Clinical trial NCT02592421
Conditions: Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Sponsor: The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Start date: 2015-10-23; Completion date: 2019-10-31
Enrollment: 30 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
In Protocol 2, the investigators will determine the role of pancreatic hormones (increase in plasma glucagon and decrease in plasma insulin concentration) in the stimulation of EGP following SGLT2 inhibition.

Detailed description:
The inhibition of the renal (kidney) SGLT2 transporter has proven to be an effective therapeutic intervention to reduce plasma glucose levels (amount of glucose found in the liquid part of blood) and HbA1c.

In this study, the investigators hope to define the role of increased plasma glucagon, decline in plasma insulin, and fall in plasma glucose concentration. The investigators will examine whether the signal for the increase in EGP (endogenous glucose production) caused by glucosuria (an excess of sugar in the urine, typically associated with diabetes) is mediated via the decrease in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, or by the increase in plasma glucagon concentration.

Arms: arm 1: 20 subjects will receive dapagliflozin 10mg arm 2: 10 subjects will receive placebo
Interventions: intervention 1: Dapagliflozin intervention 2: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin) intervention 2: Placebo Comparator

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
1 
 
COVER PAGE FOR PROTOCOL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PLAN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Official Study Title:  SGLT2 Inhibition and Stimulation of Endogenous Glucose Production: 
Protocol 2 
 
NCT number:  
 
NCT02592421 
 
IRB Approval Date:  09/06/2017 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
2 
 
Protocol Template Form 
 
Item 1 UTHSCSA 
Tracking Number 
HSC20150668H 
 
Item 2 Abstract / Project Summary 
Provide a succinct and accurate description of the proposed 
research. State the purpose/aims. Describe concisely the research 
design and methods for achieving the stated goals. This section 
should be understandable to all members of the IRB, scientific and 
non-scientific.   
DO NOT EXCEED THE SPACE PROVIDED. 
Purpose/Objectives: We will determine the role of pancreatic hormones (increase in plasma glucagon and decrease in 
plasma insulin concentration) in the stimulation of EGP following SGLT2 inhibition. 
 
Research Design/Plan: After screening, eligible subjects will receive three 5-hour measurements of EGP with 
administration of study drug after a 3-hour tracer equilibration period. HGP will be measured for 5 hours after drug 
administration to allow sufficient time for a significant increase in HGP above baseline after dapagliflozin administration 
(10). In study 1, HGP will be measured for 5 hours after dapagliflozin (10 mg) or placebo administration. Study 2 will be 
performed under glucose clamp conditions (i.e. maintaining the plasma glucose concentration stable at each subject’s 
fasting level), and Study 3 will be performed under pancreatic clamp conditions (maintaining the plasma glucagon and 
insulin concentrations constant at the basal level). Subjects will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio; 20 subjects will receive 
dapagliflozin and 10 subjects will receive placebo. Each study will be performed on a separate day, after a 10-12 hour 
overnight fast within 1-2 week period.   
 
Methods: Screening visit; Study 1 EGP, Study 2 EGP with Glucose Clamp, Study 3 EGP Pancreatic Clamp 
 
 
Item 3 
Background 
 
Describe past experimental 
and/or clinical findings 
leading to the formulation 
of your study.   
For research involving 
unapproved drugs, 
describe animal and 
human studies.   
For research that involves 
approved drugs or devices, 
describe the FDA approved 
uses of this drug/device in 
relation to your protocol. 
Insert background: EGP is key to understanding normal glucose homeostasis and development of 
hyperglycemia in T2DM. We and others have demonstrated that glucosuria produced by SGLT2 
inhibition stimulates an increase in EGP, suggesting the presence of a strong interaction between the 
kidney and liver, i.e. “a reno-hepatic axis” that coordinates the regulation of EGP and plasma glucose 
concentration. The present study will provide evidence for the presence of this previously 
unrecognized reno-hepatic axis and define the mechanisms which underlie the interaction between 
the kidney and liver. In addition to providing novel insights concerning the regulation of glucose 
homeostasis, the present study has direct and important clinical implications. Although SGLT2 
inhibitors are effective in producing glucosuria, they cause only a modest decrease in HbA1c (0.6-
0.8%). On one hand, the presence of a “reno-hepatic axis” that leads to a compensatory increase in 
EGP in response to glucosuria maintains the FPG within the normal range in NGT individuals and 
prevents hypoglycemia. On the other hand, the  increase in EGP in T2DM individuals is “paradoxical” 
in that it occurs while the plasma glucose concentration is within the hyperglycemic range and 
quantitatively offsets by ~50% urinary glucose loss (see results below) produced by SGLT2 inhibitors 
and markedly attenuates their glucose lowering effect. Thus, determining the mechanisms that 
mediate the rise in EGP in response to glucosuria will allow the development of strategies that prevent 
the rise in EGP and increase the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors. Our preliminary data suggest an 
important role for increased glucagon secretion in mediating the “reno-haptic” interaction. In the 
present study, we will examine whether co-administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide 
with the SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin) can prevent the compensatory increase in EGP in response to 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
3 
glucosuria. We anticipate that inhibition of glucagon secretion and stimulation of insulin secretion 
with liraglutide will prevent the compensatory increase in EGP following dapagliflozin administration 
and produce an additive or even synergistic decrease in the plasma glucose concentration compared 
to each agent alone. If confirmed by the present study, the clinical implications are enormous and will 
establish combined SGLT2 inhibitor/GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy as a powerful strategy to reduce 
the plasma glucose concentration in poorly controlled T2DM individuals. 
Item 4 
Purpose and rationale 
Insert purpose, objectives 
and research 
questions/hypotheses 
here. 
 If you cut and paste from 
another document, make 
sure the excerpted 
material answers the 
question 
Insert purpose: The results of the present study will provide evidence for the existence of such an axis. 
Moreover, the results of the present study will elucidate the mechanisms that mediate this reno-
hepatic interaction. Demonstration of such an axis and definition of the mechanisms that mediate the 
reno-hepatic interaction will improve our understanding of normal glucose homeostasis and identify 
novel therapeutic targets for intervention in T2DM individuals to improve their glycemic control. 
 
