticipation of
implementation of statutory park management plan was proper basis for legitimate
expectation – document to be interpreted comprehensively – legitimate expectation
established.

Contractual power exercised by public body – variation of the contract constituted
administrative action – contractual rights had to be exercised within the administrative
justice framework – where procedural fairness requirement not observed –
administrative action reviewed and set aside.
___________________________________________________________________

ORDER
___________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Western Cape Division, Cape Town (Gamble J).
The appeal is dismissed with costs including the costs of two counsel.
___________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________________

Dambuza JA (Navsa and Leach JJA and Davis AJA concurring)
[1] At the heart of this appeal is the question whether the appellant, the South
African National Parks (SANParks), had a duty to consult the second respondent,
Parkscape, prior to allowing the first respondent, MTO Forestry (Pty) Ltd (MTO) to
vary a previously agreed tree felling programme in the Tokai Forest, Cape Town, in
terms of a lease agreement between the two. That approval was reviewed and set
aside by the Western Cape Division of the High Court, Cape Town (Gamble J) at the
instance of Parkscape, for procedural unfairness. The high court then interdicted and
restrained MTO from felling the trees in terms of the revised tree felling programme.
This appeal is with the leave of the court a quo.

[2] These proceedings were instituted at the instance of Parkscape, a non-profit
organisation whose interest is the creation of ‘safe, biodiverse, open and shaded
urban parks in the buffer zones of the Table Mountain National Park’. Parkscape’s
case in the court below and before us was that, to vary the lease so as to accelerate

the felling process was an exercise of public power, necessitating public participation
before the variation took place, particularly because of prior extensive public
participation in relation to the management of the Tokai forest. SANParks’ case was
that the decision to accelerate the felling process and to vary the lease accordingly
was taken in terms of contractual provisions and that the decision was not subject to
public law processes. It further contended that the decision was not taken in pursuit
of its statutory duties and was therefore not an administrative decision.

[3] The Tokai Forest forms part of the world famous Table Mountain National Park
(TMNP). It comprises a wide variety of trees, including camphor and poplar trees,
eucalyptus and pine plantations, and various indigenous trees. It offers a wide range
of recreational facilities for use by the residents of the City of Cape Town. It is
administered in terms of various pieces of legislation, including the National Forests
Act 84 of 1998 (the NFA) and the National Environmental Management: Protected
Areas Act, 57 of 2003 (NEMPAA).

[4] Before 2005 the government was responsible for managing the country’s
commercial forestry plantations. By 1999 it had taken a policy decision to dispose of
a majority interest in its commercial forestry activities to MTO, which was initially a
wholly owned subsidiary of the South African Forestry Company Limited (SAFCOL).
On 25 January 2005 the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry concluded a 20
year lease agreement with MTO in terms of which the latter would clear-fell the Tokai
forest plantations over the 20 year lease period.1 The lease agreement contemplated
that the lessor’s rights, obligations and responsibilities in relation to the Tokai and
Cecilia Plantations would be assigned to SANParks. Indeed, on 11 February 2005,
the assignment occurred.

[5] The lease agreement entitled MTO to harvest approximately 600 hectares of
the Tokai plantations over a 20 year period. SANParks was responsible for managing
MTO’s performance of its obligations under the lease. It considered that a long-term
strategic framework for the Tokai Forest was necessary. Consequently, in late 2006 a
process started to compile the framework. As the forest fell within a protected area

1 The lease agreement related to the Tokai and Cecilia Plantations. The latter is located in Constantia,
Cape Town. However these proceedings only pertain to the Tokai Forest.

this process was conducted in terms of NEMPAA. A public participation process was
initiated to identify shareholders’ concerns. That process revealed divergent views:
on-going public concern about the loss of shade trees on the one hand, and the loss
of biodiversity on the other. This led to the establishment of a broad consultative
process by the then mayor of Cape Town, Ms Helen Zille, with the support of the
manager of the TMNP. Professor Richard Fuggle of the University of Cape Town was
asked to facilitate the process between all of the interested parties. Following the
extended public participation process, a ‘Revised Management Framework’
(management framework) was presented to the public during December 2007.

[6] The management framework articulated a compromise between those who
favoured the retention of the plantations and those who favoured their removal. This
compromise entailed among other things, the creation of ‘transition planting areas’
where fynbos would only be permanently re-established after 38 years. The existing
pine gum trees would be felled and then the land burnt to encourage Fynbos
regeneration. The Fynbos would be allowed to regenerate for 8 years to allow seed
to be dispersed into the soil. Thereafter appropriate non-invasive shade giving trees
would be planted and allowed to grow for 30 years, providing shaded recreational
areas. After 30 years of growth the trees would be harvested, allowing the Fynbos to
return on a permanent basis. The management framework presented a profile for the
future management of Tokai and Cecilia as an integral part of the TMNP. Although
completed in 2009 it covered the same period as the lease agreement (2005 to
2025).

[7] The events which culminated in these proceedings started in March 2015
when a major fire damaged most of the plantation components in the Upper Tokai
Forest. In July 2016 MTO addressed a letter to SANParks requesting that it be
allowed to harvest the Dennendal portion of the Tokai Forest later that year, and that
it exits the lease at the end of 2017. In terms of the original felling schedule which
was part of the lease agreement, Dennendal was only due to be harvested during the
period 2021 until the end of the lease period in 2025.

[8] On 29 August 2016 SANParks gave public notice of acceleration of the felling
programme as requested by MTO. The reason advanced for the change of

programme was that the March 2015 fire had damaged most of the plantation
compartments in the Upper Tokai Forest in 2015. As a result, so it was said, MTO
had to immediately harvest all the burnt trees to avoid further damage from
infestation by worms which would render them worthless. According to SANParks,
holding on to the remaining plantations until the expiry of the lease period became
economically non-viable, more so after the closure of MTO’s biggest client, Cape
Sawmills (Pty) Ltd.

[9] On 30 August 2016, following some written protestations by representatives of
Parkscape, the accelerated felling programme commenced, leading to the institution
of these proceedings. The high court found that SANParks’ authority and obligations
in respect of the Tokai Forest, including the authority deriving from the lease
agreement, were an exercise of public power conferred on it under the NFA and
NEMPAA. That court also found that the approval of the accelerated felling schedule
was an administrative action. Because SANParks had failed to consult the public
prior to granting the approval, its decision was reviewed and set aside.

[10] I turn to deal with SANParks’ case in this Court, namely, that there was no
pleaded statutory duty preventing it from agreeing to MTO’s request for variation of
the tree felling schedule and that the management framework was not established in
fulfilment of the requirements of s 39 of NEMPAA.2 The submission was that the
framework was not a management plan as required in that section and SANParks
bore none of the statutory duties emanating from it.

[11] Furthermore, SANParks contended that Parkscape had failed to prove a right
or legitimate expectation to consultation based on the management framework. More

2 Section 39 of NEMPAA provides:
‘Preparation of management plan
(1)
The Minister or the MEC may make an assignment in terms of section 38(1) or (2) only with
the concurrence of the prospective management authority.
(2)
The management authority assigned in terms of section 38(1) or (2) must, within 12 months of
the assignment, submit a management plan for the protected area to the Minister or the MEC for
approval.
(3)
When preparing a management plan for a protected area, the management authority
concerned must consult municipalities, other organs of state, local communities and other affected
parties which have an interest in the area.
(4)
A management plan must take into account any applicable aspects of the integrated
development plan of the municipality in which the protected area is situated.’

particularly, the colour coded map termed ‘plantation harvesting schedule’, which was
the implementation plan showing various compartments of plantations to be felled by
MTO over the 20 year lease period, was never part of the management framework.
According to SANParks the management framework contained no time schedule
regulating the harvest periods. On its own, the management framework was merely a
vision for the future of the Tokai Forest and not an implementation plan. No right to
procedural fairness could be founded on it. Moreover, the fire had not affected the
management framework; it only affected the felling schedule.

[12] In any event, so SANParks asserted, even if the management framework was
implicated, its decision to allow MTO to accelerate the tree-felling schedule, and to
exit the lease prematurely was made in terms of the lease agreement. There was
therefore no public law obligation on it to consult the public prior to granting the
request for variation.

