THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

JUDGMENT

Reportable
Case no: 695/11

THE GAP, INC
Appellant

and

SALT OF THE EARTH CREATIONS (PTY) LTD
First Respondent
KINGSGATE CLOTHING (PTY) LTD
Second Respondent
PAUL VIVALDI FASHIONS (PTY) LTD
Third Respondent
THE REGISTRAR OF TRADE MARKS
Fourth Respondent

Neutral citation:
The Gap Inc v Salt of the Earth Creations (Pty) Ltd and others

(695/11) [2012] ZASCA 68 (23 May 2012)

BENCH:

CLOETE, PONNAN, MALAN, WALLIS JJA and KROON AJA

HEARD:

4 MAY 2012
DELIVERED:
23 MAY 2012
CORRECTED:

SUMMARY:
Trade mark – Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993, s 27 – application for

expungement of on the grounds of lack of bona fide use.

___________________________________________________________________

ORDER
___________________________________________________________________

On appeal from:
North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria (Southwood J sitting as court of
first instance):

1. The appeal is upheld.

2. The order of the court below is set aside and in its stead is substituted the following:

‘The application is dismissed.’
___________________________________________________________________

JUDGMENT
___________________________________________________________________

PONNAN JA (CLOETE, MALAN and WALLIS JJA and KROON AJA concurring):

[1] The protagonists – the appellant, the Gap Inc, a United States corporation, and
the first to third respondents, three South African companies, namely, Salt of the Earth
Creations (Pty) Ltd, Kingsgate Clothing (Pty) Ltd and Paul Vivaldi Fashions (Pty) Ltd –
are no strangers to our courts in their fight for proprietorship of the trade mark Gap (in
respect of clothing in this country).1 The present appeal with the leave of this court is in
respect of the appellant’s Gap trade mark no. 94/10423 in class 3 registered in respect
of, inter alia, body personal care products, which Southwood J, on the application of the
respondents, ordered be expunged from the Register of Trade Marks on the basis of
non-use in terms of the provisions of s 27(1) of the Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993 (the
Act). The fourth respondent, the Registrar of Trade Marks, took no part in the
proceedings either in this court or the one below.

1 AM Moolla Group Ltd & others v The Gap Inc & others 2005 (2) SA 412 (SCA); AM Moolla Group Ltd &
others v The Gap Inc & others 2005 (6) SA 568 (SCA) and Stuttafords Stores (Pty) Ltd & others v Salt of
the Earth Creations (Pty) Ltd 2011 (1) SA 267 (CC).

[2] In heads of argument filed on behalf of the appellant, and orally from the bar in
this court, we were advised by counsel that the protagonists have settled all pending
litigation between them and that the appeal was not being opposed by any of the
respondents. However, as the judgment of Southwood J is one in rem in that it affects a
public register, the appellant, notwithstanding the settlement of the matter, was
constrained to proceed with the appeal because as Steyn CJ put it in Rembrandt
Fabrikante en Handelaars (Edms) Bpk v Gulf Oil Corporation 1963 (3) SA 341 (A) at
348:
‘. . . generally speaking, the existence of an exclusive right to a trade mark flows from and is
dependent upon registration, and the nature and extent of such a right is determined by the
entries in the register. The right to a registered trade mark is effectively assigned, transferred,
modified, partly divested of its exclusiveness, or terminated, by such entries.’

[3] Section 27(1), to the extent here relevant, reads:
‘(1)
…a registered trade mark may, on application to the court,…by any interested person,
be removed from the register in respect of any of the goods or services in respect of
which it is registered, on the ground either –
(a)
that the trade mark was registered without any bona fide intention on the part of
the applicant for registration that it should be used in relation to those goods or
services by him or any person permitted to use the trade mark as contemplated
by section 38, and that there has in fact been no bona fide use of the trade mark
in relation to those goods or services by any proprietor thereof or any person so
permitted for the time being up to the date three months before the date of the
application;
(b)
that up to the date three months before the date of the application, a continuous
period of five years or longer has elapsed from the date of issue of the certificate
of registration during which the trade mark was registered and during which there
was no bona fide use thereof in relation to those goods or services by any
proprietor thereof or any person permitted to use the trade mark as contemplated
in section 38 during the period concerned; . . .

