THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case number: 133/07
Reportable

In the matter between :

KINGSLEY JACK WHITEAWAY SEALE

APPELLANT

and

BERNARD RENIER VAN ROOYEN NO

FIRST RESPONDENT
RHEINHOLD MATHIAS ANTWEILER NO

SECOND RESPONDENT
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT, NORTH WEST PROVINCE

THIRD RESPONDENT
THE REGISTRAR OF DEEDS, PRETORIA

FOURTH RESPONDENT

And in the matter between :

THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT, NORTH WEST PROVINCE

APPELLANT

and

BERNARD RENIER VAN ROOYEN NO

FIRST RESPONDENT
RHEINHOLD MATHIAS ANTWEILER NO

SECOND RESPONDENT
KINGSLEY JACK WHITEAWAY SEALE

THIRD RESPONDENT
THE REGISTRAR OF DEEDS, PRETORIA

FOURTH RESPONDENT

CORAM :
HOWIE P, NAVSA, CLOETE, HEHER et COMBRINCK JJA

HEARD :
5 MARCH 2008

DELIVERED :        27 MARCH 2008

Summary: Review : Administrative Actions : where an initial act is set aside on review
subsequent acts, which depend on the initial act for their validity, are of no force or effect. The
analysis of Forsyth as adopted in Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2004 (6) SA
222 (SCA) applies to the validity of acts consequent upon the initial act only for so long as the
validity of the initial act has not been set aside on review; and the analysis does not deal with
whether the initial act should be set aside.

Neutral citation: This judgment may be referred to as Seale v Van Rooyen NO (133/07) [2008]
ZASCA 28 (27March 2008).

_________________________________________________________

CLOETE JA/

CLOETE JA:

INTRODUCTION
[1] In Bullock NO v Provincial Government, North West Province1 this court, at
the suit of the Transvaal Yacht Club (‘TYC’), set aside on review the decision of the
Premier of the North West Province (‘the Premier’) to register a notarial deed of
servitude in favour of Mr Seale. As the judgment records,2 an official of the North
West Province (‘the Province’) had on 18 April 2001 executed a power of attorney for
the registration of the servitude and a notarial deed of servitude had been executed
on 12 July 2001. Unbeknown to this court and the TYC the servitude had already
been registered on 22 November 2002, the day on which the TYC’s attorney of
record informed the State Attorney acting on behalf of the Provincial Government of
the Province (‘the Provincial Government’) that the TYC intended to appeal against
the decision of the court a quo in Bullock.

[2] The State Attorney sought cancellation of the servitude in the Deeds Office,
Pretoria, but he was advised by a colleague that the attitude of the Assistant
Registrar was that the order of this court in Bullock ‘should be regarded as null and
void as it does not grant authorisation to the Registrar of Deeds to cancel’ the
servitude. The State Attorney approached Seale through his attorneys but Seale
refused to consent to the servitude being cancelled. He undertook to provide his
reasons for doing so in writing but before they were furnished, the TYC as the
applicant brought motion proceedings in the Pretoria High Court against the
Registrar of Deeds, Pretoria, the Provincial Government and Seale as respectively
the first, second and third respondents. The relief ultimately sought was for an order
(1) directing that the Registrar of Deeds, Pretoria, upon presentation to him of the
order, forthwith cancel the registration of the servitude; alternatively (2) directing the
Provincial Government and Seale to take all steps and to sign all documents

1 2004 (5) SA 262 (SCA). The reference to a 'lease' in para 24 at p 273A, and in the headnote at
p 264B-C, should be a reference to a 'servitude'.
2 Ibid para 5.

necessary, within five days of the order, to cancel registration of the servitude in the
office of the Registrar of Deeds, Pretoria and failing compliance, that the sheriff take
all steps and sign all documents necessary to cancel the servitude. Costs were
sought against the Provincial Government and Seale jointly and severally.

