THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Case No:   25/2010
In the matter between:

MUSTAFA AMAN ARSE                                                                                   Appellant

And

MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS                                                           First Respondent

DIRECTOR-GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF HOME
AFFAIRS                                                                                         Second Respondent

BOSOSA (PTY) LTD t/a PROSPECTS TRADING                             Third Respondent

Neutral citation:
Arse v Minister of Home Affairs (25/10) [2010] ZASCA 9
(12 March 2010)

Coram:
MPATI P, CLOETE, CACHALIA, MALAN JJA and THERON AJA

Heard:
24 February 2010

Delivered:
12 March 2010

Summary:
Refugees Act 130 of 1998 and Immigration Act 13 of 2002 –
enactments to be read together – appellant an asylum seeker
issued with asylum transit permit in terms of s 23 of Immigration Act
– asylum seeker permit issued in terms of s 22 of Refugees Act –
whether detention of appellant lawful.

______________________________________________________________________
ORDER

On appeal from:
South Gauteng High Court (Johannesburg) (Willis J sitting as court
of first instance):
An order is made in the following terms –
(1)
The appeal is upheld with costs including the costs of two counsel;
(2)
The order of the court a quo is set aside and replaced with the following order:
‗(a)
the detention of the applicant is declared to be unlawful;
(b)
the first and second respondents are directed to re-issue the applicant with an
asylum seeker permit in accordance with s 22 of the Refugees Act 130 of 1998 which
permit shall remain valid until a decision has been made on the applicant‘s application
for asylum and, where applicable, the applicant has had an opportunity to exhaust his
rights of review or appeal in terms of Chapter 4 of the Refugees Act and the Promotion
of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000;
(c)
the respondents are directed immediately to release the applicant in possession
of the asylum seeker permit as set out above; and
(d)
the first and second respondents are directed to pay the applicant‘s costs
including the costs of two counsel.‘

______________________________________________________________________
JUDGMENT

MALAN JA (MPATI P, CLOETE AND CACHALIA JJA AND THERON AJA concurring):
[1] This is an appeal with the leave of Willis J against his judgment in the South
Gauteng High Court dismissing the appellant‘s urgent application to secure his release
from the Lindela Holding Facility. The appellant is an asylum-seeker from Ethiopia
whose application for asylum was refused. He has appealed against this refusal to the
Refugee Appeal Board. The following order was given in court immediately after
argument was concluded.
‗An order is made in the following terms –
(1)
The appeal is upheld with costs including the costs of two counsel;
(2)
The order of the court a quo is set aside and replaced with the following order:
―(a)
the detention of the applicant is declared to be unlawful;
(b)
the first and second respondents are directed to re-issue the applicant with an asylum seeker
permit in accordance with s 22 of the Refugees Act 130 of 1998 which permit shall remain valid until a
decision has been made on the applicant‘s application for asylum and, where applicable, the applicant
has had an opportunity to exhaust his rights of review or appeal in terms of Chapter 4 of the Refugees Act
and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000;
(c)
the respondents are directed immediately to release the applicant in possession of the asylum
seeker permit as set out above; and
(d)
the first and second respondents are directed to pay the applicant‘s costs including the costs of
two counsel.‖‘
The court indicated that reasons for the order given would be given. These are the
reasons.
[2] The appellant is an Ethiopian citizen who, according to the founding papers, fled
from Ethiopia owing to persecution by reason of his tribal affiliation and political opinion.

He arrived in South Africa on 8 December 2008 for the purpose of applying for political
asylum in terms of the Refugees Act 130 of 1998. He was provided with an asylum
transit permit in accordance with s 23 of the Immigration Act 13 of 2002 so that he could
proceed to a Refugee Reception Office to apply for asylum. An asylum transit permit is
valid for a period of 14 days. The appellant stated that he attempted to gain access to
the Port Elizabeth Refugee Reception Office during that period and in the months
thereafter but that he did not succeed due to the lengthy queues. On 26 May 2009 he
was arrested in Queenstown where he spent a week at the police station before being
transferred to Lindela on 2 June 2009. He has been detained at Lindela since 2 June
2009 under the name Abdul Ahid Amon.
[3] With the assistance of officials of the second respondent the appellant applied
for asylum status on 3 September 2009 and had an asylum seeker permit issued to him
in terms of s 22 of the Refugees Act. His application was, however, rejected by the
Refugee Status Determination Officer on the same day. He appealed to the Refugee
Appeal Board (see s 26 of the Refugees Act) and a hearing took place on 4 December
2009, but allegedly in the absence of his legal representatives. The Refugee Appeal
Board has not yet made its decision on the matter. On 18 December 2009 the appellant
launched an urgent application in the High Court in Johannesburg for an order
interdicting the respondents from deporting him; declaring his detention from 2 June
2009 to be unlawful; directing the first and second respondents to immediately re-issue
an asylum seeker permit to him; and directing his immediate release from detention.
The application was dismissed. Hence this appeal.
[4] During the hearing of the urgent application Willis J urged the parties to come to
an agreement on conditions on which the appellant could be released. The respondents
suggested that there should be an undertaking by a lawful resident of South Africa to
provide the appellant with shelter, that he should pay R 2000 as security to the nearest
inspection or Refugee Reception Office and that he should report to the nearest
Refugee Reception Office every Tuesday and Friday pending the outcome of his appeal
to the Refugee Appeal Board. The appellant rejected the conditions.  Willis J was
concerned that ‗[w]hile the court obviously has to have regard to the importance of a