[13] It is true that in its founding affidavit Parkscape conflated the management
framework and the management plan.3 Counsel for Parkscape readily conceded that
the management framework is not a management plan.4 And indeed the

3 In terms of s 41 of NEMPAA the role and ambit of a management plan is described as follows:
‘(1)
The object of a management plan is to ensure the protection, conservation and management
of the protected area concerned in a manner which is consistent with the objectives of this Act and for
the purpose it was declared.
(2)
A management plan must consist at least –
(a)
the terms and conditions of any applicable biodiversity management plan;
(b)
a co-ordinated policy framework;
(c)
such planning measures, controls and performance criteria as may be prescribed;
(d)
a programme for the implementation of the plan and its costing;
(e)
procedures for public participation, including participation by the owner (if applicable), any
local community or other interested party;
(f)
where appropriate, the implementation of community-based natural resource management;
and
(g)
a zoning of the area indicating what activities must take place in the different sections of the
area, and the conservation objectives of those sections.
(3)
A management plan may contain –
(a)
development of economic opportunities within and adjacent to the protected area in terms of
the integrated development plan framework;
(b)
development of local management capacity and knowledge exchange;
(c)
financial and other support to ensure effective administration and implementation of the co-
management agreement; and
(d)
any other relevant matter.
(4)
Management plans may include subsidiary plans, and the Minister or MEC may approve the
management plan or any subsidiary plan in whole or in part’.
4 The latter was concluded in 2015 and states in terms that it serves to fulfil the requirements of ss 39
and 41 of NEMPAA.

management framework stresses at various points thereof that it is a ‘framework for
planning’ and not a ‘plan for implementation’. However, under the heading
‘Proposals’ in chapter 4 of the management framework the following appears:
‘The overall approach is to indicate how the landscape will evolve in Tokai and Cecilia as it
changes in time from a Plantation to a National Park over the next 20 years. The proposals
are presented at a broad landscape level, as a framework and not a detailed plan. This
avoids the pitfalls of an inflexible 20-year blue print plan and provides the opportunity for the
broad landscape level proposals to be fleshed out and detailed through lower level
implementation plans which address site specific issues and areas.’
As can be seen, the framework was clearly going to inform the implementation of the
management plan.

[14] The implementation of the management plan was manifestly guided by the
management framework. In s 9, para 9.1.8 of the ‘Concept development plan’ the
management plan provides:
‘Tokai Cecilia Plantation rehabilitation
This project involves the long term restoration of 600 hectares of commercial pine plantation
to indigenous lowland, granite and mountain fynbos, riverine corridors and Afro-montane
pocket indigenous forests, while providing for high intensity recreational activities and
ecotourism opportunities. The rehabilitation of upper Tokai plantation will be prioritised due to
the fires of March 2015 as the burnt plantation trees need to be harvested in the short term.
In the light of these changes the Tokai and Cecilia Management Framework will need to be
reviewed’.
There was therefore an express acknowledgement in the management plan that a
change in the implementation schedule warranted revision of the management
framework. This puts paid to SANParks’ contention that the management framework
was not affected by the March 2015 fires.

[15] Further, as counsel for Parkscape submitted, the management framework had
to be read comprehensively, together with other documents, as expressly
commanded therein. The first of these is the ‘Background information document’
concluded in August 2006. This was a planning document for processes that would
culminate in the management framework. Incorporated in the Background information
document was the ‘Baseline Information report’, dated 22 September 2006, which

was a description of the proposed project, its context, details of the public
participation process and a presentation of the proposals of a scoping study.
[16] The Baseline information report included the harvesting schedule for Tokai
Forrest. The harvesting schedule had in fact been put up by MTO and SANParks as
the intended tree felling schedule. It preceded the management framework and
formed part of the stakeholder engagement process which culminated in the
framework. It informed the transition planting areas embodied in the management
framework. Significantly, the framework itself, in para 1.1, states the following:
‘The Management Framework indicates broad recreational areas, rehabilitation priorities and
areas to be maintained as shaded landscapes or “transition areas”, as well as eco-tourism
and other management uses. The Management Framework provides a basis for further,
more detailed planning and management.
The Framework should not be regarded as a fixed document, but rather as a dynamic, living
management tool, which can be reviewed and updated on a five yearly basis in alignment
with SANParks adaptive management system.’
In adopting this approach, SANParks quite obviously envisaged prospective ongoing
consultation in relation to the management of the TMNP, including the Tokai and
Cecilia Plantations. It is tantamount to a commitment. That commitment found its way
into the management plan, the relevant part of which is dealt with in the next
paragraph.

[17] The relevant part of SANParks’ management plan for the period 2015 to 2025,
dated November 2015, reads as follows:
‘SANParks recognises that parks must serve societal values and that they need to be part of
and interrelate with the broader landscape and socio-economic context within which they are
situated. The goal of the Table Mountain National Park within the public participation process
is to work directly with stakeholders to ensure that the stakeholder concerns and aspirations
are consistently understood and considered. Therefore, stakeholders and interested and
affected parties were included in the revision process of the Park Management Plan by
notifying them of participation processes through mechanisms suitable for the different
stakeholder groups. These processes provided the opportunity for input from all stakeholders
within reasonable timeframes, with the emphasis on sharing of information and joint
learning.’

Further, the management plan goes on to say:

‘The adaptive planning process that was followed was designed to (a) help stakeholders
express opinions and values in a structured way, (b) to use the opinions and expressed
values to formulate a mission for TMNP, and (c) to translate the mission into management
objectives that reflect the values as expressed by stakeholders.’

[18] SANParks’ contention that its approval of the variation of the harvesting
schedule was purely a contractual matter, governed by clause 105 of the lease
agreement requires the antecedent determination of the legal nature of its decision.
The issue is whether its approval of the accelerated harvesting plan constituted

5 Clause 10 provides that:
‘10.1
The tenant shall clear-fell and release the compartments in accordance with this clause 10, by
no later than 20 (twenty) years after the commencement date (unless the lessor agrees in writing to a
longer period in respect of any particular area of the leased land, in its sole discretion).
10.2
The tenant shall clear-fell the compartments in accordance with the clear-felling schedule
relating to the leased land annexed as Annexure K, to at least the standards set out in Annexure L, in
addition:-
. . . .
10.4
The tenant shall on or before 28 February of each year in accordance with the provisions of
clause 16, while any compartment has not been released from this lease, notify the lessor of the clear-
felling programme which it intends to implement over the next 6 (six) years of the lease or such lesser
period as may be applicable to complete the clear-felling and release of the compartment as an
integral part of the reporting referred to in clause 16. Such annual reports shall:-
10.4.1 highlight any variations from the previous year’s submission regarding the tenant’s clear-felling
programme;
. . . .
10.4.3 Indicate any variations from Annexure K and the reasons therefore, which amendments shall
be subject to the lessor’s approval in terms of clause 10.5.
10.5
The lessor shall notify the tenant within 90 (ninety) days of receipt of the schedule of
information referred to in clause 10.4 whether or not it accepts any changes to the clear-felling
programme set out in Annexure K (as amended from time to time in terms hereof). The lessor may
however, notify the tenant, in writing, that it requires an extension of a further 60 (sixty) days within
such period within which to obtain the input from SANParks in the event that SANParks has not yet
been assigned the responsibilities as lessor in terms of this lease . . . If the tenant is of the view that
the lessor is being unreasonable in refusing its consent, it shall advise the lessor accordingly, giving
reasons for its views. If the parties are unable to resolve such dispute within 90 (ninety) days of the
tenant giving notice to the lessor that it believes that the lessor is acting unreasonably in refusing its
approval to any of the proposed changes, the tenant may refer the dispute to arbitration in terms of
clause 49.
10.6
Subject to clause 10.7, in the event that any compartment (or a substantial part thereof) is
destroyed or partially destroyed by fire, wind, hail, flood, insect infestation or disease, and the tenant
wishes to clear-fell such area earlier than it is programmed for cutting pursuant to the provisions of this
lease, and in particular clause 10.4, it shall notify the lessor in writing, that it wishes to clear-fell such
compartment earlier than programmed, in which event, the following shall apply:-
10.6.1 the lessor shall assume responsibility for such compartment on its release in terms of this
clause prior to the programmed date in terms of Annexure K as amended in terms of clause 10.2
within 60 (sixty) days of receipt of written notice from the tenant that the clear-felling of the
compartment is complete, subject to the tenants obligation to clear-fell the compartment to the
standards set out in Annexure L and the provisions of clause 10.11; and
10.6.2 the tenant shall continue with its clear-felling programme in respect of other compartments
unless the magnitude of the destruction of timber in respect of the compartments destroyed by fire or
wind, as the case may be, is such that it requires to reallocate resources to such areas and is not
reasonably able to continue with its clear-felling programme in respect of such other compartments.’

administrative action in terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000
(PAJA).

