THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

REPORTABLE
Case no: 180/2014

In the matter between:

KWA SANI MUNICIPALITY

APPELLANT

and

UNDERBERG/HIMEVILLE COMMUNITY
WATCH ASSOCIATION                                            FIRST RESPONDENT

AUBREY NGCOBO NO                                         SECOND RESPONDENT

Neutral citation: Kwa Sani Municipality v Underberg/Himeville Community
Watch Association (180/2014) [2015] ZASCA 24 (20 March
2015)

Coram:
Mpati P, Lewis, Willis and Mbha JJA and Gorven AJA

Heard:

25 February 2015
Delivered:
20 March 2015

Summary: Application to declare agreement invalid ─ Municipality alleging
non-compliance with legislation and consequent invalidity ─ invalidity not
made out ─ agreement endured for some four years before declaration sought ─
unexplained delay in approaching court ─ not necessary to deal with delay in
light of finding of validity.

___________________________________________________________________________

ORDER
________________________________________________________________

On appeal from KwaZulu-Natal High Court, Pietermaritzburg (Koen J sitting
as court of first instance):

The appeal is dismissed with costs.
________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
________________________________________________________________

Gorven AJA (Mpati P, Lewis, Willis and Mbha JJA concurring):

[1] Kwa Sani Municipality (the municipality) approached the KwaZulu-Natal
High Court, Pietermaritzburg for an order declaring invalid and setting aside an
agreement. The agreement was for the provision of disaster management
services to the municipality by the first respondent (the association). It also
sought consequential relief. The municipality contended that the agreement was
invalid for want of compliance with s 217 of the Constitution,1 the provisions of
the Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act (the MFMA)2 and
the regulations promulgated under that Act.3 This was disputed by the
association. It denied any invalidity. It also raised an unexplained and undue
delay on the part of the municipality in approaching the court for such relief.

[2] The court below (Koen J) dealt primarily with two issues. The first issue
was whether the agreement was invalid for want of compliance with s 217 of
the Constitution. The court held that, on the evidence, it was „. . . by no means

1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
2 The Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act 56 of 2003.
3 The Municipal Supply Chain Management Regulations, GN 868, GG 27636, 30 May 2005, which came into
effect on 1 July 2005.

persuaded that the process adopted was necessarily not in compliance with the
Constitutional injunction‟. The second issue was whether the delay of the
municipality in challenging the agreement non-suited it. The court below also
found for the respondent on that issue. The application was dismissed with costs
and leave to appeal was refused with costs. The appeal is with the leave of this
court.

[3] The factual background to the conclusion of the agreement is of some
moment. The association was formed in 1998. It grew out of a Farm Watch
which had been established in conjunction with the South African Police
Services (SAPS), from which two members were assigned. Later, the
association was established in consultation with the SAPS, the South African
National Defence Force (SANDF), residents in Himeville and Underberg, and
the farming community. A 24 hour emergency service was set up for the benefit
of the whole community. Twenty one security cells were established with
volunteer members from the community, a volunteer cell leader and constant
radio communication with each cell. The association was funded by
contributions from the community.

[4] The role of the association was extended over the ensuing years. In
addition to the initial focus, it fulfilled the following functions:

the supply of a 24 hour emergency service to the entire community within
the magisterial district of Underberg;

the supervision and co-ordination of the 21 security cells within the
district to be called upon by the association from time to time to respond
to any emergency within the cell area;

from 2001 onwards, close co-operation with the SANDF, which was at
that time deployed to the district to fulfil duties on the Lesotho border,
primarily relating to the theft of livestock;


the inauguration of and participation in the Southern Berg Fire Protection
Association;

the provision of radios in various vehicles in order to improve and
maintain communications throughout the municipal area; and

from 2008 onwards, the supervision and management of a Working on
Fire team.

[5] During 2004 the municipality invited the association to base itself in the
newly constructed municipal offices in Himeville. It was not required to pay
rent or service charges. This situation was terminated approximately five years
later. At some stage the municipality collected R20 per household per month on
behalf of the association. However, when it was realised that the municipality
was not entitled to act as a cash collection agent for other parties, this practice
was terminated. During this period, the association became a member of the
Disaster Management Institute of Southern Africa and remains such. Over the
years, the association has established a sophisticated communications network
which enables it to maintain communications with members of the community,
SAPS, neighbouring farmers, the 21 cells and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. No
comparable network systems exist or existed within the municipality.

