THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case No:  568/2007

ANDRé MALAN

1st Appellant
FRANCOIS MALAN

2nd Appellant

and

THE LAW SOCIETY OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCES            Respondent

Neutral citation: Malan v The Law Society of the Northern Provinces
(568/2007) [2008] ZASCA 90 (12 SEPTEMBER 2008)

Coram:
HARMS ADP, STREICHER, CLOETE JJA, LEACH and
KGOMO AJJA
Heard:
28 AUGUST 2008
Delivered:
12 SEPTEMBER 2008
Updated:

Summary:
Attorney – striking from the roll – restatement of approach

ORDER

On appeal from: High Court, Pretoria (Botha J and Murphy J sitting as court
of first instance).

1.
The appeal is dismissed with costs.

2.
The costs are to be paid jointly and severally by the appellants and are
to be taxed on the scale of attorney and client.

JUDGMENT

HARMS ADP (STREICHER, CLOETE JJA, LEACH and KGOMO AJJA
concurring):

[1] This is an appeal by two attorneys, the brothers André and Francois
Malan,  who had practised in partnership in Alberton under the name Malan &
Partners. Both were removed from the roll of attorneys and conveyancers
(and the first appellant, André, from that of notaries) by the High Court,
Pretoria. They appeal with leave of the high court on the ground that the high
court had erred in the exercise of its discretion by deciding to remove them
from the roll. Instead, they say, they should have been suspended from
practice for a given time, bearing in mind that they had been provisionally
suspended since 10 September 2002.

[2] The leisurely pace of the proceedings needs some explanation. The
appellants did not file affidavits to oppose the application for their provisional
suspension because, they said, they were so shocked and traumatised by the
allegations that they were unable to reply. (Since most of the allegations
turned out to be true and of their own making their shock is somewhat difficult
to understand.) During March 2003, the present respondent, the Law Society
of the Northern Provinces (the Society), filed a short supplementary affidavit. It
took the appellants more than three years to file their answering affidavits.
The high court delivered its judgment on 14 May 2007 and granted leave to
appeal on 10 September 2007.

[3] Although the principles applicable to striking off applications have often
been stated, it is necessary to restate them once more to emphasise aspects

that tend to be ignored or misunderstood.  The Society launched its
application under s 22(1)(d) of the Attorneys Act 53 of 1979, which provides
that ‘any person who has been admitted and enrolled as an attorney may on
application by the society concerned be struck off the roll or suspended from
practice by the court. . . if he, in the discretion of the court, is not a fit and
proper person to continue to practise as an attorney”.

[4] As was said in Jasat v Natal Law Society 2000 (3) SA 44, [2000] 2 All
SA 310 (SCA) at para 10, s 22(1)(d) contemplates a three-stage inquiry:
First, the court must decide whether the alleged offending conduct has
been established on a preponderance of probabilities, which is a factual
inquiry.
Second, it must consider whether the person concerned ‘in the
discretion of the Court’ is not a fit and proper person to continue to practise.
This involves a weighing up of the conduct complained of against the conduct
expected of an attorney and, to this extent, is a value judgment.
And third, the court must inquire whether in all the circumstances the
person in question is to be removed from the roll of attorneys or whether an
order of suspension from practice would suffice.

[5] As far as the second leg of the inquiry is concerned, it is well to
remember that the Act contemplates that where an attorney is guilty of
unprofessional or dishonourable or unworthy conduct different consequences
may follow. The nature of the conduct may be such that it establishes that the
person is not a fit and proper person to continue to practise. In other instances
the conduct may not be that serious and a law society may exercise its
disciplinary powers, particularly by imposing a fine or reprimanding the
attorney (s 72(2)(a)). This does not, however, mean that a court is powerless
if it finds the attorney guilty of unprofessional conduct where such conduct
does not make him unfit to continue to practise as an attorney. In such an
event the court may discipline the attorney by suspending him from practice
with or without conditions or by reprimanding him: Law Society of the Cape of
Good Hope v C 1986 (1) SA 616 (A) at 638I-639E; Law Society of the Cape of

Good Hope v Berrangé 2005 (5) SA 160 (C) at 173G-I, [2006] 1 All SA 290
(C) at 302.

