Clinical trial NCT01928329
Conditions: Type I Diabetes
Sponsor: Yale University
Start date: 2013-09-01; Completion date: 2019-08-01
Enrollment: 79 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
The goal of the proposed pilot study is to determine whether glucose control can be improved with Bydureon treatment in patients with type I diabetes (T1D)

Detailed description:
This is a multi-site randomized placebo controlled trial of Bydureon in patients with type I diabetes (T1D) of at least 2 years duration who may or may not still have detectable levels of C-peptide during a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT). Bydureon is a recently approved long acting form of Exenatide. Because of the lack of safety data for Bydureon in children, we propose to conduct the trial in adults (\>18 yrs.).

Both the subject and the study personnel will be blinded to treatment assignment. The randomization will be done, 1;1, by the coordinating site (at Yale). As a secondary analysis, we propose to determine whether the presence of residual insulin production modifies the drug effect. To do this, we plan to stratify patients for randomization on the basis of detectable C-peptide levels. We will therefore wait for the results of the C-peptide levels from the enrollment MMTT prior to randomization. The study investigators will not be told in which stratum the patient is being randomized and will be blinded to the C-peptide results of the MMTT until the conclusion of the study.

Note: The primary and study completion dates were changed 4/2016 to reflect an extension of the recruitment and accrual periods.

Arms: arm 1: 2 mg, 1 per week via subcutaneous placebo self injection arm 2: 2 mg, of drug administration 1 per week via subcutaneous self injection
Interventions: intervention 1: Exenatide (Bydureon®) intervention 2: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: None intervention 2: None

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
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A Phase II Trial to Examine the Effect of Subcutaneous Exenatide 
(Bydureon®) on Glucose Control in Patients with Type I Diabetes 
 
Version 12.0 (July 2017)
 
 
Protocol Chair
Kevan Herold, MD
Yale University
300 George Street
Room 353E
New Haven, CT 06511
Phone: 203.785.6507
Fax: 203.785.7903
E-mail: kevan.herold@yale.edu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Confidentiality Statement
This document is confidential and is to be distributed for review only to investigators, potential investigators, 
consultants, study staff, and applicable independent ethics committees or institutional review boards.  The 
contents of this document shall not be disclosed to others without written authorization, unless it is necessary 
to obtain informed consent from potential study participants.
 
 
 
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
Synopsis
Title
 
 Short Title
Clinical  Phase
A Phase II Trial to Examine the Effect of Subcutaneous Exenatide (Bydureon®) 
on Glucose Control in Patients with Type I Diabetes 
Bydureon in T1DM
 
Phase II
Sponsor
Kevan Herold, MD
Conducted by
Yale University, University of Chicago, University of Michigan, Barbara Davis 
Ctr, University of California at San Francisco, University of Miami, SUNY 
Upstate Medical University, and Joslin Diabetes Center.
  
Protocol Chair 
Kevan Herold, MD
Accrual Objective
120 Subjects 
(60 Subjects in the Drug Treatment Group and 60 Subjects in the Placebo Group)
Study Design
This is a multi-site, randomized, placebo controlled, double blind trial of 
Bydureon in patients with T1DM of at least 2 years duration. Participants will be 
randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive Bydureon 2mg x 1/week via subcutaneous 
injection or placebo over a 6 month treatment period. Subjects will be followed 
for an additional 6 months after completion of Bydureon or placebo treatment.
Study Duration
Total study duration will be approximately 48 Months (4 years): 

Enrollment phase will be approximately 24 Months. 

