THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case No:  473/2007

In the matter between:

AFFIRMATIVE PORTFOLIOS CC
APPELLANT

v

TRANSNET LIMITED t/a METRORAIL
RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Affirmative Portfolios v Transnet (473/2007) [2008] ZASCA
127 (30 September 2008).

Coram:
HARMS
ADP,
CAMERON,
JAFTA,
MAYA
JJA,
et
BORUCHOWITZ AJA

Heard:
22 August 2008

Delivered:
30 September 2008

Corrected:
06 October 2008

Summary:
Claim based on written agreement – whether prior oral agreement
enforceable – application of the parol evidence rule - counterclaim
based on unjustified enrichment – condictio indebiti – whether the
requirement that error not be excusable satisfied – error found not
to be excusable.

_______________________________________________________________

ORDER
_______________________________________________________________

On appeal from: High Court, Durban  (Tshabalala JP sitting as court of first
instance).

The following order is made:
(1)
The appeal succeeds to the extent set out hereunder:
(a)
The appeal against the judgment on the appellant’s claim of
R833 660.87 is dismissed;
(b)
The appeal against the counterclaim is allowed;
(c)
The respondent is to pay the costs of the appeal, including those
occasioned by the employment of two counsel.

(2)
The order of the court a quo is set aside and the following is substituted
in its stead:
‘(a)
The plaintiff’s claim for R883 660.87 is dismissed;
(b)
The defendant’s counterclaim for the amount of R515 317.45 is
dismissed;
(c)
Each party is to pay its own costs.’

______________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
______________________________________________________________

BORUCHOWITZ AJA (HARMS ADP, CAMERON, JAFTA, MAYA JJA
concurring):

[1] The appellant instituted action against the respondent in the Durban
High Court in which it claimed, among other relief, payment of the sum of
R883 660.87. The essential basis of the claim was that the respondent had
underpaid the appellant in respect of certain services that had been rendered.
The respondent, in turn, instituted a counterclaim for re-payment of an amount
of R515 317.45 on the basis of unjustified enrichment. The matter came
before Tshabalala JP who dismissed the claim and upheld the counterclaim.
The appellant appeals against these orders with leave of the court a quo.

BACKGROUND

[2] The appellant is a labour broker. In November 1999 the Metrorail
Tender Board invited tenders for the supply of access controllers who were to
be deployed on station platforms under the control of the respondent. Their
function was to ensure that passengers boarding trains had tickets authorising
them to do so. The appellant was notified of the acceptance of its tender on
29 March 2000.

[3] Pursuant thereto a written agreement was entered into between the
parties in terms whereof the appellant was to supply 200 access controllers
for a period of 36 months commencing on 1 April 2000 at a monthly rate of
R358 800 plus VAT. Although not specifically spelled out, it is common cause
that this figure was based on an hourly rate of R15 for a maximum of 104
hours per month per controller, plus an administration fee of 15 per cent

(making a total of R17.25 per hour). The agreement was signed by the
respondent on 3 May 2000 and by the appellant on 5 May 2000. It should be
mentioned that the appellant had already been providing the services in
question to the respondent since September 1999.

[4] Clauses 10.1 and 16.1 of the agreement which are relevant for present
purposes provide as follows:

‘10.1
No deviation from the scope, pricing or programme of Service contained
herein shall be permitted unless the Client has given prior written consent . . .’

‘16.1 Unless specifically stated otherwise in the Pricing Schedules, all prices are
fixed as per the formula agreed upon in Annexure B, for the duration of the Contract
and shall not be subject to any variation, except in terms of Clause 10 in particular,
shall include all applicable taxes, duties and fees, except for Value Added Tax which
is to be stated separately.’

[5] With effect from 1 April 2000, the appellant increased the charge to
R17.25 per hour plus the administration fee of 15 per cent. The appellant says
it did so because Mr Naicker, the contracts manager of the Durban region of
the respondent had informed Mr Xaba, the sole member of the appellant, that
Mr Mncube, the Durban regional manager of the respondent, had agreed to
this increase. The respondent however disputes having agreed or instructed
the appellant to effect the said increase.

[6] The appellant paid the increased charge without complaint for the
months of April to September 2000, both months inclusive.