[6] As pointed out in Jasat, the third leg is also a matter for the discretion
of the court of first instance, and whether a court will adopt the one course or
the other depends upon such factors as the nature of the conduct complained
of, the extent to which it reflects upon the person’s character or shows him to
be unworthy to remain in the ranks of an honourable profession, the likelihood
or otherwise of a repetition of such conduct and the need to protect the public.
Ultimately it is a question of degree. It is here where there appears to be some
misunderstanding.

[7] First, in deciding on whichever course to follow the court is not first and
foremost imposing a penalty. The main consideration is the protection of the
public.

[8] Second, logic dictates that if a court finds that someone is not a fit and
proper person to continue to practise as an attorney, that person must be
removed from the roll. However, the Act contemplates a suspension. This
means that removal does not follow as a matter of course. If the court has
grounds to assume that after the period of suspension the person will be fit to
practise as an attorney in the ordinary course of events it would not remove
him from the roll but order an appropriate suspension. In this regard the
following must be borne in mind:

‘The implications of an unconditional order removing an attorney from the roll
for misconduct are serious and far-reaching. Prima facie, the Court which makes
such an order visualises that the offender will never again be permitted to practise his
profession because ordinarily such an order is not made unless the Court is of the
opinion that the misconduct in question is of so serious a nature that it manifests
character defects and lack of integrity rendering the person unfit to be on the roll. If
such a person should in the years apply for re-admission, he will be required to
satisfy the Court that he is “a completely reformed character”  (Ex parte Wilcocks
1920 TPD 243 at 245) and that his “reformation or rehabilitation is, in all the known

circumstances, of a permanent nature” (Ex parte Knox 1962 (1) SA 778 (N) at 784).
The very stringency of the test for re-admission is an index to the degree of gravity of
the misconduct which gave rise to disbarment.’

(Incorporated Law Society, Natal v Roux 1972 (3) SA 146 (N) at 150B-E
quoted with approval in Cirota v Law Society Transvaal 1979 (1) SA 172 (A) at
194B-D.) It is seldom, if ever, that a mere suspension from practice for a given
period in itself will transform a person who is unfit to practise into one who is
fit to practise. Accordingly, as was noted in A v Law Society of the Cape of
Good Hope 1989 (1) SA 849 (A) at 852E-G, it is implicit in the Act that any
order of suspension must be conditional upon the cause of unfitness being
removed. For example, if an attorney is found to be unfit of continuing to
practise because of an inability to keep proper books, the conditions of
suspension must be such as to deal with the inability. Otherwise the unfit
person will return to practice after the period of suspension with the same
inability or disability. In other words, the fact that a period of suspension of say
5 years would be a sufficient penalty for the misconduct does not mean that
the order of suspension should be 5 years. It could be more to cater for
rehabilitation or, if the court is not satisfied that the suspension will rehabilitate
the attorney, the court ought to strike him from the roll. An attorney, who is the
subject of a striking off application and who wishes a court to consider this
lesser option, ought to place the court in the position of formulating
appropriate conditions of suspension.

[9] Third, the exercise of this discretion is not bound by rules, and
precedents consequently have a limited value. All they do is to indicate how
other courts have exercised their discretion in the circumstances of a
particular case. Facts are never identical, and the exercise of a discretion
need not be the same in similar cases. If a court were bound to follow a
precedent in the exercise of its discretion it would mean that the court has no
real discretion. (See Naylor v Jansen 2007 (1) SA 16 (SCA) at para 21.)

[10] The appellants relied on Summerley v Law Society, Northern Provinces
2006 (5) SA 613 (SCA) for the proposition that unless a court finds dishonesty

during the first leg of the inquiry, it ought not to remove the attorney
concerned from the roll. In Summerley the following was said in connection
with  the exercise of this discretion (at para 21):

‘The further argument on behalf of the appellant was that, as a general rule, striking-
off is reserved for attorneys who have acted dishonestly, while transgressions not
involving dishonesty are usually visited with the lesser penalty of suspension from
practice. Although this can obviously not be regarded as a rule of the Medes and the
Persians, since every case must ultimately be decided on its own facts, the general
approach contended for by the appellant does appear to be supported by authority
[citations omitted]. This distinction is not difficult to understand. The attorney’s
profession is an honourable profession, which demands complete honesty and
integrity from its members.’