Study participation phase will be approximately 12 Months (1 year), 
which includes a treatment period of approximately 6 Months and a 
follow-up period of approximately 6 Months. 
Primary Endpoint Comparison of the change from baseline in HbA1c levels in the Bydureon vs. 
placebo treated groups at 6 months.
Secondary 
Endpoints
1.     Comparison of the change in HbA1c levels, from baseline at 12 months (6 
months off of Bydureon treatment. 
2.     Comparison between Bydureon treated and placebo groups at 6 and 12 
months in insulin use :
a.     Safety, including frequency of severe hypoglycemia
b.     Insulin secretory responses to a MMTT (corrected for the response at 
study entry)
c.     Insulin Use (corrected for use at study entry)
d.    Glycemic Variability Calculated from 3 day Measurements of      
Glucose levels with a glucometer
e.     Markers of β cell stress including levels of circulating    
proinsulin:insulin and demethylated insulin DNA
f.     Rate of gastric emptying with measurement of acetaminophen 
absorption.
Inclusion Criteria
Patients must meet all of the following criteria to be eligible to 
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
participate in this study:
1.     Male or female aged 18–65 years who meets the American Diabetes 
Association standard T1DM criteria.  
2.     Diagnosis of T1DM at least 2 years before Visit 0.
3.     Insulin Requirement of ≤ 0.90 units/kg/d
4.    Absence of ketoacidosis in the past 6 months
5.     HbA1c of  ≥ 6.5 and ≤ 9.5%
6.     Women of child bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy 
test and be willing to avoid pregnancy during the study period.
7.     Signed informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria
Patients must not meet any of the following criteria to be eligible to 
participate in this study:
1.     Inability or unwillingness to give informed consent
2.    Current or prior use of immunomodulators or systemic steroids in 
the last 6 months that could potentially affect diabetes or 
immunologic status.
3.     Known hypersensitivity of Exenatide, Liraglutide or any product 
components
4.     Participation in an investigational treatment trial within the last 6 
weeks before enrollment
5.     1 or more episodes of  severe hypoglycemia (loss of consciousness 
or requiring the help of others) within the last 6 months
6.    Another condition that would, in the view of the investigator, affect 
the safety of using Bydureon. This might include, among others a 
history of MEN 2, pancreatitis, a personal or family history of 
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
7.    Known severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), 
end-stage renal disease or renal transplantation.
8.    Any history of gastroparesis or other severe gastrointestinal disease, 
pancreatitis, thyroid nodules or malignancy with the exclusion of a 
history of localized basal cell carcinoma.
9.    Uncompensated heart failure, fluid overload, myocardial infarction 
or liver disease within the last 6 weeks before enrollment.
10.  AST, ALT or Alkaline Phosphatase >2 times upper limit of normal
       or Total bilirubin >1.5 times upper limit of normal.    
11.  Clinically active serious infections.
12.   Positive pregnancy test in menstruating women or lactating female.
13.   Concurrent or prior use of Pramlinitide, other Incretin medications, 
or other anti-diabetes medications other than insulin within the last 4 
weeks.
14.  Active or poorly controlled psychiatric disorder that would render 
the patient incapable of following the protocol and/or history of 
substance abuse disorder.
15. BMI<18.5 at Screening Visit
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS……………………………………………………………………………………………..2
LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………...................6
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………….…..……………….….6
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………..……………………6
1. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND SUPPORTING THE STUDY AND STUDY 
HYPOTHYSIS………………………………………………………………………………………..7
2.  PREVIOUS CLINICAL EXPERIENCE…………………………...……………………..…….10
3. CLINICAL STUDIES……………………………………………………………………...……...10
3.1. CLINICAL EFFICACY DATA AND SAFETY DATA FOR BYDUREON………….10
4. SUMMARY OF KNOWN AND POTENTIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS FOR HUMAN 
PARTICIPANTS…………………………………………………………………………..…….11
4.1. CONTRAINDICATIONS……………………………………………………………………..…11
4.2. WARNING AND PRECAUTIONS…………………………………………….…………….….11
4.3. ADVERSE EFFECTS…………………………………………………………………………….13
4.4. BENEFITS……………………………………………………………………………………..…13
5.0. OBJECTIVES……………………………………..……………………………………14
5.1. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE…………….………………………………………………….14
5.2. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES..…………………………..…………………………….14
6. TRIAL DESIGN……………………………..………………….………………………..15
6.1. DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………………………….15
6.2. STUDY DURATION AND PACE OF ENROLLMENT………………………………………16
6.3. STUDY ENDPOINTS……………..……………………………………………………….16
6.3.1. PRIMARY ENDPOINT………………………………………………..……………….16
6.3.2. SECONDARY ENDPOINTS…………………………………………………………….16
6.4. RATIONALE FOR SELECTION FOR DRUG, ROUTE, DOSE AND REGIMEN……………..17
6.5. STOPPING RULES……………..…………………………………………………………17
            PATIENT STOPPING RULES….……………………………………………………...17
            TRIAL STOPPING RULES …………………………………………………………….18                   
7. ELIGIBILITY……………………………………………………………………………18
7.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA………..…………………………………………………….18
7.2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA……………………………………………………………...18
7.3. PREMATURE TERMINATION OF A PARTICIPANT FROM THE STUDY…….19
8. INVESTIGATIONAL MEDICATION…………………………………………………20
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
8.1. FORMULATION, PACKAGING, RECONSTITUTION, STORAGE AND     
ADMINISTRATION….. ……………………………………………………………………….20 
8.1.1. HOW SUPPLIED………………………………………………………….…………..20
8.1.2. STORAGE AND HANDLING……….……………………………………………..20
8.1.3. REQUIRED MEDICATIONS……….………………………………………………20
8.1.4. PROHIBITED MEDICATIONS………………………….………………………….20
8.1.5. DRUG ACCOUNTABILITY………………………………..……………………….21
8.1.6. ASSESMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH STUDY MEDICATION……………...21
9. STUDY PROCEDURES…………………………………………………………………21
9.1. DIABETES MANAGEMENT……………………………………….………………….21
9.2. STUDY VISIT WINDOWS..….....................................................................22
9.3. RANDOMIZATION……………………..…………………………………………….22
9.4. GENERAL ASSESSMENTS…………….…………………………………………….22
9.5. DISEASE-SPECIFIC ASSESSMENTS………………………………………………………..23
9.6. MECHANISTIC ASSESSMENTS……………….…………………………………………….23
9.7. RETENTION OF SAMPLES………………………………………………………….23
10. ADVERSE EVENTS…………………………………………………………………………..23
10.1. DEFINITION……………………………..………………………………………………….23
10.1.1. DISEASE SPECIFIC ADVERSE EVENTS………………….……………………………24
10.2 NON-SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS..………………………………………………………24
10.3. SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENT…………………………………...…………………………….24
10.4. COLLECTING AND RECORDING ADVERSE EVENT……………………………………25
10.4.1. METHODS OF COLLECTION…………….………………………….…………………..25
10.4.2. GRADING, CLASSIFICATION AND ATTRIBUTION OF ADVERSE EVENTS……….26
10.4.2.1. GRADING CRITERIA…………………………………………………………………..26
10.4.2.2. DEFINITION OF ATTRIBUTION………………………………………………………26
10.5. NON-SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENT COLLECTION AND REPORTING………..27
10.6. SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENT COLLECTIONS AND REPORTING………………………27
10.7. LABORATORY TEST RESULT ABNORMALITIES………………………………………29
10.8. PREGNANCY…………………………………………………………….….......................29
10.9. OVERDOSE……………………………………………………………………………30
10.10. POTENTIAL DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY………………………………..30 
10.11. OTHER SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS…………………………………………..30
10.12. FOLLOW UP OF ADVERSE EVENTS…….…………………………………..….31
11. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS……………………………………………….…………31
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11.1. STATISICAL METHODS…………………………………………………………………..31
11.2. BASELINE COMPARABILITY……………………………………………………………..31
11.3. JUSTIFICATION OF SAMPLE SIZE……………………………………………………….31
11.4. ANALYSIS FOR PRIMARY OUTCOMES …………………………………………..…….32
11.5. ANALYSIS FOR SECONDARY OUTCOMES…………………………………………….32
11.6. ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY………………………………………….……………………….32
11.7. PLAN FOR MISSING DATA………………………………….……………………………33
11.8. REPORTING DEVIATIONS FROM ORIGINAL STATISTICAL PLAN…………………33
12. SOURCE DATA/DOCUMENTS……………………………………………………..33
13. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE………………………………………34
14.  ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLIANCE WITH GOOD CLINICAL 
PRACTICE………………...…………………………………………………………………….34
14.1. STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE …………………….……………………………………..34
14.2. INFORMED CONSENT…………………………………..……………………………………34
14.3. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY………………………………………………………..34 
15. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..35
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1.  Schedule of Events:.............................................................................................................37
Appendix 2.  Procedures for Performing the 2 hour Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test...................................38
Appendix 3.  Procedures for Performing the 4 hour  Mixed-Meal 
Test………………………………………………….................................................................40
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.  Attribution of Adverse Events ...................................................................................................27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Results of mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) in 3 patients with T1D and residual insulin 
production ..…………………………………………………………………………..…………………….8
Figure 2. Glucose levels and C-peptide secretion during intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in 
1 patient with T1D with and without Byetta………………………………………………………………..9 
Figure 3. Glucose and glucagon AUC in 14 individuals with > 2yrs duration T1D during a MMTT with 
and without Byetta………………………………………………………………………………………….9
Figure 4. Effects of sq exenatide on insulin secretory response during MMTTs…………………………10
Figure 5.  Trial Flow Diagram………………………………………………………………………….....15
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
1. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND SUPPORTING THE STUDY AND STUDY 
HYPOTHESIS
There are a number of reasons to consider the use of a GLP-1 receptor agonist as an adjunct agent with 
insulin to control glucose levels in subjects with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). First, GLP-1 receptor agonists 
can augment glucose stimulated insulin secretion (1, 2). This is thought to be a major mechanism of 
action in patients with Type 2 diabetes (3, 4). In T1D, there may be, in addition to the anatomic loss of 
β cells, a functional component, possibly due to β cell exhaustion from hyperglycemia. β-cells that are 
dysfunctional may be able to improve their ability to secrete insulin with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. 
Indeed, in preclinical studies of the combination of anti-CD3 mAb and exendin-4, given to mice with 
new onset T1D, we found that exendin-4 augmented recovery of glucose levels primarily by increasing 
insulin content of β cells(5). The improvement in β-cell function may depend on the presence of residual 
insulin production capacity. While older studies have highlighted the progression of T1D to complete 
insulin deficiency, more recent studies have identified subjects with long standing T1D with residual 
insulin production. In these subjects (which, in some cohorts has been as many as 67% of subjects), a 
β-cell tropic agent may improve glucose control and reduce the needs for exogenous insulin (6). 
Likewise, in a previous clinical study, in which subjects with T1D and residual insulin production were 
enrolled in a trial of Exenatide and/or Rapamycin there was  a trend for improved insulin production 
with treatment with Exenatide but failed to reach statistical significance(7).  In patients with T2D, 
Exenatide has been shown to improve glucose stimulated insulin, and we postulate that the same may 
occur in subjects with T1D with some residual β-cell function.
Second, Exenatide suppresses glucagon secretion which may improve glucose levels. Studies by Rother 
et al and our own investigations have shown that glucagon secretion is inappropriately increased in 
subjects with T1D, possibly because of the significantly impaired insulin secretion(8). The increased 
glucagon secretion itself may contribute to impaired glucose tolerance in addition to the insufficient 
insulin secretion.
Third, there is experimental evidence that GLP-1 receptor agonists can enhance β cell replication and 
decrease β-cell death (9, 10). Human clinical studies have yet to demonstrate this mechanism, but 
treating subjects who have received islet transplants with Exenatide has improved metabolic function 
through mechanisms that may involve improved insulin secretion and/or improved β- cell survival or 
replication.
Finally, Exenatide may delay gastric emptying (11) and therefore the time to absorption of glucose. 
This effect may facilitate glucose disposal if patients are well insulinized resulting from the use of basal 
insulin or still make endogenous insulin. 
In addition to these actions, other “off target” actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists may also be beneficial. 
For example, recent studies have indicated that Exenatide may have anti-inflammatory activity. 
Inflammatory mediators may participate in the functional impairment and even destruction of β-cells 
in T1D(12). Therefore, through this mechanism, an effect on β-cells as well as on insulin sensitivity 
may be postulated.  
 In preliminary studies, we have found that administering Exenatide (5g sq) prior to commencing a 
mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) improves the glucose response to the test in patients with T1D with 
and without residual insulin production. Our initial studies, in patients with T1D and residual insulin 
production suggest that the improved glucose excursion is not due to increased insulin production since 
the rates of insulin secretion were not increased ( Figure 1). The subjects took their basal insulin (either 
as Glargine insulin on the prior night or basal insulin by insulin pump), but did not take bolus insulin 
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
at the meal. The insulin secretory, glucose and glucagon responses for each study are shown (Figure 
1).
Interestingly, the insulin secretion and glucose responses were reduced when the subjects were given 
Exenatide. There were variable effects of the Exenatide on the rise in glucagon levels to the meal. These 
studies are similar to those reported by Rother et al and Raman et al of the acute effects of Exenatide 
in patients with T1D and confirm the beneficial effect of Exenatide treatment on the meal related rise 
in glucose levels that occur in the absence of insulin treatment (13; 14). Our studies also highlight the 
responsiveness of the residual β cells to the physiologic stimulus but also show that this response is not 
acutely augmented by Exenatide. Nonetheless, based on the glucose responses we have found with 
acute administration of Exenatide, we predict that Exenatide therapy will result in improved glucose 
control with reduced requirements for exogenous insulin in patients with T1D.  
Pt  MS
Insulin secretory rate
0
100
200
0
100
200
300
400
No Ex (1)
With Ex (2)
No Ex (3)
Pt MS
Glucose (mg/dl)
0
100
200
300
50
100
150
200
No Ex (1)
+ Ex (2)
No Ex (3)
Pt  MS
Glucagon (pg/ml)
0
100
200
300
0
50
100
150
No Ex (1)
+Ex (2)
No Ex (3)
Pt SD
Insulin secretory rate
0
100
200
0
20
40
60
80
100
No Ex (1)
No Ex (2)
+Ex (3)
Pt SD
Glucose (mg/dl)
0
100
200
300
50
100
150
200
250
300
No Ex (1)
No Ex (2)
+Ex (3)
Pt SD
0
100
200
300
0
50
100
150
No Ex (1)
No Ex (2)
+Ex (3)
Pt CP
Insulin secretory rate
0
100
200
0
20
40
60
80
No Ex(1)
+Ex(2)
No Ex(3)
Pt CP
Glucose (mg/dl)
0
100
200
300
100
200
300
400
No Ex (1)
+Ex (2)
No Ex (3)
Pt CP
Glucagon (pg/ml)
0
100
200
300
0
50
100
150
No Ex (1)
+Ex (2)
No Ex (2)
Insulin secretory rate (pmol/min)
Glucose (mg/dl)
Glucagon (pg/ml)
Figure 1: Results of MMTT in 3 patients with T1D and residual insulin production. The subjects 
ages were 22, 21, and 33 yrs and duration of disease 10, 11, and 11 yrs. They underwent 3 
MMTT’s. At the start of one of the studies (+Ex) the subjects received 5 g of Exenatide (Byetta) 
sq.  Data from each subject is shown in a row. 
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
As part of the study we have also performed an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) in one of 
the subjects with residual insulin production with and without pretreatment with Byetta. The glucose 
excursion as well as the insulin secretion was similar (Figure 2).  
IVGTT M-S
Time
Glucose (mg/dl)
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0
100
200
300
400
-Byetta
+Byetta
IVGTT M-S
Time
ISR (nmol/L)
0
5
10
15
0
100
200
300
400
500
-Byetta
+Byetta
These responses are not limited to subjects with residual insulin production. We have characterized the 
effects of acute administration of Byetta on glucose AUC and glucagon AUC during a MMTT. We 
included subjects with (n=6) and without (n=7) residual insulin production. We found that overall there 
was reduced glucose and glucagon AUC (p=0.0003 and p=0.0019 respectively).
Although the effects of Byetta treatment on responses to a mixed meal are profound, the longer term 
effect of exenatide on glucose control remain to be established.  Furthermore the effects of the treatment 
on insulin secretion are not clear since in our studies, of the 6 subjects with residual insulin production, 
an increase in insulin production was seen with 2 subjects but a decrease was also seen in 4. 
Figure 2: Glucose levels and C-peptide secretion during IVGTT in 1 patient with T1D with 
and without Byetta. An IVGTT was performed in Subject 1 (in Figure 1) in whom residual 
insulin production was identified during a MMTT. Byetta (5 µg sq) was administered 15 min 
before the first blood sampling. The levels of glucose and C-peptide are shown. 
AUC Glucose (mg/dl)
-B yetta
+B yetta
0
50000
100000
***
AUC Glucagon (pg/mL)
-B yetta
+B yetta
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
**
Figure 3: Glucose and glucagon AUC in 14 individuals with > 2yrs duration T1D during 
a MMTT with and without pretreatment with Byetta (5µg sq prior to the liquid meal. 
(***p=0.0003 and **p=0.0019 by paired t-test).
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
Therefore, the goal of this proposal is to test whether metabolic control can be improved in subjects 
with T1D with or without residual insulin production by treatment with Byetta and to test the effects of 
the drug on insulin responses to a mixed meal. 
2. PREVIOUS CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
Previous studies have addressed the actions of GLP-1 agonists in patients with T1D. In a study of 
Exenatide alone and in combination with Daclizumab on β cell function in long standing T1D for 6 
month in an open labeled trial, insulin requirements were reduced but hemoglobin A1c levels and C-
peptide responses did not improve. Liraglutide treatment for 4 weeks improved HgbA1c levels (15;16). 
In the study done by Danish colleagues 2 patients with residual Insulin secretion were able to 
completely discontinue Insulin treatment after receiving Liraglutide for 4 weeks (16). In a study of the 
acute effects of Exenatide, glucose excursions were decreased which appeared to be due to delayed 
gastric emptying (14). However, all of these studies were small and, based on our data on HgbA1c 
levels from our clinic, underpowered to detect an effect of the drug. Interestingly, two previous studies 
of Exenatide showed similar effects on C-peptide, glucagon, and glucose responses that we have 
observed above.
 
3. CLINICAL STUDIES
3.1 CLINICAL EFFICACY DATA AND SAFETY DATA FOR BYDUREON
A randomized, open-label non-inferiority trial (DURATION-1) in 295 patients with Type 2 diabetes 
not adequately controlled with diet and exercise or with antidiabetic drugs compared the addition of 
ER Exenatide 2 mg once weekly with immediate-release (IR) exenatide 5 mcg twice daily for 4 
weeks, followed by 10 mcg twice daily. At 30 weeks, hemoglobin A1c (A1c) reductions were 1.9% 
with ER Exenatide and 1.5% with the IR formulation. Weight loss was about 3.6 kg with either 
formulation. After the 30-week trial, patients taking IR Exenatide were switched to the ER drug and 
followed for a total of 2 years; over that period of time, the improvements in fasting glucose, A1c and 
weight persisted (17). 
In a similar open-label 24-week comparative trial in 252 patients with Type 2 diabetes (DURATION-
5), ER Exenatide lowered A1c 1.6%, while the IR formulation lowered it 0.9%. Patients taking the 
ER formulation lost about 2.3 kg, while those taking the IR formulation lost about 1.4 kg. Nausea was 
less common with the ER formulation (18).
In an unpublished, open-label, 26-week non-inferiority trial in patients with Type 2 diabetes 
(DURATION-6), about 900 patients with uncontrolled diabetes were randomized to ER Exenatide 2 
AUC ISR (nmol/L)
-B yetta
+B yetta
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Figure 4: Effects of sq exenatide 
on insulin secretory response 
during MMTTs
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mg once weekly or Liraglutide 1.8 mg daily. ER Exenatide lowered A1c 1.3% compared to 1.5% 
lowering with Liraglutide. Gastrointestinal adverse effects occurred more frequently with liraglutide 
(19). 
4. SUMMARY OF KNOWN AND POTENTIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS FOR 
HUMAN PARTICIPANTS
4.1. CONTRAINDICATIONS

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma 
Bydureon is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of medullary 
thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or in patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 
2 (MEN 2). 

