THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT
Case : 383/2006
REPORTABLE
In the appeal between:

MURRAY, GLENVILLE FREDERICK

Appellant

and

THE MINISTER OF DEFENCE

Respondent

Before:
Mpati DP, Cameron JA, Mlambo JA, Combrinck JA and
Cachalia JA
Heard:

Monday 18 February 2008
Judgment:
Monday 31 March 2008

Employment law – dismissal – constructive dismissal – member of South African
National Defence Force – constitutional right to fair labour practices applicable –
common law contract of employment developed to include protection against
constructive dismissal – intolerable conditions, created by employer, not enough
– employer must be to blame for conditions – duty of fair dealing with employee
–breach of – employer refusing to return employee to former post –must inform
employee fully of alternative

Neutral citation: Murray v Minister of Defence (383/2006) [2008] ZASCA 44
(31 March 2008)

CAMERON JA:

[1] This is an appeal against a judgment of Yekiso J in the Cape High Court
dismissing an action in which the appellant (the plaintiff) claimed damages
from the respondent (the defendant) arising from his alleged constructive
dismissal from the South African navy (I shall refer to the navy, the South
African Defence Force (SADF) (later the South African National Defence
Force (SANDF)), of which it formed part, and to the responsible Minister,
cited in the litigation, equally as the defendant).  There was a separation of
issues in the trial court, and the only matter before us is whether the plaintiff
is entitled to damages for constructive dismissal: the quantum, if any, stood
over for later determination.
[2] After nine years in the South African Police, the plaintiff in 1984 joined the
navy as a military policeman.  He rose from his appointment as a petty
officer to the rank of commander.  When the events in controversy began, he
was the officer in charge of the Simonstown military police station – the most
senior policeman, and the only commissioned military police officer, in the
navy.  Year after year, his superiors in Simonstown lodged appraisals that
lauded his commitment, dedication and managerial ability, with attendant
performance bonuses.
[3] Then, disastrously, it all turned sour.  From 1992, the plaintiff came into bitter
conflict with members of his unit whose accusations against him led to a

series of investigations and courts-martial.  There was a political tinge: for at
least one of his antagonists (who, unlike the plaintiff. was black) invoked
parliamentary influence against him.  Despite this, none of the allegations
culminated in any serious adverse finding.  The navy nevertheless removed
him from his post at Simonstown and declined to reinstate him.  After more
than two years in a supernumerary position at naval staff college in
Muizenberg, and despite the navy offering him a senior staff officer’s position
in Pretoria, he resigned.  At the time, he summarised his grievances thus:
‘Since September 1992 I have been subjected to a board of inquiry, a procrastinated
investigation carried out arbitrarily and with ignorance of my rights, as well as two courts-
martial.  After all these events, I have a clean disciplinary record as an employee of the
SANDF.  However, I have been removed from my post and placed in a position where,
since March 1995 to date, I have been literally without a desk and have not received a
single responsibility, task or function commensurate with my rank, experience, skills and
expertise.  I have been deprived of any prospect of aspiring to higher goals, of achieving
any promotion or of furthering my career in the SA navy … For this I have not received
any reasonable explanation.’

[4] His resignation took effect on 31 December 1997.  Six months later, he
issued summons claiming R2.97 million in lost income as a result of
constructive dismissal.  The matter came to trial more than six years later.
Evidence and argument were heard over twenty five court days in October
and November 2004.  After a further delay of sixteen months, Yekiso J
delivered judgment in March 2006.  He found that the employment
relationship had not broken down irretrievably.  Weighing each individual
complaint the plaintiff advanced, he held that none of them rendered the

plaintiff’s position intolerable, or caused him to resign.  He therefore
dismissed the action with costs, including the costs of two counsel.  This
appeal is with his leave (which he granted subject to conditions; though
these contained no effective restriction on the issues or evidence before us).

The applicable legal framework
[5] In arguing the appeal, the parties agreed on the legal framework.  There is
no directly applicable statute.  The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (the
LRA) expressly excludes members of the South African National Defence
Force from its operation.1  Its expansive protections therefore did not cover
the plaintiff in his employment with the defendant.  However, section 23 (1)
of the Bill of Rights (of which the LRA is the principal legislative off-shoot)
provides that ‘Everyone has the right to fair labour practices’.  This includes
members of the defence force.2  The parties agreed in argument that the
plaintiff was entitled to rely directly on this right, as also on the right to
dignity,3 which is a close associate of the right to fair labour practices.4

1 Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 s 2, Exclusion from application of this Act: ‘This Act does not apply to – (a)
members of the National Defence Force; (b) the National Intelligence Agency; (c) the South African Secret
Service.’  The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 s 3(1)(a) is to the same effect.
2 So applied in South African National Defence Union v Minister of Defence 1999 (4) SA 469 (CC) and South
African National Defence Union v Minister of Defence 2007 (5) SA 400 (CC).
3 Bill of Rights s 10, Human Dignity, ‘Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected
and protected.’
4 See Minister of Home Affairs v Watchenuka 2004 (4) SA 326 (SCA) para 27 per Nugent JA (‘The freedom to
engage in productive work – even where that is not required in order to survive – is indeed an important
component of human dignity … for mankind is pre-eminently a social species with an instinct for meaningful
association.  Self-esteem and the sense of self-worth – the fulfilment of what it is to be human – is most often

However, it is in my view best to understand the impact of these rights on
this case through the constitutional development of the common law contract
of employment.  This contract has always imposed mutual obligations of
confidence and trust between employer and employee.  Developed as it
must be to promote the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights,5 the
common law of employment must be held to impose on all employers a duty
of fair dealing at all times with their employees – even those the LRA does
not cover.
[6] This case involves the particular application of that duty where the employee
terminates the contract of service.  For formally the plaintiff was not
dismissed: he resigned.  He did so, he said in his resignation letter of 11
June 1997, because the navy’s ‘continual unfair and ill-treatment’ of him over
the preceding two and a half years left him ‘with no alternative’.  The form in
which the termination of service was clad cannot deprive him of his cause of
action.  That is the position under the LRA, and for the reasons that follow
the position under the common law as constitutionally developed can be no
different.

bound up with being accepted as socially useful’); Affordable Medicines Trust v Minister of Health 2006 (3) SA
247 (CC) para 59 per Ngcobo J (‘One’s work is part of one’s identity and is constitutive of one’s dignity’, and
‘there is a relationship between work and the human personality as a whole’).
5 Bill of Rights s 39(2): ‘When interpreting any legislation, and when developing the common law or customary
law, every court, tribunal or forum must promote the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights.’

