THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Not Reportable
Case No: 1400/2016

In the matter between:

MHLANGANISI GCAZA                                                                               APPELLANT

and

THE STATE                                                                                               RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Gcaza v The State (1400/16) [2017] ZASCA 92 (9 June 2017)

Coram:
Maya AP, Zondi and Dambuza JJA, Gorven and Mbatha AJJA

Heard:

8 May 2017

Delivered:

9 June 2017

Summary:
Evidence: what constitutes sufficiency of circumstantial evidence:
conviction based on circumstantial evidence well-founded: cross-appeal: finding of
substantial and compelling circumstances justifying sentences lesser than the minimum
sentences prescribed by statute not constituting misdirection.

____________________________________________________________________

ORDER
______________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: Eastern Cape Division of the High Court, Grahamstown (Makaula J
sitting as court of first instance):

1. The appeal against the convictions is dismissed.
2. The cross-appeal against the sentences is dismissed.
_____________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
______________________________________________________________________

Mbatha AJA (Maya AP, Zondi and Dambuza JJA and Gorven AJA concurring):

[1] The appellant was convicted by the Eastern Cape Division of the High Court,
Grahamstown on 29 March 2016 of one count of rape and one count of murder. He was
sentenced to undergo 23 years‟ imprisonment in respect of each count and the
sentences were ordered to run concurrently. With leave of the high court, the appellant
appeals against both convictions. The respondent was also granted leave to cross-
appeal against the sentences. The provisions of s 51(1) of the Criminal Law
Amendment Act 105 of 1997 applied to both counts.

[2] The incident giving rise to the conviction and sentence arose from the discovery
of the body of the deceased, a six year old boy at Ezibeleni Street in Lingelihle
Township, Cradock. The post-mortem examination revealed that the deceased had
been anally raped and died as a result of multiple stab wounds and ligature
strangulation.

[3] The appeal turns on the quality and sufficiency of the circumstantial evidence
upon which the trial court convicted the appellant. In the cross-appeal the respondent
contends essentially that the trial court had misdirected itself in concluding that there
existed substantial and compelling circumstances which justified the imposition of lesser

sentences than the prescribed minimum sentences. Counsel for the appellant, on the
other hand, argued in support of the correctness of the trial court‟s finding in respect of
the substantial and compelling circumstances and submitted that the sentences were in
order.

[4] On the morning of 20 January 2015 Sergeant Andile Klaas (Klaas) received a
call to attend to a crime scene at Lingelihle Township in Cradock, where the deceased‟s
body had been found by members of the community. In close proximity to the body, a
blue cooler bag containing a transparent plastic bag was also found. At the scene of the
crime Klaas was informed that the appellant was a suspect and was directed to his
home. Klaas then proceeded to the appellant‟s house. As he approached the appellant,
members of the community became agitated and threw stones at the appellant. It was
then that Klaas took him to the police station. He says that this was done to protect the
appellant from members of the community.

[5] The respondent led the evidence of the appellant‟s aunt, Ms Maria Gayi (Gayi),
who lived with him at the time of his arrest. Gayi testified that the appellant, who
permanently lived in Cape Town, had arrived in Lingelihle on 8 January 2015. He
occupied his mother‟s house which was behind her house. He brought with him raw and
cooked fish in a cooler bag. Gayi cleaned the cooler bag and put it on the hi-fi music
system in the lounge, where it remained until removed by the appellant on 18 January
2015. She described the cooler bag as blue in colour and that it was the type that could
be folded up. She identified the cooler bag as the one appearing in photo 17 of Exhibit
D by its colour and the logo inscribed on it. Gayi testified that she had also joined in the
search for the deceased. Upon her return from the search Gayi found the appellant in
her home. He appeared to be in state of shock, and enquired from her if the police had
left. The appellant spent the night in her house, as he had done on the previous night on
the pretext that he was afraid to sleep alone.

[6] On 21 January 2015, a day following the arrest of the appellant, Gayi
accompanied police officers to a location where she identified a blue cooler bag as the

bag brought by the appellant to her home. When she was cross-examined, it was
suggested to her that the appellant did not bring the fish in the cooler bag or even bring
a cooler bag, but brought it in a container, which version was denied by Gayi.

[7] Adonis testified that in the early afternoon of the day before they learnt of the
disappearance of the deceased, she had observed from her home the appellant taking
something out of a blue cooler bag and placing it in a newly dug hole. The appellant
removed it from the hole and placed in the cooler bag and thereafter walked away.