Obviously, if a court finds dishonesty, the circumstances must be exceptional
before a court will order a suspension instead of a removal. (Exceptional
circumstances were found in Summerley and in Law Society, Cape of Good
Hope v Peter [2006] ZASCA 37 and the court was able in the formulation of its
order in those cases to cater for the problem by requiring that the particular
attorney had to satisfy the court in a future application that he or she should
be permitted to practise unconditionally.) Where dishonesty has not been
established the position is as set out above, namely that a court has to
exercise a discretion within the parameters of the facts of the case without any
preordained limitations.

[11] As mentioned in Summerley (at para 15), the fact that a court finds that
an attorney is unable to administer and conduct a trust account does not
mean that striking-off should follow as a matter of course. The converse is,
however, also correct: it does not follow that striking-off is not an appropriate
order (compare Prokureursorde van Transvaal v Landsaat 1993 (4) SA 807
(T); Law Society of the Transvaal v Tloubatla [1999] 4 All SA 59 (T)). To the
extent that the judgment in Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope v King
1995 (2) SA 887 (C) at 892G-894C propagates an ‘enlightened approach’,
requiring courts to deal with misconduct which does not involve dishonesty

with (in my words) kid gloves, I disagree. In order to stem an erosion of
professional ethical values a ‘conservative approach’ is more appropriate
(Incorporated Law Society, Transvaal v Goldberg 1964 (4) SA 301 (T) at
304A-F).

[12] A court of appeal has limited powers to interfere with a decision of the
court of first instance. In relation to the first leg of the inquiry, which is factual,
appeals are subject to the general limitation that courts of appeal defer to the
factual findings of courts of first instance (R v Dhlumayo 1948 (2) SA 677 (A)).
This rule has limited, if any, application if the court of first instance decided the
case on paper, i e, in application proceedings, because in such a case the
court of appeal is in as good a position to judge the facts as was the court
below. There are factual disputes in this case and the high court decided the
matter with reference to the so-called Plascon-Evans rule, namely to base its
decision on facts that are common cause or otherwise on the appellants’ (the
then respondents’) version.  The high court did not consider the second and
important leg of the Plascon-Evans rule namely whether the disputes raised
were real, genuine or bona fide, or whether the allegations or denials were so
far-fetched or clearly untenable that the court would have been justified in
rejecting them merely on the papers. (Plascon-Evans Paints Ltd v Van
Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Ltd 1984 (3) SA 623 (A) at 634I-635D.) The application
of the ‘rule’ in cases such as this requires a consideration of the fact that it is a
sui generis procedure, and that an attorney is not entitled to approach the
matter as if it were a criminal case and rely on denial upon denial and, instead
of meeting the allegations, to deflect them and, as part of the culture of blame,
always blame  others (Prokureursorde van Transvaal v Kleynhans
1995 (1) SA 839 (T) at 853E-G).

[13] The ‘discretion’ of the court of first instance in relation to the second
and third leg is in the nature of a value judgment. In principle, a court of
appeal is entitled to substitute its value judgment for that of the court of first
instance if it disagrees. However, this Court has held consistently that the
discretion involved is a strict discretion, which means that a court of appeal
may only interfere if the discretion was not exercised judicially: Kekana v

Society of Advocates of SA, 1998 4 SA 649, [1998] 3 All SA 577 (SCA);
Vassen v Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope 1998 4 SA 532 (SCA) 537.
This means that a court of appeal is not entitled to interfere with the exercise
by the lower court of its discretion unless it failed to bring an unbiased
judgment to bear on the issue; did not act for substantial reasons; exercised
its discretion capriciously, or exercised its discretion upon a wrong principle or
as a result of a material misdirection. (See also Mabaso v Law Society,
Northern Provinces 2005 2 SA 117 (CC) at para 20;  Giddey NO v JC Barnard
& Partners  2007 (5) SA 525 (CC) at para 20.)

[14] As stated at the outset, the appellants argue that the high court should
not have imposed the ‘ultimate’ penalty of striking off but should rather have
suspended them from practice. They accept that they are not fit and proper
persons to continue to practise as attorneys. Because of this it is unnecessary
to deal with the facts in any detail although the essence of the case against
them has to be set out in order to evaluate the alleged misdirections
underlying the exercise of the court’s discretion on which the appeal is
premised.

