THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA
JUDGMENT
SCA Case No: 12/2012
Reportable
In the matter between:

COMMUNICARE
FIRST APPELLANT

COMMUNICARE CONSTRUCTION
SECOND APPELLANT

HERMANUS JOHANNES FOURIE
THIRD APPELLANT

and

BLUMERUS LODEWYK EZRA KHAN
FIRST RESPONDENT

BARRY DEANE TILNEY
SECOND RESPONDENT

Neutral citation:
Communicare v Khan (12/2012) [2012] ZASCA 180 (29
November 2012)

Coram:
Cloete, Cachalia, Malan and Shongwe JJA and Swain
AJA

Heard:
14 November 2012

Delivered:
29 November 2012

Summary:
Rights of members of company to enforce articles of
association against company challenged – rights of
respondents to vote at annual general meetings of first
and second appellants, in respect of election of
directors classified as personal rights, as opposed to
corporate rights and consequently not susceptible to
control by majority of members – rights enforceable
against first and second appellants.

ORDER

On appeal from: Western Cape High Court, Cape Town (Binns-Ward J sitting
as court of first instance):

The following order is made:
The appeal is dismissed with costs, including the costs of two counsel where
employed and the costs in the application for leave to appeal, on the same
basis.

JUDGMENT
_______________________________________________________________
SWAIN AJA (CLOETE, CACHALIA, MALAN & SHONGWE JJA concurring):
[1] The two appellant companies, with the leave of the Western Cape High
Court, Cape Town (Binns-Ward J) seek on appeal the rescission of an order,
granted in favour of the respondents, in which it was declared that the election
of the directors of the appellants, at their annual general meetings on 27
October 2009, was invalid and accordingly set aside.
[2] The election of four directors was necessitated by a provision in the
articles of association of the first and second appellants, (quoted in para 22
below), that a third of the members of their respective boards was obliged to
retire by rotation each year. The articles in addition provided that directors were
also members of the first and second appellants for the duration of their office.
The retiring directors were however excluded from voting in the election of
successors, at the annual general meetings, on the basis that their retirement
had to have occurred before a vacancy could be declared and the election for a
successor could take place. As a consequence, before the election took place,

the retiring directors were deprived of their status as members and were
ineligible to vote.
[3] Two of the grounds upon which the appellants (respondents in the high
court) opposed the relief sought by the respondents (applicants in the high
court) and which form the basis of this appeal, were that the resolutions were
validly passed and in any event, that the respondents lacked the necessary
locus standi to challenge their validity. I shall deal with these questions in
reverse order.
[4] The locus standi of the respondents was challenged on the basis that,
in accordance with the decision in Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189, where a
majority of members at a general meeting are lawfully entitled to correct,
condone or ratify irregular conduct by the company in the management of its
internal affairs, a court will not intervene at the behest of a member to compel
the company to rectify such conduct.
[5] The challenge raised by the appellants based upon this decision, was
that individual members have no right to enforce corporate rights, except when
the irregularity complained of could not be remedied by the company, or the
member concerned’s individual membership rights had been affected adversely.
It was submitted that on the facts of the present case, the right of the
respondents to vote at the annual general meetings of the appellants, was a
corporate right, not an individual member’s right; and that any irregularity in this
regard (which was denied) was capable of being rectified by majority vote, at
any reconvened annual general meeting. The respondents contend however
that the right is one which belongs to individual members of the appellants and
as such, was not susceptible to majority control, at an annual general meeting
of the appellants.
[6] As pointed out by the high court, the dichotomous categorisation of
members rights as individual or personal membership rights, as opposed to
corporate membership rights, is well established. Professor Pennington states
that a court will incline to treat a provision as conferring a right on a member

‘only if he has a special interest in its observance distinct from the general
interest which every member has in the company adhering to the terms of its
constitution’.1
[7] Professor Blackman 2  refers to the rules in the memorandum and
articles which confer powers on the company and categorises the conditions
which must be fulfilled for the exercise of these powers, as ‘constitutional
powers’. 3  He states that such rules place duties and obligations on the
company, without necessarily conferring corresponding rights on the
shareholders.4 It may be a matter of some difficulty in a particular case to draw
such a distinction.
[8] The issue for determination accordingly is whether the respondents
have the power to approach a court to enforce, against the appellants, their
rights to effectively exercise their votes on the election of directors at the annual
general meetings of the appellants. It should be noted that the respondents
were not denied the right to vote5 but contended that their votes were adversely
effected by the exclusion of the rights of the four retiring directors to vote.
[9] The principle in Foss as applied in MacDougall v Gardiner (1875) 1 Ch
D 13, accordingly formed the basis for the argument advanced by the
appellants, whereas the decision in Pender v Lushington (1877) 6 Ch D 70,
fulfilled a similar role in the argument of the respondents. These are the leading
cases in two lines of apparently conflicting authority, dealing with the broader