[8] Warrant Officer Gregory Pitt (Pitt) corroborated the evidence of Klaas regarding
the arrest of the appellant. He also testified that after arresting the appellant, he
removed the following items of clothing from the appellant: a pair of takkies, a white
linen hat and a pair of trousers. He booked the items in the SAP 13 register, packed
them in an evidence bag, and delivered it to the forensic laboratory in Port Elizabeth.
The forensic bag bore the serial number PAD000889338.

[9] When recalled after, Pitt explained to the court that the cooler bag recovered at
the scene had been misplaced and what steps he took to trace a cooler bag similar to
the one in Exhibit D. The cooler bag in Exhibit D bore the logo, „Department of
Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa Marine Week 10.‟ Pitt‟s evidence is that
no blue coloured bag could be found, but an identical bag in a green colour was found
at the Waterfront in Cape Town. It was handed in as Exhibit 1. Despite a search, no
cooler bag was found in the appellant‟s possession or in his premises.

[10] Mr Charles Ludick (Ludick) testified as to how he found the blue cooler bag,
which contained a blood stained, transparent plastic bag under a pile of stones near
JJ‟s spaza shop, having been drawn to it by barking dogs. This was reported to the
police, who took over the scene.

[11] Warrant Officer Michelle Baard (Baard) attached to the Biology Unit of Forensic
Science Laboratory, a Forensic Analyst and a Reporting Officer, testified that she

received DNA evidence for interpreting and analysis relating to CAS 265/01/2015
Cradock. The case files were received on 9 July 2015 and 18 September 2015 bearing
lab numbers 23067/15, 69683/15, 23067/15, 69683/15, and 184121/15 respectively.
Her findings were tabulated in an affidavit deposed in terms of ss 212(4)(a), 6(a), 6(b)
and 8(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA), which was handed in as
Exhibits B and C.

[12] The first report in Exhibit B, compared the sample to the „hat‟, reference number
PAD000889338, to the control sample, reference number 13DBAA0532EP, Nogaga
Inganathi, the deceased. The result as summarised in para 4.1 of Exhibit B, stated that
PAD000889338 matched the DNA result in the control sample reference
13DBAA0532EP, Nogaga Inganathi ─ the most conservative occurrence of the DNA
result being one in eight billion people.

[13] The second report in Exhibit C compared an analysis and evaluation of a swab
marked „from the plastic bag‟ reference number 14DCAH7816, to the control sample
reference number 13DBAA0532EP, Nogaga Inganathi. In this regard, the result as
stated in para 4.1 of Exhibit C stated that the DNA result from the plastic bag swab,
14DCAH7816 matched the reference sample 13DBAA0532EP, Nogaga Inganathi.
Again, the most conservative occurrence for this DNA result was one in eight billion
people. Baard‟s evidence was unchallenged by the appellant and the affidavits were
handed in by consent.

[14] Dr Johan de Beer (de Beer) conducted a post-mortem examination on the body
of the deceased. He collected swabs from the buccal cells and also from the anal area
of the deceased. These were done by using the sample collection kit number
13DBAA0532 which was sealed inside the forensic bag PA5002109742. The sealed
forensic bag was handed over to Pitt. De Beer confirmed sexual assault on the
deceased and also the cause of his death.

[15] Constable Bonolo Mohlokonya (Mohlokonya) testified as to the collection of
evidence at the crime scene, including the taking of photographs and swabs. The
exhibits were all placed in forensic bags and entered in the SAP 13 register. These
were dispatched to the Forensic Laboratory in Port Elizabeth under the cover of a
minute dated 23 January 2015. Evidence bag number PA4002148A24 contained swabs
marked A and B from the plastic bag. The evidence bag number PA4002148AD228
contained swabs A and B for possible blood inside the cooler bag. All the forensic bags
were sealed and placed in exhibit bag number PAD000091508 and despatched to the
forensic laboratory in Port Elizabeth. The respondent handed in, by consent, the
affidavits deposed in terms of s 212 of the CPA by the forensic analysts in Port
Elizabeth and Cape Town.

[16] The appellant testified in his defence and denied knowledge of the alleged
offences. He denied ever bringing a blue cooler bag to Cradock. The appellant denied
that he owned a hat at all and that on the day of his arrest he was wearing one.
However, under cross-examination he admitted that he in fact did own hats, one in
black and the other yellowish with black stripes on it. Moreover, he could not explain
why his aunt (Gayi), who looked after his welfare, would insist that he brought to
Cradock the incriminating cooler bag which she identified as that in Exhibit D.