[4] As Harms JA, quoting from the European Court of Justice, made plain in AM
Moolla Group Ltd v The Gap 2005 (6) SA 568 (SCA) para 26:

‘A trader registers or acquires a trademark primarily not in order to prevent others from using it
but in order to use it himself (although exclusivity of use is of course a necessary corollary). Use
by the proprietor is indeed a central and essential element of ownership [since] rights may lapse
or be unenforceable in the event of non-use.’
In terms of the provisions of s 27(3) the onus of proving bona fide use where non-use
has been alleged rests upon the trade mark proprietor – in this instance the appellant. It
is not necessary that the use was continuous use although intermittent use may be
indicative of the fact that it was not bona fide (AM Moolla para 27). The European Court
of Justice in Ansul BV v Ajax Brandbeveiliging BV [2003] RPC 40 para 36 has held that
‘genuine use’ (which corresponds with bona fide use in s 27(1)(b) of the Act) must be
‘understood to denote use that was not merely token, serving solely to preserve the rights
conferred by the mark. Such use had to be consistent with the essential function of a trade
mark, which is to guarantee the identity of the origin of goods or services to the consumer or
end user by enabling him, without any possibility of confusion, to distinguish the product or
service from others which have another origin.'

[5] In K Mart (Pty) Ltd v K Corporation and The Registrar of Trade Marks an
unreported decision of the Transvaal Provincial Division dated 18 December 1987, Eloff
DJP held:
‘In my judgment the definition is wide enough to cover a case such as the present where the
goods are in existence and identifiable, where they are advertised in publications appearing
regularly in South Africa as part of first respondent’s business policy and strategy to promote
international business, and where the marks are clearly used in the advertisements and
promotional material.’
In K Mart, evidence was adduced of efforts at establishing trading outlets in South Africa
and of correspondence and negotiations with stores such as Edgars and Dion. Eloff
DJP made the point that in promoting and advertising the business goods and services,
as also in negotiations, the trade mark K Mart had been used. The learned Deputy
Judge President accordingly concluded that ‘the negotiations with Edgars and Dion’s
and the various other concerns mentioned. . .constitutes use of the mark in question’.

[6] K Mart was cited with approval in Contrapest Holdings SA (Pty) Ltd v Ecolab Inc
1998 BIP 217 (T). In Contrapest, McCreath J stated at 219D-F:
‘Various cases have clearly demonstrated that the amount of use required to defeat an
application for expungement is small so long as such use is bona fide. Thus in Vac-u-Flex Trade
Mark (1965) FSR 176 it was held that the dispatch of a single sample of a product sufficed to
constitute use so long as there was a real endeavour to introduce the goods into the market. In
Bon Matin (1989) RPC 537 Whitford J held that two isolated usages of the trade mark Bon
Matin in an export price list and in an information booklet were sufficient effectively to counter an
application for expungement on the basis of non-use. The proprietor of the trade mark had
merely sent to potential distributors a price-list and a brochure which contained photographs of
its products.’

[7] In both K Mart and Contrapest reliance was placed on the following dictum of
Falconer J in Hermes Trade Mark (1982) RPC 425:
‘Thus, if the registered proprietor should commence a series of advertisements featuring his
mark as part of an introductory campaign, prior to putting his goods on the market under the
mark, but before they were actually on the market, in my judgment such use would clearly be
use of the mark in the course of trade, not upon the goods in physical relation thereto, but it
would be in other relation thereto, the point being that it would be use in the course of trade, in
those goods, albeit in advertisements.’

[8] The application for expungement was issued on 5 March 2008 and, as such, the
relevant period during which the appellant had to prove bona fide use was 4 December
2002 to 4 December 2007.

[9] According to Ansul (para 38):
‘ . . . when assessing whether there has been genuine use of the trade mark, regard must be
had to all the facts and circumstances relevant to establishing whether the commercial
exploitation of the mark is real, in particular whether such use is viewed as warranted in the
economic sector concerned to maintain or create a share in the market for the goods or services
protected by the mark.'
The evidence adduced by the appellant of use may conveniently be divided into two
periods - 2002 to 2003 (the first period) and 2007 onwards (the second period).

[10] The first period: During or about October 2002 and following upon negotiations
for a period of almost six months, Gap International BV (the appellant’s subsidiary and
licensee of the Gap trade marks) entered into a retailer licence agreement with Clicks
Group Limited (Clicks), a national retailer of health, beauty and life-style products. In
terms of this agreement Clicks undertook to distribute Gap personal care products
through its nationwide chain of stores. Gap products appeared in approximately 100
Clicks outlets throughout South Africa and on 11 December 2002 the appellant issued
an invoice for a total of 2200 units of the appellant’s ‘Sense’ eau de toilette. However
between January and May 2003 Clicks only sold a total of 21 bottles of GAP personal
care products. Southwood J took the view that that was ‘a tiny number of bottles and an
insignificant volume’. On this aspect of the case the learned Judge concluded, after
referring to several considerations that weighed with him, that ‘the sale of the goods [by
the appellant] to Clicks had been done for an ulterior purpose i.e. simply to save the
class 3 mark’. Whether Southwood J’s conclusion on this aspect of the case is indeed
correct hardly need detain us. For, it seems to me, that the matter can be determined by
leaving out of the reckoning the evidence of use adduced by the appellant in respect of
the first period.

