THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

REPORTABLE
Case number: 470/2007

In the matter between:
IZAK ANDREAS GELDENHUYS
Appellant

and

THE STATE
Respondent

CORAM:
STREICHER, CAMERON, NUGENT, VAN HEERDEN JJA and
KGOMO AJA
HEARD:
26 FEBRUARY 2008
DELIVERED:  31 MARCH 2008
Summary: Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957 – constitutional validity of ss 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) of
Act – distinction drawn between heterosexual and same-sex sexual activities by setting legal age
of consent at 16 and 19 years, respectively, held to be unconstitutional – severance and reading-in
so far as to make legal age of consent in respect of both heterosexual and same-sex sexual acts 16
years – qualified retrospectivity of the order of constitutional invalidity – appeal against
conviction on six counts relating to same-sex sexual acts with boy over the age of 16 years but
under the age of 19 years set aside, subject to confirmation by Constitutional Court of order of
constitutional invalidity – appeal against convictions on four counts in respect of sexual acts at
times when boy in question under the age of 16 years dismissed.

Neutral citation: This judgment may be cited as Geldenhuys v The State (470/2007)
[2008] ZASCA 47 (31 March 2008)
____________________________________________________________________
VAN HEERDEN JA

Introduction

[1] During 2004, the appellant was charged, in the Regional Court held at
Pretoria, with 13 counts of indecent assault. The complainant in respect of each of the
first 11 counts was L B, born on 29 June 1983, while counts 12 and 13 related to A,
L’s younger brother by approximately seven years. The State withdrew count 5 on the
first day of the trial and the appellant pleaded not guilty to all the remaining charges,
his defence being a complete denial. On 9 February 2005, the appellant was found
guilty of ten counts of contravening s 14(1)(b) of the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957
(the Act), viz the commission of indecent or immoral acts with L (the complainant), a
boy under the age of 19 years at the relevant times. The regional magistrate, Mr
Travers, acquitted the appellant on the two counts relating to the younger brother. On
8 July 2005, the appellant was sentenced to imprisonment of one year each on six of
the ten counts and, on the remaining four counts, to imprisonment of 15 months each,
the total term of imprisonment thus being 11 years.

[2] With the leave of the Regional Court, the appellant appealed to the Pretoria
High Court against both conviction and sentence. On 21 November 2006, his appeal
against conviction was dismissed (Hartzenberg J, Poswa J concurring), but his
effective sentence was reduced to 7 years’ imprisonment. The High Court granted
leave to appeal to this Court against both conviction and sentence, but the appellant
does not persist before us with his appeal against sentence.

[3] In heads of argument filed in the Pretoria High Court, the appellant raised a
constitutional issue in limine. By way of a new ground of appeal, counsel for the
appellant argued that, to the extent that s 14(1)(b) of the Act criminalises sexual
intercourse and other sexual acts of one person with another where the latter (whether
a girl or a boy) is 12 years or older and capable of forming an intention
(“wilsvermoënd”), and who participates voluntarily in such sexual acts, the section
constitutes unfair discrimination on the grounds of, inter alia, gender and/or sexual
orientation in contravention of s 9(3) of the Constitution and is accordingly invalid. In
support of this argument, counsel contended that the South African common law
recognises that a girl of 12 years or older, with the capacity to form an intention, can
legally consent to sexual intercourse and that if she does so, her sexual partner is not

guilty of rape.  According to counsel, a ‘necessary implication’ of s 9(3) of the
Constitution in this context is that boys of 12 years and older must have the same
capacity to consent to sexual acts. Moreover, so the argument continued, to categorise
voluntary sexual intercourse or any other sexual act by a girl or boy of older than 12
years, who has the capacity to form an intention, as ‘immoral’ or ‘indecent’ (the terms
used in s 14(1)(b) of the Act) also constitutes unfair discrimination against such girls
and boys in that they are not free to take their own decisions in regard to sexual
activity. Further, as s 14(1)(b) criminalises the conduct of any person who engages in
voluntary sexual intercourse or any other voluntary sexual act with such a girl or a
boy, the section must of necessity constitute indirect discrimination against the former
persons and is, for that reason also, constitutionally invalid.

[4] Although these constitutional arguments were trenchantly rejected by the
Pretoria High Court, the appellant persisted with this ground of appeal before us and
substantially (if not exactly) the same arguments were repeated in the heads of
argument filed on behalf of the appellant in this Court. In view hereof, more than two
months prior to the hearing of this appeal, this Court afforded the Minister of Justice
and Constitutional Development, as the minister of state concerned with the
administration of the Act, an opportunity to intervene in the appeal. The attention of
the Minister was specifically drawn to a further question - arising from the
constitutional issues raised by the appellant – as to whether the distinction drawn in
s 14 of the Act, relating to the so-called ‘legal age of consent’ for sexual acts between
persons of the opposite sex, on the one hand, and such acts between persons of the
same sex, on the other, is constitutional. This question was also brought to the
attention of both parties. Both the parties, as well as the Minister – if she decided to
intervene – were requested to file heads of argument dealing with the constitutional
validity of s 14 and indicating whether, in their view, evidence may assist this Court
in arriving at a conclusion. In addition, notice of the proceedings was given to the
amici curiae in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie; Lesbian and Gay Equality Project
v Minister of Home Affairs 2006 (1) SA 524 (CC), namely Doctors for Life
International, its legal representative (Mr JJ Smyth QC) in his personal capacity and
the Marriage Alliance of South Africa, as well as to the Lesbian and Gay Equality
Project. The Minister subsequently intervened in this appeal and heads of argument

dealing with the constitutional points were filed on her behalf, as also on behalf of
both parties.

Appeal against convictions on counts 1-4

[5] According to the charge sheet, read together with the two sets of further
particulars supplied by the State in terms of s 87 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of
1977, the dates on which and the places where the relevant different acts in respect of
the four charges were allegedly committed were as follows: Count 1 – during January
to April 1998, in an Elwierda tour bus at the Eastgate Airport, approximately 7
kilometres outside Hoedspruit, Mphumalanga; count 2 – during January to April
1998, in a room at the Casa Da Sol Hotel in  Mphumalanga; count 3 – also during
January to April 1998, in the appellant’s car in the parking lot of the Corpus Christi
Church in Elardus Park, Pretoria; count 4 – during October to November 1998, in the
complainant’s bedroom at his family home in Mirage Street, Elardus Park, Pretoria.
As the complainant was born on 29 June 1983, he was 14 years old at the time of the
acts allegedly committed in respect of the first three counts and 15 years old in respect
of the act forming the basis of the fourth count. According to the charge sheet for each
of the four counts, the appellant had indecently assaulted the complainant by
masturbating him and enticing him to masturbate the appellant.

[6] It was common cause that, during 1997, the appellant – a qualified dentist who
had been suspended from practice for three years (commencing in 1996) as a result of
his conviction in 1991 on four counts of ‘indecency’ involving children – was
employed by Elwierda, a tour bus company, as one of its drivers. In approximately
July 1997, the complainant’s mother (Mrs B) met the appellant while she was
travelling on an evangelical tour, in an Elwierda bus, to Mozambique. After that, he
became close friends with the family, often visiting their home. According to the
complainant and Mrs B, the appellant slept over at their home quite frequently,
usually in the youngest son’s (A’s) room where there were bunkbeds.

[7] The appellant was generous to the children, and to the complainant in particular,
bringing them sweets and other gifts. The whole family was fond of the appellant, as
he was of them. At that stage, the family was experiencing serious financial problems

and the appellant lent not insubstantial sums of money to both Mr and Mrs B for
various purposes. When he resumed practising as a dentist in Randfontein in
December 1998, the appellant rendered dental services free of charge to one of Mrs
B’s friends, who was a single mother with three dependants. With the knowledge and
approval of the parents, he sometimes took the complainant or A or both of them on
various outings.

[8] The complainant testified that the indecent acts to which the appellant subjected
him started at the end of 1997, when the complainant was 14 years old and in standard
six. As far as count 1 is concerned, the complainant’s evidence was that, some time
during the period January to April 1998, the appellant had to drive a tour bus very late
one night to Hoedspruit to pick up a tour group at the Eastgate Airport. The
complainant accompanied him. They arrived at their destination in the early hours of
the morning and, while they were waiting for the tour group to arrive, the appellant
came to sit next to the complainant in the bus and once again started to touch his
private parts on top of his trousers. The appellant then put his hand under the
complainant’s underpants and masturbated him. He then pulled open the zip of his
own trousers, took out his penis, placed the complainant’s hand on it and performed a
masturbating action, with his hand over the complainant’s. At some stage the
complainant took his hand away but the appellant simply replaced it and the
masturbation continued. This stopped when the tour group arrived and the appellant
then drove the tour bus as the group was taken on a short tour through Mpumalanga.