[3] Simultaneously with its answering affidavit the Provincial Government
tendered, unconditionally and at its own cost, with the authority of the court, to
cancel the registration of the servitude in the Pretoria Deeds Office and to pay the
TYC’s costs of the application on an unopposed basis. The State Attorney who had
been handling the litigation explained in the answering affidavit that he had only
found out ‘afterwards’ (when precisely was not disclosed) that the deed of servitude
had been registered on 22 November 2002 and went on to say that:
‘At all relevant times I was under the impression that if [the TYC] would be successful with the appeal,
that such judgment would be sufficient to cancel the registration of the said servitude’
and
‘I was astonished to hear that the judgment of the Court of Appeal was not sufficient for the
cancellation of the said notarial deed of servitude and couldn’t understand why [Seale] won’t consent
to the cancellation.’
The Provincial Government did not participate in the proceedings in the court a quo
after it delivered its answering affidavit and tender on 21 September 2005. Seale on
the other hand put in issue the TYC’s locus standi to bring the application in its own
name and the authority of those who did so, and opposed the application on the
merits. The court a quo (Van Rooyen AJ), in interlocutory proceedings opposed by
Seale, substituted the then trustees of the TYC as the applicants, and ultimately
made an order directing the Registrar of Deeds to cancel the registration of the
servitude. The learned judge further ordered the Provincial Government to pay the
costs of the TYC and Seale. Seale has appealed against the substantive relief
obtained by the TYC both on the merits and on the basis that those who sought the
relief on behalf of the TYC were not authorised to do so. The Provincial Government
has appealed against the costs orders. Both appeals are with the leave of this court.

LOCUS STANDI AND AUTHORITY

[4] The TYC was originally cited as the applicant. Mr van Rooyen, a trustee of the
TYC, deposed to the founding affidavit. He said that the application was brought ‘by
the applicant as represented by me and Brian Macdonald Scott and Anthony Money
as trustees of the applicant by virtue of the authority vested in us by paragraph 14 of
the Constitution of the applicant’. A copy of the TYC’s constitution was annexed to
the founding affidavit. So were a resolution of the trustees authorising Van Rooyen to
bring the application on behalf of the TYC and confirmatory affidavits by Scott and
Money.

[5] It is necessary to quote paragraph 14 of the TYC’s constitution in full. It reads:
’14   TRUSTEES
The role of Trustees shall be to hold in trust the Club’s assets and to protect the legal and financial
viability of the Club in pursuit of the Club’s objectives. The tenure of trustees shall be for multiple
years to enable them to provide continuity over the long-term affairs of the Club. The President of
TYC shall de facto be a Trustee of the Club and there shall be up to three other Trustees.
Trustees shall be elected at an AGM according to the same procedures applying to the election of
officers. They do not require to be re-elected at each AGM but shall hold their position until either they
advise the Secretary in writing that they resign from that position, they cease to be a member of the
Club or they are voted out of that position by a motion at an AGM or Special General Meeting. When
Trustee positions fall vacant it shall be incumbent on the remaining Trustees to ensure nomination
and replacements by the time of the next AGM, or SGM if an urgent need arises.
The Trustees shall represent the Club in any legal actions and shall involve themselves sufficiently in
the Club’s operational affairs to forestall or mitigate any legal actions they consider may harm the
Club’s position. They shall consult the committee of the day on any legal matters. A Trustee shall only
act in a legal capacity for the Club if his actions have the agreement of the other available Trustees
and such action follows the minuted direction of the Executive Committee. Any major expenditure or
commitments that will require the Club to borrow or pledge funds in any form shall, unless approved at
an AGM or SGM require the approval of the Trustees. They shall have the right to call for independent
audits of the Club’s financial affairs and to call special general meetings of the Club in any serious
matters relating to their responsibilities.
The Trustees, for the time being shall be entitled to seats upon the Committee, to take part in its
deliberations and shall possess equal voting rights with other members thereof. They do not lose their
seats on the Committee through non-attendance, as do the other Members.
The following are provided as guidelines only regarding Trustees.
Trustees should ideally be long-standing members of the Club who have been flag officers and
preferably past Commodores. They should bring legal, financial or business experience to their role

and be persons of recognised integrity and sound judgement. They should not hold operational
responsibilities at the Club but can vote at Committee Meetings and provide guidance from their
experience. The Trustees should meet from time to time to consider issues of strategic importance to
the Club. They should act in consensus.’
Clause 9 of the constitution makes it clear in the following provision that the
references in paragraph 14 to ‘the Committee’ are to the executive committee:
‘NB: Where the word Committee is used without qualification in these Rules, the Executive Committee
is signified.’
The function of the executive committee is set out in clause 9 as follows:
‘The Executive Committee shall be appointed at the Annual General Meeting and shall manage,
control and have entire conduct of the affairs of the Club save as shall be prescribed by the duties of
the Trustees.’

