THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Reportable

Case No: 972/2016

In the matter between:

CIPLA AGRIMED (PTY) LTD

APPELLANT

and

MERCK SHARP DOHME CORPORATION
1ST RESPONDENT

MERIAL LIMITED (MERIAL LLC)
2ND RESPONDENT

MERIAL SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD
3RD RESPONDENT

Neutral citation: Cipla Agrimed v Merck Sharp Dohme Corporation (972/16)
]

ZASCA 134 (29 September 2017)

Coram:
Ponnan, Cachalia and Mathopo JJA and Gorven and Rogers AJJA

Heard:
17 August 2017

Delivered: 29 September 2017

Summary: Delict: Interlocutory interdict: whether appealable: whether final in
effect: contention that patent would have run its course prior to finalisation of
action for final interdict: restatement of test for appealability: order must be

definitive of an issue and not susceptible of alteration by court of first instance:
interdict interim in form and effect: not appealable.

___________________________________________________________________________

ORDER

On appeal from: The Court of the Commissioner of Patents (Louw J sitting as
court of first instance).
The appeal is struck from the roll with costs including the costs of two counsel.

JUDGMENT

Rogers AJA
[1] The appellant (Cipla) is the proprietor of South African Patent 92/7457
(the 1992 patent). The first and second respondents are the joint proprietors of
South African Patent 98/10975 (the 1998 patent). The third respondent is a
registered licensee of the 1998 patent. The first and second respondents were
the cited patentees in an application brought by Cipla for the revocation of the
1998 patent (the revocation application). All three respondents are the plaintiffs
in a pending action against Cipla in which they claim a final interdict against
infringement and an enquiry into damages or a reasonable royalty (the
infringement action). For convenience I refer to the respondents collectively as
Merck.

[2] The revocation application and infringement action were brought in the
Court of the Commissioner of Patents (the CCP). In circumstances I shall
presently explain, Merck in January 2016 launched an urgent application in the
CCP for an interdict restraining Cipla from infringing certain claims in the 1998

patent pending the final determination of the infringement action. Cipla opposed
the urgent application. On 4 March 2016 Louw J granted the interim interdict,
adding the proviso that the interdict would lapse on the expiry date of the 1998
patent if the action was not finally determined by that date. The expiry date of
the 1998 patent is 3 December 2018. He reserved costs for determination in the
infringement action. He gave Cipla leave to appeal to this court against the
whole of his order.

[3] The 1992 and 1998 patents concern injectable veterinary formulas. It is
unnecessary to go into the technical details. They are set out in this court’s
judgment in earlier litigation between the same parties: [2015] ZASCA 175;
2016 (3) SA 22 (SCA) (the SCA judgment).

[4] Cipla instituted the revocation application in June 2011. Cipla advanced
two grounds for revocation of the 1998 patent, based on s 61(1)(c) of the
Patents Act 57 of 1978 (the Patents Act) read with s 25(1), namely: (i) that the
patent was not a ‘new invention’ as contemplated in s 25(1); (ii) that to the
extent it was a new invention, it did not involve an ‘inventive step’ as
contemplated in s 25(1). Cipla stated that in regard to both grounds it would rely
on the 1992 patent. The first of these grounds in essence asserted that the claims
in the 1998 patent were anticipated by the 1992 patent. I  thus refer to this
ground as the anticipation point. In keeping with the terminology used by the
parties, I refer to the second ground as the obviousness point.

[5] In October 2011 Merck issued summons in the infringement action. The
substantive relief it sought was (i) an interdict against infringement and (ii) an
enquiry into damages as a consequence of the infringement, alternatively an
enquiry into a reasonable royalty. In its plea Cipla denied that the 1998 patent
was valid, alleging that the patent was liable to be revoked on the same grounds

set out in the revocation application. Cipla did not deny that its product
infringed Merck’s patent if the impugned claims in Merck’s patent were valid.

[6] In April 2012 Cipla delivered an application for the referral of the
revocation application to oral evidence. In May 2012 the parties agreed to stay
the infringement action pending the final determination of the revocation
application. In August 2012 Cipla’s attorneys wrote to Merck’s attorneys,
expressing the view that oral evidence was needed on the obviousness point but
not on the anticipation point. They proposed that the revocation application and
the application for referral to oral evidence be set down for hearing on the same
date. Merck’s attorneys’ reply was that Merck did not agree to a piecemeal
hearing and that Merck would deal with any conditional application for a
referral to oral evidence if and when it was made.

[7] The revocation application was heard by Teffo J on 13 March 2013. In
the introductory section of their heads of argument in the CCP Cipla’s counsel
sketched various permutations in which Cipla might ask for the matter to be
referred to oral evidence on the obviousness point. They concluded this section
with the statement that ‘[t]he present hearing, however, is confined to the issue
of anticipation only and no oral evidence is required to decide this question’.

[8] Merck’s counsel, who filed their heads of argument several weeks later,
stated that Cipla had chosen to limit their argument to the anticipation point and
did not persist with the obviousness point. With reference to oral evidence, they
submitted that there was no need to have regard to a referral application which
might or might not be made in the future. They noted, however, that the
procedure proposed by Cipla was incompetent and that Cipla’s failure to
advance argument on the obviousness point amounted to an abandonment

thereof and that any attempt later to resurrect it would be opposed on the basis
of res judicata.

[9] Teffo J delivered judgment on 11 March 2014. She upheld the
anticipation point and granted revocation. An appeal against her decision was
heard in this court in November 2015. In their heads Merck’s counsel said that
Cipla had not persisted with the obviousness point in the CCP. In a related
footnote Merck’s counsel said that although Cipla’s heads in the CCP had
contained a suggestion that Cipla might apply for a referral to oral evidence
depending on future events, such an application would have been incompetent
as violating the principle of res judicata. The footnote ended thus:
‘The threatened application for referral is, however, not a matter which is in issue in this
appeal, which is limited to the finding of the court a quo that the patent is invalid on the
ground of lack of novelty [viz the anticipation point].’

