REPORTABLE

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
OF SOUTH AFRICA

CASE  NO:  208/01

In the matter between :

YVONNE K N MAKHUDU
Appellant

and

THE STATE
Respondent

___________________________________________________________________________
Coram:
MARAIS, FARLAM et NUGENT JJA

Heard:
22 MARCH 2002

Delivered:
16 MAY 2002
Appeal against sentence – magistrate’s sentence partially reduced by provincial division
of High Court – further appeal remains one against magistrate’s judgment in particular
circumstances of case – behaviour of accused in court not ordinarily to be taken into
account in aggravation of sentence.
___________________________________________________________________________

J U D G M E N T

___________________________________________________________________________

MARAIS JA/

MARAIS JA:
[1] This is an appeal against sentence.  The appellant was
convicted in the Regional Court at Pretoria upon five counts of fraud to which
she had pleaded guilty.  She was sentenced on each of the counts to a fine of R 5
000 or 100 days’ imprisonment, and 100 days’ imprisonment suspended for five
years on condition that she is not convicted of fraud committed within the period
of suspension.  In addition she was sentenced in terms of s 276 (1)(h) of the
Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 to correctional supervision for 18 months.
The elements of the correctional supervision included house arrest during
specified hours for 12 of the 18 months and the rendering of community service
without compensation for 16 hours per month for the period of 18 months.  The
community service was to consist of cleaning and gardening services to be
rendered at Forest Farm, Sandton.  Participation in a responsibility acceptance
programme and a reality confrontation programme was also ordered.  She was
also forbidden to use alcohol or drugs during the period of 18 months.

[2] An appeal to the Transvaal Provincial Division (Claassen AJ et Sceales
AJ) against the sentence succeeded only to the extent that house arrest for 12
months and the prohibition of the use of alcohol or drugs were set aside.  Leave
to appeal to this Court against the sentence as ameliorated was granted by the
provincial division.  The focus of the attack in this Court upon the sentence was
the quantum of the fines (R 25 000 in all) and the community service or, more
specifically, the nature of that service (cleaning and gardening).
[3] It would be as well to be clear as to whose sentence is actually under
consideration on appeal.  Where a magistrate’s sentence is set aside in its
entirety and replaced with a sentence fundamentally different in kind, for
example, a fine instead of direct imprisonment, no problem arises.  It is
obviously the provincial division’s sentence.  Where the provincial division has
dismissed the appeal against sentence it does not become the provincial
division’s sentence and in any further appeal the court is concerned, not with

whether in dismissing the appeal the provincial division exercised its sentencing
powers correctly or reasonably, but with whether the magistrate did so.
[4] Problems may arise in situations falling between those two poles.  This is
such a situation.  The fine and community service which are under attack on
appeal are but two of a number of components of a sentence imposed by the
magistrate.  On appeal to the Court a quo those two components were left
undisturbed.  However, some other components of the sentence were eliminated.
Nothing was substituted for them so that in the result the sentence remained
fundamentally that of the magistrate minus those components of it which the
Court a quo eliminated.  It is implicit in what the Court a quo did that it found
no fault with either the decision of the magistrate to impose the fine or his
decision to impose community service of the kind which he did.  Its decision to
eliminate certain components of the sentence must have been based upon either
what it considered to be their inappropriateness irrespective of what the other

components or the cumulative impact of the sentence as a whole might be, or, if
not upon their inappropriateness per se, upon the need to ameliorate somehow
the overall cumulative impact of a sentence considered to be sufficiently overly
severe to warrant interference on appeal.
[5] It is not entirely clear upon which of these two bases the Court a quo
acted.  It did not find that the magistrate had misdirected himself in imposing
sentence.  It seems to have felt that those components of the sentence which it
deleted were either inappropriate or rendered the sentence as a whole too severe
to be allowed to stand.  Claassen AJ said:

“However, we are of the opinion that there is a bit much of a sting in this
case.  The   total   amount   of   the   counts   involved   is   just   almost  over
R2 000,00 – the five counts to which she pleaded guilty which, in a certain
sense, is not all that much but, at the same time, one must remember that she is a
high profile person.  She had a very high profile type of job in the modern South
Africa, being concerned with affirmative action programs, which means she has
a responsibility to the community and to the people she is involved in.  Further,
she was in a position of trust, dealing with funds of a very big organisation
where it is often easy to get away with murder, so to speak.

However, in the circumstances, we feel that there are certain stings in this
sentence which are unnecessary, and which must be deleted, and which creates a
certain sense of shock to the court.

Mr Kotzè initially said that he opposes the appeal but he has conceded
that certain aspects thereof can be alleviated.  I don’t think it is necessary to go
into any detail.

Having said all that we feel that the sentence should be adapted somewhat
and in this regard I suggest we make the following order:
1.
The sentence of R 5 000,00 or 100 days imprisonment on each count is
confirmed.
2.
The 100 days per count that was suspended is confirmed.

As far as the community correctional services sentence is concerned, the
following order is made:
1.
The 18 months correctional supervision is confirmed.  However, the 12
months house arrest, including the exceptions thereto, are struck from the
sentence.
2.
The community service of 16 hours per month for the full duration of 18
months is confirmed.
3.
The place of community service being at the cleaning services at Forest
Farm is confirmed.
4.
The accused must attend the rehabilitation programs in paragraph 1.3.
5.
Paragraph 1.5 and 1.6 of the sentence are confirmed.
6.
Paragraph 1.7 is struck from the sentence, dealing with the use of alcohol
and drugs.”

[6] Regrettably, the Court a quo allowed the appellant’s behaviour at her trial
to influence it in considering the appeal against the sentence.  It said:

“The appellant in this case has proved herself to be a very arrogant
person.  That is clear from the record in the way she behaved and the whole

process of the recusal application against the magistrate.  It was ill-conceived
and it was arrogant and I think this lady must just be put in her place to a certain
extent.”