[15] The practice of Malan & Partners had only the two partners and it had
no other professionals in its employ. André conducted a deeds practice while
Francois dealt, exclusively it would appear, with claims against the Road
Accident Fund that fell within the jurisdiction of the magistrates’ courts. André
in addition bore the bookkeeping responsibility, which he entrusted to a
bookkeeper, Mrs Steyn.

[16] The problems that led to the application came to light as a result of the
conduct of the RAF practice. Francois, as the sole professional, carried
between 6000 to 7000 files at any given time. The files were the result of
active touting. The firm engaged about 18 ‘consultants’. The consultants
(some of whose names Francois could not recollect) ‘found’ RAF claimants,
prepared the necessary documentation, produced a file and ‘sold’ the file to
the firm. The firm would then file a claim against the RAF and, if the case was
not settled, issue summons. Francois did not consult with the claimants and

he provided little, if any, professional services to the clients. In this regard the
business model differed from the ordinary case of touting where the tout
produces a client and the attorney provides professional services to the client.
One of the touts, Wilken, who had no qualifications to deal with such matters,
was later brought into the firm on a more or less permanent basis as
administration manager, apparently on a commission basis, having been paid
per file ‘sold’ to the firm. His duties were, according to Francois, to prepare all
the documentation, to process claims and to submit them to the RAF.

[17] After Wilken had left his post, but while still selling claims to the firm,
Francois became aware during September 2001 that Wilken had falsified
claims. According to Francois’s affidavit this was brought to his attention by
Wilken’s successor as administration manager but according to an earlier
letter of his the problem was brought to his notice when the local branch office
of the RAF informed him that one of the plaintiffs had denied any knowledge
of the accident on which the claim was based. He had also been informed by
the RAF on an unspecified date during 2001 that there were difficulties
regarding the handwriting and signatures on affidavits and accident reports.
He solved the problem by simply withdrawing all problem claims and giving an
instruction (to whom, we are not told) that no further claims should be bought
from Wilken and that no further Wilken claims should be submitted to the
RAF. There were at the time apparently some 138 fraudulent claims in the
pipeline. On 8 January 2002 (maybe during February), Wilken made an
affidavit admitting some fraud while exonerating the firm. Nevertheless,
Wilken was paid by the firm until end of January and he had a set of keys of
the office during March when he entered the office and allegedly attempted to
set it alight. He died shortly afterwards.

[18] Only on 8 March 2002 did Francois write to the RAF, mentioning the
possibility of fraud by Wilken. (The RAF denied receiving the letter and it was
resent on 28 March.) He did this as a result of problems he had experienced
‘recently’ with lodged claims. He thought that some 10 cases could have been
involved. He said that he would lay a charge against Wilken and
magnanimously undertook to indemnify the RAF against all false claims. On

11 April 2004, the RAF informed him that they had appointed a firm of
assessors and investigators to investigate the firm’s claims. On unspecified
dates (probably as a result of this information) the firm appointed first one and
then another investigator to investigate the Wilken files. As a result of this
some 600 Wilken related claims were withdrawn; once again the dates are not
available.

[19] The Society became aware (without the intercession of the appellants)
of the fraud. It also received a complaint from a client concerning
overreaching and the failure to account, and it decided to conduct an
investigation into the affairs of the firm, which commenced on 25 June 2002.
The appellants explained their modus operandi to the investigator during
which they represented that the ‘consultants’ were paid for assessing
quantum and for ‘consultancy’ work. This does not accord with the admitted
modus operandi set out above.

[20] Francois’s response to the charge of touting in his answering affidavit,
which was made four years after the event, was that they had been ‘advised’
by their lawyers that their modus operandi could be viewed (‘kan gesien
word’) as ‘pro-aktiewe werwing’ (touting) and this, he said, may have been
due to naivety or because of the prevalence of the practice amongst other
attorneys. As to the prevalence excuse, the high court correctly remarked that
wrongdoing of others does not provide any justification and that reliance
thereon is indicative of ‘hoe morele waardes verval’. Furthermore, there is no
evidence that touting, in the manner conducted by the firm, was practised by
others. I shall revert to the naivety excuse in another context.