[10] In their heads of argument Cipla’s counsel noted that, in addition to the
anticipation point, certain of the patent’s claims were challenged on grounds of
obviousness. However nothing more on the subject was said. Merck’s heads, in
the respects I have mentioned, were not addressed.

[11] This court delivered judgment on 27 November 2015. The court found
that the anticipation point was bad. The following order was made:
‘1. The appeal is upheld with costs, including the costs of two counsel.
2. The order of the court below is replaced with the following:
(a) The application for revocation of [the 1998 patent] is dismissed.
(b) Each of the claims of [the 1998 patent] is certified as being valid in terms of section 74 of
the Patents Act No 57 of 1978.
(c) Costs are awarded to the joint patentees, including the costs of two counsel.’

[12] Para 2 of this order followed exactly the relief sought by Merck in its
counter-statement in the revocation application and in the concluding paragraph
of Merck’s counsel’s heads of argument in the CCP and in this court.

[13] On 3 December 2015 Merck’s attorneys wrote to Cipla’s attorneys stating
that the SCA judgment addressed the only matter in issue in the infringement
action. Since it was common cause that if the 1998 patent was valid Cipla was
infringing it, they demanded that Cipla consent to the relief claimed in the
infringement action, failing which Merck would set the matter down for trial,
apply for an interim interdict and seek a punitive costs order.

[14] On 17 December 2015 Cipla served a notice to amend its plea by deleting
the anticipation point and adding a new attack on the patent’s validity, namely
that the invention illustrated or exemplified in the specification ‘cannot be
performed or does not lead to results and advantages set out in the complete
specification’. In keeping with the parties’ terminology, I refer to this as the
inutility point, which is based on s 61(1)(d) of the Act. This notice of
amendment signalled Cipla’s intention to persist with its attack on the validity
of the 1998 patent, relying on the (existing) obviousness point and the (new)
inutility point. Merck responded on 12 January 2016 by serving a notice to
amend its replication by setting up the SCA judgment as rendering the validity
of the 1998 patent res judicata. Following reciprocal objections, substantive
applications for amendment which were delivered. The exchange of affidavits
in the amendment applications was completed by 22 April 2016.

[15] In the meanwhile, and on 14 January 2016, Merck launched an urgent
application for an interdict pending the final determination of the infringement
action. The matter served before Louw J who delivered judgment on 4 March
2016. In summary he found that although only the anticipation point had been

argued in the CCP and in this court, Cipla had been obliged to put forward, in
the revocation application, all its attacks on the validity of the 1998 patent. In
regard to the obviousness point, Cipla should have sought a separation of issues
if it wanted that point to stand over for later decision. The validity of the patent
was thus res judicata. Because in his view Merck had a clear right, it did not
need to establish a reasonable apprehension of irreparable harm. He considered
that the balance of convenience favoured Merck. To offset possible prejudice to
Cipla, Merck had tendered to pay any damages Cipla might suffer if it
transpired that the interim interdict should not have been granted.

[16] In what follows I refer to the basis on which the court a quo found Merck
to be entitled to an interdict as res judicata even though there might be a
difference in the principles applicable to the obviousness point and the inutility
point respectively, given that the former but not the latter formed part of the
pleadings when the SCA judgment was delivered.

[17] There is a threshold, and ultimately decisive, question as to whether the
court a quo’s judgment is appealable. Merck’s counsel contended that it was
not. This point was taken when the application for leave to appeal was heard.
Louw J evidently did not agree with it because he granted leave. Unfortunately
he did so without giving reasons. The fact that he granted leave to appeal does
not dispose of the question of appealability.1

[18] In terms of s 19(2) of the Patents Act a decision or order of the CCP has
the same effect and shall for all purposes be deemed to be a decision or order of
the North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria.2 The appealability of CCP decisions

1 See Firstrand Bank Ltd t/a First National Bank v Makaleng [2016] ZASCA 169 para 15. And see, for
example, Celliers NO & others v Ellis & another [2017] ZASCA 13.
2 Section 19(2) refers to the ‘Transvaal Provincial Division’ which should now be read as a reference to the
North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria.

thus stands on the same footing as decisions of the high court. In terms of
s 16(1) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 an appeal may, with leave
granted, be brought against ‘any decision’ of a high court. The word ‘decision’
here has the same meaning as it was held to have in s 21(1) of the repealed
Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959 and ‘decision’ in the latter section in turn had
the same meaning as ‘judgment or order’ in s 20(1) of the repealed Act.3
Generally a ruling does not constitute a ‘decision’ unless it has three attributes:
it must be final in effect; it must be definitive of the rights of the parties; and it
must have the effect of disposing of at least a substantial part of the relief
claimed.4

[19] An interim interdict pending the determination of an action is not final in
effect, which is why matters decided for purposes of granting an interim
interdict do not become res judicata.5 The grant of an interim interdict is thus
not usually appealable.6 In JR 209 Investments (Pty) Ltd & another v Pine Villa
Country Estate (Pty) Ltd7 this court pointed out that in deciding whether an
order is final one must bear in mind not merely the form of the order but also,
and predominantly, its effect.8 In that case the interim interdict was held to be
appealable because it affected the whole of a township development whereas
the pending action concerned only a part of the development. The right to
develop the whole township was not an issue which would be decided in the
pending action. The interdict was thus final in effect.

