Clinical trial NCT03076359
Conditions: HIV/AIDS
Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Start date: 2015-06-10; Completion date: 2019-06-30
Enrollment: 320 participants; Allocation: NON_RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
The overall goal of this project is to adapt and assess the impact of a traditional healer training program/intervention on the adherence, retention, and viral load of HIV infected patients newly initiated on anti-retroviral therapy in rural Mozambique.

Detailed description:
Incorporating healers as anti-retroviral therapy adherence counselors can help reduce the crisis of HIV treatment abandonment. Healers are often accused of encouraging patients to abandon HIV care, but they can also serve as strong advocates for patient health. When healers were engaged as tuberculosis adherence counselors in South Africa, their patients were as successful as those supported by non-healer counselors. An innovative solution would be to engage trained healers as treatment partners to support medication and appointment adherence for people living with HIV.

Healers are well positioned to address reported patient concerns, including: (1) keeping a patients HIV status a secret while providing support; (2) assisting with partner disclosure and initiating community/clinical systems of assistance if gender base violence is threatened/occurs; and (3) advocating for patients during clinical visits to ensure quality care is provided. Other programs in sub-Saharan Africa have shown that incorporating healers into an allopathic health system as adherence supporters for TB treatment is feasible, but healer use in HIV treatment is not well-documented. This novel intervention would provide patients newly initiated on ART a choice to nominate a specially trained healer as a treatment partner, and assess acceptability, feasibility, and patient outcomes using an interrupted time series quasi-experimental design. Community-based treatment partners can improve pharmacy adherence and loss to follow up , while decreasing stigma and isolation.

Engaging healers to conduct counseling sessions in a community setting to improve ART adherence necessitates technical clinical and psycho-social training. The ART Adherence Support Worker Training program will be adapted and used to train healers to be quality treatment partners and advocates. The training will ensure healers have the knowledge and skills to effectively: (1) Educate people living with HIV about treatment and HIV care; (2) Assess serious medication side effects or HIV co-infections; (3) Counsel patients about safer strategies for partner disclosure (with assistance if needed); (4) Accompany the patient for each clinical appointment; and (5) Advocate for quality health care delivery when assisting each patient. The training team will conduct training of the healers. All patients initiating treatment will be screened for interest in having a healer treatment partner. Control and intervention patients will be followed for one year, allowing the investigators to compare outcomes at 12-months to study the effectiveness of healers as adherence partners.

Arms: arm 1: Intervention: This group will receive only standard of care HIV treatment, including ART medications (First-line ART will consist of two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus a non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)- TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV as a fixed-dose combination to be taken twice a day for the rest of the patient's life), clinic-based counseling, and community searches if lost to follow up. arm 2: This group will receive standard of care as described above. In addition, the investigators will assess an intervention partnership with traditional healer including: community and clinic based support from a trained traditional healer.

The intervention includes: (1) healer visits to the patient at home, healer support for couples counseling, healer provision of nutritional advice, and healer counsel about the importance of adherence. If anything is amiss, the healer will accompany the patient to the health facility for additional clinical services. In addition, the healer will accompany the patient on all regularly scheduled clinical visits.
Interventions: intervention 1: Traditional Healer Support Program intervention 2: Standard of Care
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Traditional Healers will provide the "traditional healer support program" assistance, as previously described, to all newly diagnosed patients. intervention 2: First-line ART will consist of two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus a non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)- TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV as a fixed-dose combination to be taken twice a day for the rest of the patient's life), clinic-based counseling, and community searches if lost to follow up.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf: 
 
 
STUDY PROTOCOL 
 
PROJECT TITLE: Traditional healers as a treatment partners for PLHIV in Rural Mozambique.  
 
Updated Date 
August 10, 2017 
Principal Investigators 
Dr. Carolyn M. Audet, PhD, Institute for Global Health 
Vanderbilt University, USA 
Funding Agency 
NIMH K01 Award 
(Dr. Carolyn M. Audet, PI) 
Location 
Namacurra District, Zambézia Province - Mozambique 
Expected Start Date 
May 1, 2015 
Expected End Date 
48 months from approval to finish  
Type of Study 
A pre-post pilot evaluation.  
Main objective 
The primary objective of this study is to learn about how 
traditional healers can aid patients in becoming adherent to 
their HIV medications. 
Clinical Trials Registration 
NCT03076359 
Key words 
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) 
HIV care 
Traditional healers  
Adherence 
Psychosocial support 
Community Health Worker 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
2 
  
 
Table of Contents 
 
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 
Introduction and Justification ....................................................................................................................... 4 
1. 
Objectives.............................................................................................................................................. 5 
2. 
Design and Study Questions ................................................................................................................. 6 
3. 
Study Population ................................................................................................................................... 6 
a. 
Population ..................................................................................................................................... 6 
b. 
Inclusion Criteria ........................................................................................................................... 6 
c. 
Exclusion Criteria ........................................................................................................................... 6 
d. 
Calculation of Sample Size ............................................................................................................ 6 
e. 
Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 7 
4. 
Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 7 
a. 
Measurement of Results ............................................................................................................... 7 
b. 
Study procedures .......................................................................................................................... 7 
5. 
Locations of study ................................................................................................................................. 8 
6. 
Data Management and Analysis ........................................................................................................... 8 
7. 
Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................................... 9 
a. 
Recruitment and Consent ............................................................................................................. 9 
8. 
Limitations........................................................................................................................................... 10 
9. 
Dissemination Plan .............................................................................................................................. 10 
10. 
Timeline ....................................................................................................................................... 10 
11. 
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 11 
12.    Consent Document ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 
 


 
3 
Acronyms  
 
AIDS 
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 
ART 
Antiretroviral Therapy 
APSS 
Psychosocial Support (Apoio PsicoSocial para a Saúde) 
CAPS 
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies 
CDC 
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 
DPS 
Provincial Directorate of Health 
EPTS 
Electronic patient tracking system 
FGH 
Friends in Global Health 
GoM 
Government of Mozambique 
HCW 
Health care worker 
HIV 
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus 
MOH 
Ministry of Health 
PLHIV 
People Living with HIV 
PMTCT 
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission 
PP 
Positive Prevention 
PwP 
Prevention with Positives 
STI 
Sexually transmitted Infections 
TA 
Technical Assistance 
TWG 
Technical Working Group 
UCSF 
University of California, San Francisco 
VU 
Vanderbilt University 
WHO 
World Health Organization 
 


 
4 
 Introduction and Justification 
 
HIV in Mozambique  
Zambézia province in north-central Mozambique is among the world’s poorest and most medically 
underserved regions. Its adult HIV prevalence was 12.6% in 2009 (most recent survey).1 Vanderbilt 
University (VU), through its non-governmental organization (NGO), Friends in Global Health (FGH), 
supports 68 rural HIV service sites in 10 Zambézia districts with CDC PEPFAR funding. FGH clinical sites 
are providing ART to ~18,000 persons.  
 
