THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT

Case No: 491/09

In the matter between:

DORMELL PROPERTIES 282 CC

Appellant

and

RENASA INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED                         First Respondent
STEPHEN MALCOLM GORE NO, TREVOR PHILIP GLAUM NO
AND MOGAMAT IGSHAAN HIGGINS NO (In their capacities as
the joint liquidators of SYNTHESIS PROJECTS CAPE (PTY) TD)
(in liquidation)
Second Respondents

Neutral citation:
Dormell v Renasa (491/09) [2010] ZASCA 137 (1
October 2010)

Coram:
Mpati P, Cloete, Cachalia, Mhlantla JJA and

Bertelsmann AJA

Heard:
13 SEPTEMBER 2010

Delivered:
1 OCTOBER 2010

Summary:
Building guarantee – rectification of in absence of antecedent
agreement – expiry date – whether civil method of computation applicable to date
determined in guarantee – whether payment of guarantee issued to employer to
provide cash fund to complete building project in case the building contract is
cancelled because of contractor's default, can be enforced against insurer who
issued guarantee by employer after the latter has been held in arbitration
proceedings against contractor to have repudiated the building contract –
contract validly cancelled by contractor – whether order enforcing guarantee
would be academic.

____________________________________________________________________

ORDER
________________________________________________________________

On appeal from: South Gauteng High Court (Johannesburg) (Gildenhuys J
sitting as court of first instance).

1.
The appeal is dismissed.
2.
The respondents' application to place new evidence relating to the
arbitration award before the court is granted.
3.
The appellant is to pay the respondents’ costs, including the costs of
two counsel, incurred in respect of the appeal from 16 October 2009.
4.
The respondents are to pay the appellant’s costs, jointly and severally,
the one paying the other to be absolved, of the appeal until 15 October
2009.
5.
The order of the court a quo is set aside and substituted with the
following: ‘The respondents are to pay the applicant’s costs, jointly and
severally, the one paying the other to be absolved, including the costs
of two counsel.’
________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
________________________________________________________________
BERTELSMANN AJA
INTRODUCTION
[1] The appeal, leave having been granted on petition by this court,
concerns the validity, the terms and the enforceability of a building guarantee
described in the papers as a ‘JBCC Construction Guarantee for use with the
JBCC Principal Building Agreement’.

[2] The appellant, or its predecessor, embarked upon a development
project known as the Cobble Walk Retail Development Regional Shopping
Centre. The second respondent (‘Synthesis’) was engaged as building
contractor to construct and complete the project. The guarantee was issued

by the first respondent (Renasa), an insurance company, in favour of a
company that was converted into the appellant close corporation ('Dormell').

[3] The guarantee was intended to provide the employer with a ready cash
fund for the completion of the development project in the event of the building
contract having to be cancelled by the employer prior to its finalisation by
Synthesis. Synthesis was liquidated prior to the launching of the appeal, but
was represented by its joint liquidators.

[4] Dormell applied for the rectification of the guarantee so as to reflect it
as the employer, but the court below refused this relief. It also held that the
guarantee had expired when the appellant attempted to enforce it. Because of
these findings, the court below did not have to deal with the terms of the
guarantee, its enforceability or with any dispute relating to the cancellation of
the building contract.

THE GUARANTEE
[5] The guarantee, printed on Renasa’s letterhead, is couched in the
standard terminology of a JBCC Series 2000 contractor’s guarantee.1 The
clauses relevant to this judgment read as follows:

'GUARANTOR DETAILS AND DEFINITIONS
Guarantor means

Renasa Insurance Company Limited
Employer means

Messrs Dormell Properties 282 (Pty) Ltd
Contractor means

Synthesis Projects (Cape) (Pty) Ltd
Principal Agent means
André Van Der Merwe Associates cc
Works means
Cobble Walk Retail Development Regional Shopping
Centre
Site means

ERF 15330, Durbanville
Agreement means

The JBCC Series 2000 Principal Building Agreement

1 The Joint Building Contracts Committee Inc. is composed of representatives of the
Association of Construction Project Managers, the Association of South African Quantity
Surveyors, the Building Industries Federation South Africa, the South African Association of
Consulting Engineers, the South African Institute of Architects, the South African Property
Owners Association and the Specialist Engineering Contracts Committee. It prepares and
updates standardised contracts for the building industry.

Contract Sum means
The
accepted
amount
inclusive
of
tax
of
R89 221,957.08

Guaranteed Sum means
The maximum aggregate amount of R6 691,646.78
Amount in words
Six Million, Six Hundred and Ninety One Thousand, Six
Hundred and Forty Six Rand and Seventy Eight Cents
Construction Guarantee
(insert Variable or Fixed)
Fixed
(insert
expiry date)

28/02/08

___________________________________________________________________
AGREEMENT DETAILS
Sections:
Total Sections (No or n/a)
N/A

Last
section
(no/identification or n/a)
N/A

Principal Agent issues:
Interim payment certificates, Final payment certificate,
Practical completion certificate/s
___________________________________________________________________
2.
FIXED CONSTRUCTION GUARANTEE
2.1
Where a fixed Construction Guarantee in terms of the Agreement has been
selected in this 2 with 3 to 13 shall apply. The Guarantor's liability shall be limited to
the amount of the Guaranteed Sum as follows:
GUARANTOR'S LIABILITY
Maximum Guaranteed Sum (not
exceeding 7.5% of the contract sum) in
the amount of:

PERIOD OF LIABILITY
From and including the date of issue of
this Construction Guarantee and up to
and including the date of the only
practical completion certificate or the last
practical completion certificate where
there are sections, upon which this
Construction Guarantee shall expire.
R6,691,646.78

Amount in words: Six Million, Six Hundred and Ninety One Thousand, Six Hundred
and Forty Six Rand and Seventy Eight Cents
___________________________________________________________________
3.
The Guarantor hereby acknowledges that:
3.1
Any reference in this guarantee to the Agreement is made for the purpose of
convenience and shall not be construed as any intention whatsoever to create an
accessory obligation or any intention whatsoever to create a suretyship.

3.2
Its obligation under this Guarantee is restricted to the payment of money.

4.
Subject to the Guarantor's maximum liability referred to in 1 or 2, the
Guarantor hereby undertakes to pay the Employer the sum certified upon receipt of
the documents identified in 4.1 to 4.3:
4.1
A copy of a first written demand issued by the Employer to the Contractor
stating that payment of a sum certified by the Principal Agent in an interim of final
payment certificate has not been made in terms of the Agreement and failing such
payment within seven (7) calendar days, the Employer intends to call upon the
Guarantor to make payment in terms of 4.2.
4.2
A first written demand issued by the Employer to the guarantor at the
Guarantor's physical address with a copy to the Contractor stating that a period of
seven (7) calendar days has elapsed since the first written demand in terms of 4.1
and that the sum certified has still not been paid therefore the Employer calls up this
Construction Guarantee and demands payment of the sum certified from the
Guarantor.
4.3
A copy of the said payment certificate which entitles the Employer to receive
payment in terms of the Agreement of the sum certified in 4.

