Clinical trial NCT02118727
Conditions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Frontal Temporal Dementia
Keywords: ALS FTD Tau pNF-H/C3
Sponsor: University of Kansas Medical Center
Start date: 2018-11-07; Completion date: 2021-07-22
Enrollment: 89 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
The purpose of this study is to determine if memantine at up to 20 mg twice a day when used in conjunction with riluzole, can slow down the disease progression of patients with ALS including potentially improving their neuropsychiatric changes, as well as determine if serum biomarkers can be used both as a diagnostic and a prognostic marker in patients with ALS.

Funding Source: FDA - Orphan Products Development (OPD)

Detailed description:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects 30,000 Americans each year. Of these 30,000 Americans, it has been suggested that up to 50% will experience cognitive and behavioral changes in the form of frontotemporal dysfunction and up to 40% will meet criteria for frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Riluzole the only FDA approved agent for ALS extends a patient's lifespan by 2-3 months, and there are no proven therapies for the cognitive changes associated with ALS. More effective therapy for this universally fatal disease is desperately needed.

Results from an open label pilot trial of 20 patients treated with memantine at 10 mg twice a day suggested that treatment with the combination of memantine and riluzole slowed ALS disease progression. This trial also showed that levels of specific protein biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at baseline correlated with the rate of disease progression. A concurrent phase II study performed by Dr. Carvalho, found no effect with similar dosing; however, the study was limited in terms of power. Comments on previous failed drug trials in ALS have raised the concern that many ALS trials study a potential therapeutic agent at only a single dose and thus may miss the potential efficacy of non FDA approved doses; therefore, this proposed study will test a higher dose of memantine, 20 mg twice a day, in a double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial of 90 patients with ALS to determine if a therapy of memantine, especially in combination with riluzole, can slow disease progression compared to treatment with riluzole alone or no treatment. Participants who experience treatment related adverse events may undergo dose reduction or discontinuation. The primary outcome measure will be the rate of disease progression as measured by the ALS Functional Rating Scale- Revised (ALSFRS-R). In addition the investigators will examine the cognitive deficits seen in ALS patients measured by the ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen (ALS-CBS) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q). Finally the investigators will examine specific validated protein serum biomarkers to determine if there is a correlation between the levels of these biomarkers and the rate of disease progression. In particular the investigators will measure the ratio of phosphorylated heavy neurofilament to Complement 3 to see if this ratio is predictive of disease progression and if the levels change during therapy with memantine.

This project will offer unique insights into this untreatable disease. If this study confirms earlier results and suggests that memantine, when used in conjunction with riluzole, significantly slows down the progression of the disease, as well as ameliorates cognitive deficits in patients with fronto-temporal dysfunction, it will set the groundwork for conducting a larger phase III trial.

Arms: arm 1: Up to 20 mg memantine taken by mouth twice a day for 36 weeks arm 2: Up to 2 placebo tablets taken by mouth twice a day for 36 weeks
Interventions: intervention 1: Memantine intervention 2: Placebo (for Memantine)
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: All randomized patients will be instructed to take one tablet once a day for the first two weeks from a blinded bottle that contains 10 mg tablets or matching placebo. At week three, patients will be instructed to take one tablet twice a day from the 10 mg bottle or matching placebo. At week five, patients will be instructed to take one tablet in the morning and two tablets in the evening from the 10 mg bottle or matching placebo. At week seven patients will be instructed to take two tablets twice a day from the 10 mg bottle or matching placebo. intervention 2: All randomized patients will be instructed to take one tablet once a day for the first two weeks from a blinded bottle that contains 10 mg tablets or matching placebo. At week three, patients will be instructed to take one tablet twice a day from the 10 mg bottle or matching placebo. At week five, patients will be instructed to take one tablet in the morning and two tablets in the evening from the 10 mg bottle or matching placebo. At week seven patients will be instructed to take two tablets twice a day from the 10 mg bottle or matching placebo.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
THERAPY IN AMYOTROPHIC 
LATERAL SCLEROSIS (TAME) 
NCT02118727 
 
 
 
April 2, 2020


1
 
University of Kansas Medical Center 
Research Protocol Involving Human Subjects 
 
Version Date: 
April 2, 2020 
Version Number: 
1.3 
Principal Investigators: 
Richard J. Barohn, MD and Todd D. Levine, MD 
Study Title: 
Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (TAME) 
Study Phase: 
Phase IIB 
KUMC Co-Investigator(s): Mazen Dimachkie, MD; Mamatha Pasnoor, MD; 
Jeffrey Statland, MD; Omar Jawdat, MD; Duaa Jabari, MD 
 
 
I. 
Purpose, Background and Rationale 
A. 
Aim and Hypotheses 
Neuroprotection would be noticeable with respect to reduced neurofilament 
levels. Neurofilament light chain (NF-L), neurofilament heavy chain (pNFH) are beneficial for 
diagnosis of ALS and increase at time of symptom onset, and levels of these biomarkers remain 
relatively constant in the blood and CSF over time during disease progression. Chitinase-1 
(Chit-1) and TNF-α are biomarkers for inflammation that are also increased in ALS patients and 
can be detected in the blood of ALS patients. There is data showing that across a small number 
of patients the level of NF-L or pNFH remains constant in the blood and CSF (1); so the ability 
to compare the changes seen in ALS patients treated with Memantine to a control group will be 
valuable data to prove or refute this observation. 
Aim 1: The overall challenge is to determine if changes in the levels of specific biomarkers 
found in blood predict and correlate to the response of high dose Memantine treatment and if this 
correlates to disease progression. We believe that measurement of specific neuronal proteins and 
inflammatory proteins in the blood may serve as biomarkers for ALS disease progression. If this 
hypothesis is correct, then altering the levels of these biomarkers via a drug that modulates 
axonal/neuronal injury or death may serve as an early indicator of effective therapy. 
Aim 2: To validate the data from the pilot clinical trial, which suggested that there was a 40% 
decrease in the disease progression of patients with ALS treated with Memantine. If this study is 


2
 
also positive, we will have sufficient evidence to move forward with a larger placebo controlled 
double-blind trial of Memantine at 20 mg in ALS compared to the natural history of ALS. 
Obviously, the finding of any medication, in addition to Riluzole and/or Radicava, that slows the 
progression of the universally fatal disease would serve a tremendous unmet need for this orphan 
disease. 
Aim 3: Finally, by using standardized, reliable tools such as the ALS-CBS and the NPI-Q, we 
will be able to demonstrate if Memantine can improve the neuropsychiatric changes seen in 
patients with ALS. 
 
 
B. 
Background and Significance 
 
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease. 
ALS affects people of all ages and both sexes with a reported annual incidence of 1 in 100,000. 
There are an estimated 30,000 Americans who suffer from ALS at any given time. With no 
effective therapy, the average lifespan for patients is 2-5 years (2). At present the only FDA 
approved drug to treat ALS is Riluzole, a drug with several modes of action including NMDA 
receptor antagonism and Radicava, a drug thought to act as a free radical scavenger and prevent 
oxidative stress damage to neurons. However, the benefits of Riluzole are marginal, with the 
pivotal studies showing that Riluzole prolonged life by only three months and did not 
significantly delay the loss of functional milestones. Radicava may slow disease progression in a 
subset of patients with a particular clinical presentation, but more clinical trial data is required to 
evaluate Radicava’s effectiveness in all ALS patients. Thus, a more effective therapy is 
desperately needed for this universally fatal disease. 
Although the most visible symptom in (ALS) is progressive weakness and loss of muscle, 
approximately half of all people with ALS also exhibit some symptoms of cognitive impairment 
and associated behavioral symptoms (frontotemporal dysfunction) (3). FTD is caused by 
frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a type of progressive deterioration in the frontal and 
temporal lobes of the brain, which is responsible for cognitive function. While the 
neuromuscular deficits associated with ALS have been well characterized, screening methods for 
detecting behavioral and cognitive impairment have been very limited. In addition, few studies 


3
 
have really examined ways to try to improve these neuropsychiatric effects which often have 
major impacts upon a patient and their family’s quality of life. 
We propose that Memantine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, which is FDA 
approved for Alzheimer’s Disease, will provide significantly enhanced therapeutic benefits to 
ALS patients. We believe that our proposed study will advance the understanding of ALS and 
potentially lead to the development of a novel combination therapy which would slow down 
disease progression as well as benefit ALS patients who illustrate characteristics of 
frontotemporal dysfunction or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Specifically, we believe that 
blocking the NMDA pathway can slow down the loss of neuronal degeneration in ALS. In 
addition, we have preliminary data that will be validated in this proposed study suggesting that 
there are specific biomarkers in the blood of patients with ALS that correlates with the efficacy 
of this therapeutic treatment. 
 
The role of glutamate mediated excitotoxicity in ALS. While 90% of the cases of ALS occur 
sporadically, 10% of patients with ALS have a family history of the disease. One gene, which 
accounts for 20% of the familial ALS (fALS) cases, is superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) (4). This 
discovery suggested that excess free radicals and excitotoxicity may play a key role in the 
disease (5). In addition, recent evidence suggests that glial cells in the spinal cord of ALS 
patients may contain a defective Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter (EAAT-2) (6). These glial 
cells function to buffer the amount of glutamate that is present in the neuronal synapse via 
EAAT-2 protein function. This finding provides additional evidence that excess glutaminergic 
stimulation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. 
 
Nakamura et al demonstrated that overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type 
glutamate receptors accounts, at least in part, for excitotoxic neuronal damage, potentially 
contributing to a wide range of acute and chronic neurologic disorders. It was proposed that 
generation of excessive nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can mediate 
excitotoxicity in part by triggering protein misfolding. S-Nitrosylation, which is a covalent 
reaction of a NO group with a cysteine thiol, represents one such mechanism that can contribute 
to NO-induced neurotoxicity (7). The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), in conjunction with 
molecular chaperones, can prevent accumulation of aberrantly-folded proteins. For example, 


4
 
protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) can provide neuroprotection from misfolded proteins or 
endoplasmic reticulum stress through its molecular chaperone and thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase 
activities. They showed that inhibition of excessive NMDA receptor activity by Memantine, via 
a mechanism of noncompetitive open-channel blockade, can ameliorate excessive production of 
NO, protein misfolding, and neurodegeneration (7). Memantine has also been shown to prevent 
monocyte/microglia activation and reduce TNFα levels, indicating that Memantine may reduce 
peripheral and central inflammation and inflammatory pathways (8). 
 