HIV stigma is so severe in rural Mozambique that preliminary research has found that persons living with 
HIV (PLHIV) are trying and failing to manage their care in secret, without disclosure to family members.2-
4 This results in very high levels of patient attrition.5-9 Only 48% of these adults are retained in care one 
year after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).9 Too few health care workers (HCW) practice in rural 
sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).10-12 In Zambézia, only 2000 nurses, medical technicians, and physicians care for 
a population of 4.6 million. In lieu of crowded and substandard allopathic treatment, many PLHIV seek 
traditional medicine.5,13-25 Over 25,000 healers are currently registered with the Mozambican Ministry of 
Health (MISAU) in the province. While once viewed as the enemy to encouraging health service 
uptake,17 recent clinic-healer engagement in Zambézia (including training, increased dialogue, and 
healer referral systems to identify severely ill patients) has yielded increased referrals to HIV, 
tuberculosis (TB), and malaria testing services.26 Patients report concerns with disclosure/stigma,17 
gender based violence,27 lack of food and or transportation,17 perceptions of poor health care,5 and a 
preference for use of traditional medicine13,27 in their decision to abandon care. In effort to stem high 
levels of loss to follow up, MISAU policy mandates the use of “treatment partners” to support 
adherence for PLHIV on ART. Many patients are hesitant to recruit someone in their “circle of trust” 
(e.g., family or friend) for fear of disclosure. Hence, they forego care.  
 
Traditional Healers and the HIV Epidemic 
It has been demonstrated that healer consultations can delay or interrupt HIV treatment engagement28 
which can lead to poorer health outcomes and potentially higher rates of transmission.29 For persons 
living with HIV (PLHIV), the long-term effects of delayed, interrupted or discontinued ART are severe, 
both due to rapid disease progression and the risk of transmission to sexual partners.30-34 People with a 
CD4+ cell count <200/μL are especially infectious, and are themselves at enormous risk of opportunistic 
infections and malignancies, most preventable with earlier ART.35,36 Median CD4+ cell counts in the 
PEPFAR-supported program in Mozambique are only 140 cells/μL for persons at the time of initiating 
cART, reflecting late arrival, treatment refusal, and the historical use of clinical services only for acute 
needs.37-39 With 2009 adult HIV prevalence of 12.6% in Zambézia (20-28% in our ANC centers)40 
successful engagement in ART-based care is vital to reducing morbidity, mortality, and transmission 
rates in this high-prevalence region. 
 
Medical Pluralism in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)  
Medical pluralism (the use of multiple health systems) is common among PLHIV in SSA.21,28,41-43 
Throughout SSA, healers act as a patient’s first (and often preferred) line of treatment.14,18,44-58 This 
preference and behavior has been demonstrated in Mozambique.13,28 Healers can specialize in different 
forms of treatment, e.g., herbal, spiritual, religious13,14,38,51,53,59,60 and address ailments from spiritual 
sources, e.g., spirits, sorcery, and social transgressions. Healers themselves do not necessary believe 
themselves to be competing with allopathic clinics: they believe they treat the spiritual component of 
the disease while the clinician treats the biological agent.26 Healers live locally, spend on average two 
hours with each patient, and are perceived as an alternative to allopathic services.5,26,28,61  


 
5 
Integrating Traditional Healers in ART Adherence 
Incorporating healers as ART adherence counselors can help reduce the crisis of treatment. Healers are 
often accused of encouraging patients to abandon HIV care,16,20 but they can also serve as strong 
advocates for patient health.62,63 When healers were engaged as TB adherence counselors in South 
Africa, their patients were as successful as those supported by non-healer counselors.62 Although there 
are no Mozambican data on patient willingness to partner with a healer, the South African TB findings 
are promising with 84% of participants having accepted a healer as a treatment partner.62 Given the 
strong association between TB and HIV in SSA,64 similar acceptability is expected among the patients in 
this study. The only published, analogous work in Mozambique is from myself and Felisbela Gaspar of 
MISAU.26 Our implementation of referral forms to track patients from healer to clinician allows patients 
to use referral forms to both “jump the queue” and avoid paying the one meticais fee ($0.03 USD) for a 
walk-in doctor’s visit.26 Patients seek assistance from healers post-diagnosis. In a recent survey of 230 
healers in Namacurra (our proposed study site), 54% reported providing ART adherence support to 
PLHIV and 51% reported treating ART side effects in the past month (C. Audet unpublished data). 
Despite interest in providing support, they lack ART knowledge and counseling training to provide useful 
assistance.47,65-68  
 
An innovative solution would be to engage trained healers as treatment partners to support medication 
and appointment adherence for PLHIV. Healers are well positioned to address reported patient 
concerns, including: (1) keeping a patients HIV status a secret while providing support; (2) assisting with 
partner disclosure and initiating community/clinical systems of assistance if gender base violence is 
threatened/occurs; and (3) advocating for patients during clinical visits to ensure quality care is 
provided. Other programs in SSA have shown that incorporating healers into an allopathic health system 
as adherence supporters for TB treatment is feasible, but healer use in HIV treatment is not well-
documented.62,69-72 This novel intervention would provide patients newly initiated on ART a choice to 
nominate a specially trained healer as a treatment partner, and assess acceptability, feasibility, and 
patient outcomes using an interrupted time series quasi-experimental design. Community-based 
treatment partners can improve pharmacy adherence and LTFU, while decreasing stigma and 
isolation.73-77  
 