[19] The definition of administrative action in s 1 of PAJA is:
‘In this Act, unless the context indicates otherwise-
“Administrative action” means any decision taken, or any failure to take a decision, by-
(a)
an organ of state, when-
(i)
exercising a power in terms of the Constitution or a provincial constitution; or
(ii)
exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any legislation; or
(b)
a natural or juristic person, other than an organ of state, when exercising public
power or performing a public function in terms of an empowering provision, which adversely
affects the rights of any person and which has a direct, external legal effect, but does not
include . . .’

[20] It is not in dispute that SANParks is an organ of State. It was established in
terms of s 5 of the now repealed National Parks Act 57 of 1976. Its functions are set
out in s 55 of NEMPAA. They include the management, protection and conservation
of all existing national parks, protected areas and heritage sites assigned to it. The
powers assigned to it by the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry include the
promotion of sustainable management of forests for the benefit of the public. It
exercises contractual powers in respect of the lease agreement as a result of the
assignment. Importantly, SANParks derived the powers as lessor under the lease
agreement from s 27(1) of the NFA.

[21] Section 27 of the NFA empowers the Minister to lease a state forest or part of
it to any person. In terms of s 27(2) the lease agreement may provide for the carrying
on, by the lessee of any of the activities referred to in s 23(1). That section (23(1))
provides for, amongst other things, the felling of trees and removal of timber.
However, those provisions have to be considered alongside the functions of
SANParks provided for by s 55 of NEMPAA. Section 55(1)(a) places an obligation on
SANParks to ‘manage all existing national parks . . . in accordance with this Act or
any specific environmental management act referred to in the National Environmental
Management Act’. Section 55(1)(b) in peremptory terms charges SANParks to

‘protect, conserve and control those national parks and other protected areas,
including their biological diversity’.

[22] It will be recalled that the lease in question was concluded with the Minister of
Water Affairs in 2005 in terms of s 27(1) of the NFA. SANParks’ public law
responsibilities as set out in s 55 of NEMPAA, the public undertakings to consult and
the public statements which implemented these undertakings echo through the lease
agreement. The agreement envisaged the assignment of the Minister’s rights and
obligations flowing from the lease to SANParks. The conclusion of the lease
agreement and the exercise of powers pursuant to it was clearly an exercise of public
power. The lease agreement itself recognises the public nature of the lease
agreement and the rights and obligations of the lessor that flow therefrom. Its
obligation to consult the public is stipulated in clause 40 of the lease agreement as
follows:
‘40
Consultation with communities
40.1
The tenant will of necessity be involved in ongoing consultation and liaison with
surrounding communities. Government, as lessor, will also from time to time be involved in
such consultations.
40.2
The tenant together with the Government shall determine procedures for such
consultations and liason whereafter the tenant will be required to implement such procedures
within 18 (eighteen) months of the commencement date.
40.3
Any dispute in regard to such procedures between the lessor and the tenant shall be
referred to arbitration in terms of clause 49.
40.4
The tenant shall report to Government on the working of each consultation and liason
structure in the manner determined and in accordance with the provisions of clause 16.1.7.’

[23] The submission, on behalf of SANParks, that the exercise by an organ, of
state of rights under a contract attracts no public law obligation was considered by
this court in Logbro Properties CC v Bedderson NO & others.6 As in this case, the
appellant in Logbro, relied on Cape Metro Council v Metro Inspection Services
(Western Cape) CC & others7 for the contention that public law responsibilities had
no place in a contract concluded by a state organ.

6 Logbro Properties CC v Bedderson NO and others [2003] 1 All SA 424 (SCA).
7 Cape Metro Council v Metro Inspection Services (Western Cape) CC and Others 2001 (3) SA 1013
(SCA).

[24] In Logbro the contention was that conditions stipulated in a tender gave the
Western Cape Province a contractual right to withdraw a tender ‘without having to
pass the scrutiny of lawful administrative action’.8 In para 7 of the judgment Cameron
JA held as follows:
‘Even if the conditions constituted a contract (a finding not in issue before us, and on which I
express no opinion), its provisions did not exhaust the province’s duties towards the
tenderers. Principles of administrative justice continued to govern that relationship, and the
province in exercising its contractual rights in the tender process was obliged to act lawfully,
procedurally and fairly. In consequence, some of its contractual rights – such as the
entitlement to give no reasons – would necessarily yield before its public duties under the
Constitution and any applicable legislation.
This is not to say that the conditions for which the province stipulated in putting out the
tender were irrelevant to its subsequent powers. As will appear, such stipulations might bear
on the exact ambit of the ever-flexible duty to act fairly that rested on the province. The
principles of administrative justice nevertheless framed the parties’ contractual relationship,
and continued in particular to govern the province’s exercise of the rights it derived from the
contract.’ (Footnotes omitted)

[25] Logbro highlighted that Cape Metropolitan Council is no authority for a general
principle that a public authority empowered by statute to contract may always
exercise its contractual rights without regard to public duties of fairness. More
importantly, the court in Logbro stressed the distinguishing factors in that case that
underpinned the court’s decision. It noted that the tender9 and employment10 cases
were not relevant to the facts in Cape Metropolitan Council because of the equal
power of the contracting parties in that case.

[26] The reliance by the appellant on Government of the Republic of South Africa v
Thabiso Chemicals11 does not take the matter any further. Unlike in this case, the

8 Logbro para 5.
9 For example Umfolozi Transport (Edms) Bpk v Minister van Vervoer en andere [1997] 2 All SA 548
(SCA).
10 See Administrator, Transvaal, & others v Zenzile & others 1991 (1) SA 21 (SCA) where a contract of
employment was summarily terminated as a result of the employees having engaged in work
stoppage. The contractor in Cape Metro had relied on Zenzile in asserting a right to procedural
fairness prior to cancellation of its contract to collect outstanding levies on behalf of the municipality.
See also Administrator Natal, & another v Sibiya & another 1992 (4) SA 532 (SCA).
11 Government of the Republic of South Africa v Thabiso Chemicals 2009 (1) SA 163 (SCA).

dispute, in Thabiso, as well as in Cape Metropolitan Council turned on the contract
entered into between the two parties. The pivotal issue in Thabiso was the limited
factual determination into whether the facts relied on by the Government in cancelling
a tender could sustain the cancellation under the relevant clause in the contract.
Thabiso did not concern the effect that the exercise of a power sourced in a contract
would have on the public and its interests.

[27] Already, in the pre-constitutional era this court acknowledged that in a
contractual context circumstances may be such as to compel notions of fairness and
the application of the principle of legitimate expectation. In this regard, see Lunt v
University of Cape Town & another.12 Professor Hoexter warns against the dangers
of formalism in that an exclusive focus on the concept of a contract might distract
from the reasons why fairness ought to be observed in a particular case, whether it
be of a private or of public nature.13

[28] In Administrator of Transvaal & others v Traub & others,14 Corbett CJ in laying
down the requirements for the doctrine of legitimate expectation, after an examination
of authorities elsewhere, said the following at 761B-C:
‘And it was evolved, as I read the cases, in the social context of the age in order to make the
grounds of interference with the decisions of public authorities which adversely affect
individuals co-extensive with notions of what is fair and what is not fair in the particular
circumstances of the case.’