1 Professor R R Pennington Company Law 6 ed (1990) at 651 in Blackman infra fn2 at footnote
23.
2 Michael Blackman ‘Members’ rights against the company and matters of internal management’
(1993) 110 SALJ 473 at 477.
3 Such powers it seems would be synonymous with ‘corporate rights’.
4 Supra fn2 at 477.
5 The second respondent however, alleged that the proxy he had given to one of his fellow
members, who voted at the meeting, had been irregularly obtained and exercised.

issue of when a member can compel a company to observe the provisions
contained in its articles of association.
[10] Before examining these cases it is necessary to note two general
principles of company law. As stated by Trollip JA in Sammel & others v
President Brand Gold Mining Co Ltd 1969 (3) SA 629 (A) at 678G-H:
‘By becoming a shareholder in a company a person undertakes by his contract to be
bound by the decisions of the prescribed majority of shareholders, if those decisions on
the affairs of the company are arrived at in accordance with the law, even where they
adversely affect his own rights as a shareholder. That principle of the supremacy of the
majority is essential to the proper functioning of companies.’
It is this principle which informs the reluctance of courts to intervene in matters
concerning the internal management of a company.
[11] In terms of s 65(2) of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 (the Act), a
member possesses a right against the company to complain of an irregularity,
by virtue of the fact that, as decided in Gohlke and Schneider & another v
Westies Minerale (Edms) Bpk & another 1970 (2) SA 685 (A) at 692F-G:
‘The articles, therefore, merely have the same force as a contract between the
company and each and every member as such to observe their provisions.’
[12] It is in the context of a reconciliation of the right of a member to enforce
the articles against the company and complain of an irregularity committed by
the company in respect of the articles, and the right of the majority to correct,
condone or ratify the irregularity, that problems arise, which lie at the heart of
the controversy.
[13] At the outset it must be noted that Foss was not concerned with the
rights of members to enforce the provisions of the articles against the company.
It was concerned rather with the inability of individual members to seek to
enforce the rights of the company ‘where the alleged wrong is a transaction

which might be made binding on the company or association and on all its
members by a simple majority of its members’. (Per Jenkins LJ in Edwards v
Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064 (CA) at 1066.)
[14] In others words, the enquiry was directed at wrongs allegedly done to
the company, in which the company itself should take action to remedy the
wrongdoing, and the ability of a majority of its members to correct, condone or
ratify the wrongdoing. If the requisite majority of members competently resolve
to correct, condone or ratify the wrongdoing against the company, a court would
not intervene as the will of the majority would demand recognition.
[15] Professor Blackman6 accordingly questions how the rule in Foss is able
to defeat members’ rights against the company where a power which the
company has to ratify a wrong against it, is used for an entirely different
purpose, namely to defeat a member’s rights against the company. As applied
in MacDougall, according to Professor Blackman, the result is that where a
member cannot enforce a provision in the articles against the directors
(because it is a provision the breach of which may be corrected, condoned or
ratified by the majority) the member is precluded from enforcing that provision
against the company, by way of a personal action. He concludes that the
application of the rule in Foss to matters for which it was not intended, with the
object of curtailing intracorporate litigation, ‘rides roughshod over the members’
rights under the company contract by allowing de facto departures from the
constitution’. 7
[16] The desire to curtail intracorporate litigation was founded, according to
Mellish LJ in MacDougall (at 25), upon the need to prevent litigation concerning
irregularities, which are likely to occur in the conduct of meetings of companies.