3 See Firstrand Bank Ltd supra para 15; Neotel (Pty) Ltd v Telkom SA Soc Ltd & others [2017] ZASCA 47 paras
12-13. As to the meaning of ‘decision’ in s 21(1) of the Supreme Court Act, see Van Streepen & Germs (Pty)
Ltd v Transvaal Provincial Administration 1987 (4) SA 569 (A) at 584E-F.
4 S v Western Areas Ltd & others 2005 (5) SA 214 (SCA) para 20, citing Zweni v Minister of Law and Order
1993 (1) SA 523 (A) at 532I-533B.
5 African Wanderers Football Club (Pty) Ltd v Wanderers Football Club 1977 (2) SA 38 (A).
6 Cronshaw & another v Fidelity Guards Holdings (Pty) Ltd 1996 (3) SA 686 (A); Metlika Trading Ltd & others
v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service [2004] 4 All SA 410 (SCA) paras 19-21;  Maccsand CC
v Macassa Land Claims Committee & others [2005] 2 All SA 469 (SCA) para 8; Van Niekerk & another v Van
Niekerk & another 2008 (1) SA 76 (SCA) paras 9-14.
7JR 209 Investments (Pty) Ltd & another v Pine Villa Country Estate (Pty) Ltd [2009] ZASCA 3; 2009 (4) SA
302 (SCA).
8 Para 25.

[20] The court a quo did not intend to decide the res judicata point finally.
True, Louw J was sufficiently clear in his own mind to regard Merck as having
established a clear right. This led him to conclude that Merck did not need to
establish irreparable harm. Louw J nevertheless addressed the balance of
convenience and found that it favoured Merck. The form of order was an
interim interdict pending the final determination of the action. If Louw J had
intended finally to decide the res judicata point, nothing would have remained
in dispute in the pending action insofar as interdictory relief was concerned. He
thus must have envisaged that the res judicata point, and therefore the award of
a permanent interdict, would be finally decided in the action.

[21] The appellant’s counsel submitted that the interdict was final in effect
because the action was unlikely to be determined before the expiry of the patent
on 3 December 2018. Since the final interdict claimed in the infringement
action could itself not endure beyond 3 December 2018, the interim order, so it
was said, in effect finally disposed of interdictory relief. In support of this
contention Cipla’s counsel cited BHT Water Treatment (Pty) Ltd v Leslie &
another.9 There the applicant sought to enforce a 12-month restraint of trade.
Marais J said that although the applicant sought an interim interdict the interdict
was in substance final because the action would not be determined within the
12-month period. (The report does not state when the application was argued
but by the time judgment was delivered the restraint had about eight months to
run.) Marais J thus considered that he should apply the test for final interdicts,
including the approach to disputes of fact.10 This approach has been followed in
a
number
of
provincial
decisions.11
And
in
Reddy
v
Siemens

9 BHT Water Treatment (Pty) Ltd v Leslie & another 1993 (1) SA 47 (W).
10 At 54J-56A.
11 See, eg, Arrow Altech distribution (Pty) Ltd v Byrne & others [2008] 1 All SA 356 (D) para 2; Maureen Allen
Inc v Jooste [2017] ZAGPJHC 185 para 15.

Telecommunications (Pty) Ltd,12 also a 12-month restraint case, this court said
that the lower court had been correct to treat the matter as being substantially an
application for final relief, referring with approval to BHT.

[22] On the other hand in Radio Islam v Chairperson, Council of the
Independent Broadcasting Authority, & another13 Goldstein J declined to follow
BHT in this respect, finding that it was clearly wrong.14 Radio Islam also has its
supporters at provincial level.15 And in the sphere of patents, it was followed by
Botha J in Pfizer Ltd & another v Cipla Medpro (Pty) Ltd & others.16 As
Goldstein J observed in Radio Islam, an interim interdict is always final in the
limited sense that ‘time run cannot be recalled’ (see this court’s decision in
Cronshaw & another v Fidelity Guards Holdings (Pty) Ltd17). Prejudice of that
kind is taken into account in judging the balance of convenience.18 The court
can require an applicant, as a condition for the grant of an interim interdict, to
give an undertaking to pay damages if it is ultimately found that an interim
interdict should not have been granted.19 In Cronshaw an employee was
interdicted from breaching a restraint of trade pending the determination of an
action. The appeal record shows that the restraint operated for a period of two
years from 1 March 1994 and that the interim interdict was granted on 11 May
1994. The appeal was heard in this court on 19 March 1996 by which time the
two-year restraint had expired. The fact that a substantial part of the restraint
period may have expired before the matter came to trial was clearly not thought
to affect the appealability of the interim interdict.

12 Reddy v Siemens Telecommunications (Pty) Ltd 2007 (2) SA 486 (SCA) para 4.
13 Radio Islam v Chairperson, Council of the Independent Broadcasting Authority, & another 1999 (3) SA 897
(W).
14 910I-911C.
15 See, eg, Astral Operations Ltd t/a Country Fair Foods and National Chicks v Country Bird (Pty) Ltd &
another [2006] ZAFSHC 53 para 10; Pansolutions (Pty) Ltd t/a Panasonic Business Systems v Purdy [2006]
ZAGPHC 242 para 8.5.
16 Pfizer Ltd & another v Cipla Medpro (Pty) Ltd & others 2005 BIP 1; [2005] ZACCP 1 pp 10-14.
17 Fn 6 above at 690H.
18 Cronshaw at 691B-C.
19 Cronshaw 690H-I.

[23] BHT and the cases which followed it were concerned with the test to be
applied in the granting of an interdict rather than the issue of appealability but I
can see force in the argument that if a court grants an interim interdict in
circumstances where it should, on the basis of BHT, have treated the application
as one for final relief, the interdict, though interim in form, is final for purposes
of appealability. This is particularly so where, as here, Cipla pertinently alleged
in the court a quo, and subsequently argued, that the matter should, in
accordance with BHT, be adjudicated as a claim for a final interdict and where
the court a quo’s failure to do so is one of the grounds of appeal.