[7] While the behaviour of an accused during the trial may be indicative of a
lack of repentance or intended future defiance of the laws by which society lives
and therefore be a relevant factor in considering sentence, neither the fact that an
accused’s defence is conducted in an objectionable manner nor the fact that the
accused’s demeanour in court is obnoxious, is a proper factor to be taken into
account unless it is of a kind which satisfactorily establishes that the accused is
the kind of person who would best be deterred from future criminal activity by
being dealt with in a firmer manner than would have been appropriate if the
accused was not that kind of person.1

See for example R v Tazwigwira, 1949 (2) SA 656 (SR) at 658;  R v Dhlamini, 1954 (2) PH, H131 (N);
R v Noble, 1956 (1) PH H 75 (SR);  R v Motaung, 1952 (3) SA 755 (O);   R v Piniyasi, 1948 (2) PH,H
159 (SR);   R v Mongamie, 1949 (1) PH,H57 (T);  R v Booi, 1943 (2) PH,H175 (O);   R v Chazangepo,
1943 (2) SR 129;  1943 (2) PH,H163 (SR);   R v Klein, 1942 TPD 263;  R v Mtataung, 1959 (1) SA 799
(T).

[8] A court should be slow to jump to conclusions regarding an accused’s
character and reaction to punishment when such conclusions are based solely
upon the accused’s demeanour and behaviour in court.  The dangerous result of
succumbing to the temptation to do so is well exemplified in R v Noble.2
[9] The appellant, notwithstanding her admitted fall from grace, appears to
have a somewhat exaggerated view of her own importance and status and the
degree of respect to which she is entitled in a criminal court.  It goes without
saying that courtesy is due by a court to all who appear before it whatever their
station in life but when dealing with self-confessed offenders who have
committed serious crimes of dishonesty some sense of proportion is not out of
place.
[10] However, her behaviour in court did not entitle the Court a quo to use its
sentencing power on appeal to “put (her) in her place”.  To that extent, that court

2              Supra, note 1.

misdirected itself to a material extent when considering the appeal against
sentence.  It is not possible to say whether it might have ameliorated the
sentence even more if it had not so misdirected itself.  This Court is obliged to
consider the magistrate’s judgment afresh for it is fundamentally that which is
still under attack despite its amelioration by the Court a quo.
[11] The gravamen of the appellant’s crimes was that she fraudulently
exploited her managerial position in Telkom to claim and obtain payment of
sums of money to which she was not entitled.  In September/October 1996 she
falsely represented that she had incurred travelling expenses in connection with
an official trip from Pretoria to Crystal Springs Mountain Lodge and back and
claimed a total amount of R693,00 to which she knew she was not entitled.  In
February, June and July 1996 she falsely represented on each of three occasions
that a named employee of Telkom was entitled to be provided with a ticket
enabling that person to fly from Johannesburg to Cape Town on official

business.  The tickets were provided at a cost of R611,00 per ticket.  In fact the
named employees were not intended to travel to Cape Town on official business
and the tickets were intended by the appellant to be and were used by her
fiancé’s niece for private purposes.
[12] The appellant was a senior manager of Telkom’s Affirmative Action
Project at the time.  It was within her power to authorise the purchase of flight
tickets for use by employees when travelling on Telkom business.  At the time
of her trial she was conducting her own practice as a consultant in industrial
relations in which discipline she was the holder of a doctorate.  She was in
receipt of an income of approximately R20 000,00 per month.  She had no
previous convictions.
[13] While the magistrate’s reference to the appellant as having been on “the
gravy train” and his statement that others on that “train” needed to be deterred
from behaving as the appellant had done, were uncalled for, I do not consider

that they amount to a misdirection of sufficient materiality to justify me in
regarding myself as being at large to impose sentence entirely afresh.  It is quite
clear  that  the  magistrate  was responding to the need to deal firmly with a
well-paid white collar employee in a position of trust who abused her position
by defrauding her employer.  White collar crime had become notoriously
prevalent and courts of high authority had lamented a tendency on the part of
some courts to impose sentences which were rightly generally regarded as being
too lenient.
[14] He was dealing with a person who could well afford to pay for the trip
which she undertook and the flight tickets which she fraudulently authorized and
who had resorted to that dishonest conduct on a number of different occasions.
She thus had more than ample time for reflection about the criminality of what
she proposed to do and cannot claim to have succumbed to temptation in a rare,
uncharacteristic,  and  transient moment of moral weakness.  The magistrate

mero motu  called  for  a  report  as  to  the  appellant’s  suitability for
correctional supervision  and  did  not  simply  in  knee-jerk  like fashion
impose  direct imprisonment.   The  fine  he  imposed  may  cumulatively
appear  heavy  (R25 000,00)  when  compared  with the amount of money
involved in the charges (R2 526,00) but coolly calculated and repeated fraud is
not to be taken lightly and R25 000,00 is less than the appellant’s after tax
earnings for two months.
[15] The correctional supervision and community service cannot be said to be
unwarranted in principle and what might have been regarded as inappropriate or
uncalled for aspects of the conditions set have been eliminated.  The further
complaint about the nature of the community service to be rendered is not open
to the appellant when, as was the case, her legal representative not only failed to
question its appropriateness but actually asked clarificatory questions about it

which indicated acquiescence in the proposal.  It is, in any event, not manifestly
inappropriate.
[16] While it may be that the sentence in its totality is severer than some might
have imposed, it is by no means unreasonable and I can find no justification for
interfering any further with it than has already been done.  The appeal is
dismissed.

__________________________

R M MARAIS

JUDGE OF APPEAL

FARLAM JA  )
NUGENT JA  )   CONCUR