[7] The LRA, which confers ‘the right not to be unfairly dismissed’ (s 185),
defines ‘dismissal’ to include the situation where ‘an employee terminated a
contract of employment with or without notice because the employer made
continued employment intolerable for the employee’ (s 186).6  This provision
made statutorily explicit what the jurisprudence of the industrial court and the
labour appeal court had already achieved under the unfair labour practice
dispensation, which Parliament introduced in 1979:7 that unjustified conduct
on the part of an employer that drives an employee to leave should be
treated as a dismissal, even where, in form, it is the employee who resigns.8
[8] The term used in English law, ‘constructive dismissal’ (where ‘constructive’9
signifies something the law deems to exist for reasons of fairness and
justice, such as notice, knowledge, trust, desertion), has become well-
established in our law.  In employment law, constructive dismissal represents
a victory for substance over form.  Its essence is that although the employee

6 Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 s 186, Meaning of dismissal, ‘”Dismissal” means that – (a) an employer has
terminated a contract of employment with or without notice; … (e) an employee terminated a contract of
employment with or without notice because the employer made continued employment intolerable for the
employee’.
7 For the history, see Brassey and others The New Labour Law (1986) pages 10-14.
8 See the statement to this effect in E Cameron, H Cheadle and C Thompson The New Labour Relations Act
(1988) p 144, endorsed in Howell v International Bank of Johannesburg (1990) 11 ILJ 790 (IC) 795C-D,
McMillan v ARP&P Noordhoek Development Trust (1991) 2 (3) SALLR 1, Amalgamated Beverage Industries
(Pty) Ltd v Jonker (1993) 14 ILJ 1249 (LAC)1248H-I, and Jooste v Transnet Ltd (1995) 16 ILJ 629 (LAC) 639A-
B.  In Jooste, Myburgh J pointed out in reviewing the history of the concept that constructive dismissal is not
found in the common law, the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956, or (at that time) in any other South African
statute; but that the industrial court had wide jurisdiction to determine unfair labour practice disputes concerning
an ‘employee’; and that the employee’s resignation must therefore not have been intended to terminate the
employment relationship.
9 Oxford Dictionary of Law (4 ed, 1997) under ‘constructive’: ‘Describing anything that is deemed by law to exist
or to have happened, even though that is not in fact the case’.

resigns, the causal responsibility for the termination of service is recognised
as the employer’s unacceptable conduct, and the latter therefore remains
responsible for the consequences.  When the labour courts imported the
concept into South African law from English law in the 1980s, they adopted
the English approach, which implied into the contract of employment a
general term that the employer would not without reasonable and proper
cause conduct itself in a manner calculated and likely to destroy or seriously
damage the relationship of confidence and trust with the employee: breach
of the term would amount to a contractual repudiation justifying the
employee in resigning and claiming compensation for dismissal.10
[9] In 1995 the LRA expressly codified unfair employer-instigated resignation as
a dismissal.  Even though that does not apply here, the constitutional
guarantee of fair labour practices continues to cover a non-LRA employee
who resigns because of intolerable conduct by the employer, and to offer
protection through the constitutionally developed common law.  If it is thus
found that unfair conduct by the navy forced the plaintiff to resign, he would
be entitled to damages for dismissal.  This follows from the fact that all
contracts are subject to constitutional scrutiny:11 this includes employment
contracts outside the LRA.  Whether an employer dismisses such an

10 Lord Steyn recounts the history of the implied term in English law in Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce
International SA [1998] AC 20 (HL) paras 58-61.
11 Napier NO v Barkhuizen 2006 (4) SA 1 (SCA); Barkhuizen v Napier 2007 (5) SA 323 (CC).

employee in violation of the right to fair labour practices, or unfairly
precipitates a resignation, is a matter of form, not constitutional substance.
[10] And it is no longer necessary under either the constitutionally developed
common law or under the LRA to continue to invoke concepts such as
repudiation (as was previously necessary)12 to unmask the true substance of
the parties’ dealings.13
[11] That substance, as was pointed out before the 1995 LRA, is that the law
and the Constitution impose ‘a continuing obligation of fairness towards the
employee on … the employer when he makes decisions affecting the
employee in his work’.14  The obligation has both a formal-procedural and
substantive dimension; it is now encapsulated in the constitutional right to
fair treatment in the workplace.15
[12] In detailing this right, the parties freely invoked the carefully-considered
jurisprudence the labour courts have evolved in dealing with unfair employer-
instigated resignations under the labour relations legislation of the past three
decades.  These cases have established that the onus rests on the
employee to prove that the resignation constituted a constructive dismissal:

12 See for instance Groenewald v Cradock Munisipaliteit 1980 (4) SA 217 (E) 220E-G, summarising and applying
nearly a century of authority (if employer unilaterally changes essential nature of employment agreement by
down-grading status of employee’s post, this amounts to a repudiation of the contract, entitling the employee to
damages or compensation).
13 As Trengove AJ put it in Mafomane v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd [2003] 10 BLLR 999 (LC) para 47 that
‘The codification under the LRA has amongst other things severed the link between constructive dismissal and
wrongful repudiation of a contract at common law.  It is now a statutory concept in its own right which does not
need to retain its link to the common law doctrine of wrongful repudiation for its justification.’

in other words, the employee must prove that the resignation was not
voluntary, and that it was not intended to terminate the employment
relationship.16  Once this is established, the inquiry is whether the employer
(irrespective of any intention to repudiate the contract of employment) had
without reasonable and proper cause conducted itself in a manner calculated
or likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of confidence and
trust with the employee.  Looking at the employer’s conduct as a whole and
in its cumulative impact, the courts have asked in such cases whether its
effect, judged reasonably and sensibly, was such that the employee could
not be expected to put up with it.17
[13] It deserves emphasis that the mere fact that an employee resigns because
work has become intolerable does not by itself make for constructive
dismissal.  For one thing, the employer may not have control over what
makes conditions intolerable.  So the critical circumstances ‘must have been
of the employer’s making’.18  But even if the employer is responsible, it may

14 WL Ochse Webb & Pretorius (Pty) Ltd v Vermeulen (199&) 18 ILJ 361 (LAC) 366A (Froneman J).
15 See Sidumo v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd [2007] ZACC 22 (CC).
16 Concordantly with this, the LRA now provides in section 192, Onus in dismissal disputes, that in any
proceedings concerning any dismissal, the employee must establish ‘the existence of the dismissal’, but once
this is done, ‘the employer must prove that the dismissal is fair’.
17 Some of the principal cases are Amalgamated Beverage Industries (Pty) Ltd v Jonker (1993) 14 ILJ 1249
(LAC) (Stafford J); Jooste v Transnet Ltd (1995) 16 ILJ 629 (LAC) (Myburgh J) (representing the culmination of
the pre-1995 LRA jurisprudence of the labour courts); WL Ochse Webb & Pretorius (Pty) Ltd v Vermeulen (1997)
18 ILJ 361 (LAC) (Froneman J); Pretoria Society for the Care of the Retarded v Loots (1997) 18 ILJ 981 (LAC)
(Nicholson JA); Van Der Riet v Leisurenet Ltd [1998] 5 BLLR 471 (LAC) (Kroon JA); Smithkline Beecham (Pty)
Ltd v Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (2000) 21 ILJ 988 (Revelas J); Mafomane v
Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd [2003] 10 BLLR 999 (LC) (Trengove AJ).
18 Mafomane v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd [2003] 10 BLLR 999 (LC) para 50.