[24] Although Reddy20 approved BHT, the point was not argued. (The
appellant there relied on BHT to justify the trial court’s treatment of the
application as being in substance for a final interdict and the respondent did not
take issue with the contention.) Since the correctness of the competing lines of
authority was likewise not canvassed in argument before us, I shall assume,
without so deciding, that the BHT approach is sound in principle. On that
assumption, there are two points to be made. Firstly, the BHT approach should
be confined to cases where it is clear, at the time the court grants the interdict,
that the matter will not be able to be finally determined before the interdict in
any event expires. BHT and Reddy were cases of that kind. The trial court
cannot be expected to engage in speculative crystal ball-gazing. Second, the
BHT approach is concerned with whether the trial court will have opportunity to
decide the case finally, given the limited duration of the legal restraint. The fact
that an appeal from the trial court’s final decision could not be finalised before
the expiry of the legal restraint is, as Cronshaw shows, irrelevant. An interdict,
interim in form, could only be regarded as a final order of the trial court if the
trial court would not have the opportunity, before the expiry of the legal
restraint, of deciding the matter on a final basis.

20 See fn 15 above.

[25] Merck has never contended that it is entitled to an interim interdict on the
merits of the case, ie after an assessment on paper of the relative strengths and
weaknesses of the obviousness and inutility points. It launched its application
for an interim interdict on the sole basis that the SCA judgment had rendered
the validity of its patent res judicata. Since infringement was not in issue,
Merck’s entitlement to the interdict depended on whether it had a clear or prima
facie right flowing from the res judicata issue. Louw J formed a view on that
question in Merck’s favour. If, contrary to Louw J’s conclusion, the res judicata
point were finally determined by the CCP in Cipla’s favour, the interim interdict
would have to be discharged owing to changed circumstances. The interim
interdict has no other foundation. The discharge of the interim interdict would
not be a lengthy process since there would be no basis for opposing it.

[26] The correct question, therefore, is whether as at 4 March 2016 it was
clear that a final decision on the res judicata point would not be obtained in the
CCP in time to obtain the discharge of the interim interdict before 3 December
2018. The fact that such a final decision might itself be taken on appeal would,
as I have said, not affect the present enquiry. Once the correct question is asked,
the answer is plain. It was not clear as at 4 March 2016 that Cipla would be
unable to obtain a final decision from the CCP on the res judicata point, and
thus a discharge of the interim interdict (if the final decision were in its favour),
prior to 3 December 2018. On the contrary the probabilities are that a final
decision could have been achieved well before 3 December 2018. Completing
the exchange of affidavits in the amendment applications would not have taken
more than a month or two. The refusal of either of the amendment applications
would have been a final and appealable order.21 If for any reason the decision on
the amendment applications did not finally determine the res judicata point, that
point together with the confirmation or discharge of the interim interdict, could

21 South British Insurance Co Ltd v Glisson 1963 (1) SA 576 (D) at 578D-E.

have been expeditiously decided as a separated issue.22 A decision thereon
would have been a final and appealable order.23 All of this should have been
achievable by the end of 2016 and at any rate well before 3 December 2018.

[27] It follows that the interdict granted by the court a quo was not only
interim in form but interim in substance. On ordinary principles it is not
appealable. As pointed out in Western Areas,24 s 39(2) of the Constitution,
which requires legislation to be interpreted in a way which promotes the spirit,
purpose and objects of the Bill of Rights, entitles a court to have regard to the
interests of justice in assessing whether there should be a relaxation of the usual
requirements.25 However Cipla did not advance any arguments, other than those
I have already addressed, in support of a contention that it would be in the
interests of justice in the present case to depart from the usual requirements and
I do not think that any such departure is warranted.

[28] I have had the benefit of reading my colleague Gorven AJA’s judgment
in draft. It seems that we are agreed on the result and on all the applicable
principles save for the basis on which BHT is to be distinguished (neither of us
consider it appropriate to determine, in the present appeal, whether BHT is right
in principle). My colleague distinguishes BHT in paras 51 and 52 below. He
considers the crucial difference to be that whereas in BHT the trial court dealt
with the matter as a final interdict, the court a quo in the present case dealt with

22 In terms of s 19(1) of the Patents Act the law governing procedure in civil cases in the high court applies to
CCP proceedings. Although rule 33(4) of the Uniform Rules may not strictly have been applicable to the
revocation application (rule 33(4) applies only to actions), the high court would have an inherent jurisdiction in
motion proceedings to decide certain issues in advance of others, particularly where, as here, the other issues
required oral evidence which would be avoided by deciding a preliminary issue. This is consistent with s 19(1)
which states that in the absence of any relevant provision the Commissioner shall 'act in such manner and on
such principles as he may deem best fitted to do substantial justice and to give effect to and carry out the objects
and provisions of this Act'. Cipla itself assumed the existence of a power to separate the issues – it argued that
Teffo J had impliedly made a separation order.
23 See SA Eagle Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk v Hardford 1992 (2) SA 786 (A) at 789H-792H; Marsay v Dilley
1992 (3) SA 944 (A) at 962C-E.
24 Fn 4 above.
25 Western Areas paras 25-28.

the matter as an interim interdict, an approach which my colleague considers
was not attacked before us. However, and contrary to what my colleague says,
Cipla squarely attacked the court a quo’s approach, both in its application for
leave to appeal and in its heads of argument. In the application for leave to
appeal Cipla stated inter alia that the court a quo had erred in finding that the
interdict sought was an interim interdict and in finding that Merck had satisfied
the requirements for the granting of an interim interdict when what was required
was a finding that Merck had satisfied the requirements for a final interdict. In
their heads of argument in this court Cipla’s counsel submitted that Merck’s
characterisation of its application as one for an interim interdict was inaccurate,
having regard to the principles laid down in BHT; that in substance a final
interdict had been sought; and that the court a quo should thus have applied the
requirements for a final interdict. Naturally Cipla did not go the further step of
saying that the court a quo erred in failing to grant a final interdict – Cipla’s
argument on the merits was that no interdict at all should have been granted.
However the ineluctable conclusion from Cipla’s arguments is that the court a
quo mischaracterised its order and should have granted an order which reflected
its true substance (ie a final interdict) if satisfied that Merck had met the
requirements for a final interdict.

