THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Reportable

Case No: 360/2021

In the matter between:

MJ K                                                                                                   FIRST APPELLANT
MJ K NO                                                                                        SECOND APPELLANT
JOHAN VAN ROOYEN NO                                                               THIRD APPELLANT
MJ K NO                                                                                        FOURTH APPELLANT
JOHAN VAN ROOYEN NO                                                               FIFTH APPELLANT
MJ K NO                                                                                             SIXTH APPELLANT
JOHAN VAN ROOYEN NO                                                        SEVENTH APPELLANT
II K NO                                                                                            EIGHTH APPELLANT
OLIVIA WILDPLAAS CC                                                                  NINTH APPELLANT

and

II K                                                                                                              RESPONDENT

Neutral Citation:
MJ K v II K (360/2021) [2022] ZASCA 116 (28 July 2022)
Coram:
ZONDI, SCHIPPERS and MABINDLA-BOQWANA JJA and
MATOJANE and SMITH AJJA
Heard:
19 May 2022
Delivered:
28 July 2022

Summary: Divorce – parties married out of community of property subject to the accrual
system – determination of accrual – whether assets of trusts of which the husband is a
trustee and the close corporation of which he is a sole member should be regarded as
belonging to husband for purposes of determining the accrual of his estate – legal basis
to pierce the veneer of trusts not established – appeal upheld.

_____________________________________________________________________

ORDER
_____________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: The Free State Division of the High Court, Bloemfontein (Mbhele J
sitting as court of first instance):
The appeal is upheld with costs including costs of two counsel;
Paragraphs 2 and 6 of the High Court order are set aside and replaced with the
following order:
‘The plaintiff’s claim for an order that the assets of the Koens Besigheids Trust,

the Koens Familie Trust, the Bulhoek Trust and Olivia Wildplaas CC are to be

used to calculate the accrual of the first defendant’s estate is dismissed with costs,

including the costs of two counsel where so employed.’
_____________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT
_____________________________________________________________________

Zondi JA (Schippers and Mabindla-Boqwana JJA and Matojane and Smith AJJA
concurring):
[1] The issue in this appeal is whether the value of the assets of Koens Besigheids
Trust, Koens Familie Trust, Bulhoek Trust (the trusts) and Olivia Wildplaas CC (the CC)
is to be taken into account in determining the value of the accrual of the estate of the first
appellant (the appellant) as at the date of dissolution of the marriage between him and
the respondent.
[2] The issue arose in the following circumstances: The respondent, II K as the
plaintiff, sued the appellant, MJ K as the defendant, in the Free State Division of the High
Court, Bloemfontein1 (the high court), for a decree of divorce. After joining the trusts and
the CC as parties in the divorce proceedings, the respondent amended her particulars of

1 The divorce action was instituted in the North West Division of the High Court and was later transferred
to the Free State Division of the High Court by agreement between the parties.

claim so as to include a prayer for an order declaring that the assets of the trusts and the
CC be taken into account in determining the value of the accrual in terms of ss 3 and 4 of
the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984 (the Act). The basis for her amended claim was
that the trusts and the CC were the alter ego of the appellant. In support of her claim for
the assets of the trusts and the CC to be regarded as assets of the appellant, the
respondent alleged that during the marriage, the appellant established the trusts and the
CC over which he assumed sole de facto control.
[3] The respects in which the appellant was alleged to have the de facto control over
the assets of the trusts and the CC are, in broad terms, pleaded by the respondent as
follows. At all relevant times during the subsistence of the marriage, the appellant made
no distinction between the income and expenses of the trusts and the CC and his income
and expenditure. The control and management of the trusts and the CC lay solely with
the appellant. In this regard, the respondent asserted that the appellant ensured that his
personal friend, Mr Johan van Rooyen (Mr van Rooyen), was appointed as a trustee of
all the trusts, who was a trustee in name only. All the trust deeds of the discretionary
trusts are worded in such a manner as to give the appellant wide-ranging powers so that
he manages the trusts and the CC without input from any third parties, including other
trustees, and the appellant held no meetings of trustees or members.
[4] The respondent further alleged that the antenuptial contract contains no stipulation
that the assets of the trusts or the CC be excluded from the accrual and that the appellant
acquired and funded the trusts and the CC with his personal funds. She went on to state
that the appellant managed the trusts and close corporation assets as if they were his
own, and there was no distinction between his assets and those of the trusts and/or the
close corporation. She asserted that the appellant had sole signing powers on the bank
accounts of the trusts and the CC, and that these entities exist in name only. She said
that she performed duties for the trusts and CC as if they were part of the appellant’s
farming business. The respondent received monthly payments from a trust for the
purchase of groceries and household essentials.
[5] The respondent claimed that the appellant established the trusts and the CC in
order to prejudice her in the exercise of her right to claim a fair share of the accrued