not be to blame.  There are many things an employer may fairly and
reasonably do that may make an employee’s position intolerable.19  More is
needed:  the employer must be culpably responsible in some way for the
intolerable conditions: the conduct must (in the formulation the courts have
adopted) have lacked ‘reasonable and proper cause’.20  Culpability does not
mean that the employer must have wanted or intended to get rid of the
employee, though in many instances of constructive dismissal that is the
case.
[14] As will emerge (and here I differ respectfully from the trial court’s findings),
there can in my view be little doubt that at the time he resigned the plaintiff’s
position at work was intolerable,.  There was equally little doubt that this was
because of the navy’s conduct.  But behind this lies a more difficult question
– did the navy have reasonable and proper cause for what it did in making
the plaintiff’s position intolerable?  Viewed through the constitutional
standard, did the navy, even though it made the plaintiff’s position
intolerable, act fairly in doing so?  On the answer to that question this case
turns.

The plaintiff’s case

19 As in WL Ochse Webb & Pretorius (Pty) Ltd v Vermeulen (199&) 18 ILJ 361 (LAC) (employer proposing to
change employee’s conditions of service and basis of remuneration for well-justified operational reasons).
20 Jooste v Transnet Ltd (1995) 16 ILJ 629 (LAC) 638I; Pretoria Society for the Care of the Retarded v Loots

[15] The plaintiff was appointed commander of the military police station at
Simonstown naval base in September 1989.  His grief started three years
later, when a petty officer under his command, Boois, alleged irregularities in
the management of the station.  The officer commanding (OC) the naval
base, commodore De Vos, convened a two-officer board of inquiry to
investigate.  The board’s findings vindicated the plaintiff, and castigated
Boois, who, it found, ‘committed misdemeanours in the witness box’: ‘None
of the allegations made by petty officer Boois could be substantiated’, the
board found, other than ‘some minor incidents’.  The board recommended a
formal verbal reprimand to the plaintiff for swearing and other
transgressions, but said that Boois should not only be transferred, but served
with a formal written reprimand for the ‘offence of unproven allegations’.
[16] Events intensified some months later, when the plaintiff charged another
junior ranking under his command, Alben, with theft.  The charge resulted in
Alben’s conviction in a civilian court and his discharge from the navy.  But he
returned to haunt the plaintiff when in September 1993 he ‘confessed’ to
having been part of an alleged scheme, instigated by the plaintiff, to plant
dagga in Boois’s car the previous November, supposedly to avenge Boois’s
abortive complaints.  Both Boois and Alben made their claims under oath.
Their affidavits in hand, the navy within days convened a preliminary

(1997) 18 ILJ 981 (LAC) 985A.

investigation.  The plaintiff and two alleged co-planters were arrested and,
while the investigation was under way, briefly barred from the naval work
environment and ordered not to contact named witnesses.
[17] The investigation was held almost immediately.  Its report cleared the
three: their accusers, it found, had a motive to falsely incriminate them; there
were contradictions in their evidence; and the accused’s questions to them
revealed a reasonably possibly true defence.  Given these considerations,
the legal advisor at naval headquarters (HQ), commander Dunn, advised
that charges be dropped because there was no prima facie case.  Before the
month’s end, the chief of the navy, vice-admiral Simpson-Anderson,
accepted this advice – and the plaintiff’s commanding officer, De Vos, was
formally told there would be no prosecution.
[18] But the descent into recrimination had already begun.  Before even the
preliminary investigation cleared him, the plaintiff had complained to
lieutenant commander Curry, the senior staff officer for military policing in
Pretoria (who was to become his friend and staunchest defender), that he
was ‘upset, humiliated and hurt’ by the instruction to refrain from contacting
witnesses.  These complaints he repeated and elaborated in a memorandum
to his OC De Vos, expressing the prescient fear that ‘In spite of being
cleared by both the board of inquiry and the preliminary investigation, …
damage has been done to my credibility and to my reputation as a police

officer and in my private life … [and] that there will always be doubt about
me in the minds of my superiors in Pretoria, which is sure to affect my future
career and promotion in the SA navy’.  He warned that he intended to seek
legal advice (though at that stage he did not).
[19] But that was by no means the end of the dagga-planting claims: Boois
retained attorneys, who challenged the decision to drop the investigation.
They demanded to see the preliminary investigation record.  Boois also
invoked the support of an African National Congress-aligned member of
Parliament, Mr Jan Van Eck.  Almost certainly in response to this pressure,
and notwithstanding Simpson-Anderson’s already-announced decision not to
prosecute, the navy sent a copy of the preliminary investigation to the
adjutant-general (the defence force’s most senior legal officer, who was the
legal advisor to the chief of the defence force and the officer overseeing the
legal sections in the various arms of the service).  Contrary to the decision
already taken, his office advised in December 1993 that there was indeed a
prima facie case against the plaintiff and his fellow accused, and that they
should be prosecuted.  The three were again arrested.  Navy HQ informed
Boois’s attorneys that while the navy refused to supply the preliminary
investigation record, the plaintiff would after all be prosecuted.
[20] The court-martial took place in a blaze of media attention at the end of
January 1994.  Boois and Alben and two other witnesses testified.  At the

end of their evidence, Curry, representing the accused, applied for their
discharge.  When this was refused, they closed their cases without tendering
evidence.  This decision was vindicated when the presiding officer acquitted
them all.  So poorly did Alben fare in testimony that he was refused
indemnity from prosecution.
[21] Despite being acquitted, the plaintiff felt deeply aggrieved.  He recorded
later that he experienced the media coverage as ‘very psychologically
damaging’, because it ‘portrayed me as a criminal’.  The navy’s written
instruction to refrain from contacting witnesses treated him, he said, ‘as a
dangerous and criminal suspect’.  Most crucially, however, in the light of later
events, the plaintiff recorded that he felt aggrieved that navy HQ had failed to
support him.  As he explained in evidence, ‘I felt that some sort of action
should be taken in order to help restore my credibility’.
[22] Despite this controversy, the plaintiff in mid-1994 received a glowing
performance appraisal from De Vos, and was awarded a merit bonus: he
was ‘an exceptionally trustworthy officer who is performing outstanding
work’.21 The appraisal reported that he had decided not to take civil action
against his accusers ‘because of the further adverse publicity this will
generate for the navy’.