person having freedom, the court must also have regard to the practicalities that would
arise in ordering the release of a person such as this [applicant], who cannot even
comply with eminently reasonable conditions put forward by the respondents.‘ He
considered whether there was any ‗absolute‘ statutory unlawfulness in the continuing
detention of the appellant. Referring to s 22 of the Refugees Act he found that the right
to ‗sojourn‘ ‗does not necessarily entail a right to go about freely in South Africa with[out]
any restrictions. The applicant is sojourning in South Africa, he is not going to be
deported or sent out of South Africa pending the outcome of his appeal relating to
asylum status. He is indeed sojourning in South Africa, albeit under restriction.‘
[5] Once it is established that a person has been detained, the burden justifying the
detention rests on the detaining authority. In Principal Immigration Officer and Minister
of Interior v Narayansamy1 Sir John Wessels stated:
‗Apart from any legislative enactment, there is an inherent right in every subject, and in every stranger in
the Union, to sue out a writ of habeas corpus. This right is given not only by English law, but also by the
Roman Dutch law. Prima facie therefore every person arrested by warrant of the Minister, or by any other
person, is entitled to ask the Court for his release, and this Court is bound to grant it unless there is some
lawful cause for his detention.‘
In English law the remedy is known as habeas corpus but in Roman Dutch law it is
referred to as the interdictum de homine libero exhibendo. Both terms are used in our
law.2
[6] In the answering papers the respondents submitted that the Refugee Appeal
Board is entitled to investigate certain factual averments made by the appellant so as to
make an informed decision about his status in the country. The deponent expressed the
apprehension that if the appellant was released before this was done the process might
be frustrated and the proper functioning of the administration of justice be undermined.

1 1916 TPD 274 at 276. See Jeebhai & others v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2009 (5) SA 54 (SCA)
para 22; Zealand v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development & another 2008 (4) SA 458 (CC)
para 25; Minister van Wet en Orde v Matshoba 1990 (1) SA 280 at 284E-F; Minister of Law and Order &
others v Hurley & another 1986 (3) SA 568 (A) at 589E-F.
2 See S Kentridge ‗Habeas corpus procedure in South Africa‘ (1962) 79 SALJ 283; DL Carey Miller ‗A
judicial extension of the interdict de libero homine exhibendo‘ (1975) 92 SALJ 242; Lawrence Baxter
Administrative Law (1984) 692 ff.

The respondents seek to justify the appellant‘s detention under s 23 and hence also s
34(1) and (2) of the Immigration Act. They provide as follows:
‗23   Asylum transit permit —
(1)  The Director-General may issue an asylum transit permit to a person who at a port of entry claims to
be an asylum seeker, which permit shall be valid for a period of 14 days only.
(2)  Despite anything contained in any other law, when the permit contemplated in subsection (1) expires
before the holder reports in person to a Refugee Reception Officer at a Refugee Reception Office in order
to apply for asylum in terms of section 21 of the Refugees Act, 1998 (Act 130 of 1998), the holder of that
permit shall become an illegal foreigner and be dealt with in accordance with this Act.