 
Item 5 
Study Population(s) Being 
Recruited 
 
In your recruitment plan, how 
many different populations of 
prospective subjects do you plan to 
target? Provide number:        
 
 
 
Identify the criteria for inclusion: 
 
 
Identify the criteria for exclusion: 
e.g., a population can be individuals 
with type 2 diabetes controlled with 
diet and/or a population of healthy 
controls.  Or a population can be 
individuals attending an education 
program, etc. 
 
List each different population on a 
separate row and provide a short 
descriptive label:   
(e.g., normal-healthy, diabetics, 
parents, children, etc.) 
 
To add rows use copy & paste 
Type 2 Diabetic subjects 
18-70 yrs old 
BMI = 25-45 kg/m2 
HbA1C < 10% 
Other than diabetes, subjects must be 
in good general health as determined by 
physical exam, medical history, blood 
chemistries, CBC, TSH, T4, EKG and 
urinanalysis 
Only subjects whose body weight has 
been stable (± 3 lbs) over the preceding 
three months and who do not 
participate in an excessively heavy 
exercise program will be included. 
Subjects taking drug know to affect glucose 
metabolism (other than metformin and 
sulfonylurea) 
Individuals with evidence of 
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 
plasma creatinine >1.4 females or >1.5 
males, or 24-hour urine albumin 
excretion > 300 mg will be excluded. 
 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
4 
 
Item 6 
Research Plan / Description of the Research Methods a.  Provide a comprehensive narrative describing the research methods.   
Provide the plan for data analysis (include as applicable the sample size calculation). 
 
Step-by-Step Methods: Screening Visit.  Medical history is obtained and physical exam performed. Blood is drawn for 
FPG, blood chemistries, lipid profile, HbA1c, and thyroid function. Urine analysis, EKG and pregnancy test are 
performed. 
Study 1: Effect of Dapagliflozin on EGP: EGP will be measured with 3-3H-glucose infusion. The 3-3H-glucose infusion will 
be started at 6 AM and arterialized blood samples will be drawn from a catheter placed retrogradely in a vein on the 
dorsum of the hand to measure the basal rate of EGP.  The hand will be placed in a box heated to 70°C to ensure 
arterialization of the venous blood.  After a 3 hour tracer equilibration period (at 9 AM) subjects will receive 
dapagliflozin (10 mg) or placebo, and blood samples will be drawn every 10-20 minutes for 5 hours (until 2 PM) for the 
measurement of plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, cortisol, , catecholamine concentrations and [3-3H]-
glucose specific activity. Urine will be collected from 6 to 9 AM and from 9 AM to 2 PM. Urinary volume and glucose 
conc will be measured and the rate of urinary glucose excretion quantitated. The study will end at 2 PM and subjects 
will be allowed to return home. Basic metabolic panel will be performed during the study to monitor renal function.  
Study 2: Effect of Dapagliflozin on EGP With Glucose Clamp: EGP will be measured with 3-3H-glucose infusion as 
described in Study 1 above.  The 3-3H-glucose infusion will be started at 6 AM to measure the basal rate of EGP. After a 
3 hour tracer equilibration period (at 9 AM) subjects will receive dapagliflozin (10 mg) or placebo, and the plasma 
glucose conc will be measured every 5 minutes for 5 hours (from 9AM to 2 PM). A variable infusion of 20% dextrose will 
be adjusted to clamp the plasma glucose conc at the fasting level (+5%) until the end of the study (2 PM). Blood 
samples will be drawn every 10-20 minutes for 5 hours (2 PM) for the measurement of plasma glucose, insulin, C-
peptide, glucagon, cortisol, catecholamine concentrations and [3-3H]-glucose specific activity. Urine will be collected 
from 6 to 9 AM and from 9 AM to 2 PM. Urinary volume and glucose concentration will be measured and the rate of 
urinary glucose excretion quantitated. The study will end at 2 PM and subjects will be allowed to return home. Basic 
metabolic panel will be performed during the study to monitor renal function. 
Study 3: Effect of Dapagliflozin on EGP with Pancreatic Clamp: In this study, EGP will be measured as described in Study 
1 above and plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations will be clamped at the basal level using the pancreatic clamp 
technique, while the plasma glucose concentration will be allowed to decrease spontaneously after dapagliflozin and 
placebo administration. Somatostatin (750 µg/h) infusion will be started at 5:45 AM (15 minutes before the start of [3-
3H]-glucose infusion [6 AM]) along with basal infusions of glucagon (0.3 ng/kg.min) and insulin (0.1 mU/kg.min) to 
replace basal plasma glucagon and insulin concentrations. The somatostatin, glucagon and insulin infusions will be 
continued for the entire duration of the study (until 2 PM). At 6 AM a prime (0.4 uCi x FPG) – continuous (0.4 uCi/min) 
infusion of [3-3H]-glucose will be started and continued to 2 PM. At 9AM, subjects will ingest dapagliflozin (10 mg) or 
placebo (2:1 randomization ratio) and blood samples will be drawn at -30, -20, -10, 5 and 0 minutes before and every 
10-20 minutes after drug administration (until 2 PM) for the measurement of plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, 
glucagon, cortisol,  catecholamine concentrations, and plasma [3-3H]-glucose specific activity. Urine will be collected 
from 6 to 9 AM and from 9 AM to 2 PM. Urinary volume and glucose concentration will be measured and the rate of 
urinary glucose excretion will be calculated. The study will end at 2 PM.  Basic metabolic panel will be performed during 
the study to monitor renal function. 
 