[6] In 2008 the association expressed its dissatisfaction with the existing
arrangements for funding its activities. It called upon the municipality to
conclude an agreement formalising the provision of the services it was
rendering. The parties negotiated and concluded an agreement which the
municipality undertook to reduce to writing. When it failed to do so, the
association produced a draft. This was lost on two occasions, but was finally
signed by both parties on 2 November 2010. The municipal manager signed on
behalf of the municipality. He was authorised to do so by council

resolution 117, taken on 28 October 2010.4 It is this agreement which formed
the focus of the application.

[7] The agreement provided for a contract period of three years with effect
from 1 July 2008. It also provided for an extension, absent notice to the
contrary, for a further three years. After that, it was to be terminable on six
months‟ notice by either party. Neither party terminated it prior to 1 July 2011,
when the agreement was automatically renewed. The second three year period
was thus to elapse on 30 June 2014. On 23 May 2012, however, the council of
the municipality resolved to terminate the agreement. Pursuant to that
resolution, the municipal manager wrote to the association. The material part of
the letter reads as follows:
„This letter serves as official termination of services by the Kwa Sani Municipality. This
notice is given in terms of the contract (section 4.2) held between yourselves and the Kwa
Sani Municipality.‟

[8] The association responded to this letter. It pointed out that the
municipality had not terminated the agreement before it was extended for the
further three year period. Therefore, it said, the letter could only serve as notice
that the agreement would terminate on 30 June 2014. This is what paragraph 4.2
of the agreement, on which the municipality said it relied, provided. It was clear
that the basis for termination relied upon by the municipality in the letter was
ill-founded. The municipality did not seek in the court below or on appeal to
contend otherwise. When the municipality later claimed that it could and did
terminate the agreement forthwith, the association responded again. It pointed
out that the purported termination amounted to a repudiation of the agreement,
that the association did not accept the repudiation and that it elected to abide by
the agreement. On the papers it was common cause that the association

4 The resolution read as follows: „Council RESOLVED NO. 117, OCTOBER 2010 to authorise the Municipal
Manager to sign the service level agreement with Community Watch.‟

continued to provide the services under the agreement and there is no indication
that this ceased prior to 30 June 2014. The municipality has refused to pay the
association for any services beyond June 2012.

[9] The reason which was given in the founding affidavit for the decision to
cancel is instructive:
„. . . [D]uring 2012, the [municipality‟s] circumstances began to change such that it did not
require the services which the [association] was to provide under the agreement. The monthly
repayment under the agreement became an unnecessary expense and placed undue strain on
the [municipality‟s] financial resources. The [municipality] had in place a permanent staff
base allocated to disaster management and hence the service which the [association] was to
provide under the agreement was not required and could be performed by the [municipality].
The [municipality] was also in financial distress and was required to implement cost cutting
measures for the 2012/2013 financial year.‟
This provoked a response from the association to the effect that the expense had
been budgeted for, that only one staff member was employed as the disaster
management official and that he had been so employed since 2004. The
response of the municipality in turn claimed that this official had been
employed in that capacity since 2012. It then stated that the disaster
management service was a district function, not one for which the municipality
was responsible. In the next breath, however, it mentioned that the municipality
had contracted for the provision of those services with KZN Rural Metro
Emergency Management Services (Pty) Ltd.

[10] The net effect of all of this is that the municipality claimed that it could
perform the services itself. In addition it supposedly could not afford to contract
them out. It then claimed that the services were not its responsibility. It finally
said that it had contracted another body to perform the services. Accordingly,
the claims that the municipality could itself provide the requisite services and

that there were financial reasons for terminating the agreement were, on its own
version, shown to amount to sheer sophistry.

[11] The refusal of the municipality to continue paying for the services led to
the association claiming payment in arbitration proceedings. The second
respondent was appointed the arbitrator. Thereafter the municipality took the
view that it was necessary for it to approach the court since its contention was
that the agreement was invalid and the arbitration, based as it was upon the
agreement, was therefore not appropriate. This was the first time that the
municipality had claimed that the agreement was invalid. The second
respondent has taken no part in the court proceedings.