34   Deportation and detention of illegal foreigners —
(1)  Without the need for a warrant, an immigration officer may arrest an illegal foreigner or cause him or
her to be arrested, and shall, irrespective of whether such foreigner is arrested, deport him or her or
cause him or her to be deported and may, pending his or her deportation, detain him or her or cause him
or her to be detained in a manner and at a place determined by the Director-General, provided that the
foreigner concerned—
(a)
shall be notified in writing of the decision to deport him or her and of his or her right to appeal
such decision in terms of this Act;
(b)
may at any time request any officer attending to him or her that his or her detention for the
purpose of deportation be confirmed by warrant of a Court, which, if not issued within 48 hours of such
request, shall cause the immediate release of such foreigner;
(c)
shall be informed upon arrest or immediately thereafter of the rights set out in the preceding two
paragraphs, when possible, practicable and available in a language that he or she understands;
(d)
may not be held in detention for longer than 30 calendar days without a warrant of a Court which
on good and reasonable grounds may extend such detention for an adequate period not exceeding 90
calendar days, and
(e)
shall be held in detention in compliance with minimum prescribed standards protecting his or her
dignity and relevant human rights.
(2)  The detention of a person in terms of this Act elsewhere than on a ship and for purposes other than
his or her deportation shall not exceed 48 hours from his or her arrest or the time at which such person

was taken into custody for examination or other purposes, provided that if such period expires on a non-
court day it shall be extended to four pm of the first following court day.‘
[7] It was submitted on behalf of the respondents that s 23 meant that the appellant
became an ‗illegal foreigner‘ after the expiry of the asylum transit permit granted to him.
An ‗illegal foreigner‘ is a foreigner who is in the Republic in contravention of the
Immigration Act.3 Being an ‗illegal foreigner‘ the appellant may be dealt with in terms of
the Immigration Act, and hence detained and deported.4 It was suggested that
legislation of this nature was in accordance with international law and fell within the
inherent powers of a sovereign state to regulate and forbid entrance to foreigners into
its borders or admit them on such conditions as it may see fit to prescribe.5 The right to
freedom of movement, it was submitted, is not absolute and may be limited in
appropriate circumstances.6 Both the Immigration Act and the Refugees Act limit the
rights of the appellant. Both ss 9 and 32 of the Immigration Act contain such limitations
on the freedom of movement of foreigners. On expiry of the asylum transit permit issued
in terms of s 23 (1) of the Immigration Act the appellant became an ‗illegal foreigner‘
and also guilty of an offence.7 As an ‗illegal foreigner‘ he ‗shall be deported‘.8 Relying on
the decision of this court in Jeebhai,9 the submission was made that pending a review or
appeal an ‗illegal foreigner‘ may be detained until he or she is deported in terms of s 34
of the Immigration Act.
[8] Even if the appellant is an ‗illegal foreigner‘ as envisaged by s 23 of the
Immigration Act his detention in terms of s 34 cannot be justified. Section 34(2) permits
the detention of an ‗illegal foreigner‘ only for a period not exceeding 48 hours subject to
the proviso that if the said period expires on a non-court day it ‗shall be extended to four

3 Section 1 of the Immigration Act.
4 Section 32 of the Immigration Act.
5 See Nishimura Ekiu v The United States (1892) 142 US 651 at 659 cited with approval in Minister of
Home Affairs & others v Watchenuka & another 2004 (4) SA 326 (SCA) para 29.
6 Minister of Home Affairs & others v Watchenuka & another 2004 (4) SA 326 (SCA) para 28.
7 Section 49(1) of the Immigration Act.
8 Section 32(2) of the Immigration Act. See Jeebhai & others v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2009
(5) SA 54 (SCA) paras 21 ff.
9 Jeebhai & others v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2009 (5) SA 54 (SCA) para 32.

pm of the first following court day.‘ The appellant was arrested on 26 May 2009 and
detained at Lindela since 2 June 2009. Section 34(2) is therefore of no assistance to the
respondents.
[9] To justify the appellant‘s detention the respondents sought to bring it within the
ambit of s 34(1). The respondents indeed produced the original warrant of detention
dated 26 May 2009 but no evidence that a court (ie a magistrate‘s court)10 has extended
the period of detention in terms of s 34(1)(d). An ‗illegal foreigner‘ may in terms of this
paragraph not be detained for a period longer than 30 calendar days ‗without a warrant
of a Court which on good and reasonable grounds may extend such detention for an
adequate period not exceeding 90 calendar days‘. The respondents were not able to
produce such a warrant justifying the appellant‘s continued detention.11  It seems to me
that the maximum period of detention permitted under s 34(1)(d) is 120 days, ie an
initial period of 30 days, followed by an extended period or periods not exceeding 90
days.12
[10] A ‗detained person has an absolute right not to be deprived of his freedom for
one second longer than necessary by an official who cannot justify his detention.‘13 The