C. 
Rationale 
 
 
Development and rationale for selection of biomarkers for this study 
We propose that throughout the course of ALS, proteins are released from injured/dying axons 
and cell bodies and accumulate in the CSF for elimination from the CNS via the bloodstream. 
Proteins originating from motor neurons may serve as prognostic indicators for the rate of 
disease progression, or as biomarkers of neuronal injury which could be used to monitor the 
therapeutic efficacy of drugs that reduce motor neuron injury and/or cell death. Of these 
proteins, cytoskeletal proteins including pNFH and NF-L have been shown to be elevated in the 
blood and CSF of neurodegenerative diseases and proposed as biomarkers for ALS (1,2,9-12). 
Protein aggregates and inclusions have been observed in spinal cord motor neurons of ALS 
patients as well as other neurodegenerative diseases (13). Recently published data by Deng et al 
furthered the importance of these findings with the identification of genetic abnormalities in 
UBQLN2 in patients with X-linked adult onset ALS and ALS/Dementia. UBQLN2 mutations 
led to an impairment of degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This could potentially explain a 
common pathway leading to abnormal protein aggregation and neurodegeneration (14). These 
findings have suggested that being able to follow specific protein biomarkers in the blood and 
CSF could be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for ALS and ALS disease 
progression. 
 
Prior studies have shown significantly increased levels of pNF-H and NF-L in the blood and CSF 
of ALS patients when compared to healthy control or neurologic disease subjects (15). Dr. 
Bowser’s lab has measured blood and CSF levels of pNF-H in sporadic ALS patients (SALS), 


5
 
familial ALS patients (FALS), age-matched healthy controls (HC), neurologic disease controls 
lacking motor involvement (DC), and primary lateral sclerosis subjects (Disease mimics). 
Example results are shown in Figure 1. They observed significantly increased pNFH levels in 
the CSF of SALS and FALS patients when compared to control groups, including disease 
mimics. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1: pNFH Levels in CSF CSF from a total of 104 subjects was analyzed for pNFH by 
ELISA. All samples were run in triplicate and average value for each shown in ng/ml. 
The Bowser lab has also observed significantly increased levels of pNFH and NF-L in the blood 
of ALS patients when compared to healthy controls and disease mimics, including pure upper 
motor neuron disease and pure lower motor neuron disease (Figure 2). These results demonstrate 
the ability to detect a biomarker of neurodegeneration (neurofilament) in the blood of ALS 
patients. 


6
 
 
 
10000 
 
 
 
 
1000 
 
 
 
 
100 
 
 
 
 
10 
 
 
 
 
1 
 
 
 
 
0.1 
 
 
 
Figure 2: pNFH levels in blood plasma. Plasma from 87 ALS patients, 50 healthy controls, 44 
pure upper motor neuron disease (UMND) and 25 pure lower motor neuron disease ((LMND) 
disease mimics were used to measure pNFH. The level of pNFH in the plasma of ALS patients 
was significantly increased versus all other subject groups. 
 
CSF levels of pNFH for 65 ALS subjects were also examined to see if there was a correlation 
between levels of pNF-H and disease survival. These data indicated a clear correlation (Pearson 
test R= -0.485, p= 0.016) between pNFH levels and days from symptom onset to death (Figure 
3). This result suggests that pNF-H levels in the CSF are a candidate prognostic biomarker, with 
higher CSF levels corresponding to more rapid disease progression. Similar results were 
obtained when pNF-H levels were correlated to the rate of clinical disease progression as 
determined using the ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised (ALSFRS-R) (Data not shown). 
p = 0.007
p < 0.0001 
p = 0.003
791
287
138
65
pNfH [pg/ml] 


7
 
These results confirm a prior study that also demonstrated higher CSF levels of pNFH in patients 
with a more rapid disease progression (15). Rate of disease progression was defined in both 
studies by the rate of decline in clinical disease parameters (ALSFRS-R measures), with greater 
than 1.0 unit per month defined as rapid disease progression and less than 1.0 unit per month as 
slow disease progression. Therefore, blood and CSF levels of pNFH and NF-L have been 
verified by multiple laboratories as a biomarker for ALS disease progression. 
 
We propose that therapies to reduce axonal injury would reduce pNFH and/or NF-L levels in the 
blood and correlate to a reduction in neuronal cell death and increased patient survival. The 
prior data from a phase II trial for Memantine in ALS patients indicated that reductions in CSF 
tau levels correlated to slowing of disease progression (2). Sussmuth et al demonstrated that 
elevated levels of CSF tau were found in patients with ALS (1); however, other studies have not 
found a strong correlation (16). Therefore, we will not examine tau levels in our current clinical 
trial. 
We feel there is a significant body of literature to support the fact that pNF-H, NF-L,, chitinase-1 
(Chit-1) and TNF-α may be sensitive biomarkers for neurodegeneration and activation of glial 
cells and inflammation during ALS. Studies related to neurofilament were noted above. Cereda 
and colleagues demonstrated that ALS patients exhibit elevated levels of TNF-α and soluble TNR 
receptor in the plasma (17). Recent studies have indicated that the chitinase Chit-1 is elevated in 
the CSF of ALS patients and denotes microglial activation in the spinal cord (18). We also detect 
significantly increased levels of Chit-1 in the plasma of ALS patients when compared to controls 
(Figure 4). 
More importantly, we believe based on the open label trial and other previously mentioned studies, 
that the blood levels of these biomarkers may predict rate of disease progression and monitor 
effectiveness of Memantine during our upcoming clinical trial. This would offer a number of 
potential benefits if found to be true. It would allow for a better stratification in future clinical trials 
as equal number of fast and slow progressors could be randomized into each arm of future studies. 
This may negate a potential bias against an effective drug if too many rapid progressors are 
randomized into the active arm. We also believe that if an effective therapy for ALS is found that 
there may be observed changes in the levels of the blood biomarkers and that these changes may 
occur as early as four to six months. Therefore, we propose to study the levels and ratios of these 


8
 
biomarkers at screening and at multiple times during the trial to see if response to therapy can be 
correlated with rate of disease progression as our preliminary work suggested. 
 
 
Figure 3: pNFH levels in CSF correlate to patient survival and rate of disease progression 
 
An inverse correlation was seen between CSF pNFH levels and survival from symptom onset 
(days). Pearson correlation test (R = -0.485, p = 0.016). 
 
 
 
 
 
130 
120 
110 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
Chit-1 Plasma levels 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ALS 
Control 
Disease Group 
Chit-1 (pg/ml) 


9
 
Figure 4: Plasma levels of Chit-1 in ALS. Chit-1 plasma from 35 ALS and 15 age-matched 
healthy controls. We detected significantly increased levels of Chit-1 in ALS versus control 
subjects (p < 0.001). 
 
 
The potential role of Memantine in treating patients with ALS 
 
We believe that there are multiple lines of evidence to support the use of Memantine in the 
treatment of ALS. 
1) Memantine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist that may reduce the effects of 
glutamate mediated excitotoxicity (19). 
2) Memantine can inhibit and reverse the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau (19). Tau 
hyperphosphorylation leads to protein aggregation and sequestration of other cytoskeletal 
proteins including microtubule associated protein 1 (MAP-1) and MAP-2. Further, Memantine 
has been shown to block the disassembly of microtubules which follows the 
hyperphosphorylation of Tau (20). 
3) Memantine has been shown to prolong survival in a mutant SOD1 transgenic mouse model of 
ALS. The data demonstrated that mutant SOD1 transgenic mice survived longer when treated 
with Memantine than placebo controls (p=0.032) (21). 
4) Memantine has been shown to protect neurons against NMDA or glutamate induced toxicity 
in vitro (20). 
5) Memantine has validated significant benefits on cognitive function in other neurodegenerative 
diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (22, 23). 
Potential benefits of this study 
 
The data that was presented in the preliminary data results section suggests that Memantine at 10 
mg BID, when used in conjunction with Riluzole, lowered the levels of tau and pNF-H in the 
CSF of patients with ALS. This proposed study will explore the potential benefits of a higher 
dose of Memantine, 20 mg BID, in slowing disease progression. In addition, this study will be 
testing the cognitive and behavioral impairments in ALS patients. Two psychological batteries 


10
 
will be administered over the course of the study to determine the incidence of frontal temporal 
dementia and cognitive dysfunction and the effects of Memantine treatment. 
One of the limitations to the development of novel therapeutic agents is the lack of an objective 
rapid outcome measure which would facilitate drug testing. In collaboration with Dr. Robert 
Bowser, we have been investigating several potential ALS biomarkers, including pNFH, NF-L, 
Chit-1 and TNF-α. Previous data indicates that there are elevated levels of tau and 
phosphorylated pNF-H in the CSF of ALS patients as compared to controls (9, 15, 24). Dr. 
Bowser has also performed longitudinal studies in ALS patients to demonstrate that levels of 
blood and CSF tau and pNF-H increase during disease progression and are correlated to clinical 
parameters of disease progression (25). Further, Dr Bowser has demonstrated that the ratio of 
pNFH to C3 is a sensitive and specific assay for ALS (1). In addition to determining the effects 
of Memantine on disease progression, we also wanted to assess the effects it may have on ALS 
patients who illustrate cognitive impairment and signs of frontotemporal dysfunction. There is no 
known therapy to improve the cognitive changes in patients with ALS and these changes are 
seen in as many as 50% of ALS patients. 
 