Data Analysis Plan: Data Analysis and Statistical Methods:  Under steady-state postabsorptive conditions, the 
basal rate of endogenous glucose appearance (Ra = bEGP) equals the 3-3H-glucose infusion rate divided by 
steady state plasma tritiated glucose specific activity. After drug administration, non-steady conditions for 3-
3H-glucose specific activity prevail and the rate of whole body glucose appearance (Ra) is calculated from 
Steele’s equation. During the glucose clamp study, the rate of EGP after drug administration equals Ra minus 
glucose infusion rate, while, during the pancreatic clamp, Ra = EGP since no cold glucose is infused. The 
difference in EGP during the last hour of the study (240-300 minute) between subjects receiving dapagliflzin 
and subjects receiving placebo represents the increase in EGP caused by dapagliflozin (glucosuria-stimulated 
increase in EGP). The glucosuria-stimulated increase in EGP will be compared among the three studies with 
ANOVA. Post hoc testing will be performed with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The 
difference in glucosuria-stimulated increase in EGP between study 2 and study 1 represents the contribution 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
5 
of the decrease in plasma glucose conc to the increase in EGP, while the difference between study 3 and 
study 1 represents the contribution of change in islet hormones (insulin/glucagon) to the increase in EGP. 
 
 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
6 
Item 7 Risks Section: 
Complete the following table to describe the risks of all research procedures listed in Step 2, Institutional Form (items 28-34).  Do not list risks of Routine care 
procedures here.  
 ☒ N/A, Risks are described in the informed consent document – do not complete this table. 
Research procedures 
 
example: 
• 
History and physical 
• 
Questionnaire 
• 
Laboratory tests 
 
Add or delete rows as needed 
Risks 
 
List the reasonably expected risks 
under the following categories as appropriate: 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
7 
EGP measurement with 3-
3H-glucose 
o Blood draws and cath placement:  
o 
fainting, pain, bruising, swelling, bleeding, anemia or rarely infection where the needle is inserted. 
o 
In rare cases the area where the needle is inserted can also become infected or nerves may be 
damaged, inducing long-lasting abnormal sensations (paresthesia), impaired sensation of touch and 
persistent pain 
o 
Some people may experience mild pain from the catheter. On rare occasions, inflammation of the vein 
may occur or bruising or black and blueness may occur over the puncture site. Such complications occur 
in less than 1% of individuals and, if they occur, they usually go away on their own in 2-3 days and are 
helped by using hot packs. 
o Radiation exposure 
There is no known minimum level of radiation exposure that is recognized as being totally free of the risk of 
causing genetic defects (abnormal cells) or cancer. However, the probability of harm from such risk 
associated with the amount of radiation exposure received from this study is considered to be low when 
compared to other everyday risks each member of the general public receives per year, depending on the  
o Heated box: 
During visits 2, 3, and 4 , the hand is placed in a transparent plastic thermo regulated box heated to 70°C 
(158°F). Rarely, the hand may suffer a burn or blister.  Please tell us if your hand is too hot or feels 
uncomfortable while in the heated box, in which case your hand will be removed from the box but the test will 
be continued. 
o Dapagliflozin: 
o 
Likely and not serious: 
o 
These risks are expected to occur in more than 20 out of 100 subjects:  Nausea 
o 
 
o 
Less likely and not serious: 
o 
These risks are expected to occur in 5-20 subjects or less out of 100 subjects: vomiting, diarrhea, 
constipation, GI upset, dizziness, fatigue, headache, runny nose, and in less than 4 out of 100 
individuals low blood sugar (also called Hypoglycemia), urinary tract (about 1%) and genital infections 
(about 4%) 
o 
 
o 
Rare and serious: loss of consciousness (or syncopy), decrease in blood pressure (less than 1%), and 
bladder cancer (less than 0.2%). 
o 
 
o 
Safety considerations for dapagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors: 
o 
Dapagliflozin – is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and 
exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a member of a class of 
antidiabetic medications that work by increasing the glucose excretion in the urine. Dapagliflozin 
(FARXIGA) has been approved by the U.S. FDA. Side effects reported with dapagliflozin will be 
summarized below based upon http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/pi_farxiga.pdf 
o 
 