10 Section 1(1) of the Immigration Act.
11 The procedure to obtain such a warrant for the further detention of an ‗illegal foreigner‘ is regulated by
Regulation 39(5) of the Immigration Regulations GN R616, GG 27725, 27 June 2005.
12 In Kanyo Aruforse v Minister of Home Affairs; Director-General, Department of Home Affairs and
Bosasa (Pty) Ltd (GSJ) (case 2010/1189) an unreported judgment of Meyer J delivered on 25 January
2010 in which he said in para 17: ‗The intention of the statute undoubtedly includes an intention to deport
illegal foreigners from this country. But the maximum period for which any person may be so detained in
terms of s 34(1) is a period of 120 days. I also respectfully fail to appreciate how this interpretation will
defeat the said purpose of the Immigration Act. In terms of its preamble the Act aims at putting in place a
new system of immigration control which inter alia ensures that: ―immigration laws are efficiently and
effectively enforced, deploying  to this end the significant administrative capacity of the Department of
Home Affairs, thereby reducing the pull factors of illegal immigration‖; ―immigration control is performed
within the highest applicable standards of human rights protection‖; ―a human rights based culture of
enforcement is promoted‖; and ―civil society is educated on the rights of foreigners and refugees‖.‘ The
citations are from paragraphs (g), (l), (n) and (p) of the preamble. Whether the extension must be a single
one need not be decided here. It appears as if the word ‗adequate‘ in s 34(1)(d) should read ‗aggregate‘
so that more than one extension is possible although the aggregate period may not exceed 90 days. See,
generally, LC Steyn Die Uitleg van Wette 5th ed (1981) by SIE van Tonder in co-operation with NP
Badenhorst, CH Volschenk and JN Wepener 58 ff.
13 Silva v Minister of Safety and Security 1997 (4) SA 657 (W) at 661H-I.

importance of this right ‗can never be overstated‘.14 Section 12(1)(b) of the Constitution
guarantees the right to freedom, including the right not to be detained without trial. This
right belongs to both citizens and foreigners.15 The safeguards and limitations contained
in s 34(1) of the Immigration Act justify its limitation of the right to freedom and the right
not to be detained without trial.16 Enactments interfering with elementary rights should
be construed restrictively. In R v Sachs17 it was said:
‗[T]he appellant in an able and admirably objective argument discussed the manner in which courts of law
should approach the interpretation of statutes which give the Executive the power to invade the liberty of
the individual. He submitted that such statutes should be subjected to the closest scrutiny of courts of law
whose function it is to protect the rights and liberty of the individual. Courts of law do scrutinise such
statutes with the greatest care but where the statute under consideration in clear terms confers on the
Executive autocratic powers over individuals, courts of law have no option but to give effect to the will of
the Legislature as expressed in the statute. Where, however, the statute is reasonably capable of more
than one meaning a court of law will give it the meaning which least interferes with the liberty of the
individual.‘
In addition, s 39(2) of the Constitution requires courts when interpreting a statute that is
reasonably capable of two interpretations to avoid an interpretation that would render
the statute unconstitutional and to adopt the interpretation that would better promote the
spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights, even if neither interpretation would render
the statute unconstitutional.18 The detention of the appellant is clearly in breach of the
express provisions of s 34(1)(d) of the Immigration Act and is unlawful. Indeed Mr
Semenya who appeared on behalf of the respondents quite properly conceded this
during argument.

14 Lawyers for Human Rights & another v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2004 (4) SA 125 (CC) para
36.
15 Lawyers for Human Rights & another v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2004 (4) SA 125 (CC) para
27; Jeebhai & others v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2009 (5) 54 (SCA) para 26.
16 Lawyers for Human Rights & another v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2004 (4) SA 125 (CC) para
43.
17 1953 (1) SA 392 (A) at 399F-H. See further Dadoo Ltd & others v Krugersdorp Municipal Council  1920
AD 530 at 552; Johnson v Minister of Home Affairs & another 1997 (2) SA 432 (C) at 434J – 435A.
18 Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences and Others v Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty)
Ltd & others: In re Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd & others v Smit NO & others 2001 (1) SA 545
(CC) paras 22-6; Wary Holdings (Pty) Ltd v Stalwo (Pty) Ltd 2009 (1) SA 337 (CC) paras 46, 84 and 107;
Fraser v Absa Bank Ltd (National Director of Public Prosecutions as Amicus Curiae) 2007 (3) SA 484
(CC) para 47.