[9] The events forming the basis of count 2 allegedly happened that same night.
Because of some defect in the tour bus, the appellant and the complainant had to
spend the night with the tour group at the Casa da Sol Hotel in Mpumalanga, while
waiting for another bus to be sent. According to the complainant, he and the appellant
had to share a room with a double bed, where appellant once again started fondling
the complainant, putting his hand into the complainant’s underpants and masturbating
him. Thereafter, he placed the complainant’s hand on his penis, and with his hand
over the complainant’s hand, performed a masturbating action. This carried on until
one of them ejaculated – according to the complainant, this was how it always ended.

[10] After this incident, the appellant gave the complainant money of between R50
and R200. The gifts of money had in fact started before the ‘masturbation and
everything’ began. In his examination-in-chief, the complainant made the unsolicited
comment, referring to the mutual masturbation, that ‘it is a nice feeling, with that I am
not going to quarrel’. Nevertheless, he felt heartsore and disturbed by what had
happened. He was scared to tell his parents because he did not know how they would
react and felt that they might be disappointed in him. His relationship with his parents
at that stage was such that they did not really talk about sex and like matters, so he
kept these things to himself. He found it much easier to talk to his friends about such
matters.  He stated that he was scared to say no to the appellant because he (the
appellant) might then do something more serious to him. The complainant also
expressed his belief that the main reason why he was not able to tell his parents about
what was happening was the fact that the appellant gave him gifts of money after
these incidents. He enjoyed being spoiled by the appellant, but this spoiling also made
him feel that he was the guilty party. Under cross-examination, he conceded that he
could have stopped these incidents at the outset, had he wanted to do so. Although he
did not really know why he had not done so, this had all happened at a time when the
family was suffering financially and he believed that the reason why he had kept quiet
about it all was the money with which the appellant had ‘bribed’ him.

[11] As regards count 3, the complainant testified that during the period between
January and April 1998, the appellant was teaching the complainant to drive at the
parking area of the Corpus Christi Church in Elardus Park. The complainant was
sitting in the driver’s seat of the appellant’s vehicle, with the appellant on the
passenger’s side, when the latter started to rub the complainant’s trousers, so that he
got an erection. The appellant then once again put his hand inside the complainant’s
underpants and masturbated him. There then followed the usual mutual masturbation,
which ended when one of them ejaculated. They swapped seats and then returned to
the complainant’s parental home. According to the complainant, after the incident in
the parking area of the church, the mutual masturbation happened frequently in the
appellant’s dental surgery, and also when they were going somewhere together. It was
always initiated by the appellant and, after each incident, the appellant gave money to
the complainant and continued to spoil him.

[12] In respect of count 4, the complainant was studying at home for his end-of-
year standard 7 examinations in October or November 1998.  The appellant arrived at
the house when only the complainant and the domestic worker were there. The
appellant and the complainant socialised for a while and then started to play a game of
chess in the complainant’s bedroom. During the game, the appellant came to sit next
to the complainant, he then put his hand into the complainant’s pants and masturbated
him.  Once again the mutual masturbation ensued until the complainant ejaculated.
While this was happening, the domestic worker was busy with tasks in and outside the
house.

[13] There were several other instances of mutual masturbation thereafter which
eventually graduated to full anal penetration on more than one occasion. By that stage
though, the complainant had already turned 16. In the light of the conclusion that I
have reached on the constitutional challenge to s14(1)(b) of the Act, those allegations
need not detain us any further.

[14] The last sexual ‘encounter’ between the two of them occurred, according to
the complainant, in September 2001, when the appellant accompanied the
complainant and the latter’s brother A to the Aardklop Festival in Potchefstroom.
They spent the whole day at the festival, returning to the appellant’s flat in
Randfontein, where they spent the night. It would appear that this encounter at the
appellant’s flat was the proverbial ‘last straw’ for the complainant and, according to
him, he decided that he did not want that to ever happen again. From then on, he
deliberately avoided the appellant, seeing to it that he was not at home when the
appellant visited or that he went to bed early on the evenings when the appellant slept
over at his home. Under cross-examination, it was put to the complainant that, after
this ‘final’ incident which had allegedly occurred in September 2001, the complainant
went out for a meal with the appellant at least twice during the course of the year
2002. The complainant readily conceded that they had in fact had a meal together in
that year, but he could not remember another such occasion. The complainant also
acknowledged that he might have spent a night at the appellant’s flat some time
during 2002, when he went to meet the appellant’s parents there. On this occasion,
which might (or might not) have happened in 2002 (the complainant could not

remember the year of the visit), he slept in the sitting room of the appellant’s flat,
without anything untoward occurring.

[15] Although the complainant felt unable to tell his parents about what was
happening between the appellant and himself, he did tell his best friend, J, in April
1998, about the incidents of mutual masturbation that had taken place up to that time.
He asked J not to tell his (the complainant’s) parents because he did not know how
they would react. That much was confirmed by J, who was also called by the State as
a witness. The complainant also testified that, after he had told J about what was
happening between himself and the appellant, he also told approximately seven of his
girl friends about it during the period May 1998 to the end of 1999, and about another
eight of his girl friends after he had started his studies at the Technikon in 2002. He
recalled that, while he was still at school, he had told J’s twin sister and a girl called
N, and later, one of his Technikon friends. He could not remember the names of the
other girls whom he had told about the incidents. He reiterated that he found it much
easier to talk to his friends about these matters than to his parents and that, although
several of his friends had encouraged him to tell his parents, he had not done so
because he was scared how they might react.

[16] The complainant told no one in his family about the incidents between him
and the appellant before January 2003. The B family had spent the December
2002/January 2003 holidays near Wilderness in the Cape. They then celebrated the
New Year by spending New Year’s Eve and the first few days of 2003 in Somerset
West at the home of Mrs B’s cousin, H, and his partner of 18 years’ standing. When
the family returned home by car, the complainant stayed on with H and his partner for
a few days, before flying back to Pretoria on 6 January 2003. On the evening before
his departure, he had told H, with whom he had developed a good and close
relationship, about everything that had happened between himself and the appellant.
He testified that he had not specifically chosen this moment to tell them about what he
had experienced - ‘it just happened’ and he had felt ready to share this with them.
Having told them, he felt much better about it. He asked them not to tell his parents
but, according to the complainant, they had ultimately decided to do so in order to
prevent the same thing happening with his younger brother. H, who was also called as
a State witness, confirmed the essential features of the appellant’s evidence.

[17] H had in the meanwhile discussed the matter with his partner and they had
decided that they had no choice but to notify the complainant’s parents, as they were
concerned about the complainant’s younger brother. Thus, some three or four days
after the complainant’s return to Pretoria, H telephoned the complainant’s father and
told him what the complainant had imparted. Under cross-examination, H testified
that he was somewhat troubled by the father’s reaction. Although he had expected a
major outburst, the complainant’s father, although shocked and ‘a bit upset’, had
remained quite calm and had simply said that he would discuss this with Mrs B.
According to H, he was fully aware of the dangers of HIV and, when the complainant
had told him that no condoms had been used by the appellant, he had told the
complainant to take proper precautions ‘in the future’. He testified that he had
requested the complainant’s parents to report the matter to the police immediately and
to take the complainant to see a doctor.

[18] Some while after H had told Mr B what the complainant had conveyed to him,
he (H) telephoned Mrs B to find out how she was. Mrs B told him that the appellant
was at that moment visiting in their home. As soon as he heard this, H told her to
request the appellant to leave the premises at once. He then telephoned the
complainant on the latter’s mobile phone and told him to remove his younger brother,
A, from the house and to go for a drive. After he had done this, he telephoned Mrs B
again. She then had a ‘major outburst’, becoming quite hysterical and screaming
uncontrollably. H tried to calm her down and told her that he would immediately fly
up to Pretoria to assist and support the family. This he then did.

[19] When H contacted the complainant on the latter’s mobile phone, the
complainant questioned H and heard for the first time that his parents knew ‘the
whole story’. He then followed H’s instructions and drove with A to his friend J’s
house, leaving the appellant behind at the B home. He and A had only been away for
about 15 minutes when H again telephoned the complainant on his mobile phone and
told him to return home at once as his mother needed him. When he got home, he
went into his mother’s bedroom to find her lying on her bed and crying
uncontrollably. His mother then hugged A to her and the complainant realised that A
had also been molested by the appellant. The complainant then also started crying

because he thought that it was all his fault. It was after this that he decided to lay
charges against the appellant, so as to prevent the same thing happening to other
children.

[20] At the end of his examination-in-chief, the complainant explained how his life
had been influenced by what had happened between him and the appellant. From time
to time thereafter, he started to ‘wonder’ about himself (referring, no doubt, to his
sexual orientation). There were times when he saw a ‘guy’ and said to himself that the
‘guy’ was sexy. The ‘last thing he wanted to be was gay’ and he had to fight this
struggle taking place inside him. When he went to public toilets and encountered
other men who were older than he, he felt very uncomfortable and scared because he
did not know which of them did ‘such things’. He did not want to be alone in a public
toilet with such a man and hence always went into the cubicle to urinate, locking the
door behind him.