Hypersensitivity 
Bydureon is contraindicated in patients with a prior serious hypersensitivity reaction to 
Exenatide or to any of the product components. 
4.2. WARNING AND PRECAUTIONS

Risk of Thyroid C-cell Tumors:  In both genders of rats, Exenatide extended-release caused 
a dose-related and treatment-duration dependent increase in the incidence of thyroid C-cell 
tumors (adenomas and/or carcinomas) at clinically relevant exposures compared to controls. A 
statistically significant increase in malignant thyroid C-cell carcinomas was observed in female 
rats receiving Exenatide extended-release at 25-times clinical exposure compared to controls 
and higher incidences were noted in males above controls in all treated groups at ≥2-times 
clinical exposure. The potential of Exenatide extended-release to induce C-cell tumors in mice 
has not been evaluated. Other GLP-1 receptor agonists have also induced thyroid C-cell 
adenomas and carcinomas in male and female mice and rats at clinically relevant exposures. It 
is unknown whether Bydureon will cause thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid 
carcinoma (MTC), in humans, as the human relevance of Exenatide extended-release-induced 
rodent thyroid C-cell tumors could not be determined by clinical or nonclinical studies. Serum 
calcitonin was not assessed in the clinical trials supporting the approval of Bydureon. 
Serum calcitonin is a biological marker of MTC. Patients with MTC usually have calcitonin 
values >50 ng/L. Patients with thyroid nodules noted on physical examination or neck imaging 
should be referred to an endocrinologist for further evaluation. Routine monitoring of serum 
calcitonin or using thyroid ultrasound is of uncertain value for early detection of MTC in 
patients treated with Bydureon. Such monitoring may increase the risk of unnecessary 
procedures, due to the low specificity of serum calcitonin testing for MTC and a high 
background incidence of thyroid disease.

Acute Pancreatitis:  Based on post marketing data, Exenatide has been associated with acute 
pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis. 

Hypoglycemia:  The risk of hypoglycemia is increased when Exenatide is used in combination 
with a sulfonylurea. Therefore, patients receiving Bydureon and a sulfonylurea may require a 
lower dose of the sulfonylurea to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. It is also possible that the 
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use of Bydureon with other glucose-independent insulin secretagogues (e.g. Meglitinides) 
could increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Renal Impairment: Bydureon should not be used in patients with severe renal impairment 
(creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min) or end-stage renal disease and should be used with caution 
in patients with renal transplantation. In patients with end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis, 
single doses of Byetta 5 mcg were not well tolerated due to gastrointestinal side effects. 
Because Bydureon may induce nausea and vomiting with transient hypovolemia, treatment 
may worsen renal function. Use Bydureon with caution in patients with moderate renal 
impairment (creatinine clearance 30 to 50 mL/min). Bydureon has not been studied in patients 
with end-stage renal disease or severe renal impairment. 
There have been post marketing reports of altered renal function with Exenatide, including 
increased serum creatinine, renal impairment, worsened chronic renal failure and acute renal 
failure, sometimes requiring hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Some of these events 
occurred in patients receiving one or more pharmacologic agents known to affect renal 
function or hydration status such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, nonsteroidal 
anti-inflammatory drugs, or diuretics. Some events occurred in patients who had been 
experiencing nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, with or without dehydration. Reversibility of 
altered renal function has been observed in many cases with supportive treatment and 
discontinuation of potentially causative agents, including Exenatide. Exenatide has not been 
found to be directly nephrotoxic in preclinical or clinical studies. 

Gastrointestinal Disease:  Exenatide is commonly associated with gastrointestinal adverse 
reactions, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 

Immunogenicity:  Patients may develop antibodies to Exenatide following treatment with 
Bydureon. Antiexenatide antibodies were measured in all Bydureon -treated patients in the five 
comparator-controlled 24-30 week studies of Bydureon. In 6% of Bydureon -treated patients, 
antibody formation was associated with an attenuated glycemic response. 

Hypersensitivity:  There have been post marketing reports of serious hypersensitivity 
reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis and angioedema) in patients treated with Exenatide. 