[17] The trial court accepted the evidence proffered by the state witnesses. It rejected
the appellant‟s denial as not reasonably possibly true. The trial court accepted the
evidence of Gayi that a cooler bag in which a blood-stained plastic bag, which contained
the deceased‟s DNA was found, was the cooler bag which the appellant had brought to
her house. It made credibility findings in respect of Gayi and concluded that there was
no reason to reject her evidence. The trial court also accepted that the hat which was
removed from the appellant by Pitt on his arrest contained the deceased‟s DNA. It
accordingly convicted him of both counts on the basis of that evidence.

[18] Counsel for the appellant contended that the trial court misdirected itself by
finding that the State had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. She argued that

the circumstantial evidence on which the appellant was convicted was not sufficient to
sustain the convictions.

[19] The issue on appeal is whether the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that
the appellant was guilty of the crimes with which he was charged.

[20] There are two uncontroverted pieces of evidence against the appellant. First, a
plastic bag with the deceased‟s blood inside a cooler bag similar to the one he had
brought with him from Cape Town. He removed his cooler bag from Gayi‟s house.
Shortly before the discovery of the body of the child he was seen carrying his cooler
bag. Secondly, a hat with the deceased‟s blood was one of the items sent for DNA
testing, together with other clothing items not disputed to belong to the appellant.
Further, the chain evidence given by Pitt, Baard, Dr de Beer and the s 212 affidavits
handed in by consent were sufficient as proof of the chain evidence. There was no
evidence that the seals of the sample bags might have been tampered with. To reject
this evidence would require findings that the appellant‟s aunt lied about  the cooler bag,
that Pitt deliberately lied about the origin of the hat and submitted someone else‟s hat
with the deceased‟s DNA to the lab for testing. The probabilities simply do not support
that reasoning.

[21] I accept the credibility findings made by the trial court in respect of Adonis. She is
not a member of the appellant‟s family to have been aware that appellant had brought a
blue cooler bag from Cape Town. Moreover, the bag was only discovered a day after
the arrest of the appellant. It was Adonis who had informed Klaas about the cooler bag
prior to the discovery thereof. This cannot be said to have been a coincidence.

[22] The appellant seeks to challenge the chain evidence regarding the DNA
evidence linking him to the crimes. One has to bear in mind that the cardinal rule is
whether on a conspectus of the evidence as a whole, it was established beyond a
reasonable doubt that the commission of the offences were committed by the accused.
It is unacceptable that any possibility, no matter how far-fetched, should be elevated to

a defence in law, as there is a veiled suggestion for which no foundation was laid that
the evidence may have been contaminated or that the wrong items were examined. It is
my view that affidavits submitted in terms of s 212 are conclusive proof of the lack of
any interference or contamination.

[23] The appellant‟s challenge to the evidence is in a piecemeal fashion. This court in
S v Reddy & others 1996 (2) SACR 1 (A) at 8C-D warned against this, where it stated
as follows:
„In assessing circumstantial evidence one needs to be careful not to approach such evidence
upon a piece-meal basis and to subject each individual piece of evidence to a consideration
whether it excludes the reasonable possibility that the explanation given by an accused is true.
The evidence needs to be considered in its totality. It is only then that one can apply the oft-
quoted dictum in R v Blom 1939 AD 188 at 202-203, where reference is made to two cardinal
rules of logic which cannot be ignored. These are, firstly, that the inference sought to be drawn
must be consistent with all the proved facts and, secondly, the proved facts should be such “that
they exclude every reasonable inference from them save the one sought to be drawn”.‟

[24] I am satisfied that the trial court‟s approach to the evaluation of the evidence was
correct. It considered the totality of the evidence and, in that process, weighed the
evidence of the State‟s witnesses against that of the appellant. As appears above, the
appellant‟s evidence was also riddled with contradictions, regarding whether or not he
owned a hat, or whether he wore a hat or if it was in his bag. Distancing himself from
the blue cooler bag, which he had removed a few hours prior to the disappearance of
the deceased, clearly indicates that he was not taking the court into his confidence. The
trial court, in my view, rightfully rejected his evidence. He admitted that the deceased
was known to him as one of the children from the neighbourhood.