5.
Subject to the Guarantor's maximum liability referred to in 1 or 2, the
Guarantor undertakes to pay the Employer the Guaranteed Sum or the full
outstanding balance upon receipt of a first written demand from the Employer to the
Guarantor at the Guarantor's physical address calling up on this Construction
Guarantee stating that:
5.1
The Agreement has been cancelled due to the Contractor's default and that
the Construction Guarantee is called up in terms of 5. The demand shall enclose a
copy of the notice of cancellation; or
5.2
A provisional sequestration or liquidation court order has been granted
against the Contractor and that the Construction guarantee is called up in terms of 5.
The demand shall enclose a copy of the court order.

6.
It is recorded that the aggregate amount of payments required to be made by
the Guarantor in terms of 4 and 5 shall not exceed the Guarantor's maximum liability
in terms of 1 or 2.

7.
Where the Guarantor is a registered insurer and has made payment in terms
of 5, the Employer shall upon the date of issue of the final payment certificate submit
an expense account to the Guarantor showing how all monies received in terms of

the Construction guarantee have been expended and shall refund to the Guarantor
any resulting surplus. All monies refunded to the Guarantor in terms of this
Construction Guarantee shall bear interest and (sic) the prime overdraft rate of the
Employer's bank compounded monthly and calculated from the date payment was
made the Guarantor to the Employer until the date of refund (sic).

8.
Payment by the Guarantor in terms of 4 and 5 shall be made within seven (7)
calendar days upon receipt of the first written demand to the Guarantor.

9.
The Employer shall have the absolute right to arrange his affairs with the
Contractor in any manner which the Employer deems fit and the Guarantor shall not
have the right to claim his release from this Construction Guarantee on account of
any conduct alleged to be prejudicial to the Guarantor.

10.
The Guarantor chooses the physical address as stated above for all purposes
in connection herewith.

11.
The Construction Guarantee is neither negotiable nor transferable and shall
expire in terms of either 1.1.4 or 2.1 of payment in full of the Guaranteed Sum or on
the Guarantee expiry date, whichever is the earlier, where after (sic) no claims will be
considered by the Guarantor. The original of this Construction Guarantee shall be
returned to the Guarantor after it has expired.

12.
This construction Guarantee, with the required demand notices in terms of 4
or 5, shall be regarded as a liquid document for the purpose of obtaining a court
order.

Signed at Johannesburg on this 5th day of December 2007.'

THE RELEVANT FACTS
[6] On 14 February 2007, a JBCC 2000 Series Principal Building
Agreement was signed by Mr Efstathiou, ostensibly acting for a company
Dormell Properties 282 (Pty) Ltd (‘the company'). In this contract, the
contractor undertook to construct a shopping centre development known as
Cobble Walk in Durbanville. The signing of this agreement was preceded by
the acceptance of Synthesis' tender by the employer’s principal agent.

Synthesis’ representative, Mr Reid, signed the JBCC contract on 16
December 2006, while Mr Efstathiou did so on the later date. The capacity in
which he signed was indicated as 'director'.

[7] The planning of the shopping centre development had been
undertaken by the company. This entity was still in existence when Synthesis'
tender was accepted. The company was converted to Dormell on 26 January
2007.

[8] Notice was given by Dormell of this conversion to interested parties in
writing on 13 February 2007. Dormell alleges that Renasa was included in the
list of recipients to whom this information was disseminated, but Renasa
denies any knowledge thereof. Synthesis was informed of the change of
identity of the employer.

[9] On 23 January 2007 Renasa received an application form for a JBCC
2000 guarantee to be issued in favour of the company. Renasa did not then,
or at any later stage, have sight of the building contract. It issued a guarantee
on 24 January 2007, sufficient securities having been provided by Synthesis
for that purpose.

[10] On 27 March 2007, this guarantee was replaced with a new guarantee
because the first had incorrectly described the company and Synthesis as
contractor and sub-contractor respectively rather than as employer and
contractor.
The guarantee issued on 27 March 2007 expired on 25 October
2007 and the guarantee in dispute, quoted above, was issued at Dormell’s
request on the 5 December 2007. Each of these guarantees indicated the
company as being the employer.

[11] The construction of the shopping centre did not go according to plan
and considerable delays occurred in the building process. The completion
date envisaged by the building contract had to be extended. At the beginning
of 2008, Synthesis informed the appellant that practical completion of the
project would not be attained before 13 March 2008.

[12] Dormell thereupon demanded, through its attorneys, an extension of
the guarantee until 15 April 2008. Synthesis refused to provide further
security.

[13] On 11 February 2008 the principal agent sent a written demand to
Synthesis, threatening on behalf of Dormell to cancel the agreement if the
former failed to provide an extended guarantee. The contractor was formally
placed on terms by another letter dated 13 February 2008, demanding an
extended guarantee on or before 27 February 2008 if cancellation of the
contract and calling up of the guarantee was to be avoided.

[14] Synthesis’ attorneys reacted by letter disputing the existence of any
obligation to extend the guarantee, whereupon the appellant through its
principal agent cancelled the agreement on 28 February 2008. On the same
day, Dormell demanded payment of the sum secured by the construction
guarantee from Renasa by delivering a letter to its offices, informing the
guarantor of the cancellation of the building contract and of its consequent
obligation to honour its undertaking. Renasa rejected the demand on the
same day, its attorneys denying any obligation to pay as, according to their
view, the guarantee had already expired when demand was made.
[15] Synthesis regarded the purported cancellation of the building
agreement as repudiation thereof which it accepted on 29 February 2008 and
cancelled the contract in turn.
[16] Dormell launched an application in the court below for a declaratory
order that the guarantee was valid for the full day of 28 February 2008, that
payment was demanded timeously and that Renasa was obliged to honour
the guarantee. Renasa raised two defences: That the guarantee had expired
on midnight of 27 February 2008; and that Dormell was not entitled to claim
under the guarantee as it had been issued in favour of the company and not
of Dormell. Synthesis, having been joined because of its interest in the
proceedings, denied that the close corporation was the beneficiary of the
guarantee and disputed any allegation that it had been in breach of the
building contract.

[17] Dormell, as I have mentioned, countered with an application for the
rectification of the guarantee on the basis that all three parties always
intended to procure and issue a guarantee in favour of the employer. The
identity of the employer was not material to Renasa once Synthesis provided
sufficient securities to protect the former’s position. The parties’ true intention
would be honoured by reflecting the appellant as the beneficiary of the
guarantee. Renasa and Synthesis disputed these assertions.