Macrovascular Outcomes: There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive 
evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with Bydureon or any other antidiabetic drug.  
4.3. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, constipation, diarrhea, headache and injection-site pruritus were the most 
common adverse effects reported with ER Exenatide in clinical trials. Gastrointestinal effects occurred 
in about 35% of patients, but decreased over time. Acute renal failure and acute pancreatitis have been 
reported in patients with diabetes taking Exenatide; whether they were caused by the drug or the disease 
is not clear.
Injection-site nodules have been reported in about 77% of patients and injection-site reactions in about 
17% of patients.
Weight loss is reported with Exenatide. In subjects with T2D who took Exenatide for 4 weeks, the 
average wt loss was 1.3±0.3 kg. Weight loss was also seen in the DURATION-5 trial of Bydureon. (18; 
20). 
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Impaired recovery from hypoglycemia is a potential adverse effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists. 
However, the risk of hypoglycemia in patients with T2D treated with combination of Exenatide (Byetta) 
and exogenous insulin has been low (21). In the DURATION 4 study, a non-inferiority study comparing 
Bydureon to Metformin, Pioglitazone, and Sitagliptin, no major hypoglycemia was seen (22). 
Exenatide may affect absorption of other drugs such as oral contraceptives, antibiotics, digoxin, 
lovastatin and warfarin. Participants will be informed to take their routine medications at least 1 hour 
prior to the study drug.
Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia has been reported with use of Exenatide in rats, and the FDA has required 
a boxed warning about the risk of thyroid C-cell tumors in the package insert.
In pregnant animals, Exenatide at 3 times the human dose had adverse effects on the fetus, including 
reduced growth, skeletal abnormalities and other teratogenic effects; it is classified as category C (risk 
cannot be ruled out) for use during pregnancy.
4.4. BENEFITS
Bydureon has been found to be effective for glucose management in patients with T2D. The presumed 
mechanism of action involves enhanced glucose stimulated insulin release. We propose to test the 
effects of Bydureon in patients with T1D of at least 2 years duration with or without detectable insulin 
production. 
Our hypothesis is that Bydureon will improve glucose control in insulin treated patients with T1D 
which would suggest a role for the drug as an adjunct to treatment with insulin. Our preliminary data, 
as well as a previous pilot study with Liraglutide strongly support this hypothesis. In a 4 weeks study 
with Liraglutide 2 C-peptide positive patients were able to completely discontinue Insulin treatment 
without loss of glycemic control at the end of the trial (16). Our view is that if successful, the impact 
of Bydureon will be greater than either Byetta or Liraglutide because of the long half-life: dosing is 
once weekly. We anticipate that Bydureon would be used as an adjuvant to insulin therapy in patients 
with T1D and would not completely replace the need for exogenous insulin. Because patients will 
already still require up to 4 injections of exogenous insulin daily, we believe it is unlikely that a drug 
that must be delivered subcutaneously 2 or 3 times daily in addition to insulin would be widely 
accepted. If we find that Bydureon improves hemoglobin A1c in this pilot trial, it would suggest that a 
larger, clinical Phase III trial in patients with T1D would be indicated. 
In addition to improving HgbA1c overall, the drug may modulate glycemic excursions, which 
represents the most difficult problem for achieving metabolic control with conventional use of 
exogenous insulin. The results of the DCCT emphasized the increased frequency of serious 
hypoglycemia when near normal glucose levels were achieved (23). Insulin pump therapy has reduced 
the rates of severe hypoglycemia compared to conventional insulin use but they remain high (24). 
Because of the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on inhibiting glucagon release, it is possible that an 
increased frequency of hypoglycemia may be seen in the Bydureon treated subjects, but our pilot data 
do not suggest that this complication is likely to occur.  
If we find that insulin production improves in the patient population with residual insulin production, 
it could either reflect increased β cell function or even increased β cell mass. The kinetics of the change 
in β cell responses will be important as well as the duration of the efficacy. While an effect of GLP-1 
receptor agonists on increasing β cell mass or decreasing β cell apoptosis, has been shown in rodents, 
the data from human trials are not supportive of lasting effects of the drug after it is discontinued, which 
would be expected if an improvement in β cell mass had been induced(25; 26). In the proposed trial, in 
the event that we find improved insulin secretion which is maintained beyond the end of drug treatment 
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(at 6 month), further evaluation of the potential effects of the drug on stimulating improved β cell mass, 
similar to that seen in preclinical models, would be indicated.
This trial will be the first in its category to include a larger sample of patients and also have a longer 
follow up period compared to previous studies in this field. These factors and hopefully 
accomplishment of the primary and secondary endpoints, we believe will have a great impact on the 
scientific community and hopefully transform the current treatment of DM type I. These are all points 
that would support the novelty of this trial.
5. OBJECTIVES
5.1. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE
The goal of the proposed pilot study is to determine whether glucose control can be improved with 
Bydureon treatment in patients with T1D.
5.2. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES
1. To determine whether there is a lasting effect, 6 months off of treatment with Bydureon, on glucose 
control. 
2. To determine whether Bydureon will affect insulin secretory responses to a mixed meal and gastric 
emptying.
3. To compare Bydureon treated and placebo groups in:
a. Safety, including frequency of severe hypoglycemia
b. Glycemic Variability Calculated from 3 day Measurements of Glucose levels with a 
glucometer.
c. Markers of β cell stress including levels of circulating proinsulin: insulin and the levels of 
circulating demethylated insulin DNA.
6. TRIAL DESIGN
6.1. DESCRIPTION
We propose to conduct a multi-site randomized placebo controlled trial of Bydureon in patients with 
T1D of at least 2 years duration who may or may not still have detectable levels of C-peptide during a 
MMTT. Bydureon is a recently approved long acting form of Exenatide. Because of the lack of safety 
data for Bydureon in children, we propose to conduct the trial in adults (18-65 yrs.). 
Patients will receive standard management of their diabetes by their own treating physician. Samples 
will also be collected for additional mechanistic studies.
To ensure rapid enrollment, we plan to recruit subjects from 9 academic medical centers.
We plan to enroll a total of 120 subjects. To avoid recruitment of individuals with extreme insulin 
resistance or very labile glucose control, we propose to screen clinic attendees for: i) insulin use 
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≤0.9U/kg/d; ii) HgbA1c of  ≥ 6.5 and ≤ 9.5%; iii) absence of ketoacidosis in the previous 6 mos. Subjects 
who meet these screening criteria will be invited to participate in the study. The study flow is illustrated 
in the following block diagram (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Trial Flow Diagram 
Both the subject and the study personnel will be blinded to treatment assignment. The randomization 
will be done, 1; 1, by the coordinating site (at Yale) and study personnel will be told which study kit to 
use for each subject. AstraZeneca (AZ) will provide study drug and placebo. As a secondary analysis, 
we propose to determine whether the presence of residual insulin production modifies the drug effect. 
To do this, we plan to stratify patients for randomization on the basis of detectable C-peptide levels at 
any time point. We will therefore wait for the results of the C-peptide levels from the enrollment MMTT 
prior to randomization. The study investigators will not be told in which stratum the patient is being 
randomized and will be blinded to the C-peptide results of the MMTT until the conclusion of the study. 
In order to enhance participation on this trial, newly enrolled subjects will now have the option of 
entering the trial with plans to complete all scheduled MMTT or entering the trial without completing 
the MMTT except at the screening visit. All study participants must complete the screening MMTT.
The subjects will learn how the drug is administered at the study site. Participants will also be informed 
about the common adverse effects of Bydureon and it will be recommended that they stop eating once 
they feel satiety to decrease the risk of nausea and vomiting during the treatment period.
Study subjects will receive standard medical care from their endocrinologist, but the study team will 
contact (by telephone or email) the patients 7 days after visit 1 and then on a monthly basis to assess 
adverse events. At these phone or email contacts and at the study visits, the frequency of symptomatic 
hypoglycemia will be documented. 
6.2. STUDY DURATION AND PACE OF ENROLLMENT 
Total study duration will be approximately 48 months (4 years): 
Screening at diabetes clinics at Yale, UCSF, Univ Mich, Univ Chicago,
Barbara Davis Ctr, Univ Miami, SUNY Upstate Medical Univ, , JoslinDiabetes Ctr for 
pts of:
> 2yrs T1D, HgbA1c of  ≥ 6.5 and ≤ 9.5%, insulin use≤0.9U/kg/d
Randomized to Bydureon or placebo
@ 6 month comparison of HgbA1c (primary endpoint).
In addition, MMTT(for those participating in the MMTT Option) and other 
assays/ measurements. Stop study drug.
@12 month comparison of HgbA1c. In addition, MMTT( for those participating in the 
MMTT Option) and other assays/measurement.
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Enrollment phase will be approximately 12 months.
Study participation phase will be approximately 12 months (1 year), which includes a 
treatment period of approximately 6 months and a follow-up period of approximately 6 
months.
6.3. STUDY ENDPOINTS
6.3.1. PRIMARY ENDPOINT
The primary endpoint is change from baseline in the HbA1c level in the Bydureon vs. placebo 
treated groups at 6 months.
6.3.2. SECONDARY ENDPOINTS
1. Assessment of Safety
a.
Specification of safety parameters: 
i.
Frequency of hypoglycemia: We will compare the frequency of 
hypoglycemic events captured on the participant’s glucometer (i.e. glucose < 
70 mg/dl) and the frequency of symptomatic or otherwise identified (by 
glucose measurement) hypoglycemia between visits between the study 
groups.
ii.
     Weight loss: this will be assessed at each study visit.
iii.
Other adverse events: These will be captured on case report forms. Grade III 
and IV adverse events will be reported to the IRB’s of study sites, per local 
policy.  
2. The type and duration of the follow-up of subjects after adverse events: All subjects will be 
followed to month 12 whether or not they have discontinued study drug. In the event that 
an adverse event is felt to be study drug related, the individual site investigators will be 
responsible for follow up of subjects as medically indicated. 
3. Effects on insulin secretory responses: 
C-peptide responses to a mixed meal, adjusted for baseline, will be compared between 
the two treatment groups at 6 and 12 months. For values that are below the lower limit of 
detection, a value of the lower limit of detection will be assigned for analysis. We will 
also compare the effects of drug vs. placebo treatment between groups and within subjects 
using the AUC from the MMTT at 3 and 6 months (on drug), adjusting for baseline at 
entry, and 9 and 12 months (off drug), adjusting for the level at 6 mos. 
4.
Insulin use over 3 days prior to each study visit will be compared. The average U/kg/d will 
be compared, adjusting for baseline.
5.
Glycemic excursion: We will determine the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, as 
described previously; using data from the glucometer.
6.
Additional mechanistic/exploratory measurements: We will test the effects of Bydureon on 
gastric emptying by comparing the AUC of the levels of acetaminophen during a MMTT for 
the patients on which this has been collected. Measurement of GLP-1 and GIP were 
conducted as part of the MMTT at week 0, 24 and 52 and AUC was calculated and 
compared for the 2 groups. Participants not taking part in the MMTT’s and newly enrolled 
participants will not have these measurements done.
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7. Measurement of β cell death: This will be measured in serum samples (0.5 ml) as described 
(27). In addition, as an exploratory analysis we will attempt to measure insulin and proinsulin 
levels in serum. The latter may be a reflection of β cell stress and may be stimulated by 
Exenatide (28). 
6.4. RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF DRUG, ROUTE, DOSE AND REGIMEN
The active drug product to be used in the present study is Exenatide (Bydureon). Neither Byetta nor 
Bydureon are currently approved by the FDA for treatment of T1DM.
For residual insulin augmentation in type 2 diabetics the recommended dosage of Bydureon is 2mg 
once every 7 days administered by subcutaneous injection.  Bydureon has been selected over Byetta 
since it is only administered weekly as opposed to twice a day. 
We propose a course of 24 weekly injections of Bydureon/placebo. 
6.5. STOPPING RULES
The progress of the study will be monitored by the DSMB which will review safety data and 
make recommendations regarding continuation, termination, or modification of the study.  
Based on a 12 month enrollment period and an additional study period of 12 months, the DSMB 
will formally review the safety data at least yearly and after participant number 20 reaches month 
2 of the study.  The number of subjects who discontinue study treatment will also be included 
in the reports prepared for the DSMB.
In addition, safety data will be reviewed by the DSMB when an event occurs that is of sufficient 
concern to the protocol chair and site investigators to warrant review, or when an event occurs 
that contributes to a stopping rule listed below.  The study will be monitored in accordance with 
the monitoring plan.  
I.
Patient stopping rules: Subjects who have three severe hypoglycemic reactions on separate 
days or who have nausea or vomiting that precludes adherence to diet will discontinue the use 
of the study drug.  A sever hypoglycemic reaction is defined by a blood sugar reading <70 and 
loss of consciousness or requiring assistance from another person to treat.  Subjects who lose 
more than 5 kg will also discontinue study drug. Subjects who discontinue the drug treatment 
will not be replaced. 
Trial stopping rules: The trial will be discontinued if any 10 subjects meet the patient 
stopping rules above. 
7. ELIGIBILITY
7.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA
Patients must meet all of the following criteria to be eligible to participate in this study:
1.     Male or female aged 18–65 years who meets the American Diabetes Association standard 
T1DM criteria.  
2.     Diagnosis of T1DM at least 2 years from Visit 0.
3.     Insulin Requirement of ≤ 0.90 units/kg.
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4.    Absence of ketoacidosis in the past 6 months.
5.     HbA1c of  ≥ 6.5 and ≤ 9.5%.
6.     Women of child bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test and be willing to avoid 
pregnancy during the study period.
7.     Signed informed consent.
7.2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Patients must not meet any of the following criteria to be eligible to participate in this study:
1.     Inability or unwillingness to give informed consent
2.     Current or prior use of immunomodulators or systemic steroids in the last 6 months that could 
potentially affect diabetes or immunologic status.
3.     Known hypersensitivity to Exenatide, Liraglutide or any product component.
4.     Participation in an investigational treatment trial within the last 6 weeks before enrollment.
5.    1 or more episodes of hypoglycemia (loss of consciousness or requiring the help of others) 
within the last 6 months.
6.     Another condition that would, in the view of the investigator, affect the safety of using 
Bydureon. This might include, among others a history of MEN 2, pancreatitis, a personal 
or family history of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
7.     Known severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), end-stage renal disease or 
renal transplantation.
8.     Any history of gastroparesis or other severe gastrointestinal disease, pancreatitis, thyroid 
nodules or malignancy with the exclusion of a history of localized basal cell carcinoma.
9.     Uncompensated heart failure, fluid overload, myocardial infarction or liver disease within 
the last 6 weeks before enrollment.
10.    AST, ALT or Alkaline Phosphatase >2 times upper limit of normal or Total bilirubin >1.5 
times upper limit of normal.
11.  Clinically active serious infection.
12.   Positive pregnancy test in menstruating women or lactating females.
13. Concurrent or prior use of Pramlinitide, other Incretin medications, or other anti-diabetes 
medications other than insulin within the last 4 weeks.
14.  Active or poorly controlled psychiatric disorder that would render the patient incapable of 
following the protocol and/or history of substance abuse disorder.
15. BMI<18.5 at Screening Visit
7.3. PREMATURE TERMINATION OF A PARTICIPANT FROM THE STUDY

Withdrawal of consent. Participants who withdraw consent will be asked to complete all the 
assessments listed for the week 24 visit

Failure to return. Participants who do not return for visits and who do not respond to repeated 
attempts by the site staff to have them return will be considered lost to follow-up.  
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
Investigator judgment.  A severe or serious AE occurs, which, based on the medical judgment 
of the investigator, prevents completion of participation in the study.
Discontinuation of study drug in an individual patient:
The dosing and administration of investigational medication according to study specification 
will be discontinued for an individual participant if any of the following criteria is met:

Subjects who have 3 severe hypoglycemic reactions on separate days (requiring 
assistance from another individual) 

Subjects who have nausea or vomiting that precludes adherence to diet will discontinue 
the use of the study drug.

Subjects who lose more than 5 kg in weight from baseline.

Any grade 3 or higher AE occurs that, based on the medical judgment of the 
investigator, prevents completion of the course of infusions.

Evidence of pancreatitis 

Evidence of thyroid carcinoma

Any unexpected, treatment-related SAE resulting in permanent treatment 
discontinuation and not related to glycemic events.

The investigator determines that it is in the participant’s best interest to discontinue 
treatment.

The participant, or participant’s legal representative, requests that treatment be halted.