[25] The sentiments expressed by this court in S v Ntsele 1998 (2) SACR 178 (SCA)
are relevant, where it held that the onus rests upon the State in a criminal case to prove
the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt ─ not beyond all shadow of doubt.
The court held further that when was dealing with circumstantial evidence, as in the
present matter, the court was not required to consider every fragment of evidence

individually. It was the cumulative impression, which all the pieces of evidence made
collectively, that had to be considered to determine whether the accused‟s guilt had
been established beyond a reasonable doubt. Courts are warned to guard against the
tendency to focus too intensely on separate and individual components of evidence and
viewing each component in isolation. In the light of the evidence presented to the trial
court, I am satisfied that on the conspectus of the evidence, the inference was correctly
drawn that the appellant was guilty of the crimes with which he was charged. The
appeal on conviction must therefore fail.

[26] I will now consider the cross-appeal. The respondent submits that the trial court
misdirected itself in finding that there were substantial and compelling circumstances
that justified the court‟s deviation from imposing the prescribed minimum sentences on
the convictions. In both instances, the prescribed minimum sentence was life
imprisonment.

[27] It is trite that a court will only interfere with a sentence if the trial court misdirected
itself in passing the sentence. Moreover, a misdirection alone does not suffice for a
court of appeal to interfere. A misdirection should be material, as expressed by Trollip
JA in S v Pillay 1977 (4) SA 531 (A) at 535E-H. In S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469
(SCA) para 12, this court stated that:
„A court exercising appellate jurisdiction cannot, in the absence of material misdirection by the
trial court, approach the question of sentence as if it were the trial court and then substitute the
sentence arrived at by it simply because it prefers it. To do so would be to usurp the sentencing
discretion of the trial court. Where material misdirection by the trial court vitiates its exercise of
that discretion, an appellate court is of course entitled to consider the question of sentence
afresh. In doing so, it assesses sentence as if it were a court of first instance and the sentence
imposed by the trial court has no relevance. As it is said, an appellate court is at large.
However, even in the absence of material misdirection, an appellate court may yet be justified in
interfering with the sentence imposed by the trial court. It may do so when the disparity between
the sentence of the trial court and the sentence which the appellate court would have imposed
had it been the trial court is so marked that it can properly be described as “shocking”, “startling”
or “disturbingly inappropriate” . . . In the latter situation the appellant court is not at large in the

sense in which it is at large in the former. In the latter situation it may not substitute the
sentence which it thinks appropriate merely because it does not accord with the sentence
imposed by the trial court or because it prefers it to that sentence. It may do so only where the
difference is so substantial that it attracts epithets of the kind I have mentioned. No limitation
exists in the former situation.‟

[28] I shall now turn to the reasons that informed the mind of the learned judge when
he sentenced the appellant. He took into account the seriousness of the offences, that
the deceased, a six year old child, was brutally raped and died from multiple stab
wounds and strangulation. He stressed the effect and impact of these offences on the
family of the deceased and the community of Ezibeleni Township in Cradock. A close-
knit community which had en masse searched for the missing child, and which was not
hesitant to take the law into its own hands when the appellant was fingered as the
suspect. This showed the devastating effect of the incident on the community which had
lost a child to a vicious crime. The viciousness of the offences upon an innocent child,
ruthlessly raped and killed was not overlooked or minimised by the trial court.

[29] The trial court considered the personal circumstances of the appellant who was
23 years old at the time of sentencing. He was single and had no children. The
appellant left school in grade 8. The court accepted the probation officer‟s report, which
stated that for three days during the period in which the deceased was killed, the
appellant was continuously using the methamphetamine (commonly known as tik). This
was also supported by the evidence of Dr Hester Jordaan, a psychiatrist, whose
evidence what that the appellant was diagnosed to have abused cannabis,
methamphetamine and alcohol during the period that the deceased was killed. Dr
Jordaan testified that the appellant suffered from what is known as an „anti-social
personality disorder‟. She described this as not being a mental illness, but opined that
such persons show certain personality traits, which become so severe that they impact
„on the person‟s social, occupational and interpersonal functions‟. People who suffer
from this disorder show a longstanding pattern of disregard for and the violation of the
rights of others and they fail to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviour.

Her evidence was also that deceitfulness, irritability and aggressiveness are traits that
indicate such a personality disorder.

[30] The respondent submitted that there is no treatment for such a disorder and that
in fact, the appellant falls within the locus classicus of a psychopath. As a result of this
condition there are no prospects of rehabilitation on the appellant and he remains a
danger to society.

[31] Dr Jordaan‟s testimony was that „a social personality disorder is not amenable to
treatment‟. She further stated that these individuals are extremely difficult to involve in
any form of rehabilitation and that a vast majority of such individuals end up in
correctional facilities. However, she stated that „a related rehabilitation programme to
improve their insight, anger management and impulsive control can be attempted which
would minimise his co-morbid substance abuse and help him develop an insight into his
condition‟. It would be unsafe to draw inferences from the appellant‟s condition other
than the ones drawn by the psychiatrist.