 
Despite a lack of success, the development of potential new drug therapies for Amyotrophic 
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) has proceeded down several different paths. Basic science discoveries 
are in the process of being translated into potentially new therapeutic strategies. The possibility 
of a connection between ALS and cognition has been considered and studied for years; however, 
ALS clinics and physicians rarely test for cognitive and behavioral changes. One of the reasons 
that the cognitive underpinnings of ALS have not been investigated until recently is the inability 
of researchers to reliably and accurately test patients because of the length and the inconsistently 
of the testing. This lack of testing has led several ALS patients undiagnosed and untreated. 
Recently studies have shown the specificity and the sensitivity of the ALS Cognitive Behavioral 
Screen (ALS-CBS), to be 80% and 88% respectively, and can be administered in 5 minutes, 
which could be extremely beneficial and utilized easily in all ALS clinics. Currently, due to the 
lack of testing and diagnosis, there are no treatments for ALS patients who suffer from 
behavioral and cognitive impairment which often have profound effects on the quality of life of 
the patients and their caregivers. 


11
 
This proposal is a collaboration between well experienced Neurologists and clinical research 
scientists. Dr. Richard J. Barohn, (PI) and Dr. Todd Levine (co-PI) have over 26 years of 
combined experience conducting ALS research trials. Since this is a multi-centered clinical trial, 
approximately 10 centers in the United States were chosen based on their ALS research 
experience. These sites are active ALS centers who have decades of ALS research experience 
and were willing to participate in this trial. Drs Barohn and Levine have partnered with the 
Western Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Study Group (WALS) to be the coordinating center 
because of their extensive experience as a coordinating and data collection center. 
Dr. Robert Bowser at the Barrow Neurological Institute will be conducting the blood protein 
biomarker analysis. He has been studying biomarkers in ALS for over 15 years and published the 
first biomarker panel with predictive value for ALS (26). He has extensive experience measuring 
each of the biomarkers utilized in the clinical trial and established the standard operating 
procedures used for the collection, processing and storage of blood samples collected for 
biomarker analysis. Dr. Dan Moore at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco will 
provide biostatistical support for this study. He has been a biostatistician at California Pacific 
Medical Center since 1994 and has been doing biostatistics for ALS trials since 1996. 
We feel this collaboration brings together leaders in the basic science and clinical research fields 
in ALS. 
 
 
Results of Open Label Trial 
 
Memantine, an FDA approved agent for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, has been thought 
to reduce the effects of glutamate mediated excitotoxicity (19). It may also inhibit and reverse 
the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, which leads to its sequestration in neuronal 
intracellular inclusions (20). In addition, Memantine has been shown to prolong survival in a 
transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (21). Based on the potential for 
Memantine to alter the course of the disease in ALS patients, Phoenix Neurological Associates 
conducted a 20 patient, open label pilot trial of Memantine given at 10 mg bid, in patients taking 
Riluzole. The data suggested that Memantine might have significant clinical benefit in patients 
with ALS. 


12
 
19 patients completed more than 3 months of therapy, 16 patients completed 6 months of therapy 
and 12 patients completed the entire 18 months of the study. Patients were evaluated based on 
the number of points lost per month on the ALS Functional Rating Scale - Revised (ALSFRS-R). 
The ALSFRS-R is a validated measure of ALS disease progression and is a predictor of survival 
that is typically used as an accepted outcome measure in ALS clinical trials (27, 28). As this was 
an open-label trial, patients were compared to historical controls and a subset of patients were 
compared to their pre-study rate of progression. Numerous placebo-controlled studies in ALS 
have shown that patients on Riluzole, or on no therapy, lose on average -0.9 ALSFRS-R points 
per month (29). 
A linear mixed effects model was used to compare rates of decline for the 20 patients taking 
Memantine with 415 placebo patients from previous clinical trials. This natural history model 
(from 8 previous clinical trials) estimated a slope of -0.89 (95% CI -0.95 to -0.83) for placebo 
and -0.55 (95% CI -0.95 to -0.15) for Memantine treated patients (two-sided p=0.10 for the 
treatment effect). This represents a 38% reduction in slope in this small sample. 
In addition, 12 of these patients were followed in clinic before beginning the pilot trial. 
Therefore, PNA had an established baseline rate of disease progression for these patients, which 
was -1.07 ALSFRS-R points per month (Figure 5). Since study conclusion, 8 patients have 
remained on Memantine. These patients have averaged 28 months on Memantine treatment and 
have progressed at only -.48 points per month. Thus, compared to their own baseline disease 
progression or to placebo controls, patients who began Memantine therapy showed a marked 
drop in their rate of disease progression. 


13
 
 
1.50 
 
1.25 
 
1.00 
 
0.75 
 
0.50 
 
0.25 
 
0.00 
Historical ALS 
Pre-treatment  Post-treatment Tau to HC level  Pre-treat N=4 
n=4 
 
Figure 5. Illustrates historical ALS control patients on Riluzole lose on average, -0.9 pts per 
month, whereas the patients that were analyzed from the pilot trial lost an average of -0.55. 
Patients whose tau levels corrected to within the normal range lost -0.42 points per month. This 
group of 4 patients was losing -1.2 points a month prior to treatment. 
 
 
Biomarker Studies The patient’s CSF, at baseline, 6, and 12 months of Memantine therapy, was 
analyzed. Compared to healthy control subjects, the levels of tau and phosphorylated 
neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) at baseline were significantly higher in the patients with 
ALS (p=0.038) (Figure 6). It was previously determined that the levels of CSF tau and pNF-H 
increase over time in untreated ALS patients, perhaps reflecting ongoing neuronal death (Figure 
7). In contrast, ALS patients treated with Memantine showed a decrease in average CSF tau 
levels over 12 months of therapy (p=0.04) (Figure 8), while healthy untreated control subjects 
do not exhibit a change in CSF tau levels over time. 
  
 Treatment
0.55 
0.42
ALS-FRS Decline / month 


14
 
800 
700 
600 
500 
400 
300 
200 
100 
ALS 
HC 
 
Figure 6. Compared to healthy control subjects, the levels of tau at baseline were significantly 
higher in patients with ALS enrolled in our pilot trial. 
 
 
 
700 
600 
500 
400 
300 
200 
100 
0 
 
Tau in CSF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0 
2.0 
Time (years) 
 
 
 
 
 
600 
 
500 
 
400 
 
300 
 
200 
 
100 
 
0 
 
 
 
pNF-H in CSF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0 
2.0 
Time (years) 
 
Figure 7. ALS patients who were not treated with Memantine show an increase in their levels of 
tau and pNF-H over two year 
 
 
Figure 8. There is a decline in tau levels in ALS patients treated with 12 months of Memantine 
compared to healthy (normal) controls. 
CSF Tau (pg/ml) 


15
 
Correlation between levels of biomarkers and disease progression 
 
The results from our CSF biomarker studies suggest a correlation between levels of these 
cytoskeletal proteins and disease progression. Patients who progressed faster than -0.5 ALSFRS- 
R points per month had an average CSF tau level of 574 pg/ml, compared to an average level of 
298 pg/ml in patients who progressed slower than -0.5 ALSFRS points per month (p=0.005) 
(Figure 9). Levels of CSF pNFH showed a similar correlation to rate of clinical disease 
progression (Figure 10). 
 
 
 
900 
800 
700 
600 
500 
400 
300 
200 
 
 
> 0.5 
 0.5 
ALS-FRS point decline / month 
 
Figure 9. Patients with elevated levels of CSF tau at baseline predicted a more rapid decline 
based on change in ALSFRS-R scores (p=0.005) 
 
 
900 
 
700 
 
500 
 
300 
 
100 
 
 
 
> 0.5 
 
 
 0.5 
ALS-FRS change / month 
 
Figure 10. Elevated levels of pNFH in the CSF at baseline was associated with a more rapid 
progression of disease as evidenced by change in ALSFRS-R scores per month (p=0.002). 
After 12 months of treatment with Memantine, patients showed a 27% decline in CSF tau 
(p=0.04). (Figure 8) This contrasts with data from 10 untreated ALS patients that exhibited a 
pNFH (pg/ml) 
Tau (pg/ml) 


16
 
69% increase in median CSF tau levels over 18 months from 266 pg/ml to 451 pg/ml (Figure 7). 
Healthy control subjects showed no change in CSF tau levels over 12 months of follow up 
(Figure 8). Perhaps most intriguing was the finding that 27% of the patients corrected their CSF 
tau levels to that detected in healthy controls during the course of the therapy with Memantine 
and these patients showed a marked slowing in the progression of their disease to -0.42 
ALSFRS-R points per month (Figure 5). These same four patients were followed in PNA clinic 
before enrollment in the trial and were losing on average -1.2 ALSFRS-R points per month prior 
to therapy. 
Conclusions from Open Label Study 
 
The results from this trial suggest that the Memantine may slow down the progression of ALS. 
Another phase II study with Memantine was completed by a group in Portugal who studied 60 
patients in a blinded placebo-controlled study which did not illustrate benefit in slowing disease 
progression. This study; however, did not analyze CSF and due to its small size the power only 
80% to detect a 50% decline (30). Despite these conflicting results we believe the pilot trial data 
and the scientific background behind Memantine indicate that a placebo-controlled trial using 
higher doses of Memantine should be undertaken in order to evaluate the possibility that 
Memantine may have a positive effect on this universally fatal disease. 
The data from the open label trial suggests that ALS patients could be stratified based on the 
level of tau and pNFH in their CSF. We will also examine whether the pNFH/C3 ratio can be 
correlated with disease progression. Patients’ CSF could be analyzed at baseline and this could 
be used to stratify them into treatment arms with an equal number of slow and fast progressors in 
each arm. If a robust diagnostic biomarker for ALS was found, it would accelerate and simplify 
the investigative process and result in the earlier implementation of appropriate therapies. 
Despite extensive research into new therapeutic modalities for ALS, the disease remains universally 
fatal with an average life expectancy of 2-5 years. Data presented in the preliminary results section 
suggests that patients with ALS treated with Memantine at 10 mg BID and Riluzole demonstrated 
significant slowing of their disease progression compared to their baseline rate of progression while on 
Riluzole alone. A concurrent phase II study performed by Dr. Carvalho; however, found no effect in a 
randomized placebo-controlled study of 60 patients. Nor did the Carvalho study examine the potential 
that a higher dose of Memantine might be effective (30). We believe that both trials established that 10 