estate. Therefore, the assets of these entities must be regarded as part of the appellant’s
estate and taken into account, together with any personal assets accrued by the appellant
in his personal capacity in the calculation of accrual in terms of ss 3 and 4 of the Act.
[6] The appellant denied the allegations underpinning the respondent’s claim. The
trusts and the CC, making common cause with the appellant’s defences, contended that
the averments as pleaded by the respondent did not support the relief she claimed. The
basis for this contention was that there was no averment in the particulars of claim that
the trusts and the CC acquired the assets with the fraudulent or dishonest purpose of
avoiding the obligation to account for such assets or that the appellant had acted
dishonestly or in an unconscionable manner in order to avoid his obligation to account for
the accrual in his estate.
[7] The evidence proffered by the respondent in support of the allegations in the
pleadings is to the following effect. The parties were married to each other on 27 March
1993 out of community of property subject to the accrual system in terms of the Act. For
purposes of accrual, the commencement value of the respondent’s assets at the time of
marriage was R20 000, and that of the appellant was R175 000. The parties agreed that
using the Consumer Price Index as at the date of divorce, these assets are now valued
at R94 190.87 and R824 170.12, respectively.
[8] The respondent testified that she had joined the trusts and the CC to the divorce
proceedings because she felt that she had contributed more than her share during her
marriage to the appellant and was entitled to a share in these entities. As regards the
management of these entities, the respondent testified that the appellant did not consult
her when decisions concerning their management were taken, and the resolutions that
were taken were passed in her absence. These claims cannot be entirely true in relation
to the conduct of the affairs of the Bulhoek Trust because, on not less than 11 occasions,
she signed resolutions that were taken.
[9] Mr van Rooyen, in his capacity as an independent trustee, explained how the trusts
and the CC were formed. According to Mr van Rooyen, the Koens Besigheids Trust and
Koens Familie Trust were formed in 1999, and the appellant was the sole trustee until
2009, when Mr van Rooyen was appointed as a second trustee in the two trusts. Bulhoek