[21] Mrs B, the complainant’s mother, who was at that stage working as a nurse
and was frequently on night duty, confirmed in her testimony that the appellant had
become a close family friend.  According to her, sometimes, if there were other guests
in the house, the appellant, the complainant and A all slept in A’s bedroom, A and the
appellant each on a bunk bed and the complainant on the floor. She testified that the
whole family was very fond of the appellant. Despite what had happened, they still
loved him; indeed she felt sorry for him. She also confirmed that their financial
position was bad at that time and the appellant often gave the children gifts that they
could not afford to give them and that he was generous to the family. She saw nothing
sinister in the fact that he frequently visited them and slept over at their home and also
saw nothing untoward in him spending time alone with her children. She could not
understand why her children had not told her about the molestation by the appellant.
According to Mrs B she knew that, during the course of 2002, the appellant was the
accused in a criminal trial involving the molestation of a child in his dental surgery.
When she asked him about this, he told her that he was not guilty and that the parents
simply wanted to make money out of him. Her response was to ask him not to do
anything of the kind to her own children, whereupon he assured her that he would not.
Little did she know that her children had already been molested by him. When Mr B
was informed by H about the complainant’s revelations, she and Mr B had decided

that, should the appellant return to their home, Mr B would speak to him ‘in a
Christian manner to sort the matter out.’ However, when A told her, on the morning
of Sunday 19 January 2003, that the appellant was coming to visit them that
afternoon, she realised that she could no longer permit him to be in their home. She
called A to her and, telling him that she would never reproach him, asked him whether
the appellant had ‘messed with him’. A replied that the appellant had ‘played with his
penis’ and she then realised that ‘everything’ was true.

[22] According to Mrs B, after the complainant and A had left the house that
afternoon, she had asked the appellant how he could have molested her two sons when
the whole family loved him and cared about him. The appellant turned deathly pale
and kept repeating that he was sorry. She informed him that he must go and that she
did not want to see him ever again. He kept on saying that he was sorry and then left
the house. She still felt heartsore and did not understand how he could have done such
a thing. She reiterated that she felt sorry for him.

[23] Mrs B testified that it was a psychologist who had reported the matter to the
police. Both children had been taken to see this psychologist approximately a week
after her confrontation with the appellant. They had two sessions with him. He then
said that they must first ‘get through the court case’ before continuing with the
sessions. After the boys had testified, both of them had immediately been taken back
to the psychologist.

[24] After the complainant’s parents had become aware of what had happened, the
matter was reported to the police and the complainant was medically examined by a
Dr Winn on 15 February 2003. The complainant had informed Dr Winn that he had
been sodomised by a person known to him three times during the year 1999 to 2000.
All the findings flowing from the doctor’s examination of the complainant showed
signs of anal penetration. During his anal examination of the complainant, he had
found an old abrasion and an old scar on the skin surrounding the anus; fissures and
cracks along the circumference of the anus; thickening and folding of the anal orifice;
inversion of the anal canal and swelling around the rim of the anus. The skin
surrounding the anus was also red and painful to his touch. All these symptoms were
in his view probably due to repeated anal penetration. The redness and pain, as well as

some of the other injuries, could have been caused by chronic constipation, but his
findings favoured penetration of the anus with a sexual organ.

[25] Under cross-examination, Dr Winn stated that fissures and cracks which he
had found along the circumference of the anus were approximately one to one and
half years old. He also stated that the funnelling which he had found was one of the
signs of chronic anal penetration. He expressed the view that his findings indicated
more than three or four anal penetrations; all the signs pointed to ‘habitual’ or
frequent penetration, perhaps on a monthly or even on a daily basis. He was however,
unable to say definitively that his findings indicated chronic anal penetration as there
could possibly have been another cause for the symptoms found, such as internal or
external haemorrhoids. However, the combination of all his findings pointed in the
direction of repeated anal penetration, certainly more than three incidents thereof.

[26] The appellant testified in his own defence and denied all the allegations of
wrongdoing against him. He stated that he was diagnosed as having Romano Ward
syndrome when he was in standard one at school. This syndrome is a genetic
deviation of the main nerve of the heart, creating the risk of instant death in the event
of any emotional arousal (such as anger or excitement) which makes the heart beat
faster. He did reasonably well at school and then went on to obtain his dental degree
at the University of Pretoria. In May 1980, he began practising as a dentist in Balfour
in the Eastern Transvaal. However, in 1990, five charges of indecent assault were laid
against him. One was withdrawn, but he pleaded guilty to the other four charges and
was convicted on these charges in 1991.  On two of the charges, taken together, he
was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment, suspended for five years on certain
conditions, one of which was that he had to undergo psychotherapeutic treatment with
a registered psychologist for a period of 18 months. On the other two charges, also
taken together, he was sentenced to 2000 hours of periodical imprisonment.

[27] In consequence of these convictions, the appellant was suspended from
practising as a dentist in 1993. He appealed against the suspension, but the appeal
failed and the suspension took effect in May 1996.  The appellant then started
working for the Elwierda tour bus company as a bus driver. It was on one of the bus
tours that he met Mrs B in 1997. He thereafter met the rest of the B family and

quickly became a close family friend. According to the appellant, shortly after he had
met the B family, he told the oldest son, F, then in matric, about his previous
convictions. He thereafter told Mrs B about this as well. They were supportive and did
not reject him and he remained friends with the whole family. When cross-examined
about how it had come about that he told F about his previous convictions, the
appellant replied that he had ‘simply felt that the family should know’.

[28] According to the appellant, he had never slept over at the B family home in
1997. He had terminated his employment at Elwierda in January 1998 and had gone
straight to his parents’ home in Warden, staying with them until the end of November
1998. He testified that he did not visit the B family home during 1998, apart from one
brief visit in August or September, when he was in Pretoria for a sitting of the medical
council. He had definitely not visited the B family on other occasions in 1998, as the
engine of his motor vehicle packed up at the beginning of January of that year and he
did not have transport.

[29] He started practising as a dentist again, in Randfontein, on 1 December 1998
and in February 1999 moved into a flat close to his practice. He moved to another flat
in Mimosa Street in Randfontein at the beginning of May 1999, which was where the
B boys had slept over upon returning from their outing with him to the Aardklop
festival in Potchefstroom.

[30] The appellant testified further that he had started visiting the B family again
from about February 1999. He slept over at the B home in Pretoria only four times
during the course of 1999, as far as he could remember, and twice during the course
of 2000 (in April and in May). When he stayed the night at the B home, he usually
slept in A’s bedroom, where there were bunkbeds, and sometimes A slept in the room
with him. According to the appellant, Mr and Mrs B had borrowed relatively large
sums of money from him, the first such loan (in an amount of R2500) being made to
Mr B in 1997, allegedly for a mortgage bond repayment and policies which had to be
paid. Mr B had repaid this loan after the appellant started practising again. Mr B had
asked the appellant for a second loan in 1997, but the appellant could not afford it.
Both F, as well Mrs B, had also borrowed money from the appellant. The B’s
daughter, H, had twice written to him asking him for a ‘donation’, once for her glass

work and once for a pair of shoes. He had also purchased an outfit for her. A had
asked him for money to go on a cricket tour, as well as for ‘presents’ which he (the
appellant) could not afford, such as a tennis racket and a mobile telephone. Under
cross-examination, the appellant stated that he had at no stage felt that he was being
abused, and that the requests for money and for free dental services had not influenced
his friendship with the family.

[31] The appellant confirmed that he had received psychological treatment after his
1991 convictions on charges of child molestation, and that this was a condition of
suspension of his sentence because he had tendencies towards paedophilia. Under
cross-examination, the appellant alleged that this psychological treatment had
‘helped’ him. When asked why, if that were so, he was convicted on a similar charge
in 2002, the appellant’s response was that he had pleaded not guilty in the ‘second
case’.

[32] According to the appellant, the complainant had told him that he had had a
sexual relationship with one of his school friends (a boy) for approximately four
years. As far as he could remember, the complainant had made this revelation to him
in the first quarter of 2000. In response to a question posed by counsel for the State,
the appellant said that his attitude to sexual matters was on the conservative side and
that he had been somewhat shocked and taken aback when the complainant had told
him of this relationship. His reaction was to tell the complainant that it was wrong and
that he must never do such a thing again. He however could not remember the precise
circumstances of this conversation between himself and the complainant, although he
knew that it had taken place at the B home.

