THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
Not Reportable

Case No: 20761/2014

In the matter between:

PROBEST PROJECTS (PTY) LTD
APPELLANT

and

THE ATTORNEYS, NOTARIES AND
CONVEYANCERS FIDELITY GUARANTEE FUND
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Probest Projects (Pty) Ltd v The Attorneys, Notaries and
Conveyancers Fidelity Guarantee Fund (20761/2014) [2015]
ZASCA 192 (30 November 2015)

Coram:
Cachalia, Shongwe, Tshiqi and Swain JJA and Baartman AJA

Heard:
19 November 2015

Delivered:
30 November 2015

Summary: Theft of trust funds by attorney – s 48(1)(a) of the Attorneys Act 53 of
1979 – when claimant became aware of theft – stated case in terms of Rule 33(1) of
the Uniform Rules of Court – status of evidence agreed upon – drawing of inferences
from agreed facts as to when claimant became aware of theft.

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ORDER
___________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Western Cape Division of the High Court, Cape Town (Mantame J,
Hlope JP and Weinkove AJ concurring) sitting as court of appeal.

The appeal is upheld with costs and the order of the full court is set aside and
substituted with the following:
‘The appeal is upheld with costs and the order of the court a quo is set aside and
substituted with the following:
The special plea is dismissed with costs’.

___________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________________
Shongwe et Swain JJA (Cachalia and Tshiqi JJA and Baartman AJA concurring):
[1] In this matter the appellant Probest Projects (Pty) Ltd (Probest) instituted
proceedings before the Western Cape Division of the High Court (Irish AJ) (the trial
court) for payment of the amount of R9 100 000 by the respondent, the Attorneys,
Notaries and Conveyancers Fidelity Guarantee Fund (the Fund). The claim was
based upon the theft of these funds by an attorney, Mr Izak Minnie, to whom they
had been entrusted.
[2] The central issue before the trial court and in this appeal is the time when
the representatives of Probest became aware of the theft of the funds by Mr Minnie,
or when Probest by the exercise of reasonable care, should have become aware of
the theft in terms of s 48(1)(a) of the Attorneys Act 53 of 1979 (the Act).

[3] These issues were the subject of a special plea which was successfully
raised by the Fund in answer to the claim of Probest for payment in terms of s 26(a)
of the Act. It was alleged that Probest had failed to institute action within a period of
three months of becoming aware of the theft in terms of s 48(1)(a) of the Act. An
additional special plea that there was no entrustment of the funds to Mr Minnie, was
dismissed by the trial court and is not the subject of a cross-appeal by the Fund.
Leave was subsequently granted by the trial court to Probest to appeal to the full
court of the Western Cape Division of the High Court (the full court), on 20
September 2013. The appeal was dismissed with costs on 15 August 2014 and it
comes before this court as a result of special leave having been granted.
[4] In order to place the issues in context, it is necessary to briefly set out the
historical background. This evidence was common cause between the parties as a
result of an agreement concluded in terms of Rule 33(1) of the Uniform Rules of
Court, before the commencement of proceedings in the high court.
[5] This agreement provides as follows:
‘1. The parties hereby agree upon a written statement of facts in the form of a special case
for the adjudication of the court, as follows:
a) The contents of the documents and record of evidence in bundle A constitute the correct
factual position of what occurred between the parties inter se and between the parties and
Mr Izak Minnie and be accepted as evidence thereof.
b) The only issues to be adjudicated are the two special pleas by defendant, as contained in
paragraphs 1 and 2 of defendant’s plea.’
The ‘record of evidence’ consisted of the transcript of the inquiry held at the offices of
the Law Society of the Northern Provinces on 23 September 2010, into the claim of
Probest at which Mr William Annandale, the representative of Probest, as well as Mr
Minnie gave evidence under oath. Affidavits by them also formed part of the agreed
evidence. The Fund accepted that it bore the onus to prove the factual basis for the
special pleas.
[6] Mr Annandale stated that he had known Mr Minnie for almost ten years and
that at the beginning of January 2009, Mr Minnie told him that in his capacity as a