21 ‘’n Uiters betroubare offisier wat uitstekende werk lewer’.

[23] But trouble continued brewing amongst the staff under his command.  The
ink on the appraisal was barely dry when more controversy flared.  It
involved a sponsored golf day the plaintiff organised; the disposal by staff
under the plaintiff of a set of lead diving weights that had been an exhibit in a
theft case; and a weekend get-away that Curry booked at a resort to which
he invited the plaintiff.  Certain of the plaintiff’s staff claimed that serious
irregularities tainted all three events – and they expressed their misgivings
and resentments to warrant officer McGrath.  The plaintiff had had what he
described as ‘a particularly heavy clash’ with McGrath, who was a military
police warrant officer working under Curry at naval HQ, at about the time
McGrath inspected the Simonstown station in November 1994 (which he
gave a poor rating).
[24] McGrath returned to Simonstown in late November 1994, and collected
affidavits containing complaints and allegations from disaffected members of
the plaintiff’s staff.  In mid-December, navy HQ informed the plaintiff that a
board of inquiry would be convened into the allegations against him.  The
officer appointed to investigate, colonel Van Den Raad, was a retired military
policeman from the army, and the navy chose him (Simpson-Anderson
testified) precisely to ensure a measure of outside objectivity.
[25] Shortly before Van Den Raad started his investigation, the plaintiff was
informed that he was to be promoted from lieutenant commander to full

commander with effect from 1 January 1995.  Although this was publicly
announced, the navy moved to suspend the promotion pending Van Den
Raad’s investigation; but under pressure from the plaintiff’s lawyers (and on
counsel’s advice) it relented in February 1995.  Even though the plaintiff’s
OC, De Vos, who testified on his behalf, conceded that this step was normal
and involved neither irregularity nor victimisation, the incident added
significantly to the plaintiff’s sense of grievance.
[26] The Van Den Raad investigation itself proved acrimonious and combative.
It started with a confrontation in which the plaintiff claimed Van Den Raad
expressed a determination to remove him from his post (De Vos testified that
Van Den Raad said the same to him); the plaintiff himself walked out of their
second meeting.  In the last days of 1994, Van Den Raad filed an interim
report that contained a damning assessment of procedures at the
Simonstown military police station, and the plaintiff’s lack of leadership and
proper management, with (Van Den Raad claimed) no crime prevention
plan, no training, no standing orders and disregard of elementary procedures
in relation to exhibits and the occurrence register.  The plaintiff regarded Van
Den Raad as not only ill-equipped to make these judgments, but biased
against him.
[27] De Vos objected to navy HQ in January 1995 that as the plaintiff’s OC he
was not being kept informed of the investigation, and expressed concern that

Van Den Raad was ‘over-stepping his mandate’.  Soon after, seven
members of the plaintiff’s unit made statements complaining about Van Den
Raad’s methods.  The plaintiff himself handed to Van Den Raad a complaint
he directed to navy HQ about Van Den Raad’s manner of investigation,
asserting that ‘my rights as an officer and according to the Constitution have
been violated’ because Van Den Raad refused to give him a full description
and itemisation of the proposed charges, offering instead only the provisions
of the military discipline code (MDC) against which he said the plaintiff had
offended.  De Vos followed up these complaints in a letter to the chief of staff
of navy personnel, commodore Du Toit, in March 1995, expressing his
concern ‘about the manner in which col Van Den Raad has conducted his
investigation’, and detailing the statements of complaint from the plaintiff’s
staff members.
[28] Du Toit had in the meantime decided that the plaintiff should be
temporarily relieved of his command and placed on compulsory vacation
leave pending the outcome of the investigation.  (Of this step, too, the
plaintiff later complained, ‘I was yet again being portrayed as a dangerous
criminal suspect who would interfere with the investigation’.)
[29] Stripped of his command, the plaintiff was appointed temporarily to a
super-numerary position at the naval staff college at Muizenberg.  Here, in a
kind of living purgatory, he was to spend his time until he left the navy in

December 1997.  He was first appointed an assistant staff officer for
research and development under commander Smith, but explained in
evidence that the job lacked discernible content.  (Du Toit countered that this
was partly to assist the plaintiff to prepare for his second court-martial.)  In
March 1996, midway through the court-martial, the post was changed to
logistician, with more defined and elaborated responsibilities (control over
stores, budget and repairs, and responsibility for maintenance and new
works by outside contractors).  But the defendant conceded in written
argument that the entire staff college posting was in various respects
‘unsatisfactory’.22
[30] And undoubtedly the whole period at staff college was dismal for the
plaintiff, who was assigned no office (having to squat perforce in that of a
secretary), was assigned no duties, tasks or challenges he felt he could
undertake, and felt snubbed and slighted by his fellow officers.  In May 1995,
the college’s OC, captain Kok, registered his concern that the plaintiff was
then already ‘becoming more and more demoralised while no meaningful
tasks can be given to him to carry out’.  The plaintiff testified that in April
1996 he was medically diagnosed with depression and put on anti-
depressant treatment.  This condition eventually led to a period in hospital in
July 1997.

22 ‘Dit was ‘n tydelike en in verskeie opsigte onbevredigende pos.’

[31] Van Den Raad’s probe led to a second preliminary investigation against
the plaintiff, which commander Scheepers conducted in June 1995.  Over his
protests, the plaintiff was refused legal representation, as well as access to
witness statements, whereupon he refused to cross-examine (although,
when Van Den Raad testified, setting out a damning catalogue of
maladministration and misjudgments, the plaintiff ventured to ask him
whether he was sure that he was a military policeman, and whether he was
acquainted with the rules of policing).23  The plaintiff’s complaints about the
conduct of the preliminary investigation elicited support from both Smith
(who voiced concern about ‘the apparent disregard of commander Murray’s
rights’) and Kok (who suggested that ‘correct procedures’ were not being
followed).
[32] The record of Scheepers’s preliminary investigation was sent to Simpson-
Anderson in June 1995, but the plaintiff’s objections to the process triggered
an offer by the navy to re-open the proceedings, which the plaintiff through
his attorneys refused.  Simpson-Anderson decided in August 1995 that the
evidence was sufficient to justify the plaintiff being arraigned before a court
of law; but, fearing that the navy would be blamed for acting ‘as a judge in a
matter where its own interests were at stake’, he referred the matter to the
attorney-general of the Cape to consider a civilian prosecution.  This proved