Engaging healers to conduct counseling sessions in a community setting to improve ART adherence 
necessitates technical clinical and psychosocial training. The ART Adherence Support Worker Training 
program (from FHI 360)10,78 will be adapted (using ADAPT-ITT)79 and used to train healers to be quality 
treatment partners and advocates. The training will ensure healers have the knowledge and skills to 
effectively: (1) Educate PLHIV about ART and HIV care; (2) Assess serious ART side effects or HIV co-
infections; (3) Counsel patients about safer strategies for partner disclosure (with assistance if needed); 
(4) Accompany the patient for each clinical appointment; and (5) Advocate for quality health care 
delivery when assisting each patient. The FGH training team will conduct training of the healers. All 
patients initiating ART will be screened for interest in having a healer treatment partner. Control and 
intervention patients will be followed for one year, allowing us to compare outcomes at 12-months to 
study the effectiveness of healers as adherence partners. 
 
 
1. Objectives 
 
The overall goal of this project is to adapt and assess the impact of a traditional healer training 
program/intervention on the adherence, retention, and viral load of patients newly initiated on ART.     
 


 
6 
Obj. 1 To implement the training program with traditional healers, and evaluate the 
intervention effect on adherence to treatment. 
 
If proven effective, this intervention can provide built-in sustainability by establishing partnerships and a 
strong local presence, leveraging resources from PEPFAR-funded work in Mozambique to strengthen 
local capacity and improve the sustainability of the program. A greater integration between healers and 
clinicians could be achieved with this novel design.  
 
2. Design and Study Questions 
 
This is a mixed methods study, including qualitative interviews, focus groups, surveys, and the collection 
of clinical data. The pilot intervention at the end of the study will be a pre/post design. Process 
indicators around patient and healer perception of intervention fidelity and strategies for improvement 
will also be measured. This study design was chosen for three reasons: (1) with a few notable exceptions 
(a handful of healers well-known for treating particular ailments) healers tend to treat patients who live 
in the same communities in which they live. Thus randomizing at the level of the individual patient 
would result in patients inadvertently seeking care/support from trained healers (i.e., cross-
contamination); (2) randomizing healers to an intervention or control arm within the same community 
would result in logistic, ethical, and political problems; and (3) a definitive cluster-randomized controlled 
trial is beyond the financial scope of a K award.  
 
3. Study Population 
 
a. Population 
 
Patients: The population of interest is adults, ages 18 and over, who are newly initiating ART.  
 
Traditional Healers: The population of interest will be recruited from the cohort of 140 trained 
traditional healers living in Namacurra. 
 
b. Inclusion Criteria 
 
Patients: Individuals will be eligible to participate in the study if they are 18 years of age or older, are 
known to be HIV-infected, and are newly enrolled in ART and treatment services in Namacurra. 
 
Traditional Healers: Healers will be eligible to participate if they live within 10 km of the health facility, 
received previous training from FGH, are 18 years of age or older, and see at least one patient per 
month. 
 
c. Exclusion Criteria 
 
Patients: Individuals will not be eligible to participate if they are currently pregnant, HIV-uninfected, 
and/or not yet enrolled in HIV care, or if they cannot give consent due to mental limitations or 
intoxication.  
 
d. Calculation of Sample Size 
 
 


 
7 
Objective 3: All power calculations use 5% type I error (2-sided). Prior data indicate 56% of patients 
remain in care at 1 year following ART initiation.9 If the intervention improves retention to 75%, then 97 
patients will need to be enrolled to SOC and 97 to intervention (N=194) to be able to reject the null 
hypothesis that retention is equal with 80% power. Given high rates of patient mortality and low rates of 
completion of viral load measurement, enrollment will continue until 170 patients who agree to work 
with a healer are accrued in each group. 
 
e. Sampling 
 
Participants: HIV infected patients will be enrolled for 3 months during the pre- and post-intervention 
periods (~100 new patients enroll in care and treatment each month, allowing for sufficient time to 
recruit).  
 
Traditional Healers: The recruitment of healers will be on a first-come, first-served basis as identified by 
AMETRAMO and our FGH liaison.   
 
 
4. Methodology 
 
a. Measurement of Results  
 
Improving adherence to ART  
 
Routinely collected demographic, community-based social support, and HIV care and treatment data will 
be used in the analysis. Select demographic, clinic, and laboratory data from these forms are entered 
routinely into OpenMRS (an electronic medical record “EMR” system) at FGH-supported sites. 
 
b. Study procedures 
 
All prospective participants in both the intervention and control group will be asked whether they would 
be willing to work with a healer as an adherence partner. Only those patients in the post-intervention 
phase will be linked with a trained healer. A list of trained healers will be provided to patients and they 
will be asked to choose the healer they prefer. Healers will be expected to partner at least 1 but no 
more than 6 patients to ensure sufficient support time. The study nurse will contact the chosen 
traditional healer, setting up a meeting session for the patient-healer dyad at their next clinical visit. 
During this subsequent visit, the healer and patient will jointly confer with the patients’ provider to 
ensure competency of treatment regimen and timing of subsequent clinical visits. Healers will 
accompany patients to all clinical visits (with the exception of pharmacy refills) for 12 months and will 
visit the patient (at a mutually agreeable location) weekly to provide necessary counseling, assess side 
effects, talk about adherence, assist with partner disclosure (if acceptable) and assess signs of gender 
based violence, particularly as associated with HIV infection. FGH-support staff (physician, psychologist, 
and counselors) is based in Namacurra district and can provide psychosocial or technical support if 
necessary. All healers will accompany patients to regularly scheduled medical appointments and will be 
provided training about local herbs, methods/materials for preparing and distributing topical remedies 
(for safe, sustainable income), and uniforms to identify them as members of the clinical team. 
Participants will continue to receive SOC HIV care and treatment services that include: (1) monthly 
clinical services; (2) free cotrimoxazole, ART and medications for any opportunistic infections; and (3) 
peer navigator support at the health facility. HIV viral load (VL) measurement will be assessed using 


 
8 
dried blood spots in the Automated Abbott m2000 Real-Time HIV-1 Assay© at treatment initiation and 
at one year.82  Of patients enrolled in the intervention phase, 20 will be selected randomly for in-depth 
qualitative interviews about their experience working with healers at the completion of the study. 
Participants will be followed for >12 months. 
 