conveyancer, he had come across developments in which clients of his were having
difficulty in reselling units, that had been built and sold. The purchasers were unable
to obtain mortgage bond financing, or had their bond approvals withdrawn because
of the banking crisis. Mr Minnie said he would be able to assist Probest in
purchasing various units at bargain prices, which would be good investments.
Probest accordingly transferred funds into the trust account of Mr Minnie. The
amounts transferred were intended to cover the prices of the units together with
transfer costs by Mr Minnie. Mr Minnie indicated he would handle all of the
administration and identify the properties to be purchased.
[7] Mr Annandale stated that he trusted Mr Minnie as he had handled Probest’s
affairs very competently over the years. Mr Minnie had to prepare the documentation
for the transfer of these properties to Probest. He stated he was waiting for this
documentation and pressured Mr Minnie for it, but Mr Minnie said there were delays
in getting rates clearance certificates from the municipalities. Mr Annandale accepted
this explanation, because he had experienced similar delays. In response to this
pressure in April 2009, Mr Minnie said that he would finalise the transactions, or pay
the money back, if he did not.
[8] In June or July 2009, Mr Minnie told Mr Annandale that the delay was
caused by his books of account being behind, and whilst they were being sorted out,
he would furnish security. The security that was furnished was an acknowledgment
of debt signed by Mr Minnie on 23 July 2009, as well as suretyships from three
companies and a trust, all of which he said he controlled. None of this documentation
was however placed before the high court. Thereafter, Mr Minnie signed an
Agreement and Option to Purchase on 4 August 2009, which was referred to during
the inquiry. The chairman requested Mr Minnie to produce this document which then
formed part of the documents before the high court.
[9] The option recorded that in terms of the acknowledgment of debt signed by
Mr Minnie on 23 July 2009, and the suretyships signed by certain named companies
securing the indebtedness of Mr Minnie, various properties would be transferred to
Probest by these companies, in part settlement of their surety obligations to Probest.

This document described Probest as care of Attorneys Viljoen, French and Chester.
Mr Annandale said he had engaged the services of these attorneys for this purpose.
Mr Annandale stated that problems arose when he was advised by these attorneys
at the end of October, that there were caveats registered against these properties,
so they could no longer be used as security. Mr Minnie stated that the object was for
these properties to stand as security and then be sold to Probest, as value for the
money received. He told Probest that although there were bonds over the properties,
there was sufficient equity in the properties. At that stage the properties were not
subject to any caveats and could be transferred. Mr Minnie stated that it was due to
the actions of other creditors, that caveats were subsequently registered against
these properties. Mr Minnie stated that ‘the bubble burst’ when third parties laid claim
to these properties, which forced him to confess to Mr Annandale and admit that
there was a trust deficit.
[10] The evidence of Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie at the inquiry as to their
interaction during this period, as well as the time when Mr Annandale became aware
that Probest’s money had been stolen, has to be considered against this
background.
[11] Mr Annandale said he only became concerned at the end of October when
the firm of attorneys he had engaged, advised him of the caveats registered against
the properties and that there was something wrong. He was only informed in
November that Mr Minnie’s firm had been liquidated; and when he asked Mr Minnie
about this, he replied there was no problem as he was now acting independently as
an attorney, ‘Izak Minnie Attorney’ and it had all been sorted out. Until he found out
the funds had been stolen, he was reassured by Mr Minnie that he was busy sorting
everything out. Mr Minnie at no stage admitted he had stolen the money. Even when
Mr Minnie furnished him with an affidavit to advance his claim against the Fund, Mr
Minnie only said that he did not have Probest’s consent to use the funds for his own
benefit.
[12] Mr Minnie said that he only told the representatives of Probest during
October or November that he had misappropriated their money. He never told them

this when he offered them security and denied that he had confessed to them at this
stage. It was only when the problems he faced became clear that he told them. He
agreed with the evidence of Mr Annandale that he only heard in December, that
there was a specific problem. He stated that Probest was not aware of any financial
problems until the end of 2009.
[13] The evidence of Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie was that Probest only
acquired knowledge that Mr Minnie had stolen the funds at the end of November or
December 2009, because that is when Mr Minnie told Mr Annandale. The terms of
the stated case were that it was agreed between the parties that the record of
evidence was ‘the correct factual position of what occurred between the parties’. The
parties accordingly agreed that the evidence of Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie as to
when Mr Annandale heard and Mr Minnie told him that the money had been stolen,
was at the end of November or December.
[14] The crucial inquiry accordingly is whether there is other evidence falling
within the ambit of the evidence agreed upon by the parties, which is sufficiently
reliable and cogent, to enable a court to find on a balance of probabilities, that the
Fund has proved that both Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie have not told the truth. It
would have to be demonstrated that other evidence proved that Mr Annandale to the
knowledge of Mr Minnie, knew about it at an earlier stage.
[15] The high court concluded that ‘the only reasonable inference to be drawn
from the evidence set out above is that, by 23 July 2009, the plaintiff’s directors knew
that their money was gone from the trust account where it ought to have been’. This
was the date when Mr Minnie furnished the acknowledgment of debt to Probest.
[16] The evidence relied upon by the high court was the following:
a)
The explanation by Mr Minnie that the funds could not be paid back
immediately because his firm’s accounting records were behind and had
been seized by the Law Society.