[18] The court below concluded that no case for the rectification of the
guarantee had been established and that it had in any event expired at
midnight on 27 February 2008. It dismissed the application on these grounds.
Leave to appeal was refused on 19 June 2009, but was granted on petition to
this court on 27 August 2009.

[19] In the meantime Dormell and Synthesis referred the dispute concerning
the cancellation of the building contract to arbitration. Synthesis was
liquidated before the arbitration was concluded, but was represented by its
liquidators thereafter.

[20] The arbitrator held that Synthesis had not been in breach of any term
of the building contract and that Dormell had repudiated the agreement by its
purported cancellation, which repudiation was validly accepted by Synthesis
which thereafter cancelled the contract as it was entitled to do. The arbitrator’s
award is not subject to appeal and has not been reviewed.

NEW EVIDENCE ON APPEAL
[21] A court of appeal may admit new evidence, which power is given to it
by s 22(a) of the Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959. This power should be
exercised sparingly and only if the further evidence is reliable, ‘weighty and
material and presumably to be believed’ (per Wessels CJ in Colman v Dunbar
1933 AD 141 at 162). In addition, there must be an acceptable explanation for
the fact that the evidence was not adduced in the trial court.

[22] Renasa applied for leave to introduce the arbitrator’s award as
evidence on appeal. This request was not opposed by Dormell, although the
latter adopted the stance that events that occurred after the date of the
judgment appealed against were irrelevant to the outcome of the appeal.

[23] In the unusual circumstances of this case it is clear that evidence of the
arbitration and its outcome did not exist at the time the judgment of the court
below was given. The award's authenticity and reliability are not in issue. The
arbitration award was indeed common cause. The application to present
further evidence relating to the arbitration award on appeal was granted. Its
effect upon the appeal is dealt with below.

THE APPEAL
[24] Dormell attacks the judgment of the court below on the grounds that
the court erred in holding that the guarantee expired at midnight on 27
February 2008 and also erred in refusing the prayer for its rectification. It
insists that it is entitled to enforce the guarantee.

[25] Renasa and Synthesis support the judgment appealed against. In
addition, they rely on the arbitration award for the submission that the
guarantee is no longer enforceable as a competent tribunal has found that the
employer was in breach of the building contract and Synthesis was entitled to
cancel the same. Dormell is therefore no longer bona fide when it insists on
payment of the guarantee. Any entitlement to call for payment has fallen
away, they submit.

THE GUARANTEE’S EXPIRY DATE
[26] The guarantee is a written agreement. There is no suggestion of any
ambiguity of any of its provisions. The words used by the parties must be
given their ordinary meaning. The expiry date is determined as 28 February
2008. It may expire earlier at the happening of a specified event. The court
below concluded that the civil method of calculation had to be applied to
determine the expiry date and found this to be at midnight of 27 February

2008. The terms of the contract are the decisive criterion by which any
potential expiry of a deadline has to be determined:
‘These passages show, I think, that where time has to be computed under a contract,
we must look primarily at the terms of the contract, in order if possible, to discover
from them what the parties intended, and that it is only, when the contract is not
decisive upon the point, that it is admissible to introduce the rules of law with regard
to computation of time.’ Per Solomon JA in Joubert v Enslin 1910 AD 6 at 46.

[27] In Roman Law, which our law has retained in this respect, the expiry of
a period of time could be calculated either by the natural or the civil method.
The natural method calculates ‘de momento in momentum’, from the exact
moment of the first day upon which the period to be calculated commences to
the exactly corresponding moment of the last day. The civil method of
computation includes the first day of the period to be calculated and excludes
the last day, see: Cock v Cape of Good Hope Marine Assurance Company 3
Searle 114 C, in which a marine insurance policy that was taken out for the
period or one year from 14 August 1857 to 14 August 1858, was held to have
expired at midnight of 13 August 1858. Compare: Windscheid, Pandects, 4th
ed 1875 para 103(1). Gane, The Selective Voet, Book XLV, Title 1, Section
19.
Lee and Honoré The South African Law of Obligations, 2nd ed p49 state:
'141 Calculation of Period If a contract provides that something shall be done within
a stated number of days from the date of its conclusion or from any other event, in
the absence of expression to the contrary, in calculating the number of days the day
on which the contract was concluded or the event took place is understood to be the
first day of the period and the last day is excluded.
The same applies if the period is reckoned, not by days, but by months or years.'2

2 (An illustrative example of such a calculation is Kleynhans v Yorkshire Insurance Co. Ltd
1957 (3) 544 (A), where Schreiner ACJ said at 550A-B:‘Coming back to the words "upon the
expiration of a period of two years" or "na verloop van 'n tydperk van twee jaar", the reason
why I cannot draw from them an inference that the ordinary civil rule is to be excluded is that
they seem to mean nothing more than that the period of prescription is to be two years from
the date when the claim arose. Different expressions having identical meanings would be "at
the end of a period of two years" or "after a period of two years" or "after two years" or even

[28] With respect to the learned Judge a quo, it is difficult to discern why the
expiry date of the guarantee, which appears clearly from the guarantee itself
should have to be determined by a method designed to calculate a period of
days.

[29] The guarantee does not contain a term calling for such a calculation.
The printed form makes provision for a variable and for a fixed construction
guarantee. Synthesis chose a fixed construction guarantee. Different clauses
of the guarantee apply to each of the two alternatives, and clauses 3 to 13
thereof apply to both. In respect of the period of liability that applies to the
fixed guarantee, clause 2 provides that it should run '[f]rom and including the
date of issue of the Construction Guarantee and up to and including the date
of the only practical completion certificate or the last practical completion
certificate where there are sections, upon which this Construction Guarantee
shall expire.’ The only other clause dealing with the expiry date of the
guarantee is clause 11, which says: 'The Construction Guarantee . . . shall
expire in terms of either 1.1.4 or 2.1, or payment in full of the Guaranteed
Sum or on the Guarantee expiry date, whichever is the earlier, where after
(sic) no claims will be considered by the Guarantor. . . .'

[30] Clause 1.1.4 deals with the variable variety of the guarantee and is
therefore not relevant to the interpretation of the document under discussion.
In clause 11 of the guarantee the parties thereto did not agree upon a period
of days or weeks that has to be calculated in order to establish the last date
upon which the guarantee could be called up. The date of inception is clearly
the date of issue as set out in clause 2 quoted above. The expiry date is not
dependant upon the effluxion of a particular number of days or weeks, but
upon the happening of a particular event: the issue of a certificate of practical
completion; or the last certificate of partial completion as set out in clause 2.1;
or, as clause 11 reflects, the payment in full of the guarantee or the arrival of
the guarantee expiry date reflected on the face of the document.

simply "two years". Similarly in the Afrikaans, the unsigned, text equivalent expressions would
be "na 'n tydperk van twee jaar" or "na twee jaar" or simply "twee jaar").

[31] The expiry date is 28 February 2008 as agreed upon by the parties.
The court below erred in applying the civil method of computation to this
contract.