[32] The respondent, in pursuit of its argument, relies on the minority judgment in S v
Lawrence 1991 (2) SACR 57 (A) which found that a person diagnosed with a severe
personality disorder, should not be considered as a candidate for rehabilitation. The
reliance on this minority judgment is misplaced as the majority found otherwise. The
appellant in that case who was described as a psychopath, showed similar traits to the
prognosis given by Dr Jordaan in respect of the appellant. Goldstone JA, writing for the
majority, stated that „[i]t is not unreasonable, in our day, to nurture the hope that medical
science may yet find a drug or procedure to control if not cure, this extreme kind of
mental abnormality.‟ That was said in 1991. Dr Jordaan testified in 2015, where she
affirmed that though there is still no cure for such conditions, a rehabilitation programme
can be introduced to such persons as the appellant to improve their insight, anger
management, and impulsive control. And that though the appellant had previously failed
to continue with a rehabilitation programme, he had at least embarked on one and that
such a programme would be very useful in attempting to manage future risk of offensive

behaviour. This factor, taken into account with the age of the appellant and his use of
narcotic and intoxicating substances at the time, suggests that the appellant can be
rehabilitated to a certain extent. It is my view that the trial court attached proper weight
to the personal circumstances of the appellant and the expert evidence of Dr Jordaan. I
am thus not persuaded that the trial court misdirected itself in finding the existence of
substantial and compelling circumstances.

[33] The fact that the convictions fall within the ambit of the prescribed minimum
sentence does not automatically result in a sentence of life imprisonment. The views
expressed by Nugent JA in S v Vilakazi [2008] ZASCA 87; 2009 (1) SACR 552 (SCA)
para 18 are apposite in this regard:
„It is plain from the determinative test laid down by Malgas, consistent with what was said
throughout the judgment, and consistent with what was said by the Constitutional Court in Dodo
[S v Dodo 2001 (1) SACR 594 (CC)], that a prescribed sentence cannot be assumed a priori to
be proportionate in a particular case. It cannot even be assumed a priori that the sentence is
constitutionally permitted. Whether the prescribed sentenced is indeed proportionate, and thus
capable of being imposed, is a matter to be determined upon a consideration of the
circumstances of the particular case. It ought to be apparent that when the matter is approached
in that way it might turn out that the prescribed sentence is seldom imposed in cases that fall
within the specified category. If that occurs it will be because the prescribed sentence is seldom
proportionate to the offence. For the essence of Malgas and of Dodo is that disproportionate
sentences are not to be imposed and that courts are not vehicles for injustice.‟

[34] Though the appellant was not a first-time offender, the trial court found that there
was scope for rehabilitation. It accepted that he was under the influence of drugs and
alcohol when the offences were committed. The trial court rightfully accepted these
facts cumulatively as amounting to substantial and compelling circumstances.

[35] Without appearing to have over-emphasized the personal circumstances of the
appellant I must emphasize that the crimes committed by the appellant were gross and
inhumane. Rape is unquestionably a despicable crime. The enormity of this crime was

aggravated by the fact that it was committed against an unsuspecting young boy. In S v
D 1995 (1) SACR 259 (A) this court said the following (at 260F-I):
„Children are vulnerable to abuse, and the younger they are, the more vulnerable they are. They
are usually abused by those who think they can get away with it, and all too often do. . . . [The]
appellant‟s conduct in my view was sufficiently reprehensible to fall within the category of
offences calling for sentence both reflecting the Court‟s strong disapproval and hopefully acting
as a deterrent to others minded to satisfy their carnal desires with helpless children.‟

[36] It is my view, that there was no misdirection on the part of the trial court. It also
cannot be said that the sentences imposed were startlingly inappropriate. There is no
reason for this court to interfere with the sentences.

[37] Accordingly, I make the following order:
1. The appeal against the convictions is dismissed.
2. The cross-appeal against the sentences is dismissed.

__________________
YT Mbatha
Acting Judge of Appeal

Appearances
For Appellant:
E Crouse (with him H Charles)

Instructed by:
Grahamstown Justice Centre Legal Aid, Grahamstown
Bloemfontein Justice Centre, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:

N Henning
Instructed by:
The Director of Public Prosecutions, Grahamstown
The Director of Public Prosecutions, Bloemfontein