The participant becomes pregnant.
Further care will be provided according to the judgment and practice of the investigator.
The participant will be asked to remain in the study and participate in follow-up. 
Participants who prematurely terminate from the study will not be replaced.
8. INVESTIGATIONAL MEDICATION
8.1. FORMULATION, PACKAGING, RECONSTITUTION, STORAGE AND 
ADMINISTRATION
8.1.1. HOW SUPPLIED
The study drug for once every seven days (weekly) subcutaneous administration will be 
supplied in kits of 4 single-dose vials for use. The kit contains four vials with study drug, four 
prefilled syringes delivering 0.65 mL diluents, five vial connectors, eight custom needles 
(23G, 5/16”) specific to this delivery system (one is a spare needle for each injection). The 
subjects will learn how the drug is administered at the study site.
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8.1.2. STORAGE AND HANDLING
The study drug is stored in the refrigerator at 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C) and protected from 
light. The study drug needs to be brought down to room temperature by taking the drug out 
of the refrigerator for a minimum of 10 hours (overnight) and a maximum of 7 days before 
administration. For bringing the drug to room temperature, the drug should be removed from 
the refrigerator and stored in cabinet/drawer protected from light. The study drug powder is 
suspended in the diluents by mixing thoroughly for several minutes until a solution is formed 
and there are no residual powdery clumps in the vial. A well-mixed drug solution looks cloudy 
and should be administered by subcutaneous injection immediately. The study drug is 
administered as a subcutaneous (SC) injection in the abdomen, thigh or upper arm region. 
8.1.3. REQUIRED MEDICATIONS
Insulin preparations as advised by the investigator or the referring physician.
8.1.4. PROHIBITED MEDICATIONS
The use of immunomodulators or systemic steroids in the last 6 months that could potentially 
affect diabetes or immunologic status is prohibited. Concurrent usage of Pramlinitide, other 
incretin medications or anti-diabetes medications other than insulin are also prohibited.
If a participant receives, or if the investigator believes that a participant must receive, a 
prohibited medication, the case must be immediately discussed with the protocol chair.  They 
will determine whether the participant may continue in the trial or should be prematurely 
terminated. 
The use of prohibited medications must be documented on the source document and a protocol 
deviation must be indicated. 
8.1.5. DRUG ACCOUNTABILITY
Federal regulations (21CFR 312.62) will be followed. The date and quantity of drug that was 
received, the participants to whom drug was dispensed (participant by participant accounting), 
and an account of any drug accidentally or deliberately destroyed will be recorded.  The 
investigator will ensure that the investigational product supplies are stored as specified. .
Records for receipt, storage, use, and disposition of the study drug will be maintained by the 
study sites.  A drug-dispensing log will be kept current for each participant and will contain the 
identification of each participant and the date and quantity of drug dispensed. All remaining 
unused investigational product will be returned to the drug manufacturer or their representative 
after study termination, or destroyed with the permission of the manufacturer and the sponsor 
in accordance with applicable law and study site procedures.  If investigational product is to be 
destroyed locally, the investigator will provide documentation in accordance with sponsor’s 
specifications.
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8.1.6. ASSESSMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH STUDY MEDICATION
Bydureon will be self-administered subcutaneously. The subjects will be asked to note the 
injections of the study drug in their log book (which will be recovered from study subjects at 
each visit). 
9. STUDY PROCEDURES
9.1. DIABETES MANAGEMENT
During the study period, all participants will receive “intensive” management of their diabetes.  The 
sites that are involved all have diabetes clinics that provide intensive diabetes management. The patients 
will continue to see their primary Endocrinologist during the study period. All participants will be 
expected to take a sufficient number of daily insulin injections to meet the glycemic targets.  In general, 
the expectation is that all participants will receive at least three injections of insulin daily, including 
short- and long-acting insulin preparations, or will utilize continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 
(CSII insulin pump). All participants will be instructed to reduce their prandial insulin dosages by 50% 
for the first bolus immediately after receiving study drug. . If the participant’s glycemic control worsens  
they can adjust accordingly. 
Glucose levels should be checked at least 6 times daily via the study participant’s glucometer for 3 days 
prior to each visit starting at visit 1. Records of glucose measurements and communication with the 
participant will be kept as source documentation. Insulin use and hypoglycemia events will be recorded 
at each visit.  Participants will be required to record the daily amount of insulin they have used during 
the 3-day period immediately preceding each study visit.  Log books will be provided to participants at 
the start of the study and information regarding their insulin usage and glucose levels will be collected 
at each visit and will serve as source documents. Upon review of these records, the investigator may 
make adjustments in the insulin regimen, refer a participant to a registered dietician or if necessary take 
other approaches that will help to maintain or improve a participant’s glucose control. Participants will 
also be contacted by the study coordinator or study nurse 7 days after Visit 1 and then monthly between 
visits to assess their diabetes. We will also ask the participants to record the date, time and dose of each 
Bydureon/Placebo injection taken in their log book. This information will be collected at each visit and 
serve as source documents.
9.2. STUDY VISIT WINDOWS
Refer to SOE, Appendix 1. Study visits must occur as scheduled or within these time frames: 

Visits 2-4: >24hrs but <72hrs after administration of study medication/placebo.

Visits 5 and 6 ±3 days
9.3. RANDOMIZATION
Individuals complying with all inclusion and exclusion criteria and consenting to study participation 
will be randomized to one of the two groups (Bydureon vs. placebo) in a 1:1 ratio. We plan to stratify 
patients for randomization on the basis of detectable C-peptide levels at any time point. We will 
therefore wait for the results of the C-peptide levels from the enrollment MMTT prior to 
randomization. The biostatistician will produce the randomization code and scheme through a 
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computer generated process. Subject identification numbers (SIN) will be randomly pre-assigned to 
study participants and the corresponding treatment group will be stored and assigned from our web-
based system to assure concealment of treatment allocation. The coordinating center at Yale will 
sequester the randomization schedule until the study is unmasked and will have no involvement in 
assessment of participants.  For each subject, the SIN, treatment and participant’s name will be 
entered into the study log.  
9.4. GENERAL ASSESSMENTS
   Medical history: To determine if there are any clinically significant diseases or medical 
procedures other than the disease under study.
   Physical examination: Includes any body system with clinical signs or reported symptoms of 
adverse events and weight loss. 
    Adverse events:  Participants will be assessed for AEs.
    Concomitant medications:  All concomitant medications will be reviewed.
    Laboratory Assessments
Central laboratory assessments:
    C-peptide

Glucose
    HbA1C
    Glucagon
    GAD antibodies
   GLP-1
   GIP
Local laboratory assessments:
   Urine HCG (dip): For female participants of child bearing potential to monitor for pregnancy

Blood Glucose

Liver function test

Lipid Profile

Amylase
9.5.
DISEASE-SPECIFIC ASSESSMENTS
     MMTT: 2-hour and 4-hour
     Insulin use:  As U/kg body weight/day. 
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     Hypoglycemia events
     Glucometer readings: The mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) will be 
calculated from this data.
9.6. MECHANISTIC ASSESSMENTS

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)

Serum for Epigenetic studies

RAGE-expression on peripheral T-cells
9.7. RETENTION OF SAMPLES
Biological specimens collected in this trial may be used to reevaluate biologic responses as new 
research tools become available.  The samples stored for future use are optional.  If a participant 
consents to have these samples drawn. the specimens will be stored at the laboratory of the individual 
investigators or Dr. Kevan Herold’s laboratory at Yale University.  Specimens for mechanistic studies 
will be obtained throughout the study. Residual specimens may be used by the investigators for studies 
of immunologic mechanisms involved in T1D with participant consent.
10. ADVERSE EVENTS
10.1. DEFINITION
An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a 
preexisting medical condition in a clinical investigation subject administered an investigational 
(medicinal) product and that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE 
can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (such as an abnormal laboratory finding), 
symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of investigational product, whether or not 
considered related to the investigational product.
The causal relationship to study drug is determined by a physician and should be used to assess all 
adverse events (AE). For grading, classification and attribution of adverse events see section 10.4.2.
Adverse events can be spontaneously reported or elicited during open-ended questioning, examination, 
or evaluation of a subject. 
10.1.1. DISEASE-SPECIFIC ADVERSE EVENTS
For the purposes of this study, hypoglycemia events will be recorded as follows:
Minor hypoglycemia, defined as a glucose concentration of 55–65 mg/dL. Minor 
hypoglycemic events are not required to be documented as adverse events in the case 
report forms.
Major hypoglycemia, defined as a glucose concentration <55 mg/dL (grades 2–5, NCI-
CTCAE manual version 4.0), or clinically: involving seizure or loss of consciousness 
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(coma), or requiring assistance from another individual in order to recover.  Major 
hypoglycemic events must be reported as adverse events on the case report forms. All 
episodes of hypoglycemia that require hospitalization and/or emergency care will be 
reported as SAEs to the DSMB as described in Section 10.6.
 Hypoglycemia grading according to CTCAE version 4.0
Adverse Event
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
Hypoglycemia
<LLN-55 mg/dL
<55 -40 mg/dL
<40-30 mg/dL
<30 mg/dL; life threatening 
consequences; seizures
Death
All reported hypoglycemic episodes accruing during the treatment period or within 4 weeks of 
treatment end will be defined as possibly related to study treatment (see table 1).
Hyperglycemia will not be collected as an adverse event, unless it results in an inpatient 
hospitalization. 
10.2.  Nonserious Adverse Events
 A nonserious adverse event is an AE not classified as serious.
10.3.SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS
A Serious Adverse Event (SAE) is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: 

results in death

is life-threatening (defined as an event in which the subject was at risk of death at the time of the 
event; it does not refer to an event which hypothetically might have caused death if it were more 
severe)

requires inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization (see NOTE 
below)

results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity

is a congenital anomaly/birth defect 

is an important medical event (defined as a medical event(s) that may not be immediately life-
threatening or result in death or hospitalization but, based upon appropriate medical and scientific 
judgment, may jeopardize the subject or may require intervention [e.g. medical, surgical] to prevent 
one of the other serious outcomes listed in the definition above.) Examples of such events include, 
but are not limited to, intensive treatment in an emergency room or at home for allergic 
bronchospasm; blood dyscrasias or convulsions that do not result in hospitalization.) Potential drug 
induced liver injury (DILI) is also considered an important medical event. (See Section 10.10 for 
the definition of potential DILI.)
Suspected transmission of an infectious agent (e.g. pathogenic or nonpathogenic) via the study drug is 
an SAE. 
Although pregnancy, overdose, cancer, and potential drug induced liver injury (DILI) are not always 
serious by regulatory definition, these events must be handled as SAEs. (See Section 10.6 for reporting 
pregnancies).
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Any component of a study endpoint that is considered related to study therapy (eg, death is an endpoint, 
if death occurred due to anaphylaxis, anaphylaxis must be reported) should be reported as SAE (see 
Section 10.6 for reporting details).
NOTE: 
The following hospitalizations are not considered SAEs: 

a visit to the emergency room or other hospital department < 24 hours, that does not result in 
admission (unless considered an important medical or life-threatening event)

elective surgery, planned prior to signing consent

admissions as per protocol for a planned medical/surgical procedure

routine health assessment requiring admission for baseline/trending of health status (e.g. 
routine colonoscopy)

Medical/surgical admission other than to remedy ill health and planned prior to entry into the 
study. Appropriate documentation is required in these cases

admission encountered for another life circumstance that carries no bearing on health status 
and requires no medical/surgical intervention (e.g. lack of housing, economic inadequacy, 
caregiver respite, family circumstances, administrative reason).
10.4.COLLECTING AND RECORDING ADVERSE EVENTS
10.4.1. METHODS OF COLLECTION
Adverse events will be collected from the time of consent and will be followed to resolution or 
until 30 days after the participant completes participation, whichever comes first.
Adverse events may be collected as follows:
     Observing the participant.
     Questioning the participant in an objective manner.
     Receiving an unsolicited complaint from the participant.
An abnormal value or result from a clinical or laboratory evaluation (e.g., a radiograph, an 
ultrasound, or an electrocardiogram) can also indicate an adverse event.  If this is the case, then 
the evaluation that produced the value or result should be repeated until the value or result 
returns to normal or can be explained and the participant’s safety is not at risk.  If an abnormal 
value or result is determined by the investigator to be clinically significant, it must be indicated 
as such on the appropriate laboratory evaluation form(s), and must also be reported as an 
adverse event on the adverse event form. Abnormal vital sign measurements or laboratory 
finding  deemed not clinically significant by the site investigator must be documented as such 
and are not required to be listed in the adverse event source documents or adverse event case 
report form.
10.4.2. GRADING, CLASSIFICATION AND ATTRIBUTION OF ADVERSE EVENTS
10.4.2.1.
GRADING CRITERIA
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The study site will grade the severity of AEs experienced by study participants according 
to the criteria set forth in the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria 
for Adverse Events Version 4.0.  This document (referred to herein as the NCI-CTCAE 
manual) provides a common language to describe levels of severity, to analyze and 
interpret data, and to articulate the clinical significance of all adverse events.
Adverse events will be graded on a scale from 1 to 5 according to the following standards 
in the NCI-CTCAE manual:
Grade 1 = mild adverse event.
Grade 2 = moderate adverse event.
Grade 3 = severe and undesirable adverse event. 
Grade 4 = life-threatening or disabling adverse event.
Grade 5 = death.
For additional information and a printable version of the NCI-CTCAE manual, go to 
http://ctep.cancer.gov/reporting/ctc.html  
All adverse events will be reported and graded whether they are or are not related to 
treatment.
10.4.2.2. DEFINITION OF ATTRIBUTION
The site investigator will determine the relation, or attribution, of an AE to the 
investigational product. The site investigator will also record the determination of 
attribution on the appropriate CRF and/or SAE report form. The relationship of an adverse 
event to the study treatment will be defined by using the descriptors provided in table 1
Table1. Attribution of Adverse Events
 