5. Locations of study 
 
The study will be conducted in Namacurra, Zambézia, Mozambique.83 The research team has worked 
with this community/clinic for the past six years.  
 
6. Data Management and Analysis 
 
Data Management and Security  
 
Quantitative Data: Data will be stored in a restricted access folder that sits on the FGH server. In 
addition, data will be password-protected to limit access to staff involved in the study and to ensure 
confidentiality. Data will be encrypted, backed up on FGH servers, and uploaded to the Vanderbilt 
servers as needed for PI access.   FGH servers have daily backups scheduled; therefore, all data will be 
backed up on a day-to-day basis. 
 
Data from the surveys will be coded and transferred into an MS Excel file or Red Cap database by field 
staff trained in data entry. The original surveys will be locked in a file cabinet in the FGH office in 
Quelimane for 5 years. Only the PI and Lazaro Calvo at the FGH Quelimane office will have access to the 
coded data. The data files will be password-protected to ensure confidentiality. All routine monitoring 
data will be documented by health facility staff into patient clinical records.  Data are extracted from 
patient clinical records into electronic patient tracking systems already established and functioning as 
part of routine monitoring by FGH data entry specialists. The staff has specific training on data 
confidentiality; all FGH staff sign confidentiality agreements as they come into contact with patient 
clinical files. 
 
With the initiation of expanded HIV care in Mozambique, medical records were implemented using 
standardized national forms and an HIV service card, known as the “Green Card", which the patient 
keeps in order to be identified as part of the service.  As the HIV care program has grown, FGH and other 
PEPFAR partner organizations within the province have implemented electronic databases using either 
ACCESS® or OpenMRS, depending on the district, to collect patient information facilitating the 
maintenance of these records for the Ministry of Health’s program.  At the end of each patient 
encounter, data entry personnel based at the health facility enter information collected on the paper 
forms into the electronic database. This database does not have the capacity to collect information from 
the various different services and connect them to a specific patient. As a result, only information from 
the HIV care is currently collected in the electronic database.   
 
The OpenMRS databases are password protected and can only be accessed by FGH monitoring and 
evaluation staff. Data quality assurance for the Open MRS is ensured through semi-annual audits as well 
as automatic data validation steps. All data are reviewed by FGH regional data supervisors at the district 
level and by data analysis officers based in the FGH provincial offices in Quelimane. Corrective measures 
are taken as necessary as a result of data quality audits and regular reviews of data.  
 


 
9 
For this project, data will be extracted into a restricted dataset by FGH employees from the existing 
OpenMRS databases and sent to VU Biostatistician Wu Gong for analysis (Table 1:c) . All routine 
programmatic data are owned by the MOH.  All routine programmatic data are part of the clinical record 
and as such will not be destroyed. 
 
Data Analysis  
 
Objective 3 (Clinical Data): Our primary outcome is patient retention, defined as proportion of time on 
medication. Specifically, every patient is given 30, 60, or 90 days to pick up their medication as indicated 
in the medical charts. If a patient picks up medication after the indicated date they will be considered 
“non-adherent” for each day after their specific pick-up date; this will be assessed over the course of the 
one-year follow-up. For all analyses, patients who die or are lost to follow-up will be assumed to not be 
on medication/retained. Patients who are known to transfer to other clinics not participating in this 
study will be censored at the time of transfer. For our primary retention outcome, proportion of time on 
medication, we will fit a linear model. Covariates include age, gender, marital status, and education.  
 
7. Ethical Considerations  
 
The sites that participate in this proposal meet the requirements for the conduct of research using funds 
from the US Government.  The protocol and consent forms will be reviewed and approved by the 
Vanderbilt University IRB (FWA00005756, IRB00000475-7, IRB00002125) and the Ministry of Health in 
Mozambique (FWA00003139 IRB# IRB00002657). The proposed project is Non-Exempt Human Subjects 
Research. 
 
a. Recruitment and Consent 
 
Recruitment and Consent of HIV+ Patients: Patients recently diagnosed with HIV in Namacurra will be 
asked a whether they would be willing to consent to having a traditional healer assist them throughout 
the first year of their treatment. Patients who answer positively will then be asked if they would be 
interested in enrolling in a study that wants to look at the impact of this type of assistance on treatment 
outcomes. If the patient is interested, they will be provided a one-on-one consultation with the study 
coordinator, at which point they will be asked to give informed consent through our consent form. This 
consent will include their willingness for us to access medical records and participate in interviews about 
the intervention (to assess successes and failures).  
 
 
Participant confidentiality 
 
All participants who are consented in the study will be assigned a study ID number. Only study members 
will have the codebook that links the identifiers. Identifying information associated with these ID codes, 
such as names, will be kept in a data file separate from the survey data and clinic records. All data will be 
managed in a way that meets Vanderbilt IRB and Mozambique Bioethics standards for the protection of 
human subjects and to ensure confidentiality and the protection of sensitive health information. 
 
A participant’s study information will not be released without the written permission of the participant. 
All study-related information will be stored securely at the study site. All participant information will be 
stored in locked file cabinets in locked rooms, i.e., access is limited to study staff. All study data 
collection, process, and administrative forms and other reports will be identified by a coded number to 


 
10
maintain participant confidentiality. All records that contain names or other personal identifiers, such as 
locator or informed consent forms, will be stored separately from study records identified by a code 
number. All databases will be secured with password-protected access systems. Forms, lists, logbooks, 
appointment books, and any other listings that link participant ID numbers to other identifying 
information will be stored in a separate, locked file in an area with limited access.   
 
8. Limitations  
 
A limitation to this study is the lack of randomization in the study design. Inherent in a pre-post study 
design with no control arm is the inability to control for the time effect (changes due to other factors 
that are not related to the study) 
 
9. Dissemination Plan  
Results from this study will be collected into a report, and will be shared with MISAU and the DPS.  The 
results will also be disseminated to government officials and physicians working in these communities.  
If results are deemed by the authors to be potentially of interest to a wider scientific audience, we 
would plan on sharing these data in manuscript form, after obtaining appropriate clearances. 
 