Trust was formed in 2011. It has three trustees, namely Mr van Rooyen, the appellant
and the respondent. The appellant and the respondent together with their children, were
nominated as capital beneficiaries of the trusts.
[10] Prior to the creation of the trusts, since 1988, Mr van Rooyen had been providing
accounting services to ll Civils CC (Civils), which the appellant had registered after his
resignation from Eskom. He used it as a vehicle through which he conducted his business.
Besides providing accounting services to Civils, Mr van Rooyen also advised the
appellant and the respondent on estate planning related matters. It was on his advice that
the trusts were set up for tax and estate planning purposes (to minimise tax liability) and
to protect the appellant’s personal assets from his creditors. The appellant wanted to
ensure that his family was sufficiently taken care of. Pursuant to Mr van Rooyen’s advice,
the parties engaged the services of Mr Piet Swanepoel of FA Loch Logan, a firm
specialising in estate planning, to advise them on forming a trust. This occurred in 1999,
long before the appellant became aware of the respondent’s infidelity. With the assistance
of Mr Swanepoel, the appellant formed the Koens Besigheids Trust and the Koens
Familie Trust.
[11]   Mr van Rooyen testified that he had provided accounting services to the trusts since
their formation. His relationship with the appellant and the respondent is purely
professional. His responsibility as an independent trustee is to ensure that the assets of
the trusts are used in the interests of their beneficiaries. Additionally, he is involved in the
administration of the trusts, in particular when a decision has to be taken to buy or sell
property on behalf of the trusts. But the appellant is involved in the day-to-day running of
the trusts. When big financial decisions have to be taken, he would have a meeting with
the appellant or discuss them with him over the phone.
[12] As regards the formation of Olivia Wildplaas CC, Mr van Rooyen testified that the
CC used to be a private company with limited liability before the appellant converted it
into a close corporation. He bought the shares of Olivia Wildplaas Pty Ltd (Olivia
Wildplaas) at an auction in 1999 and became its sole shareholder.
[13] In about 2000, Olivia Wildplaas rented two farms in Vorstershoop. It later bought
two farms, Putney and Pienaarskuil, in June 2000 and October 2000, respectively. Olivia

Wildplaas obtained finance from ABSA Bank to pay the purchase price, and a mortgage
bond in its favour was passed over the farms to secure payment. The present market
value of these farms is R18,3 million. Olivia Wildplaas also acquired Goedehoop and
Rensburgshoop farms which it later sold due to their unprofitability. The appellant, in
2007, converted Olivia Wildplaas into a close corporation to save costs on audit fees. The
appellant, on the advice of the CC’s auditors, sold his whole membership in the CC to the
Koens Familie Trust in about 2005. Koens Besigheids Trust purchased the farm Bowery
in September 2009. The current market value of Bowery is R8 million. Bulhoek Family
Trust bought the property at Hartenbos in 2011, and its current market value is
approximately R2 million.
[14] Against this background, the high court, after examining the terms of the trust
deeds of the relevant trusts and the manner in which their affairs were conducted, found
that the assets of the three trusts were controlled by the appellant. It reasoned that
because the appellant controlled all the trusts, he took decisions alone to the exclusion
of other trustees. The respondent, the high court found, as a trustee of Bulhoek Trust,
was not consulted when decisions relating to its administration were taken and that the
trust deeds effectively gave the appellant absolute power to deal as he wished with the
assets of the trusts. In this regard, the high court stated that the Bulhoek Trust deed
disqualifies the respondent as a trustee upon divorce.
[15] The high court concluded that the appellant transferred the assets to the trusts with
the dishonest and fraudulent purpose of frustrating the respondent’s claim to the accrual
of the estate. It stated that the appellant, before he became aware of the respondent’s
infidelity, conducted his businesses through his companies and close corporations, but
after the discovery of the respondent’s infidelity, the appellant transferred all the assets
to the trusts, in some instances, for no value. The high court went on to say that:
‘He dissipated his personal estate gradually after the plaintiff left common home with no trace of
where their final destination was. He immediately sold his house in Bloemfontein and gave the
money to the CC in which the trust holds 100% membership. His loan account to the trusts
diminished by half with no clear explanation of how it happened.’