RECTIFICATION
[32] The court below dismissed Dormell’s prayer for rectification of the
guarantee to reflect it as the employer on the ground that Dormell was unable
to show that there was either a common intention or an antecedent
agreement between the parties that was not correctly reduced to writing as a
result of a common error. Reference was made to Levin v Zoutendijk 1979 (3)
SA 1145 (W) at 1148A and to Spiller & others v Lawrence 1976 (1) SA 307
(N), where Didcott J (as he then was) said at 307 H:
‘When a written contract does not reflect the true intention of the parties to it, but has
been executed by them in the mistaken belief that it does, it may be rectified judicially
so that the terms which it was always meant to contain are attributed in fact to it.
That, as a general principle, is well recognised by both South African and English
law.’

[33] It is correct that the appellant and the first respondent did not agree
upon the identity of the employer prior to the signing of any of the three
guarantees. Renasa was informed by a broker of the particulars of the party in
whose favour the guarantee had to be issued. These instructions reflected the
company’s particulars. The insurer remained unaware of Dormell’s existence
until the building contract was cancelled.

[34] Dormell argued that it and Renasa had certainly intended to benefit the
employer by the issuing of the guarantee in order to enable the employer to
finalise the building project if the contract between it and the contractor were
to be cancelled before the work was completed. Renasa disputed that there
was ever a consensus in respect of the employer, either before or at the time
the guarantee was signed, which, so the argument ran, precluded any
possibility of rectification.

[35] The court below was apparently not referred to Meyer v Merchant’s
Trust 1942 AD 244. In that matter a guarantee was issued for the payment of
certain liabilities, without the parties having entered into a prior agreement.
The guarantee did not reflect the parties’ intention to limit the guarantor’s
liability to a specific amount, regardless of the actual sum of the secured
debts. A claim for rectification was resisted on the ground that no antecedent
agreement had come into existence. At 253 De Wet CJ. said the following:
‘It is therefore open to the Court to consider the question whether, in the absence of
proof of an antecedent agreement, it is competent to order the rectification of a
written contract in those cases in which it is proved that both parties had a common
intention which they intended to express in the written contract but which through a
mistake they failed to express.
It is difficult to understand why this question should not be answered in the
affirmative. Proof of an antecedent agreement may be the best proof of the common
intention which the parties intended to express in their written contract, and in many
cases would be the only proof available, but there is no reason in principle why that
common intention should not be proved in some other manner, provided such proof
is clear and convincing.’

[36] This judgment was followed in Soil Fumigation Services Lowveld CC v
Chemfit Technical Products (Pty) Ltd 2004 (6) SA 29 (SCA) at para 21. The
absence of an antecedent agreement does not in itself preclude rectification
of a written agreement that does not correctly reflect the parties’ intention.

[37] The facts of this matter clearly demonstrate that Renasa was more
concerned with obtaining sufficient security from Synthesis to back up the
guarantee than with the terms of the building contract or the exact description
of the employer. There is merit in Dormell’s argument that all three parties,
and in particular Renasa and Dormell, intended to secure the employer’s
position. The guarantee should therefore have been rectified to reflect that
intention.

THE GUARANTEE’S ENFORCEABILITY
[38] A guarantee couched in the exact terms as the one under discussion, a
JBCC series 2000 pre-printed guarantee, and the circumstances under which
a claim could be made on it, was described by this court in Lombard
Insurance Co Ltd v Landmark Holdings (Pty) Ltd & others 2010 (2) SA 86
(SCA) para 20 Navsa JA said:
‘The guarantee by Lombard is not unlike irrevocable letters of credit issued by banks
and used in international trade, the essential feature of which is the establishment of
a contractual obligation on the part of a bank to pay the beneficiary (seller). This
obligation is wholly independent of the underlying contract of sale and assures the
seller of payment of the purchase price before he or she parts with the goods being
sold. Whatever disputes may subsequently arise between buyer and seller is of no
moment insofar as the bank's obligation is concerned. The bank's liability to the seller
is to honour the credit. The bank undertakes to pay provided only that the conditions
specified in the credit are met. The only basis upon which the bank can escape
liability is proof of fraud on the part of the beneficiary. This exception falls within a
narrow compass and applies where the seller, for the purpose of drawing on the
credit, fraudulently presents to the bank documents that to the seller's knowledge
misrepresent the material facts.
‘In the present case Lombard undertook to pay the Academy upon Landmark being
placed in liquidation. Lombard, it is accepted, did not collude in the fraud. There was
no obligation on it to investigate the propriety of the claim. The trigger event in
respect of which it granted the guarantee had occurred and demand was properly
made.’
In Loomcraft Fabrics CC v Nedbank Ltd & another 1996 (1) SA 812 (A) on
815G-J Scott AJA said:
‘The system of irrevocable documentary credits is widely used for international trade
both in this country and abroad. Its essential feature is the establishment of a
contractual obligation on the part of a bank to pay the beneficiary under the credit
(the seller) which is wholly independent of the underlying contract of sale between
the buyer and the seller and which assures the seller of payment of the purchase
price before he parts with the goods forming the subject-matter of the sale. The
unique value of a documentary credit, therefore, is that whatever disputes may
subsequently arise between the issuing bank's customer (the buyer) and the
beneficiary under the credit (the seller) in relation to the performance or, for that
matter, even the existence of the underlying contract, by issuing or confirming the

credit, the bank undertakes to pay the beneficiary provided only that the conditions
specified in the credit are met. The liability of the bank to the beneficiary to honour
the credit arises upon presentment to the bank of the documents specified in the
credit, including typically a set of bills of lading, which on their face conform strictly to
the requirements of the credit. In the event of the documents specified in the credit
being so presented, the bank will escape liability only upon proof of fraud on the part
of the beneficiary.’ See further Petric Construction CC t/a AB Construction v
Toasty Trading t/a Furstenburg Property Development & others 2009 (5) SA
550 (ECG) para 27.

[39] In principle therefore, the guarantee must be honoured as soon as the
employer makes a proper claim against it upon the happening of a specified
event. In the present case there is no suggestion that Dormell did not properly
demand payment of the guaranteed sum. In the normal course of events
payment should have been effected within seven days of demand.

[40] However, the facts of this matter are unusual because the arbitration of
the dispute between Dormell and Synthesis resulted in the finding that the
appellant was not entitled to cancel the building contract. The arbitration is
final, not subject to appeal and has not been taken on review. A second leg of
the arbitration dealing with outstanding claims arising from the building
contract was also decided in Synthesis’ favour. The question must thus be
answered whether Dormell is entitled to persist in claiming payment of the
guarantee notwithstanding the fact that it has been held to have repudiated
the contract which was lawfully cancelled by the second respondent.