[11] The second period: In 2006 the appellant appointed Stuttafords Stores (Pty) Ltd
(Stuttafords), described as one of the country’s premier department store groups, as an
authorised distributor of Gap merchandise in South Africa. According to Julie Gruber,
the Vice President and Deputy General Counsel for the appellant, Gap branded
clothing, shoes and other merchandise were supplied to Stuttafords from early 2007
and proved an immediate success. She adds:

'5.3
In August 2007, Marco Cicoria and Alfred Emdon, the Chief Executive Officer of
Stuttafords, met with representatives of the First Respondent and its affiliate entities,
particularly Nina King, who has since left the First Respondent's employ to place further
orders for GAP apparel. At that time, the Stuttafords representatives were also shown
GAP body care products.

5.4
There was a great deal of interest shown by Stuttafords in the body care products which
culminated in an order being placed in October 2007. In this regard I refer to the affidavit
of Marco Cicoria and in particular, Annexure "MC3" thereto being confirmation of the
order being placed.

5.5
Further, I refer to the purchase order issued by the First Respondent for the product
ordered, also attached to Cicoria's affidavit. It was envisaged that the body care products
would be on sale before Christmas 2007 in South Africa.

5.6
Unfortunately, due to the resignation of Nina King in late 2007, who had been the main
contact person for the sourcing of GAP body care products by Stuttafords, and as a
result of the involvement of Inter Parfums, the shipment of the body care products was
delayed. This was largely due to the fact that Inter Parfums operates on the basis of
appointing an agent in a specific country or region through which retailers place their
orders and from which orders are despatched. As the First Respondent and Inter
Parfums were still finalising their business relationship, the Stuttafords' order had to be
dealt with differently, namely delivery had to be effected to a GAP retail store in the US,
before shipping to South Africa.

5.7
I am advised that the order placed in October 2007 will reach South Africa during April
2008. Furthermore, Inter Parfums are in the process of selecting a South African
distributor which will be appointed to supply Stuttafords with GAP branded personal care
products from the second quarter of 2008. In this regard, I refer to the affidavit of Herve
Bouillonnec filed evenly herewith.

5.8
Consequently, the First Respondent has always had a bona fide intention to use its class
3 trade mark registration in South Africa and in fact has made use of its trade mark
through sales to Clicks and Stuttafords, not to mention its numerous approaches to other
South African retailers including Edgars, Foschini and Ascot Pharmacies to retail body
care products. In this regard I refer to the affidavit of Marci Friedman, marked Annexure
"JG 1A".'

That is corroborated by Marco Cicoria, the Group Marketing and Merchandising Director
of Stuttafords, who states:

‘3.5
Since the introduction of GAP branded merchandise into Stuttafords stores in March
2007 close on R18 000 000 worth of GAP apparel has been sold in the three Stuttafords
stores referred to above. These sales clearly evidence the extent of the reputation
vested in the GAP trade mark in South Africa.
4.
On 14th August 2007 in a meeting in New York between myself, Alfred Emdon, the Chief
Executive Officer of Stuttafords and various representatives from The Gap, the issue of
introducing GAP branded personal care items into Stuttafords stores was raised. . . I
was happy with the assortment of product, being a new line of bath and skin body
lotions, made available to Stuttafords and immediately made contact with the Group
Cosmetics Manager who would be responsible for sourcing these products from The
Gap.
. . .
6.
On 3rd October 2007, following on from various communications between Stuttafords
and The Gap, an order for 800 units of various body lotions was placed with The Gap. . .’

[12] Southwood J was, however, not persuaded. He concluded: ‘In my view the
respondent has not established bona fide use in respect of the goods sold to
Stuttafords’. What appeared to weigh with the learned Judge were what he described as
‘two difficulties’ which he articulated thus:
‘First, the point was not relied upon in the respondent's answering affidavits (Julie Gruber simply
referred to these matters by way of background and in order to establish her evidence that the
respondent always had the intention to use the class 3 mark in South Africa) and no attempt
was made to establish that such use was in South Africa.
. . .
[Second] [e]ven if it is accepted that the matter was pertinently raised, it appears that the
negotiations took place in New York and that the mark was used once in an e-mail to
Stuttafords and once in an order form. It is not clear whether the latter document was seen in
South Africa. '

[13] As to the first: With respect to the learned Judge, that statement is inconsistent
with the evidence that I have quoted. Plainly the evidence adduced by Ms Gruber and
Mr Cicoria was with a view to establishing bona use by the appellant of its class 3 mark

in this country. It, moreover, is irreconcilable with the following finding to be found earlier
in the judgment of the learned Judge:
‘The [appellant] alleges that it used the class 3 mark on two occasions during the relevant 5
year period (i.e. 4 December 2002 to 4 December 2007): during the period August 2002 to May
2003 and again during the period October 2007 to May 2008. The [appellant] relies on a number
of affidavits in support of these allegations. The [respondents] cannot and have not disputed the
facts set out in these affidavits.'