[16] On the basis of these factual findings, the high court concluded that the veneer of
all the three trusts fell to be pierced to determine the accrual of the appellant’s estate as
the appellant used the trusts as his alter ego. Notably, the high court made no
determination regarding the piercing of the CC’s corporate veil and whether the value of
its assets should be considered for the purposes of determining the value of the accrual
of the appellant’s estate.
[17] The appellant attacks the judgment of the high court on three main grounds. First,
the high court impermissibly strayed beyond the defined issues. Secondly, there was no
factual or legal basis for the court to pierce the veneer of the trusts in the manner that it
did. Thirdly, the high court committed errors of fact. This point is related to the second
one. In relation to this point, the argument was that some of the findings of the high court
were made on incorrect facts. I will deal with each of them in turn.
[18] In relation to the first point, it was submitted by the appellant that the high court
impermissibly strayed beyond the issues as defined in the pleadings in finding that the
appellant had transferred the assets to the trusts with the purpose of concealing them
through fraud, dishonesty and to avoid his obligation to account to the respondent for the
accrual of his estate. This was not the respondent’s case. The appellant contended that
the legal basis for the respondent’s claim, as articulated in her particulars of claim, was
that the trust and the CC were the alter ego of the appellant and that he managed these
entities to prejudice the exercise of her rights to obtain her share of the accrued estate.
[19] This calls for a careful analysis of the pleadings. The relief as sought by the
respondent in para 8 of the particulars of claim, is the following:
‘That the assets of the Koens Business Trust, Koens Family Trust, Bulhoek Trust and Olivia
Wildsplaas CC be taken together with the assets of the first respondent as assets belonging to
the first respondent for the purposes of calculating the accrual in terms of sections 3 and 4 of the
Matrimonial Property Act.’
[20] In order to succeed in her claim, the respondent had to plead and prove that the
appellant transferred personal assets to the trusts and dealt with them as if they were
assets of these trusts, with the fraudulent or dishonest purpose of avoiding his obligation
to properly account to her for the accrual of his estate and thereby evade payment of what

was due to her in accordance with her accrual claim.2 The respondent’s claim was
advanced on the basis that the appellant exercised full and exclusive control over the
assets of the trusts and the CC and made no distinction between the income and
expenses of the trusts and the CC and his own income and expenditure; that the trusts
and the CC exist in name only; that the appellant established the trusts and the CC in
order to prejudice the respondent in the exercise of her right to claim a fair share of the
accrued estate; that the respondent performed duties for the trusts and the CC as if they
were part of the appellant’s farming business; and that the trusts and the CC are the
appellant’s alter ego. The trusts and the CC disputed the allegations underlying the
respondent’s claim, and they all contended that her claim was unsustainable.
[21] It was not open to the high court to adjudicate the case on the basis of issues which
are not cognisable or derivable from the pleadings. In this regard, the Constitutional Court
in Molusi and Others v Voges held that:3
‘The purpose of pleadings is to define the issues for the other party and the Court.  And it is for
the Court to adjudicate upon the disputes and those disputes alone. Of course, there are instances
where the court may, of its own accord (mero motu), raise a question of law that emerges fully
from the evidence and is necessary for the decision of the case as long as its consideration on
appeal involves no unfairness to the other party against whom it is directed. In Minister of Safety
& Security v Slabbert, the Supreme Court of Appeal held:4
“A party has a duty to allege in the pleadings the material facts upon which it relies.  It is
impermissible for a plaintiff to plead a particular case and seek to establish a different case at the
trial.  It is equally not permissible for the trial court to have recourse to issues falling outside the
pleadings when deciding a case”.’
[22] In Fischer and Another v Ramahlele and Others5, this Court held that it is for the
parties, either in the pleadings or affidavits, to set out and define the nature of their
dispute, and it is for the court to adjudicate upon that dispute and that dispute alone.

2 M v M [2017] ZASCA 5; [2017] 2 All SA 364 (SCA) para 20.
3 Molusi and Others v Voges N.O. and Others [2016] ZACC 6; 2016 (7) BCLR 839 (CC) para 28.
4 Minister of Safety & Security v Slabbert [2010] 2 All SA 474 (SCA) para 11.
5 Fischer and Another v Ramahlele and Others [2014] ZASCA 88; 2014 (4) SA 614 (SCA) para 13.