6 Blackman supra at 478-479.
7 Above at 479.

[17] By contrast, in Pender, Jessel MR distinguished the decision in Foss,
and the cases that followed it, on the basis that the right which the member
wished to assert against the company was ‘an individual right in respect of
which he has a right to sue’ (at 80-81). In the very nature of the right being
personal to the individual member, a failure by the company to recognise such a
right, is beyond the power of the majority at the general meeting.
[18] It is unnecessary on the facts of this case to attempt to reconcile these
apparently conflicting lines of authority, because Mr Hodes SC, who together
with Mr Brusser SC, appeared for the appellants, quite correctly conceded in
argument that the right of members of the appellants to vote on the election of
directors, was a personal and not a corporate right. Consequently, as in Pender,
the MacDougall line of cases are distinguishable, by virtue of the nature of the
right possessed by the respondents.
[19] I agree with the view of the high court and the concession by Mr Hodes
that a member’s right to vote at a general meeting and have his or her vote
counted, would ordinarily fall within the category of personal membership rights.
Each member has a special interest in the observance of this right, distinct from
the general interest which the members have in the observance by the
company of its articles.
[20] For the sake of clarity, it should be noted that the provisions of the Act
are applicable in the present case, as the conduct complained of occurred on
27 October 2009. In terms of s 165(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008, it
appears that a personal action by a member at common law, to enforce rights
which vest in a member in the articles, has not been abolished.8

8 F H I Cassim, M F Cassim, R Cassim, R Jooste, J Shev and J Yeats Contemporary Company
Law 2 ed (2012) at 821.

[21] The respondents accordingly possessed the necessary locus standi to
challenge the resolutions in question.
[22] I turn to consider the issue whether the resolutions appointing the
directors taken at the annual general meetings, were in fact valid. What has to
be determined, on a proper interpretation of article 15 of the Articles of
Association of both appellants (which are in identical terms), is whether
directors who retire at an annual general meeting are entitled to vote in respect
of the election of individuals to fill such vacancies. The article reads as follows:
‘ROTATION OF DIRECTORS
15. At the first annual general meeting of the company all the directors shall retire from
office, and at the annual general meeting in every subsequent year one-third of the
directors for the time being, or if their number is not three or a multiple of three, the
number nearest to one-third, shall retire from office, provided that the director
appointed by the Regional Government, shall not retire from office by reason of
effluxion of time.
15.1 The directors to retire in every year shall be those who have been longest in office
since their last election, but as between persons who became directors on the same
day, those to retire shall, unless they otherwise agree among themselves, be
determined by lot.
15.2 A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election.
15.3 The company at the annual general meeting at which a director retires in manner
(sic) aforesaid or at any general meeting may fill the vacancy office by electing a
person thereto.
15.4 If at any meeting at which an election of directors ought to take place the offices of
the retiring directors are not filled, unless it is expressly resolved not to fill such
vacancies, the meeting shall stand adjourned and the provisions of articles 7.7 and 7.8
shall apply mutatis mutandis to such adjournment, and if at such adjourned meeting the
vacancies are not filled, the retiring directors or such of them as have not had their
offices filled shall be deemed to have been re-elected at such adjournment meeting

unless a resolution for the re-election of any such director shall have been put to the
meeting and negatived.
15.5 The company may from time to time in general meeting increase or reduce the
number of directors, and may also determine in what rotation such increased or
reduced number is to retire from office.
15.6 Unless the members otherwise determine in general meeting any casual vacancy
occurring on the board of directors may be filled up by the directors, but the director so
appointed shall be subject to retirement at the same time as if he had become a
director on the day on which the director in whose stead he is appointed, was last
elected a director.
15.7 The directors shall have the power at any time, and from time to time, to appoint a
person as an additional director who shall retire from office at the next following
ordinary general meeting, but shall be eligible for election by the company at that
meeting as an additional director.’
[23] In terms of the Articles of Association of the appellants and the facts
which are common cause, the only members of the appellants who were
entitled to vote on the appointment of directors at a general meeting, were the
directors of the company who were members because they were directors. It is
therefore apparent that the eligibility of retiring directors to vote as members, in
respect of the election of directors to fill vacancies in their number, was
dependent upon their status as directors remaining as such, until the election
took place.
[24] At the annual general meeting, the retiring directors were excluded from
voting on the election of directors, on the basis of legal advice which had been
obtained by the company secretary, at the request of one of the directors. If
their exclusion was contrary to the articles, then the election of the directors was
irregular, and falls to be set aside.
[25] The judgment of the high court referred to the rule that the articles are
to be interpreted in the same manner as a contract or statute, and must be