[6] The argument of Seale’s counsel was based on that part of clause 14 of the
constitution which reads:
‘A Trustee shall only act in a legal capacity for the Club if his actions have the agreement of the other
available Trustees and such action follows the minuted direction of the Executive Committee.’
It is common cause that there was no minuted direction of the executive committee
authorising the application. That, according to the argument advanced on behalf of
Seale, is fatal.

[7] Counsel for the TYC relied on that part of clause 14 which reads:
‘The Trustees shall represent the Club in any legal actions . . . ‘.
The submission was that this provision authorised the trustees to decide whether
legal proceedings should be instituted.

[8] The constitution is not a model of clarity. It is my view, however, that the
argument on behalf of the TYC is correct. Clause 9 of the constitution vests the
entire conduct of the affairs of the club in the executive committee ‘save as shall be
prescribed by the duties of the Trustees’. The duties of the trustees are, in terms of
the third paragraph of clause 14 of the constitution, to ‘consult’ the executive
committee on any legal matters. These provisions read together are inconsistent with
an interpretation that requires the trustees to act only on the minuted direction of the

executive committee. There is nothing startling in this.3 The trustees are the TYC’s
elder statesmen and –women who are given particular responsibility in regard to
legal matters affecting the Club. That responsibility appears also from provisions of
clause 14 other than those to which I have already specifically emphasised, namely:
‘The role of Trustees shall be . . . to protect the legal . . . viability of the Club . . .  The Trustees . . .
shall involve themselves sufficiently in the Club’s operational affairs to forestall or mitigate any legal
actions they consider may harm the Club’s position . . . They should bring legal, financial or business
experience to their role . . .’.
One of the guidelines at the end of clause 14 is that the trustees should act in
consensus. The provisions relied upon by Seale were inserted in my view to cater for
the situation where a single trustee is to act alone. The resort to the singular, ‘a
trustee’, is significant. In such a case the single trustee is not enjoined to act in
consensus with the other trustees ─ those ‘available’ have to agree; and a further
safeguard, inserted only because a single trustee will be acting, is that the action
taken by that trustee has to follow the minuted direction of the executive committee.

[9] The argument on behalf of Seale that the trustees of the TYC required the
authority of the executive committee to bring these proceedings must accordingly
fail. The only other preliminary point taken in Seale’s answering affidavit was that the
TYC lacked standing to bring the application in its own name. That argument was
abandoned on appeal. Counsel representing Seale sought, however, to mount two
further challenges: the first relating to the alleged non-participation of the president of
the TYC in the bringing of the application and the second, that it had not been shown
that the trustees had been properly appointed as such.

[10] It was only in argument in the court a quo that the non-participation of the
president was raised. The submission, repeated on appeal, was that the president,
who is (in terms of the first paragraph of clause 14 of the constitution quoted above)
a trustee, had not joined with the other trustees in bringing the application. There

3 Contrast Kempff v Visse 1958 (1) SA 379 (T) at 380B-C and Nampak Products Ltd t/a Nampak
Flexible Packaging v Sweetcor (Pty) Ltd 1981 (4) SA 919 (T) at 921D-H which deal with the institution
of an action by a company.

may be a perfectly good reason for this: the president may have died, or resigned
and the vacancy may not yet have been filled. Or ─ for all this court knows ─ Van
Rooyen, Scott or Money, or Mr Antweiler (who was a trustee sailing in the
Mediterranean when the application was brought, and subsequently ratified the
action of the other three trustees) could have been the president: such a supposition
is not far-fetched because, in terms of the first paragraph of clause 14 of the
constitution, the number of trustees is limited to the president and three others. But it
is not necessary to speculate. The question was not raised in the affidavits delivered
by Seale and the TYC had no opportunity of dealing with it. The argument advanced
by counsel depends on a fact not canvassed in the papers and it cannot be
entertained for this reason. 4