[33] Regarding the confrontation between Mrs B and himself in January 2003, the
appellant testified that he was visiting the B family on a Sunday afternoon after A had
telephoned him that morning. After the complainant and A left, telling him that they
were going somewhere by car, Mrs B entered the lounge where the appellant was
reading the newspaper and asked him to leave their home. She alleged that the
appellant had molested the complainant and A. He left the house.

[34] Under cross-examination, he testified that he had felt ‘somewhat shocked’
when Mrs B had made these accusations against him. He had not, however, then told
her about the complainant’s alleged homosexual relationship or about an incident that
had allegedly happened in the first quarter of 2002 – about which he had testified in
his examination-in-chief – during which he (the appellant) had woken up to find A
trying to open the zip of his trousers. According to the appellant, A had accompanied
him to visit the T family and, at the T family home, the appellant had taken two
painkillers because of a headache and had gone to lie down in one of the bedrooms.
When he woke up, A was tampering with the zip of his trousers. He (the appellant)
took A to task about this, told him that he must never do it again and took him back
home.

[35] The reason given by the appellant for his failure to mention either of these
things to Mrs B when she accused him of having molested her sons, was that he did
not want to get into an argument with her, impliedly because of his medical condition.
The appellant conceded that, in view of his previous convictions, he had to be very
careful in his relationships with children and that if his version of the boys’ conduct,
particularly A’s behaviour, were true, this could have placed him in a very difficult
and dangerous position. He reiterated, however, that he had rebuked A for his
behaviour and that the latter had never again behaved in such a manner. He insisted
that the incidents of sexual activity about which the complainant and A had testified
had never happened and that both boys had been lying to the court. He had been very
good to the B family and had no idea why they would lay such charges against him.

[36] The appellant admitted that, before this confrontation between himself and
Mrs B in 2003, he had again been charged with a sexual offence, committed in
Randfontein, the allegation being that he had indecently assaulted a minor child on 2
November 2000. He was convicted on this charge and sentenced on 21 November
2002. According to the appellant, he had told Mrs B about the pending matter in
November 2000, long before it had been finalised. He had pleaded not guilty to the
charge, but had nevertheless been convicted and sentenced to a fine of R20 000 or
five years’ imprisonment, plus a further five year’s imprisonment suspended for five
years on certain conditions, including community service. The appellant testified that
there had been no change in his relationship with Mrs B or in her attitude to him as a

result of this criminal trial and that he had informed her of the outcome of the trial in
November 2002.

[37] During his examination–in-chief, the appellant admitted that he had been in
the complainant’s company on the various different occasions during which the
alleged sexual activity referred to in counts 1 to 4 had actually occurred, although not
all during the time periods referred to by the complainant. So, for example, in respect
of the first two counts, the appellant testified that, at the end of December 1997, after
Christmas, he had indeed been accompanied by the complainant on a late night bus
journey to the Eastgate Airport to pick up an overseas tour group. Mr B was allegedly
worried about the appellant’s being able to stay awake should he undertake the late-
night drive alone, and had therefore suggested that the complainant accompany him to
keep him awake. Apart from the incident of mutual masturbation in the bus while they
were waiting for the tour group to arrive, about which the complainant had testified,
and which the appellant denied, the appellant’s account of the journey and what had
happened the following day largely tallied with the complainant’s version.

[38] The appellant agreed that, because of a defect with the bus, he and the
appellant unexpectedly had to spend the night at the Casa da Sol Hotel in
Mphumalanga while they were waiting for a new bus to be sent out by the tour
company. According to the appellant, however, the hotel room which he and the
complainant had to share did not contain a double bed, but only two single beds and a
sofa which could be converted into a bed. He, the complainant and another bus driver
employed by Elwierda, by the name of Bernard Docco, shared the room, he and the
complainant each sleeping on a single bed and Bernard on the sofa-bed. He alleged
that he had made enquiries about the whereabouts of Mr Docco, but that he been
informed that Mr Docco was now in the United States of America. The appellant also
alleged that the person who had driven the replacement bus to the hotel, arriving in
the early hours of the morning, had also used the bathroom facilities in the hotel
bedroom in which he, the complainant and Mr Docco were sleeping. He could not,
however, remember whether this person had also slept in the room. He denied that
there had been any mutual masturbation between himself and the appellant that night.

[39] As regards the third count, the appellant agreed that he had started to teach the
complainant to drive at the latter’s request, and that the complainant had practised
driving with him once or twice in the beginning of December 1997. This had taken
place in the parking area of the Corpus Christi Church, as the complainant had
testified. However, he and the complainant had never been alone on any such
occasion; on the contrary, A and, as far as he could remember, also the complainant’s
sister (H) had been with them and no mutual masturbation had taken place between
him and the complainant in the car. The driving lessons could not have taken place in
the period from January to April 1998 – as the complainant had testified – as he (the
appellant) had resigned from Elwierda in early January 1998 and had immediately
gone to his parental home in Warden, where he had stayed until November 1998. He
had helped out at Elwierda on a free-lance basis from mid-September to late October
1998 and had certainly not visited the complainant’s family in October or November
of that year. He testified that he could not therefore, have visited the complainant at
the latter’s home during the complainant’s study ‘leave’ in October or November
1998 and indulged in mutual masturbation with the complainant in the complainant’s
bedroom as the latter had testified.

[40] The appellant testified that he had indeed taken the complainant and A to the
Aardklop festival in Potchefstroom in September or early October 2001. They had
spent a day at the festival and, on their return to Randfontein, the boys had spent the
night at his apartment, sleeping in his spare room while he spent the night in his own
bedroom. The appellant denied the complainant’s allegations that, during the period
January to March 2001, he (the appellant) had engaged in sessions of mutual
masturbation with the complainant or that he had anally penetrated the complainant
on the diverse occasions testified to by the latter. Here again, in the light of my
approach to the constitutional challenge and its impact upon the remaining unlawful
acts allegedly perpetrated by the appellant after the complainant had turned 16, and
my assessment of the veracity of the appellant’s version, it is not necessary to deal in
any greater detail with rest of the appellant’s evidence.

Assessment of evidence

[41] Counsel for the appellant contended that neither the regional magistrate, nor
the high court, attached sufficient weight to the contradictions and improbabilities in,
and the unreliable nature of certain aspects of, the evidence of the complaint and other
State witnesses. Moreover, it was submitted, both the regional magistrate and the high
court erred by not finding that there was insufficient corroboration of the
complainant’s evidence in respect of the alleged sexual incidents. According to
counsel, the evidence of the appellant should not have been rejected as not being
reasonably possibly true. Finally, counsel repeated – and elaborated upon in
considerable detail – the argument which he had advanced before the regional
magistrate and the High Court, namely that the complainant was conspiring with the
rest of his family to incriminate the appellant falsely, in order to conceal from the
outside world his homosexual orientation and, possibly, the identity of his
homosexual partner.

[42] I do not find any of these arguments convincing. As Hartzenberg J pointed in
his judgment, there were indeed contradictions in the complainant’s evidence and that
of some of the other State witnesses. On the whole, however, the complainant
remained consistent although he was testifying about events some of which occurred
more than five years before the commencement of the trial. It is true that the
complainant’s evidence that the appellant had penetrated him anally only three times
and that he had never been involved in a homosexual relationship with any other
person, cannot really be reconciled with Dr Winn’s evidence that all the findings
which emerged from his anal examination of the complainant pointed to repeated
(‘chronic’) anal penetration. However, it was also clear from the complainant’s
evidence that, in his view, considerable stigma attached to being inclined to same-sex
sexual activity. There are many possible reasons why the complainant might not have
wanted to disclose the fact of a possible homosexual relationship with another person
occurring at the same time as the occurrence of the sexual acts between himself and
the appellant, or of such a homosexual relationship occurring after these events. In
this regard, the reasoning of Hartzenberg J in the High Court is compelling-
‘That superficially speaking his [the complainant’s] evidence and that of Dr Winn cannot be
reconciled, is clear. The magistrate was clearly aware of it because he pointed out that the medical
examination was done eighteen months after the last incident of anal penetration by the appellant.
There are a number of possibilities. He may have had a homosexual relationship with someone else
after his last encounter with the appellant. He may even have had such a relationship during the same

time although one would have expected his family to have been aware of it. He may have had more
such incidents with the appellant, but if I understand the evidence of Dr Louw correctly, he may have
subconsciously dissociated himself from them or Dr Winn may have exaggerated his clinical findings.’

[43] It is true that the complainant’s evidence was not above criticism. However,
the regional magistrate was clearly aware of the areas of criticism and nevertheless
accepted his evidence. This evidence was corroborated in number of important
respects. In particular, the appellant’s conduct when initially confronted by Mrs B,
when (according to her evidence) the appellant went deathly pale and repeatedly said
that he was sorry, is reconcilable only with the truth of  the complainant’s evidence
and not with the appellant’s evidence. It must also be remembered that most of the
occasions on which the sexual incidents between the complainant and the appellant
allegedly happened, are common cause. The appellant himself conceded that he and
the complainant were together on those occasions. It was common cause that the
appellant was very friendly with all the B children and, in particular, with the
complainant, and that he took the latter on outings and spoiled him with gifts.