[29] More than five decades ago, in a minority judgment, Schreiner JA, in
Mustapha and another v Receiver of Revenue, Lichtenburg & others,15 said the
following:
‘Although a permit granted under sec. 18 (4) of Act 18 of 1936 has a contractual aspect, the
powers under the sub-section must be exercised within the framework of the Act and the
regulations which are themselves, of course, controlled by the Act. The powers of fixing the
terms of the permit and of acting under those terms are all statutory powers. In exercising the
power to grant or renew, or to refuse to grant or renew, the permit, the Minister acts as a

12 Lunt v University of Cape Town & another 1989 (2) SA 438 (CPD).
13 C Hoexter Administrative Law in South Africa 2 ed (2012) at 446.
14 Administrator of Transvaal & others v Traub & others 1989 (4) SA 731 (AD).
15 Mustapha and another v Receiver of Revenue, Lichtenburg & others 1958 (3) SA 343 (A).

state official and not as a private owner, who need listen to no representations and is entitled
to act as arbitrarily as he pleases, so long as he breaks no contract. For no reason or the
worst of reasons the private owner can exclude whom he wills from his property and eject
anyone to whom he has given merely precarious permission to be there. But the Minister has
no such free hand. He receives his powers directly or indirectly from the Statute alone and
can only act within its limitations, express or implied. If the exercise of his powers under the
sub-section is challenged the Courts must interpret the provision, including its implications
and any lawfully made regulations, in order to decide whether the powers have been duly
exercised. . .’ (Footnotes omitted)
These remarks are apposite to this case. Insofar as the approval of the acceleration
of the felling schedule is concerned, the contractual rights and responsibilities arising
from the lease agreement also fell within s 55 of NEMPAA.

[30] As demonstrated above, SANParks engaged in years of deliberate processes
with interested members of the public. It committed itself, both in the framework and
the management plan, to ongoing public participation. The management framework
embodied clear and reasonable undertakings to which the public was entitled to
expect adherence, including being heard before decisions which could adversely
affect its interests would be made.16 SANParks’ approval of MTO’s accelerated tree
felling, including the seven year premature lease exit, was an issue on which
members of the affected public could rightly expect to be heard.

[31] It is also material that on 29 August 2016, SANParks issued a public
statement to residents in the affected areas in which it sought to justify its decision in
favour of accelerated harvesting. It went as far as issuing an apology for the
inconvenience caused to the public by the accelerated harvesting activities. This
letter, together with a detailed position statement published on its website on 30
August 2016, which explained its decision in favour of MTO, is indicative of
SANParks’ own recognition that the public had, at the very least, an entitlement to
information about the decision to harvest, a situation which would not prevail in a
purely contractual partnership between SANParks and MTO.

16 South African Veterinary Council & another v Szymanski 2003 (4) SA 42 (SCA) para 19 quoting
National Director of Public Prosecutions v Phillips & others 2002 (4) SA 60 (W) para 28.

[32] Having regard to the factual background set out above, considering
SANParks’ statutory obligations and the principles set out in case law referred to
above, it is clear in my view that Parkscape and its members had a legitimate
expectation to be consulted before the decision to vary the lease was made. The
court below was correct in holding in favour of Parkscape.

[33] In consequence, the following order is issued:
The appeal is dismissed with costs including the costs of two counsel.

___________________
N Dambuza
Judge of Appeal

Navsa JA and Davis AJA:
[34] We have had the benefit of reading the judgment of our colleague Dambuza
JA. We are in complete agreement with her reasoning and the conclusions reached
by her. In light of academic warnings against adopting a formalistic approach when
considering rights of parties in relation to a contract involving a state organ, we
consider it necessary to comment further on that aspect.17

[35] As pointed out by our colleague, this court, in Logbro, was astute to recognise,
under the circumstances of that case, notwithstanding a contractual right of provincial
government to withdraw a tender, the relationship between the public authority and
the private tendering party was governed by the principles of administrative law.
Logbro was intent at ensuring that the position maintained in Cape Metro was
circumscribed.18 In the circumstances in Logbro, there was not yet an equality of
arms between the private party tendering to provide services to the provincial
government and the latter. That case involved litigation between competing parties in
a tender process. It concerned a challenge to the award of the tender.

17 See Cora Hoexter ‘Contracts and Administrative Law: Life after formalism’ 2004 (121) SALJ 545;
Geo Quinot State Commercial Activity: A legal framework (1989).
18 Logbro at paras 7 and 10.

[36] The ambit of Cape Metro, confirmed in Logbro, was as follows: the
Metropolitan Council cancelled a contract with a private contractor. The main issue
was whether the cancellation in terms prescribed by the contract involved
administrative law principles. On the facts of that case, this court held that the
cancellation did not constitute administrative action. It was this distinction that Logbro
sought to make.

[37] There is no bright-line test for determining whether administrative principles
intrude in relation to a contract involving an organ of state and a private party.
However, there are indicators. One might rightly ask whether coercive state power
can be brought to bear by a state organ on the private party. Further, one will be
constrained to consider whether the public interest is affected by the exercise of the
contractual right. In Bullock NO v Provincial Government, North West Province 2004
(5) SA 262 (SCA), this court considered whether the grant by the provincial authority
of a servitude in relation to the relevant part of the foreshore of a dam constituted
administrative action. In that case the right to a servitude was claimed in terms of a
contract concluded decades before with the provincial authority’s predecessor. This
court, in rejecting the claim as being purely contractual, said the following:
‘A decision by the first respondent to grant, in perpetuity, a right over part of the foreshore to
one property owner to the exclusion of all other persons, significantly curtails access to that
resource by the public. In my view, for the reasons which follow, the decision to grant the
servitude can and must be classified as administrative action . . . .’19
The contractual terms, seen contextually, will also be scrutinised to determine how
the parties envisaged disputes in relation to their agreement being dealt with
prospectively.

[38] Having regard to the authorities referred to by Dambuza JA, including Traub, a
court should be concerned with whether, in the circumstances of the case, the State
can be said to be acting fairly, which includes, but is not limited to, questions of
procedural propriety. It does not necessarily follow, where there is an equality of arms
in relation to the conclusion of a contract and where the public interest is not directly
involved, that the private party will be able to resort to administrative law principles.

19 Para 14.

Each case has to be decided on its own merits and courts will exercise a value
judgment.

[39] Proportionality is a constitutional watchword, the exercise of which, can be
employed in adjudicating whether to import administrative law principles into cases
involving an organ of state and a private party. In the present case, as demonstrated
by our colleague, those indicators compel the conclusion reached by her, namely,
that Parkscape and its members had a legitimate expectation to be consulted before
the decision to vary the lease was made. The application of the administrative law
principle that parties affected by a decision of an organ of state in this case can
hardly be said to place a disproportionate burden on SANParks.

___________________
M Navsa
Judge of Appeal

___________________
D Davis
Acting Judge of Appeal

Rogers AJA
[40] I differ from the majority’s conclusion. In my view the appeal should be upheld
for the reason that the appellant’s decision did not constitute ‘administrative action’ as
defined in PAJA because the decision (a) was not taken ‘in terms of any legislation’
and (b) did not involve the exercise of a ‘public power’ or ‘public function’ and was not
‘of an administrative nature’. This makes it unnecessary to decide whether Parkscape
established the legitimate expectation on which it founded its case. I shall refer to the
parties and the relevant legislation by the same abbreviated references used in my
colleague’s judgment.