23 ‘Is u 100% seker u is ‘n militere polisieman en ken u die reels van polisiering?’

abortive when the attorney-general replied that it would ‘not be desirable’ for
the plaintiff to be prosecuted in a civilian court.
[33] The navy now convened a court-martial – the plaintiff’s second in two
years – but refused Curry permission to defend the plaintiff, on the ground
that he might be implicated in certain of the charges (including the away
weekend) and might be called as a witness.  This became another enduring
source of grievance to the plaintiff, even though he was ably defended by
two other legally qualified officers.  The plaintiff also complained that the
navy’s decision to appoint non-navy officers to preside at his trial was
‘unusual and irregular’, even though the navy explained that it used them
precisely to ensure fairness and impartiality in the trial of a senior officer
within its ranks.
[34] At the court-martial, which took place in January and May 1996, the
plaintiff faced eight charges.  He was convicted on two (fraud arising from a
statement he made justifying the use of false civilian number plates on a
military vehicle; and failure to issue written delegations to his staff).  He was
fined R1 000.  But he immediately appealed, and in August 1996 two
independent review officers, Venter and Meyer, recommended he be
acquitted (absence of proof of misrepresentation in regard to the use of the
false number plates; and no lawful order, but only a ‘guideline’, that written
delegations were required).

[35] One of the reviewers, Venter (an air force military justice officer), added a
scathing assessment of what he clearly considered a fundamentally
misdirected prosecution: it grasped, he said, at straws and revealed no
criminal conduct – the criminal law should target criminals: it should not be
used as a means to address administrative mismanagement, or to ensure
that force members do their work properly.
[36] On 15 August 1996, Simpson-Anderson accepted the recommendation
that the convictions and sentence be set aside.  Now, apart from the verbal
reprimand of 1992, the plaintiff had been cleared of all charges.  Even
though the review officers had stated that he should as far as possible now
be put in the position ‘as though he had never stood trial on any charges’
(and even though Kok started pressing for re-appointment instructions as
soon as the court-martial concluded, and later urged that he be returned to
his posting as officer commanding the Simonstown military police), the navy
was chary of this.  This was intimated to the plaintiff in a post-acquittal
meeting with Du Toit on 13 September 1996.  Riven with suspicion of the
navy’s intentions, the plaintiff (who had asked for a meeting with Simpson-
Anderson, and appeared to feel slighted that he had to meet with Du Toit
instead) secretly recorded the conversation.  Even though the hostile
statements by subordinates had not secured any conviction against the
plaintiff, Du Toit told him that to return him to the military police would be

‘very awkward’: ‘how can you have credibility and people’s loyalty’, he asked,
‘if those are the statements made about you?’  The awkwardness arose, Du
Toit emphasised, ‘not because of what the court is saying, but [from] what
your subordinates perceive to have transpired and what they have put in
statements’.  In a later confidential memorandum, Du Toit explained to the
head of defence force personnel that although the plaintiff was ultimately
acquitted, the preliminary investigation had showed a prima facie case: in
the result, the plaintiff ‘was no longer suitable to act as head of naval police,
since his credibility and competence to act as a police officer had been
impaired, despite his acquittal’.24
[37] The plaintiff was guarded when Du Toit probed him about his availability
for alternative postings, saying only ‘I leave it up to you in the sense that I’m
not prepared to commit myself at the moment’.  In evidence, the plaintiff
explained that he ‘refused to make any input because of the way that the
conversation went.’
[38] In the meanwhile, as De Vos conceded in evidence, the defence force
underwent a major restructuring between 1994 and 1996, with the loss of
large numbers of posts (Du Toit testified that naval personnel were cut from
10 000 in 1992 to 8 500 when he left in April 1999), while at the same time

24 ‘Die uitwerking hiervan egter is dat die lid nie meer geskik is om weer as hoof van die vlootpolisie te ageer nie,
aangesien sy geloofwaardigheid en bevoegdheid om as polisiebeampte op te tree, ondanks die
onskuldigbevinding, geknou is.’

the former liberation movements’ soldiers had to be integrated.  The defence
force budget was also being cut severely – by 14% in 1997 alone, Simpson-
Anderson testified. In the period of the plaintiff’s conviction, the military
police were also subjected to a restructuring review (by Van Den Raad).
The new structure took effect on 15 July 1996, while the plaintiff was still at
staff college, and shortly before his acquittal.  The result was that the
Simonstown post the plaintiff had held was down-graded to a lieutenant
commander’s post (or more accurately returned to its former rightful grading,
since the navy’s evidence showed that the plaintiff’s promotion to the rank of
full commander while in that post had been an error).  This was done without
consultation with the plaintiff.
[39] Ignorant of the fate of his post, the plaintiff persisted in his request for a
meeting with the chief of the navy, but Du Toit was again assigned to meet
with him on 1 October 1996.  Dunn and Curry also attended this meeting.
The plaintiff was informed that in the eyes of his superiors he had no further
career as a military policeman in the navy.  Instead, he was offered a senior
staff officer’s (SSO) position in Pretoria as head of ‘protection services’.  The
alternative would be for him to accept a voluntary severance package.  The
SSO position in charge of military police was out of the question (it later went
to Van Den Raad).  Without inquiring further as to what the SSO protection
services offer would entail, the plaintiff abruptly left the meeting.  The offer

was confirmed in writing just over a week later, but rejected in a letter from
the plaintiff’s attorneys on 1 November 1996.
[40] In evidence, the plaintiff explained that he consulted Smith, to whom he
reported at staff college, but made no other inquiries about the job.  Smith
advised him that the navy was setting him up for failure and that accepting
the post would ‘be a career suicide move’.  Cross-examination established
that the plaintiff took no steps to follow up, investigate, explore or consider
the details of the post offered: but the evidence also showed that neither Du
Toit nor any other naval management officer made any effort to explain the
post to the plaintiff, or to allay any apprehension on his part and thereby
persuade him to take it.
[41] The scene was now set for the plaintiff’s departure from the navy, for
neither side – senior management on the one, and the plaintiff on the other –
took further steps in relation to an alternative posting.  The plaintiff remained
at naval staff college.  On 28 October 1996, the plaintiff’s attorneys wrote at
length to the defendant, setting out the plaintiff’s complaints and claiming
that the navy had ‘virtually destroyed his naval career and left him with no
meaningful future in the navy’.  The letter stated that the circumstances
‘would justify a finding that there has been a constructive dismissal’ of the
plaintiff, and demanded ‘compensation’ for what it called ‘a great injustice’.

[42] In May 1997, Kok recorded that it was becoming ‘increasingly more
difficult to utilise’ him: a decision on his re-appointment or future utilisation
was ‘urgently needed’.  On 11 June 1997, the plaintiff tendered his
resignation from the navy.  After some final disputation, it took effect at the
end of that year, leading to this litigation.