[44] On the other hand, there are many aspects of the appellant’s evidence which to
my mind, are most unconvincing. So, for example, the appellant’s version of how he
had reacted when initially confronted by Mrs B on January 2003, namely that he had
simply said that he was not aware of the events in question and that they had not
happened is extremely unlikely. Not only did the appellant, on his version of events,
not ask Mrs B any questions about the allegations against him or express any shock or
outrage about these allegations, but he also did not tell her that A had on one occasion
‘fiddled’ with the zip of his trousers and that the complainant had informed him of a
four-year long homosexual relationship with a school friend, involving anal sex. His
ostensible reason for not doing any of these things was that he did not want to get into
a conflict with her. So he simply left the house as she had requested him to do. I find
this very difficult to believe.

[45] The ‘conspiracy theory’ advanced by counsel for the appellant does not ring
true. In the words of Hartzenberg J:
‘The argument on behalf of the appellant entails that the complainant falsely told the uncle [H] about
the appellant’s conduct, and on top of it asked the uncle not to inform his parents, in the hope that he
would tell them. According to the argument he must have done that to protect someone who was
anyway not suspected of anything by anybody. It is much more likely that he told the uncle the truth.

Moreover, the whole B family, except possibly A, was clearly sympathetic towards the appellant and
did not create the impression of trying to have an innocent man convicted.’

[46] Faced with the competing versions of the complainant and the appellant, the
regional magistrate, and thereafter the High Court, concluded that the appellant’s
version, when viewed against the totality of the evidence adduced, as well as against
the inherent probabilities, was false. Each of these courts correctly adopted a holistic
approach to the evidence and I am not persuaded that either court misdirected itself on
the evidence before it, nor that its conclusion was wrong.

[47] It follows from the above that the appellant’s appeal against his convictions on
the first four counts must fail.

Application in terms of s 322(1)(b) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977

[48] Before this Court, the respondent applied for an amendment, in terms of
s 322(1)(b) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977, of the appellant’s convictions
on ten counts of contravening s 14(1)(b) of Act 23 of 1957 to 10 convictions of
indecent assault and also, should this application be successful, for an increase in the
sentences imposed on the appellant by the regional court and confirmed by the high
court. The gist of the argument advanced by counsel for the state was that, right from
the start, the power relationship between the appellant and the complainant was totally
unequal because of the complainant’s age in relation to that of the appellant (who was
nearly 28 years older than the complainant) and the relationship of friendship and trust
that existed between the appellant and the B family. With reference to each count,
counsel attempted to illustrate that, although the complainant may have appeared to
have consented to the sexual act in question, this was not voluntary consent. Counsel
relied in this regard on the evidence of the clinical psychologist who had treated both
the complainant and A after Mr and Mrs B had become aware of what had happened.
The psychologist testified that a child who becomes sexually involved with an adult in
this manner is traumatised and, from the outset, is in the position of a victim. As such,
the child is paralysed and one of the common reactions is that the child ‘disassociates’
and places an emotional distance between himself or herself and the adult. Where the
adult follows a pattern of ‘spoiling’ the child by, for example, taking the child on

outings and giving the child presents and money, there is a gradual process of
conditioning and manipulation.

[49] The problem we have in this case is that it is clear from the record that the
regional magistrate adopted a prima facie view, at an early stage of the trial, that the
complainant had been a willing participant in all the various sexual interludes between
him and the appellant, to which view the prosecutor appears to have assented. Thus,
during the examination-in-chief of the complainant, the following exchanges took
place between the regional magistrate and the complainant:
‘Die lank en die kort van die storie is jy het basies altyd die goed toegelaat en saamgespeel nie waar
nie?  – ‘Ek het dit toegelaat maar . . .
‘En jy het ook saamgespeel want jy het ook vir hom gemasturbeer as dit nodig is? – Later ja maar dit
was altyd ook net eerste van sy kant af ek het . . . nooit begin nie.’
‘En as ek jou reg verstaan het jy op geen stadium vir hom gesê wat blyk dat jy dit nie wil doen nie?’ –
‘Ja ek het dit nooit vir hom gesê nie.’
After the examination-in-chief of the complainant had been completed, the regional
magistrate remarked:
‘Op die stadium soos ek die omstandighede  nou lees tensy ek anders oortuig kan word, wil dit vir my
voorkom of die seun basies saamgespeel het en toegestem het.’

[50] On appeal to the Pretoria High Court, Hartzenberg J commented as follows on
the attitude adopted by the regional magistrate in this regard:
‘In fairness to the magistrate the answer to the argument [that the magistrate was wrong not to have
found the appellant guilty of indecent assault on the complainant] is that the incidents occurred over a
period of four years and that the complainant was an intelligent and well-developed lad. The appellant
certainly was justified to think that the complainant was a willing participant. That was exactly the
attitude of the magistrate expressed at an early stage of the trial. In the result this question was not
really investigated. There is therefore no foundation upon the evidence, to find that the magistrate was
wrong and that the appellant was guilty of indecent assault.’

[51] Before us, counsel for the respondent relied on R v Taylor 1927 CPD 16 as
support for his argument that, in a case of indecent assault, the onus of proving
consent rests upon the accused. This is clearly not correct, as was pointed out by
Munnik J in S v D 1963 (3) SA 263 (EC) at 266B-D:
‘Although absence of consent is not part of the definition of the crime of [indecent] assault as is the
case in rape, the definition as quoted in Gardener & Lansdown includes an averment of
“unlawfulness”. The State must, therefore, prove that the act complained of was unlawful . . .

Since the act complained in the present case was not malum in se and is only unlawful because of the
complainant’s lack of consent, prove of unlawfulness necessarily involved proof of absence of consent.
It seems to me therefore that the onus of proving absence of consent rested upon the State.’
(See also S v M 2006 (1) SA 135 (SCA) paras 68 and 284-285; and generally JRL
Milton South African Criminal Law and Procedure Vol II Common-law Crimes 3 ed
(1996) p 476.)

[52] It is therefore clear that, in this case, the onus rested on the State to prove
absence of consent by adducing sufficient evidence to negative the reasonable
possibility that the complainant consented to the sexual acts in question. From the
evidence as a whole, I agree with the regional magistrate and the High Court that the
State did not discharge its onus of proof in this regard.

[53] Although it may perhaps be unfortunate that, because of the prima facie view
expressed by the magistrate early in the trial, the question of consent was not really
investigated, this does not affect my conclusion. As was pointed out by Nugent JA in
S v M, supra, para 277:
‘The process of examination and cross-examination in a court of law is on occasions a blunt instrument
for revealing the truth, and that is particularly so where, as in this case, the evidence concerns matters
that might be emotionally and psychologically complex and nuanced. But then it is common for the full
truth not to emerge in the course of a criminal trial, which has the limited function of determining
whether there is sufficient and adequate evidence to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the accused
person committed an offence. In the absence of such proof in relation to each element of the offence
the accused person is entitled to be acquitted albeit that the full truth might not have emerged. That
applies no matter the nature of the offence.’

Constitutional validity of s 14(1)(b) of Act 23 of 1957

[54] I turn now to deal with the constitutional challenge to s 14(1)(b) of the Act. The
relevant provisions of s 14 (headed ‘Sexual offences with youths’), read as follows –
(1)  Any male person who –
(a)
has or attempts to have unlawful carnal intercourse with a girl under the age of 16 years; or
(b)
commits or attempts to commit with such a girl or with a boy under the  age of 19 years an
immoral or indecent act; or
(c)
solicits or entices such a girl or boy to the commission of an immoral or indecent act,
shall be guilty of an offence.
(2)  . . .
(3)  Any female who –

(a)
has or attempts to have unlawful carnal intercourse with a boy under the age of 16 years; or
(b)
commits or attempts to commit with such a boy or with a girl under the age of 19 years an
immoral or indecent act; or
(c)
solicits or entices such a boy or girl to the commission of an immoral or indecent act;
shall be guilty of an offence.’

‘Unlawful carnal intercourse’ is defined in s 1 of the Act as meaning ‘carnal
intercourse otherwise than between husband and wife’.
The prescribed penalty for an offence referred to in ss 14(1) or 14(3) is imprisonment
for a period not exceeding 6 months, with or without a fine not exceeding R12 000 in
addition to such imprisonment (s 22(f) of the Act).

