REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

Reportable
Case No: 153/99

In the matter between:

The Commissioner of SA  Revenue Services

Appellant

and

Volkswagen of South Africa (Proprietary) Limited

Respondent

Coram:
Hefer ADCJ,  Nienaber,  Scott JJA,  Melunsky,  Mpati AJJA

Date of hearing:

13 November 2000

Date of delivery:

24 November 2000

Income Tax - Capital receipts or accruals - vehicles used by the manufacturer in
conducting its business and then sold.

JUDGMENT

HEFER ADCJ:

[1] The exclusion of receipts or accruals of a capital nature from a
taxpayer’s taxable income which now appears in the definition of “gross
income” in s 1 of  the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, as amended, has long been
a feature of our income tax legislation. But the concept of capital receipts and
accruals has never  been defined in the legislation or in the judgments of the
courts.   All that we have is a number of judicial guidelines for the
determination of the nature of a particular  receipt or accrual on the facts of
each case. In performing this exercise we must bear in mind what Innes CJ
said in Overseas Trust Corporation Ltd v Commissioner for Inland Revenue
1926 AD 444 at 453 viz that
“[w]here an asset is realised at a profit as a mere change of investment there is no difference in
character between the amount of enhancement and the balance of the proceeds. But where the
profit is, in the words of an eminent Scotch Judge see Californian Copper Syndicate v Inland
Revenue (41 Sc.L.R. p 694) ‘a gain made by an operation of business in carrying out a scheme for
profit making,’  then it is revenue derived from capital productively employed, and must be
income.”

A full discussion of the guidelines that have emerged from the cases
will not serve any useful purpose. We are concerned in the present case with
what is alleged by the taxpayer to be the sale of capital assets and it is
sufficient to refer to the following exposition in Corbett JA’s judgment in
Elandsheuwel Farming (Edms) Bpk v Sekretaris van Binnelandse Inkomste
1978(1) SA 101 (A) at 118 A-E:

“Where a taxpayer sells property, the question as to whether the profits derived from the sale are
taxable in his hands by reason of the proceeds constituting gross income or are not subject to tax
because the proceeds constitute receipts or accruals of a capital nature, turns on the further enquiry
as to whether the sale amounted to the realisation of a capital asset or whether it was the sale of an

asset in the course of carrying on a business or in pursuance of a profit-making scheme ... In the
determination of the question into which of these two classes a particular transaction falls, the
intention of the taxpayer, both at the time of acquiring the asset and at the time of its sale, is of
great, and sometimes decisive, importance. Other significant factors include, inter alia, the actual
activities of the taxpayer in relation to the asset in question, the manner of its realisation, the
taxpayer’s other business operations (if any) ...”

[2] The respondent is a  well-known manufacturer of motor vehicles.
By far the largest part of its production is destined for sale to the public. But
it also manufactures vehicles  for the company’s own use. Having been used
for some time these  vehicles were sold and the question is whether the
proceeds constituted  revenue for income tax purposes. An Income Tax
Special Court found that they did not because the receipts  were of a capital
nature. And so did the Eastern Cape Provincial Division of the High Court in
an appeal to it by the Commissioner.  With the necessary leave the
Commissioner has now appealed to this court.

[3] The dispute arose from the claim in the respondent’s income tax
returns for the 1986 to 1992 years of assessment that the profits derived from
the sales constituted receipts or accruals of a capital nature. The Receiver of
Revenue did not agree. He assessed the respondent to tax on the basis that the
profits were taxable and dismissed an objection to the assessments. Then
followed the appeals already referred to.

[4] The vehicles in question fall  broadly into four categories: lease
vehicles, test vehicles, promotion vehicles and  transport vehicles. Since  the
Commissioner has conceded the correctness of the Special Court’s findings
in respect of the test and transport vehicles the enquiry will be confined to the
remaining two categories. They are  described as follows in the Special
Court’s judgment:

Lease vehicles.