[41] There is no longer any dispute about the cancellation of the underlying
agreement that still has to be resolved. The arbitration has established that
Dormell is in the wrong. Its repudiation of the building contract was held to
have been unlawful. As a consequence, Dormell has lost the right to enforce
the guarantee. There remains no legitimate purpose to which the guaranteed
sum could be applied.

[42] If it were to be ordered to honour the guarantee, Renasa or Synthesis
would be entitled to repayment of the full amount guaranteed. Hudson’s
Building and Engineering Contracts 11th ed para 17.078, quoted in Cargill
International SA & another v Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corp
[1966] 4 All ER 563 QBD (Commercial Court) at 570b-c states:
‘It is generally assumed, and there is no real reason to doubt, that the Courts will
provide a remedy by way of repayment to the other contracting party if a beneficiary
who has been paid under an unconditional bond is ultimately shown to have called
on it without justification . . . In cases where there has been no default at all on the
part of the contractor, there would additionally be a total failure of consideration for
the payment.’ See further: General Surety & Guarantee Co Ltd v Francis
Parker Ltd 6 BLR 18 QBD Commercial List at 20.
FURTHER WRITTEN ARGUMENT AFTER THE HEARING
[43] In the light of the above considerations, the court requested the parties
to present further written argument on the question whether, if the appellant
were to succeed, the resultant judgment would have any practical effect or
not, as any payment made by Renasa would have to be repaid by Dormell.
Reference was made to clause 7 of the Guarantee in this regard. Counsel for
Synthesis pointed out that Renasa's or Synthesis' claim to repayment does
not arise from this clause, but from the fact that Dormell is no longer entitled
to payment. The court is indebted to counsel for their further heads of
argument.

[44] Dormell submits that the guaranteed sum could and should be
devoted to the payment of claims that might be found to exist once a final
certificate is prepared, regardless of the question whether the enforcement of
the guarantee was indeed justified by a breach on the part of the contractor or
not. Reference was made to a number of clauses in the construction contract
in this regard. The short answer to this submission is that the guarantee is
intended to enable the employer to complete the contract in case of default by
the contractor. Claims arising after a breach by the employer are matters for
arbitration. The guarantee is not intended to provide a source of funds for the
payment of any outstanding amounts that might be due by the contractor to
the employer – of which there is no evidence in any event, apart from an

oblique reference to potential future claims by the employer against the
contractor in correspondence.

[45] It would amount to an academic exercise without practical effect if
Dormell were to be granted the order it seeks. It would immediately have to
repay the full amount to Renasa or Synthesis. Such an order would, at best,
cause additional cost and inconvenience to the parties without any practical
effect. In terms of section 21A of the Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959 the court
must exercise its discretion against Dormell: Port Elizabeth Municipality v Smit
2002 (4) SA 241 (SCA).

[46] Appellant is entitled to succeed with the appeal against the judgment in
the court below in as much as that court's order must be set aside. Dormell is
entitled to the costs of those proceedings and to all costs incurred in the
prosecution of this appeal until the date of the arbitration award, 15 October
2009. In the particular circumstances of this case it is however, not entitled to
an order that the guarantee should be enforced.
[47] The following order is made:
1.
The appeal is dismissed.
2.
The respondents' application to place further evidence relating to the
arbitration award before the court is granted.
3.
The appellant is to pay the respondents’ costs, including the costs of
two counsel, incurred in respect of the appeal from 16 October 2009.
4.
The respondents are to pay the appellant’s costs, jointly and severally,
the one paying the other to be absolved, of the appeal until 15 October
2009.
5.
The order of the court a quo is set aside and substituted with the
following: ‘The respondents are to pay the applicant’s costs, jointly and
severally, the one paying the other to be absolved, including the costs
of two counsel.’

_________________
E BERTELSMANN
ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

CLOETE JA (MPATI P concurring):

Introduction
[48] I have had the advantage of reading the judgment of my colleague
Bertelsmann AJA. I would allow the appeal, for the following reasons. I shall
first set out a summary of the facts relevant to this judgment.

[49] (a)
On 16 December 2006 a letter of intent was issued by Dormell
Properties 282 (Pty) Limited (the 'Dormell Company') to appoint the second
respondent as contractor for the construction of the Cobble Walk Retail
Shopping Centre.
(b)
On 23 January 2007 the first respondent received an application in
writing from the second respondent to issue a 'JBCC Construction Guarantee'
in favour of the Dormell Company. In response to this application the first
respondent the next day issued a guarantee in favour of the Dormell
Company.
(c)
On 26 January 2007 the Dormell Company was converted, in terms of
s 27 of the Close Corporation Act, 1984, from a private company to a close
corporation with the name Dormell Properties 282 CC. The close corporation
was the applicant in the court a quo and is the appellant in these proceedings.
(d)
On 14 February 2007 the second respondent, as contractor, and the
Dormell Company, as employer, concluded a building contract in the form of
the JBCC standard agreement. The 'employer' was expressly defined in the
contract as being the Dormell Company ─ not the applicant.
(e)
On 15 February 2007 the applicant notified various persons, but not the
first respondent, that the Dormell Company had been converted to a close
corporation. It is not in dispute that the first respondent was never informed at
any material time of the conversion, and remained unaware of it.
(f)
On 5 December 2007 the first respondent issued a new construction
guarantee in favour of the Dormell Company. The guarantee provided that it
would expire at the end of the period of liability (defined as up to and including
the date of practical completion), or upon payment in full of the guaranteed
sum, or on the guarantee expiry date, whichever would be the earlier. The

guarantee expiry date was 28 February 2008. This guarantee is the subject of
the present proceedings.
(g)
On 28 February 2008, ie on the stated expiry date of the construction
guarantee, the appellant purported to cancel the building contract with the
second respondent and demanded payment of the guaranteed sum, an
amount of R6 691 646,78, from the first respondent. The first respondent
refused to pay.

[50] There are three issues on appeal:
(a)
Whether the appellant is entitled to rectification of the guarantee to
reflect itself and not the Dormell Company as the employer and therefore the
beneficiary under the guarantee;
(b)
whether demand for payment under the guarantee was made
timeously; and
(c)
whether the award by an arbitrator, given in proceedings between the
appellant and the first respondent, which became known after the matter had
been heard in the court a quo and in terms of which the arbitrator found that
the appellant was not entitled to cancel the agreement between itself and the
first respondent, would either (i) mean that this appeal would have no practical
effect or result as contemplated in s 21A of the Supreme Court Act, or (ii)
would preclude the appellant from enforcing payment of the guarantee against
the first respondent because to do so would be contrary to the dictates of
good faith.

Rectification
[51] The court a quo non-suited the appellant on the basis that it was not
entitled to rectification of the construction guarantee to reflect that it and not
the Dormell Company was the employer. The court a quo reasoned that the
first respondent was unaware of the existence of the appellant and that there
could accordingly have been no antecedent agreement between them.
Furthermore, so the court a quo reasoned, there can be no question of a
common intention because the parties' intention must be gleaned from the
building agreement, which requires that a guarantee be issued in favour of the
employer; and the 'employer' was defined as the Dormell Company.