[21] The Society’s investigation into the affairs of the firm opened the
proverbial can of worms. The firm’s bookkeeping was in a mess and nearly
each rule in the book had been broken. I shall merely list them (the list may be
incomplete): the firm failed to print quarterly lists of trust creditors since
February 2001 and, accordingly, failed to balance the trust account, which
made it impossible to determine whether there was a trust shortfall
(contravening s 78(1) of the Act); the firm issued bearer trust cheques; trust

cheques were cashed at the bank counter; fees were transferred to the
business account in lump sums; it failed to comply with s 78(2A) when
investing trust money on behalf of individual clients; closing debits are
arbitrary; there were occasional trust debits; accounting to clients was done
improperly and payments were made late; trust and business funds were
commixed; it failed to transfer interest on the trust account to the Society in
contravention of s 78(3); it failed to account to clients within a reasonable
time; it failed to comply with the provisions of s 78(4) and (6); it failed to
exercise proper control over staff; it kept a ‘slush fund’ to pay touts and other
consultants; and it failed to provide clients with professional services.

[22] All of this cannot be gainsaid although there are excuses and
explanations,
some
unconvincing
or
unlikely.
It
is,
accordingly,
understandable why the appellants do not argue on appeal that they are fit
and proper persons to continue practising as attorneys. I therefore turn to a
consideration of the grounds on which the appellants seek to impugn the
exercise of the high court’s discretion to remove them from the roll.

[23] The first ground relied on is that the high court should have followed
the approach adopted in Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope v Berrangé
2005 (5) SA 160 (C) where, in a case ‘akin to touting’, the attorney concerned
was suspended from practice and not removed from the roll. I have already
expressed my serious reservations about the precedential  value of such
cases but, in any event, the court in that case did not find that the attorney
was unfit to continue to practise and, accordingly, the court could not have
struck him from the roll. Instead, it exercised its inherent disciplinary
jurisdiction to penalise the attorney by suspending him from practice. (At
173G-I.)

[24] The court below relied on Cirota v Law Society Transvaal 1979 (1) SA
172 (A), where striking off was ordered, holding that it was more comparable
than Berrangé to the case at hand. Counsel for the appellants’ submission
that the high court followed this case ‘slavishly’ is without merit because the
court said explicitly that this case is ‘meer vergelykbaar’ with Cirota. I have

already stated that a factual analysis of earlier cases is not called for.
However, counsel sought to convince us that in Cirota the court had found
dishonesty and since no such finding was made by the high court, Cirota was
a more serious case and not less serious as the high court held. Counsel’s
argument has no merit. The ratio for the striking off is to be found in this
dictum in Cirota (at 194E-F):

‘But, having regard to what I have said concerning the seriousness of the appellants'
contraventions in both the respects mentioned above, viz touting and not keeping
proper books, I am of the view that they indeed displayed a lack of integrity thus
rendering them unfit to be on the roll.’

[25] Although the high court did not find that the appellants were dishonest
in conducting their practice, I question their honesty. Considering the
provisions of s 19(c) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1996, namely that
the RAF is not obliged to compensate if the claim concerned has not been
instituted and prosecuted by an attorney, the procedure followed by the firm in
this regard can only be considered as a dishonest circumvention of the
provision. Also, touting on the scale and in the manner found here can also
only be ascribed to dishonesty. Only a naïve person would believe that the
modus operandi followed was due to naivety as Francois alleged. It is
dishonest to charge a client for professional fees unless professional services
are rendered. It is dishonest to charge a client for the cost of a tout under the
heading ‘disbursements’. Finally, at least part of the explanation for the failure
to keep proper books is also untrue, as was the initial explanation of the
modus operandi concerning the RAF claims.

[26] The high court found as aggravating the fact that in this case clients
were prejudiced, something absent in Cirota. Counsel sought to attack this
finding but, once again, the high court had it right. Allowing touts to perform
professional services without oversight was reckless in the extreme and
created potential prejudice. The record contains instances where claims had
to be withdrawn because of the way the touts had prepared the claims. The
high court also held that the appellants had shared fees with their touts.