 
10. Timeline 
 
Activities 
Year 1 
Year 2 
Year 3 
Year 4 
Evaluate the intervention effect on three key outcome indicators – adherence, retention, and viral load. 
Enroll patients and follow up pre-intervention 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Enroll patients and follow up post-
intervention 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Conduct In-depth Interviews with participants 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Data analysis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Manuscript preparation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
11
11. Bibliography 
 
1. 
Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saude. Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência, Riscos 
Comportamentais e Informação sobre o HIV e SIDA em Moçambique: Relatório Preliminar sobre 
a Prevalência da Infecção por HIV. INSIDA 2009; 
http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/15255898/801713730/name/INSIDA. 
2. 
Geary C, Parker W, Rogers S, et al. Gender differences in HIV disclosure, stigma, and perceptions 
of health. AIDS Care. Nov 2014;26(11):1419-1425. 
3. 
Gutin SA, Cummings B, Jaiantilal P, Johnson K, Mbofana F, Dawson Rose C. Qualitative 
evaluation of a Positive Prevention training for health care providers in Mozambique. Eval 
Program Plann. Apr 2014;43:38-47. 
4. 
Pearson CR, Micek MA, Pfeiffer J, et al. One year after ART initiation: psychosocial factors 
associated with stigma among HIV-positive Mozambicans. AIDS Behav. Dec 2009;13(6):1189-
1196. 
5. 
Audet CM, Groh KE, Moon TD, Vermund SH, Sidat M. Poor quality health services and lack of 
program support leads to low uptake of HIV testing in rural Mozambique. Journal of African AIDS 
Research. 2012;4(327-335). 
6. 
Mukolo A, Blevins M, Victor B, Vaz LM, Sidat M, Vergara A. Correlates of social exclusion and 
negative labeling and devaluation of people living with HIV/AIDS in rural settings: evidence from 
a General Household Survey in Zambezia Province, Mozambique. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75744. 
7. 
Mukolo A, Blevins M, Hinton N, et al. Negative labeling and social exclusion of people living with 
human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the antiretroviral 
therapy era: insight from attitudes and behavioral intentions of female heads of households in 
Zambezia Province, Mozambique. AIDS Care. 2014;26(7):821-826. 
8. 
Mukolo A, Blevins M, Victor B, et al. Community stigma endorsement and voluntary counseling 
and testing behavior and attitudes among female heads of household in Zambezia Province, 
Mozambique. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1155. 
9. 
Moon TD, Vaz LM, Parrish DD, et al. Predictors of adult mortality and loss-to-follow-up within 
two years of initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy in rural Mozambique. Poster 
Presentation presented at XIX International AIDS Conference; July 22-27, 2012; Washington, DC. 
10. 
Torpey KE, Kabaso ME, Mutale LN, et al. Adherence support workers: a way to address human 
resource constraints in antiretroviral treatment programs in the public health setting in Zambia. 
PLoS One. 2008;3(5):e2204. 
11. 
Zachariah R, Ford N, Philips M, et al. Task shifting in HIV/AIDS: opportunities, challenges and 
proposed actions for sub-Saharan Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Jun 2009;103(6):549-558. 
12. 
Callaghan M, Ford N, Schneider H. A systematic review of task- shifting for HIV treatment and 
care in Africa. Hum Resour Health. 2010;8:8. 
13. 
Audet CM, Blevins M, Moon TD, Vergara AE, Vermund SH, Sidat M. Health Seeking Behavior in 
Zambezia Province, Mozambique. SAHARAJ. 2012;9(1):41-46. 
14. 
Kale R. Traditional healers in South Africa: a parallel health care system. BMJ. May 6 
1995;310(6988):1182-1185. 
15. 
Kalichman SC, Simbayi L. Traditional beliefs about the cause of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma in 
South Africa. AIDS Care. Jul 2004;16(5):572-580. 
16. 
Burnett A, Baggaley R, Ndovi-MacMillan M, Sulwe J, Hang'omba B, Bennett J. Caring for people 
with HIV in Zambia: are traditional healers and formal health workers willing to work together? 
AIDS Care. Aug 1999;11(4):481-491. 
17. 
Groh K, Audet CM, Baptista A, et al. Barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence in rural 
Mozambique. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:650. 