[7] At a meeting between the representatives of the parties held on 20
December 2000  Xaba, was told that the appellant had been charging in
excess of what was allowed in terms of the agreement and that henceforth the
appellant was to revert to charging R15 per hour per controller plus a 15 per
cent administration fee. Xaba reluctantly agreed to this but reserved the
appellant’s rights in regard thereto. From the date of that meeting the

appellant resumed charging the specified rate of R15 per hour plus 15 per
cent.

[8] In April 2002 the respondent purported to summarily terminate the
agreement. The appellant treated this as a repudiation of the agreement and
accepted this. The respondent accepted before trial that its repudiation was
unlawful and an amount of damages was agreed. The appellant thereupon
instituted the action forming the subject matter of the present appeal.

THE CLAIM

[9] The primary question is whether the written agreement was varied so
as to provide for the payment of an increased remuneration calculated on the
basis of R17.25 per hour plus the 15 per cent management fee.

[10] The crux of the appellant’s case is to be found in para 6 of the
particulars of claim where the following allegations are made:

‘6. During the month of May 2000 the aforesaid written agreement was varied orally,
or tacitly or by conduct by the parties in the following respects:
(a) [clause 10.1 of the agreement was deleted];
(b) the defendant would pay to the plaintiff an increased remuneration calculated
on the basis of R17,25 per hour (for normal hourly rates) worked by each
access controller plus the 15% management fee, such increase to be paid
from the date of such variation.
(c) Clause 16(1) was varied by the deletion of the words following on the words
“all prices” where they appear in the first line of such paragraph up to and
including the words “clause 10 in particular” where such words appear in the
third line of such clause.’

[11] There is no evidence to support the allegations in para 6 of the
particulars of claim concerning an oral variation. None of the appellant’s
witnesses testified that the parties had agreed to delete clause 10.1 or the
alleged portions of clause 16.1. Nor was there evidence that it was orally
agreed during May 2000 to increase the applicable rate.

[12] What the evidence in fact establishes is that an oral agreement
authorising the increased rate may have been entered into during April 2000.
Mr Baxter, who managed the accounting and administrative affairs of the
appellant, testified that if there was an agreement to increase the rates this
must have occurred during April 2000 because such rate was first reflected in
the appellant’s invoice which was generated by 30 April 2000. Support for
Baxter’s contention is to be found in the appellant’s letter to the respondent
dated 20 December 2000 in which it is stated that the appellant increased the
access controllers’ wages in the same month that the new rate was
communicated to the appellant.

[13]  The appellant is precluded from relying on the alleged oral agreement
by virtue of the so-called ‘parol’ evidence or ‘integration’ rule. The oral
agreement for which it contends would have been entered into before the
signing of the written agreement and also contains terms which are at
variance therewith. It is a well established principle that where the parties
decide to embody their final agreement in written form the execution of the
document deprives all previous statements of their legal effect. See National
Board (Pretoria) (Pty) Ltd v Estate Swanepoel1 and cases there cited. As was
stated by Watermeyer JA in Union Government v Vianini Ferro-Concrete
Pipes (Pty) Ltd:2

‘. . . this Court has accepted the rule that when a contract has been reduced to
writing, the writing is, in general, regarded as the exclusive memorial of the
transaction and in a suit between the parties no evidence to prove its terms may be
given save the document or secondary evidence of its contents, nor may the
contents of such document be contradicted, altered, added to or varied by parol
evidence.’

[14] Not all oral or collateral agreements are necessarily deprived of legal
effect. The parol evidence rule applies only where the written agreement is or

1 1975 (3) SA 16 (A) at 26A-D.
2 1941 AD 43 at 47.

was intended to be the exclusive memorial of the agreement between the
parties. Where the written agreement is intended merely to record portion of
the agreed transaction, leaving the remainder as an oral agreement, then the
rule prevents the admission only of extrinsic evidence to contradict or vary the
written portion without precluding proof of the additional or supplemental oral
agreement. This is often referred to as the ‘partial integration’ rule. See
Johnston v Leal3 and the cases there cited.