[11] The court a quo referred to the ‗eminently reasonable conditions‘ which the
respondents proposed for the appellant‘s release. Since the appellant could not meet
these conditions, Willis J held that his application had to fail. He reasoned that because
no right was absolute a balancing act had to be undertaken: the appellant had a right to
freedom but, he said, the State ‗had a legitimate interest in trying to curb illegal
immigration, in trying to keep track of persons who have entered the country illegally
and ensuring that persons who do not have places of shelter and who do not have any
visible means of support, are not free to roam the streets.‘ I do not agree. A court,
generally, cannot impose conditions for the release of a person unlawfully detained.
Section 35(2)(d) of the Constitution entitles any person who is detained to challenge his
or her detention before a court and, if the detention is unlawful, ‗to be released.‘ This
can be contrasted with s 35(1)(f) which allows a person arrested for allegedly
committing an offence to be released from detention if justice permits ‗subject to
reasonable conditions‘. It follows, it seems to me, that the Constitution does not  permit
the imposition of conditions on a person such as the appellant for his release. As long
ago as 1879, De Villiers CJ stated that where a detention is unlawful the only course
open was to order the release of the person immediately. In In Re Willem Kok and
Nathaniel Balie19 De Villiers CJ said:
‗It is unnecessary to consider the rights which under the Roman-Dutch law free persons had to a release
or to the writ de homine libero exhibendo, for, in my opinion, the rights of the personal liberty, which
persons within this colony enjoy, are substantially the same, since the abolition of slavery, as those which
are possessed in Great Britain. Where those rights are violated this Court would at least have the same
power of restraining such violation as the Supreme Court of Holland had to interdict the infringement
without sufficient cause of the rights to personal liberty as understood by the Roman-Dutch law. But in
addition to the powers vested in this Court under the Roman-Dutch law, there are certain statutory
provisions, which not only add to the powers of the Court, but make it the bounden duty of the Court to
protect personal liberty whenever it is illegally infringed upon ... Supposing that the applicants had been
detained in one of the ordinary gaols of the colony, and it had been brought to the notice of the Court that
they were so kept without a lawful warrant, it surely would have been competent for the Court to call upon
the gaoler to produce the prisoners and justify the detention. Can it then make any difference that they
are detained in a military fortress instead of an ordinary gaol? I think not. In either case the person in

19 (1879) 9 Buch 45 at 65-66 and 71.

whose custody they are is bound to produce his warrant or other authority for detaining them, and in case
the return to the order of Court be found to be clearly bad it would be the duty of the Court, under ordinary
circumstances, to order their discharge. But then it is said the country is in such an unsettled state, and
the applicants are reputed to be of such a dangerous character, that the Court ought not to exercise a
power which under ordinary circumstances might be usefully and properly exercised. The disturbed state
of the country ought not in my opinion to influence the Court, for its first and most sacred duty is to
administer justice to those who seek it, and not to preserve the peace of the country … The Civil Courts
have but one duty to perform, and that is to administer the laws of the country without fear, favour or
prejudice, independently of the consequences which ensue.‘
[12] For these reasons the continued detention of the appellant cannot be justified in
terms of the Immigration Act and he is entitled to his immediate release. The
respondents‘ reliance on that Act is also misconstrued: it ignores the provisions of the
Refugees Act, as I shall demonstrate. It is necessary to examine the provisions of the
latter Act.
[13] The court a quo held that the appellant‘s detention was compatible with the
provisions of s 22 of the Refugees Act. This enactment gives effect in South Africa to
international instruments and law relating to refugees and provides for the reception of
asylum seekers. It was enacted to regulate applications for and recognition of refugee
status and to provide for the rights flowing from that status. It must be interpreted and
applied with due regard to the 1951 Convention Relating to Status of Refugees, the
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and the Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (OAU 1969), the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (UN 1948) and other human rights instruments to which South Africa
is or becomes a party.20
[14] Section 2(a) of the Refugees Act provides that:
‗Notwithstanding any provision of this Act or any other law to the contrary, no person may be refused
entry into the Republic, expelled, extradited or returned to any other country or be subject to any similar

20 Section 6 of the Refugees Act. See John Dugard SC with contributions by Daniel Bethlehem QC, Max
du Plessis and Anton Katz International Law. A South African Perspective 3ed (2005) 348 ff; FJ Jenkins
‗Coming to South Africa: An overview of the application for asylum and an introduction to the Refugees
Act‘ (1999) 24 SAYIL 182; M Beukes ‗―Economic refugees‖: South African reality in international refugee
law‘ (2002) 27 SAYIL 206.