 
12
18. 
Green EC. AIDS and STDs in Africa: bridging the gap between traditional healing and modern 
medicine. . Boulder: Westview Press; 1994. 
19. 
AMREF. Traditional Healers, South Africa. 2010; http://www.amref.org/what-we-do/traditional-
healers-south-africa/. Accessed April 2, 2010. 
20. 
Offiong DA. Traditional Healers in the NIgerian Health Care Delivery System and the Debate over 
Integrating Traditional and Scientific Medicine. Anthropological Quarterly. July 1999;72(3):118-
130. 
21. 
Okome-Nkoumou M, Okome-Miame F, Kendjo E, et al. Delay between first HIV-related 
symptoms and diagnosis of HIV infection in patients attending the internal medicine department 
of the Fondation Jeanne Ebori (FJE), Libreville, Gabon. HIV Clin Trials. Jan-Feb 2005;6(1):38-42. 
22. 
Stekelenburg J, Jager BE, Kolk PR, Westen EH, van der Kwaak A, Wolffers IN. Health care seeking 
behaviour and utilisation of traditional healers in Kalabo, Zambia. Health Policy. Jan 
2005;71(1):67-81. 
23. 
Van Dyk A. Traditional African beliefs and customs: Implications for AIDS education and 
prevention in Africa. South African Journal of Psychology. 2001 2001(31):60-66. 
24. 
Reid SE, Mulenga LB, Folk WR, Tambatamba BC, Chi BH. Abandonment of antiretroviral therapy: 
a potential barrier to scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa. South African medical journal = Suid-
Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde. Jun 2008;98(6):448, 450. 
25. 
Audet C, Blevins M, Rosenberg C, et al. Traditional healer consultation is associated with a 3 
month delay in HIV testing among symptomatic HIV-positive patients in rural Mozambique. XIX 
International AIDS Conference 2012; Washington, CD. 
26. 
Audet CM, Salato J, Blevins M, Amsalem D, Vermund SH, Gaspar F. Educational intervention 
increased referrals to allopathic care by traditional healers in three high HIV-prevalence rural 
districts in Mozambique. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70326. 
27. 
da Silva M, Blevins M, Wester CW, et al. Patient Loss to Follow-Up Before Antiretroviral Therapy 
Initiation in Rural Mozambique. AIDS and Behavior. 2014/08/06 2014:1-13. 
28. 
Audet CM, Blevins M, Rosenberg C, et al. Symptomatic HIV-positive persons in rural 
Mozambique who first consult a traditional healer have delays in HIV testing: A cross-sectional 
study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. May 8 2014. 
29. 
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral 
therapy. N Engl J Med. Aug 11 2011;365(6):493-505. 
30. 
Vermund SH, Allen KL, Karim QA. HIV-prevention science at a crossroads: advances in reducing 
sexual risk. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. Jul 2009;4(4):266-273. 
31. 
Modjarrad K, Chamot E, Vermund SH. Impact of small reductions in plasma HIV RNA levels on 
the risk of heterosexual transmission and disease progression. AIDS. Oct 18 2008;22(16):2179-
2185. 
32. 
Attia S, Egger M, Muller M, Zwahlen M, Low N. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load 
and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. Jul 17 2009;23(11):1397-
1404. 
33. 
Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human 
immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. Mar 30 
2000;342(13):921-929. 
34. 
Quinn TC. Viral load, circumcision and heterosexual transmission. Hopkins HIV Rep. May 
2000;12(3):1, 5, 11. 
35. 
Naba MR, Kanafani ZA, Awar GN, Kanj SS. Profile of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected 
patients at a tertiary care center in Lebanon. J Infect Public Health. 2010;3(3):130-133. 


 
13
36. 
Thompson MA, Aberg JA, Cahn P, et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2010 
recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. Jul 21 2010;304(3):321-
333. 
37. 
Moon TD, Burlison JR, Blevins M, et al. Enrolment and programmatic trends and predictors of 
antiretroviral therapy initiation from president's emergency plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)-
supported public HIV care and treatment sites in rural Mozambique. Int J STD AIDS. Nov 
2011;22(11):621-627. 
38. 
Audet CM, Burlison J, Moon TD, Sidat M, Vergara AE, Vermund SH. Sociocultural and 
epidemiological aspects of HIV/AIDS in Mozambique. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2010;10:15. 
39. 
Moon T, Burlison J, Sidat M, et al. Lessons learned while implementing an HIV/AIDS care and 
treatment program in rural Mozambique. Retrovirology: Research and Treatment 2010(3):1-14. 
40. 
INSIDA. National Survey on Prevalence, Behavioral Risks and Information about HIV and AIDS 
(2009 INSIDA). 2009(May 24, 2011). 
http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/15255898/801713730/name/INSIDA. Accessed August 14, 2013. 
41. 
Moshabela M, Pronyk P, Williams N, Schneider H, Lurie M. Patterns and implications of medical 
pluralism among HIV/AIDS patients in rural South Africa. AIDS Behav. May 2011;15(4):842-852. 
42. 
Peltzer K, Friend-du Preez N, Ramlagan S, Fomundam H, Anderson J. Traditional complementary 
and alternative medicine and antiretroviral treatment adherence among HIV patients in 
Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2010;7(2):125-137. 
43. 
Peltzer K, Preez NF, Ramlagan S, Fomundam H, Anderson J, Chanetsa L. Antiretrovirals and the 
use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine by HIV patients in Kwazulu-Natal, 
South Africa: a longitudinal study. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(4):337-345. 
44. 
Bodeker G, Willcox M. New research initiative on plant-based antimalarials. Lancet. Feb 26 
2000;355(9205):761. 
45. 
Homsy J, King R, Balaba D, Kabatesi D. Traditional health practitioners are key to scaling up 
comprehensive care for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. Aug 20 2004;18(12):1723-1725. 
46. 
Homsy J, King R, Tenywa J, Kyeyune P, Opio A, Balaba D. Defining minimum standards of practice 
for incorporating African traditional medicine into HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support: a 
regional initiative in eastern and southern Africa. J Altern Complement Med. Oct 2004;10(5):905-
910. 
47. 
Babb DA, Pemba L, Seatlanyane P, Charalambous S, Churchyard GJ, Grant AD. Use of traditional 
medicine by HIV-infected individuals in South Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Psychol 
Health Med. May 2007;12(3):314-320. 
48. 
Bodeker G. Complementary medicine and evidence. Ann Acad Med Singapore. Jan 2000;29(1):3-
6. 
49. 
Burford G, Bodeker G, Kabatesi D, Gemmill B, Rukangira E. Traditional medicine and HIV/AIDS in 
Africa: a report from the International Conference on Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine and 
Local Communities in Africa (a parallel session to the Fifth Conference of the Parties to the 
Convention on Biological Diversity, Nairobi, Kenya, May 16-19, 2000). J Altern Complement Med. 
Oct 2000;6(5):457-471. 
50. 
Fleming J. Mozambican healers join government in fight against AIDS. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS 
Care. Mar 1995;1(2):32. 
51. 
Green EC. Traditional healers and AIDS in Uganda. Journal of Alternative and Complementary 
Medince 1999;6(1):1-2. 
52. 
Green EC. The participation of Africa Traditional Healers in AIDS/STI prevention programmes. 
AIDSLink. 1995(26):14-15. 
53. 
Green EC, Zokwe B, Dupree JD. The experience of an AIDS prevention program focused on South 
African traditional healers. Soc Sci Med. Feb 1995;40(4):503-515. 