[11] Although the constitution of the TYC was annexed to the founding affidavit,
Seale did not suggest in his answering affidavit that the trustees who brought the
application had not been properly elected as such. The point was raised in the
interlocutory proceedings for the substitution of the then trustees as applicants. But
Seale did not appeal against the order of the court a quo granting this application;
and in any event, the position was clarified by Van Rooyen in a further affidavit.
Counsel for Seale cavilled at the fact that resolutions of the annual general meeting
at which the trustees were elected, were not annexed; but had Seale entertained any
doubt on this point, he could have obtained those minutes by invoking rule 35(11)
which applies to motion proceedings (Pieters v Administrateur, Suidwes-Afrika)5 and
reads (to the extent relevant):
‘The court may, during the course of any proceeding, order the production by any party thereto under
oath of such documents . . . in his power or control relating to any matter in question in such
proceeding as the court may think meet, and the court may deal with such documents . . ., when
produced, as it thinks meet.’

MERITS
[12] It was submitted on behalf of Seale (I quote from the heads of argument):

4 Minister of Land Affairs and Agriculture v D & F Wevell Trust 2008 (2) SA 184 (SCA) para 43.
5 1972 (2) SA 220 (SWA) at 228B-D.

‘The decision by the State Attorney, to proceed with the registration of the Deed of Servitude, at a
time when it was authorised to do so, should in itself have been the subject of judicial review, before
the registration could be set aside. That never happened.’
The submission is without substance. There was no ‘decision’ by the State Attorney.
The execution of the power of attorney by the official of the Province to enable the
notarial deed of servitude to be registered, the conclusion of the notarial deed of
servitude itself and the lodging of the documents with the Registrar of Deeds by the
State Attorney were not ‘decisions’ but acts performed to give effect to the decision
of the Premier to register a notarial deed of servitude in favour of Seale. This court
held in Bullock that that decision amounted to administrative action based upon
incorrect advice fundamental to its proper exercise and it was accordingly set aside.

[13] Counsel for both Seale and the TYC sought to rely in argument on passages
in the decision of this court in Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town6
which adopted7 the analysis by Christopher Forsyth8 of why an act which is invalid
may nevertheless have valid consequences and concluded:9
‘Thus the proper enquiry in each case ─ at least at first ─ is not whether the initial act was valid but
rather whether its substantive validity was a necessary precondition for the validity of consequent
acts. If the validity of consequent acts is dependent on no more than the factual existence of the initial
act then the consequent act will have legal effect for so long as the initial act is not set aside by a
competent court.’
Applying that analysis to the present facts, the substantive validity of the decision of
the Premier (the initial act by the first actor) was not a necessary precondition for the
validity of the consequent act (the registration of the servitude by the Registrar of
Deeds, the second actor); as long as the decision stood the validity of the
registration was dependent on no more than the factual existence of the Premier’s
decision.10 But all of this is irrelevant and the reliance by counsel on the decision in

6 2004 (6) SA 222 (SCA).
7 In para 29.
8 ‘"The Metaphysic of Nullity": Invalidity, Conceptual Reasoning and the Rule of Law’ in Essays on
Public Law in Honour of Sir William Wade QC (Christopher Forsyth and Ivan Hare (eds), Clarendon
Press) at 141; see also the subsequent article by the same learned author ‘The Theory of the Second
Actor Revisited’ 2006 AJ 209.
9 In para 31; emphasis supplied.
10 cf Oudekraal paras 39 and 40.