Counsel sought to assail this finding. The facts are these: the deponent of the
Society’s founding affidavit made such an allegation and the appellants did
not deal with the allegation at all. But, says counsel, the founding affidavit
contained no underlying facts to support the allegation and that the appellants
were, accordingly, not called upon to deal with the allegation. This reflects a
cavalier approach  towards a serious disciplinary matter, which is not an
ordinary civil case but, as mentioned earlier, is sui generis (Cirota  at 187H).
In any event, the underlying documents provided sufficient grounds for making
the allegation and the allegation had to be met, even on the ground that there
were no facts to justify it.

[27] The appellants also argue that the high court had failed to take the
extenuating circumstances into account. These in sum relate to the steps the
firm had taken once the wrongdoings of Wilken became known. From this it is
sought to argue that the high court had erred in holding that there was no
indication on the papers that the appellants had any realization of the
seriousness of their transgressions. It is true that the firm took the steps set
out earlier after it had become aware of Wilken’s fraud. What is also true is
that it was rather slow in taking those steps. The time delays in the light of the
seriousness of the problem are inexplicable. The lack of notification to the
Society is incomprehensible. One cannot but gain the impression that the firm
did little more than damage control. Of greater concern is that there was at
that stage either no appreciation of the risk involved in the touting practice or a
total recklessness by disregarding the risk. There is no evidence that the
practice was discontinued. It was only some years later that the appellants
accepted the advice that what they did ‘could be viewed’ as touting. If one
turns to the bookkeeping charges, the position is simply that there is no
allegation of a realization of the seriousness of the offences. They are
brushed off on the basis that the Society had failed to prove a trust shortage,
that the bookkeeper had erred, that they did not know the rules, that their
auditors had erred, or simply by not dealing with the pertinent allegations.
Furthermore, instead of dealing with the merits of the allegations, the
appellants conducted a paper war and they attacked the Society and its
officers, they attacked the Fidelity Fund and they attacked the attorneys who

had to take over their files – in short, their approach on the papers was
obstructionist.

[28] These factors are ‘aggravating’ and not extenuating because they
manifest character defects, a lack of integrity, a lack of judgment and a lack of
insight. The conduct of the practice was reckless in the extreme. It follows that
the high court did not err in the exercise of its discretion. Counsel was unable
to suggest any conditions of suspension that could cater for the situation.
Implicit in the high court’s judgment is a finding (with which I agree) that the
appellants should only be allowed to practise once they are able to convince a
court that they know and understand professional ethics and the rules of
bookkeeping, i e, that they are fit and proper persons to practise as attorneys.
This will require an application for re-admission with the obstacles mentioned.
To let the appellants loose on the unsuspecting public without that satisfaction
would amount to a dereliction of duty.

[29] In the result the following order issues:

1.
The appeal is dismissed with costs.
2.
The costs are to be paid jointly and severally by the appellants and are
to be taxed on the scale of attorney and client.

__________________
L T C HARMS
ACTING DEPUTY PRESIDENT

APPEARANCES:
FOR APPELLANT:
L W DE KONING
FOR RESPONDENT: A T LAMEY (Attorney)

ATTORNEYS:
FOR APPELLANTS: BUITENDAG’S INC,
c/o BARKHUIZEN DU BUISSON, PRETORIA
MATSEPES INC, BLOEMFONTEIN

FOR RESPONDENT: ROOTH WESSELS MALULEKE, PRETORIA
NAUDES INC, BLOEMFONTEIN

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:  The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:  12 SEPTEMBER 2008
Status: Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the media
and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal

A MALAN AND ANOTHER v THE LAW SOCIETY OF THE NORTHERN
PROVINCES

The SCA today dismissed an appeal by two attorneys who had been
struck from the roll. They accepted that the court of first instance had correctly
found that they were not fit and proper persons to continue to practise as
attorneys but, they argued, the court should, instead of removing them from
the roll, have suspended them from practice for a period of time. The SCA
found that the court below had exercised its discretion to remove them in a
judicial manner and that no reason existed for interfering with the order. The
SCA revisited the approach to matters such as this and held that in order to
stem an erosion of professional ethical values a ‘conservative approach’ is
more appropriate than an ‘enlightened approach’, which requires of courts to
deal with misconduct which does not involve dishonesty with kid gloves.

---ends---