 
14
54. 
King R. Collaboration with traditional healers in HIV/AIDS prevention and care in sub-Saharan 
Africa: a literature review. UNAIDS Best Practices Collection 2000. 
http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub01/jc299-tradheal_en.pdf. Accessed August 19, 
2013. 
55. 
Liverpool J, Alexander R, Johnson M, Ebba EK, Francis S, Liverpool C. Western medicine and 
traditional healers: partners in the fight against HIV/AIDS. J Natl Med Assoc. Jun 2004;96(6):822-
825. 
56. 
Mills E, Singh S, Wilson K, Peters E, Onia R, Kanfer I. The challenges of involving traditional 
healers in HIV/AIDS care. Int J STD AIDS. Jun 2006;17(6):360-363. 
57. 
Morris K. South Africa tests traditional medicines. Lancet Infect Dis. Jun 2002;2(6):319. 
58. 
Munk K. Traditional healers, traditional hospitals and HIV / AIDS: a case study in KwaZulu-Natal. 
AIDS Anal Afr. Dec 1997;7(6):10-12. 
59. 
Pfeiffer J. Commodity fetichismo, the Holy Spirit, and the turn to Pentecostal and African 
Independent Churches in Central Mozambique. Culture, medicine and psychiatry. Sep 
2005;29(3):255-283. 
60. 
Audet CM, Blevins M, Moon TD, et al. HIV/AIDS-Related Attitudes and Practices Among 
Traditional Healers in Zambezia Province, Mozambique. Journal of Alternative and 
Complementary Medince. 2012;18(12):1-9. 
61. 
Audet CM, Blevins M, Moon TD, et al. HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and practices among 
traditional healers in Zambezia Province, Mozambique. J Altern Complement Med. Dec 
2012;18(12):1133-1141. 
62. 
Colvin M, Gumede L, Grimwade K, Maher D, Wilkinson D. Contribution of traditional healers to a 
rural tuberculosis control programme in Hlabisa, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. Sep 
2003;7(9 Suppl 1):S86-91. 
63. 
Swarns R. Mozambique Enlists Healers in AIDS Prevention. The New York Times 1999; 
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/06/world/mozambique-enlists-healers-in-aids-
prevention.html?pagewanted=1. Accessed March 10, 2011. 
64. 
Mokwena K, Elias P. Why do patient's refuse ART before they complete TB treatment? A 
qualitative inquiry. Journal of AIDS and HIV Research. 2014;6(2):33-38. 
65. 
Mills E, Cooper C, Seely D, Kanfer I. African herbal medicines in the treatment of HIV: Hypoxis 
and Sutherlandia. An overview of evidence and pharmacology. Nutrition journal. 2005;4:19. 
66. 
Langlois-Klassen D, Kipp W, Jhangri GS, Rubaale T. Use of traditional herbal medicine by AIDS 
patients in Kabarole District, western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Oct 2007;77(4):757-763. 
67. 
Langlois-Klassen D, Kipp W, Rubaale T. Who's talking? Communication between health providers 
and HIV-infected adults related to herbal medicine for AIDS treatment in western Uganda. Soc 
Sci Med. Jul 2008;67(1):165-176. 
68. 
Cordier W, Steenkamp V. Drug interactions in African herbal remedies. Drug metabolism and 
drug interactions. 2011;26(2):53-63. 
69. 
Harper ME, Hill PC, Bah AH, Manneh K, McAdam KP, Lienhardt C. Traditional healers participate 
in tuberculosis control in The Gambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. Oct 2004;8(10):1266-1268. 
70. 
Gqaleni N, Hlongwane T, Khondo C, et al. Biomedical and Traditional Healing Collaboration on 
HIV and AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Universitas Forum. 2011;2. 
http://www.universitasforum.org/index.php/ojs/rt/printerFriendly/62/240. Accessed December 
17, 2012. 
71. 
Peltzer K, Mngqundaniso N. Patients consulting traditional health practioners in the context of 
HIV/AIDS in urban areas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 
2008;5(4):370-379. 


 
15
72. 
Furin J. The role of traditional healers in community-based HIV care in rural Lesotho. J 
Community Health. Oct 2011;36(5):849-856. 
73. 
O'Laughlin KN, Wyatt MA, Kaaya S, Bangsberg DR, Ware NC. How treatment partners help: social 
analysis of an African adherence support intervention. AIDS Behav. Jul 2012;16(5):1308-1315. 
74. 
Farmer P, Leandre F, Mukherjee J, Gupta R, Tarter L, Kim JY. Community-based treatment of 
advanced HIV disease: introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active 
antiretroviral therapy). Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(12):1145-1151. 
75. 
Rich ML, Miller AC, Niyigena P, et al. Excellent clinical outcomes and high retention in care 
among adults in a community-based HIV treatment program in rural Rwanda. J Acquir Immune 
Defic Syndr. Mar 1 2012;59(3):e35-42. 
76. 
Koenig SP, Leandre F, Farmer PE. Scaling-up HIV treatment programmes in resource-limited 
settings: the rural Haiti experience. AIDS. Jun 2004;18 Suppl 3:S21-25. 
77. 
Farmer P, Leandre F, Mukherjee JS, et al. Community-based approaches to HIV treatment in 
resource-poor settings. Lancet. Aug 4 2001;358(9279):404-409. 
78. 
Family Health International. Adherence Support Worker Training: Facilitator's Guide. 2007; 
http://www.aidstar-
one.com/sites/default/files/promising_practices/g3p_docs/ASWFacilitatorsGuideHVenhv.pdf. 
Accessed March 4, 2014. 
79. 
Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. The ADAPT-ITT model: a novel method of adapting evidence-
based HIV Interventions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. Mar 1 2008;47 Suppl 1:S40-46. 
80. 
Hojat M, Fields SK, Veloski JJ, Griffiths M, Cohen MJ, Plumb JD. Psychometric properties of an 
attitude scale measuring physician-nurse collaboration. Evaluation & the health professions. Jun 
1999;22(2):208-220. 
81. 
Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N. Qualitative research in health care. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ. 
Jan 8 2000;320(7227):114-116. 
82. 
Abbott Molecular. RealTime HIV-1 PCR. 2014; 
http://www.abbottmolecular.com/products/infectious-diseases/realtime-pcr/hiv-1-assay.html. 
Accessed April 8, 2014. 
83. 
Instituto Nacional de Estatistica. POPULAÇÃO POR DISTRITOS DA ZAMBÉZIA, 2007. 2007; 
http://www.ine.gov.mz/censo2007/rdcenso09/zambezia/popZamb. Accessed May 21, 2010. 
84. 
Peltzer K, Phaswana-Mafuya N, Treger L. Use of traditional and complementary health practices 
in prenatal, delivery and postnatal care in the context of HIV transmission from mother to child 
(PMTCT) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6(2):155-
162. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
16
CONSENT form:  Patients living with HIV 
 
This informed consent document applies to adults 18 years or older 
 
Age: ___________ 
 
We would like to talk with you about a new study we are starting here in Namacurra. This paper 
describes your rights and is meant to answer your questions. We will read this form to you. Please feel 
free to ask any questions you may have about this.  You will be given a chance to ask questions, and 
your questions will be answered.  Also, you will be given a copy of this consent form.   
 