17
 
mg BID is a safe and tolerated dose in ALS patients. There are numerous studies of Memantine in other 
disease states at doses up to 60 mg a day that show good tolerability (31-34). The majority of side effects 
that were seen were dizziness, headache, fatigue and nausea. Therefore, this study will test whether a 
higher dose of Memantine, 20 mg BID would have a more significant slowing on disease progression 
in a randomized placebo-controlled Phase IIB trial. We feel the scientific background of Memantine 
with numerous proposed mechanism that could benefit ALS patients, and the results of our open label 
pilot trial, warrant studying Memantine at a higher dose to see if an effect can be demonstrated in a 
placebo-controlled trial. 
The dose of 20 mg BID of Memantine has been studied in major depressive disorder, tension headache, 
bipolar disorder, nystagmus, diabetic neuropathy, and tremor. These studies found that dizziness, 
headache, fatigue, and nausea were the most common side effects. There were no clear drug related 
serious side effects seen in these studies to raise significant concern about using such a dose in a study 
of ALS patients. Discontinuation rates tended to be higher in patients on active drug and dizziness was 
the most common adverse event seen occurring in 20-25 percent of patients. These studies indicate that 
Memantine has been studied and shown to be safe even at doses as high as 60 mg a day; therefore we 
feel that ALS patients will tolerate 40 mg a day; however as stated in the tapering section of this proposal, 
patients will have options to down titrate if necessary. 
The primary outcome measure will be disease progression as measured by the number of points 
lost on the ALS Functional Rating Scale- Revised (ALSFRS-R) during the 36 weeks of therapy. 
The patient’s rate of progression on active therapy during the 36-week treatment arm will be 
compared to the rate of progression of the placebo arm. We will also attempt to enrich the 
placebo group data from historical controls from previous ALS studies. Disease progression in 
numerous ALS clinical trials has been measured using the ALSFRS-R which is a 12 question 
rating scale used to determine each participant’s assessment of their capability and independence 
in daily activities. The ALSFRS-R can be administered with high inter-rater reliability and test- 
retest reliability in person or over the phone. The advantages of using such a measurement to 
determine disease progression are that the categories are relevant to ALS, it is a sensitive and 
reliable tool, and the rate of decline correlates strongly with survival (27, 28). 


18
 
II. 
Research Plan and Design 
A. 
Study Objectives 
 
This study is designed to not only validate the preliminary data that Memantine can significantly 
slow down the course of ALS but to also determine if Memantine can improve ALS patients who 
illustrate characteristics of FTD. We also hope to establish the foundation for conducting future 
clinical trials in ALS by providing prospective blinded data for the utility of biomarkers as novel 
outcome measures that may more rapidly assess the efficacy of future drugs. 
B. Study Type and Design 
 
This is a phase IIB multi-centered double blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the safety 
and efficacy of Memantine at 20 mg BID in patients with ALS. 90 participants will be recruited 
from 14 centers in the United States. Sites were chosen based on their ALS research experience 
and with the help of the Western Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (WALS) database. The sites that 
we have chosen to participate are active ALS centers who have years of ALS research 
experience. WALS has experience as a central coordinating center and has data management 
personnel and a leading biostatistician. The clinical evaluators, who gather efficacy data, are 
highly trained and standardized. They are experienced in ALS study details and standards. 
The steering committee for this study consists of Richard Barohn, MD. (PI), Todd Levine, MD 
(Co-PI), David Saperstein, MD (Co-I) Robert Bowser, PhD, Dan Moore, Ph.D. (Biostatistician), 
and Andrew Heim, CCRP (Project Manager).. The external medical monitor for this study is 
Constantine Farmakidis, MD. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board is comprised of Nicholas 
Silvestri, MD (Chair), Andrea Swenson MD, Jonathan Katz MD, Americo Fernandes MD, and 
Alex Karanevich PhD. 
The University of Kansas Medical Center will be the Outcomes and Monitoring Center of the 
study. This will include the training of the study site evaluators and the validation of secondary 
outcome measures (FVC, ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS) with ongoing effort in 
monitoring quality assurance and test-re-test reliability. The University of Kansas Medical 
Center will provide ongoing quality assurance of all clinical monitoring duties and clinical 
monitoring responsibilities for the study. 


19
 
C. 
Sample Size, Statistical Methods, and Power Calculation 
 
Sample size 
 
90 patients will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either Memantine, 20 mg BID or placebo. The 
active and placebo will be over encapsulated by the research pharmacy at the University of Iowa 
Research Pharmacy. Medication will be dispensed at 10 mg and placebo kits that are blinded to 
the investigator and the patient. After the patient fulfills screening criteria, data entered into the 
database, and their screening visit is monitored remotely, the patient will be randomized using a 
predetermined randomization formula. KUMC will provide the site with proper kit numbers for 
each randomized patient. All randomized patients will be instructed to take one capsules once a 
day for the first two weeks from a blinded bottle that contains the 10 mg capsules or matching 
placebo. At week three, patients will be instructed to take one capsule twice a day. At week five, 
patients will be instructed to take one capsule in the morning and 2 capsules in the evening. At 
week seven, patients will be instructed to take two capsules twice a day. Patients will remain on 
this dose for the remainder of the study; unless they cannot tolerate the dose. If this is the case, 
they will follow the proper dosing taper (see dosing reduction/discontinuation section). 
Statistical Methods 
 
The primary comparison for efficacy will be based on a linear mixed effects (lme) model fit to 
the ALSFRS-R data for the 90 patients followed over 36 weeks. The model will be used to 
calculate fixed effects for intercept, placebo slope (rate of decline of ALSFRS-R) and change in 
slope for those treated with Memantine. Random effects included are for individual patient 
variation in intercept, slope and random error at each time point. The test for treatment effect is 
based on the change in slope due to treatment, as estimated by the model. Testing for 
significance is two-sided at a 10% level of significance. Analysis is limited to patients who 
receive at least one treatment dose and have at least 2 measurements (one at baseline and one 
after treatment). Deaths are treated the same as drop-outs. This model weighs each patient 
inversely by his estimated variance so that patients with missing values receive less weight than 
those with complete data. 


20
 
We will also attempt to enrich the placebo group with historical controls with matching patients 
from the historical placebo database of 715 patients added to the 30 placebo patients from this 
trial. The historical controls will be selected to have same entry criteria as patients in this trial. 
There will be no patient-by-patient matching. We will first test whether the 30 patients from this 
trial differ from those in the historical database (using the same model with a term added to 
identify source: historical or contemporary). If this test finds that the two placebo groups differ, 
historical control will not be added and the combined placebo vs treated test will not be 
conducted. If the placebo control sets do not differ, the lme model described above will be fit to 
the combined data. 
 
 
Statistical Power 
 
We used data from our historical placebo to estimate power for both the test that uses only 
patients enrolled in the trial and the test where historical placebo is added. To accomplish this we 
first randomly sampled 75 placebos from our database. The first 30 are assigned as placebo and 
their ALSFRS-R values are unchanged. The remaining 60 have their slopes reduced by a fixed 
percentage of their lme estimated slope and the random error is added back in to simulate real 
measurements. Next, we test for a treatment effect in the simulated dataset of 90. The simulated 
data are then combined with the remaining (unsampled) placebo and tested for difference in the 
placebo subgroups. If this test is not significant (at two-sided p<0.05), the combined data are 
tested for a treatment effect. This procedure was carried out 1000 times, noting the p-values from 
each simulation. Power was estimated by counting the number of times p-values were less than 
0.1 (two-sided test). 
 
These simulations with a treatment effect set to 40% show that with 90 patients at a 2:1 ratio of 
Memantine to placebo, power was 82% for the test that uses only the 90 patients simulated to be 
in the trial. Adding historical placebo boosted the power to over 90%. 
Because there is a great deal of clinical variability among patients with ALS the major drawback 
to this study is its small size. A previous study looking at 60 ALS patients performed by 
Carvalho et al, found no significant improvement in patients randomized to 10 mg BID of 
Memantine compared to placebo (30). This contradicts the data from our pilot study in which 
patients’ rate of progression was compared both to historical controls and their own baseline rate 


21
 
of progression. Since it is impossible to identify if a patient is a fast or a slow progressor at 
randomization, small studies such as Carvalho’s, or our previous pilot open label trial, can be 
skewed if a group of slow progressors are randomized to a placebo arm or a group of fast 
progressors are randomized to an active arm. We have attempted to modulate these effects 
somewhat by excluding patients who have had the disease for more than three years as possibly 
being slow progressors. In addition, we have excluded patients with significantly impaired 
FVC’s, to try to limit the number of fast progressors. These measures are very standard in current 
ALS trials. Another limiting factor to both Carvalho’s and our pilot study is that neither study 
analyzed the efficacy of Memantine at a higher dose. We feel that by using a higher dose of 
Memantine a more efficacious response may be seen even in a study which is relatively small. 
Another limitation to this study is 20mg/bid of Memantine has not been studied in ALS patients. 
Although 40, 50, 60 and even 80mg/d of Memantine have been studied in numerous other 
disease states and have been shown to be safe and tolerated, it is still unknown how this 
population will respond. However, we will assess carefully for safety and adverse events. 
To date the most validated tool for assessing outcome of ALS clinical studies remains the 
ALSFRS-R. This is a subjective assessment of a patient’s ability to perform their activities of 
daily living. Unfortunately, studies looking for a change in ALSFRS-R can be limited by inter- 
rater reliability and the length of time it takes to see a consistent change in these clinical 
parameters. If there were a reliable biomarker, which could be correlated to a patient’s rate of 
disease progression, future studies could have a more rapidly assessed objective outcome 
measure and could stratify an equal number of slow and fast progressors into each treatment arm. 
Our preliminary data have demonstrated that there are elevated levels of tau and phosphorylated 
neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) in the CSF of patients with ALS as compared to healthy 
controls (2) suggesting that these proteins could also be used for measuring a patient’s disease 
progression. We have found strong correlation between blood and CSF levels of pNFH and NF- 
L in ALS patients, and propose that blood levels of these proteins will reflect neurodegeneration 
in the CNS and provide an easier biofluid for longitudinal sample collection during this next 
Memantine clinical trial. Recently published data by Dr Bowser have also shown a high 
sensitivity and specificity for the ratio of pNFH/C3 in the CSF for diagnosing ALS (35). We feel 
these combinations of biomarkers are markers for axonal injury and neuronal cell death. Since 
motor neurons have very long axons, injury to them can release pNF-H, NF-L and tau into the 