[12] On appeal, it was accepted that the decision to conclude the agreement
amounted to administrative action. As Professor Hoexter points out: „. . . public
bodies use contract as a method for exercising their powers and performing their
duties‟.5 The starting point as to how to act if one contends that administrative
action is invalid is found in Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town &
others.6 This court there held that, because administrative action often forms the
basis for subsequent acts, it must be treated as valid until it is set aside even if it
was actually invalid. This was explained as follows:
„Until the Administrator's approval (and thus also the consequences of the approval) is set
aside by a court in proceedings for judicial review it exists in fact and it has legal
consequences that cannot simply be overlooked.‟7
This does not mean that the administrative act is valid, only that it must be
treated as such. There is only one circumstance in which it can be ignored
without being set aside. Thus:

5 Cora Hoexter Administrative Law in South Africa 2 ed (2012) at 444.
6 Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town & others 2004 (6) SA 222 (SCA).
7 Paragraph 26.

„It is in those cases - where the subject is sought to be coerced by a public authority into
compliance with an unlawful administrative act - that the subject may be entitled to ignore
the unlawful act with impunity and justify his conduct by raising what has come to be known
as a “defensive” or a “collateral” challenge to the validity of the administrative act.‟8

[13] On appeal, the municipality submitted that the launch of the application
was akin to its having raised a collateral challenge. It claimed that, because the
association had attempted to enforce the agreement by way of the arbitration,
the municipality was therefore in a position where it was entitled to resist that
enforcement. The municipality sought to place itself in the position of the
applicants referred to in a dictum of this court in Kouga Municipality v
Bellingan & others:9
„In my view, the correct approach to the relief sought by the applicants would have been to
recognise that the application was in form a direct challenge, but in substance a defensive or
collateral challenge, to the validity of the by-law. The two are different‟.
In Kouga, the respondents on appeal were the applicants in the court below. The
municipality had sought to prosecute them under a by-law. They brought a
review application to declare the by-law invalid. This court held they should not
have done so since, in a review application, a court has a discretion to grant or
refuse the relief. As it happened, the court a quo declared the by-law invalid
but, applying s 172(1)(b) of the Constitution, suspended the invalidity for a
certain period to afford the municipality the opportunity to rectify matters. As
this court pointed out, there was no bar to the respondents being prosecuted
during the period of suspension and said:
„The problems associated with the relief sought by the applicants in their notice of motion
and the order granted by the court a quo would be avoided if a declaratory order were to be
granted that the by-law in question is invalid for the purposes of a prosecution of any of them

8 Oudekraal para 32.
9 Kouga Municipality v Bellingan & others 2012 (2) SA 95 (SCA) para 12.

based thereon. A collateral challenge to the validity of a piece of legislation can be mounted
at any time and a court has no discretion to disallow such a challenge‟.10

[14] In the present matter, it is the municipality which is the public authority,
and not the association. The municipality is also not in the position of a subject
being coerced by a public authority whose underlying administrative act is
invalid. No collateral challenge is raised by way of the application. The
application concerned a public authority claiming that its own administrative
action was invalid. This submission of the municipality thus falls far wide of the
mark.

[15] When a public authority takes that view, it is obliged to approach a court
to set it aside. This has been made clear by decisions of this court and the
Constitutional Court, a few of which I shall briefly discuss.

[16] In Municipal Manager: Qaukeni Local Municipality & another v FV
General Trading CC,11 this court approved of this course of action, saying:
„If the second appellant's procurement of municipal services through its contract with the
respondent was unlawful, it is invalid and this is a case in which the appellants were duty-
bound not to submit to an unlawful contract, but to oppose the respondent's attempt to
enforce it. This it did by way of its opposition to the main application and by seeking a
declaration of unlawfulness in the counter-application.‟12
In MEC for Health, Eastern Cape, & another v Kirland Investments (Pty) Ltd
t/a Eye and Laser Institute,13 Plasket AJA, in rejecting an argument that what
was claimed to be invalid administrative action can be ignored without an
application to set it aside, said the following:

10 Kouga para 18.
11 Municipal Manager: Qaukeni Local Municipality & another v FV General Trading CC 2010 (1) SA 356
(SCA) para 26.
12 References omitted.
13 MEC for Health, Eastern Cape, & another v Kirland Investments (Pty) Ltd t/a Eye and Laser Institute 2014
(3) SA 219 (SCA) (Kirland SCA).