measure, if as a result of such refusal, expulsion, extradition, return or other measure, such person is
compelled to return to or remain in a country where –
(a) he or she may be subjected to persecution on account of his or her race, religion, nationality, political
opinion or membership of a particular group; or
(b) his or her life, physical safety or freedom would be threatened on account of external aggression,
occupation, foreign domination or other events seriously disturbing or disrupting public order in either part
or the whole of that country.‘
In terms of the Refugees Act a person qualifies for refugee status if he or she has a
well-founded fear of being persecuted by reason of his or her race, tribe, religion,
nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, and is outside
the country of his or her nationality and is unable or unwilling to avail him or herself of
the protection of that country or, not having a nationality and being outside the country
of his or her former habitual residence is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to
return to it.21 A person also qualifies for refugee status if owing to external aggression,
occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing or disrupting public order
in either a part or the whole of his or her country of origin or nationality he or she is
compelled to leave his or her place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge
elsewhere.22 Any dependant of either of the two categories of persons referred to also
qualifies for refugee status.23 Certain groups of people do not qualify for refugee status.
These include persons in respect of whom there is reason to believe that they have
committed a crime against peace, a war crime or a crime against humanity, or a crime,
albeit not of a political nature, which would if committed in South Africa be punishable
by imprisonment.24 Persons who are guilty of acts contrary to the objects and principles
of the United Nations Organisation or the Organisation for African Unity,25and persons

21 Section 3(a) of the Refugees Act. See Union of Refugee Women & others v Director: Private Security
Industry Regulatory Authority & others  2007 (4) SA 595 para 29.
22 Section 3(b) of the Refugees Act.
23 Section 3(c) of the Refugees Act.
24 Section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Refugees Act.
25 Section 4(c) of the Refugees Act.

who enjoy the protection of any other country are also excluded.26 Provision is made for
the cessation of refugee status.27
[15] The Refugees Act and the regulations28 made under it prescribe the procedure to
be followed when applying for asylum. An application for asylum must be made to a
Refugee Reception Officer at any Refugee Reception Office.29 The Refugee Reception
Officer must ensure that the application is properly completed and must, if necessary,
assist the applicant in completing the form. He or she may also conduct an enquiry in
order to verify the information furnished in the application. The application must then be
submitted to a Refugee Status Determination Officer.30 No proceedings may in terms of
s 21(4) be instituted or continued against any person in respect of his or her unlawful
entry into or presence within the Republic if:
‗(a) such person has applied for asylum in terms of subsection (1), until a decision has been made on the
application and, where applicable, such person has had an opportunity to exhaust his or her rights of
review or appeal in terms of Chapter 4; or
(b) such person has been granted asylum.‘
[16] Section 22 deals with an asylum seeker permit to be issued to an asylum seeker.
It provides:
‗(1)  The Refugee Reception Officer must, pending the outcome of an application in terms of section
21(1), issue to the applicant an asylum seeker permit in the prescribed form allowing the applicant to
sojourn in the Republic temporarily, subject to any conditions, determined by the Standing Committee,
which are not in conflict with the Constitution or international law and are endorsed by the Refugee
Reception Officer on the permit.
(2)  Upon the issue of a permit in terms of subsection (1), any permit issued to the applicant in terms of
the Aliens Control Act, 1991, becomes null and void, and must forthwith be returned to the Director-
General for cancellation.

26 Section 4(d) of the Refugees Act.
27 Section 5 of the Refugees Act.
28 GN R 366, GG 21075, 6 April 2000 as amended by GN R938, GG 21573, 15 September 2000.
29 Section 21(1) of the Refugees Act.
30 Section 21(2) of the Refugees Act.

(3)  A Refugee Reception Officer may from time to time extend the period for which a permit has been
issued in terms of subsection (1), or amend the conditions subject to which a permit has been so issued.
(4)  The permit referred to in subsection (1) must contain a recent photograph and the fingerprints or
other prints of the holder thereof as prescribed.
(5)  A permit issued to any person in terms of subsection (1) lapses if the holder departs from the
Republic without the consent of the Department.
(6)  The Department may at any time withdraw an asylum seeker permit if—
(a)
the applicant contravenes any conditions endorsed on that permit; or
(b)
the application for asylum has been found to be manifestly unfounded, abusive or fraudulent; or
(c)
the application for asylum has been rejected; or
(d)
the applicant is or becomes ineligible for asylum in terms of section 4 or 5.
(7)  Any person who fails to return a permit in accordance with subsection (2), or to comply with any
condition set out in a permit issued in terms of this section, is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction
to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or to both a fine and such
imprisonment.‘
[17] The Refugee Status Determination Officer must make the decision regarding the
application for asylum. He or she may request any information or clarification from the
applicant or the Refugee Reception Officer, may consult with or invite a United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees representative to furnish information and may, with
the permission of the asylum seeker, provide the latter representative with any
information that may be requested.31 When the application is considered the Refugee
Status Determination Officer must have due regard to s 33 of the Constitution and must,
in particular, ensure that the applicant fully understands his or her rights and
responsibilities and the evidence presented.32 He or she must at the conclusion of the
hearing grant asylum; or reject the application as manifestly unfounded, abusive or
fraudulent; or reject it as unfounded; or refer any question to the Standing Committee.33

31 Section 24(1) of the Refugees Act.
32 Section 24(2) of the Refugees Act.
33 Section 24(3) of the Refugees Act. See also s 24(4).