[29] To the extent that my colleague’s distinction rests solely on the fact that,
unlike the present case, the court in BHT dealt with the matter as a final
interdict, this is in my view an unsound basis for distinguishing the cases. The
trial court cannot be the final arbiter of whether its order is final in effect and
substance. If it were otherwise, a trial court’s granting of leave to appeal would
be dispositive, which clearly it is not. This court has said on multiple occasions
that in determining whether an order is interim or final (and thus appealable) it
is not the form but predominantly the effect of the order which is important. The
significance of BHT is that it lays down a test for determining when an interdict,

despite its interim form, is final in effect. It is irrelevant for present purposes
that the application of the test led Marais J to conclude that the interdict he was
dealing with was final in effect. Cipla relied on BHT for the legal test, not its
fact-specific outcome. The legal test, according to BHT (as apparently
confirmed in Reddy), is that an interdict is final in effect if the trial court will
not have another opportunity to make a final determination before the restraint
(or here, the patent) expires. If that legal test is right (or assumed, without so
deciding, to be right), there is no avoiding an enquiry into whether, in the
present case, the CCP would have had an opportunity to make a final
determination before 3 December 2018.

[30] BHT by its nature calls for a predictive evaluation but the speculative
element would be kept to a minimum if, as I propose, the BHT approach is
confined to cases where it is quite clear that trial court will not have an
opportunity of finally adjudicating the interdict before it lapses. The answer is
the present case is uncomplicated – the BHT test, as applied to the facts of this
case, leads to the conclusion that the CCP’s order was not only interim in form
but interim in substance.

[31] I respectfully consider that my colleague also incorrectly states Cipla’s
argument when he says (para 47) that Cipla is asking us to entertain the appeal
on the same basis that was rejected in Cronshaw. In Cronshaw it was not
alleged that the trial court would be unable to finally adjudicate the interdict
before the restraint expired. No such argument is reflected in the heads of
argument or in this court’s judgment. This is unremarkable because in
Cronshaw the restraint still had slightly more than 21 months to run from the
date of the granting of the interim interdict. The argument in Cronshaw was that
the interim interdict was final in effect because its operation during a part (but
not the whole) of the restraint period could not be undone. That argument was

rejected and Cipla has not sought to revive it. According to BHT the position is
different where the interdict, though interim in form, will remain in operation
for the whole period of the restraint. Whether that is a justifiable distinction
must be left for another day. I should add that BHT was referred to in argument
in Cronshaw not by the appellant in relation to appealability but by the
respondent in relation to the merits of the enforceability of the restraint. BHT
was not mentioned in the judgment (which dealt only with appealability).

[32] The appeal must thus be struck from the roll with costs, including the cost
of two counsel. In Merck’s heads of argument we were asked to grant Merck
costs on the attorney client scale both in the court a quo and in this court. The
respondents’ counsel conceded at the hearing that in the absence of a cross-
appeal he could not seek a variation of the CCP’s cost order. The respondents’
counsel also acknowledged that Cipla’s conduct of the appeal was not worthy of
censure.

[33] Accordingly the following order is made: The appeal is struck from the
roll with costs including the costs of two counsel.

__________________

O L Rogers

Acting Judge of Appeal

Gorven AJA (Ponnan, Cachalia and Mathopo JJA concurring):

[34] I have had the benefit of reading the closely reasoned and thorough
judgment of Rogers AJA. I agree with the outcome and order. My concern is

that it ventures into territory which was not fully canvassed in argument and
which is not necessary to decide the matter before us.

[35] The factual background is clearly sketched in that judgment and I will not
repeat it. The crisp issue is whether or not the order granted by Louw J is
appealable. His order reads as follows:
‘In the result, I find that the applicants have satisfied the requirements for the granting of an
interim interdict. I accordingly make the following order:
[a] The respondent is interdicted from infringing claims 1 to 7, 18 to 23 and 29 of South
African patent 98/10975 pending the final determination of the action instituted by the
applicants against the respondent on 18 October 2011 under the above case number, provided
that the interdict will lapse on the expiry date of the patent if the action has not been finally
determined by that date.
[b] The costs of the application are reserved for determination in the action.’

[36] The appellant (Cipla) accepts that the order is in the form of an
interlocutory interdict which operates pending the outcome of the action
mentioned in the order itself. It also accepts that this court has held that,
ordinarily, such interdicts are not appealable.26 However, it submits that the
interdict in question, while interim in form, is final in effect. It was on this sole
basis that Cipla relied for its submission that the present order was appealable.
No further grounds were relied upon.

[37] It is worth briefly sketching the general approach to appealability.
Section 20(1) of the Supreme Court Act27 provided that an appeal lay from a
‘judgment or order’.28 These words were interpreted in Zweni v Minister of Law
and Order:29

26 African Wanderers Football Club (Pty) Ltd v Wanderers Football Club 1977 (2) SA 38 (A).
27 Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959.
28 The words ‘any decision’ in s 16(1) of the Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 hold the same meaning. See
Van Wyk v S; Galela v S [2014] ZASCA 152; 2015 (1) SACR 584 (SCA); [2014] 4 All SA 708 (SCA) para 20.
29 Zweni v Minister of Law and Order 1993 (1) SA 523 (A).