o 
Hypotension 
o 
Dapagliflozin may cause intravascular volume contraction. Symptomatic hypotension can occur after 
initiating dapagliflozin particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 ±5 
mL/min/1.73 m2), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics. Subjects with eGFR less than 60 ±5 
ml/min/1.73 m2 will not be allowed in the study. Signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiating 
therapy will be monitored. If a participant experiences any of these, the dapagliflozin will be stopped and 
the participant will be discontinued from the study.  
o 
Renal Function 
o 
A small decrease in kidney function (eGFR) and increase in serum creatinine has been observed when 
dapagliflozin is initially started. The eGFR gradually returns toward normal while the drug is continued 
and returns to normal if drug is stopped. If the eGFR drops below 60 or if the serum creatinine rises by 
≥3.0 mg/dl the dapagliflozin will be stopped and the participant will be discontinued from the study. 
Sudden kidney injury (acute kidney injury) has happened to people taking dapagliflozin. Talk to your 
doctor right away if you: 
o 
o 
reduce the amount of food or liquid you drink for example, if you are sick or cannot eat or 
o 
o 
you start to lose liquids from your body for example, from vomiting, diarrhea or being in the sun too 
long.  Seek medical attention immediately if you experience signs and symptoms while taking these 
medicines such as: 
o 
 
o  
Decreased urine 
o 
 
o  
Swelling in your legs or feet 
o 
Hypoglycemia  
o 
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) – can occur with any antidiabetic medication. In studies of dapagliflozin, 
the frequency of hypoglycemia was less than 5% and similar to that in the placebo group. Subjects will 
be told to call the investigator if symptoms (sweating, rapid thumping heartbeat, mental confusion) of 
hypoglycemia occur and to drink a glass of orange juice with a packet of sugar. Any subjects with 
hypoglycemia will be evaluated for potential causes. If the hypoglycemia recurs, the subject will be 
discontinued from the study.  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
8 
o 
Serious urinary tract infections 
o 
Serious urinary tract infections that may lead to hospitalization have happened in people who are taking 
dapagliflozin. Tell your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of a urinary tract infection such as a 
burning feeling when passing urine, a need to urinate often, the need to urinate right away, pain in the 
lower part of your stomach (pelvis), or blood in the urine. Sometimes people also may have a fever, back 
pain, nausea or vomiting. You should seek medical attention and contact your study doctor immediately 
if you experience any of these symptoms.   
o 
Genital Mycotic Infections 
o 
Vulvovaginitis, balanitis and related genital infections were reported in 4.8% and 0.9% of subjects who 
received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. Most infections were mild to moderate, and 
subjects responded to an initial course of standard treatment and rarely resulted in discontinuation from 
dapagliflozin treatment. These infections were more frequent in females (6.9% and 1.5% for 
dapagliflozin and placebo, respectively), and subjects with a prior history were more likely to have a 
recurrent infection.  
o 
If you experience an genital infection call the study doctor. You will be treated with a local antifungal 
cream or oral antibiotic therapy. .   
o 
Volume depletion 
o 
Dapagliflozin increases the amount of salt and water that is excreted in the urine.  Reactions related to 
volume depletion (including dehydration, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension, or hypotension) were 
reported in 0.8% and 0.4% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively; 
serious reactions occurred in < 0.2% of subjects balanced between dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo. 
o 
Call the investigator if you experience symptoms of volume depletion. 
o 
Malignancies 
o 
During clinical trials, the overall proportion of subjects with malignant or unspecified tumors was similar 
between those treated with dapagliflozin (1.47%) and placebo/comparator (1.35%), and there was no 
carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal data. When considering the cases of tumors occurring in 
the different organ systems, the relative risk associated with dapagliflozin was above 1 for some tumors 
(bladder, prostate, breast) and below 1 for others (e.g. blood and lymphatic, ovary, renal tract), not 
resulting in an overall increased tumor risk associated with dapagliflozin. The increased/decreased risk 
was not statistically significant in any of the organ systems. If you have a prior history of bladder, 
prostate, or breast cancer please tell us.  
o 
Bladder Cancer 
o 
Of 22 clinical studies, newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were reported in 0.17% of patients 
treated with dapagliflozin and 0.03% treated with placebo/comparator.  After excluding patients in whom 
exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 4 
cases with dapagliflozin and no cases with placebo/comparator. Bladder cancer risk factors and 
hematuria (a potential indicator of pre-existing tumors) were balanced between treatment arms at 
baseline. There were too few cases to determine whether the emergence of these events is related to 
dapagliflozin. . Any subject with a prior history of bladder, prostate, or breast cancer will be excluded 
from the study. Any subject with hematuria will be excluded from the study. Hematuria will be examined 
yearly and worked up for etiology. 
o 
Bone Health  
o 
Bone mineral density measurements in patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function did not 
indicate bone loss over a treatment period of one year, and there was no increase in fracture risk in 
these individuals with normal or mildly impaired renal function. However, it cannot be excluded that with 
longer periods of treatment there will be a decrease in bone mineral density or increase in bone fracture 
risk.  
o 
If you experience a bone fracture contact the study doctor.  
o 
LDL Cholesterol  
o 
A small increase in LDL cholesterol of about 4% has been observed in diabetic patients treated with 
dapagliflozin.  
o 
Cardiovascular Events  
o 
No increased risk of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death) has 
been observed with dapagliflozin. Any participant who experiences a stroke or myocardial infraction will 
be discontinued from the study and the IRB and sponsor will be notified. If these individuals should 
experience a cardiovascular event while taking dapagliflozin, we discontinue them from the study.  
o 
  