Provision is made in the Refugees Act for the review by the Standing Committee of
certain decisions made by the Refugee Status Determination Officer.34 An asylum
seeker may also appeal against the decision of the Refugee Status Determination
Officer to reject his application as being unfounded.35 The Appeal Board may confirm,
set aside or substitute any decision taken by a Refugee Status Determination Officer in
terms of s 24(3).36
[18] A person whose asylum seeker permit has been withdrawn by the Department of
Home Affairs in terms of s 22(6) may be arrested and detained pending finalisation of
the application for asylum, in the manner and at a place determined ‗with regard to
human dignity‘.37 However, s 29(1) provides:
‗No person may be detained in terms of this Act for a longer period than is reasonable and justifiable and
any detention exceeding 30 days must be reviewed immediately by a judge of the High Court of the
provincial division in whose area of jurisdiction the person is detained, designated by the Judge President
of that division for that purpose and such detention must be reviewed in this manner immediately after the
expiry of every subsequent period of 30 days.‘
[19] The respondents‘ reliance on s 23(2) of the Immigration Act to justify the
appellant‘s detention is, as I have said, misconceived. Section 23(2) provides that
‗[d]espite anything contained in any other law‘ the holder of an asylum transit permit
becomes, on expiry of the permit, an ‗illegal foreigner‘ liable to be dealt with under the
Immigration Act. This contention, however, does not account for s 21(4) of the Refugees
Act which provides that ‗[n]otwithstanding any law to the contrary‘ no proceedings may
be instituted or continued against any person in respect of his or her unlawful entry into
or presence in the country if that person has applied for asylum in terms of s 21(1) until
a decision has been made on his or her application and that person has had an
opportunity to exhaust his or her rights or review or appeal in terms of the Refugees Act.
Section 23(2) of the Immigration Act is a general enactment passed after the Refugees
Act which deals with the specific situation of refugees. In so far as there may be a

34 Section 25(1) and (2) of the Refugees Act.
35 Section 26(1) of the Refugees Act.
36 Section 26(2) of the Refugees Act.
37 Section 23 of the Refugees Act.

conflict between the two provisions they should be reconciled. Where two enactments
are not repugnant to each other, they should be construed as forming one system and
as re-enforcing one another. In Petz Products v Commercial Electrical Contractors38 it
was said:
‗Where different Acts of Parliament deal with the same or kindred subject-matter, they should, in a case of
uncertainty or ambiguity, be construed in a manner so as to be consonant and inter-dependant, and the
content of the one statutory provision may shed light upon the uncertainties of the other.‘
The two provisions can be reconciled with each other without doing violence to their
wording and in accordance with the spirit of the international instruments the Refugees
Act seeks to give effect to.39 It follows that s 23(2) of the Immigration Act ceases to be of
application when an asylum seeker permit is granted to an ‗illegal foreigner‘. He or she
can thereafter no longer be regarded as an ‗illegal foreigner‘ and no proceedings may
be instituted or continued against such a person in respect of his or her unlawful entry
into or presence in the country until a decision has been made on his or her application
or he or she has exhausted his or her rights of review or appeal. The judgment in
Jeebhai40 on which the respondents rely did not consider s 21(4) of the Refugees Act. It
is of no assistance to them in this matter.
[20] There are other reasons why the detention of the appellant is unlawful under the
Refugees Act. First, he has been detained for a period far in excess of 30 days. Section
29(1) of the Refugees Act prohibits the detention of a person for a longer period than is
‗reasonable and justifiable‘ and, in any event, ‗any detention exceeding 30 days‘ must
be reviewed by a judge of the High Court. It is common cause that the appellant‘s
detention has never been reviewed by the High Court.
[21] Second, s 23 regulates the detention of an asylum seeker. This may only be
done ‗if the Department has withdrawn an asylum seeker permit in terms of section
22(6)‘. The withdrawal of the asylum seeker permit is thus a jurisdictional fact for the

38 1990 (4) SA 196 (C) at 204H-I. See R v Maseti & others 1958 (4) SA 52 (E) 53H-I; Nkabinde v
Nkabinde and Nkabinde 1944 WLD 112 at 122; Johannesburg City Council v Makaya 1945 AD 252 at
257 and 259; Chotabhai v Union Government & another 1911 AD 49. Steyn above p 153 and 188 ff.
39 See Dugard above p 351 and s 6 of the Refugees Act.
40 Jeebhai & others v Minister of Home Affairs & another 2009 (5) SA 54 (SCA).