[55] It may be noted that, in terms of s 68(2) of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences
and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007, read with the Schedule to such Act,
the whole of s 14 of the Sexual Offences Act is repealed. Moreover, in terms of s
68(1)(a), ‘[t]he common law relating to - (a) the irrebuttable presumption that a
female person under the age of 12 years is incapable of consenting to sexual
intercourse’ is also repealed. With the exception of Chapters 5 and 6 thereof, Act 32
of 2007 (the 2007 Act) came into operation on 16 December 2007 (see s 72(1)).

[56] Part 1 of Chapter 3 of the 2007 Act, headed ‘Consensual sexual acts with
certain children’ replaces the provisions of s 14 of the Sexual Offences Act of 1957.
Part 1 comprises ss 15 and 16, which sections read as follows:
‘Acts of consensual sexual penetration with certain children (statutory rape)
15(1) A person (“A”) who commits an act of sexual penetration with a child (“B”) is, despite the
consent of B to the commission of such an act, guilty of the offence of having committed an act of
consensual sexual penetration with a child.
(2)(a) The institution of a prosecution for an offence referred to in subsection (1) must be  authorised in
writing by the National Director of Public Prosecutions if both A and B were children at the time of the
alleged commission of the offence: Provided that, in  the event that the National Director of Public
Prosecutions authorises the institution of a prosecution, both A and B must be charged with
contravening subsection (1).
(b) The National Director of Public Prosecutions may not delegate his or her power to decide whether a
prosecution in terms of this section should be instituted or not.
Acts of consensual sexual violation with certain children (statutory sexual assault)
16 (1) A person (“A”) who commits an act of sexual violation with a child (“B”) is, despite the consent
of B to the commission of such an act, guilty of the offence of having committed an act of consensual
sexual violation with a child.

(2)(a) The institution of a prosecution for an offence referred to in subsection (1) must be  authorised in
writing by the relevant Director of Public Prosecutions if both A and B  were children at the time of the
alleged commission of the offence: Provided that, in   the event that the Director of Public Prosecutions
concerned authorises the  institution of a prosecution, both A and B must be charged with
contravening  subsection (1).
(b) The Director of Public Prosecutions concerned may not delegate his or her power to decide whether
a prosecution in terms of this section should be instituted or not.’

In terms of s 1(1) of the 2007 Act, ‘child’ means –
‘(a) a person under the age of 18 years; or
(b) with reference to sections 15 and 16, a person 12 years or older but under the age of 16 years.’
(Emphasis added)

The definitions of ‘sexual penetration’ and ‘sexual violation’ in s 1(1) of the 2007 Act
are very detailed and it is not necessary, for the purposes of this case, to reproduce
them. Suffice it to say that ‘sexual penetration’ includes both vaginal and anal
penetration by, inter alia, the male genital organ, while ‘sexual violation’ includes all
the other ‘immoral’ or ‘indecent’ acts which the appellant is alleged to have
committed with the complainant in this case.
I will return to the relevance of these provisions of the 2007 Act later.

[57] The constitutional arguments advanced by counsel for the appellant can be
disposed of briefly. While it may be true that the cognitive development of a boy or a
girl of the age of 12 years may in certain cases be such that the child might be
regarded as competent to make rational and informed decisions concerning his or her
sexual activity with other persons, this does not mean that the legislature necessarily
acted unconstitutionally by setting, in s 14 of the 1957 Act, what counsel dubs an
‘arbitrary age of (legal) consent’ above the age of 12 years for all children. (Indeed,
counsel conceded that the ‘unisex’ age limit of 12 years championed by him is also
arbitrary, as also is the legislative setting of most age limits, such as the age of 18
years as that at which a person is eligible to vote or to obtain a driver’s licence, for
example.)

[58] It must be remembered that the State is both constitutionally and
internationally obliged to protect its children from all forms of abuse. Section 28(1)(d)

of the Constitution guarantees the right of every child ‘to be protected from
maltreatment, neglect, abuse or degradation,’ while s 28(2) provides that ‘a child’s
best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child’.

[59] In relation to sexual exploitation and abuse of children, article 34 of the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which South Africa ratified on
16 June 1995, is of particular importance. It reads as follows:
‘States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For
these purposes, States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral
measures to prevent;
(a)
The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;
(b)
The exploitative of use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;
(c)
The exploitive use of children in pornographic performances and materials.’

The content of this prohibition on the sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of children
is substantially duplicated in article 17 of the African Charter on the Rights and
Welfare of the Child (1990), ratified by South Africa on 7 January 2000.

[60] These constitutional and international obligations have been incorporated in
the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, certain sections of which came into operation on 1 July
2007.  Two of the sections already in operation echo the abovementioned provisions
of the Constitution and of the international instruments referred to. So, s 9 of the
Children’s Act provides that ‘in all matters concerning the care, protection and well-
being of a child the standard that the child’s best interest is of paramount importance
must be applied.’ Section 7 of the Act gives further content and scope to the ‘best
interests of the child standard’. Particularly important in the present context are
paragraphs (h) and (l) of s 7(1) in terms of which –
‘(1) Whenever a provision of this Act requires the best interest of the child’s standard to be applied, the
following factors must be taken into consideration where relevant, namely –
. . .
(h)  the child’s physical and emotional security and his or her intellectual, emotional, social and
cultural development;
(l) the need to protect the child from any physical or psychological harm that may be caused by –
(i) subjecting the child to maltreatment, abuse, neglect, exploitation or degradation or exposing the
child to violence or exploitation or other harmful behaviour; or
(ii) exposing the child to maltreatment, abuse, degradation, ill-treatment, violence or harmful behaviour
towards another person’.

[61] Counsel for the appellant also contended that, by way of international
comparison, there are ‘many examples’ of European countries which set lower age
limits for legal consent, to both same-sex and heterosexual sexual acts, than those
stipulated in s 14(1)(b) of the Act. He also pointed out that there are ‘many examples’
of European countries which have eliminated any previous distinction that existed in
such countries between same-sex and heterosexual legal ages of consent. While the
latter contention is certainly true of both European countries and other countries in the
world, the former contention is not entirely correct. As far as I have been able to
ascertain, there are very few countries where the legal age of consent for heterosexual
sexual activity is lower than 14 years, while by far the majority of countries set the
legal age of consent in this regard at 15 or 16 years, or even older. The age of consent
for sexual acts is uniform for homosexuals and heterosexuals in the majority of
countries outside South Africa. It would appear that most countries have set this
uniform age at 16 years, whilst there are some who have set it at 18 years and an
isolated few at between 13 and 15 years.1

[62] There is a world-wide and growing awareness of the particular vulnerability of
children and of the fact that child abuse, including sexual exploitation of children, is a
serious and ever-escalating problem. In South Africa, unfortunately, the extent of this
problem is truly appalling. Some of the (alarming) statistics and of the factors that
contribute to and exacerbate this problem have been highlighted by the South African
Law Reform Commission.2

1 See htpp://www.ageofconsent.com/ageofconsent.htm, accessed 4 March 2008 and also
http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm, accessed on 4 March 2008). Both these websites contain very
useful and comprehensive tables listing the ages, in most countries of the world, at which people of
various sexual persuasions (heterosexual, gay and lesbian) can legally consent to voluntary vaginal and
anal intercourse, as also to other sexual activities. The table from the latter website, headed ‘Worldwide
ages of consent’, is annexed to the respondent’s supplementary heads of argument. This website notes
that, in many countries, the legal age of consent is higher when one partner is in a position of trust with
regard to the other, or one partner takes advantage of the other’s immaturity (see for example, s 3(1) of
the United Kingdom Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act of 2000, s 153(1) of the Canadian Criminal
Code and Article 207(b) of the Austrian Criminal Code, as introduced in 2002). It is also noted that the
average legal age of consent across the world for heterosexual, gay and lesbian persons is 16 years.
2 See Issue Paper, Project 108 Sexual Offences against Children (31 May 1997) Chapter 3. An
interesting perspective, by South African children themselves, on the protection of  children against

[63] To my mind, it is clear that the establishment of a legal age of consent to
sexual activities – a chronological age which is a line separating ‘valid’ and ‘invalid’
consent – is perfectly in line with South Africa’s constitutional and international
obligations. The State has a duty to protect children against sexual exploitation and
the consequences thereof where such children have not reached an age at which, in the
majority of cases, the child in question will have the requisite cognitive development
and intellectual maturity to fully understand and appreciate the nature and
consequences of sexual activities and to be able to give an informed consent to such
activities. I therefore do not accept the argument that s 14(1)(b) of the Sexual
Offences Act is unconstitutional in that it sets the general legal age of consent by
either boys or girls to sexual intercourse and other sexual activities at higher than 12
years, even though there may be individual cases where the boy or girl in question
might be capable of forming an intention and participating voluntarily in such sexual
acts.