o 
Hypersensitivity Reactions  
o 
Severe hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema and urtricaria have been reported in patient 
taking dapagliflozin, although a causal association has not been established. Serious anaphylactic 
reactions and severe cutaneous adverse reactions and angioedema were reported in 0.2% of 
comparator-treated patients and 0.3% of dapagliflozin-treated patients. If such a reaction occurs in any 
participants, the dapagliflozin will be stopped and the subject will be discontinued from the study.   
o 
Pre-clinical Concerns  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
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9 
o 
Dapagliflozin did not induce tumors in either mice or rats at any of the doses evaluated in 2-year 
carcinogenicity studies. There was no carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal studies, 
suggesting that dapagliflozin does not represent a genotoxic risk to humans.  
o 
 
o 
The U.S Food and Drug Administration has warned that the use of dapagliflozin (a class of drugs, called 
sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors) may lead to ketoacidosis, a serious condition where 
the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones that may require hospitalization. You should 
pay close attention for any signs of ketoacidosis and seek medical attention immediately if you 
experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, and 
unusual fatigue or sleepiness. Do not stop or change your diabetes medicines without first talking to your 
prescriber. Your doctor will evaluate for the presence of acidosis, including ketoacidosis, if you are 
experiencing these signs or symptoms; discontinue SGLT2 inhibitors if acidosis is confirmed; and take 
appropriate measures to correct the acidosis and monitor sugar levels. 
o 
If any participant develops any sort of tumors, the dapagliflozin will be discontinued and the IRB and 
sponsor will be notified.  
o 
 
o 
If the study doctor is not available and your symptoms do not improve seek immediate emergency 
medical care if necessary. 
o 
amount of radiation exposed to in the past, particularly in the previous year. 
o  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
10 
EGP measurement with 3-3H-
glucose with Glucose Clamp 
o Blood draws and cath placement:  
o 
fainting, pain, bruising, swelling, bleeding, anemia or rarely infection where the needle is inserted. 
o 
In rare cases the area where the needle is inserted can also become infected or nerves may be 
damaged, inducing long-lasting abnormal sensations (paresthesia), impaired sensation of touch and 
persistent pain 
o 
Some people may experience mild pain from the catheter. On rare occasions, inflammation of the vein 
may occur or bruising or black and blueness may occur over the puncture site. Such complications occur 
in less than 1% of individuals and, if they occur, they usually go away on their own in 2-3 days and are 
helped by using hot packs. 
o Radiation exposure 
There is no known minimum level of radiation exposure that is recognized as being totally free of the risk of 
causing genetic defects (abnormal cells) or cancer. However, the probability of harm from such risk 
associated with the amount of radiation exposure received from this study is considered to be low when 
compared to other everyday risks each member of the general public receives per year, depending on the  
o Heated box: 
During visits 2, 3, and 4 , the hand is placed in a transparent plastic thermo regulated box heated to 70°C 
(158°F). Rarely, the hand may suffer a burn or blister.  Please tell us if your hand is too hot or feels 
uncomfortable while in the heated box, in which case your hand will be removed from the box but the test will 
be continued. 
o Dapagliflozin: 
o 
Likely and not serious: 
o 
These risks are expected to occur in more than 20 out of 100 subjects:  Nausea 
o 
 
o 
Less likely and not serious: 
o 
These risks are expected to occur in 5-20 subjects or less out of 100 subjects: vomiting, diarrhea, 
constipation, GI upset, dizziness, fatigue, headache, runny nose, and in less than 4 out of 100 
individuals low blood sugar (also called Hypoglycemia), urinary tract (about 1%) and genital infections 
(about 4%) 
o 
 
o 
Rare and serious: loss of consciousness (or syncopy), decrease in blood pressure (less than 1%), and 
bladder cancer (less than 0.2%). 
o 
 
o 
Safety considerations for dapagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors: 
o 
Dapagliflozin – is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and 
exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a member of a class of 
antidiabetic medications that work by increasing the glucose excretion in the urine. Dapagliflozin 
(FARXIGA) has been approved by the U.S. FDA. Side effects reported with dapagliflozin will be 
summarized below based upon http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/pi_farxiga.pdf 
o 
 
o 
Hypotension 
o 
Dapagliflozin may cause intravascular volume contraction. Symptomatic hypotension can occur after 
initiating dapagliflozin particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 ±5 
mL/min/1.73 m2), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics. Subjects with eGFR less than 60 ±5 
ml/min/1.73 m2 will not be allowed in the study. Signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiating 
therapy will be monitored. If a participant experiences any of these, the dapagliflozin will be stopped and 
the participant will be discontinued from the study.  
o 
Renal Function 
o 
A small decrease in kidney function (eGFR) and increase in serum creatinine has been observed when 
dapagliflozin is initially started. The eGFR gradually returns toward normal while the drug is continued 
and returns to normal if drug is stopped. If the eGFR drops below 60 or if the serum creatinine rises by 
≥3.0 mg/dl the dapagliflozin will be stopped and the participant will be discontinued from the study. 
Sudden kidney injury (acute kidney injury) has happened to people taking dapagliflozin. Talk to your 
doctor right away if you: 
o 
o 
reduce the amount of food or liquid you drink for example, if you are sick or cannot eat or 
o 
o 
you start to lose liquids from your body for example, from vomiting, diarrhea or being in the sun too 
long.  Seek medical attention immediately if you experience signs and symptoms while taking these 
medicines such as: 
o 
 