‘in terms of any legislation’
[41] In order to be reviewable in terms of PAJA, the impugned act must be
‘administrative action’ as defined in s 1 of the Act. In relevant part the definition reads
thus (my emphasis):
‘any decision taken, or any failure to take a decision, by –
(a) an organ of state, when –
(i) exercising a power in terms of the Constitution or a provincial constitution; or
(ii) exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of any
legislation; or
(b) a natural or juristic person, other than an organ of state, when exercising public
power or performing a public function in terms of an empowering provision,
which adversely affects the rights of any person and which has a direct, external legal
effect, but does not include – . . .’.
[42] The terms ‘decision’ and ‘empowering provision’ which I have underlined are
also defined (again my emphasis):
A ‘decision’ means ‘any decision of an administrative nature made, proposed to be
made, or required to be made, as the case may be, under an empowering provision,
including a decision relating to – . . .’.
An ‘empowering provision’ means ‘a law, a rule of common law, customary law, or an
agreement, instrument or other document in terms of which an administrative action
was purportedly taken’.
[43] The action which Parkscape applied to review was SANParks’ decision to
consent to an accelerated felling schedule. Its review was brought in terms of
s 6(2)(c) read with s 3(1) of PAJA, the essential allegation being that the decision
was taken in a procedurally unfair way, ie without hearing Parkscape and members
of the public, despite the fact that the decision materially and adversely affected the
legitimate expectations of Parkscape and members of the public within the meaning
of s 3(1).

[44] The lease divided the plantations into compartments. Clause 10.1 required
MTO to clear-fell and release the compartments by not later than 20 years after the
commencement date, unless the lessor in writing agreed to a longer period. Clause
10.2 stipulated that the clear-felling should take place in accordance with the
schedule annexed to the lease as annexure K. That annexure specified the ‘last date’
by which each compartment was to be felled.
[45] Clause 10.4 provided that on or before the end of February each year MTO
was to notify SANParks of the clear-felling programme it intended to implement over
the next six years, highlighting any variation from the previous year’s submission and
from annexure K. Clause 10.5 gave SANParks 90 days, from receipt of the
programme, to notify MTO whether it accepted any variation to annexure K. If
SANParks rejected the variation and if MTO was of the view that SANParks was
being unreasonable, MTO was required to notify SANParks accordingly, giving
reasons for its view. If the parties were unable to resolve their dispute within 90 days
of MTO’s notice challenging the decision, MTO was entitled to refer the dispute to
arbitration in terms of clause 49.
[46] Devastating fires in the Cape Peninsula in March 2015 damaged large parts of
the plantations. As a result MTO, acting in terms of clause 10.4, asked SANParks to
consent to an accelerated felling schedule. From a commercial perspective, there
were sound reasons for this request. SANParks considered the request in terms of
clause 10.5 and gave its consent. That is the decision attacked on review.
[47] If clause 10.5 was the source of SANParks’ power to consent to an
accelerated felling schedule, as seems to me to be the case, its decision was not
‘administrative action’ as defined. To constitute ‘administrative action’, the action
(a) must be a ‘decision’ as defined in PAJA; and (b) must meet the further
requirements contained in the definition of ‘administrative action’.
[48] If SANParks’ decision was ‘of an administrative nature’, which I shall assume
for present purposes to be the case, it was a ‘decision’ as defined because it was
made in terms of an ‘empowering provision’, namely ‘an agreement’.

[49] This takes one to the definition of ‘administrative action’. Since it is common
cause that SANParks is an ‘organ of state’ for purposes of para (a) of the definition of
‘administrative action’, one requirement imposed by the definition is that SANParks’
decision should have been one taken in terms of the Constitution or a provincial
constitution or any legislation. The fact that the decision was taken in terms of the
broader range of instruments comprehended within the definition of ‘empowering
provision’ is insufficient. It is necessary that the ‘empowering provision’ be located in
the Constitution or in a provincial constitution or in legislation.
[50] That, I would have thought, should be the end of the matter. ‘Parkscape’s’
counsel, seeking to avoid this conclusion, submitted that the phrase ‘in terms of an
empowering provision’ in para (b) of the definition of ‘administrative action’ should be
read as applying to para (a) as well. The majority does not embrace this conclusion
and it cannot be reached by any legitimate process of statutory interpretation. The
lawmaker chose to deal with organs of state on the one hand, and natural and juristic
persons on the other, in separate paragraphs of the definition, joined by the
disjunctive ‘or’. When identifying the source of power applicable to organs of state in
para (a), the lawmaker, which could have used the term ‘empowering provision’ if that
is what it meant, instead selected a specific subset of empowering sources. The fact
that in para (b) of the same definition the lawmaker chose the term ‘empowering
provision’ demonstrates that it deliberately refrained from using that term in para (a).
[51] We were referred during argument to Professor Hoexter’s criticism of the
statutory definition of ‘administrative action’ in chapter 4 of her book Administrative
Law in South Africa 2 ed. The learned author’s criticisms may have merit but they do
not support an argument that a decision, taken by an organ of state in terms of a
contract rather than legislation, constitutes ‘administrative action’ as defined. At 218
she says:
‘As we have seen above, in order to perform administrative action a natural or juristic person
must be exercising a public power or performing a public function in terms of an “empowering
provision”, which is a rather broad concept. By contrast, organs of state are held to a more
stringent standard. In order to perform administrative action, an organ of state must either be
exercising a power in terms of the Constitution or a provincial constitution; or it must be
exercising a public power or performing a public function “in terms of any legislation”.’

The learned author does not say that the term ‘empowering provision’ should be
implied in para (a) of the definition of ‘administrative action’. Rather, she is making
the point that para (a) narrows the concept of ‘administrative action’ in relation to
organs of state.
[52] Even if the definition of ‘administrative action’ were thought in this respect to
be inconsistent with s 33 of the Constitution, it cannot be brought into line with s 33
by a process of interpretation. The duty to construe legislation in conformity with the
Constitution is subject to the qualification that a constitutionally compliant meaning
must be one which can reasonably be ascribed to the lawmaker’s language and is
not unduly strained.20
[53] One may ask why the lawmaker made provision for a private party’s
contractual decisions potentially to be reviewable under PAJA while not making
similar provision in the case of organs of state. The distinction is not necessarily
irrational. Although the definition of ‘empowering provision’ includes an agreement, it
by no means follows that the lawmaker had in mind ordinary bilateral contracts.
[54] It may well be that the contractual ‘empowering provisions’ which the
lawmaker had in mind in para (b) of the definition of ‘administrative action’ were
contracts by which private bodies exercise governmental functions. Examples would
be the rules and constitutions by which voluntary associations exercise regulatory
functions (for example, in relation to sporting codes, advertising and the like) and the
contracts under which private bodies render services to the public where the state
has outsourced such services.21 In the case of organs of state, by contrast,
governmental functions are performed in terms of legislation, not by way of contract.

20 Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences & others v Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty)
Ltd & others; In re: Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd & others v Smit NO & others [2000] ZACC 12;
2001 (1) SA 545 (CC) paras 23-24; Democratic Alliance v Speaker of the National Assembly & others
[2016] ZACC 8; 2016 (3) SA 487 (CC) para 33.
21 See the full court decision in National Horse Racing Authority of Southern Africa v Naidoo & another
2010 (3) SA 182 (N) paras 20-28; Yvonne Burns Administrative Law 4 ed at 209 ff. For the
significance of the governmental nature of a function, see Calibre Clinical Consultants (Pty) Ltd &
another v National Bargaining Council for the Road Freight Industry & another [2010] ZASCA 94; 2010
(5) SA 457 (SCA).