22
 
CSF, and ultimately the blood. pNFH and NF-Lare quite stable and therefore can be measured in 
the CSF very readily and ultimately in the blood. 
In the preliminary results section of this study, we present data from our open label trial of 20 
patients with ALS treated with Memantine and Riluzole. This data demonstrated that there was a 
very strong correlation between a patient’s rate of progression and levels of tau and pNF-H in the 
CSF. Patients who progressed faster than -0.5 ALSFRS-R points per month had an average CSF 
tau concentration of 574 pg/ml compared to those who progressed at less than -0.5 ALSFRS-R 
points per month whose CSF tau levels averaged 298 pg/ ml (p=0.006). Further, patients in our 
pilot clinical trial whose CSF tau levels corrected back to that observed in healthy controls 
exhibited the greatest decline in ALS disease progression, reducing the rate of decline to -0.42 
ALSFRS-R points per month. Thus, Memantine may provide neuroprotection as well as 
decreased levels of phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins. Therefore, measuring levels of 
neurofilament in the blood may provide an indirect measure of Memantine drug effects. In 
addition, recent studies have identified chitinase-1 (Chit-1) as a protein expressed by activated 
monocytes and microglia and can be measured in the CSF of ALS patients (36). The Bowser lab 
has discovered the Chit-1 levels can also be detected in the blood of ALS patients and levels in 
the CSF and blood can increase over time in ALS patients (Figure 4 + manuscript in 
preparation). We propose that blood levels of Chit-1 are a biomarker for peripheral and central 
inflammation due to monocyte/microglia activation. We will determine the ability of Memantine 
to reduce Chit-1 levels in the blood before and after Memantine treatment. 
Blood samples for biomarker analysis will be collected at Screening, Week 4, Week 12, Week 24 
and Week 36. Samples will be collected at a similar time of the day for all subjects to account for 
daily variability and to standardize the time from the last dose of Memantine. Standard operating 
procedures will be used for blood collection, processing for plasma and storage at -80C. All 
samples are coded in order to maintain patient confidentiality and the blinded manner of the 
biomarker studies. Coded samples will then be batch sent to Barrow Neurological Institute for 
biomarker analysis. Once the coded samples are batched sent to Barrow Neurological, Dr. 
Bowser will assay for pNFH, NF-L, Chit-1 and TNF-α by ELISA. 
 
Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) concentration in blood is determined using a 
human pNF-H ELISA Kit (Iron Horse Diagnostics, Inc, Phoenix, AZ) in accordance with the 


23
 
manufacturer’s instructions. 10 μl of plasma is diluted in 50 μl of sample diluent buffer prior to 
analysis. For the pNFH ELISA, the intra-assay variation is ±4.0% and the inter-assay variation is 
±8.0%. Purified protein is used as the standard curve. All samples will be analyzed in triplicate 
within each experiment, and all experiments will be performed at least twice. NF-L levels are 
measured using the Simoa NF-L assay (Quanterix). Chit-1 levels in blood are determined using 
a commercially available ELISA kit (LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc, Seattle, WA) in accordance 
with the manufacturer’s instructions. TNF-α levels in plasma are measured using a commercial 
ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Inc.) following manufacturer’s instructions. 
We have extensive experience in the proposed methods and have published proper sample 
collection procedures to maintain protein stability in human biofluids. Therefore, we do not 
expect any difficulties in collecting coded samples and generating the ELISA results. We 
anticipate replicating our preliminary findings that blood levels of pNFH and NF-L will decrease 
in response to Memantine treatment and with the addition of a higher dose (20 mg bid) results 
will show a greater reduction. We propose that the inflammatory biomarkers including Chit-1 
and TNF-α will also decrease during the course of Memantine treatment. 
Our previous open-label trial with Memantine employed this same methodology and we have not 
encountered any problems with the procedures or experimental decline in the levels of these CSF 
biomarkers. This data would support our hypothesis that Memantine reduces axonal or neuronal 
injury/damage and thereby reduces pNFH and NF-L levels detected in the blood. Chit-1 levels 
will be decreased due to reduced peripheral inflammation in response to Memantine. We will 
correlate the blood levels of each biomarker to clinical measures of ALS disease progression as 
determined by ALSFRS-R and compare results to placebo. 
In order to achieve the third aim of: Determining if patients who demonstrate characteristics 
of FTD, illustrate a slowing of behavioral decline on Memantine treatment over the course 
of the study we discuss the rationale, designed a study design and discuss possible limitations. 
It has been demonstrated that up to half of patients with ALS may develop cognitive impairment 
during the course of the disease (37) and up to 40% of ALS patients develop frontotemporal 
dementia (FTD) (38). Despite the relatively high chance of developing FTD, few studies have 
examined the potential for independent effects on the neuropsychiatric manifestations of this 
disease. The ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen (ALS-CBS™) and the Neuropsychiatric 


24
 
Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) are two neuropsychological batteries that are validated, brief 
practical measures that are easily administered and only take about 5 minutes to complete. We 
feel that given the previous data with Memantine in slowing the progression of behavioral and 
cognitive decline in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and 
Lewy Body Disease, that we should study the potential for a positive effect in patients with ALS. 
The short administration time along with the validity of both scales will be logical additions to 
this study and should be great indicators of not only the diagnosis frontotemporal dysfunction 
and even FTD, but also whether Memantine can have any positive effect upon the progression of 
these changes. 
The ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen (ALS-CBS™), which is a standardized reliable research 
measure, consists of questions and tasks pertaining to cognition and behavior. The ALS-CBS™ 
aims to detect frontal lobe-mediated cognitive and behavioral changes and was developed as an 
initial tool in identifying cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in a clinical setting (39). The 
ALS-CBS ™ measures attention, concentration and mental control. In one study where verbal 
fluency was used to screen cognition using a cut-off of eight words or less in 1 minute, the 
sensitivity was 88% but many normal patients scored poorly resulting in a specificity of only 
70%. By comparison, the cognitive section of the ALS-CBS ™ had a sensitivity of 85% to detect 
any cognitive impairment and 100% sensitivity to detect ALS-FTD (39). Offering a test battery 
that takes only 5 minutes, but still illustrates high specificity and sensitivity, will be a reliable 
outcome measure for determining FTD and the effects of Memantine on patients with cognitive 
and behavioral impairment (frontotemporal dysfunction). 
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) a non-ALS specific, validated clinical 
instrument for evaluating psychopathology in dementia will also be utilized as an outcome 
measure in this proposal. The NPI-Q provides brief, reliable, informant-based assessments of 
neuropsychiatric symptoms and associated caregiver distress that may be suitable for use in ALS 
patients to determine the effectiveness of assessing behavioral changes and how the use of 
Memantine can be beneficial. 
The advantages of using these psychological measurements are to determine the frequency of 
frontotemporal dysfunction and FTD in our studied patients with ALS. They are sensitive and 


25
 
reliable tools and can demonstrate the effects of Memantine on slowing the rate of progression of 
these neuropsychiatric changes. 
The ALS-CBS™ and the NPI-Q will be administered at Screening, Week 4, Week 12, Week 24, 
and Week 36 by each site’s study evaluator. These study evaluators who are certified to 
administer the ALSFRS-R will also administer the neuropsychological questionnaires. Only 
certified evaluators will be able to administer the questionnaires to limit inter-rater error. 
The NPI-Q is given as a two-page questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 12 symptom 
domains which the subjects’ caregiver are asked to circle "yes" or "no" in response to each 
screening question, and to either proceed to the next question if the answer is "no" or to rate the 
symptoms present in the last 4 weeks if the answer is "yes." Neuropsychiatric symptoms are 
assessed in terms of severity on a three-point scale as (1-mild, 2-moderate, 3-severe), and 
distress which is based on a 0-5 scale. The total NPI-Q severity score represents the sum of 
individual symptom scores and ranges from 0 to 36. The total NPI-Q distress score represents the 
sum of individual symptom scores and ranges from 0 to 60 and tests can be administered in 5 
minutes or less. 
The ALS-CBS™ questionnaire measures both cognition and behavior. The cognitive section 
measures attention, concentration, working memory, fluency and tracking, and comprises four 
subscales with a total score of 20 (lower scores reflect greater impairment). Scoring is based on a 
combination of scores for each item and the number of errors made. The behavioral section 
measures empathy, personality, judgment, language and insight. This section includes 15 
caregiver rated items that assess changes since disease onset. Items are scored from 0-3 (0 being 
largest and 3 being no change), total scores range from 0-45. 
All of the sites who are participating in this study have previously participated in 
Neuropsychological ALS studies, therefore the study evaluators are well versed and experienced 
in administering the NPI-Q. We have good relationships with the physicians and psychologists at 
California Pacific Medical who have developed the ALS-CBS and therefore we do not expect 
any difficulties with the administration or the test itself. We anticipate that half of our study 
population will have characteristics of frontotemporal dysfunction, as previously reported and 
hope to see an improvement in the rate of progression of subjects with these characteristics over 
the course of Memantine treatment. 


26
 
Although our previous open label trial with Memantine did not look at frontotemporal 
dysfunction of FTD, we do believe that Memantine may be a treatment that would benefit ALS 
patients with characteristics of FTD since it has been a first line FDA approved treatment for 
dementia. We will correlate the scores from the ALS-CBS and NPI-Q to clinical measures of 
ALS disease progression as determined by ALSFRS-R as well as FTD progression and compare 
results to placebo. 
 