You can choose if you want to participate in this study or not.  If you say yes, you can also later choose 
to say no and stop participating at any time you want to.  You do not have to complete the study. You 
can answer any of the questions or refuse to answer questions that you do not wish to answer.  
 
Purpose of the study:  
 
This study is being conducted by collaborators from Vanderbilt University and Friends in Global Health. 
We are thinking about trying a new way for the health system to collaborate with traditional healers. 
Right now, healers are referral agents: but we believe they can play a more important role as adherence 
coaches for people living with HIV.  We want to include you in this study because we believe you can 
help us create this system. We would like to see if a traditional healer can help you stay adherent to 
medication and act as an advocate for you in the health system.  
 
Procedures to be followed and approximate duration of the study: 
 
This study will begin today and last for the next year. We will give you a list of trained traditional healers 
and you will have the opportunity to choose the one you wish to work with. Once you have made your 
choice, our study coordinator will arrange a meeting with you, your health provider and your healer in 
the next week. Your healer will meet with you (at your home or in a place of your choosing) weekly for 
the first 4 weeks you are on treatment, and subsequently once a month to see how you are doing. Your 
healer will also accompany you to the clinic on each of your appointment days. We will access your 
medical records to see what medications you are taking, medical indicators of your health (CD4 cell 
count and viral load), and the dates you pick up your medications. We may also select you to participate 
in an interview about your experience working with your traditional healer at the end of the study. Your 
responses will be tape recorded so we can listen to the interview again later. After the interview, the 
study staff will write out your responses word for word and delete the recording. At the end of the 
study, the tape recording from the Interview will be destroyed. The transcript of your interview will be 
securely stored in a locked box at the FGH office in Quelimane.  You do not need to answer all the 
questions in the interview if you do not want to. If a question makes you feel uncomfortable or you do 
not know the answer, it is ok to tell the Interviewer that you do not want to answer the question. You 
can also stop the Interview at any time without any penalty.  
 
Expected costs: 
 
None. 
 
Possible Discomforts and Risks: 


 
17
 
The idea of partnering traditional healers and clinicians to improve the health of patients is new and 
untested.  While we will train traditional healers to be a part of the health system, we may find that 
some healers and clinicians may have trouble communicating at the beginning. If you experience any 
discomfort or problems with the healer or clinician we want you to contact us as soon as possible so we 
can resolve it. We know that talking about your personal experiences with health care workers, 
traditional healers and HIV can be uncomfortable. Although we will try to have a comfortable and 
relaxed discussion, we understand that some of the questions we ask might make you feel 
uncomfortable. We will attempt to limit embarrassment as much as possible, and try to have an open 
and honest discussion. We also want you to feel free to speak about how you feel about your care 
providers and the health services you have received. To protect you, your name will not be asked for or 
written down at any point during the interview. No one on the staff will tell anyone else that you were 
interviewed.   
 
What happens if you choose to withdraw from study participation?: 
 
Nothing. You are free to stop your participation at any point without problem.  You simply need to say 
that you would like to withdraw from the study.  You can tell this to me at any time.   
 
Possible Benefits: 
 
The information you give us may help us to offer better services for people living with HIV who access 
services at this clinic. This could benefit Mozambican society through improved health programs for 
people living with HIV.  
 
Contact Information:    
 
If you should have any questions about this research study or possible injury, please feel free to contact  
the study coordinator Lazaro Calvo at the Friends in Global Health Mozambique office at 258 24217100.   
 
For additional information about giving consent or your rights as a participant in this study, please feel 
free to contact the Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board Office at +1-615-322-2918.  
 
Confidentiality:   
 
All efforts, within reason, will be made to keep your personal information in your research record 
confidential but total confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. The information obtained during this study 
will be stored in a secure online database that is password protected and supported by Vanderbilt 
University.   
 
Privacy Information:  
 
Your information may be shared with Vanderbilt or the government, such as the Vanderbilt University 
Institutional Review Board, Federal Government Office for Human Research Protections, Mozambican 
Ministry of Health, if you or someone else is in danger or if we are required to do so by law.  Vanderbilt 
may give or sell your data without identifiers for other research projects not listed in this form. There are 
no plans to pay you for the use or transfer of this de-identified information. 


 
18
Right to Refuse or Withdraw: 
 
Being in this Interview is voluntary. You have the right to refuse to discuss any questions. You can leave 
the interview at any time. 
 
STATEMENT BY PERSON AGREEING TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS STUDY 
 
Do you have any questions? 
 
Moderator: Answer the participant’s questions about the interview before proceeding to the next 
question. 
 
You have read and/or had read to you the explanation of this study, you have been given a copy of this 
form, a chance to ask questions, and you know that you can refuse to participate. I am going to ask for 
your consent to do this interview. By saying yes, you agree to do the interview. By saying no, you decline 
to do the interview. Do you agree to take part in the interview?  
 
I agree to take part in the interview. 
 
 
_____________________      ______________________________________________________    
Date 
 
 
 
Signature, mark, or fingerprint of patient/volunteer 
 
 
I have explained to the participant the study purpose and procedures and we have discussed all the risks 
that are involved.  I have answered questions to the best of my ability that the participant had. 
 
Consent obtained by (signature of moderator):  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date 
 
 
 
Signature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Printed Name and Title  
 
Revised January 2015