[64] This brings me to the further constitutional question which this Court
specifically drew to the attention of the parties and of the Minister before the hearing,
namely whether the distinction drawn in s 14 of the Act between heterosexual and
same-sex sexual activities by setting the legal age of consent at 16 and 19 years,
respectively, is inconsistent with the Constitution. On the face of it, the same-
sex/heterosexual legal age of consent distinction drawn in s 14 of the Act does
unfairly discriminate against persons on the grounds of their sexual orientation, even
when viewed in the light of the State’s constitutional and international obligations to
protect young people against, inter alia, sexual exploitation.

[65] It was for this reason that we invited both parties and the Minister to address
us on the constitutional question and to indicate whether evidence may assist this
court in arriving at a conclusion.  So too, notice of the proceedings was given to

sexual exploitation and abuse can be found in Children’s Rights Project (1998-1999) Report on
Children’s Rights: ‘They should listen to our side of the story’ (a publication of the Community Law
Centre, University of the Western Cape) part H.

Doctors for Life International, its legal representative in his personal capacity, the
Marriage Alliance of South Africa and the Lesbian and Gay Equality Project.

[66] None of the non-governmental organisations who were notified of this appeal
applied to intervene as amicus curiae. Moreover, counsel for the appellant, for the
respondent and for the Minister all agreed that this distinction does constitute
discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and/or age in terms of s 9(3) of the
Constitution, which discrimination is in terms of s 9(5) deemed to be unfair unless the
contrary is established. Counsel for the respondent expressed one qualification, to the
effect that any unconstitutionality flowing from the distinction between same-sex and
heterosexual acts in s 14 of the Act should be ‘cured’ by raising the age of consent to
heterosexual acts from 16 years to 19 years and thus eliminating the distinction, or by
setting the legal age of consent for both same-sex and heterosexual acts at the age of
18 years (the new age of majority as from 1 July 2007 in terms of s 7 of the Children’s
Act 38 of 2005). This would, however, create a criminal offence which did not
hitherto exist, in a situation where a Parliamentary choice of a uniform age of 16 years
has already been made in the 2007 Act.  In the alternative, counsel contended that s
14(1)(b) of the 1957 Act should remain unchanged so as not to diminish the
protection of children in respect of the period prior to the promulgation of the 2007
Act.

[67] It is clear that the broader governmental purpose underlying s 14 of the 1957
Act was the legitimate one of protecting children against potentially exploitative
sexual conduct, a purpose in line with s 28 of the Constitution.  However, in the 14
years since the advent of a constitutional democracy in this country in 1994, South
African courts, including the Constitutional Court, have repeatedly recognised that
gays and lesbians are in ‘certain respects in a uniquely vulnerable position as far as
legal protection and the exercise of political power are concerned’ (see Edwin
Cameron ‘Sexual Orientation and the Constitution: A Test Case for Human Rights’
(1993) 110 SALJ 450 at 456). To be faithful to the guarantees contained in the Bill of
rights, however ‘[s]exual orientation is – or should be – a matter of indifference
morally and constitutionally. There is thus no basis which can be countenanced before
the law for treating homosexual men and woman differently’ (per Ackermann J in

National Coalition for Gay & Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice 1999 (1) SA 6
(CC) para 25).

[68] As pointed out above, no justification in terms of s 36(1) of the Constitution
was proffered by any of the parties or relevant non-governmental organisations for
maintaining the age differential in s 14 of the Act, which age differential on the face
of it discriminates unfairly on the grounds of sexual orientation. On the contrary, as
already pointed out, the representative of the Minister responsible for the
administration of the Act effectively conceded that there is no such justification. On
what we have before us, this concession appears to be correct.

[69] Here at home, the legislature would similarly appear to have come to the same
conclusion that there is no justification for the age differentiation in s 14 of the Sexual
Offences Act of 1957. This section has been repealed with effect from 16 December
2007 and replaced by ss 15 and 16 of the 2007 Act, which sections set a uniform age
of consent of 16 years for both same-sex and heterosexual sexual acts (see para 8
above). The promulgation of the 2007 Act was the culmination of a lengthy process of
research and consultation by the South African Law Reform Commission, which
process commenced in 1996. The initial investigation concerned only sexual offences
by and against children and, in May 1997, an Issue Paper on Sexual Offences against
Children was published for general information and comment. Hereafter, the scope of
the investigation was expanded to include sexual offences against adults and a general
overhaul of the criminal justice system in relation to sexual offences. Parliament has
thus already spoken by making an unequivocal choice of a uniform age of consent – a
choice made after years of research, consultation and public debate. Parliament opted
to achieve the legitimate governmental purpose of protecting children in a manner that
did not at the same time discriminate against homosexual and gay persons. In my
view, it would take a great deal to convince any court that this choice is
constitutionally invalid. This, in turn, lends much weight to my conclusion that ss
14(1) and 14(3) of the 1957 Act are indeed constitutionally invalid to the extent that
these sections distinguish between same-sex and heterosexual sexual acts by setting
different legal ages of consent to such acts. It follows that, in terms of s 172(1)(a) of
the Constitution, we must declare these sections to be invalid to the extent of their
inconsistency with the Constitution.

The appropriate remedy

[70] In terms of  s 172(1)(b) of the Constitution, a court which has declared a
statutory provision to be unconstitutional and  hence invalid may make any order that
is just and equitable, including ‘an order suspending the declaration of invalidity for
any period and on any conditions, to allow the competent authority to correct the
defect.’

[71] In a case such as the present, where a statutory provision creating a criminal
offence is declared to be constitutionally invalid, the ‘general principle’ that ‘an order
of invalidity should have no effect on cases which have been finalised prior to the date
of the order of invalidity’ is particularly important (see S v Bhulwana; S v Gwadiso
1996 (1) SA 388 (CC) para 32). Furthermore, the order must be formulated in such a
way that the interests of good government are properly taken into account. In the
words of Ackermann J in National Coalition for Gay & Lesbian Equality v Minister
of Justice 1999 (1) SA 6 (CC) para 94:
‘The interests of good government will always be an important consideration in deciding whether a
proposed order under the 1996 Constitution is ‘‘just and equitable’’ for justice and equity must also be
evaluated from the perspective of the State and the broad interests of society generally.’

[72] An order of constitutional invalidity which is retrospective without any
qualification could easily have undesirable consequences that would seriously disrupt
the criminal justice system. As in the National Coalition for Gay & Lesbian Equality
v Minister of Justice  case (supra), the least disruptive way of giving relief to persons
in respect of past convictions for contraventions of ss 4(1)(b) and ss 14(3)(b) of the
Sexual Offences Act is, in my view, through the established court structures:
‘On the strength of the order of constitutional invalidity, such persons could note an appeal against
their convictions . . .  where the period for noting such appeal has not yet expired or, where it has, could
bring an application for condonation of the late noting of an appeal or the late application for leave to
appeal to a Court of competent jurisdiction. In this way effective judicial control can be exercised.
Although this might result in cases having to be reopened, it will in all probability not cause dislocation
of the administration of justice of any moment.’ (Para 97)

[73] It must also be borne in mind that, with effect from 16 December 2007, s 14 of
the Sexual Offences Act has been repealed in its entirety by the 2007 Act.  Sections

15 and 16 of the new Act now regulate the conduct that was previously regulated by
ss 14(1) and 14(3) of the 1957 Act. These sections set a uniform age of consent of 16
years for both same-sex and heterosexual acts. Counsel for the Minister thus
contended, in my view correctly, that it would make no sense simply to declare
ss 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) of the 1957 Act to be constitutionally invalid and to leave it
to the legislature to deal with the consequences of such an order – the legislature has
already done so.

[74] To my mind, ‘appropriate relief’ in the present case (see s 38 of the
Constitution) lies in a combination of the severance of words and the reading in of
other words into the relevant statutory provisions. As was pointed out by the
Constitutional Court in National Coalition for Gay & Lesbian Equality v Minister of
Home Affairs 2000 (2) SA 1 (CC) paras 74-75:
‘[74]
The severance of words from a statutory provision and reading words into the provision are
closely related remedial powers of the Court. In deciding whether words should be severed from a
provision or whether words should be read into one, a Court pays careful attention first, to the need to
ensure that the provision which results from severance or reading words into a statute is consistent with
the Constitution and its fundamental values and, secondly, that the result achieved would interfere with
the laws adopted by the Legislature as little as possible. . .
[75] In deciding to read words into a statute, a Court should also bear in mind that it will not be
appropriate to read words in, unless in so doing a Court can define with sufficient precision how the
statute ought to be extended in order to comply with the Constitution. Moreover, when reading in (as
when severing) a Court should endeavour to be as faithful as possible to the legislative scheme within
the constraints of the Constitution.’