 
Dosing Regimen 
 
Patients will start at 10 mg a day of Memantine and titrate up to 20 mg bid over seven weeks. 
Titration schedule as follows: 
Week 1-2: (1) 10mg capsule in the morning 
Week 3-4: (1) 10 mg capsule in the morning; (1) 10 mg capsule in the evening 
Week 5-6: (1) 10 mg capsule in the morning; (2) 10 mg capsules in the evening 
Week 7: (2) 10 mg capsules in the morning; (2) 10 mg capsules in the evening 
 
Patients will continue on their same treatment throughout the remainder of the study unless they 
experience treatment related adverse events (see dosing reduction/discontinuation). Memantine 
will be supplied at 10 mg tablets. 
 
 
Dosing Reduction/Discontinuation 
 
Participants who cannot tolerate or have adverse reactions to Memantine based on the PIs 
discretion, can chose to terminate the study, reduce their daily intake by 10 mg per day, or can 
remain on the same study dose for another week. If the AE has not abated, then the PI or patient 
can again elect to terminate the study, decrease the dose by another 10 mg per day, or remain on 
the same dose. If the AE is still present, intolerable or medically unsafe after two dose 
titrations, then the patient must be terminated from the study. If the patient is terminated early, 
and the patient has not recovered from their adverse events, it must be reported and every effort 
should be made to follow the patient until the adverse event is resolved. 10mg is the lowest dose 
the patient can remain on in the study. 


27
 
When a patient experiences intolerable adverse reactions to a higher dose of medication, we will 
challenge the higher dose twice before determining the most efficacious dose for the patient. We 
will wait one week (7 days) before challenging the patient again. For example, if a patient is 
currently taking 20mg daily (10mg BID) and starts experiencing adverse reactions when taking 
30mg daily, we will ask the patient to reduce the dose back down to 20mg daily for one week 
before attempting to take 30mg again. If the patient experiences adverse reactions again, we will 
repeat the same procedure once more and have the patient remain at the lower dose for another 
week (7 days) before challenging the patient again at 30mg. At this point, the PI will make the 
determination to leave the patient on the lower dose or proceed with the higher dose. 
If a patient is unable to tolerate the lowest dose of medication (10mg QD), sites should ask the 
patient if they are willing to complete the study as scheduled so that we may obtain important 
study data. If the patient is unwilling, an early termination visit should be performed that will 
match the Week 36 visit. 
 
 
Blinding 
 
The Randomization ID number is the kit number. All study participants, Investigators, 
Coordinators and all other study personnel will be blinded to treatment groups throughout the 
course of the study. 
 
 
Emergency UnBlinding 
 
An emergency unblinding procedure will allow the site investigator the option of learning the 
treatment assignment for a participant in case of a medical emergency. Each site will be provided 
an unblinding envelope for emergency use only. These unblinding envelopes will be kept with 
non-study personnel. For unblinding, the PI must contact the Coordinating Center and Safety 
Monitor immediately. 


28
 
D. 
Subject Criteria 
1. 
Study Population 
 
Men and women from 18-85 years of age inclusive, diagnosed with possible, probable-lab 
supported, probable or definite ALS. Patients must have an FVC greater than 60% of the 
predicted value and have an ALSFRS-R score greater than 25. They must also have had the 
disease for less than 3 years from symptom onset. They will also have to meet all of the inclusion 
and exclusion criteria detailed in the eligibility section of the study design. Once patients are 
screened and meet criteria, data entered and screening data monitored, they will then be 
randomized. 
 
 
2. 
Eligibility 
 
Inclusion Criteria 
 
1. Age 18-85 
 
2. Male or Female 
 
3. Clinically definite, probable, probable lab-supported, or possible ALS by El Escorial 
criteria 
4. ALSFRS-R > 25 
 
5. Must be willing to undergo longitudinal blood draws for biomarker analysis 
 
6. Availability and willingness to complete the study 
 
7. Capable of providing informed consent and complying with trial procedures 
 
8. If patients are taking Riluzole and/or Radicava, they must be a on a stable dose for at 
least thirty days prior to the baseline. 
Exclusion Criteria 
 
1. Patients with FVC ≤ 60%* 
 
2. History of liver disease 
 
3. Severe renal failure 


29
 
4. History of intolerance to Memantine 
 
5. Onset of weakness for greater than 3 years 
 
6. Any other co-morbid condition which would make completion of the trial unlikely 
 
7. If female, pregnant or breast-feeding; or, if of childbearing age, an unwillingness to 
use birth control. 
8. Taking any investigational medications. If the patient was previously on 
investigational medications, a 30-day washout period is required before the baseline 
visit. Non-trial medications are not cause for exclusion. 
9. Unwillingness to provide consent 
 
 
3. Remote Enrollment 
 
Subjects may be enrolled remotely if they meet the following criteria: 
 
1. Age 18-85 
 
2. Male or Female 
 
3. Clinically definite, probable, probable lab-supported, or possible ALS by El Escorial 
criteria 
4. ALSFRS-R > 25 
 
5. Must be willing to undergo longitudinal blood draws for biomarker analysis. This may 
be foregone during the screening visit. 
6. Availability and willingness to complete the study 
 
7. Capable of providing informed consent and complying with trial procedures 
 
8. If patients are taking Riluzole and/or Radicava, they must be a on a stable dose for at 
least thirty days prior to the baseline. 
9. Documentation of not clinically significant liver enzymes within the previous 6 
months. 


30
 
Subjects may be enrolled remotely if they do not meet the following criteria: 
 
1. Patients with FVC ≤ 60%* 
 
2. History of liver disease 
 
3. Severe renal failure 
 
4. History of intolerance to Memantine 
 
5. Onset of weakness for greater than 3 years 
 
6. Any other co-morbid condition which would make completion of the trial unlikely 
 
7. If female, pregnant or breast-feeding; or, if of childbearing age, an unwillingness to 
use birth control. 
8. Taking any investigational medications. If the patient was previously on 
investigational medications, a 30-day washout period is required before the baseline 
visit. Non-trial medications are not cause for exclusion. 
9. Unwillingness to provide consent 
 
When enrolling subjects remotely, the visit may take place over the phone or via a meeting 
with video capabilities. All assessments should be performed with the exception of the physical 
exam, forced vital capacity, and biomarker/safety lab draws. Informed consent should take 
place before performing any study procedure. Use the guidance below when consenting study 
subjects remotely. 
1. The study team confirms the potential subject’s interest in learning more about the study 
and verifies the mailing address or email address. 
a. If the consent form will be sent by postal mail, the blank consent form is mailed, 
along with a cover letter that introduces the study and explains when the phone 
conversation will occur. A stamped, self-addressed envelope is provided so the 
subject can return the signed consent document to the study team. 
b. Alternatively, if the subject agrees to email communication, the consent form is sent 
by secure email. 
2. After the potential subject has received the document, a member of the study team calls the 
subject and walks through the entire document over the phone, answering questions and 


31
 
making notes about the subject’s questions. Time and date of the conversation should be 
recorded. 
3. Once all questions are answered, the subject signs the consent form if they are willing to 
participate. 
a. S/he returns the consent form by mail in the provided self-addressed envelope. 
b. Alternatively, the consent form should be scanned by the subject and returned to the 
study team by email. 
4. Once the signed version is returned, the study team member who conducted the consent 
conversation should sign the consent form and date with today’s date. If postal mail is used, 
explain the discrepancy in dates. The study team member should write a note on the 
consent form stating that the subject’s consent was obtained by phone on xx date (the date 
the subject signed.) 
5. The subject should receive back a full-signed copy of the consent form for their records 
 
* Since FVC cannot be captured during a remote screening visit, an acceptable FVC done within 
the previous 90 days will be accepted. If an FVC is not available within the previous 90 days, the 
subject may be enrolled if the local site PI believes the subject has no significant shortness of 
breath or respiratory issues. Because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it may not be possible 
to obtain an FVC due to potential spread of the coronavirus via respiratory equipment. Therefore, 
these criteria may be waved at enrollment if there is a prior FVC from the previous clinic visit 
>60% of if the investigator does not believe the patient has significant shortness of breath or 
respiratory issues. 
4. 
Premature discontinuation, protocol violation or loss to follow-up 
 
All attempts will be made to enhance patient compliance. Early withdrawal may occur for any of 
the following reasons: a) the patient requests to; b) the investigator decides that it is in the 
patient's interest; c) a serious adverse event that is related to study medication; d) there is any 
other reason at the investigator's discretion. If the patient withdraws early, the patient will be 
encouraged to continue with scheduled visits. If they choose to not return, termination 
evaluations will be completed. If a patient is unable to return to the center, attempts will be 
made to follow the patient via telephone calls to complete the ALSFRS-R, adverse events and 
con meds until study completion. 


32
 
E. 
Specific Methods 
1. 
Study Schema (see table below in Appendix 1) 
 
Visit Windows 
 
Study visits are based on a 28-day month, so if a patient comes in on a Monday, their next visit is 
4 weeks (28 days) from that visit (on a Monday). Study visits are calculated from the baseline 
visit, which is the day the patient starts taking the medication. Maximum length of time between 
screening visit and baseline visit is 28 days but can be shorter as applicable. 
As stated, visits from baseline are calculated on a 28-day month + 7 days. 
 
 
 
Visit 1-Screening 
 
All patients must sign and date the most current Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Ethics 
Committee’s approved written informed consent before any study specific assessments or 
procedures are performed. A screening examination (medical history and physical and 
neurological examination including vital signs, height and weight) will be performed. 
Concomitant medications will be recorded 
 
Laboratory blood tests will be assessed. A CBC with differential and comprehensive metabolic 
panel (CMP), will be attained using each site’s local laboratory. CRP biomarkers will be drawn, 
processed and stored for batch shipping. A urine pregnancy test will be performed for females of 
childbearing potential. ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS will be administered. The 
ALSFRS-R and Forced Vital Capacity will be used to also determine eligibility. 
 
 
Randomization 
 
After the patient fulfills screening criteria, data entered into the database, and their screening 
visit is monitored remotely, the patient will be randomized using a predetermined randomization 
formula. KUMC will provide the site with proper kit numbers for each randomized patient. 