“In an effort to provide a benefit to its employees and to attract suitable persons to its

employment, the [company] operates a vehicle lease scheme whereunder employees of certain
grades are provided with the benefit of leasing a company car at an extremely favourable rental
and which the [company]  ... maintains and services at its expense ... The employees are required
to return the vehicles after they have travelled 15 000 kilometres or when the lease has run for a
period of 11 months, whichever event occurs first. This was imposed as a minimum period of the
lease in terms of an agreement with the major trade union and is also regarded in economic terms
as being the optimum duration of a motor car lease. On termination of the lease, the employee is
given the option of purchasing the leased vehicle although, in practice, only some 20% of the
employees avail themselves of the opportunity to do so. Those not purchased by the employees are
then sold out of hand by the [company] to its franchised dealers.”
Promotional vehicles.
“[Promotional vehicles are] used for promotional purposes to enhance the public image of the
[company] and its products. Vehicles typically included in this category are press vehicles,
vehicles used for motor sport, vehicles provided to schools for driver education, vehicles provided
to Nocsa and Ithuba as well as vehicles used in special market demonstrations. In respect of these
vehicles the [company] had a  set of rules as to when they were to be sold but, generally, when
they had travelled some 10 000 to 15000 kilometres they were passed on to the used vehicle
department for disposal in the same way as the leased vehicles.”

[5] It is necessary to deal at the outset with an argument on behalf of
the Commissioner to the effect that the lease and promotional schemes should
not be treated as separate enterprises but as part of the respondent’s entire
business operation. The schemes,  it is submitted,  are designed to render the
entire operation more profitable by attracting a better calibre  of employee
and advertising the company’s products; and it matters not whether either
scheme, viewed independently, is or is not  profit orientated.

The submission must be rejected. We are dealing with the disposal of
specific assets and the income generated in that way. The income is taxable
or non-taxable depending on the nature of the receipts and we must determine
whether their disposal constituted transactions in the course of a profit-

making scheme or whether it amounted to the realization of capital assets.
The object of the acquisition and disposal of the assets is plainly relevant
both in regard to the respondent’s entire business and in regard to the
schemes in terms of which it occurred. Indeed, bearing in mind that profit-
making is obviously the  ultimate aim of any business venture, it would be
impossible to separate capital assets from trading stock  if only the overall
purpose of the entire enterprise were to count.

[6] It is beyond dispute that the purpose of the lease scheme is not to
derive a profit. The undisputed evidence is that it is intended entirely as a
benefit to the respondent’s employees which in effect forms part of the
latter’s remuneration packages. The Commissioner’s counsel frankly
conceded as much. He conceded moreover that the lease scheme as such
does not and cannot yield a profit from the way in which it operates. The
President of the Special Court said in this regard:
“It is obvious from this that the leasing scheme was never regarded by the [company] as a profit-
making operation planned along sound commercial lines. Indeed monthly management accounting
reports reflect ongoing losses caused by the scheme, and it is clear that the [company] viewed the
scheme not as one having a profit motive, but, indeed, the direct opposite. As a result the
[company’s] management attempted to do away with or curtail the scheme but their proposals in
that regard met with substantial resistance from the labour unions. The [company] therefore
persisted with the scheme only as an exercise in labour relations.”

[7] The way in which the respondent deals with the lease vehicles
points the same way. The following emerges from the evidence:
(a)
The company manufactures vehicles for sale to the public strictly on
order. Vehicles for its own use in all four categories mentioned  earlier
are produced according to available construction capacity only.  The
latter are identified and earmarked at an early stage of the construction
process. Thereafter, as a rule,  they are treated separately in the
company’s recording and  accounting system. It would not be wrong to