 
For additional information and a printable version of the NCI-CTCAE manual, consult 
the NCI-CTCAE website:  http://ctep.cancer.gov/reporting/ctc.html.
Code
Descriptor
Definition
Unrelated Category 
1
Unrelated
The adverse event is clearly not related.
2
Unlikely
The adverse event is unlikely related.
Related Categories 
3
Possible
The adverse event has a reasonable 
possibility to be related; there is evidence 
to suggest a causal relationship.
4
Probable
The adverse event is likely related.
5
Definite
The adverse event is clearly related.
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10.5. Non-serious Adverse Event Collection and Reporting
The collection of non-serious AE information should begin at consent. 
Non-serious AEs should be followed to resolution or stabilization, or reported as SAEs if they become 
serious (see Section 10.6.). Follow-up is also required for non-serious AEs that cause interruption or 
discontinuation of study drug and for those present at the end of study treatment as appropriate. All 
identified non-serious AEs must be recorded and described on the non-serious AE page of the CRF 
(paper or electronic). 
Completion of supplemental CRFs may be requested for AEs and/or laboratory abnormalities that are 
reported/identified during the course of the study.
10.6. Serious Adverse Event Collection and Reporting
Following the subject’s written consent to participate in the study, all SAEs, whether related or not 
related to study drug, must be collected, including those thought to be associated with protocol-
specified procedures. All SAEs must be collected that occur during the screening period and within 30 
days of discontinuation of dosing. If applicable, SAEs must be collected that relate to any later protocol-
specified procedure (e.g. a follow-up skin biopsy). 
The investigator should report any SAE that occurs after these time periods and that is believed to be 
related to study drug or protocol-specified procedure. 
An SAE report should be completed for any event where doubt exists regarding its seriousness. 
If the investigator believes that an SAE is not related to study drug, but is potentially related to the 
conditions of the study (such as withdrawal of previous therapy or a complication of a study 
procedure), the relationship should be specified in the narrative section of the SAE Report Form.
The investigator is responsible for prompt reporting of serious adverse events. Serious adverse events 
will be recorded on the adverse event CRF and on the SAE form. SAEs will be reported to the 
institutional IRB according to the IRB’s requirements. They will be reported to the lead site within 24 
hours with the following information: 
Name and contact phone number of the investigator
Subject number
SAE term
Date of Event Onset
Date(s) of administration of the investigational product
Current status of subject
Investigator causality assessment
Reason why the event is serious
The following documents should also be sent to the lead site within 24 hours of the occurrence of the 
SAE:
Serious adverse event report form
Concomitant medication information
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Results of relevant laboratory or diagnostic tests
Relevant medical record progress notes
Supplementary CRF pages that are current at the time of SAE reporting: medical history, 
concomitant medications, demographics, study drug administration, death. 
As additional details become available, the SAE CRF should be updated and submitted.  Every time 
the SAE CRF is submitted, it should be signed by the site investigator or sub-investigator. 
SAEs, whether or not related to study drug and pregnancies must be reported to AZ (or designee) within 
48 hours. The lead site will be responsible for reporting to AZ. 
SAEs and pregnancies should be recorded on the SAE MedWatch form;. Reports are to be transmitted 
via email or confirmed facsimile (fax) transmission to:
SAE Email Address:  AEMailboxClinciaTrialTCS@AstraZeneca.com
SAE Facsimile Number:  (302) 886 4114
If only limited information is initially available, follow-up reports are required. (Note: Follow-up SAE 
reports should include the same investigator term(s) initially reported.) 
If an ongoing SAE changes in its intensity or relationship to study drug or if new information becomes 
available, a follow-up SAE report should be sent within 48 hours to the AZ (or designee) using the 
same procedure used for transmitting the initial SAE report.
All SAEs should be followed to resolution or stabilization.
The lead site is responsible for reporting these events to the health authorities as applicable.  
All investigators must report SAEs to their respective IRBs as mandated by them.
10.7. Laboratory Test Result Abnormalities
The following laboratory test result abnormalities should be captured on the non-serious AE CRF page 
or SAE Report Form (paper or electronic) as appropriate:

Any laboratory test result that is clinically significant or meets the definition of an SAE 

Any laboratory test result abnormality that required the subject to have study drug discontinued or 
interrupted