lawful detention of the asylum seeker. It is common cause that appellant‘s asylum
seeker permit has not been withdrawn.
[22] Third, s 22 of the Refugees Act obliges the Refugee Reception Officer to issue to
an applicant for asylum ‗an asylum seeker permit … allowing the applicant to sojourn in
the Republic temporarily.…‘ As I have said, in the court a quo Willis J held that the right
to sojourn did not necessarily entail a right to move about freely in South Africa without
any restrictions. The applicant was sojourning in South Africa, he opined, albeit under
restriction. I do not agree. ‗Sojourn‘ means ‗to make a temporary stay in a place; to
remain or reside for a time‘,41 which implies a decision to stay or remain in a certain
place. This is not the same as the detention of a person in a place against his will. After
an asylum seeker permit has been issued to him or her the asylum seeker cannot be
regarded as an ‗illegal foreigner‘ as contemplated by the Immigration Act.42 The
provisions of ss 38(1), 39(1)(a), 42(1) and 49(6) prohibiting the employment, teaching or
harbouring of an ‗illegal foreigner‘ and rendering these acts offences cannot be applied
to an asylum seeker to whom a permit in terms of s 22 has been issued. His or her
detention would also be in contravention of s 2 of the Refugees Act entrenching the
State‘s international obligation of non-refoulement. Since the appellant‘s asylum seeker
permit has expired and has not been extended in terms of s 22(3) of the Refugees Act it
is necessary to order that an asylum seeker permit be re-issued to him.
[23] I am aware of the concerns of the respondents as expressed in the judgment of
the court a quo that the state has a legitimate interest in trying to curb illegal

41 Oxford Universal Dictionary sv ‗sojourn‘. A ‗sojourner‘ is ‗a temporary resident‘.
42 Kiliko & others v Minister of Home Affairs & others 2006 (4) SA 114 (C) para 27; Tafira & Others v
Ngozwane & others (GNP) (case 12960/06 delivered on 12 December 2006) para 23. With reference to
Minister of Home Affairs & others v Watchenuka & another 2004 (4) SA 326 (SCA) Dugard above p 351
remarks that ‗[a]sylum seekers are thus authorized in general to work or study in South Africa pending the
finalization of their applications for asylum.‘

immigration.43 However, these concerns could have been addressed by the imposition
of conditions in terms of s 22 of the Refugees Act and their effective monitoring.44

___________________________

F R Malan

Judge of Appeal

43 See para  11 above.
44 See Annexure 3 to the Refugee Regulations (Forms and Procedure) published under GN R 366, GG
21075, 6 April 2000 as amended by GN R938, GG 21573, 15 September 2000.

APPEARANCES:
APPELLANT: Steven Budlender (with him Irene de Vos)

Instructed by Lawyers for Human Rights, Johannesburg
Webbers, Bloemfontein
RESPONDENT: IAM Semenya SC (with him N Manaka)

Instructed by State Attorney, Johannesburg
State Attorney, Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

From:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

Date:
12 March 2010

Status:
Immediate

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of
the media and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme
Court of Appeal.

M A ARSE v MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS & OTHERS

On 24 February 2010 and after the conclusion of argument the
Supreme Court of Appeal ordered the immediate release of
Mr Mustafa Aman Arse, an Ethiopian citizen, who was detained as
an ‘illegal foreigner’ under the Immigration Act 13 of 2002, from the
Lindela Holding Facility. The Court indicated that it would furnish
reasons for its order.  The Supreme Court of Appeal today gave
those reasons. Mr Arse, who claims to have left his country of birth
due to political and tribal persecution, was issued with an asylum
transit permit on his entering South Africa 8 December 2008 so
that he could proceed to a Refugee Reception Office to apply for

asylum. He was arrested after expiry of his asylum transit permit.
While in detention, an asylum seeker permit was issued to him. His
application for asylum was refused but an appeal to the Refugee
Appeal Board is pending. He brought an urgent application to the
Johannesburg High Court for his release and the re-issue to him of
a valid asylum seeker permit. His application was dismissed the
Johannesburg court holding that the detention of an asylum seeker
was compatible with the right given by the Refugees Act 130 of
1998 to ‘sojourn’ in the country temporarily. The Supreme Court of
Appeal disagreed and emphasised that a person illegally detained
had a right to be released unconditionally. An asylum seeker in
possession of an asylum seeker permit is not an ‘illegal foreigner’
as contemplated by the Immigration Act. Pending finalisation of the
application for asylum and an appeal or review he or she may not
be detained.