say that the company at all times manufactures and (until delivery)
keeps two sets of vehicles, one of which is for sale and the other for its
own use.
(b)
Although there is supposed to be a fixed time when or a mileage at
which lessees  are required to return their hired vehicles the operation
of the scheme is not monitored. The result is that the time and mileage
are regularly exceeded and that a  large percentage of the lease vehicles
are returned and sold  - obviously to the company’s detriment - after up
to two years of use.
(c)
The company does not concern itself with the condition in which hired
vehicles are kept and when it comes to selling returned ones it takes no
real interest to ensure that the best prices are realized. The process is
described as follows in the Special Court’s judgment:
“In determining the price the [company] uses the Autodealers Digest, a
publication used in the motor trade to provide the average  value of sales of
particular   models of used motor vehicles, adjustments being made inter alia,
for kilometres travelled, condition of the vehicle and optional extras with which
it is fitted. The list of cars available for sale and the fixed prices thereof are
simply made available to the [company’s] franchised dealers without any
bargaining as to price ... In the event of no order being received at the list price
of the vehicle, the price of the car is reduced in the next  list and the process
repeated until such time as the vehicle is sold ... the [company’s] attitude in
disposing of these vehicles at the end of the lease is to involve itself in the least
time, effort and cost”.

[8] Counsel for the Commissioner relies heavily on the fact that  the
use of the vehicles for relatively short periods lacks  an element of
permanency. As authority he cites Rabie JA’s observation in Sekretaris van
Binnelandse Inkomste v Aveling 1978(1) SA 862 (A) at 880E-F to the effect
that there is an element of permanency in fixed capital. But the remark must
be understood in the context in which it was made. It refers to the distinction

between fixed and floating capital drawn in Commissioner for Inland
Revenue v George Forest Timber Co Ltd 1924 AD 516 at 524 where it was
said that
“... floating capital is consumed or disappears in the very process of production,
while fixed capital does not.”

But, as Innes CJ proceeded to say,

“[t]he distinction is relative, for even fixed capital, such as machinery, gradually
wears away and needs to be renewed.”

This is true of the vehicles with which we are concerned too.
Admittedly they are sold, not because they have reached a state of disrepair
where their replacement has become imperative, but (apart from the
agreement with the trade unions)  because it is considered in economic terms
that the time for replacement has arrived. But this holds good for any piece of
equipment used for the production of income: no factory owner will use his
machinery until it becomes worthless; he will replace it when it is most
economical to do so.

I do not share the Commissioner’s view that the position changes
where the equipment is the very commodity in which the taxpayer trades.
Like the manufacturer of computers who needs computers to conduct his
business so the manufacturer of motor vehicles needs motor vehicles to
conduct his business. In both cases the equipment used for the production of
income has to be replaced from time to time. In the absence of a change of
intention a computer in the first case and a motor vehicle in the second
cannot be converted from capital assets into trading stock whenever it has to
be replaced and is sold.

[9] Counsel for the Commissioner also relies on the regularity and
extent of the sales. That the sale of returned vehicles takes place on a regular

basis cannot be gainsaid but, for the reasons listed in the previous
paragraphs,  it is an entirely neutral factor. And so is the extent of the sales.
The evidence is in any event clear and uncontradicted that, compared with the
respondent’s  total turnover, the sale of used vehicles is insignificant.

[10]  For these reasons I agree with the finding of the two lower courts
that the income from the sale of lease vehicles constituted capital receipts or
accruals.

[11] In arriving at this conclusion I have assumed that the costs and
expenses contained in the “capital profits” returns, have not otherwise been
deducted as expenditure or losses in terms of s 11 of the Act.  This matter
was raised with the respondents’ counsel during argument and he, quite
correctly, pointed out that the aforesaid costs and expenditure were not
queried by the Commissioner and were not in issue at the hearing before the
Special Court.
[12] Counsel for the Commissioner elected not to address us on the
correctness of the  finding relating to the promotional vehicles. It was a wise
decision for one needs but a glance at the description of the use of these
vehicles in par [4] above to realize that the income derived from their
disposal also constituted capital receipts or accruals.

The appeal is dismissed with costs.

JJF HEFER

Concur:
Nienaber JA
Scott JA
Melunsky JA
Mpati JA