‘A “judgment or order” is a decision which, as a general principle, has three attributes, first,
the decision must be final in effect and not susceptible of alteration by the Court of first
instance; second, it must be definitive of the rights of the parties; and, third, it must have the
effect of disposing of at least a substantial portion of the relief claimed in the main
proceedings’.
This court has held that those three requirements do not constitute a closed list.
This was made plain by the use of the words ‘as a general principle’. In
addition, the interests of justice are of paramount importance.  However, since
Cipla relies solely on what is meant by ‘final in effect’ in submitting that the
order in question is appealable, the enquiry need only be confined to this.

[38] The appealability of interlocutory orders has been considered over time.
One of the earliest matters dealing with this is Prentice v Smith,30 where the
court held that an order which grants an interim interdict ‘is an interlocutory
order, and that consequently there can be no appeal.’ The earliest statement of
the test in this court was that of Innes J in Steytler NO v Fitzgerald:31
‘It is sufficient for the purposes of this case to say that when an order incidentally given
during the progress of litigation has a direct effect upon the final issue, when it disposes of a
definite portion of the suit, then it causes prejudice which cannot be repaired at the final
stage, and in essence it is final, though in form it may be interlocutory.’
In that matter, a special plea was raised as to jurisdiction and was dismissed.
This court held that, although made in the course of the action between the
parties, it disposed of a definite portion of the suit and was, accordingly, in
essence final and thus appealable. This was an early, clear, statement of what is
meant by ‘final in effect’ or ‘in essence . . . final’. In Blaauwbosch Diamonds
Ltd v Union Government (Minister of Finance),32 Innes CJ restated and clarified
what he said in Steytler:

30 Prentice v Smith (1889) 3 SAR 28 at 29.
31 Steytler NO v Fitzgerald 1911 AD 295 at 313.
32 Blaauwbosch Diamonds Ltd v Union Government (Minister of Finance) 1915 AD 599 at 601.

‘It was then laid down that a convenient test was to inquire whether the final word in the suit
had been spoken on the point; or, as put in another way, whether the order made was
reparable at the final stage.’

[39] In Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company Ltd v Rhodesian
Corporation Ltd,33 the respondent had sued the appellant on the basis that it was
entitled to a half share in any minerals found in certain mining claims. It
requested the appellant to allow it to inspect the mine which request was
refused. After the pleadings in the action had closed, the respondent sought an
order allowing it to inspect the mine. The order was granted. The appellant
contended that the order was appealable. This court disagreed, citing the test in
Steytler and further explaining the approach to appealability:
‘The order does not irreparably anticipate or preclude in whole or in part the relief sought in
the main action or suit. It does not dispose of any issue or any portion of the issue in the main
suit, and the execution of the order will not cause irreparable prejudice at the later stage in the
sense that it will cause prejudice to the respondent when the final judgment is given. We have
not to look to any inconvenience or even expense which an interim order may cause to the
person against whom such order operates. We must look to its effect upon the issue or issues
in the suit. An interlocutory order may of course cause some degree of prejudice – using this
word in its widest sense – to the person required to carry it out, but . . . [this] does not
constitute that “irreparable prejudice” which would give to an interlocutory order the effect of
a final judgment.’34

[40] Here the issue of prejudice was raised. It is clear from the above, that the
only prejudice which may make an order appealable is prejudice which in some
way affects the final determination of an issue in the suit or stands in the way of
an issue being determined at a later date. This is what the cases have
consistently meant when using the words ‘final in effect’.

33 Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company Ltd v Rhodesian Corporation Ltd 1932 AD 146.
34 Globe and Phoenix at 155.

[41] In African Wanderers, an interim interdict had been granted. A
submission was made that, because irreparable harm could be caused to the
appellant, the order did not merely preserve the status quo but was in effect a
final judgment. This court applied the approach of Globe and Phoenix saying:
‘The fact that the order made by HOWARD, J., could well prove to be prejudicial to the
company does not therefore justify a contention that the order was a final and definitive order
and not merely an order ad servandam causam.’35

[42] In Cronshaw & another v Coin Security Group (Pty) Ltd,36 it was again
contended that prejudice rendered an interlocutory interdict appealable.
Cronshaw concerned an interim interdict in support of a two-year restraint of
trade. By the time the matter was heard by this court, the restraint period had
expired. The prejudice raised was that the final determination would not be
made before the restraint expired. It was submitted that what was in form
interlocutory, was in effect final since the interdict had operated during the
entire restraint period. In striking the matter from the  roll, Schutz JA drew on
African Wanderers:
‘This argument also was rejected, it being held on the authorities that it is not every kind of
prejudice that is relevant, only that which directly affects the issue of the ultimate suit.’37

[43] One example of an interim interdict being final in effect is found in JR
209 Investments (Pty) Ltd & another v Pine Villa Country Estate (Pty) Ltd; Pine
Villa Country Estate (Pty) Ltd v JR 209 Investments (Pty) Ltd.38 There, the seller
of a single lot in a township development brought an action for retransfer from
the purchaser. The seller applied for an interdict preventing the purchaser from
dealing with the property pending the outcome of the action. An interim

35 African Wanderers at 48G-H.
36 Cronshaw & another v Coin Security Group (Pty) Ltd 1996 (3) SA 686 (A); [1996] 2 All SA 435.
37 Cronshaw at 690B-C.
38 JR 209 Investments (Pty) Ltd & another v Pine Villa Country Estate (Pty) Ltd; Pine Villa Country Estate (Pty)
Ltd v JR 209 Investments (Pty) Ltd [2009] ZASCA 3; 2009 (4) SA 302 (SCA).

interdict was granted. The interdict prevented the developer of the township
from dealing with the whole township pending the outcome of the action. This
court held:
‘The order affected the entire development, yet the dispute between the parties related to
Portion 7 only. The order was overbroad. The right to develop the township as a whole is not
an issue that would be decided by the trial court and it was consequently final in effect even if
only for a limited period. In our view the merx could have been preserved without the
necessity for an order in those terms. It follows therefore that the order of Rabie J was
appealable.’39