Assessment of the plaintiff’s case
[43] The plaintiff plainly endured hardship during the investigations into his
conduct and the two court-martials he faced.  His last years in the navy were
truly miserable.  Despite all the steps taken against him, he emerged with a
record formally clear of any stain, save for the 1992 verbal reprimand.  From
his testimony (including a taxing cross-examination) he emerged as an
honourable man who became deeply burdened by his sense of grievance
against the navy.  Yet it seems to me that the navy established in most
respects that its management of the plaintiff’s employment was substantially
fair.  In one crucial respect, to which I shall return, it did not.
[44] The plaintiff complained that the navy’s decision to prosecute him on the
dagga-planting charges was politically tainted, and that he was not given a
chance to make representations before it reversed its initial decision.  Given
its timing, the reversal was almost certainly prompted by political
considerations.  That does not mean that it was ‘tainted’.  The navy and the

defence force of which it is part are significant national institutions, which
rightly face scrutiny in how they deal with discipline and complaints.  The
navy in my view had ample justification not to ignore Boois’s and Alben’s
allegations, or to dismiss them summarily because of doubts about credibility
and motive.  The decision to air the charges in a public trial was taken in the
interests of showing the public – and, more specifically, Boois – that the navy
would deal fairly and fully with allegations made under oath against a senior
insider.
[45] The plaintiff’s own words were not far from the mark: the prosecution, he
protested, was ‘a political move to show them that all is fair and well in the
navy’.  Precisely so: but with justification.  All organs of state – not least the
defence force, which had been the mailed fist of apartheid – were under
intense scrutiny in the transitional era of 1994, and the navy can in my view
not be faulted for being responsive to that pressure in its management
decisions.
[46] Nor did the proceedings rest on thin air.  A prosecution must have at least
‘a minimum of evidence upon which [the accused] might be convicted’.25
That minimum has for long been understood in our law to be ‘such
information as would lead a reasonable man to conclude that the [accused]

25 S v Lubaxa 2001 (2) SACR 703 (SCA) para 19 (Nugent AJA for the court).

had probably been guilty of the offence charged’.26  Prosecution may be
justified if there is a prima facie case, consisting in allegations, supported by
statements and real and documentary evidence available to the prosecution,
of such a nature that if proved in a court of law through admissible evidence,
should result in a conviction.27
[47] That the defendant had.  Two affidavits implicated the plaintiff in the
dagga-planting incident; one from a witness who claimed that the plaintiff
had suborned him to falsify evidence and pervert the administration of
justice.  Despite the questions surrounding Boois’s credibility, and Alben’s
motive, the existence of the affidavits was a powerful pointer to the necessity
for a public airing.  The bizarre nature of the conflicts and allegations
emanating from the plaintiff’s unit from 1992 meant that it was neither unfair
nor unreasonable to ignore their claims.  Simpson-Anderson testified without
challenge that this was ‘the worst allegation that I had heard of regarding an
officer in the navy’.  As he put it to Dr Eileen Murray, in a sympathetic
response to an angry letter of complaint (the first of three) she directed to
him, as the plaintiff’s spouse, ‘the cold facts had to be aired to ensure that
truth and justice prevailed’.  The decision to proceed, however distressful to
the plaintiff, was in my view not unfair or unreasonable.

26 Beckenstrater v Rottcher and Theunissen 1955 (1) SA 129 (A) 136A-B per Schreiner JA.
27 Du Toit et al Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Act Revision Service 38, 2007, I-4M to I-4O.

[48] The navy’s failure to consult the plaintiff before reversing its decision also
does not seem to me to have been unfair.  The preliminary investigation
gave him a full opportunity to rebut the charges – indeed, his effective use of
that opportunity was what led the navy to conclude, initially, that there should
be no prosecution.  The decision as to whether there should thereafter be a
prosecution was one for his employer, the navy, to make within the overall
operational situation that confronted it.  This included responding to the
political pressure Boois applied.  Given the affidavit evidence at its disposal,
it was not obliged to consult the plaintiff before reversing its decision.  It had
a duty to deal fairly with the plaintiff.  In the politically charged situation it
faced, it did not breach that duty, despite doubt about the complainants’
veracity and motives, by deciding after all that the allegations against him
had to be aired in public.
[49] The plaintiff’s complaints about Van Den Raad’s investigation also seem
to me to lack foundation.  Van Den Raad was brought in from outside
because the navy was determined to grant the plaintiff fairness and
objectivity.  Though the plaintiff clearly felt persecuted, there is no evidence
even remotely suggesting any conspiracy or malevolent intent against him –
and during the trial his legal team rightly abandoned any suggestion that ‘any
member of naval HQ’ conspired ‘to damage’ him.  Van Den Raad came
down hard on the plaintiff, who disputed his means and his conclusions; but

that was an incident of a fairly initiated process for which the plaintiff’s
employer cannot be blamed.  And the plaintiff for his part did what an
employee aggrieved in such a situation is entitled to do: he complained
(indeed he did so volubly and repeatedly).
[50] That Van Den Raad’s resultant report contained a veritable catalogue of
dubious practices, mismanagement and procedural oversights that required
some sort of managerial response was not disputed at the trial.  The report
confronted naval top brass with a further operational dilemma involving the
plaintiff: how to deal fairly and effectively with a senior employee accused of
mismanagement
and
criminal
misconduct.

The
navy’s
lawyers
recommended a prosecution, and though that decision was later questioned
by other defence force lawyers, I do not think it was unfairly taken.  At the
least, the affidavits and circumstantial evidence available to naval
management warranted a prosecution in the use of false civilian number
plates on cars under the plaintiff’s control – even though that charge, like the
others, did not ultimately stick.
[51] It is beyond question that the plaintiff’s ensuing years at naval staff college
were wretched.  He had nothing to do, and did it in an atmosphere of
marginalisation (he testified that he felt ‘shunned’ and ‘sidelined’).  For that
his employer was responsible but not to blame.  The decision to relieve him
of his command pending the second court-martial was – as the plaintiff’s

own witnesses perforce conceded – neither irregular nor unusual.
Suspension on full pay would have been worse, from the point of inactivity
and marginalisation, yet the navy would have been justified, in my view, in
taking that step.  It cannot be faulted for taking the lesser step of assigning
him alternative employment while the charges pended, even though it
proved dispiriting.
[52] The plaintiff also attacked the navy’s decision not to restore him to his post
as commanding officer of the naval military police unit at Simonstown.   It
true that his complaint fails to appreciate the extent of the operational
dilemma the disputes affecting him created for the navy.  While the plaintiff
was acquitted, a significant number of personnel reporting to him were
willing to testify under oath that he had engaged in improprieties of various
kinds, some serious, in carrying out his command.  The plaintiff and his
witnesses pointed out in evidence that naval top brass failed to inquire at the
base whether he would be welcomed back.  But this was not for decision by
ballot or opinion poll.  Whatever the majority view might have been, the navy
judged that the plaintiff’s operating capacity as a military policeman (whether
in Simonstown or in a senior staff posting in Pretoria) had been injured by
the controversies surrounding him.  That conclusion was in my view fairly
justifiable.