„The answer to their dilemma lies in the hands of the MEC and the superintendent-general: if
they want Diliza's decisions to be set aside, they must bring a proper application for that
relief, and in all likelihood, their standing to do so will not be open to challenge.‟14
The dilemma referred to was that, if the court did not set aside the two
impugned administrative decisions, this would „clothe the invalid approvals
with the cloak of validity‟.15 This approach was upheld by the majority in the
Constitutional Court in an appeal from Kirland SCA.16 Cameron J explained the
position as follows:
„When government errs by issuing a defective decision, the subject affected by it is entitled to
proper notice, and to be afforded a proper hearing, on whether the decision should be set
aside. Government should not be allowed to take shortcuts. Generally, this means that
government must apply formally to set aside the decision. Once the subject has relied on a
decision, government cannot, barring specific statutory authority, simply ignore what it has
done. The decision, despite being defective, may have consequences that make it undesirable
or even impossible to set it aside. That demands a proper process, in which all factors for and
against are properly weighed.‟17
The Constitutional Court agreed with this court that, because the MEC had not
formally applied to set aside the impugned decision, the administrative act in
question could not be set aside.

[17] Having arrived at the view that the agreement was invalid, the
municipality was therefore obliged to approach the court to have the agreement
declared invalid and set aside. Absent such a successful challenge, or another
basis on which it was entitled to avoid its obligations thereunder, it was obliged
to give effect to the agreement. The first question to resolve, therefore, is
whether it made out a case that the agreement was invalid. In this, as the
association correctly submitted, the municipality bore the onus. At the outset,

14 Paragraph 33, references omitted.
15 Paragraph 31.
16 MEC for Health, Eastern Cape, & another v Kirland Investments (Pty) Ltd t/a Eye and Laser Institute 2014
(3) SA 481 (CC) (Kirland CC).
17 Paragraph 65.

the court below pertinently posed the question whether the municipality was
prepared to argue the matter on the papers since certain factual disputes were
apparent. The municipality elected to do so.

[18] In application proceedings, the affidavits both define the issues between
the parties and embody the evidence on which the issues must be adjudicated.18
The municipality relied on three grounds to found its assertion of invalidity.
First, that because the municipality failed to prepare and implement a supply
chain management policy as it was obliged to do under the MFMA, the
agreement was invalid. Second, that the conclusion of the agreement did not
meet the prescripts of s 217 of the Constitution which, the municipality
contended, in this instance required a public process. Third, that certain
processes and formalities provided for in the MFMA were not complied with.

[19] With reference to the first ground, it is common cause that, in breach of
its
obligations,
the
municipality
failed
to
adopt
a
supply
chain
management policy as was required by the MFMA. It only did so in 2011. This
means that, at the time the agreement was concluded, whether initially or when
reduced to writing, no supply chain management policy was in place. Section
111 of the MFMA reads:
„Each municipality and each municipal entity must have and implement a supply chain
management policy which gives effect to the provisions of this Part‟.
There is no indication that any failure on the part of a municipality to do so
would visit with invalidity agreements which would otherwise fall within the
ambit of such a policy. The touchstone of validity remains s 217 of the
Constitution and compliance with the provisions of the MFMA and regulations.
Contrary to what was submitted in this first ground, therefore, this failure did
not, in and of itself, render the agreement invalid.

18 MEC for Health, Gauteng v 3P Consulting (Pty) Ltd 2012 (2) SA 542 (SCA) para 28.

[20] The second ground was based on s 217 of the Constitution, which
provides as follows:
„(1) When an organ of state in the national, provincial or local sphere of government, or any
other institution identified in national legislation, contracts for goods or services, it must do
so in accordance with a system which is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-
effective.
(2) Subsection (1) does not prevent the organs of state or institutions referred to in that
subsection from implementing a procurement policy providing for-
(a)   categories of preference in the allocation of contracts; and
(b)   the protection or advancement of persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by
unfair discrimination.
(3) National legislation must prescribe a framework within which the policy referred to in
subsection (2) must be implemented.‟
The MFMA was promulgated, inter alia, to give effect to s 217(3) of the
Constitution. The regulations set out more detailed requirements based on the
MFMA.