[15] A court may look to surrounding circumstances, including the relevant
negotiations of the parties, in order to determine whether the parties intended
a written contract to be an integration of their whole transaction or merely a
partial integration. See Johnston supra 945D-E. The fact that the parties
specifically refer to a topic or subject in the wording is generally an indication
that the writing was intended to be conclusive as to that aspect of the
transaction. This point is aptly made in the following passage in Wigmore on
Evidence, s 2430:

‘(3)
In deciding upon this intent, the chief and most satisfactory index for the judge
is found in the circumstance whether or not the particular element of the alleged
extrinsic negotiation is dealt with at all in the writing. If it is mentioned, covered, or
dealt with in the writing, then presumably the writing was meant to represent all of the
transaction on that element; if it is not, then probably the writing was not intended to
embody that element of the negotiation . . . .’

[16] The question of prices and the pricing structure is a matter that was
specifically dealt with in the written agreement. The preamble expressly states
that ‘. . .  the Contractor undertakes to carry out the work described in the
contract specifications at the price or prices quoted, and subject to the general
conditions of contract attached hereto’. Clause 16.1 provides that ‘. . . unless
specifically stated otherwise in the Pricing Schedules, all prices are fixed as
per the formula agreed upon.’  It follows that the written agreement must be
regarded as conclusive in regard to the applicable rate in respect of the
appellant’s services.

3 1980 (3) SA 927 (A) at 944B-E.

[17] If it was indeed the common intention of the parties that the rates be
varied the appellant could have availed itself of the equitable remedy of
rectification. In the event, however, it chose not to do so and is bound to the
terms of the written agreement.

[18] Reliance cannot be placed on the allegation in para 6 of the particulars
of claim to the effect that the agreement was varied tacitly or by conduct in the
light of the aforegoing.  Furthermore clause 10.1, which is in effect a non-
variation clause, entrenches the pricing provisions against oral or tacit
variation. The binding nature of such a provision was emphasised in SA
Sentrale Ko-Op Graanmaatskappy Bpk v Shifren en andere4 and affirmed
more recently in the case of Brisley v Drotsky.5 Clause 10.1 may be varied
otherwise than in writing (as to which see  Clemans v Russon Brothers (Pty)
Ltd).6 However there is no evidence that the parties agreed or even applied
their minds to the question of deleting the clause. It accordingly remains of
force and effect.

[19] It was further argued that the respondent’s letter dated 1 September
2000 constituted sufficient written authority to increase the rates. This
argument is without merit. The letter, in its terms, does not purport to address
such issue. The author, Mr Pillay, who was the then financial manager of the
Durban region of the respondent, testified that when he wrote the letter he
was not aware of any rate increase. He addressed the letter to the appellant
because it was experiencing cash flow problems.

[20] In yet a further attempt to neutralise any reliance on the non-variation
provision, the appellant sought refuge in the principles of estoppel. It was
argued that the appellant had relied, to its prejudice, on Naicker’s
representation that Mncube had authorised the charging of the increased rate.
In order to succeed with a plea of estoppel it had to be shown that Naicker’s

4 1964 (4) SA 760 (A).
5 2002 (4) SA 1 (SCA).
6 1970 (3) SA 686 (E) at 689E-F.

representation could reasonably have been expected to mislead the
appellant. See Monzali v Smith.7 The representation made could not in my
view have misled the appellant in view of the formal tender process which was
then not yet completed. In these circumstances the appellant could not
reasonably have believed that either Naicker or Mncube had authority to
increase the rates without the approval of the Tender Board. There was also
no representation emanating from the respondent itself that either Naicker or
Mncube had authority to vary the rates.

[21] Lastly, and on the assumption that the non-variation clause was
applicable, it was argued that the appellant’s invoices which were supported
by documents signed by officials of the respondent constituted sufficient
written authority to vary the rates. This argument cannot be sustained. Clause
10.1 plainly provides that no variation would be permitted unless the
respondent had given its ‘prior written consent’. The signed invoices or
payments certificates do not purport to give consent and even if one were to
construe them in that manner such consent was not given prior to any
increase.

[22] For these reasons the appeal in respect of the appellant’s claim
cannot succeed.

THE COUNTERCLAIM

[23] The respondent seeks by means of the condictio indebiti to recover
payment from the appellant of the amounts that were overpaid during the
period April to September 2000.