b)
The furnishing of security by Mr Minnie in the form of immovable properties
that Probest would acquire from companies, which were unknown to
Probest.
c)
By 23 July 2009 Probest had engaged another firm of attorneys through
whom the initial offer of security from Mr Minnie was made.
[17] Certain inferences were then drawn by the high court from these facts. It was
inferred that it was extraordinary and unacceptable that Probest’s directors believed
that the money could not be paid out simply because Mr Minnie’s books were
behind. If they did believe this, why enter into the arrangement to acquire
immoveable properties in lieu of repayment? A reasonable director would have
contacted the Law Society to find out whether the release of the funds could be
expedited. Accordingly, so the reasoning went, it was improbable that the true nature
of the misappropriation would not have been established very quickly. As regards the
role of Probest’s other firm of attorneys, the high court reasoned it was inconceivable
that they would have accepted Mr Minnie’s explanation for being unable to pay. They
would have advised Probest of the unlikelihood of this. The full court endorsed the
reasoning of the trial court.
[18] A distinction, must be drawn between inferences and assumptions. As stated
in S v Naik 1969 (2) SA 231 (N) at 234C-D:
‘If the court, on the evidence before it, were to come to that conclusion, it would be making
an assumption rather than drawing an inference, for the facts necessary for the drawing of
an inference are lacking.’
In addition, as Lord Wright observed in Caswell v Powell Duffryn Associated
Collieries Ltd 1939 (3) All ER 722 at 733:
‘Inference must be carefully distinguished from conjecture or speculation. There can be no
inference unless there are objective facts from which to infer the other facts which it is
sought to establish. . . . But if there are no positive proved facts from which the inference can
be made, the method of inference fails and what is left is mere speculation or conjecture.’
As noted, the facts agreed upon by the parties included the evidence under oath of
Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie, that Mr Annandale only acquired knowledge of the

theft at the end of November or December 2009. The trial court as well as the full
court, however, ignored this evidence and the status it held, which the parties had
conferred upon it by agreement. It must be emphasised that it was agreed that it
constituted ‘the correct factual position of what occurred between the parties inter se
and between the parties and Mr Izak Minnie and be accepted as evidence thereof’.
[19] In the face of this direct evidence under oath by Mr Annandale and Mr
Minnie, the conclusion drawn by the high court amounts to an assumption,
conjecture or speculation and not a valid inference. In addition, when the fact in
issue (which in this case is knowledge by Mr Annandale, that Mr Minnie had stolen
Probest’s money), is sought to be proved by the use of circumstantial evidence (as
set out in para 16), then the inference sought to be drawn (ie knowledge by Mr
Annandale), must be consistent with all of the proved facts 1 . In addition, the
inference sought to be drawn in favour of the Fund (which bears the onus to prove
Mr Annandale’s knowledge of the theft), must be the most likely of the probable
inferences2. The inference drawn that Mr Annandale had knowledge of the theft by
23 July 2009, is not consistent with all of the proved facts and not the most likely of
the probable inferences, to be drawn on all of these agreed facts.
[20] Insofar as the assumption made by the high court that Probest should have
become aware of the theft by the exercise of reasonable care, by contacting the Law
Society, this is contradicted by the evidence of Mr Annandale. He said he was told
by Mr Minnie he was busy sorting out his books, he offered security for them to relax
and assured him that everything was in order. According to Mr Annandale’s evidence
he believed Mr Minnie. Again the parties agreed this evidence constituted the correct
factual position of what occurred between Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie.

1 R v Blom 1939 AD 188 at 202-203.
2 Govan v Skidmore 1952 (1) SA 732 (N) at 734C-D; Joel Melamed & Hurwitz v Cleveland Estates
1984 (3) 155 (A) 164G-165C.

[21] In the result both the trial court and the full court erred in finding that the
Fund had discharged the onus of proving that Probest had knowledge of the theft by
23 July 2009. On the evidence of Mr Annandale and Mr Minnie, Probest only
acquired this knowledge by the end of November 2009. It is common cause that the
Fund was advised of the theft by way of a letter dated 20 November 2009. The
provisions of s 48(1)(a) of the Act, were accordingly complied with.
[22] In the result the trial court and the full court erred in upholding the special
plea in favour of the Fund.
[23] We accordingly make the following order:
The appeal is upheld with costs and the order of the full court is set aside and
substituted with the following:
‘The appeal is upheld with costs and the order of the court a quo is set aside and
substituted with the following:
The special plea is dismissed with costs’.

J B Z Shongwe

Judge of Appeal

K G B Swain

Judge of Appeal

Appearances:

For the Appellant:
M M W Van Zyl SC

Instructed by:

Dawie Beyers Attorneys, Wynberg

Honey Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For the Respondents:
G A Oliver

Instructed by:

Brendan Müller Inc, Cape Town

EG Cooper Majiedt Attorneys, Bloemfontein