[21] The primary point of attack by the municipality on this ground was that a
public bidding process was necessary. The association submitted that, although
a public bidding process admittedly did not take place, this did not necessarily
mean that s 217 of the Constitution and the provisions of the MFMA and
regulations had not been complied with. It pointed out that regulation 36 of the
regulations clearly demonstrates that a public bidding process is not always
necessary. In its material parts, this regulation provides as follows:
„(1) A supply chain management policy may allow the accounting officer-
(a)    to dispense with the official procurement processes established by the policy and to
procure any required goods or services through any convenient process, which may include
direct negotiations, but only-

. . .
(ii)   if such goods or services are produced or available from a single provider only;
. . .  or

(v)   in any other exceptional case where it is impractical or impossible to follow the
official procurement processes‟.

[22] The association submitted that it was a single provider of unique services
at the time. As such, the association submitted, even if there had been a supply
chain policy in place, this would have allowed the agreement to be concluded
without a competitive bidding process. If this was the case, it could therefore
not be said that the conclusion of the agreement transgressed the statutory
precepts. There was no challenge that the provisions of regulation 36 fell foul of
s 217 of the Constitution or the provisions of the MFMA. On the face of it, it is
appropriate to provide an exception to a public bidding process where there is a
single service provider offering a unique service. The factual situation is
therefore determinative of the point.

[23] The municipality averred in its founding affidavit that it was „unaware of
the precise facts and circumstances in which the agreement was concluded.‟ The
strong case made out by the association, by way of affidavits of people involved
in the association and the provision of services in the area at the time, was that
the association provided a unique service and that the services outlined in the
agreement could not be provided by any other person or entity at the time. The
only counter to this was a bald assertion, without any admissible evidence to
support it, that two other service providers could have done so. Why I say that it
was a bald assertion is because no affidavits were forthcoming from any persons
who claimed to know of the capabilities of those two entities at the time, least of
all from the service providers themselves. This was not admissible evidence of
the fact contended for. Even if it was admissible, this raised a factual dispute
which had to be resolved in favour of the association since the version of the
association was not so clearly untenable that it could be rejected out of hand.19

19 Plascon-Evans Paints Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Ltd 1984 (3) SA 623 (A) at 634E-635D.

[24] A remark made by Cameron J in Kirland CC applies with equal force to
the present matter. That case, like this, was not a matter where there was any
hint that the conclusion of the agreement could be „. . . impeached by political
shenanigans.‟20 A resolution taken at a council meeting authorised the municipal
manager to sign the agreement. The meeting was an ordinary one and was thus
open to the public. The association was known in the area to have provided
these services since 1998, initially on a voluntary basis funded by donations of
time and money from the community it was serving. It continued to rely on the
community to carry out its functions. During a certain period, contributions
were collected on behalf of the association by the municipality. The services
were provided for a period of time from a base within the municipal offices.
The association was deeply embedded within the community. It had built up
and maintained clear voluntary structures which enhanced the services provided
by it as well as good working relationships with other entities involved in
various aspects of disaster management. There was no evidence that anyone
challenged either the conclusion of the agreement or the service rendered by the
association until the municipality purported to cancel it without legal cause.

[25] In support of its submission that s 217 of the Constitution had not been
complied with, the municipality relied on Qaukeni.21 The facts in that matter
were as follows. No supply chain management policy had been adopted. The
respondent submitted a tender to collect refuse in both Lusikisiki and Flagstaff.
This tender gave rise to an oral agreement for the period November 2005 to
30 June 2006. The validity of that agreement was not challenged. Thereafter,
that municipality invited the respondent to present its budget for the following
12 month period. Instead of doing so, it submitted a quotation for its services
amounting to in excess of R350 000 per month. The council resolved to contract

20 Kirland CC para 79.
21 Footnote 11, para 12.

on that basis without obtaining other tenders and an agreement was drawn up
and signed. Amongst other things, the agreement provided for a 20 percent
annual increase in remuneration for the respondent and provided for the
possibility that the agreement could endure for a number of years. Far from
being a unique service, it related to refuse collection. There was also no
evidence that other persons could not provide the same service. The terms of the
agreement were clearly onerous as to annual escalation, even if the initial
monthly remuneration of R350 000 was appropriate.