[52] The fallacy in the court a quo's approach is this. The common
continuing intention of the appellant, the beneficiary under the guarantee, the
second respondent, that procured the guarantee, and the first respondent,
that gave the guarantee, was quite obviously that the guarantee should be
issued in favour of whoever was the employer in terms of the building contract
─ not who was defined as the employer, but who was in fact the employer.
The mistake that the first respondent made was that, contrary to its belief, the
Dormell Company was not the employer as (unbeknown to the first
respondent) the Dormell Company had been converted to a close corporation,
the appellant. The mistake made by the appellant and the second respondent
was that they thought that the appellant's conversion into a close corporation
was irrelevant. But all parties concerned intended that the guarantee should
be in favour of the employer under the building contract; and the appellant
was in fact the employer. That suffices for rectification: Meyer v Merchant's
Trust.3

Expiry of the guarantee
[53] The guarantee contained the following provisions in regard to the
period of liability:
'2.1
The Guarantor's liability shall be limited . . . as follows:
. . .
From and including the date of issue of this Construction Guarantee and up to and
including the date of the only practical completion certificate . . . upon which this
Construction Guarantee shall expire.'
'11.
The Construction Guarantee . . . shall expire in terms of . . . 2.1, or payment
in full of the Guaranteed Sum or on the Guarantee expiry date, whichever is the
earlier, where after no claims will be considered by the Guarantor.'
No practical completion certificate was issued before the guarantee expiry
date. As I have said, the guarantee was issued on 5 December 2007 and the
'guarantee expiry date' was specified as '28 February 2008.'

3 1942 AD 244 at 253 and 258.

[54] The court a quo held that the guarantee had expired when the claim
was lodged for payment by the appellant with the first respondent on 28
February 2008. The court formulated the question to be decided as follows:
'At issue is exactly when on 28 February 2008 was the guarantee intended to
expire.'4 The court a quo went on to consider 'cases in which it was held that,
for purposes of determining from when to when a period expressed in days
runs, the ordinary civilian method of computation must be followed'. The court
then referred to submissions made by counsel for the first respondent that 'in
terms of clause 11 of the construction guarantee it would expire either in
terms of² clause 2.1 or on² the expiry date'; that 'the period of liability in terms
of clause 2.1 runs from and including² the date of issue of the guarantee up to
and including² the date of the practical completion certificate'; and accepted
the submission of counsel that 'where the parties to the guarantee intended to
include the whole of² a specific day into its operative period, they did so
expressly;' and that 'they did not expressly include the day of 28 February
2008'. Consequently, held the court a quo, it was not the intention of the
parties that the appellant be given the whole day of 28 February 2008 and the
agreement therefore expired immediately after midnight on 27 February 2008.

[55] The approach of the court a quo is fundamentally wrong. It is based on
the fiction contained in the civilian method of computation of a period of time
in accordance with which the first day of the period is initially excluded and the
last day determined; but because the last day is deemed to have concluded
immediately it began (ultimus dies coeptus pro completa habetur) the last day
is excluded and so, to give the full period, the first day is included. But here,
no period of time requires computation. The civilian and all other methods of
computation for a period of time are accordingly not applicable. The relevant
contractual provision states that the guarantee 'shall expire . . . on the
guarantee expiry date' ie 28 February 2008. To state the obvious, the
guarantee accordingly expired on that date. The present matter may be
contrasted with Cock v Cape of Good Hope Marine Insurance Co.5 In that
case the insurance cover was for a period of 12 calendar months from

4 Emphasis in the original judgment.
5 3 Searle 114, approved in Joubert v Enslin 1910 AD 6.

January 14th 1857 to January 14th 1858. There, a calculation of the period of
time was required and the court, in applying the civilian method for
computation of time, held that the twelve months expired at midnight on 13
January 1858. Here, no period of time has to be calculated and the guarantee
expired on 28 February 2008. Once that is so, there is ancient and modern
authority in support of the proposition that the guarantee could be called up at
any time, or at least during business hours, on 28 February 2008.

[56] Paul is quoted as follows in the Digest:6
'By Roman custom, a day begins at midnight and ends in the middle of the
succeeding night. And so whatever is done in these twenty-four hours, that is, in two
half nights with the intervening daylight, is done just as if it were done at any hour of
the daylight.'
The Institutes7 contain the following proposition:
'As an instance of a stipulation "in diem", as it is called where a future day is fixed for
payment, we may take the following: "Do you promise to give ten aurei on the first of
March?" In such a stipulation as this, an immediate debt is created, but it cannot be
sued upon until the arrival of the day fixed for payment: and even on that very day an
action cannot be brought, because the debtor ought to have the whole of it allowed to
him for payment; for otherwise, unless the whole day on which payment was
promised is passed [sic], it cannot be certain that default has been made.'

[57] These principles were received into the Roman-Dutch Law.
Grotius8 says:
'Where something is promised to be fulfilled at a certain time, the right vests at once,
but cannot be enforced before the time arrives; nay, the year, month or day
mentioned in the promise must have ended before the demand is made.'
Voet9 says:
'But if they [stipulations] are framed against a day, the vesting day indeed of the
obligation arrives at once so that what was promised starts to be due, but the due
day has not arrived. Thus no suit can be brought thereon unless the day has come
round, and unless also the whole day has elapsed since the whole of that day ought

6 2.12.8. Translation taken from The Digest of Justinian, Mommsen, Krueger and Watson,
eds; vol 1 p 58.
7 3.15.2; Moyle's translation 5th ed  p 133.
8 Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence 3.3.50, Maasdorp's translation (1888) (2nd ed) p 219.
9 Commentary on the Pandects 45.1.19 Gane's translation vol 6 p 647.

to be allowed at the discretion of the payor [sic]. In like manner one who has
stipulated for something to be given "this year" or "this month" does not correctly
claim unless all parts of this year or month have gone past.'

[58] In the modern South African law Maasdorp JP in a concurring
judgment in this court said in National Bank of SA Ltd v Leon Levson Studios
Ltd:10
'The rent was due on 1 December, and could have been paid at any time during that
day and the tenant was not in arrear till after the close of that day.'
Lansdown JP held in Davies v Lawlor:11
'Ordinarily a debtor required to pay on a certain day has the whole of that day for
payment ─ Voet 45.1.19.'
Because the question does not arise in the present appeal, it is not necessary
to consider the immediately following statement by Lansdown JP:
'But the time up to which payment may be made on that day may be limited by the
hours of business of the place at which the payment is to be made. Where, for
instance, the office of a professional man or the house of a mercantile business is
appointed as the place of payment, the parties must be held to contemplate that
payment shall be made within the hours during which in accordance with practice
business is transacted there.'12

[59] I therefore hold the proposition to be self-evident and backed by
centuries of authority that where a contract does not require a period of time
to be calculated, but provides that the entitlement to exercise a right or the
obligation to perform a duty ends on a specific day ─ as in the present case,
where the guarantee provides that it will expire on 28 February 2008 ─ the
right may be exercised, or the obligation performed, on that day. The
appellant in fact called up the guarantee on 28 February 2008 and the court a
quo was wrong in non-suiting it on the basis that the guarantee had expired at
midnight on the previous day.