o  
Decreased urine 
o 
 
o  
Swelling in your legs or feet 
o 
Hypoglycemia  
o 
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) – can occur with any antidiabetic medication. In studies of dapagliflozin, 
the frequency of hypoglycemia was less than 5% and similar to that in the placebo group. Subjects will 
be told to call the investigator if symptoms (sweating, rapid thumping heartbeat, mental confusion) of 
hypoglycemia occur and to drink a glass of orange juice with a packet of sugar. Any subjects with 
hypoglycemia will be evaluated for potential causes. If the hypoglycemia recurs, the subject will be 
discontinued from the study.  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
11 
o 
Serious urinary tract infections 
o 
Serious urinary tract infections that may lead to hospitalization have happened in people who are taking 
dapagliflozin. Tell your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of a urinary tract infection such as a 
burning feeling when passing urine, a need to urinate often, the need to urinate right away, pain in the 
lower part of your stomach (pelvis), or blood in the urine. Sometimes people also may have a fever, back 
pain, nausea or vomiting. You should seek medical attention and contact your study doctor immediately 
if you experience any of these symptoms.   
o 
Genital Mycotic Infections 
o 
Vulvovaginitis, balanitis and related genital infections were reported in 4.8% and 0.9% of subjects who 
received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. Most infections were mild to moderate, and 
subjects responded to an initial course of standard treatment and rarely resulted in discontinuation from 
dapagliflozin treatment. These infections were more frequent in females (6.9% and 1.5% for 
dapagliflozin and placebo, respectively), and subjects with a prior history were more likely to have a 
recurrent infection.  
o 
If you experience an genital infection call the study doctor. You will be treated with a local antifungal 
cream or oral antibiotic therapy. .   
o 
Volume depletion 
o 
Dapagliflozin increases the amount of salt and water that is excreted in the urine.  Reactions related to 
volume depletion (including dehydration, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension, or hypotension) were 
reported in 0.8% and 0.4% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively; 
serious reactions occurred in < 0.2% of subjects balanced between dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo. 
o 
Call the investigator if you experience symptoms of volume depletion. 
o 
Malignancies 
o 
During clinical trials, the overall proportion of subjects with malignant or unspecified tumors was similar 
between those treated with dapagliflozin (1.47%) and placebo/comparator (1.35%), and there was no 
carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal data. When considering the cases of tumors occurring in 
the different organ systems, the relative risk associated with dapagliflozin was above 1 for some tumors 
(bladder, prostate, breast) and below 1 for others (e.g. blood and lymphatic, ovary, renal tract), not 
resulting in an overall increased tumor risk associated with dapagliflozin. The increased/decreased risk 
was not statistically significant in any of the organ systems. If you have a prior history of bladder, 
prostate, or breast cancer please tell us.  
o 
Bladder Cancer 
o 
Of 22 clinical studies, newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were reported in 0.17% of patients 
treated with dapagliflozin and 0.03% treated with placebo/comparator.  After excluding patients in whom 
exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 4 
cases with dapagliflozin and no cases with placebo/comparator. Bladder cancer risk factors and 
hematuria (a potential indicator of pre-existing tumors) were balanced between treatment arms at 
baseline. There were too few cases to determine whether the emergence of these events is related to 
dapagliflozin. . Any subject with a prior history of bladder, prostate, or breast cancer will be excluded 
from the study. Any subject with hematuria will be excluded from the study. Hematuria will be examined 
yearly and worked up for etiology. 
o 
Bone Health  
o 
Bone mineral density measurements in patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function did not 
indicate bone loss over a treatment period of one year, and there was no increase in fracture risk in 
these individuals with normal or mildly impaired renal function. However, it cannot be excluded that with 
longer periods of treatment there will be a decrease in bone mineral density or increase in bone fracture 
risk.  
o 
If you experience a bone fracture contact the study doctor.  
o 
LDL Cholesterol  
o 
A small increase in LDL cholesterol of about 4% has been observed in diabetic patients treated with 
dapagliflozin.  
o 
Cardiovascular Events  
o 
No increased risk of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death) has 
been observed with dapagliflozin. Any participant who experiences a stroke or myocardial infraction will 
be discontinued from the study and the IRB and sponsor will be notified. If these individuals should 
experience a cardiovascular event while taking dapagliflozin, we discontinue them from the study.  
o 
  
o 
Hypersensitivity Reactions  
o 
Severe hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema and urtricaria have been reported in patient 
taking dapagliflozin, although a causal association has not been established. Serious anaphylactic 
reactions and severe cutaneous adverse reactions and angioedema were reported in 0.2% of 
comparator-treated patients and 0.3% of dapagliflozin-treated patients. If such a reaction occurs in any 
participants, the dapagliflozin will be stopped and the subject will be discontinued from the study.   
o 
Pre-clinical Concerns  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
12 
o 
Dapagliflozin did not induce tumors in either mice or rats at any of the doses evaluated in 2-year 
carcinogenicity studies. There was no carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal studies, 
suggesting that dapagliflozin does not represent a genotoxic risk to humans.  
o 
 
o 
The U.S Food and Drug Administration has warned that the use of dapagliflozin (a class of drugs, called 
sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors) may lead to ketoacidosis, a serious condition where 
the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones that may require hospitalization. You should 
pay close attention for any signs of ketoacidosis and seek medical attention immediately if you 
experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, and 
unusual fatigue or sleepiness. Do not stop or change your diabetes medicines without first talking to your 
prescriber. Your doctor will evaluate for the presence of acidosis, including ketoacidosis, if you are 
experiencing these signs or symptoms; discontinue SGLT2 inhibitors if acidosis is confirmed; and take 
appropriate measures to correct the acidosis and monitor sugar levels. 
o 
 