[23] This was not a case where the parties expanded on the defined issues by the way
in which they conducted proceedings. On the contrary, the case advanced by the
respondent was in harmony with her pleadings and that approach was also confirmed by
her counsel’s opening address:
‘We have also joined the second to ninth defendants in this action being entities consisting of trust
– three trusts and one close corporation being according to the plaintiff’s case, the alter ego of
the defendant, the first defendant for purposes of determining how the accrual should be divided
at the end of the day.’
[24] The evidence adduced by the respondent was consistent with her pleadings. It
was not her case that the appellant transferred his assets to the trusts with the purpose
of concealing them through fraud, dishonesty and improper purpose of avoiding his
obligation to her for the accrual of his estate. In fact, counsel for the respondent conceded
that no such case was established.
[25] It was thus never put to Mr van Rooyen nor the appellant that there was a form of
fraud or dishonesty involved in the creation of the trusts. The highwater mark of the cross-
examination of Mr van Rooyen and the appellant was that the trusts and the close
corporation were the appellant’s alter ego. The following proposition was put to Mr van
Rooyen in cross-examination:
‘At the end of the day, I am putting it to you that the initial money where all these entities were
created and put into place comes from [Mr K] and his wife earning a living as employees of Eskom
initially and later in their own businesses. And these entities were only put in place for purposes
of estate planning, as you have said and Receiver of Revenue.’
The following statement was put to the appellant in cross-examination:
‘I want to put it to you [Mr K that] all these entities and the close corporation, it is you. . ...That it
was your, alter ego, in other words.’
[26] This evidence made it clear that there was nothing untoward in establishing the
trusts so that assets could be held separately from the appellant’s personal estate. The
appellant explained that the principal objective for protecting assets through the creation
of the trusts was to ensure that the respondent and the appellant’s children, the capital
beneficiaries, would be cared for.

[27] As borne out by the evidence, the setting up of trusts was without any ulterior
motive on the part of the appellant. According to him, he did not expect that the
respondent would file for divorce. By all accounts, the respondent benefitted from the
assets of Koens Familie Trust, which it had accumulated when the appellant managed it.
That enabled both of them to live a comfortable life. The respondent had ‘‘n tjekboek
gehad van Koen Familie Trust en [sy] het tekenreg daarop gehad.’6 It was her evidence
that the appellant deposited R20 000 every month into its bank account, which she then
used for household necessaries. She further testified that her decision to seek a divorce
from the appellant caught him by complete surprise. The contemplation of a future divorce
could, therefore not have been a reason for the appellant to create the trusts. Moreover,
the respondent acted as a trustee of the Bulhoek Trust since its formation and was part
of the decision by the trustees of that Trust to purchase the Hartenbos property.
[28] In the affidavit in support of her application to join the trusts and the CC, the
respondent averred that she joined these entities because she had also contributed to
the growth of their assets. She alleged that as part of her contribution, she had managed
Civils and ran the administration of the trusts and the CC. At the trial, she gave the
following testimony regarding her decision to join the trusts and the CC as parties to the
proceedings:
‘. . . ek voel dat ek in die tydperk wat ek met mnr. [K] getroud was dat ek meer as my deel in die
huwelik gebring het . . . en ek voel dat ek in daardie tyd ja, geregtig is op ‘n deel van hierdie
entiteite. Ek het self ook op die plaas wat betrokke is by die entiteit het ek gewerk.’7
[29] In the circumstances, the high court’s conclusion that the appellant transferred the
assets to the trusts with the purpose of concealing them through fraud, dishonesty and
improper purpose of avoiding his obligation to account to the respondent for the accrual
of his estate is incorrect. This conclusion is not based on the case the respondent had
advanced both in her pleadings and during her evidence and was not the case the
appellant was called upon to meet. During argument, counsel for the respondent

6 Loosely translated: ‘She kept the cheque book of Koens Family Trust and had signing powers on the
account.’
7 Loosely translated: ‘I feel that during the time I was married to Mr [K] I contributed more than my fair share
to the marriage…and I feel that at that time I was entitled to a share of these entities. I was also involved
at the farm and worked at the entity.’