Any laboratory test result abnormality that required the subject to receive specific corrective 
therapy.
It is expected that wherever possible, the clinical rather than laboratory term would be used by the 
reporting investigator (e.g. anemia versus low hemoglobin value).
10.8. Pregnancy
If, following initiation of the investigational product, it is subsequently discovered that a study subject 
is pregnant or may have been pregnant at the time of investigational product exposure, including up to 
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12 weeks after last product administration, the investigational product will be permanently 
discontinued.. 
Protocol-required procedures for study discontinuation and follow-up must be performed on the subject 
unless contraindicated by pregnancy (e.g. x-ray studies). Other appropriate pregnancy follow-up 
procedures should be considered if indicated.
They must be reported to the lead site within 24 hours. The lead site must complete and forward a 
MedWatch form to AZ (or designee) within 48 hours and in accordance with SAE reporting procedures 
described in Section 10.6. The lead site will be responsible for reporting the event. 
Follow-up information regarding the course of the pregnancy, including perinatal and neonatal outcome 
and, where applicable, offspring information should be reported on MedWatch form.
Any pregnancy that occurs in a female partner of a male study participant should be reported to the lead 
site. Information on this pregnancy will be collected on the MedWatch form.
10.9. Overdose
All occurrences of overdose must be reported as SAEs (see Section 10.6. for reporting details).
An overdose is defined as the accidental or intentional administration of any dose of a product that is 
considered both excessive and medically important. All occurrences of overdose must be reported as 
an SAE (see Section 10.6 for reporting details.).
10.10. Potential Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
Wherever possible, timely confirmation of initial liver-related laboratory abnormalities should occur 
prior to the reporting of a potential DILI event. All occurrences of potential DILIs, meeting the defined 
criteria, must be reported as SAEs (see Section 10.6 for reporting details).
Potential drug induced liver injury is defined as: 
1.
AT (ALT or AST) elevation > 3 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
AND 
1)
Total bilirubin > 2 times ULN, without initial findings of cholestasis (elevated serum alkaline 
phosphatase),
AND 
2)
No other immediately apparent possible causes of AT elevation and hyperbilirubinemia, including, 
but not limited to, viral hepatitis, pre-existing chronic or acute liver disease, or the administration 
of other drug(s) known to be hepatotoxic. 
10.11. Other Safety Considerations
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Any significant worsening noted during interim or final physical examinations, electrocardiogram, x-
ray filming, any other potential safety assessment required or not required by protocol should also be 
recorded as a non-serious or serious AE, as appropriate, and reported accordingly. 
10.12. FOLLOW UP OF ADVERSE EVENTS
AEs will be followed until it resolves or until 30 days after a participant terminates from the study, 
whichever comes first.  All SAEs will be reported as specified in Section 10.6 whether they are or are 
not related to disease progression or study participation.
11. STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
11.1.  STATISTICAL METHODS
This is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the efficacy of 
Bydureon to improve glucose tolerance, other markers of glycemic control and safety.  Data analysis 
will be conducted in collaboration with the Yale Center for Analytic Sciences.  For all analyses, a type 
I error of 5% (two-sided) will be used to test for statistical significance and will be performed using 
SAS v9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) (29) and GraphPad Prism 6.
11.2. BASELINE COMPARABILITY
Because of the size of this study, we expect that the randomization process will produce reasonably 
comparable groups.  However, the adequacy of the randomization will be assessed by comparing the 
distribution of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics among the intervention groups. 
Comparability for continuous variables will be examined graphically and by summary statistics (means, 
medians, quartiles, etc.).  Categorical variables will be examined by calculating frequency distributions.  
11.3. JUSTIFICATION OF SAMPLES SIZE
The primary endpoint is change from baseline in the HbA1c level in the Bydureon vs. placebo treated 
groups at 6 months. The subjects will be followed for another 6 months (to 12 months from study entry) 
to determine whether the effects of Bydureon are persistent after discontinuation of the drug. No interim 
efficacy analysis is planned. The sample size calculation is based on data collected from our clinic on 
subjects with long standing T1D. In these individuals (n=10) the standard deviation (SD) of the HbA1c 
level was 1.25% and the correlation between measurements of HbA1c, performed 6 months apart was 
0.88. This is a strong correlation but reflects our actual clinic data and it suggests a standard deviation 
for the change in HbA1c of 0.61%. A sample size of 54 subjects per group will provide 90% power at 
the two-sided 0.05 significance level to detect a difference in the change in HbA1c of 0.40%. Even with 
a more conservative estimate of correlation of 0.75 (0.65), this sample size will provide 81% (82%) 
power to detect a difference of 0.50% (0.60%). We will enroll a total of 120 participants to 
accommodate up to a 20% dropout. Of additional note, the given sample size will have 80% power to 
detect differences 0.08 U/kg/day in insulin dose and 3417 in the area under the curve for ISR from the 
mixed meal tolerance test, both key secondary outcomes. The final analysis will involve all study 
subjects who complete the enrollment visit and in whom at least 1 post-randomization assessment of 
HbA1c is available.
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We anticipate that each study site will be able to enroll about 17 subjects. 
11.4. Analysis for Primary Outcome
The primary objective of the analysis is to demonstrate that HbA1c will be reduced in subjects 
receiving Bydureon compared to those receiving placebo at 6 months.  A likelihood-based ignorable 
analysis using a linear mixed model will be used to compare HbA1c between groups [Lachin, 2000 
#2444; Molenberghs, 2004 #2273] (30, 31).  The primary advantage of the mixed model when 
compared to commonly used methods such as complete case analysis and single imputation (e.g. last 
observation carried forward) is its flexibility in handling missing data.  This analysis will assume that 
missing data occurs at random.  The inclusion of baseline HbA1c as a covariate as well as the 3, 6 and 
12 month data as outcomes in the model will assist in meeting this assumption.  Superiority of 
Bydureon vs. placebo will be concluded if the linear between group contrast is significant (two-sided 
p<0.05) with a lower mean HbA1c in the Bydureon group at 6 months.   The mixed model will 
include fixed effects for treatment (Bydureon vs. placebo), time (3, 6, 12 months), and the interaction 
of treatment with time. Additional fixed effects will be included for baseline covariates (baseline A1c, 
detectable/non-detectable baseline C-peptide, site, gender, race, BMI).  We will evaluate the 2 and 3 
way interactions of the stratification factor (baseline C-peptide) with treatment and time using a 
multiple degree of freedom likelihood ratio test and omit from further analysis if p>0.10.  Linear 
contrasts will be used to estimate intervention group differences and 95% confidence intervals at each 
time point.  Durability of the treatment effect will be determined by comparing groups at 12 months.
11.5. Analysis of Secondary Outcome
There are a number of secondary outcomes including indices and summaries from the insulin, 
glucagon and C-peptide AUC response to a mixed meal tolerance test, insulin usage, glycemic 
excursion as captured by a glucometer, and absorption of acetaminophen (gastric emptying). Linear 
mixed effect models similar to those described above will be used to evaluate continuous outcomes. 
The frequency of hypoglycemia and other safety parameters will be assessed and compared between 
groups using a Fisher’s exact test.
In a post-hoc subgroup analysis, we will determine whether the presence of residual insulin production 
affects the clinical response to treatment. Individuals will be classified based on the presence or absence 
of residual insulin production. Interactions of treatment, residual insulin indicator and time will be 
added to the models described above. Linear contrasts comparing the treatment difference in those with 
or without residual insulin production will be evaluated to determine whether the impact of Bydureon 
is modified by residual insulin. 
The subjects will discontinue Bydureon after 6 mos but will be followed for another 6 mos. At 12
mos, the same assessments will be performed.
11.6. ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY
1.
Specification of safety parameters:
a.
Frequency of hypoglycemia: We will compare the frequency of hypoglycemic events 
captured on the participant’s glucometer (i.e. glucose < 70 mg/dl) and the frequency 
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of symptomatic or otherwise identified (by glucose measurement) hypoglycemia 
between visits between the study groups.
b.
Weight loss: this will be assessed at each study visit
c.
Other adverse events: These will be captured on case report forms. Grade III and IV 
adverse events will be reported to the IRB’s of study sites per local policy.
2.
The type and duration of the follow-up of subjects after adverse events: All subjects will be 
followed to Month 12 whether or not they have discontinued study drug. In the event that an 
adverse event is felt to be study drug related, the individual site investigators will be responsible 
for follow up of subjects as medically indicated.
11.7. PLAN FOR MISSING DATA
Several strategies will be imposed to accommodate the likelihood that missing data will occur during 
this study.  Prevention is the most obvious and effective manner to control bias and loss of power from 
missing data.  This protocol will follow the intent to treat principle, requiring follow-up of all subjects 
randomized regardless of the actual treatment received.  Telephone or email visit reminders will be 
delivered to participants prior to protocol specified collection times.  Alternative contacts will be 
identified on entry into the study to minimize loss-to follow-up.  Despite these prevention efforts it is 
reasonable to assume missing data will occur. Our primary analysis is valid under the assumption that 
missing data is missing at random (MAR).  We will evaluate the plausibility of this assumption by 
determining the extent of missing data and missing data patterns, describing reasons for dropout and 
using logistic regression to identify factors associated with dropout.   While we do not expect 
differential rates of dropout between groups or high loss to follow-up, sensitivity analysis using pattern-
mixture and selection models under missing not at random (MNAR) assumptions will be performed to 
examine the robustness of conclusions of the primary analysis to missing data. 
11.8. REPORTING DEVIATIONS FROM ORIGINAL STATISTICAL PLAN
The principal features of both the study design and the plan for statistical data analysis are outlined in 
this protocol and in the statistical analysis plan (SAP). Any change in these features requires either a 
protocol or an SAP amendment, which is subject to review by the study sponsor(s), and the health 
authorities.  These changes will be described in the final study report as appropriate.
12. ACCESS TO SOURCE DATA/DOCUMENTS
The investigational sites participating in this study will maintain the highest degree of confidentiality 
permitted for the clinical and research information obtained from participants in this clinical trial.  
Medical and research records should be maintained at each site in the strictest confidence.  However, 
as a part of the quality assurance and legal responsibilities of an investigation, the investigational sites 
must permit authorized representatives of the sponsor (s), and health authorities to examine (and to 
copy when required by applicable law) clinical records for the purposes of quality assurance reviews, 
audits, and evaluation of the study safety and progress.  Unless required by the laws permitting copying 
of records, only the coded identity associated with documents or other participant data may be copied 
(and any personally identifying information must be obscured).  Authorized representatives as noted 
above are bound to maintain the strict confidentiality of medical and research information that may be 
linked to identified individuals. 
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13. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
The study will run through the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation (YCCI). The statistical core will 
be responsible for randomization, collection of CRF’s, and statistical analysis. The YCCI will also be 
responsible for the regulatory support. All data will be collected using the OnCORE software for trial 
management.
14. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND COMPLIANCE WITH GOOD CLINICAL 
PRACTICE
14.1.
STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE
This trial will be conducted in compliance with the protocol, current Good Clinical Practice (GCP) 
guidelines—adopting the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki—and all applicable regulatory 
requirements.
Prior to study initiation, the protocol and the informed consent documents will be reviewed and 
approved by an appropriate ethics review committee or institutional review board (IRB).  Any 
amendments to the protocol or consent materials must also be approved by IRB before they are 
implemented.
14.2.
INFORMED CONSENT
The informed consent form is a means of providing information about the trial to a prospective 
participant and allows for an informed decision about participation in the study.  All participants (or 
their legally acceptable representative) must read, sign, and date a consent form before participating in 
the study, taking the study drug, and/or undergoing any study-specific procedures.  
The informed consent form must be updated or revised whenever important new safety information is 
available, when required by a protocol amendment, and/or whenever any new information becomes 
available that may affect participation in the trial.
A copy of the informed consent will be given to a prospective participant for review.  The attending 
physician, in the presence of a witness, will review the consent and answer questions.  The participant 
will be informed that participation is voluntary and that he/she may withdraw from the study at any 
time, for any reason.
14.3. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
A participant’s privacy and confidentiality will be respected throughout the study.  Each participant 
will be assigned a sequential identification number.  This number, rather than the participant’s name, 
will be used to collect, store, and report participant information. 
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15.     REFERENCES
1.
O. G. Kolterman et al., Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and 
fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 3082 (Jul, 
2003).
2.
L. L. Nielsen, A. D. Baron, Pharmacology of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) for the treatment 
of type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4, 401 (Apr, 2003).
3.
J. B. Buse et al., Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in 
sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27, 2628 (Nov, 2004).
4.
M. S. Fineman et al., Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) additive to 
existing metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 
Care 26, 2370 (Aug, 2003).
5.
N. Sherry et al., Exendin-4 improves reversal of diabetes in NOD mice treated with anti-CD3 
mAb by enhancing recovery of ? cells. Endocrinology,  (2007).
6.
H. A. Keenan et al., Residual insulin production and pancreatic ss-cell turnover after 50 years 
of diabetes: Joslin Medalist Study. Diabetes 59, 2846 (Nov, 2010).
7.
T. Froud, C. Ricordi, R. Alejandro, Exenatide Use in Islet Transplantation - Reasons to Remain 
Optimistic. Transplantation 87, 154 (Jan 15, 2009).
8.
R. J. Brown, N. Sinaii, K. I. Rother, Too much glucagon, too little insulin: time course of 
pancreatic islet dysfunction in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 31, 1403 (Jul, 2008).
9.
D. D. De Leon et al., Role of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 in islet regeneration after 
partial pancreatectomy. Diabetes 52, 365 (Feb, 2003).
10. D. A. Stoffers et al., Insulinotropic glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists stimulate expression of 
homeodomain protein IDX-1 and increase islet size in mouse pancreas. Diabetes 49, 741 (May, 
2000).
11. J. Dupré, M.T. Behme, T.J. McDonald, Exendin-4 normalized postcibal glycemic excursion in 
type 1 diabetes. The journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89, 3469 (July 2004).
12. D. L. Eizirik, M. I. Darville, beta-cell apoptosis and defense mechanisms: lessons from type 1 
diabetes. Diabetes 50 Suppl 1, S64 (Feb, 2001).
13. Rother KI, Spain LM, Wesley RA, Digon BJ, 3rd, Baron A, Chen K, Nelson P, Dosch HM, 
Palmer JP, Brooks-Worrell B, Ring M, Harlan DM: Effects of exenatide alone and in 
combination with daclizumab on beta-cell function in long-standing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 
Care 2009;32:2251-2257
14. Raman VS, Mason KJ, Rodriguez LM, Hassan K, Yu X, Bomgaars L, Heptulla RA: The role   
of adjunctive exenatide therapy in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1294-1296
15. Varanasi A, Bellini N, Rawal D, Vora M, Makdissi A, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P: 
Liraglutide as additional treatment for type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165:77-84
16. Kielgast U, Krarup T, Holst JJ, Madsbad S: Four weeks of treatment with liraglutide reduces 
insulin dose without loss of glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients with and without 
residual beta-cell function. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1463-1468
17. Buse JB, Drucker DJ, Taylor KL, Kion T, Walsh B, Hu H, Trautmann M, Shen LZ, Porter 
LE; Duration-1 Study Group: Duration-1: exenatide once weekly produces sustained 
glycemic control and weight loss over 52 weeks. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(6): 1255-61
18. Blevins T, Pullman J, Malloy J, Yan P, Taylor K, Schulteis C, Trautmann M, Porter L: 
DURATION-5: exenatide once weekly resulted in greater improvements in glycemic control 
compared with exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol 
Metab 2011;96:1301-1310
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19.  Buse JB, Nauck M, Forest T, Sheu WH, Shenouda SK, Heilmann CR, Hoogwerf BJ, Gao A, 
Boardman MK, Fineman M, Porter L, Schernthaner G: Exenatide once weekly versus 
liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomized, open-
label study. Lancet 2013; 381(9861): 117-24.
20. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD: Effects of exenatide 
(exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 
diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2628-2635
21. Levin PA, Mersey JH, Zhou S, Bromberger LA: Clinical outcomes using long-term 
combination therapy with insulin glargine and exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes 
mellitus. Endocr Pract 2012;18:17-25
22. Russell-Jones D, Cuddihy RM, Hanefeld M, Kumar A, Gonzalez JG, Chan M, Wolka AM, 
Boardman MK: Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus metformin, 
pioglitazone, and sitagliptin used as monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes 
(DURATION-4): a 26-week double-blind study. Diabetes Care 2012;35:252-258
23. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-
term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and 
Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-986
24. Katz ML, Volkening LK, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM: Contemporary rates of severe 
hypoglycaemia in youth with Type 1 diabetes: variability by insulin regimen. Diabet Med 
2012;
25. Stoffers DA, Desai BM, DeLeon DD, Simmons RA: Neonatal exendin-4 prevents the 
development of diabetes in the intrauterine growth retarded rat. Diabetes 2003;52:734-740
26. Li Y, Hansotia T, Yusta B, Ris F, Halban PA, Drucker DJ: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor 
signaling modulates beta cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003;278:471-478
27. 28. Akirav EM, Lebastchi J, Galvan EM, Henegariu O, Akirav M, Ablamunits V, Lizardi 
PM, Herold KC: Detection of beta cell death in diabetes using differentially methylated 
circulating DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:19018-19023
28. Alarcon C, Wicksteed B, Rhodes CJ: Exendin 4 controls insulin production in rat islet beta 
cells predominantly by potentiation of glucose-stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis at the 
translational level. Diabetologia 2006;49:2920-2929
29. Dmitrienko A, Molenberghs G, Chuang-Stein C, Offen W: Analysis of Clinical Trials using 
SAS: A Practical Guide. Cary, NC, SAS Institute, Inc., 2005
30. Molenberghs G, Thijs H, Jansen I, Beunckens C, Kenward MG, Mallinckrodt C, Carroll RJ: 
Analyzing incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data. Biostatistics 2004;5:445-464
31. Lachin JL: Statistical considerations in the intent-to-treat principle. Control Clin Trials 2000; 
21: 526
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Appendix 1. Schedule of Events
1  Visit Window: >24hrs but <72hrs after administration of study medication/placebo.
2  Visit Window: +/- 3 Days.
3 To be obtained via participant’s glucometer for 3 days prior to each visit except for visit 0.
4  See Section 10.1.1. for definition. 
5 For females of child bearing potential.
6 Only for subjects who have agreed to complete all the MMTT’s
Visit
0
1
1a
2
3
4
5
6
Week
-2
1
2
41
121
241
382
522
GENERAL ASSESSMENTS
Informed Consent
X
Medical History
X
Adverse Events
X
X
X
X
X
X
Concomitant Medications
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Phone Assessment for Adverse Events and 
Concomitant Medications
X
Monthly
Physical Examination
X
X
X
   DISEASE-SPECIFIC ASSESMENTS
4-hour Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) 
X
X6
X6
2-hour Mixed Meal Tolerance Test 
X6
X6
Insulin Use
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Blood Glucose Readings3
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hypoglycemia Events4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
INVESTIGATION THERAPY/PLACEBO
Study Medication/Placebo Distribution
X
X
X
Study Medication/Placebo Administration
X
Weekly 
   LOCAL LABORATORY ASSESSMENTS
Urine HCG5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lipid Profile
X
X
X
Liver Function Test
X
X
X
X
Amylase
X
X
      CENTRAL LABORATORY ASSESSMENTS
C-peptide  (send to NWLRL)
X
X6
X6
X6
X6
Glucose  (send to NWLRL)
X
X6
X6
X6
X6
GADA (send to Barbara Davis Center)
X
X
X
HbA1C   (send to NWLRL)
X
X
X
X
X
Glucagon ( send to Core Lab at Yale)
X
X6
X6
X6
X6
GLP-1 & GIP (send to Core Lab at Yale)
X6
X6
X6
Proinsulin:insulin ratio (only in C-pep+)           
(send to Core Lab at Yale)
X
X
X
PBMCs ( including RAGE-expression) 
(send to Dr. Herold’s Lab) 
X
X
X
Serum Archive (including demethylated  
insulin DNA)  (send to Dr. Herold’s Lab)
X
X
X
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Appendix 2. Procedures for Performing the 2 hour Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test
The mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) is performed in the morning before 10:00 a.m., which means 
that administration must begin within this time. Please see appendix 1 for additional blood draws 
during the MMTT. 
The mixed meal used in this protocol will be Boost® Complete Nutritional Drink High Protein (Nestlé 
Health Science).  The 2 hr MMTT’s stand alone.. The 2-hour MMTT should take 130 minutes.
Dietary Guidelines and Pretest Instructions
Carbohydrates (CHO) should not be restricted from the diet before the test. A general guideline is that 
adult participants should consume at least 15 kcal (3.75 g) CHO/kg/day for 3 days before the test. 
These are minimum amounts of CHO; most diets will include greater amounts of CHO.  There is no 
need to alter the participant’s diet unless he or she has been on a CHO-restricted diet.
In preparation for the visits including the screening visit, each participant should:
    Fast for 10 hours (but not more than 16 hours) before the test. Fasting should start the  night 
before the test, and should continue up until the start of the test. Participants should not eat or 
drink anything except water. This means no coffee, tea, soda, cigarettes, alcohol, or chewing 
gum during the fasting period. However, if hypoglycemia develops, the participant may ingest 
up to 15 grams of carbohydrates up to 4 hours prior to the start of the MMTT.
     Refrain from vigorous exercise during the fasting period.
     Refrain from working the night before the morning of the test.
     Evaluate concomitant medications being taken by subject and make adjustments if necessary.
The above information including dietary guidelines will be communicated to each study subject by 
e-mail or phone prior to all clinical visits including screening visit.
Glucose and Insulin before the Test 
     Short-acting insulin analogues may be administered up to 4 hours before the test. 
     Regular insulin may be administered up to 6 hours before the test.  
     Intermediate-acting insulin (such as NPHor Lente) may be administered on the evening before 
the MMTT, but not on the morning of the test. 
     Long-acting basal (such as Glargine) insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may 
be administered before, during and after the test as usual. Participants on Glargine may take 
their usual injection at the appropriate time, and those on continuous subcutaneous insulin 
infusion may continue with their usual basal settings.
Target Glucose Level at the Start of Test
The target glucose level at the start of the test is between 70 and 200 mg/dL. If the participant’s 
glucose level is not within this range the glucose reading should be evaluated by the local site 
investigator to determine if the test can begin.  Regular insulin or short acting insulin analogues may be 
used up to 6 and 4 hours before the test, respectively, to achieve the desired glucose level. The 
investigator and the study participant should discuss the individual situation for insulin administration 
to attain the goal of meter capillary glucose values within the range of 70–200 mg/dL at the start of the 
test. For example, as a practical matter, participants may be instructed to check their blood glucose by 
meter at home 2 hours before the start of the test so that marked hyperglycemia can be treated with a 
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short-acting insulin analogue. Alternatively, participants who arrive at the research unit with elevated 
blood glucose can receive additional short-acting insulin analogues at the time of their arrival, if the 
test itself does not start until at least 4 hours after insulin administration and occurs before 10 a.m.  
IV Placement during the Test
     The IV should be in place for the duration of the test and must be flushed after each draw with 
saline solution.
     The participant should remain sitting or resting in bed quietly throughout the test and until the 
test is completed. However, he or she may engage in quiet, non-strenuous activities, such as 
reading, playing cards, or watching TV. The participant may walk to the bathroom between 
blood draws if necessary. 
Testing Instructions
Time Point −10 minutes
     Draw one 3-mL sample into the purple-top tube for C-peptide and one 4-mL gray-top tube for 
glucose.  After each vacutainer is collected the tubes must be inverted gently at least 8 to 10 
times.  Chill samples in a bucket of crushed ice or in a refrigerator set at 4˚C for no more than 
20 minutes.  At the laboratory, spin the tubes in a centrifuge (1000–1300 g, ~3000RPM) for 10 
minutes.  Tubes must be spun within 20 minutes from blood draw. Aliquot plasma into cyrovial 
(please ensure vial is properly identified with a label that indicates the time point). Freeze the 
sample at -70°C. 
     Draw one 2mL sample into a syringe and transfer into a chilled 3-mL lavender-top tube 
containing Aprotinin (250 KIU/mL of blood) for the glucagon sample.  Invert tube gently 8 to 
10 times. Chill sample in a bucket of crushed ice or in a refrigerator set at 4˚C for 10 minutes.  
Centrifuge in a refrigerated centrifuge (1250g) for 10 minutes. Aliquot plasma into cyrovial 
(please ensure vial is properly identified with a label that indicates the time point).  Freeze the 
sample at -70°C. 
     Draw one 0.5 mL sample and transfer into a microfuge/centrifuge tube for glucose. 
Immediately centrifuge (12.5 rpm) for 15 seconds and test via YSI.
Time Point 0 minutes
    C-peptide, glucose, glucagon and YSI samples should be collected just before the participant 
drinks the Boost; these are the “0- minute” samples. Process via the instructions above.
     Then the MMTT dose should be given with 6 kcal/kg @ 1 kcal/mL to a maximum of 360 mL. 
The participant should consume the MMTT dose in no more than 5 minutes.
Time Points 15, 30, 60, 90, 120
For each of the time points specified above:
     Collect C-peptide, glucose, glucagon and YSI samples per the instructions above.
    At the conclusion of the test, check blood glucose by glucometer, and administer insulin as per 
participant’s standard insulin plan.
    A delayed or missed sample, or other deviation from the protocol must be noted on the 
Comments section of the MMTT specimen transmittal form.
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Appendix 3.  Procedures for Performing the 4 hour Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test 
(MMTT)
The MMTT/AAS combination study is performed only when doing a 4 hr test.  The 4 hr MMTT/AAS 
should be started prior to 10am. The 4-hour MMTT should take 250 minutes to perform. Please see 
appendix 1 for additional blood draws during the MMTT. 
The mixed meal used in this protocol will be Boost ® Complete Nutritional Drink High Protein (Nestlé 
Health Science).  The 4-hour MMTT/AAS should take 250 minutes to perform
Dietary Guidelines and Pretest Instructions
Carbohydrates (CHO) should not be restricted from the diet before the test. A general guideline is that 
adult participants should consume at least 15 kcal (3.75 g) CHO/kg/day for 3 days before the test. 
These are minimum amounts of CHO; most diets will include greater amounts of CHO.  There is no 
need to alter the participant’s diet unless he or she has been on a CHO-restricted diet.
In preparation for the visits including screening visit, each participant should:
     Fast for 10 hours (but not more than 16 hours) before the test. Fasting should start the night 
before the test, and should continue up until the start of the test. Participants should not eat or 
drink anything except water. This means no coffee, tea, soda, cigarettes, alcohol, or chewing 
gum during the fasting period. However, if hypoglycemia develops, the participant may ingest 
up to 15 grams of carbohydrates up to 4 hours prior to the start of the MMTT.
     Refrain from vigorous exercise during the fasting period.
     Refrain from working the night before the morning of the test.
     Evaluate concomitant medications being taken by subject and make adjustments if necessary.
The above information including dietary guidelines will be communicated to each study subject by 
e-mail or phone prior to all clinical visits including screening visit.
Glucose and Insulin before the Test 
     Short-acting insulin analogues (such as Lispro or l-aspart) may be administered up to   4 hours 
before the test. 
     Regular insulin may be administered up to 6 hours before the test.  
     Intermediate-acting insulin (such as NPH or Lente) may be administered on the evening before 
the MMTT, but not on the morning of the test. 
     Long-acting basal (such as Glargine) insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may 
be administered before, during and after the test as usual. Participants on Glargine may take 
their usual injection at the appropriate time, and those on continuous subcutaneous insulin 
infusion may continue with their usual basal settings.
Target Glucose Level at the Start of Test
The target glucose level at the start of the test is between 70 and 200 mg/dL. If the participant’s 
glucose level is not within this range the glucose reading should be evaluated by the local site 
investigator to determine if the test can begin. Regular insulin or short acting insulin analogues may be 
used up to 6 and 4 hours before the test, respectively, to achieve the desired glucose level. The 
investigator and the study participant should discuss the individual situation for insulin administration 
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Bydureon in T1DM                                                              Version 12.0                                                             July 2017
to attain the goal of meter capillary glucose values within the range of 70–200 mg/dL at the start of the 
test. For example, as a practical matter, participants may be instructed to check their blood glucose by 
meter at home 2 hours before the start of the test so that marked hyperglycemia can be treated with a 
short-acting insulin analogue. Alternatively, participants who arrive at the research unit with elevated 
blood glucose can receive additional short-acting insulin analogues at the time of their arrival, if the 
test itself does not start until at least 4 hours after insulin administration and occurs before 10 a.m.  
IV Placement during the Test
    The IV should be in place for the duration of the test and must be flushed after each draw with 
saline solution.
   The participant should remain sitting or resting in bed quietly throughout the test and until the 
test is completed. However, he or she may engage in quiet, non-strenuous activities, such as 
reading, playing cards, or watching TV. The participant may walk to the bathroom between 
blood draws if necessary. 
Testing Instructions
 