o 
If any participant develops any sort of tumors, the dapagliflozin will be discontinued and the IRB and 
sponsor will be notified.  
o 
 
o 
If the study doctor is not available and your symptoms do not improve seek immediate emergency 
medical care if necessary. 
o 
amount of radiation exposed to in the past, particularly in the previous year. 
o  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
13 
EGP measurement with 3-3H-
glucose with Pancreatic Clamp 
o Blood draws and cath placement:  
o 
fainting, pain, bruising, swelling, bleeding, anemia or rarely infection where the needle is inserted. 
o 
In rare cases the area where the needle is inserted can also become infected or nerves may be 
damaged, inducing long-lasting abnormal sensations (paresthesia), impaired sensation of touch and 
persistent pain 
o 
Some people may experience mild pain from the catheter. On rare occasions, inflammation of the vein 
may occur or bruising or black and blueness may occur over the puncture site. Such complications occur 
in less than 1% of individuals and, if they occur, they usually go away on their own in 2-3 days and are 
helped by using hot packs. 
o Radiation exposure 
There is no known minimum level of radiation exposure that is recognized as being totally free of the risk of 
causing genetic defects (abnormal cells) or cancer. However, the probability of harm from such risk 
associated with the amount of radiation exposure received from this study is considered to be low when 
compared to other everyday risks each member of the general public receives per year, depending on the  
o Substances Infusion: 
Insulin: Insulin is a hormone that naturally is abundant in your body. The only potential side effect known for 
insulin is hypoglycemia. We will measure your blood sugar every half to 2 hours during the insulin infusion to 
prevent hypoglycemia from happening. From our previous experience this side effect never happened during 
our past studies. If you do develop low blood sugar, we can easily make your blood sugar return to normal by 
giving you glucose. 
  
Glucose, glucagon and somatostatin hormones: these substances are abundant in the body and there is no 
known side effect for their infusion in the amounts we will be giving you. 
o 
Heated box: 
During visits 2, 3, and 4 , the hand is placed in a transparent plastic thermo regulated box heated to 70°C 
(158°F). Rarely, the hand may suffer a burn or blister.  Please tell us if your hand is too hot or feels 
uncomfortable while in the heated box, in which case your hand will be removed from the box but the test will 
be continued. 
o Dapagliflozin: 
o 
Likely and not serious: 
o 
These risks are expected to occur in more than 20 out of 100 subjects:  Nausea 
o 
 
o 
Less likely and not serious: 
o 
These risks are expected to occur in 5-20 subjects or less out of 100 subjects: vomiting, diarrhea, 
constipation, GI upset, dizziness, fatigue, headache, runny nose, and in less than 4 out of 100 
individuals low blood sugar (also called Hypoglycemia), urinary tract (about 1%) and genital infections 
(about 4%) 
o 
 
o 
Rare and serious: loss of consciousness (or syncopy), decrease in blood pressure (less than 1%), and 
bladder cancer (less than 0.2%). 
o 
 
o 
Safety considerations for dapagliflozin and other SGLT2 inhibitors: 
o 
Dapagliflozin – is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and 
exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a member of a class of 
antidiabetic medications that work by increasing the glucose excretion in the urine. Dapagliflozin 
(FARXIGA) has been approved by the U.S. FDA. Side effects reported with dapagliflozin will be 
summarized below based upon http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/pi_farxiga.pdf 
o 
 
o 
Hypotension 
o 
Dapagliflozin may cause intravascular volume contraction. Symptomatic hypotension can occur after 
initiating dapagliflozin particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 ±5 
mL/min/1.73 m2), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics. Subjects with eGFR less than 60 ±5 
ml/min/1.73 m2 will not be allowed in the study. Signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiating 
therapy will be monitored. If a participant experiences any of these, the dapagliflozin will be stopped and 
the participant will be discontinued from the study.  
o 
Renal Function 
o 
A small decrease in kidney function (eGFR) and increase in serum creatinine has been observed when 
dapagliflozin is initially started. The eGFR gradually returns toward normal while the drug is continued 
and returns to normal if drug is stopped. If the eGFR drops below 60 or if the serum creatinine rises by 
≥3.0 mg/dl the dapagliflozin will be stopped and the participant will be discontinued from the study. 
Sudden kidney injury (acute kidney injury) has happened to people taking dapagliflozin. Talk to your 
doctor right away if you: 
o 
o 
reduce the amount of food or liquid you drink for example, if you are sick or cannot eat or 
o 
o 
you start to lose liquids from your body for example, from vomiting, diarrhea or being in the sun too 
long.  Seek medical attention immediately if you experience signs and symptoms while taking these 
medicines such as: 