[26] Qaukeni must be understood within the context in which it was decided.
In addition, attention must be given to what was decided. This court did not
hold that the consequence of a failure to adopt a supply chain management
policy was to invalidate all agreements to which it would normally apply but
said:22
„. . . [T]he second appellant's failure to implement a supply chain management policy cannot
relieve it of its statutory obligation to act in a manner as summarised above, and it would be
untenable to suggest that the second appellant was therefore not obliged to act openly,
transparently and without following a fair, equitable, competitive and cost-effective process
when contracting with an external service supplier to render a municipal service.‟
It went on to find that there had been a „failure to comply with these statutory
precepts‟. In such circumstances, it held, a court has no discretion to enforce
such a contract because the question is one of legality.23 It should be noted that
the exceptions to a competitive bidding process provided by regulation 36 did
not arise in Qaukeni and therefore did not excite comment from this court in
that matter.

[27] The facts in Qaukeni are clearly distinguishable from those in the matter
at hand. That related to a routine contract for refuse disposal, not a multi-faceted

22 Paragraph 13.
23 Paragraph 14.

operation requiring the co-operation and co-ordination of a number of entities
and volunteers within a number of theatres of operation. There were multiple
service providers rather than a single one which was integrated into the
community after years of initiating and providing the service informally.
Qaukeni is therefore not authority for the proposition that, in all instances where
a municipality concludes an agreement with an outside body for the provision of
services, a public bidding process is required.

[28] I can find no basis for concluding that the agreement did not comply with
„the statutory precepts‟. The substantive challenge to the validity of the
agreement was therefore correctly found wanting by the court below, albeit that
this finding was couched in somewhat diffident terms.

[29] Turning to the third ground, the municipality submitted that s 116 of the
MFMA was not complied with. This required agreements to be reduced to
writing and that, if an agreement endured for longer than three years, it must be
subject to review at least once every three years. The first aspect was satisfied.
Even though the initial agreement was concluded verbally in 2008, it was
subsequently reduced to writing and signed after the municipality so resolved in
a council meeting. The association denied the assertion of the municipality that
the agreement was given effect in 2008 and said that it was only complied with
by the municipality after signature. Once again, it seems strange that, when the
municipality disclaimed any knowledge of the circumstances at the time, it
made such an assertion. At best, again, the assertion gives rise to a factual
dispute which must be resolved in favour of the association.24

[30] As for the need to review the agreement, either party was entitled to
terminate it after the initial three year period. Despite this provision, the

24 Plascon-Evans Paints Ltd above.

municipality failed to do so. It was silent as to whether it in fact reviewed the
agreement but the mechanism for this was clear and available to it. The third
ground, based on a failure to comply with s 116 of the MFMA is accordingly
found wanting.

[31] The second defence raised by the association was that there had been an
undue delay. The court below upheld this defence. It held that the award of a
contract for services by an organ of state amounts to administrative action.25 It
went on to hold that the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000
(the PAJA) applied to the agreement in question. Therefore s 7 of the PAJA,
requiring an application to be brought within 180 days of the impugned
administrative act, meant that the application, which was tantamount to a
review, was brought out of time. The court below went on to hold that, if the
PAJA did not apply, the application amounted to a common law review and that
there had been an undue delay. Because the parties had changed their positions
to comply with its terms, it held that it would be highly prejudicial to review
and set aside the agreement and that to do so would undermine the finality of
administrative decisions.26

[32] For present purposes, the nature of such an application need not detain us.
In Kirland CC, the process by which a public body would seek to have its own
administrative decision set aside was characterised as a review.27 Cameron J
motivated this on the basis that the public authority must explain „. . . the history
of the decision, its shifting attitudes towards it and its delay in dealing with it.‟28
The party resisting such an application must then be entitled to „. . . be heard on