struggled to point to any specific evidence showing transfer of assets by the appellant
from his account(s) to the trusts and the CC at the relevant periods, i.e. after the discovery
of the infidelity, different to how he conducted his affairs from when these entities were
established.
[30] I turn to consider the appellant’s second contention that there was no factual or
legal basis for the high court to pierce the veneer of the trusts. The high court ordered
that the veneer of all the three trusts be pierced to ascertain the accrual of the appellant’s
estate. Before considering the correctness of the high court’s conclusion, it is necessary
to comment briefly regarding the proprietary consequences of a marriage out of
community of property subject to an accrual system. Since community of property was
excluded, each party maintained their respective separate estates. Under this regime, a
claim (an accrual claim) arises at the dissolution of the marriage ‘for an amount equal to
half of the difference between the accrual of the respective estates of the spouses.’8
[31] Trusts have for years been used and will continue to be used as a convenient tool
for estate planning and are governed by the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988.
Section 1 of the Trust Property Control Act defines ‘Trust’ as being:
‘. . . the arrangement through which the ownership in property of one person is by virtue of a trust
instrument made over or bequeathed-
(a) to another person, the trustee, in whole or in part, to be administered or disposed of according
to the provisions of the trust instrument for the benefit of the person or class of persons designated
in the trust instrument or for the achievement of the object stated in the trust instrument; or
(b) to the beneficiaries designated in the trust instrument, which property is placed under the
control of another person, the trustee, to be administered or disposed of according to the
provisions of the trust instrument for the benefit of the person or class of persons designated in
the trust instrument or for the achievement of the object stated in the trust instrument,
but does not include the case where the property of another is to be administered by any person
as executor, tutor or curator in terms of the provisions of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965
(Act No. 66 of 1965)’.

8 Section 3(1) of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984.

[32] The statutory definition makes it clear that the trust founder must relinquish at least
some of his or her control over the property to the trustee, which therefore requires that
there must be a separation of ownership (or control) from the enjoyment of the trust
benefits so derived.9 The separation of enjoyment and control is designed to ensure that
the trustees in whom the assets of the trust vest are impartial and that they exercise
diligence in protecting the interests of the trust beneficiaries. Section 12 provides for the
separation of the trust assets from the personal assets of a trustee unless the trustee is
also a beneficiary of the same trust. The mere fact that the assets vested in the trustees
and did not form part of the appellant’s estate does not per se exclude it from
consideration when determining what must be taken into account when calculating the
accrual.10
[33] Where there is evidence of abuse of the trust by the trustee, the courts may look
behind the trust form in order to prevent its abuse. In this regard, Cameron JA in Land
and Agricultural Bank of South Africa v Parker and Others provided an example of abuse
of the trust form which may justify the piercing of the trust veneer:11
‘It may be necessary to go further and extend well-established principles to trusts by holding in a
suitable case that the trustees’ conduct invites the inference that the trust form was a mere cover
for the conduct of business ‘as before’, and that the assets allegedly vesting in trustees, in fact,
belong to one or more of the trustees and so may be used in satisfaction of debts to the repayment
of which the trustees purported to bind the trust. Where trustees of a family trust, including the
founder, act in breach of the duties imposed by the trust deed and purport on their sole authority
to enter into contracts binding the trust, that may provide evidence that the trust form is a veneer
that in justice should be pierced in the interests of creditors.’
[34] The evidence that the trusts were created as an estate planning tool was not
disputed. The appellant’s evidence was that the principal objective of creating the trusts
was to protect their assets to ensure that the respondent and his children, especially their
mentally challenged daughter, would be cared for. The respondent and the two children
are also capital beneficiaries of the trusts. It is not clear from the evidence on which the

9 Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa v Parker and Others [2004] ZASCA 56; 2005 (2) SA 77 (SCA)
para 37.3.
10 Badenhorst v Badenhorst [2005] ZASCA 116; [2006] 2 All SA 363 (SCA) para 9.
11 Land and Agricultural Bank of South v Parker above para 37.3.