[44] It was explained in Cronshaw that drawing the line between decisions
which are ‘interlocutory’ and those which are ‘final’ and therefore appealable,
‘is intrinsically difficult, and a decision one way or the other may produce some
unsatisfactory results.’ Schutz JA recognised that, ultimately, this is a matter of
policy. He concluded that:
‘From a practical point of view it seems preferable that the merits of the interdict be left for
final determination of the trial, and that the interim relief, to which the balance of
convenience is relevant, be considered once only.
The net effect of a contrary rule, allowing an appeal against the grant of interim orders, could
be the undermining of a necessarily imperfect procedure, which is nonetheless usually best
designed to achieve justice.’40
Van Heerden JA also recognised that this was a matter of policy.41

[45] The need to develop a policy position arises from the nature of interim
interdicts. They are temporary measures designed to protect rights before a final
determination can be made. Since most of these are granted by way of
application, it is not ordinarily possible to resolve competing contentions. Thus
‘a necessarily imperfect procedure’ developed. This requires the establishment

39 JR 209 Investments para 26.
40 At 691E-G.
41 Van Niekerk & another v Van Niekerk & another 2008 (1) SA 76 (SCA) para 6.

of a prima facie right, although open to some doubt, as opposed to a clear right.
It also attempts to factor in the likely resultant prejudice in assessing the balance
of convenience. The stronger the prospects of ultimate success, the less the
balance of convenience counts.42 It also allows for a reconsideration of the
interdict if circumstances warrant it.43 As soon as the court makes a final
determination, the interim interdict is discharged. This is also why a fresh
application for an interim interdict pending an appeal can ordinarily be brought.
In Knox D’Arcy Ltd & others v Jamieson & others, EM Grosskopf JA referred
to the practical difficulty raised in Cronshaw ‘that an appeal against the grant of
an interim interdict would often be inconsistent with the very purpose of this
remedy.’44

[46] Prejudice which does not affect the issues in the suit is dealt with under
the rubric of the balance of convenience in an application for an interim
interdict. Cronshaw referred to a court’s discretion to impose reasonable
conditions such as an undertaking to be liable in damages if it emerges that the
interdict should not have been granted.45

[47] Cipla seized on the phrase ‘final in effect’ in the present matter. It argued
that the patent will have run its course by the time the main action comes to be
considered.46 This is precisely the argument raised and rejected in Cronshaw. It
boils down to the argument that Cipla is prejudiced because ‘time run cannot be
recalled’.47 However, it has been consistently held that ‘final in effect’ means

42 Olympic Passenger Service (Pty) Ltd v Ramlagan 1957 (2) SA 382 (D) at 383E-G, approved in Cipla Medpro
(Pty) Ltd v Aventis Pharma SA & Related Appeal 2013 (4) SA 579 (SCA) para 40.
43 Knox D’Arcy Ltd & others v Jamieson & others 1996 (4) SA 348 (A) at 360A-B.
44 Knox D’Arcy Ltd at 360B-C. For the hypothetical situation discussed by Schutz JA which illustrates this point
see Cronshaw at 691B-F.
45 Cronshaw at 690H-J.
46 Cipla’s answering affidavit stated that ‘the fact is that the infringement action will not be completed by the
time that the patent expires’ and that ‘[t]his is in effect and reality, therefore, an application for final relief.’ This
was, of course, not a fact but a mere assertion.
47 Cronshaw at 690H-I.

that an issue in the suit has been affected by the order such that the issue cannot
be revisited either by the court of first instance or that hearing the action. The
kind of prejudice relied on by Cipla was decisively rejected as a basis for
appealability as far back as Globe and Phoenix. I know of no case where it has
rendered a matter appealable.

[48] As Rogers AJA says, Louw J did not finally decide the res judicata issue.
Nor was it submitted that he did so. There is nothing to prevent his
reconsideration of the order he granted on the basis of changed circumstances,
including a finding on this point in the further interlocutory procedures pending
in the action. Nor is the court which will deal with the amendment applications,
or the court which will hear the action, precluded or hampered by the interim
interdict from deciding this issue. The order is thus not final in effect within the
meaning of those words in our law.

[49] I can find nothing to distinguish the present matter from Cronshaw. The
respondent (collectively Merck) approached Louw J as a matter of urgency for
an interim interdict. This relief was sought pending an action which would
finally determine the issues between the parties. The papers of Merck addressed
the requirements for an interim interdict. Likewise, Louw J made it clear that he
intended to go no further than to grant an interim interdict, saying ‘I find that
the applicants have satisfied the requirements for the granting of an interim
interdict.’ He considered the balance of convenience, a factor relevant only to
an interim interdict. Included in this consideration was the tender by Merck to
pay any damages which Cipla was able to show it had suffered as a result of the
grant of an interim interdict. This latter consideration takes into account the

court’s ability to impose reasonable conditions along the lines mentioned in
Cronshaw so as to limit prejudice.48

[50] On the established principles in our law, the order granted was thus both
in form and effect an interlocutory interdict and not appealable. In so finding, I
recognise that the demarcation between interlocutory and final decisions ‘is
intrinsically difficult, and a decision one way or the other may produce some
unsatisfactory results.’49 Such a situation is par excellence one where the policy
considerations mentioned above come into play.50

[51] Before us, Cipla sought to call in aid BHT Water Treatment (Pty) Ltd v
Leslie & another.51 The court of first instance there treated an application for an
interim interdict arising from a twelve month long restraint of trade as one for a
final interdict. Although it was submitted in the papers and heads of argument
that this approach should have been adopted by Louw J, this was not the basis
on which it was relied on before us. Had this been done, the correctness of that
decision and the competing merits of BHT and Radio Islam would have been
fully debated. It would also have raised an entirely different basis for arguing
the issue of appealability. As Rogers AJA mentions, this was not done. As I
understood the submissions of Cipla on BHT, it was that, although the form of
the order granted an interim interdict, it should be regarded as final, and thus
appealable, since it would endure until the patent expired. The fact that in BHT
the court was persuaded to deal with an application for an interim interdict as
one for final relief does not mean that the interim interdict granted in this matter
becomes appealable. This is, in essence, the argument which was rejected in
Cronshaw.