[53] More dubious, however, was the navy’s decision to down-grade (or re-
grade) the post for the commanding officer at Simonstown from commander
to lieutenant commander without consulting the plaintiff.  The navy’s
evidence established that the plaintiff had been promoted on the erroneous
supposition that the post carried the higher rank of commander.  However,
the fact was that the navy promoted him while he was the incumbent of the
post.  Without any consultation with the plaintiff (who was languishing at staff
college), the restructuring of mid-1996 confirmed the lower rank.  The navy
therefore argued that it was operationally inappropriate for the navy to re-
assign the plaintiff to Simonstown.  That may ultimately have shown to be
the case, but the navy reached the conclusion unprocedurally:  fairness
required that it consult the plaintiff before re-grading the post he occupied.
Instead he was presented with a unilaterally (and therefore unfairly) effected
fait accompli.
[54] That brings the focus to the nub of the matter, which in my view concerns
the navy’s response to the resulting operational conundrum.  The navy
offered the plaintiff a job at HQ in Pretoria as SSO protection services.  As
previously stated, the plaintiff made no serious effort to investigate the ambit
and responsibilities of the job, but declined it on advice from his reporting
superior at the staff college, Smith.  Thus advised, the plaintiff, suspecting

that he was being set up, and convinced that what he thought the job
entailed would lie quite outside his capabilities, rejected the offer.
[55] That was an error.  But in my view the facts show that the navy committed
a bigger error.  It made no effort whatever to explain the job to the plaintiff, to
illuminate its parameters and challenges, and to engage him in a process
that would enable him to consider it properly.  The navy’s decision not to
return the plaintiff to his post presented it with a classic reorganisation or
rationalisation problem.  Given the outcome of both court-martials, the
decision not to return him to his post involved no fault on the plaintif’s part.
In these circumstances the law clearly places a duty on the employer to
consult fully with the employee affected and to share information to enable
him to make informed decisions. The navy did not fulfil this responsibility until
after the plaintiff resigned.
[56] This observation warrants elaboration.  Explaining the job offer was
anything but superfluous.  The job the navy proposed for the plaintiff was an
entirely new position, carved out from a previous post that embraced both
‘protection services’ and ‘amphibious warfare’.  Navy staff referred
colloquially to the old post simply as ‘SSO protection services’.  The plaintiff
thought his new duties would embrace amphibious warfare, for which he had
neither suitable qualification nor inclination.  He was wrong.  But his
misperception was both understandable and reasonable.  And the navy

never put him right.  Nor did it make any effort to ensure that he knew what
he was being offered, or what it would require of him.
[57] What is more, the navy was prepared to offer the plaintiff the benefit of
what Du Toit called ‘a bit of cross-training’28 as well as the benefit of head
office support (it was willing as Du Toit expressed it to ‘hold his hand’ for a
while).29  None of this the plaintiff knew, and no effort was made to
communicate it to him.  It is true that he walked out of the meeting with Du
Toit on 1 October 1996 without taking matters further.  But in the
circumstances that prevailed, the navy was in fairness not entitled to sit back
and let matters stall there.  Given the background of management decisions
(albeit operationally justified) that had brought the employment relationship
to that impasse, it had a duty in fairness to do more.
[58] Instead, it seems the navy expected the plaintiff to resign.  That is why Du
Toit’s follow-up letter formally offering the SSO post also stated that ‘if your
decision is to leave the SA Navy it can be done in one of the following
manners’, setting out three severance and retirement options (none of which
proved applicable to the plaintiff).  This was neither malicious nor unrealistic,
since the relationship had long become acrimonious, and the plaintiff’s sense

28 ‘’n Bietjie kruis-opleiding’.
29 ‘Om die term te gebruik, sy hand vas te hou vir ‘n rukkie om hom leiding te gee’.

of grievance and anger must have been palpable to all who dealt with him,
particularly Du Toit.
[59] Despite this, the navy owed the plaintiff more.  While management was
not to blame for the eighteen months of unhappy ennui he endured at staff
college, while the charges were pending, what he suffered because of its
(justified) operational decisions was a material factor that should have
directed its decisions in managing his prospects once he had been
acquitted.  The officer commanding staff college had warned the chief of the
navy as early as May 1995 that the plaintiff was ‘demoralised’ and under
‘severe strain’.  Fifteen months later that condition was certain to have been
compounded.

The
plaintiff’s
subjective
condition
of
suspicion,
demoralisation and depression, which was evident to those dealing with him,
was materially relevant to how fairness required the navy to deal with him.
His condition meant that an unexplained offer of a new post was likely to be
rejected.  The lack of explanation, follow-up and elucidation did not
constitute fair dealing.
[60] Significant here is the reinstatement principle.  Absent reasons justifying a
different outcome, fairness required the plaintiff to be returned to his military
police command.  This court has held that an unfairly dismissed employee
suffers a wrong that requires ‘the fullest redress obtainable’, which in the
absence of countervailing reasons is the restoration of the previous

position.30  This principle applies also when an employee is removed from
his post for operational reasons.  When the operational reasons no longer
exist, fairness by default requires reinstatement.  The default position was
thus that fairness required that the plaintiff be returned to his post.
[61] The navy in fact had justification for not returning the plaintiff; but what it
did to convey that to the plaintiff, and to enable him to accept the alternative
it offered, were woefully inadequate.  In short, Du Toit’s unexplained and
unelaborated offer of the SSO post did not constitute the bona fide
consultation the law required of the navy.
[62] Du Toit testified that he could see no reason why the plaintiff should not
still have been in the navy: he blamed the breakdown entirely on the
plaintiff’s failure to investigate and accept the offer.  On this evidence we
must accept that, had the plaintiff investigated the offer properly, he would
still have been employed by the navy.  But to require the plaintiff to
investigate and research a post that was not explained to him puts the
responsibility where it does not belong.  Since the navy was unwilling to
return him to his previous position, fairness required that it explain the basic
ambit and responsibilities of what it offered instead, together with the support
it envisaged in assisting him to adjust.

30 National Union of Metalworkers of SA v Henred Fruehauf Trailers (Pty) Ltd 1995 (4) SA 456 (A) 462I-J, per
Nicholas AJA for the majority.