[24] The central requirement of the condictio indebiti is that the payment or
transfer must have been effected in the mistaken belief that the debt was due.
It is also an established requirement that the mistake, whether of fact or of
law, must be excusable: Willis Faber Enthoven (Pty) Ltd v Receiver of

7 1929 AD 382 at 386.

Revenue and another.8

[25] That there was no obligation on the respondent to pay the amounts
claimed and that the payments had been made in error can admit of no doubt.
The respondent’s officials overlooked the unauthorised increase in the rates
charged by the appellant and failed to check the rates stipulated in the
appellant’s invoices against the written agreement.

[26] The court a quo found that although the defendant’s conduct was
incompetent and negligent it could not be characterised as inexcusable as to
be unworthy of the protection of the court. Reliance in this regard was placed
on what was stated by this Court in Bowman, De Wet and Du Plessis NNO
and others v Fidelity Bank Ltd.9

[27] For the appellant it was argued that the court a quo had erred in finding
that the excusability requirement had been satisfied as the evidence showed
that in effecting payment the respondent’s officials had been grossly
negligent. It was also argued that the court a quo’s reliance on Bowman was
misplaced as the claimant in that case was an executor who fell within one of
the recognised exceptions to the excusability principle (see Bowman at 44H-
45F).

[28] Despite strident calls for its abolition, the excusability requirement has
been maintained and applied in a long line of cases beginning with Rooth v
The State.10

[29] It was authoritatively settled by this court in Willis Faber that a plaintiff
seeking to invoke the condictio indebiti must prove sufficient facts to justify a
finding that the error that gave rise to the payment was excusable. This
requirement is not immutable and admits of exceptions particularly in cases

8 1992 (4) SA 202 (A).

9 1997 (2) SA 35 (A) at 44C-G.
10 1888 (2) SAR 259.

involving payments made by persons in a representative position: see
Bowman, supra (at 40A-C).

[30] Recently there have been renewed calls by academic authors to
abolish the requirement. See Daniel Visser Unjustified Enrichment11 and
Helen Scott, ‘The Requirement of Excusable Mistake In The Context Of The
Condictio Indebiti: Scottish and South African Law Compared’.12  The present
matter is clearly not an appropriate case in which to deviate from existing
authority since the question of abolishing the excusability requirement was
neither pertinently raised nor argued by the parties.

[31] This court has been reluctant to lay down rules or formulations in order
to circumscribe what is excusable and what is not. See Bowman supra at
44D-E. One is however able to discern certain general principles that have
emerged from the decided cases. Grossly negligent conduct or inexcusable
slackness in the conduct of one’s own affairs is generally (but not necessarily)
regarded as inexcusable conduct. This has been derived from the statement
of Voet 16.2.7 that the ignorance of fact should appear to be ‘neither slack nor
studied’ (nec supine nec affectata) or of a fact concerning the plaintiff’s own
affairs.

[32] Whether the defendant had induced the mistake in the plaintiff has
often played an important part in the court’s view of what constitutes an
excusable error. See for example the facts in Willis Faber and Bowman.

[33] In Willis Faber (at 224E-G) Hefer JA provided the following indications
as to what factors might determine the excusability of a particular error:

‘It is not possible nor would it be prudent to define the circumstances in which an
error of law can be said to be excusable or, conversely, to supply a compendium of
instances where it is not. All that need be said is that, if the payer’s conduct is so
slack that he does not in the Court’s view deserve the protection of the law, he

11 (2008) 316-318
12 (2007) 124 SALJ 827.

should, as a matter of policy, not receive it. There can obviously be no rules of
thumb; conduct regarded as inexcusably slack in one case need not necessarily be
so regarded in others, and vice versa. Much will depend on the relationship between
the parties; on the conduct of the defendant who may or may not have been aware
that there was no debitum and whose conduct may or may not have contributed to
the plaintiff’s decision to pay; and on the plaintiff’s state of mind and the culpability of
his ignorance in making the payment.’

[34] The nature of the mistake perpetrated by the respondent when each
payment was made is clear, but the reason is not. The respondent has failed
to explain why the mistake occurred and why it occurred repeatedly over a
seven month period.