33
 
Visit 2 –Baseline 
 
1. Dispense medication 
Patients who are randomized will start at 10 mg per day for 2 week, and then titrate up to 20 mg 
twice daily over the next 7 weeks. One month (28 days) of Memantine or placebo will be 
supplied to the patient. 
 
 
Visit 3 – Week 4 
 
1. Assess and document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
2. Physical exam 
3. Administer the ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS. 
4. CBC with differential and CMP labs, urine pregnancy test 
5. Measure vital signs 
6. FVC 
7. Plasma for biomarker analysis 
8. Two months of study medication will be supplied and prior medication collected. Drug 
accountability will be performed. 
 
 
Visit 4 – Week 8 
 
The study coordinator will contact patients by phone to assess the ALSFRS-R. Assess and 
document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
 
 
Visit 5– At Week 12 
 
1. Assess and document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
2. Physical exam 
3. Administer the ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS. 
4. CBC with differential and CMP labs, urine pregnancy test 
5. Measure vital signs 
6. FVC 
7. Plasma for biomarker analysis 


34
 
8. Three months of study medication will be supplied and prior medication collected. Drug 
accountability will be performed. 
 
 
Visit 6 & 7 Telephone Contact – At Week 16 and Week 20 
 
The study coordinator will contact patients by phone to assess the ALSFRS-R. Assess and 
document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
 
 
Visit 8 Week 24 
 
1. Assess and document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
2. Physical exam 
3. Administer the ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS. 
4. CBC with differential and CMP labs, urine pregnancy test 
5. Measure vital signs 
6. FVC 
7. Plasma for biomarker analysis 
8. Three months of study medication will be supplied and prior medication collected. Drug 
accountability will be performed. 
 
Visits 9 & 10 Telephone Contact – At Week 28 and Week 32 
 
The study coordinator will contact patients by phone to assess the ALSFRS-R. Assess and 
document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
Visit 11 Week 36 
 
1. Assess and document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
2. Physical exam 
3. Administer the ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS. 
4. CBC with differential and CMP labs, urine pregnancy test 
5. Measure vital signs 
6. FVC 


35
 
7. Plasma for biomarker analysis 
8. All medication collected 
 
 
Visit 12 Week 40 
 
1. Phone call to reconcile adverse events and concomitant medications. 
 
 
 
Unscheduled Visit (If needed) 
 
1. Assess and document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
2. Physical exam 
3. CBC with differential and CMP labs, urine pregnancy test 
4. Measure vital signs 
 
 
Early Termination (ET) Visit (If needed) 
 
1. Assess and document all adverse events and concomitant medications. 
2. Physical exam 
3. Administer the ALSFRS-R, ALS-CBS, NPI-Q, C-SSRS. 
4. CBC with differential and CMP labs, urine pregnancy test 
5. Measure vital signs 
6. FVC 
7. Plasma for biomarker analysis 
8. All medication collected 
 
 
 
F. 
Subject Safety and Data and Safety Monitoring Plan 
 
 
Safety Variables 
A standard physical exam, including vital signs, will be performed at every in-person visit to 
ensure safety and to follow ALS progression. Laboratory tests will be performed at every in- 
person visit to monitor comprehensive metabolic values. Adverse Events (AEs) will be reviewed 


36
 
and documented at every visit. Patients will be instructed to contact their PI or study coordinator 
with any adverse reactions they have regardless of causality to the medication. If patients have 
any adverse reactions believed to be caused from the medication, it will be the PIs discretion 
whether to reduce the patient’s medication or to early terminate the patient from the study. At 
each visit, patients will be questioned about the development of any new symptoms. If an 
unscheduled visit is deemed necessary, the patient will be asked to return for a clinic visit within 
48 hours. The site investigator will then evaluate any changes and determine the need for any 
intervention. 
 
The C-SSRS is frequently asked for or recommended by various international agencies such as 
the FDA, WHO, JCAHO Best Practices Library, AMA Best Practices Adolescent Suicide, 
Health Canada, Korean Association for Suicide Prevention, Japanese National Institute of 
Mental Health and Neurology, and the Israeli Defense Force. The C-SSRS has been administered 
several million times and has exhibited excellent feasibility – no mental health training is 
required to administer it. The C-SSRS, initially designed for an NIMH-funded suicide study, 
addresses this goal by showing successful suicide attempt prediction not only in suicidal 
adolescents, but in non-suicidal adults as well. In the past, typical screening has only identified 
suicide attempts, omitting some of the most important behaviors that are critical for risk 
assessment and suicide prevention (e.g. collecting pills, buying a gun). The C-SSRS is the only 
screening tool that assesses the full range of evidence-based ideation and behavior items, with 
criteria for next steps (e.g. referral to mental health professionals); thus, the C-SSRS can be 
exceptionally useful in initial screenings. Training is required before administering the C-SSRS 
and must be completed and documented. The web-based training can be accessed at the 
following web site and takes approximately 30 minutes to complete. 
http://c-ssrs.trainingcampus.net/uas/modules/trees/windex.aspx 
 
 
Monitoring 
 
This study will utilize remote monitoring. After the patient is screened, all screening source 
documents and signed consent forms in their entirety will be sent to the Project Manager 
(Andrew Heim or alternate, Maureen Walsh) at the University of Kansas Medical Center over a 
secured website. The University of Kansas Medical Center will retain the signed consent forms 


37
 
and stored on a secure site. All other documentation will be destroyed. Sites will be asked to 
send source documentation periodically throughout the study. 
Other items that the Project Manager will request and retain will be medical licenses or nursing 
licenses (if applicable), human subjects or GCP training, signed CV’s of all key personnel, 
original 1572, laboratory director credentials, CV’s, laboratory normative values and other 
documentation as needed. Each site is expected to maintain a regulatory binder with such 
documents and approvals. 
 
 
Laboratory Test Abnormalities 
In the event of medically significant unexplained abnormal laboratory test values, the tests 
should be repeated and followed up until they have returned to the normal range and/or an 
adequate planation of the abnormality is found. For abnormalities that fall in the range of critical 
values that would affect safety then Dr. Farmakidis will instruct the site to hold further treatment 
dosing. Dr. Farmakidis will be notified within 24 hours of any unscheduled visits or SAEs. Once 
he is notified he will contact the DSMB to inform them if one of these events occurs. 
 
Treatment and Follow-up of AEs 
The site investigators will be responsible for reviewing laboratory results and serious adverse 
events to determine the relationship to the study medication. Dr. Barohn and the Data and Safety 
Monitoring Board will determine whether changes in the protocol or consent form is needed 
based on reported AEs. 
 
Recording Adverse Events 
Definition - adverse events are clinical abnormalities (illness, signs, or symptoms) that 
begin or worsen during the course of the study and are not thought to be directly related to the 
expected course of ALS itself, whether or not the abnormality is believed by the investigator to 
be related to the study medication. 
Recording - the investigator will monitor each patient closely and record all adverse 
events on the adverse event page of the case report form. 
Expectedness - the investigator will determine whether the AE is expected or unexpected 


38
 
Severity - adverse events should be graded for severity: 
Mild: causing no limitation of usual activities 
Moderate: causing some limitation of usual activities 
Severe: causing inability to carry out usual activities 
Adverse events should be followed up until they have stabilized or have returned to baseline 
status (in the event of a reaction to the medication). This is especially important for those events 
where the reported causal relationship to the study medication is anything other than “unrelated” 
(e.g. probable, possible). If patients have an adverse event that the PI assesses as “related” to the 
study medication then the PI will, or the patient can choose, to terminate the study or can 
decrease the dose of the medication by 10 mg per day. If the AE still does not abate then the PI 
or patient can again elect to terminate the study or decrease the dose by another 10 mg per day 
again. If the AE is still present after two dose titrations, then the patient must be terminated from 
the study. If the patient is terminated early, and the patient has not recovered from their adverse 
events, every effort should be made to follow the patient until the adverse event is resolved. 
 
Reporting of Serious Adverse Events (Immediately Reportable) 
Serious Adverse Events 
Definition: Serious adverse events are life threatening, fatal, result in hospitalization or 
prolonged hospitalization, permanent disability, congenital anomaly, cancer, or overdose, or are 
any event that the investigator believes is very unusual or potentially serious. 
 
Report: Any serious adverse event will be reported immediately (within 24 hours). All serious 
adverse events will be recorded on the standard adverse events page of the case report form, and 
a serious adverse event form will be completed. The coordinating center will be notified within 
24 hours. 
 
Follow-up of Adverse Events: The site investigator is responsible for appropriate medical 
management and laboratory tests for adverse events until the event is resolved. The management 
and resolution of each adverse event should be recorded on the adverse event page of the case 
report form. 


39
 
Any clinical AE or abnormal test value that is serious (defined as fatal or life-threatening, one 
which results in inpatient hospitalization, one which results in persistent disability, congenital 
anomaly or is medically significant or requires intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes 
listed), and which occurs during the course of the study, regardless of the treatment group, must 
be reported within one working day of the investigator becoming aware of the event. In addition, 
for fatal and life threatening events, the Medical Monitor (Dr. Constantine Farmakidis at the 
University of Kansas Medical Center) should be contacted immediately. The chair of the Data 
and Safety Monitoring Board (Dr. Nicholas Silvestri, Neurologist at University of Buffalo), and 
the DSMB, will review SAEs in a similar manner and make a determination if the patient can 
continue in the trial. If the subject needs to stop study medication Dr. Farmakidis will contact the 
PI and study coordinator at that subjects’ site. 


40
 
References 
1. Sussmuth S. D., Sperfeld A. D., Hinz A., Brettschneider J., Endruhn S., Ludolph A. C. and 
Tumani H.CSF glial markers correlate with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2010: 
Neurology (74):982-987. 
 
2. Levine TD, Bowser R, Hank N, Saperstein D. A pilot trial of Memantine and Riluzole in ALS: 
correlation to CSF biomarkers. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2010;11:514-9. 
 