[63] In my view (which Du Toit’s evidence supports), had the navy adequately
and fairly explained the post to the plaintiff, and the back-up it offered, his
position would not have been intolerable.  (He certainly was consistent in
expressing his wish and determination to stay in the navy, though on just
terms.)  Its failure to do so means the operating cause of the plaintiff’s
resignation was the navy’s conduct.
[64] I am all too aware that this conclusion is based on hindsight.  Fair dealing
as required by the constitutional right to fair labour practices is hard to
pinpoint, and involves retrospective judgments made on documentation and
evidence that stretch far back – in this case over more than a decade.  But
one must counter the sense that the navy has been found wanting against
an intangible and unpredictable standard by positing that it is hard to avoid
the impression, at the end of all the evidence and memoranda and letters
and pleadings, that the plaintiff was hard done by.  It is not hard to perceive,
with more than a decade’s distance, why and how things went so painfully
sour in this employment relationship.  To any slight or injury, the plaintiff
reacted with not muted, but insistent, loud and even strident complaint.  He
blamed the navy for each and every one of his ills, without seeking to
shoulder any responsibility for the breakdown of trust and confidence
between him and, on the one hand, many of those under his command at
the military police base, and, on the other, naval top brass.  And it is not hard

to see why Du Toit, in particular, might have thought in good faith that the
navy would be better rid of him.
[65] But after more than two years of purgatory at staff college, the navy was
not entitled to leave the plaintiff under a material misapprehension as to what
it offered him instead.  In overall assessment, the preponderant conclusion
seems to me inevitable that the navy did not deal fairly with the plaintiff.
[66] The trial court’s judgment omitted to reach this conclusion because in my
respectful view it fragmented each of the plaintiff’s complaints, considering
them one by one in isolation, concluding in relation to each that they neither
were pivotal to his resignation nor rendered his position intolerable.  When
one considers the case as a whole, however, the conclusion is hard to avoid
that the navy breached its duty of fair dealing in the denouement of his
acquittal in the second court-martial.
[67] The defendant argued, and the trial court found, that the plaintiff did not
resign because his position had become intolerable, but because he wished
to claim compensation for the injury he felt he had suffered at the hands of
the navy, and because he was advised that to do so he would have to
resign.  If correct, this would mean that the causal impetus for the
resignation was not that the plaintiff’s position had become intolerable, but
that he desired to claim compensation even though it had not.  I cannot
endorse this argument.  There is some basis for concluding that the plaintiff

heeded legal advice that resignation was a necessary precursor to a claim
for compensation.  But that does not mean that his position was tolerable, or
that the desire for compensation was the main operating factor in his
decision.  He testified that he wanted to remain in the navy, but on terms that
gave him justice and fairness.  The correspondence makes it clear, as does
the plaintiff’s lengthy ‘redress of wrongs’ affidavit, which he penned after his
resignation, that he considered himself simultaneously entitled to
compensation for injury and in an intolerable position in his employment,
both because of the navy’s conduct.  The navy’s refusal to compensate him
resulted in a stalemate.  He did not forfeit his claim because he was intent on
being compensated, and decided that therefore he had no alternative but to
resign.
[68] In the result there is an order as follows:
1. The appeal is upheld with costs, including the costs of two counsel.
2. The order of the trial court is set aside.
3. In its place there is substituted the following order:
(a)  The plaintiff is entitled to such compensation as he may prove for
constructive dismissal by the defendant.
(b)  The defendant is to pay the costs, including the costs of two
counsel.

E CAMERON
JUDGE OF APPEAL

CONCUR:
MPATI DP
MLAMBO JA
COMBRINCK JA
CACHALIA JA

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

Date:
Monday 31 March 2008

Status:
Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of
the media and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme
Court of Appeal

Murray v Minister of Defence (383/2006) [2008] ZASCA 44 (31
March 2008)

In a judgment delivered today, the Supreme Court of Appeal has
unanimously upheld an appeal by Commander George Murray
against the Minister of Defence.  Murray claimed that the South
African Navy constructively dismissed him in 1997.  The High
Court in Cape Town dismissed his claim, but the SCA has
reversed this judgment, and has upheld Murray’s claim.  The case
at this stage involved the question of liability only, and in the next
stage Murray will be able to prove what damages he suffered by
being dismissed constructively.

‘Constructive dismissal’ is a form of dismissal the law recognises
when the employer is at fault for making it impossible for the
employee to continue in employment.  If the employee then
resigns, the employer is held responsible for dismissing the
employee, who can claim compensation.  The SCA held that
Murray’s employment (which was not covered by post-Constitution
labour and employment statutes, which exclude military personnel)

was governed by the constitutional right to fair labour practices,
and that this right as developed under the common law included
protection against constructive dismissal.

Before his constructive dismissal, Murray was the head of the
Simonstown military police.  Members of his own unit accused him
of various improprieties, which led to the navy taking protracted
steps against him, including formal investigations and two court-
martials.  After four years, however, none of the charges stuck,
and Murray demanded to be returned to his posting.  The navy
refused, saying that even though Murray had not been convicted,
his operational ability as a commander had been tarnished by the
allegations against him.  Instead, the navy offered Murray a senior
staff posting in Pretoria – which Murray refused.

The SCA agreed that the navy was justified in citing operational
reasons for not returning Murray to his command (though the court
faulted the navy for not consulting Murray before down-grading his
post during his court-martials).

However, the SCA held that the navy failed in its duty of fair
consultation with Murray in not properly explaining to him the post
it offered to him.  Murray was namely under the justified
misapprehension that the post involved duties far outside his field
of knowledge and ability, whereas the navy had in fact created a
new post, which it considered Murray would be able to fulfil.  This
was never conveyed to Murray.  Nor was he informed that the
navy would be prepared to re-train him and assist him in other
ways.

Instead, because of the strained relationship following the four-
year dispute, the navy left Murray to resign.  This the SCA (in a
unanimous judgment by Cameron JA, in which Mpati DP, Mlambo
JA, Combrinck JA and Cachalia JA agreed) held was unfair.  The
navy made no effort at all to explain the job to Murray, to illuminate
its parameters and challenges, and to engage him in a process
that would enable him to consider it properly.

The navy’s decision not to return Murray to his post presented it
with a classic reorganisation or rationalisation problem.  Given the
outcome of both court-martials, the decision not to return him to his
post involved no fault on Murray’s part.  In these circumstances the
law clearly places a duty on the employer to consult fully with the

employee affected and to share information to enable him to make
informed decisions. The navy did not fulfil this responsibility until
after the plaintiff resigned.  That was unfair.

The decision in the Cape High Court was therefore reversed, and
the claim upheld with costs in both courts.