10 1913 AD 213 at 220.
11 1941 EDL  128 at 132; see also Whittaker v Kiessling 1979 (2) SA 578 (SWA) at 582A-E.
12 See in this regard the three judgments in the National Bank of SA Ltd v Leon Levson
Studios Ltd above, n 7, and Davis v Pretorius 1909 TS 868 at 871-2.

Relevance of the arbitrator's award
[60] Then finally, there is the question whether the appellant should now be
allowed to enforce payment under the guarantee in view of the award by the
arbitrator (contained in evidence which the respondents sought to adduce on
appeal) that it was not entitled to cancel the building contract, that its attempt
to do so constituted a repudiation and that the building contract was cancelled
by the second respondent. There are two arguments in this regard:
(a)
that an award on appeal would have no practical force or effect as
contemplated in s 21A of the Supreme Court Act; and
(b)
that the appellant's attempt to enforce the guarantee constitutes fraud
in the sense of bad faith.
It is here that I part ways with my learned colleague Bertelsmann AJA.

[61] It is important to bear in mind that in cases such as the present there
are three separate legal relationships:
(a)
one between the employer and the contractor, usually termed a
building contract, pursuant to which the contractor undertakes to perform
building works for the employer;
(b)
one between the employer and a financial institution which the
employer requires the contractor to procure to protect the employer against
possible default by the contractor under the building contract, which is
variously called a performance guarantee, a performance bond or a
construction guarantee, and in terms of which the financial institution
undertakes to the employer that it will make payment to the employer on the
happening of a specified event; and
(c)
one between the contractor and the financial institution for the provision
by the latter of a guarantee to the employer.
The construction guarantee which the appellant seeks to enforce in the
present appeal is an example of the second type of contract.

[62] In terms of clause 5 of the guarantee, the first respondent undertook to
pay to the appellant the guaranteed sum 'upon receipt of a first written
demand' from the appellant to the first respondent at the latter's physical
address 'calling up on this Construction Guarantee stating that . . . The

Agreement [between the appellant and the second respondent] has been
cancelled due to the Contractor's default and that the Construction Guarantee
is called up in terms of 5'. The clause further provided that 'The demand shall
enclose a copy of the notice of cancellation.'

[63] The appellant complied with the provisions of clause 5. It was not
necessary for the appellant to allege that it had validly cancelled the building
contract due to the second respondent's default. Whatever disputes there
were or might have been between the appellant and the second respondent
were irrelevant to the first respondent's obligation to perform in terms of the
construction guarantee. That is clear from the passages quoted by my learned
colleague in para 38 of his judgment from Lombard Insurance Co Ltd v
Landmark Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Loomcraft Fabrics CC v Nedbank Ltd, and
also from the following passage in the judgment of Lord Denning MR in
Edward Owen v Barclays Bank International:13
'A bank which gives a performance guarantee must honour that guarantee according
to its terms. It is not concerned in the least with the relations between the supplier
and the customer; nor with the question whether the supplier has performed his
contracted obligation or not; nor with the question whether the supplier is in default or
not. The bank must pay according to its guarantee, on demand if so stipulated,
without proof or conditions. The only exception is when there is a clear fraud of which
the bank has notice.'
My learned colleague reasons that a valid demand on the construction
guarantee is subject to a bona fide claim that an event has occurred that is
envisaged in the guarantee as triggering the guarantor's obligation to pay. Put
more accurately, a valid demand on the construction guarantee can only be
defeated by proof of fraud. In the present matter there was a valid demand.
There was no suggestion of fraud.

[64] Once the appellant had complied with clause 5 of the guarantee, the
first respondent had no defence to a claim under the guarantee. It still has no
defence. The fact that an arbitrator has determined that the appellant was not
entitled to cancel the contract, binds the appellant ─ but only vis-à-vis the

13 [1978] 1 All ER 976 (CA) at 983b-d.

second respondent. It is res inter alios acta so far as the first respondent is
concerned. As the cases to which I have referred above make abundantly
clear, the appellant did not have to prove that it was entitled to cancel the
building contract with the second respondent as a precondition to
enforcement of the guarantee given to it by the first respondent. Nor does it
have to do so now.

[65] For these reasons, it is not in my view bad faith for an employer, who
has made a proper demand in terms of a construction guarantee, to continue
to insist on payment of the proceeds of the guarantee, when the basis upon
which the guarantee was called up has subsequently been found in arbitration
proceedings between the building owner and the contractor to have been
unjustified. I would add that the fact that the arbitrator's award is final as
between the appellant and the second respondent does not mean that it is
correct, or that the appellant would have to set it aside before calling up the
guarantee, much less that the appellant is acting in bad faith in seeking to
enforce payment under the guarantee against the first respondent.

[66] I turn to consider the question whether the order sought by the
appellant on appeal would have no practical effect or result as contemplated
in s 21A of the Supreme Court Act. My learned colleague states in para 42 of
his judgment that if the first respondent were to honour the guarantee, it or the
second respondent would be entitled to repayment of the full amount. In
support of this conclusion, my learned colleague refers to parts of para 17.078
in the 11th edition of Hudson's Building and Engineering Contracts. It is
important to note that Hudson in that particular paragraph is dealing with the
rights of the contractor. It would be convenient to quote the paragraph in full
as in my respectful view nothing in the paragraph supports the proposition for
which my learned colleague cites it:
'It is generally assumed, and there is no real reason to doubt, that the Courts will
provide a remedy by way of repayment to the other contracting party [ie the
contractor] if a beneficiary who has been paid under an unconditional bond is
ultimately shown to have called on it without justification: "I do not doubt that in such
an event the money would be repayable, but it is not so certain it would be repayable