[35] The written agreement was readily accessible to the respondent’s
officials. It originated from a formal tender process. Its terms were approved
by the Metrorail Tender Board and were a matter of public record. The failure
by the respondent’s officials to detect the unauthorised increase and to check
the rates stipulated in the appellant’s invoices with the written agreement can
only be attributed to extreme slackness or negligence on their part.

[36] It was argued on behalf of the respondent that the overpayments were
induced by the fact that the appellant had submitted invoices claiming the
increased rate of R17.25 per hour plus the 15 per cent administration fee.
That submission cannot be sustained. The evidence of both parties was to the
effect that there was a careful checking of invoices and supporting
documentation before any payment was made.

[37] Having regard to all the circumstances I am of the view that the
respondent’s conduct was culpable to a degree rendering same inexcusable,
and for that reason the trial court ought to have dismissed the counterclaim.

[38] There is yet a further reason why the counterclaim cannot be
sustained. It is clear from the evidence that most of the moneys that the
appellant received from the respondent were paid to the appellant’s

employees and the relevant regulatory authorities. The appellant only retained
a small percentage thereof in respect of its administration fee. The extent of
the appellant’s enrichment was therefore minimal. What finds application in
the present case is the defence of non-enrichment as enunciated by this court
in African Diamond Exporters (Pty) Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd,13
which essentially amounts to this. Where the receiver has lost or disposed of
part of that which has been paid to him, he will only be liable for what remains
in his hands at the time when the action is instituted. See Senwes Ltd v Jan
van Heerden & Sons CC;14 J G Lotz Enrichment, 9 Lawsa (2 ed), para 213.
As the counterclaim ought, for the reasons stated, to be dismissed it is
unnecessary to determine the extent of the appellant’s enrichment.

CONCLUSION

[39] It follows that the appeal should be allowed only to the extent of the
counterclaim. As the appellant has achieved substantial success on appeal it
is entitled to its costs including those occasioned by the employment of two
counsel. As far as costs in the court below are concerned these should be
borne equally by the parties as each achieved a comparable measure of
success.

THE ORDER

[40] The following order is made:

(1)
The appeal succeeds to the extent set out hereunder:
(a)
The appeal against the judgment on the appellant’s claim of
R833 660.87 is dismissed;
(b)
The appeal against the counterclaim is allowed;
(c)
The respondent is to pay the costs of the appeal, including those
occasioned by the employment of two counsel.

13 1978 (3) SA 699 (A) at 713F-H
14 [2007] 3 All SA 24 (SCA) para 34.

(2)
The order of the court a quo is set aside and the following is substituted
in its stead.

‘(a)
The plaintiff’s claim for R883 660.87 is dismissed;
(b)
The defendant’s counterclaim for the amount of R515 317.45 is
dismissed;
(c)
Each party is to pay its own costs.’

________________________

P BORUCHOWITZ

ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

Appearances:

For Appellant:
D J Shaw QC

E A Matthis

Instructed by

J H Nicholson Stiller & Geshen, Musgrave

Symington & De Kok, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:
C J Pammenter SC

Z P Pungula

Instructed by

A P Shangase & Associates, Durban

Mthembu & Van Vuuren Inc, Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

Date:
30 September 2008

Status:
Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the media
and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal

AFFIRMATIVE PORTFOLIOS CC

v

TRANSNET LTD t/a METRORAIL

MEDIA STATEMENT

The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) today dismissed an appeal by
Affirmative Portfolios CC against a judgment of the Durban High Court
dismissing its claim against Transnet Ltd. The SCA also upheld Affirmative
Portfolios’ appeal in respect of Transnet’s counterclaim.

The essential basis of the claim against Transnet was that it had underpaid
Affirmative Portfolios the sum of R883 660.87 in respect of services which the
latter had rendered. The SCA held that by virtue of the parol evidence rule no
reliance could be placed on the agreement contended for and the appeal thus
had to fail.

Transnet’s counterclaim was for repayment of R515 317.45. The claim was
brought on the basis that the amounts in question were paid in error and that
Affirmative Portfolios had been unjustifiably enriched at Transnet’s expense.
The evidence showed that in effecting payment Transnet’s officials had been
grossly negligent and that Affirmative Portfolios had been minimally enriched.
Consequently the appeal in respect of the counterclaim was upheld.