3. Murphy JM, Henry RG, Langmore S, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Lomen-Hoerth C. 
Continuum of frontal lobe impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 
2007;(64): 530-534. 
 
4. Rosen DR, Sapp P, O’Regan J, McKenna-Yasek D, Schlumpf KS, Haines JL, 
Gusella JF, Horvitz HR, Brown RH. Genetic linkage analysis of familial 
amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis using human chromosome 21 microstaellite DNA 
markers. Am J Med Genetc 1994 51(1) 61-9. 
 
 
5. Rothstein JD. Excitotoxic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral 
sclerosis. Adv Neurol 1995; 68; 7-20. 
 
6. Rothstein JD, Martin LJ, Kuncl RW. Decreased glutamate transport by the brain 
and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. New Eng. J. Med 1992; 326: 
1464-1468. 
 
 
7. Nakamura T, Lipton SA. S-nitrosylation of critical protein thiols mediates protein misfolding 
and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Apr 
15;14(8): 1479-92.. 
 
8. Wu H-M, T N-H, Qian L, Wei S-J, Hu X, Rawls SM, Flood P, Hong J-S, Lu R. Novel 
neuroprotective mechanisms of Memantine: Increase in neurotrophic factor release from 


41
 
astrocytes and anti-inflammation by preventing microglial over-activation. 
Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34(10): 2344-2357. 
 
 
9. Sussmuth SD, Tumani H, Ecker D, Ludolph AC. Amyotrophic lateral 
sclerosis:disease stage related changes of tau protein and S100 beta in 
cerebrospinal fluid and creatine kinase in serum. Neurosci Letters 2003; 353:57- 
60. 
 
10. Li D, Shen D, Tai H, Cui L. Neurofilaments in CSF as diagnostic biomarkers in motor 
neuron disease: A meta-analysis. Frontiers Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:290. Doi: 
10.3389/fnagi.2016.00290. 
 
11. Lu CH, Macdonald-Wallis C, Gray E, Pearce N, Petzold A, Norgren N, Giovannoni G, Fratta 
P, Sidle K, Fish M, Orrell R, Howard R, Talbot K, Greensmith L, Kuhle J, Turner MR, 
Malaspina A. Neurofilament light chain: A prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral 
sclerosis. Neurology 2015; 84:2247-2257. 
 
12. Gaiani A, Martinelli I, Bello L, Querin G, Puthenparampil M, Ruggero S, Toffanin E, Cagnin 
A, Briani C, Pegoraro E, Soraru G. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral 
sclerosis: Neurofilament light chain levels in definite subtypes of disease. JAMA Neurol 2017; 
74:525-532. 
 
13. Deng HX, Bigio EH, Siddique T. Detection of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative 
diseases. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;793:259-72. 
 
14. Deng HX, Chen W, Hong ST, Boycoot KM, et al. Mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant X- 
linked juvenile and adult-onset ALS and ALS/dementia. Nature. 2011 Aug 21;477(7363):211-5. 
 
15. Brettschneider J, Petzold A, Sussmuth SD, Ludolph AC, Tumani, H. Axonal 
damage markers in cerebrospinal fluid are increased in ALS. Neurology 


42
 
2006; 66:852-856. 
 
 
16. Paladino P, Valentino F, Piccoli T, Piccoli F, LaBella V. Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein is 
not a biological marker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurology. 2009 Feb;16 (2): 257- 
61. 
 
17. Cereda C, Boiocchi C, Bongioanni P, Cova E, Guareschi S, Metelli MR, Rossi B, Sbalsi I, 
Cuccia MC, Ceroni M. TNF and sTNFR1/2 plasma levels in ALS patients. J Neuroimmunol. 
2008; 194:123-131. 
 
18. Varghese AM, Sharma A, Mishra P, Vijayalakshmi K, Harsha HC, Sathyaprabha TN, 
Bharath SMM, Nalini A, Alladi PA, Raju TR. Chitotriosidase – a putative biomarker for 
sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical Proteomics 2013; 10:19. 
 
19. Chen HS, Lipton SA. Mechanisms of Memantine block of NMDA-activated 
channels in rat retinal ganglion cells: uncompetitive antagonism. J Physiol. 1997; 
499:27-46. 
 
20. Li L, Sengupta A, Haque N, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K. Memantine inhibits and 
reverses the Alzheimer type abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau and 
associated neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett. 2004; 566:261-69. 
 
 
21. Wang R, Zhang D. Memantine prolongs survival in an amyotrophic lateral 
sclerosis mouse model. Eur J Nuerosci. 2005; 22:2376-80. 
 
22. Mecocci P, Bladstrdm A, Stender K. Effects of Memantine on cognition in patients 
with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: post-hoc analyses of ADAS-cog and SIB 
total and single-item scores from six randomized, double-blind, 
 
23. D. Aarsland, C. Ballard, Z. Walker, F. Bostrom, G. Alves, K. Kossakowski, I. Leroi, F. Pozo- 
Rodriguez, L. Minthon, E. Londos Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or 


43
 
dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 
Neurol., 8 (7) (2009), pp. 613–618. 
 
24. Jiminez FJJ, Hernanz A, Medina Acebron S. Tau protein concentrations in 
cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol. 
Scand. 2005;111:1114-17. 
 
25. Bowser, B. Platform presentation ALS MND meeting Berlin, 2009. 
 
 
26. Sussmuth S. D., Reiber H. and Tumani H.Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): a blood- 
CSF barrier related evaluation in patients with various neurological diseases. 2001:NeurosciLett 
(300):95-98. 
 
27. Kaufmann P, Levy G, Thompson JLP, DelBene DL, Battista V, Gordon PH, 
Rowland LP, Levin B, and Mitsumoto H. The ALSFRS-R predicts survival time in 
an ALS clinic population. Neurology 2005: 64:38-43, 2005. 
 
 
28. Kimura F, Fujimura C, Ishida S, Nakajima H, Furutama D, Uehara H, Shinoda K, 
Sugino M, and Hanafusa T. Progression rate of ALSFRS-R at time of diagnosis 
predicts survival time in ALS. Neurology 2006: 66:265-267. 
 
29. Quereshi M, Schoenfeld D, Cudkowicz, M. Disease progression in ALS has not changed in 
the past decade. AAN 2008 Poster presentation. 
 
30. de Carvalho M, Pinto S, Costa J, Evangelista T, Ohana B, Pinto A. A randomized, placebo- 
controlled trial of Memantine for functional disability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2010; 11:456-460. 
 
31. Ferguson J, Shingleton R. An open label, flexible-dose study of Memantine in major 
depressive disorder. Clinical Neuropharmacology 2007:30 (3): 136-144. 


44
 
32. Handforth A, Bordelon Y, Fruch SJ, Quesada A. A pilot efficacy and tolerability trial of 
Memantine for essential tremor. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2010 33(5) 223-36. 
 
33. Keck P, Hsu H, Papadakis K, Russo J. Memantine efficacy and safety in patients with acute 
mania associated with bipolar I disorder: a pilot evaluation. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2009: 
32(4): 199-204. 
 
34. Thurtell M, Joshi A, Leone A, Tomsak R, Kosmorsky G, Stahl J, Leigh R. Crossover trial of 
gabapentin and Memantine as treatment for acquired nystagmus. Ann Neurology. 2010: 67(5): 
676-680. 
 
35. Genasalingam J, An J, Shaw C, Shaw G, Lacomis D, Bowser R. Combination of 
neurofilament heavy chain and complement C3 as CSF biomarkers for ALS. Journal of 
Neurochemistry 2011: 117: 528-537 
 
 
36. Steinacker P, Verde F, Fang L, Feneberg E, Oeckl P, Roeber S, Anderl-Straub S, Danek A, 
Diehl-Schmid J, Fassbender K, Fliessbach K, Foerstl H, Giese A, Jahn H, Kassubek J, 
Kornhuber J, Landwehrmeyer GB, Lauer M, Pinkhardt EH, Prudlo J, Rosenbohm A, Schneider 
A, Schroeter ML, Tumani H, von Arnim CAF, Weishaupt J, Weydt P, Ludolph AC, Hanke DY, 
Otto M. Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is increased in microglia and macrophages in spinal cord of 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebrospinal fluid levels correlate with disease severity and 
progression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; DOI:10.1136/jnnp-2017-317138. 
 
37. Lomen-Hoerth C, Murphy J, Langmore S, Kramer JH, Olney RK, Miller B. Are 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients cognitively normal? Neurology. 2003 (60):1094- 
1097. 
 
38. Ringholz GM, Appel SH, Bradshaw M, Cooke NA, Mosnik DM, Schulz PE' 
Prevalence and patterns of cognitive impairment in sporadic ALS. Neurology. 2005(65): 


45
 
586-590. 
 
 
39. Woolley SC, York MK, Moore DH, Strutt AD, Murphy J, Schulz PE, Katz JS. 
Detecting frontotemporal dysfunction in ALS: Utility of the ALS Cognitive Behavioral 
Screen (ALS-CBS). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 2010 (1 1): 303-31 1. 


46
 
STUDY TABLE: 
 
Procedures 
V1 
SC 
V2 
BL 
V3 
Wk 
4 
V4 
Wk 
8 
V5 
Wk 
12 
V6 
Wk 
16 
V7 
Wk 
20 
V8 
Wk 
24 
V9 
Wk 
28 
V10
Wk 
32 
V11
Wk 
36 
V12
Wk 
40 
Consent 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eligibility 
(Inclusion/Exclusion) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vitals 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
Height 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Labs/Urine 
pregnancy test 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
Med History 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physical Exam 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
FVC 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
ALSFRS-R 
X  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X  
ALS-CBS 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
NPI-Q 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
C-SSRS 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
Biomarkers 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
Phone call 
 
 
 
X  
X 
X  
X 
X  
X 
Drug dispensing 
 
X 
X  
X  
 
X  
 
 
 
Drug Acct 
 
 
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
Adverse Events 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Concomitant 
Medication 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Physician 
X  
X  
X  
 
X  
 
X  
Study Coordinator 
X  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Data Entry 
X  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X