high court based its findings that the appellant used the trusts and the CC as his alter
ego. The high court’s conclusion that the assets of the trusts should be treated as the
appellant’s assets for the purposes of determining accrual was based on a dictum of this
Court in Badenhorst v Badenhorst (Badenhorst), where the following is stated:12
‘To succeed in a claim that trust assets be included in the estate of one of the parties to a marriage
there needs to be evidence that such party controlled the trust and but for the trust would have
acquired and owned the assets in his own name. Control must be de facto and not necessarily de
iure. A nominee of a sole shareholder may have de iure control of the affairs of the company but
the de facto control rests with the shareholder. De iure control of a trust is in the hands of the
trustees but very often the founder in business or family trusts appoints close relatives or friends
who are either supine or do the bidding of their appointer. De facto the founder controls the trust.
To determine whether a party has such control it is necessary to first have regard to the terms of
the trust deed, and secondly to consider the evidence of how the affairs of the trust were
conducted during the marriage. It may be that in terms of the trust deed some or all the assets
are beyond the control of the founder, for instance where a vesting has taken place by a
beneficiary, such as a charitable institution accepting the benefit. In such a case, provided the
party had not made the bequest with the intention of frustrating the wife’s or husband’s claim for
a redistribution, the asset or assets concerned cannot be taken into account.’
[35] In my view, the high court’s reliance on Badenhorst is misplaced. The issue in
Badenhorst concerned a just and equitable distribution of assets in terms of s 7(3) of the
Divorce Act 70 of 1979. The parties there were married out of community of property
before the Matrimonial Property Act was enacted, and their marriage was therefore not
subject to the accrual system. The redistribution order was made on the basis that Mr
Badenhorst was found to have had full control of the trust and that he used the trust as a
vehicle for his business activities. This Court did not find that the trust was a sham or had
been abused or made an order that the assets of the trust were to be regarded as Mr
Badenhorst’s property. It did not go behind the trust form. Going behind the trust form is
a remedy that will generally be given when the trust form is used in a dishonest or
unconscionable manner to avoid an obligation.13

12 Badenhorst v Badenhorst above para 9.
13 Van Zyl and Another NNO v Kaye NO and Others; [2014] ZAWCHC 52; 2014 (4) SA 452 (WCC) para
22.

[36] The evidence accordingly does not support the respondent’s contention that these
trusts were established with the fraudulent object of defeating any of the patrimonial
claims of the respondent.
[37] During the preparation of the judgment, this Court on 22 June 2022, delivered its
judgment in P A F v S C F [2022] ZASCA 101 (P A F v S C F). That case concerned an
application for special leave to appeal against the dismissal by a full court of the
applicant’s application to introduce further evidence on appeal before the full court as well
as an application to condone the late prosecution of the appeal. The issue was whether
the high court was correct to hold that an amount donated by the applicant to a trust
should be deemed to be part of the applicant’s estate for the purpose of calculating
accrual. The applicant had founded the trust under the laws of the British Virgin Islands
20 days before the commencement of the divorce trial. On 30 January 2015, a day after
the trust was established, he concluded a written deed of donation with the trust, in terms
of which he donated the sum of £115 000 to the trust, which was paid in March 2015.
During the same month, he transferred an amount of £125 000 into the bank account of
his father, supposedly the repayment of a loan which his father had made to him some
25 years earlier.
[38] The respondent amended her counterclaim to include a prayer that the calculation
of the accrual should take into account the value of these transactions. The trial court
concluded that the two transactions were made with the fraudulent intention of depriving
the respondent of her rightful accrual claim. The evidence that the applicant sought to
introduce on appeal before the full court was that he had obtained a written legal opinion
regarding the lawfulness of establishing the trust and the opinion itself. The outcome of
the application for special leave to appeal depended on the admission of this further
evidence.
[39] This Court dismissed the application for special leave to appeal on the basis that
the application to introduce further evidence had no merit. It held that the full court had
correctly refused condonation for the late prosecution of the appeal, as the applicant had
not given a satisfactory explanation for his delay.