taken to be a complete memorial, and the interpretation must be approached
with sensible regard to the business or practical result, which the parties
apparently sought to achieve by its production, or adoption.
[26] Central to the reasoning of the high court was that a proper construction
of the articles envisaged ‘a seamless transition of directorships, whether by re-
election, deemed re-election or replacement’ in respect of the scheme of
rotational retirement.
[27] The cornerstone in the reasoning of the high court was that article 11
provided for a minimum number of directors, namely eight and article 7.5,
provided for a quorum of members namely five personally present. Accordingly,
in the event there was no seamless transition of directors, a hiatus may occur
when the company were to be deprived of the one-third of the directors, who
were obliged to retire. By virtue of the fact that directors were also obliged to
function as members, a quorate meeting might be rendered non-quorate
midway through its business, when the retiring directors were deprived of this
status, and the election of directors was reached on the agenda, requiring their
exit from the meeting. The high court also pointed to the fact that if all the
vacancies were not filled there might be a period when the company would
have to function without the requisite number of directors, until the situation
could be remedied at a resumption of the annual general meeting in terms of
article 15.4.
[28] Mr Hodes criticized the reasoning of the high court on the basis that the
number of directors has nothing to do with the issue of whether an annual
general meeting, or other general meeting, has the necessary quorum which is
determined by the number of members present. However, the number of
members present is directly determined by the number of directors present, who
by virtue of their status as directors are also members. Mr Janisch, who
appeared for the respondents, submitted that no such disruption would occur if
the respondents’ interpretation prevailed.

[29] Mr Hodes also pointed to the fact that on the evidence, the absence of
the retiring directors, did not have as a consequence that the meeting was
rendered non-quorate. Mr Janisch’s answer was that the enquiry was directed
at establishing the potential consequences of the appellants’ construction, not
with what had actually occurred at the meeting.
[30] Mr Hodes, in addition, submitted that the danger of such a hiatus and its
effect upon the workings of a general meeting, could be avoided by conducting
all of the business on the agenda, before the election of directors was held. As
pointed out by Mr Janisch, this solution does not deal with the problem which
arises if the vacancies are not filled at the meeting, with the result that the
appellants might have to function with less than the requisite number of
directors, until the resumed annual general meeting.
[31] In interpreting article 15, the language used must be considered in the
light of the ordinary rules of grammar and syntax, the context in which the
provision appears, the apparent purpose to which it is directed, and the material
known to those responsible for its production. The process is objective, not
subjective. A sensible meaning is to be preferred to one that leads to insensible
or unbusinesslike results, or undermines the apparent purpose of the document.
(Natal Joint Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality 2012 (4) SA 593
(SCA) para 18.)
[32] An interpretation which does not exclude the possibility of a hiatus
occurring between the retirement of a director and the election of a replacement
would ascribe to article 15 a meaning with an unbusinesslike result and would
undermine the apparent purpose of this article.
[33] The arguments advanced were directed at illustrating from the point of
view of the opposing protagonists that phrases such as ‘shall retire from office’,
‘the annual general meeting at which a director retires’, ‘a retiring director shall
be eligible for re-election’, and ‘the retiring directors’ meant either that a process
of retiring was intended, or that retirement as a fait accompli was intended.
However, where article 15 can legitimately be interpreted to avoid a hiatus and

thereby produce a businesslike result, it is that interpretation that should in my
view be adopted, and the court a quo was correct in doing so. In reaching this
conclusion, I do not overlook the argument advanced by Mr Hodes that article
15.3 provides that at an annual general meeting ‘at which a director retires’ the
company ‘may fill the vacancy office by electing a person thereto’, and that the
use of the word ‘vacancy’ can only refer to a fait accompli, namely a director’s
post which is already vacant, because he or she has retired. I agree with the
submission of Mr Janisch that the high court dealt with this argument
comprehensively, concluding correctly that the fact that a retiring director will
leave a vacancy that may be filled by an election, does not mean that the
vacancy must already have existed at the time of the election. The elected or
re-elected director moves seamlessly into the vacancy that follows the election.
If the incumbent is not re-elected, he is bound to vacate (retire) as soon as the
result is known. If his vacancy is not filled for any reason, he remains in office
until the resumed annual general meeting, at which he either vacates, or is re-
elected.
[34] I conclude that on a proper interpretation of article 15 the directors who
retire at an annual general meeting are entitled to vote as members in respect
of the election of individuals to fill such vacancies. The exclusion of the retiring
directors from voting was accordingly unjustified and the resolutions appointing
replacement directors were correctly declared invalid by the high court and set
aside.
[35] The concession that a member’s right to vote at a general meeting and
have his or her vote counted, constituted a personal right of a member, the
denial of which was not susceptible to correction, condonation or ratification by
the majority at the general meeting, disposes of the appellants’ argument that
the high court failed to consider whether the irregularity could have been
corrected in this manner.
[36] A further argument advanced by Mr Hodes was that the right of the
respondents to vote, was not adversely affected by virtue of the exclusion of the