Oudekraal, misplaced. As appears from the italicised part of the judgment just
quoted, the analysis was accepted by this court as being limited to a consideration of
the validity of a second act performed consequent upon a first invalid act, pending a
decision whether the first act is to be set aside or permitted to stand. This court did
not in Oudekraal suggest that the analysis was relevant to that latter decision. The
judgment emphasised11 that:
‘[A] court that is asked to set aside an invalid administrative act in proceedings for judicial review has
a discretion whether to grant or to withhold the remedy. It is that discretion that accords to judicial
review its essential and pivotal role in administrative law, for it constitutes the indispensable
moderating tool for avoiding or minimising injustice when legality and certainty collide.’
I think it is clear from Oudekraal, and it must in my view follow, that if the first act is
set aside, a second act that depends for its validity on the first act must be invalid as
the legal foundation for its performance was non-existent. It is precisely because of
this consequence that a court asked to review the first act and set it aside has, and
must have, a discretion whether or not to do so.12 Some of the factors relevant to the
exercise of that discretion were discussed in Oudekraal;13 they include the lapse of
time, the need for finality, the consequences for the public at large and the extent to
which persons may have acted in reliance on the decision which it is sought to set
aside. But the question whether or not the decision by the Premier in this matter
should be set aside, has already been answered by this court in Bullock. The result
is that all acts done consequent upon that decision (including the registration of the
servitude), and all acts to give effect to it (including those to which I have referred in
the previous paragraph of this judgment), are of no force or effect.

[14] It was submitted on behalf of the TYC, following upon views expressed from
the bench during the hearing of the appeal, that the decision of this court in Bullock
was retrospective in that it must be substituted for the order of the court of first
instance in Bullock, and it accordingly operated from the date upon which the latter
court gave its order; and that because that date preceded the date of registration of

11 Para 36 at p 246C-D.
12 cf Oudekraal para 38.
13 Para 46.

the servitude, the registration of the servitude was invalid for that reason. That is so
(although an order to this effect would have been required before the Registrar could
cancel the registration of the servitude) but the result would have been the same
even if the registration of the servitude had preceded the date on which the court of
first instance gave its order in Bullock. The reason is that acts performed subsequent
to a decision which is set aside and which can no longer depend upon the mere
existence of that decision for their own validity, are invalid once the decision is set
aside, irrespective of whether those acts were performed before or after the court
order invalidating the decision.

COSTS
[15] As I have already said, the court a quo ordered the Province to pay the costs
of both Seale and the TYC. Seale abandoned the order in his favour. But he only did
so in the heads of argument for this court delivered on 17 September 2007. It was
pointed out by his counsel that he did not oppose the Province’s applications for
leave to the appeal made to the court a quo and to this court; but the fact remains
that until he abandoned the order, the Province was obliged to bring those
proceedings and to proceed to appeal. The Province is accordingly entitled to its
costs up until 17 September 2007 and its counsel sought nothing more.

[16] Counsel for the TYC submitted that the order of the court a quo was justifiable
on the basis that had the State Attorney informed this court of the registration of the
servitude timeously, the point would have been argued and decided in its favour in
Bullock and these proceedings would then have been unnecessary. With hindsight,
that is so (provided the Registrar of Deeds had been joined as a party to the
previous appeal). But the difficulty with the submission is that the State Attorney
dealing with this appeal was entitled to assume that the decision in Bullock would
invalidate also the registration of the servitude (as this court has now held) or, at
worst, would require an order to enable the Registrar to cancel it; and in view of that
decision, the State Attorney would reasonably have been entitled to assume that
such an application would be unopposed. It is Seale who should have been ordered

to pay the costs of the proceedings in the court a quo ─ but there is no cross-appeal
by the TYC for such an order. This, however, cannot redound to the disadvantage of
the Province.

[17] Counsel for the TYC further submitted that the costs order of the court a quo
could be justified on the basis that the Province failed to bring an application to
compel Seale to co-operate in the cancellation of the servitude. But even assuming
any such obligation, the Province was in the process of ascertaining the reasons for
Seale’s refusal to consent to the cancellation of the servitude when the application
was brought by the TYC against inter alios it and Seale; and once that happened,
the Province could not have been expected to do anything more than tender the
relief which it did. The costs occasioned by Seale’s opposition were not of its making
and I fail to see any basis upon which it should be ordered to pay such costs.