with interest". (General Surety and Guarantee Co Ltd v Francis Parker Ltd (1977) 6
BLR 16, 21, per Donaldson J.)
In cases where an owner or buyer is claiming damages against the seller or
contractor which exceed the amount of the bond there is little difficulty in holding that
he must give credit for the "cash in hand" received by him if he has made a call under
any unconditional guarantee arrangements. Where, however, there is no defence or
counterclaim to the contractor's claim for moneys due, other than sufficient payment
in full, or where the sum already received from the bank or guarantor exceeds the
set-off or damages ultimately awarded, the contractor's or seller's claim for
repayment of the whole or any balance of the sums called and paid can be put, it is
submitted, in two ways. First, the payment by the bank or guarantor, being required
in most cases under the principal construction contract itself, or sometimes by a side-
contract, must be regarded as being made by the bank as agent for the contractor
and subject, it is submitted, to an implied term for repayment if not in fact due.
Secondly, it has been seen that in the case of a conditional bond, equity would not
permit recovery of a sum in excess of the true debt or damages, as being a penalty,
so that by analogy in a case where the payment under the bond was obligatory and
unavoidable, and indeed brought about by the owner's own act in making the call, it
would be only logical to order repayment for the same reasons. Such a claim could
also be based in quasi-contract on wider principles of unjust enrichment and
unconscionability, it is submitted. In cases where there has been no default at all on
the part of the contractor, there would additionally be a total failure of consideration
for the payment.14 Questions of interest and costs pose considerable difficulties,
however.'
Hudson therefore suggests that where, in the case of an unconditional
guarantee, the contractor, after the adjustments at the end of the building
contract, claims repayment of the whole or any balance of the sums called by
the employer and paid by the bank under the guarantee, the payment must be
regarded as a payment by the bank as agent for the contractor subject to
what in South Africa would be called a tacit term for repayment if not in fact
due. There is no suggestion in the paragraph quoted from Hudson that the
bank or guarantor can recover anything. Nor is there any suggestion that the
contractor can, as a matter of course, recover the full amount of the guarantee

14 The reliance by my learned colleague on this sentence is, with respect, misplaced as it has
been clear since Conradie v Rossouw 1919 AD 279 that the English law of consideration
forms no part of the law of South Africa.

from the owner where the latter is ultimately shown to have called upon it
without justification.

[67] I agree with the submission on behalf of the appellant that the
guaranteed sum could and should be devoted to the payment of claims that
might be found to exist once a final certificate is prepared, regardless of the
question whether the enforcement of the guarantee was indeed justified by a
breach on the part of the contractor or not. My learned colleague counters in
para 44 of his judgment that the construction guarantee is to enable the
contractor to complete the contract in case of default by the contractor, and
that the guarantee is not intended to provide a source of funds for the
payment of any outstanding amounts that might be due by the contractor to
the employer. But if this was so, then an employer who has validly cancelled
the building contract could never use the proceeds of a performance
guarantee to satisfy amounts owing to it by the contractor prior to and as at
cancellation, and would be left with a claim against the contractor. That is
simply not what happens in practice. The proceeds of a construction
guarantee are not ring-fenced in this way.

[68] What would have to be found, as a positive conclusion of fact, in order
to support a conclusion that an order on appeal in favour of the appellant
would have no practical effect or result, is that there is nothing on which the
guarantee could operate if it were paid out now. That finding simply cannot be
made on the papers before this court. The appellant's attorneys wrote a letter
to the respondents' attorneys dated 24 August 2010 in which they said inter
alia:
'Subsequent to the issuing of the final arbitration award, correspondence ensued
between the appellant's attorneys and the second respondent's attorneys in which it
was conveyed that the appellant . . . intends referring to a fresh arbitration it claims in
respect of amounts paid by it direct to sub-contractors, and which the arbitrator found
was not a dispute capable of adjudication by him in the arbitration. The appellant's
claim in this regard amounts to R1 417 940.00 (VAT inclusive).'
That is hardly 'an oblique reference to potential future claims by the employer
against the contractor in correspondence' as my learned colleague would

have it in para 44 of his judgment. The point is, however, that it cannot be said
with certainty that there is nothing on which the construction guarantee could
operate, as this question was not properly ventilated in the application to lead
further evidence on appeal and it was obviously not even touched upon in the
original application papers.

[69] Finally, it is necessary for me to say something about the application by
the respondents to place further evidence before this court on appeal, which
was met with a response by the appellants. It is a requirement for the
admission of evidence on appeal that the evidence should be materially
relevant. The law in this regard has recently been reviewed by this court in a
criminal context in Britz v S,15 but the principle applies equally in a civil
context. In my view, the finding by the arbitrator is entirely irrelevant and I
would accordingly disallow the respondents' application to place evidence of
this fact before the court and order the respondents to pay the costs
occasioned by the application, which would include the reply thereto by the
appellant.

[70] For these reasons I would allow the appeal; dismiss the respondents'
application to place further evidence before this court; rectify the construction
guarantee to reflect the appellant as the employer; order the first respondent
to pay the guarantee amount of R6 691 646,78 to the appellant together with
mora interest; and order the respondents jointly and severally to pay the
appellant's costs of the proceedings in this court and in the court a quo, in
both cases including the costs of two counsel.

______________
T D CLOETE
JUDGE OF APPEAL

15 (613/09) [2010] ZASCA 71 (21 May 2010).

CACHALIA JA (MHLANTLA JA concurring):

[71] I concur in the judgment of Bertelsmann AJA and the order made by
him, and also in paragraphs 48 to 59 of the judgment of Cloete JA.

________________
A CACHALIA
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

For appellant:
H M Scholtz SC

Instructed by:

Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc, Cape Town

Claude Reid Inc, Bloemfontein

For respondent:
1st  C E Puckrin SC

C J McAslin

2nd C W Jordaan SC

G D Doubell

Instructed by:

Frese, Moll & Partners, Johannesburg

Webbers, Bloemfontein

SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY – JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN SUPREME COURT OF
APPEAL

FROM:
The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

DATE:
1 OCTOBER 2010

STATUS:
Immediate

The Supreme Appeal of Appeal (SCA) today dismissed an appeal against the high
court's refusal to enforce payment of a building guarantee. The employer constructing
a regional shopping centre cancelled the building agreement with the contractor and
called upon the guarantor to pay in terms of the contractor's building guarantee.
Payment under the guarantee was dependent upon a proper claim being made by the
employer on the grounds that the building contract had been cancelled due to the
contractor's breach. The guarantor refused to honour the guarantee on the grounds that
it had expired before the claim was made and that it had not been issued in the name
of the employer. The high court upheld the guarantor's defences.

While the appeal was pending the building contractor and the employer engaged in an
arbitration to resolve the disputes relating to the cancellation of the building contract.
The arbitrator ruled, prior to the appeal being heard, that the employer had repudiated
the building contract and that the contractor had validly cancelled that agreement. The
award was final, not subject to appeal and was not reviewed evidence of the
arbitration award was allowed to be introduced on appeal.

The Appeal Court was unanimous that the high court had erred in refusing to enforce
the guarantee. The majority held, however, that once the arbitration determined that
the employer was at fault regarding the cancellation of the building contract, the
contractor's guarantee could no longer be validly enforced. If the guarantor were to be
ordered to effect payment of the guaranteed sum, the employer would have to repay
the same immediately. The issue had therefore, in the view of the majority, become
academic.

The appeal was dismissed on this ground, while the order of the high court was set
aside.