Time Point −10 minutes
     Draw one 3-mL sample into the purple-top tube for C-peptide and one 4-mL gary-top tube for 
glucose.  After each vacutainer is collected the tubes must be inverted gently at least 8 to 10 
times.  Chill samples in a bucket of crushed ice or in a refrigerator set at 4˚C for no more than 
20 minutes.   At the laboratory, spin the tubes in a centrifuge (1000–1300 g, ~3000RPM) for 10 
minutes.  Tubes must be spun within 20 minutes from blood draw. Aliquot plasma into cyrovial 
(please ensure vial is properly identified with a label that indicates the time point). Freeze the 
sample at -70°C. 
     Draw one 2-mL sample into a syringe and transfer into a chilled 3-mL lavender-top tube 
containing Aprotinin (250 KIU/mL of blood) for the glucagon sample.  Invert tube gently 8 to 
10 times. Chill sample in a bucket of crushed ice or in a refrigerator set at 4˚C for 10 minutes.  
Centrifuge in a refrigerated centrifuge (1250g) for 10 minutes. Aliquot plasma into cyrovial 
(please ensure vial is properly identified with a label that indicates the time point).  Freeze the 
sample at -70°C. 
     Draw one 0.5 mL sample and transfer into a microfuge/centrifuge tube for glucose.     
Immediately centrifuge (12.5 rpm) for 15 seconds and test via YSI.
Time Point 0 minutes

C-peptide, glucose, glucagon and YSI samples should be collected just before the participant drinks 
the Boost and; these are the “0 minute” samples. Process via the instructions above.

Then the MMTT dose should be given with 6 kcal/kg @ 1 kcal/mL to a maximum of 360 mL. The 
participant should consume the MMTT dose in no more than 5 minutes. 
Time Points 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 minutes
For each of the time points specified above: 

Collect C-peptide, glucose, glucagon, and YSI samples per the instructions above.

At the conclusion of the test, check blood glucose by glucometer, and administer insulin as per 
participant’s standard insulin plan.
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
A delayed line or missed sample, or other deviation from the protocol must be noted on the 
Comments section of the MMTT specimen transmittal form.
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