[14] As to the second: The appellant did not rely on actual delivery of the Gap
branded products to Stuttafords as constituting ‘use’. Nor could it have, given that the
products had yet to arrive in the country during the relevant period. Rather, what the
appellant relied upon was the negotiations and exchange of correspondence
culminating in the placing of an order. Trade marks are territorial. The negotiations
between the appellant and Stuttafords were clearly for the use of the South African
trade mark Gap in class 3 products in this country. It is thus somewhat artificial to
suggest that if the negotiations were to have occurred within the borders of this country
that would have constituted use, but where, as occurred here, the negotiations took
place outside of our borders that cannot constitute use. What is of significance, it seems
to me, is that the negotiations involved South Africans representing a South African
company taking steps to use a South African trade mark in South Africa. Moreover the
negotiations and correspondence were clearly aimed at sourcing and offering for sale
Gap class 3 merchandise in South Africa. In those circumstances that the negotiations
occurred outside the borders of this country is irrelevant.

[15] I consider that the evidence adduced by the appellant refutes the suggestion that
it had not, in the relevant period, used its mark in South Africa. It may well have been on
a more modest scale relative to its activities elsewhere in the world but it surpasses the
fairly low threshold set by the authorities to which I have referred, in particular K Mart
and Contrapest. I should perhaps add that those principles accord with what was stated
in Ansul (para 39):
‘Assessing the circumstances of the case may thus include giving consideration, inter alia, to
the nature of the goods or service at issue, the characteristics of the market concerned and the

scale and frequency of use of the mark. Use of the mark need not, therefore, always be
quantitatively significant for it to be deemed genuine, as that depends on the characteristics of
the goods or service concerned on the corresponding market.’

[16] I certainly do not agree that such use as has been established is such as to
attract the inference that it was not bona fide. The requirement of bona fide user:
'means a user by the proprietor of his registered trade mark in connection with the particular
goods in respect of which it is registered with the object or intention primarily of protecting,
facilitating, and furthering his trading in such goods, and not for some other, ulterior object.' (Per
Trollip J in Gulf Oil Corporation v Rembrandt Fabrikante en Handelaars (Edms) Bpk
1963 (2) SA 10 (T) at 24D, cited with approval in AM Moolla Group para 42.)
On the view that I take of the matter there is no basis for the finding that the appellant
was inspired by an ulterior objective.

[17]  It follows that I would allow the appeal. That leaves costs: We were informed
from the bar by counsel that the parties were agreed that no order for costs should
issue either in this court or the one below. In the result the appeal is upheld and the
order of the court below is set aside to be replaced with the following:
‘The application is dismissed.’

_________________
V M  PONNAN
JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:

For Appellant:

CE Puckrin SC

R Michau

Instructed by:

D M Kisch Inc

Pretoria

Rossouws Attorneys

Bloemfontein

For 1st & 3rd Respondents:

O Moosa SC

(On a watching brief)

Instructed by:

MacRobert Inc

Pretoria

Claude Reid Inc

Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY OF JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

FROM

The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

DATE

23 May 2012

STATUS

Immediate

Please note that the media summary is for the benefit of the media and does not form part of
the judgment.

The Gap, Inc v Salt of the Eath Creations (Pty) Ltd and others
(695/11) [2012] ZASCA 68 (23 May 2012)

Media Statement

The Supreme Court of Appeal (the SCA) today upheld an appeal from the North Gauteng High Court,
Pretoria finding that use of a registered trademark by the appellant, The Gap, Inc, a United States
corporation, in respect of its range of body care products, was bona fide.

The dispute between the parties had been settled out of court but the appellant, was nevertheless
constrained to proceed with the appeal unopposed since there was an existing judgment that affected
the trademark in dispute and dealt with a public register.

The respondents, three South African companies, namely, Salt of the Earth Creations (Pty) Ltd,
Kingsgate Clothing (Pty) Ltd and Paul Vivaldi Fashions (Pty) Ltd instituted an application in the high
court in terms of s 27(1) of the Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993 for the expungement of the Appellant’s
trade mark from the Register of Trade Marks on the basis of non-use. The Respondent’s application
succeeded before the high court.

On an evaluation of the facts, the SCA found two applicable periods relevant to the usage of the trade
mark by the appellant. Analysing the evidence it held that usage of the trade mark by the appellant in
South Africa may have been on a more modest scale relative to the appellant’s activities elsewhere in
the world but it surpasses the fairly low threshold set by the authorities quoted in the judgment.

The appeal was accordingly upheld.
--- ends ---