48 Cronshaw & another v Coin Security Group (Pty) Ltd 1996 (3) SA 686 (A); [1996] 2 All SA 435.
49 Cronshaw at 690D–E.
50 Cronshaw at 691D–E.
51 BHT Water Treatment (Pty) Ltd v Leslie & another 1993 (1) SA 47 (W) at 54.

[52] Because the correctness of the approach of Louw J was not pursued in
argument, the issue raised in BHT does not arise in this matter. As a result, my
approach must not be construed as authority for the proposition that the decision
of Louw J, or any court of first instance, to deal with a matter as an application
for an interlocutory interdict rather than a final one can place that decision
beyond appeal. I therefore respectfully disagree with Rogers AJA that this is a
consequence of the manner in which I deal with BHT.

[53] It is significant that BHT was also referred to by counsel in Cronshaw
but, despite such referral, this court confined itself to the established approach.52
The fact that, in Cronshaw, the restraint had all but run its course by the time
the appeal was heard did not persuade this court that the matter had become
appealable. Nor does it weigh with me in the present matter.

[54] Quite apart from that, I might add that any such exercise might, and in
this case would, require an appeal court to engage in crystal ball gazing on an ex
post facto basis. Such an approach in my view would place an appeal court in an
invidious position. I accept that Rogers AJA has undertaken this exercise to
show that, even if BHT is correct, it is distinguishable on the facts. As indicated,
I believe the exercise to be unnecessary and undesirable in the light of what was
argued before us.

[55] I wish to make it clear that I do not consider it necessary or advisable to
express an opinion on the correctness or otherwise of the approach taken by the
court of first instance in BHT. That issue may arise for consideration in another
matter. It does not arise here. This appeal raises four-square the time-honoured
criteria as to what is meant by ‘final in effect’ in distinguishing between

52 Cronshaw at 687D–E.

interlocutory and final interdicts. It does not implicate the correctness or
otherwise of BHT.

________________________
T R Gorven
Acting Judge of Appeal

Appearances
For the Appellant:
C Puckrin SC (with him MC Seale)
Instructed by:
Brian Bacon & Associates Inc, Cape Town
Webbers, Bloemfontein

For the Respondents:
L Bowman SC (with him G Marriott)
Instructed by:
IP Kisch, Pretoria
Phatshoane Henney Attorneys, Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
29 September 2017
Status:
Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the media and
does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal.

CIPLA AGRIMED
v
MERCK SHARP DOHME CORPORATION

Today the Supreme Court of Appeal handed down judgment striking from the roll
an appeal against the grant of an interlocutory interdict. The parties have been
involved in a number of applications and actions in the Court of the Commissioner
of Patents. The appellant (Cipla) is the proprietor of South African Patent 92/7457
(the 1992 patent). The first and second respondents (Merck and Merial LLC,
respectively) are the joint proprietors of South African Patent 98/10975 (the 1998
patent). The third respondent (Merial SA) is a registered licensee of the 1998
patent. Merck, Merial LLC and Merial SA brought an action for a final interdict and
other relief arising from Cipla having infringed it. This action is still pending. Cipla
brought an application against Merck and Merial LLC for the revocation of the 1998
patent. The application was based on two grounds based on s 61(1)(c) of the
Patents Act 57 of 1978 (the Patents Act) read with s 25(1), namely: (i) that the
patent was not a ‘new invention’ as contemplated in s 25(1); and (ii) that to the
extent it was a new invention, it did not involve an ‘inventive step’ as contemplated
in s 25(1). Cipla relied on the 1992 patent for both grounds. The application was

argued on the papers because the first ground could be determined without
recourse to oral evidence. Cipla stated in its heads of argument that, if this failed, it
had not abandoned the second ground but would seek to refer this to oral
evidence. Merck and the other respondents (hereafter ‘Merck’) in the application
argued that, absent a separation order, the argument on the papers would dispose
of all the issues in the application and recourse could not be sought to oral
evidence thereafter. Despite this, Cipla did not apply for a separation of the issues.
Cipla succeeded in the Court of the Commissioner of Patents but failed in this court
which substituted an order dismissing the application and certifying valid each of
the claims of the 1998 patent.

This prompted Merck to apply to the Court of the Commissioner of Patents to
interdict Cipla from infringing the 1998 patent pending the finalisation of the action
for a final interdict. The right asserted by Merck was that this court had certified as
valid all the claims of the 1998 patent. Cipla maintained that this was not so
because the second ground had not been determined and that it had brought an
application to amend its plea in the action to raise a third ground of invalidity of the
1998 patent. Merck in turn maintained that the issue of validity of the 1998 patent
had been finally determined by this court and brought an application to amend its
replication by setting up the SCA judgment as rendering the validity of the 1998
patent res judicata. Both applications were opposed and remain pending. The
interim interdict was granted. With the leave of the court below, Cipla appealed to
this court against its grant.

The issue before this court was whether the interim interdict was appealable. Cipla
argued that, because the final determination of the res judicata point was unlikely
to take place prior to December 2018 when the patent expired, the interdict, while
interim in form, was final in substance and thus appealable. This court held that the
order was not appealable and struck the appeal from the roll. Two concurring
judgments reached this conclusion along somewhat different lines.