[55] In its reasoning on the public character of SANParks’ decision, the court a quo
placed reliance on s 55(1)(a) of the NEMPAA, which provides that SANParks ‘must
manage all existing national parks … in accordance with this Act and any specific
environmental management Act referred to in the National Environmental
Management Act’. The court a quo also referred to s 27 of the National Forest Act 84
of 1998 which empowers the Minister responsible for forests to lease state forests. If
the court a quo intended to say that SANParks’ decision to grant consent to the
accelerated felling schedule was a decision taken in terms of one or both of these
provisions, the finding cannot in my view be supported. Although Parkscape’s
counsel in the court a quo relied on s 55(1)(a) as a source of power (this was done in
a post-hearing note, not on the papers), they did not attempt to support it on appeal,
instead making the argument that the framers of PAJA must have intended the
phrase ‘made in terms of an empowering provision’ to apply to para (a) of the
definition as well as para (b).
[56] The various judgments of the Constitutional Court in Chirwa v Transnet Ltd &
others 2008 (4) SA 367 (CC) have a bearing on this issue. The leading judgments
were given by Skweyiya J and Ngcobo J – a majority of the justices concurred in both
judgments. Langa CJ, with whom Mokgoro and O’Regan JJ concurred, gave a
minority judgment concurring in the result but not in the reasoning. The issue in the
case was whether Transnet’s dismissal of an employee was reviewable under PAJA.
Ngcobo J held that the dismissal was not administrative action for purposes of s 33 of
the Constitution and of PAJA and thus did not reach the other elements that need to
be met for action to amount to a ‘decision’ and ‘administrative action’ for purposes of
PAJA.
[57] In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, Langa CJ went directly to the
requirements of PAJA. In para 181 he listed the seven requirements imposed by
PAJA for conduct to be ‘administrative action’. Since Transnet, like SANParks, is an
organ of state, one of these requirements was that its decision should have been
taken ‘in terms of any legislation’. Langa CJ said that the terms and conditions of
service of Transnet’s employees were controlled through contracts (para 182). He
considered a contention that, because Transnet was governed by the Legal
Succession to the South African Transport Services Act 9 of 1989, legislation was the

source of all its powers and functions and provided the basis for all its operational
activities, including those of a contractual nature. He rejected the contention (para
183):
‘This argument cannot hold water. It would render the requirement that the decision be taken
“in terms of any legislation” meaningless, as all decisions taken by a body created by statute
would meet the requirement. If that is what the legislature intended, one would have
expected them to have said as much. Instead they chose to distinguish between powers
exercised by the same body, including a body created by legislation, according to the source
of the power.’
[58] Although Langa CJ’s judgment, being a minority judgment, is not binding on
us, this part of the Chief Justice’s reasoning, concurred in by two other justices, has
strong persuasive value, given that there is nothing in the majority judgments
inconsistent with it. In my view, the Chief Justice’s finding that Transnet’s termination
of Chirwa’s employment contract was not a decision taken ‘in terms of any legislation’
is equally applicable to the present case. Section 27 of the National Forest Act was
the source of the Minister’s power to conclude the lease. Once, however, the lease
was concluded, it was to the contract that one had to look to determine the rights and
obligations of the parties. The period of the lease, and the date by which
compartments had to be clear-felled, was a matter determined entirely by the lease.
The presence or absence of s 55(1) of the NEMPAA would have no effect on the
existence and scope of the contractual ‘power’.
‘public power or . . . public function’ and ‘of an administrative nature’
[59] Although what I have said so far suffices to dispose of the appeal, I shall
consider two other hurdles Parkscape would need to overcome to establish
reviewability in terms of PAJA. These are the requirements that the decision in
question should have been ‘of an administrative nature’ and should have involved the
exercise or performance of ‘a public power’ or ‘public function’. In Chirwa Ngcobo J
held that Transnet’s dismissal of the employee involved the exercise of a public
power but did not amount to ‘administrative action’ (paras 137-150). This conclusion
carried the support of the six justices who concurred in Ngcobo J’s judgment
generally as well as of Skweyiya J who concurred in this specific finding (para 73).

[60] In the minority judgment, Langa CJ considered that the dismissal was not the
exercise of public power. He identified the following factors as being relevant in
characterising the power as public or not, cautioning that none of them is necessarily
determinative (para 186):
‘(a) the relationship of coercion or power that the actor has in its capacity as a public
institution; (b) the impact of the decision on the public; (c) the source of the power; and
(d) whether there is a need for the decision to be exercised in the public interest.’
[61] In disagreeing with Langa CJ’s characterisation of the power at issue in
Chirwa, Ngcobo J said the following (para 138):
‘I am unable to agree with the view that in dismissing the applicant Transnet did not exercise
public power. In my view, what makes the power in question a public power is the fact that it
has been vested in a public functionary, who is required to exercise the power in the public
interest. When a public official performs a function in relation to his or her duties, the public
official exercises public power. I agree with Cameron JA that Transnet is a creature of
statute. It is a public entity created by the statute and it operates under statutory authority. As
a public authority, its decision to dismiss necessarily involves the exercise of public power
and, “(t)hat power is always sourced in statutory provision, whether general or specific, and
behind it, in the Constitution”.’
[62] The factors bearing on the question whether conduct involves the exercise of
a public power may also be regarded as relevant to the question whether the conduct
is of an administrative nature. There is not a bright line between these two
prerequisites for ‘administrative action’. I shall thus take them together.
[63] I agree with Dambuza JA that the conclusion of the lease was an exercise of
public power. However, once the contract came into existence, a commercial contract
in which DWAF did not negotiate from a position of superiority, the exercise of its
contractual rights was in my view a private matter. In Logbro Properties CC v
Bedderson NO & others 2003 (2) SA 460 (SCA) Cameron JA, in explaining this
court’s decision in Cape Metropolitan Council v Metro Inspection Services (Western
Cape) CC & others 2001 (3) SA 1013 (SCA), said this (para 10):
‘The case [Metro Inspection Services] is thus not authority for the general proposition that a
public authority empowered by statute to contract may exercise its contractual rights without

regard to public duties of fairness. On the contrary: the case establishes the proposition that
a public authority’s invocation of the power of cancellation in a contract concluded on equal
terms with a major commercial undertaking, without any element of superiority or authority
deriving from its public position, does not amount to an exercise of public power.’
[64] The contract between SANParks and MTO fits Cameron JA’s description of
the scope of Metro Inspection Services. The approach in Metro Inspection Services
was followed by this court in Government of the Republic of South Africa v Thabiso
Chemicals (Pty) Ltd 2009 (1) SA 163 (SCA) where Brand JA held that, once the
tender in that case was awarded, the relationship between the parties was governed
by the principles of contract law. The fact that the tender board relied on authority
derived from a statutory provision to cancel the contract did not detract from the
principle. It was also held not to matter that the grounds of cancellation were reflected
in regulations, because the provisions of the regulations, by virtue of incorporation by
reference, operated as contractual terms rather than as legislative provisions (para
18).22 The present case is an a fortiori one. We are not dealing with the drastic power
of cancellation. And the contractual provisions contained in clause 10.5 have no
counterpart in legislation.
[65] It may be that the ‘final word has yet to be spoken’ on the interplay between
contract law and administrative law and that the decisions of this court are not
entirely harmonious.23 What can, however, be deduced from this court’s decisions, as
a minimum proposition, is that the exercise of a contractual power by an organ of
state does not constitute the exercise of a public power (a) where the contractual
power does not mirror a statutory power and (b) where, additionally, the contract is of
the kind explained by Cameron JA  in para 10 of Logbro.
[66] Of course, cases like Metro Inspection Services and Lobgro (pre-PAJA
decisions) and Thabiso Chemicals (a post-PAJA decision) were concerned with the

22 See also the full court judgment in Hibiscus Coast Municipality v Margate Amusement Park (Pty) Ltd
& another [2016] ZAKZPHC 24 paras 19-20.
23 KwaZulu-Natal Joint Liaison Committee v MEC Department of Education, Kwazulu-Natal & others
[2013] ZACC 10; 2013 (4) SA 262 (CC) para 101 per Froneman J in his minority judgment; Staffmed
CC v MEC for Health (Western Cape) & another (6352/14) [2014] ZAWCHC 94 (23 June 2014) paras
6-10.