25 Steenkamp NO v Provincial Tender Board, Eastern Cape 2007 (3) SA 121 (CC) para 90.
26 In this regard the court below relied on the dictum of this court in Chairperson: Standing Tender Committee v
JFE Sapela Electronics (Pty) Ltd 2008 (2) SA 638 (SCA) para 28 where potential prejudice and finality of
administrative decisions were said to be the reason for the discretion to refuse a review application where there
had been an unreasonable delay in bringing the review.
27 Paragraphs 64, 97 and 106.
28 Paragraph 67.

whether it has been prejudiced and why it would be unfair to it to set the
decision aside now.‟29 In Qaukeni, this court left open the precise nature of the
application to be brought, saying that a public body may not need to proceed by
review „when a municipality seeks to avoid a contract it has concluded in
respect of which no other party has an interest.‟30 Regardless of the precise
nature of such an application, which need not be decided here, what is clear is
that, if any undue delay is not adequately explained, an invalid administrative
act may be „insulated‟ against being set aside on that basis.31

[33] Of course, if the impugned administrative action is not so insulated and
does not pass muster, a court is obliged to declare it invalid.32 However,
s 172(1)(b)(ii) grants a discretion to the court which is obliged to make such a
declaration to use „. . . its just and equitable remedial powers, [to] make an order
“suspending the invalidity for any period and on any conditions”‟.33 But this
discretion only arises after, and does not precede, a declaration of invalidity.34
In the present matter the issue of delay does not require decision since it has
been found that the municipality failed to show that the agreement was invalid.

[34] In summary, the following is the position. If a public body believes one
of its administrative acts is invalid, it may not simply ignore it. This is because
even invalid administrative acts are treated as valid until they are set aside. The
public body contending for invalidity is thus duty bound to approach the court
to have it set aside. Since it is administrative action which must be set aside, the
delay rule applies. If there has been an undue delay, it must provide an

29 Ibid.
30 Paragraph 26.
31 Kirland CC para 97; Harnaker v Minister of the Interior 1965 (1) SA 372 (C) at 380B-381A; Wolgroeiers
Afslaers (Edms) Bpk v Munisipaliteit van Kaapstad 1978 (1) SA 13 (A) at 29H-30G.
32 Section 172(1)(a) of the Constitution; Kirland CC (minority decision) para 46.
33 Allpay Consolidated Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd & others v Chief Executive Officer, South African Social
Security Agency & others 2014 (4) SA 179 (CC) para 63.
34 Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & others v Genorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & others 2011 (4) SA 113 (CC)
para 84.

acceptable and adequate explanation. If this is not done, the invalid
administrative act may be insulated against being set aside. In such a case, the
administrative act will continue to have effect and be treated as valid, despite its
invalidity. If the public body has not delayed unduly and shows that the act is
invalid, a court is bound to make a declaration of invalidity. There is no
discretion afforded a court not to do so. If a declaration of invalidity is made, a
court is then granted a discretion under its just and equitable powers to suspend
the invalidity for any period and on any conditions. In the present matter, the
municipality did not even surmount the first hurdle of showing invalidity.

[35] In the result, the appeal is dismissed with costs.

___________________
T R Gorven

Acting Judge of Appeal

Appearances
For Appellant:
K J Kemp SC (with him H Gani)

Instructed by:
Matthew Francis Inc. Attorneys, Pietermaritzburg
Rossouws Attorneys, Bloemfontein

For Respondent:

A de Wet SC
Instructed by:
McCarthy & Associates Attorneys, Mount West
Matsepes, Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY OF JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

FROM

The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

DATE

20 March 2015

STATUS

Immediate

Please note that the media summary is for the benefit of the media and
does not form part of the judgment.

KWA SANI MUNICIPALITY v UNDERBERG/HIMEVILLE
COMMUNITY WATCH (180/2014) [2015] ZASCA 24 (20 March 2015)

The SCA today dismissed with costs an appeal by the Kwa Sani
Municipality against the dismissal of an application in the KwaZulu-
Natal High Court, Pietermaritzburg which sought to declare invalid and
set aside an agreement signed on 2 November 2010. The basis of the
application was that the decision to conclude it fell foul of the provisions
of s 217 of the Constitution because the municipality had neglected to
adopt a supply chain management policy and no public process had been
undertaken. The SCA held that the facts of the matter had entitled the
municipality to contract with the respondent as being the single supplier
of the specialised services in question and the agreement was not invalid.