[75] The remedial solution in this case lies in a severance of the words ‘under the
age of 19 years’ after the words ‘a boy’ in s 14(1)(b) of the 1957 Act and the reading-
in of the words ‘under the age of 16 years’ in its stead. So too, in respect of s 14(3)(b)
of the 1957 Act, the words ‘under the age of 19 years’, after the words ‘a girl’ must be
severed from that section, to be replaced by the words ‘under the age of 16 years’.
After the severance and reading-in, ss 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) would read as follows:
‘(1)
Any male person who –

. . .
(b)  commits or attempts to commit with such a girl or with boy under the age of 16 years an immoral
or indecent act; or
. . .
shall be guilty of an offence.

(3)
Any female who –
. . .
(b)  commits or attempt to commit with such a boy or with a girl under the age of 16 years; or
. . .
shall be guilty of an offence.’

[76] It is clear that a pre-existing provision of a law which is unconstitutional
became invalid at the moment the Constitution took effect. This is the effect of the
supremacy clause of the Constitution (s 2), in terms of which the Constitution is the
supreme law of the Republic and all law or conduct inconsistent with it is invalid.
Item 2(1) of Schedule 6 to the Constitution provides that all law that was in force
when the Constitution took effect, continues in force until amended or repealed, but
only to the extent that it is consistent with the Constitution. In accordance with the
doctrine known as ‘objective constitutional invalidity’,3 a Court making a declaration
of invalidity simply declares invalid what has already been invalidated by the
Constitution. As indicated above, however, the operation of the doctrine of objective
constitutional invalidity is subject to the possibility that the court making the
declaration of invalidity may, in the interests of justice and equity, limit the
retrospective  effect of  such  declaration in  terms  of s 172(1)(b)(1) of the
Constitution.

[77] By virtue of s 172(2)(a) of the Constitution, the orders of constitutional
invalidity to be made by this Court will have no force unless and until they are
confirmed by the Constitutional Court. Should this confirmation occur, then the
appellant’s convictions on the last 6 counts (viz counts 6-11) will effectively cease to
exist. Thus, although this Court should make an order setting these convictions aside,
this order will be subject to the confirmation by the Constitutional Court of our order
of constitutional invalidity.

Sentence

3 See Ferreira v Levin NO; Vryenhoek v Powell NO 1996 (1) SA 984 (CC) paras 27-28; National
Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice 1999 (1) SA 6 (CC) para 84; Gory v
Kolver NO 2007 (4) SA 97 (CC) para 39.

[78] As I have already indicated, although the High Court granted the appellant
leave to appeal against both conviction and sentence, counsel for the appellant did not
persist with the appeal against sentence before us. The sentence of imprisonment for a
period of one year imposed by the regional magistrate, and confirmed by the High
Court, in respect of each of the first four convictions therefore stands.

[79] It appears from the record that the appellant has been in prison since 3
December 2003, as he was not granted bail pending his trial or pending his appeals.
On 8 July 2005, the regional court sentenced him to an effective period of 11 years’
imprisonment. Thereafter, on 21 November 2006, the appellant’s effective sentence
was reduced by the High Court to seven years’ imprisonment. This means that, at the
time we heard this appeal, the appellant had served more than two years and seven
months of his seven year sentence. If the Constitutional Court confirms the order of
constitutional invalidity to be made by this Court, then the appellant’s convictions on
the last six counts will be set aside and only the sentences imposed in respect of the
first four counts (four years in total) will stand. This being so, this is an appropriate
case in which we should exercise our power in terms of s 172(2)(b) of the
Constitution by granting temporary relief to the appellant, pending the decision of the
Constitutional Court. It would seem that the best way to do this would be to make an
order suspending the sentence imposed on the appellant in respect of counts 6 to 11
until such time as the Constitutional Court has decided whether or not to confirm our
orders of constitutional invalidity. The effect of this is that, pending the decision by
the Constitutional Court in this regard, the appellant’s effective sentence must be
regarded for all relevant purposes as being four years’ imprisonment.

Order

[80] In the circumstances, the following order is made:

1.1
It is declared that, with effect from 27 April 1994, ss 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) of
the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957 are inconsistent with the Constitution and hence
invalid to the extent that these sections differentiate between heterosexual and same-
sex sexual activities by setting the legal age of consent at 16 and 19 years,
respectively.

1.2
It is declared that, with effect from 27 April 1994, s 14(1)(b) of Act 23 of 1957
is to be read as though the words ‘under the age of 19 years’ after the words ‘a boy’
have been replaced with the words ‘under the age of 16 years’.
1.3
It is declared that, with effect from 27 April 1994, s 14(3)(b) of Act 23 of 1957
is to be read as though the words ‘ under the age of 19 years’ after the words ‘ a girl’
have been replaced with the words ‘under the age of 16 years’.
1.4
In terms of s 172(1)(b) of the Constitution, it is ordered that the orders in
paragraphs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3  shall not invalidate any conviction for a contravention of
s 14(1)(b) or 14(3)(b) of Act 23 of 1957 unless an appeal from or a review of the
relevant judgment is pending, or the time of noting an appeal from that judgment has
not yet expired, or condonation for the late noting of an appeal or late filing of an
application for leave to appeal is granted by a court of competent jurisdiction.

2.
These orders, insofar as they declare provisions of Act 23 of 1957 to be
invalid, are referred to the Constitutional Court for confirmation in terms of
s172(2)(a) of the Constitution.

3.
The appeal in respect of the appellant’s convictions on counts 1, 2, 3 and 4
fails.

4.
Subject to the confirmation by the Constitutional Court of the orders of
constitutional invalidity set out in paragraph 1 above the appeal in respect of the
appellant’s convictions on counts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 succeeds and those convictions
are set aside.

5.
In terms of s 172(2)(b), the sentences imposed on the appellant in respect of
counts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are suspended pending the decision by the Constitutional
Court in respect of the confirmation of the orders of constitutional invalidity.

6.
The registrar of this Court is directed to:
6.1
forward a copy of this judgment, together with the record, to the Registrar of
the Constitutional Court
6.2
serve a copy of this judgment on the Department of Correctional Services and
on the head of the prison in which the appellant is currently incarcerated.

___________________
BJ VAN HEERDEN JA

CONCUR:

STREICHER JA
CAMERON JA
NUGENT JW
KGOMO AJA

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

31 March 2008

STATUS: Immediate

Izak Andreas Geldenhuys v The State

Please note that the media summary is intended for the benefit of the media
and does not form part of the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal

The Supreme Court of Appeal today declared sections 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b)
of the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957 to be inconsistent with the Constitution
and hence invalid to the extent that these sections differentiate between
heterosexual and same-sex sexual activities by setting the ‘legal age of
consent’ in respect of such activities at 16 and 19 years, respectively. It held
that the age differential on the face of it discriminates unfairly on the grounds
of sexual orientation and that no justification for maintaining this differential
had been shown. The Court severed certain words from these sections and
read other words into these sections in order to set a uniform age of consent
of 16 years for both same-sex and heterosexual activities. It pointed out that
section 14 of the 1957 Act has been repealed with effect from 16 December
2007 by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 and
replaced by section 15 and 16 of the 2007 Act which set a uniform age of
consent of 16 years for all consensual sexual activities.

The appellant in this appeal had been convicted in the regional court of ten
counts of contravening section 14(1)(b) of the 1957 Act (viz the commission of
immoral or indecent act with the complainant, a boy under the age of 19 years
at the relevant times). The regional court had sentenced him to an effective 11
years’ imprisonment. His appeal to the Pretoria High Court against his
convictions failed, but that court reduced his effective sentence to seven
years’ imprisonment. In the High Court, the appellant raised a constitutional
challenge to section 14(1)(b) of the 1957 Act, but this challenge was rejected
by the High Court.

On a further appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal, the constitutional
challenge to sections 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) succeeded. The effect of the
orders of constitutional invalidity made by the SCA is that, if the Constitutional

Court confirms these orders, then the appellant’s convictions on the last six
counts (relating to acts perpetrated on the complainant while he was over the
age of 16 years) will be set aside. The SCA held, however, that the regional
court and the High Court could not be faulted in their conclusion that the
appellant’s version in respect of the first four counts, when viewed against the
totality of the evidence adduced, as well as against the inherent probabilities,
was false. The appellant’s appeal against his convictions on the first four
counts was therefore dismissed.

The SCA noted that the appellant had been in prison since 3 December 2003,
as he was not granted bail pending his trial or pending his appeals. He had
been serving his sentence since 8 July 2005. Therefore, at the time this
appeal was heard, the appellant had served more than two years and seven
months of his effective seven year sentence (as reduced by the High Court).
The SCA granted temporary relief to the appellant pending the decision of the
Constitutional Court, by making an order suspending the sentence imposed
on the appellant in respect of the last six counts until such time as the
Constitutional Court has decided whether or not to confirm the SCA’s orders
of constitutional invalidity. The effect of this was that, pending the decision by
the Constitutional Court in this regard, the appellant’s effective sentence must
be regarded for all relevant purposes as being four years’ imprisonment.

ends.