rights of the four retiring directors to vote, because at least the first respondent,
did vote at the meeting. In other words, the respondents on the evidence lack
locus standi to challenge the validity of the resolution.
[37] The high court dismissed this argument relying upon the decision in
Spiliopoulos & another v The Hellenic Community of Johannesburg & others
1938 WLD 160 at 166 where Greenberg JP held that:
‘I think that in the present case it is sufficient for the applicants to show that their rights
as shareholders have been violated by a diminution of the effect of their votes through
the voting of a substantial number of persons who were not entitled to vote…’
[38] In the present case the opposite scenario is true, ie fewer members
voted than were entitled to and I understood Mr Hodes to argue that as a
consequence, the votes of the respondents were not diminished, but were in
fact enhanced. The inherent fallacy in this argument, is that its validity depends
upon the assumption that the votes of the excluded members, would have been
cast in opposition to those of the respondents. If those votes would have
supported the votes cast by the respondents, then it could not be concluded
that their mere exclusion enhanced the votes of the respondents. The high court
correctly summarised the argument as follows:
‘The right to exercise a vote as a member goes limping if the effect of the vote is that it
is not properly counted in the context of all the other votes that might be validly cast on
the issue in question. In other words if the voting procedure admits votes that could not
validly be cast, the vote that the member entitled to vote casts is devalued by a
diminution of its effect as a proportion of the total; likewise, if the votes of members
entitled to vote are invalidly excluded, the effect of the vote of the member allowed to
cast a vote is adversely effected if the votes of the excluded members might have
weighed with the members vote in determining the result.’
[39] In addition, having found that the exclusion of the right of the retiring
directors to vote in respect of the election of directors, was contrary to article 15,
and that the relevant resolutions were invalid and correctly set aside, the

respondents’ voting rights were adversely effected by this conclusion, because
the votes they cast were without cause or effect.
[40] As regards the issue of costs, Mr Janisch asked for the costs of two
counsel where employed, for the reason that his erstwhile leader, Mr Duminy
SC, was indisposed. No argument to the contrary was advanced by Mr Hodes.
The costs of the application for leave to appeal were reserved for the decision
of this court.
[41] In the result it is ordered that:
The appeal is dismissed with costs, including the costs of two counsel where
employed and the costs in the application for leave to appeal, on the same
basis.

K G B SWAIN

ACTING JUDGE OF APPEAL

APPEARANCES:
FOR FIRST AND
P HODES SC (WITH HIM R BRUSSER SC)
SECOND APPELLANTS:
Instructed by CLIFFE DEKKER HOFMEYR
INC
CLAUDE REID INC, Bloemfontein

FOR FIRST AND
M JANISCH
SECOND RESPONDENTS:
Instructed by KRITZINGER ATTORNEYS INC

MATSEPES INC, Bloemfontein

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA

MEDIA SUMMARY OF JUDGMENT DELIVERED IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

FROM

The Registrar, Supreme Court of Appeal

DATE

29 November 2012

STATUS

Immediate

Please note that the media summary is for the benefit of the media and does not form
part of the judgment.

Communicare & others v Khan & another
(12/2012) [2012] ZASCA 180 (29 November 2012)

Media Statement

The Supreme Court of Appeal held today that the rights of members of a company to
vote at general meetings of the company, in respect of the election of directors,
constitute personal rights of the members, as opposed to corporate rights of the
company. These personal rights are accordingly beyond the control of the majority of
members at general meetings of the company, and individual members may enforce
these rights by way of a personal action against the company.

A dispute arose between the appellant companies (Communicare and Communicare
Construction) and the respondents (Messrs Khan and Tilney), who were members of
the appellants, concerning the election of directors to fill vacancies created by the
retirement of directors, in terms of the appellants’ articles of association. The articles
provided that the directors were also members of the companies. The retiring
directors were precluded from voting on the election of directors to fill the vacancies,
on the basis that having retired, they were no longer directors and as a consequence,
no longer members of the companies. On a businesslike interpretation of the articles,
it was held that there was a seamless transition of directors and any vacancy only
arose and was immediately filled by the election of a successor. The retiring
directors’ exclusion from voting was accordingly invalid and set aside.

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