[40] The facts in P A F v S C F are however clearly distinguishable. There it was
alleged, and the trial was conducted on the basis that by creating the trust and making a
donation to it, the applicant had abused the trust form in order to reduce the respondent’s
accrual claim, which entitled the trial court to pierce the trust veneer,14 consistent with the
principle stated in Badenhorst. That is not the case here.
[41] In the result, the following order is made:
The appeal is upheld with costs including costs of two counsel;
Paragraphs 2 and 6 of the High Court order are set aside and are replaced with
the following order:
‘The plaintiff’s claim for an order that the assets of the Koens Besigheids Trust, the Koens
Familie Trust, the Bulhoek Trust and Olivia Wildplaas CC are to be used to calculate the
accrual of the first defendant’s estate is dismissed with costs, including the costs of two
counsel where so employed.’

________________________
D H Zondi
Judge of Appeal

14 P A F v S C F [2022] ZASCA 101 paras 29 – 30.

Appearances

For appellant:
N Grobler SC (with W A van Aswagen)
Instructed by:
McIntyre Van der Post Inc., Bloemfontein

For respondents:
P Zietsman SC (with D Grewar)
Instructed by:
Matsepes Inc., Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
MEDIA SUMMARY OF JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF
APPEAL
From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
28 July 2022
Status:
Immediate
The following summary is for the benefit of the media in the reporting of this case and does
not form part of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Appeal
MJ K v II K [2022] ZASCA 116
The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) today upheld an appeal against an order by the Free State
Division of the High Court, Bloemfontein (high court), in terms of which it set aside paragraphs
2 and 6 of the high court order and replaced it with one dismissing the order that the assets in
question are to be used to calculate the accrual of the first defendant’s estate. The issue in the
appeal was whether the value of assets of the Koens Besigheids Trust, Koens Familie Trust,
Bulhoek Trust (the trusts) and the Olivia Wildplaas CC (the CC) should have been taken into
account to determine the value of accrual of the appellant’s estate at the date when the marriage
was dissolved.
The respondent sued the appellant for divorce in the high court. Once the trusts and the CC
were joined as parties to the divorce proceedings the respondent amended her particulars of
claim to include a prayer for an order declaring that the assets of the trusts and the CC be taken
into account when determining the value of the accrual. The respondent alleged that the
appellant had de facto control over the assets of the trust and the CC, as at all relevant times
during the marriage, the appellant made no distinction between the trusts and the CC’s income
and expenditure and his own, the antenuptial contract contained no stipulation that the
aforementioned assets should have been excluded from the accrual and the trusts and CC were
funded by the appellant’s personal funds.

The high court examined the terms of the trust deeds and found that all three trusts were
controlled by the appellant, and he was the sole member of the CC. The high court concluded
that the appellant transferred assets to the trust with the fraudulent and dishonest purpose of
frustrating the respondent’s claim to the accrual of the estate. The high court held that before
the appellant had become aware of the respondent’s infidelity, he conducted his business
through his companies and close corporations, but after he became aware of the infidelity, he
immediately transferred all the assets to the trusts. The high court concluded that the veneer of
the trusts fell to be pierced to determine the accrual of the estate, as the appellant had used the
trusts as his alter ego. The appellant appealed, arguing that the high court had impermissibly
strayed beyond the defined issues, and that there was no factual or legal basis for the high court
to have pierced the veneer of the trusts in the manner that it did.
Based on the facts before it, the SCA found that there was no improper motive for the formation
of the trusts or that the first appellant transferred assets to the trusts with the intent of
dishonestly or fraudulently avoiding obligations pertaining to the accrual of his estate.
Secondly, the evidence did not support the respondent’s contention that the trusts were
established with the fraudulent object of defeating the respondent’s patrimonial claims; the
high court was, therefore, incorrect in piercing the veneer of the trusts.
In the result, the SCA upheld the appeal and replaced paragraphs 2 and 6 of the order of the
high court with one dismissing the order of the high court that the assets of the trusts and the
CC are to be taken into account to determine the accrual of the appellant’s estate.
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