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
14 
o 
 
o  
Decreased urine 
o 
 
o  
Swelling in your legs or feet 
o 
Hypoglycemia  
o 
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) – can occur with any antidiabetic medication. In studies of dapagliflozin, 
the frequency of hypoglycemia was less than 5% and similar to that in the placebo group. Subjects will 
be told to call the investigator if symptoms (sweating, rapid thumping heartbeat, mental confusion) of 
hypoglycemia occur and to drink a glass of orange juice with a packet of sugar. Any subjects with 
hypoglycemia will be evaluated for potential causes. If the hypoglycemia recurs, the subject will be 
discontinued from the study.  
o 
Serious urinary tract infections 
o 
Serious urinary tract infections that may lead to hospitalization have happened in people who are taking 
dapagliflozin. Tell your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of a urinary tract infection such as a 
burning feeling when passing urine, a need to urinate often, the need to urinate right away, pain in the 
lower part of your stomach (pelvis), or blood in the urine. Sometimes people also may have a fever, back 
pain, nausea or vomiting. You should seek medical attention and contact your study doctor immediately 
if you experience any of these symptoms.   
o 
Genital Mycotic Infections 
o 
Vulvovaginitis, balanitis and related genital infections were reported in 4.8% and 0.9% of subjects who 
received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. Most infections were mild to moderate, and 
subjects responded to an initial course of standard treatment and rarely resulted in discontinuation from 
dapagliflozin treatment. These infections were more frequent in females (6.9% and 1.5% for 
dapagliflozin and placebo, respectively), and subjects with a prior history were more likely to have a 
recurrent infection.  
o 
If you experience an genital infection call the study doctor. You will be treated with a local antifungal 
cream or oral antibiotic therapy. .   
o 
Volume depletion 
o 
Dapagliflozin increases the amount of salt and water that is excreted in the urine.  Reactions related to 
volume depletion (including dehydration, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension, or hypotension) were 
reported in 0.8% and 0.4% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively; 
serious reactions occurred in < 0.2% of subjects balanced between dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo. 
o 
Call the investigator if you experience symptoms of volume depletion. 
o 
Malignancies 
o 
During clinical trials, the overall proportion of subjects with malignant or unspecified tumors was similar 
between those treated with dapagliflozin (1.47%) and placebo/comparator (1.35%), and there was no 
carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal data. When considering the cases of tumors occurring in 
the different organ systems, the relative risk associated with dapagliflozin was above 1 for some tumors 
(bladder, prostate, breast) and below 1 for others (e.g. blood and lymphatic, ovary, renal tract), not 
resulting in an overall increased tumor risk associated with dapagliflozin. The increased/decreased risk 
was not statistically significant in any of the organ systems. If you have a prior history of bladder, 
prostate, or breast cancer please tell us.  
o 
Bladder Cancer 
o 
Of 22 clinical studies, newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were reported in 0.17% of patients 
treated with dapagliflozin and 0.03% treated with placebo/comparator.  After excluding patients in whom 
exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 4 
cases with dapagliflozin and no cases with placebo/comparator. Bladder cancer risk factors and 
hematuria (a potential indicator of pre-existing tumors) were balanced between treatment arms at 
baseline. There were too few cases to determine whether the emergence of these events is related to 
dapagliflozin. . Any subject with a prior history of bladder, prostate, or breast cancer will be excluded 
from the study. Any subject with hematuria will be excluded from the study. Hematuria will be examined 
yearly and worked up for etiology. 
o 
Bone Health  
o 
Bone mineral density measurements in patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function did not 
indicate bone loss over a treatment period of one year, and there was no increase in fracture risk in 
these individuals with normal or mildly impaired renal function. However, it cannot be excluded that with 
longer periods of treatment there will be a decrease in bone mineral density or increase in bone fracture 
risk.  
o 
If you experience a bone fracture contact the study doctor.  
o 
LDL Cholesterol  
o 
A small increase in LDL cholesterol of about 4% has been observed in diabetic patients treated with 
dapagliflozin.  
o 
Cardiovascular Events  
o 
No increased risk of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death) has 
been observed with dapagliflozin. Any participant who experiences a stroke or myocardial infraction will 
be discontinued from the study and the IRB and sponsor will be notified. If these individuals should 
experience a cardiovascular event while taking dapagliflozin, we discontinue them from the study.  
o 
  


 
15-668H, DeFronzo, Form BC, 09-06-17, AMD 
vSept3-2014 
15 
o 
Hypersensitivity Reactions  
o 
Severe hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema and urtricaria have been reported in patient 
taking dapagliflozin, although a causal association has not been established. Serious anaphylactic 
reactions and severe cutaneous adverse reactions and angioedema were reported in 0.2% of 
comparator-treated patients and 0.3% of dapagliflozin-treated patients. If such a reaction occurs in any 
participants, the dapagliflozin will be stopped and the subject will be discontinued from the study.   
o 
Pre-clinical Concerns  
o 
Dapagliflozin did not induce tumors in either mice or rats at any of the doses evaluated in 2-year 
carcinogenicity studies. There was no carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal studies, 
suggesting that dapagliflozin does not represent a genotoxic risk to humans.  
o 
 
o 
The U.S Food and Drug Administration has warned that the use of dapagliflozin (a class of drugs, called 
sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors) may lead to ketoacidosis, a serious condition where 
the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones that may require hospitalization. You should 
pay close attention for any signs of ketoacidosis and seek medical attention immediately if you 
experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, and 
unusual fatigue or sleepiness. Do not stop or change your diabetes medicines without first talking to your 
prescriber. Your doctor will evaluate for the presence of acidosis, including ketoacidosis, if you are 
experiencing these signs or symptoms; discontinue SGLT2 inhibitors if acidosis is confirmed; and take 
appropriate measures to correct the acidosis and monitor sugar levels. 
o 
 
o 
If any participant develops any sort of tumors, the dapagliflozin will be discontinued and the IRB and 
sponsor will be notified.  
o 
 
o 
If the study doctor is not available and your symptoms do not improve seek immediate emergency 
medical care if necessary. 
o 
amount of radiation exposed to in the past, particularly in the previous year. 
o