question whether the exercise of a contractual power involved, at the same time, the
exercise of public power in the state actor’s relationship with the other contracting
party. It is that element of power which called for analysis. In the present case neither
SANParks nor MTO contends that, in their relationship inter se, there is any element
of public power. If MTO were to regard a refusal of consent in terms of clause 10.5 as
unreasonable, its remedy would be private arbitration, not judicial review. As between
SANParks and members of the public, the clause lacks altogether the element of
power, public or private, so the conclusion reached in Metro Inspection Services and
Thabiso Chemicals is here an a fortiori one. There is no relationship of coercion as
between SANParks and the public when it comes to SANParks’ functions in terms of
clause 10.5.
[67] The only relevant ‘power’ which SANParks had in the present case was the
contractual power contained in clause 10.5. The only relationship which that clause
created was a contractual relationship between SANParks and MTO. I am aware of
no authority, and none was cited, which would entitle one to say that the clause,
while a private matter as between SANParks and MTO, is a public matter as between
SANParks and members of the community.
[68] In Calibre Clinical Consultants24 this court found useful guidance in English
case law on the question whether a power or function can be described as a ‘public’
one. It is thus not inappropriate to refer to the decision of the English Court of Appeal
in Hampshire County Council v Supportways Community Services Ltd [2006] EWCA
Civ 1035 (CA). The question was whether the council, in conducting a contractual
review culminating in the termination of an outsourcing contract, was exercising a
public power amenable to public law remedies. The court held this not to be the case.
In concurring in Neuberger LJ’s judgement, Mummery LJ said the following:
‘59.  . . . [I] agree with Neuberger LJ that this was not a public law case. The action of the
Council in conducting the support services review was not amenable to judicial review,
because there was no sufficient nexus between the conduct of  the  review and the public
law powers of the Council to make this a judicial review case. The required public law
element of unlawful use of power was missing from the support services review. The
substance of the dispute between the Council and the Company was about the expiration of

24 Footnote 21 above.

the Agreement after the Council had conducted the support services review under clause 11.
. . .. The source of the power of the Council’s support services review was in the Agreement,
not in the legislation or in the non-statutory 2003 Guidance and published rules. The
Agreement governed the review. It spelt out the agreed consequences of a review for the life
of the Agreement . . ..
60.  . . .[A]lthough the grounds for the judicial review application use public law language . . .,
this terminology does not alter the substance of the dispute as to whether or not the
Agreement had come to an end in accordance with its terms. That turns on the provision of
the Agreement that the Agreement comes to an end at the expiration of 12 months from the
review. Termination of the Agreement turned on the operation of the contract according to
agreed terms, not on the exercise of a statutory or common law public law power of the
Council which was amenable to judicial review.’
[69] That approach seems to me to be equally applicable in the present case. And
the character of the power conferred by clause 10.5 could not change with the
passing of time. If it was not from the beginning a public power, it could not become
such simply because, during and after 2006, SANParks consulted with the public
about what to do with the land after MTO restored it to SANParks or because a
Management Framework was issued in March 2009 or because a TMNP
Management Plan was issued in November 2015. None of these facts could convert
the private power in clause 10.5 into a public power.
[70] I should add that the consultations which SANParks had with members of the
public during and after 2006 were not, on my assessment of the facts, concerned
with the contract between SANParks and MTO but with the public’s interest in
SANParks’ management of the land after it was restored to SANParks in terms of the
lease. By the time consultations with the public started, the lease, including clause
10.5, was a given. Only when the lease terminates in respect of any compartment
does SANParks acquire the public power to manage it in accordance with its
discretion. When I say ‘in terms of the lease’, that includes any revised felling
schedule to which SANParks might agree in terms of clause 10.5.
[71] While accelerated felling might require SANParks to consult with the public
concerning consequential changes to SANParks’ post-lease management of the

land, SANParks was not obliged to consult with the public about how it exercised and
performed its contractual rights and obligations. The question of reasonableness, in
the context of clause 10.5, is a contractual standard in a bilateral commercial
contract. The time-limits which clause 10.5 imposes, and the fact that disputes as to
reasonableness are to be determined by private arbitration, are quite inconsistent to
my mind with the characterisation of clause 10.5 as a source of public power.
[72] The court a quo said (para 68) that the language of reasonableness in clause
10.5 is the language ‘customarily employed when applying the test for the legality of
administrative action’. I respectfully disagree. The meaning of unreasonableness in
clause 10.5 – a standard to be assessed in the first instance by the contracting
parties and, in case of dispute, by a private arbitrator – has nothing to do with public
law. It is a matter of interpreting and applying the contract between the two parties.
[73] Commercial leases often contain terms that the tenant may only do certain
things with the consent of the landlord and that the landlord’s consent may not be
unreasonably withheld. English, South African and other Commonwealth courts
follow a broadly similar approach to such clauses. Stated as general propositions, the
landlord may not refuse consent ‘on grounds which have nothing whatever to do with
the relationship of landlord and tenant in regard to the subject matter of the lease’
and that ‘a landlord's interests, collateral to the purposes of the lease, are . . .
ineligible for consideration’25
[74] The cases cited in footnote 25 indicate that, in determining whether the
landlord’s consent has been unreasonably withheld, one has regard to the intention
of the parties when they contracted and the matters they would have had in

25 International Drilling Fluids Ltd v Louiseville Investment (Uxbridge) Ltd [1986] Ch 513 at 519-521
and authorities there cited. See also, in England, Houlder Brothers & Co Ltd v Gibbs [1925] 1 Ch 575
(CA); Bromley Park Garden Estates v Moss [1982] 1 WLR 1019 (CA); Shah & others v Colvia
Management Company Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 195 para 22. The leading South African cases are FW
Knowles (Pty) Ltd v Cash-In (Pty) Ltd 1986 (4) SA 641 (C) at 649I-650G per Van den Heever J, Fagan
J concurring; Bryer & others NNO v Teabosa CC t/a Simon Chuter Properties & another 1993 (1) SA
128 (C) at 137E-I). In Australia, see Secured Income Real Estate (Australia) Ltd v St Martins
Investments Pty Ltd [1979] HCA 51; (1979) 144 CLR 596 paras 34-35; Cathedral Place Pty Ltd & Anor
v Hyatt of Australia Ltd & Ors [2003] VSC 385 para 26. In Canada see Dominion Stores Ltd v
Bramalea Ltd [1985] OJ No 1874 para 34; 1455202 Ontario Inc v Welbow Holdings Ltd 2003 CanLII
10572 (ON SC) para 9.

contemplation at that time. Thus in Dominion Stores26 the court said that the
withholding of consent would not be valid if it was for the purpose ‘of securing a new
advantage to the landlord uncontemplated by the terms of the lease’. And in Houlder
Brothers27 Pollack MR said that the covenant could not be so interpreted as to entitle
the landlord to rely on a reason ‘which is independent of the relation between the
lessor and lessee’ and based ‘on grounds which are entirely personal to the lessor,
and wholly extraneous to the lessee’ (853-854).
[75] This, in my view, would be the approach in a contractual dispute between
SANParks and MTO regarding a refusal of consent in terms of clause 10.5. That
would be the approach an arbitrator would have to follow if the parties could not
settle their differences. In the present case, it is argued that SANParks should have
consulted with members of the public because, if the lease came to an end sooner,
SANParks’ post-termination management of the land might yield less satisfactory
shady recreational areas than would otherwise have been the case. That would be a
consideration personal to SANParks in respect of its post-termination use of the land.
I say ‘personal’ as denoting a consideration extraneous to MTO and to the lease
between the parties. Formulated in the language of Chirwa, the contractual power
conferred on SANParks by clause 10.5 was not a ‘power’ which SANParks was
required, or entitled, to exercise ‘in the public interest’, save in the limited sense that
it is in the public interest that organs of state should act in accordance with contracts
properly concluded.
[76] The lease discloses a concern that the plantations should be felled by not later
than the agreed dates. This is what clause 10.1 proclaims. Annexure K specifies the
‘last date’ for the felling of each compartment, not the ‘earliest date’. There is nothing
to suggest it was ever in the contemplation of the contracting parties that MTO could
be compelled to work at a slower and potentially uncommercial pace so that the
recreational interests of members of the public could be accommodated. Consultation
with members of the public regarding SANParks’ management of the land after the
termination of the lease (ie incremental termination as cleared compartments are
restored to SANParks) only began several years after the conclusion of the lease. If