[18] Finally, counsel on behalf of the TYC attempted a damage control exercise by
arguing that the Province had unnecessarily embarked on a costly appeal when a
relatively cheaper application in terms of rule 42(1)(a) was available to it. The rule
reads:
‘(1)
The court may, in addition to any other powers it may have, mero motu or upon the
application of any party affected, rescind or vary:
(a)
an order or judgment erroneously sought or erroneously granted in the absence of any party
affected thereby.’
Proceedings against Seale under the rule were competent in as much as he had not
asked for a costs order against the Province and that order was therefore
erroneously granted within the meaning of the rule. But such proceedings would not
have been competent against the TYC, because the TYC did ask for the costs order
made by the court a quo in its favour. The granting of this latter order amounted to a
mis-exercise of the court a quo’s discretion because it unjustifiably disregarded the
tender made by the Province,14 but that renders the order appealable; the order was
not ‘erroneously sought’ or ‘erroneously granted’ within the meaning of the rule. The

14 Naylor v Jansen 2007 (1) SA 16 (SCA) para 14 at 23E-F.

submission by counsel representing the TYC that the rule should be interpreted,
‘because of its plain and grammatical meaning’, as covering orders wrongly granted,
is inconsistent with the interpretation given to the rule in numerous cases, 15 has not
a shred of authority to support it and requires no further consideration. Equally
without merit is the submission that the court a quo could in terms of the rule have
varied the order in favour of the TYC in proceedings brought by the Provincial
Government against Seale, to provide that the Provincial Government and Seale
would be jointly and severally liable for the TYC’s costs. The basis for this latter
submission was that only one costs order was made by the court a quo. In fact two
costs orders were made ─ one in favour of Seale and one in favour of the TYC; and
neither had anything to do with the other.

[19] The Province asked for the costs of two counsel. The questions raised by the
Province’s appeal were anything but complex and there is in my view no basis for
such an order. On the other hand, it was in my judgement a wise and reasonable
precaution for the TYC to have briefed two counsel to oppose the appeal brought by
Seale, in view of the history of this matter, what was at stake in these proceedings
and (I would say without wishing to fan the flames of litigation further) what may
occur in the future.

[20] The following order is made:
(1)
The appeal by Seale is dismissed with costs. Seale is ordered to pay the
costs of appeal of the TYC, including the costs of two counsel.
(2)
Seale is ordered to pay the costs of the appeal by the Province against the
costs order in his favour up to 17 September 2007.
(3)
(a)
The appeal by the Province against the costs order in

favour of the TYC succeeds, with costs.
(b)
The order of the court a quo awarding costs to the TYC is set aside
and the following order substituted:

15 See eg Topol v L S Group Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1988 (1) SA 639 (W) at 648D-650A,
Nyingwa v Moolman NO 1993 (2) SA 508 (Tk) at 510D-511A and cases referred to in both decisions.

‘The Province is ordered to pay the TYC’s costs of the application up to and including 21
September 2005, being the date on which the answering affidavit and tender by the Province
was served upon it. Such costs shall include the costs attendant upon that affidavit and the
tender, shall exclude the costs occasioned by Seale’s opposition to the application and all
interlocutory applications, and shall be taxed on an unopposed basis.’

______________
T D CLOETE
JUDGE OF APPEAL

Concur:   Howie P

Navsa JA

Heher JA

Combrinck JA

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal
Date:
27 March 2008
Status:
Immediate
Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the
media and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of
Appeal

K J W SEALE v TYC

1.
For many years the Transvaal Yacht Club (TYC) has conducted
yachting activities on property leased from the Northwest Province at
Hartebeestpoort Dam. In 2001 the Premier of the Province decided to
grant a servitude in favour of Mr Seale over part of the property. The
SCA set this decision aside in 2004, in ignorance of the fact that the
servitude had already been registered.

2.
In the present appeal the SCA ruled that because the Premier's
decision to grant the servitude had been declared invalid, it followed that

the registration of the servitude was also invalid. Mr Seale was ordered
to pay the costs of the TYC.

3.
In a separate appeal, the SCA ordered the TYC to pay most of the
costs of the Province in the Pretoria High Court and on appeal, because
the Province had at an early stage tendered to cancel the servitude at its
own cost. The SCA said that the costs of the proceedings after the
tender were not of the Province's making and were due entirely to the
opposition of Mr Seale. The court found itself unable to order Mr Seale
to pay the TYC's costs because this formed no part of the TYC's appeal.

--ends--