26 Footnote 25 above.
27 Footnote 25 above.

there were sound commercial reasons for MTO to accelerate the felling programme,
there could be little if any justifiable contractual reason for SANParks to withhold its
consent. To withhold consent on the types of grounds which Parkscape wishes to
promote would be to withhold consent so that SANParks, and through it members of
the public, could secure an advantage uncontemplated by the terms of the lease.
[77] The question whether the public impact of a decision is relevant in determining
whether the decision involves the exercise of public power is unclear (cf Hoexter op
cit 214-216). In Calibre Clinical Consultants28 this court in para 27 quoted, with
apparent approval, from an English judgment to the effect that a ‘public law decision’
means more than that the decision is of great concern or interest to the public or
even that it may have consequences for them: ‘To attract the court’s supervisory
jurisdiction there must be not merely a public but potentially a governmental interest
in the decision-making power in question. . ..’29
[78] Clause 10.5 is not a governmental power masquerading as a contractual
power. It is a narrow contractual provision applicable to this particular commercial
lease. Assuming, however, that public impact is a relevant consideration, this factor
might serve to distinguish this case from employment cases where only the
aggrieved employee is affected. However one would still need to decide what weight
this consideration should carry. And in answering that question, the Plascon-Evans
rule would apply, since public impact here is relevant to the jurisdictional question as
to whether one is dealing with ‘administrative action’, and not with the rights and
wrongs of the decision if it should transpire that members of the public are entitled to
be heard before it is taken. SANParks’ evidence, which cannot be dismissed out of
hand, is that the accelerated felling schedule will have no or minimal impact on its
plans for shady recreational areas in the affected areas. And of course it is
undisputed that elsewhere, within easy reach of Tokai residents, are other greenbelts
and shady recreational areas. I thus do not think that such public impact as
SANParks’ decision under clause 10.5 may have is sufficient to impart to it the
character of a public power or public function.

28 Footnote 21 above.
29 R v Chief Rabbi Of the United Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth, Ex Parte
Wachmann [1992] 1 WLR 1036 (QB) at 1041C-E.

[79] The majority considers that SANParks’ ‘public law responsibilities and public
undertakings to consult’ are reflected in the lease itself. Dambuza JA quotes clause
40 in that regard. That clause was not the subject of any attention in the papers. The
entire lease was (unnecessarily) annexed by MTO’s deponent in his supplementary
answering affidavit for the sole purpose of referring to annexure K and the provision
made in the lease for variations to the felling schedule. That is the only aspect of the
lease which Parkscape’s deponent dealt with in her supplementary replying affidavit.
Since the parties, in preparing the appeal record, agreed to omit large parts of the
lease, we only have extracts. For the reasons stated by Cloete JA in Minister of Land
Affairs and Agriculture v D & F Wevell Trust 2008 (2) SA 184 (SCA) para 43, it is not
permissible in my view to draw conclusions from annexures which were not ventilated
in the affidavits. One does not know what MTO and SANParks would have said if
Parkscape had relied on clause 40.
[80] In Chirwa the majority held that the dismissal, although the exercise of public
power, did not constitute administrative action. Ngcobo J’s starting point was that
whether particular conduct is administrative action needs to be determined by
reference to s 33 of the Constitution (para 139):
‘Section 33 of the Constitution confines its operation to “administrative action”, as does
PAJA. Therefore to determine whether conduct is subject to review under s 33 and thus
under PAJA, the threshold question is whether the conduct under consideration constitutes
administrative action. PAJA only comes into the picture once it is determined that the
conduct in question constitutes administrative action under s 33.’
[81] Ngcobo J went on to make the point that not all conduct by state functionaries
entrusted with public authority is administrative action. What matters is not the
identity of the person exercising it but the nature of the function (para 140; and see
also Association of Regional Magistrates of Southern Africa v President of the
Republic of South Africa & others [2013] ZACC 13; 2013 (7) BCLR 762 (CC) para
41). He then quoted para 143 of the Constitutional Court’s judgment in President of
the Republic of South Africa & others v South African Rugby Football Union & others
2000 (1) SA 1 (CC) (SARFU) in which the court set out a series of considerations
relevant to deciding on which side of the line particular action falls. The source of the
power, though not necessarily decisive, is a relevant factor. Also relevant is the

nature of the power, its subject-matter, whether it involves the exercise of a public
duty and how closely it is related on the one hand to policy matters, which are not
administrative, and on the other to the implementation of legislation, which is. Difficult
boundaries may need to be drawn, in which regard the court in SARFU said this:
‘These will need to be drawn carefully in the light of the provisions of the Constitution and the
overall constitutional purpose of an efficient, equitable and ethical public administration. This
can best be done on a case-by-case basis.’
[82] Applying this general approach to the problem in Chirwa, Ngcobo J said the
following (para 142):
‘The subject-matter of the power involved here is the termination of a contract of employment
for poor work performance. The source of the power is the employment contract between the
applicant and Transnet. The nature of the power involved here is therefore contractual. The
fact that Transnet is a creature of statute does not detract from the fact that in terminating the
applicant’s contract of employment, it was exercising its contractual power. It does not
involve the implementation of legislation which constitutes administrative action. The conduct
of Transnet in terminating the employment contract does not in my view constitute
administration. It is more concerned with labour and employment relations. The mere fact
that Transnet is an organ of State which exercises public power does not transform its
conduct in terminating the applicant’s employment into administrative action. Section 33 is
not concerned with every act of administration performed by an organ of State. It follows
therefore that the conduct of Transnet did not constitute administrative action under s 33.’
[83] Although Ngcobo J went on to find support for this conclusion in the distinction
drawn in the Constitution between administrative action on the one hand and
employment and labour relations on the other (paras 143-149), this fortification does
not deprive the passage I have quoted, advanced by Ngcobo J as a self-sufficient
conclusion, of its significance. If the exercise of the contractual power in Chirwa did
not constitute administrative action, this is a fortiori so in the present case. SANParks’
power, if ‘power’ is even the right word, is not the drastic power of termination. It is a
power of a limited kind – the power to withhold consent to a deviation from the felling
schedule, provided there are reasonable grounds for withholding consent. One could
as easily frame the ‘power’ as an obligation, ie an obligation to furnish consent unless

there are reasonable grounds to withhold it. And if the consent is withheld, the
ultimate ‘power’ resides with the arbitrator, not SANParks.
[84] Ngcobo J’s starting-point – the concept of ‘administrative action’ in s 33 of the
Constitution – might be thought to undermine the principle of subsidiarity, which
would have required the employee to locate her claim in PAJA, not s 33. I do not
think Ngcobo J intended to depart from this principle. He regarded his conclusion,
that the dismissal was not administrative action for purposes of s 33 of the
Constitution, as ipso facto showing that it was not reviewable in terms of PAJA. The
unstated reason for his assumption must have been that, in order to qualify as a
‘decision’ reviewable under PAJA, the decision has to be ‘of an administrative
nature’. Ngcobo J’s conclusion that the dismissal did not constitute administrative
action as contemplated in s 33 of the Constitution was evidently regarded by him as
simultaneously establishing that the dismissal was not a decision ‘of an
administrative nature’ for purposes of PAJA’s definition of ‘decision’.
[85] I thus conclude that SANParks’ decision in terms of clause 10.5 lacked one or
both of the requirements in PAJA that the decision should be the exercise or
performance of a public power or function and that it should be of an administrative
nature.
[86] If SANParks’ decision in terms of clause 10.5 involved the exercise of a public
power but failed the other two requirements I have canvassed for ‘administrative
action’, legality review would remain available to constrain the illegal exercise of the
power. However, Parkscape brought its review in terms of PAJA and did not rely on
the principle of legality, perhaps appreciating that a complaint based on procedural
unfairness, and in particular a case based on legitimate expectation, would be
difficult to bring home under the principle of legality. Since the point was not raised or
argued, I need say nothing more about it.
Conclusion
[87] I would uphold the appeal and replace the court a quo’s order with one
dismissing the application. In accordance with Biowatch I would make no order as to

costs in this court or the court below.

______________________
O L Rogers
Acting Judge of Appeal

APPEARANCES
For the Appellant:
J J Gauntlett SC (with him H J De Waal)
Instructed by:
Webber Wentzel, Cape Town

Symington & De Kok, Bloemfontein

For the Respondents:
J A Newdigate SC (with him D W Baguley)
Instructed by:
Werksmans, Cape Town

Lovius Block, Bloemfontein