Clinical trial NCT01427608
Conditions: Psychotic Depression
Sponsor: Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Start date: 2011-10-01; Completion date: 2017-11-30
Enrollment: 269 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
The acute phase of this study will monitor the response to a combination of an atypical antipsychotic medication olanzapine with an antidepressant medication sertraline in the acute treatment of the disorder. It is predicted that this combination will improve symptoms of psychotic depression and be associated metabolic side effects. Factors that moderate tolerability will be monitored. Improvement in symptoms could take between 4 and 12 weeks, followed by a period of 8 weeks during which participants will continue to take the same medications to stabilize the remission from symptoms of psychotic depression.

The maintenance phase will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine for a period of up to 36 weeks to test whether continuing this combination decreases the risk of relapse and whether discontinuing the combination leads to improvement in metabolic measures. Subjects who complete the acute phase will be asked to consent separately to the randomized maintenance phase.

Detailed description:
The original STOP-PD study established that the combination of olanzapine and sertraline was significantly better than olanzapine alone in achieving remission of psychotic depression. This STOP-PD-II Sustaining Remission study aims to assess the long-term tolerability of taking this combination of medications and their efficacy at preventing a relapse of the symptoms. The acute phase of the study will monitor the efficacy and tolerability of the olanzapine and sertraline combination, including investigation of weight and metabolic variables, age effects on treatment response and tolerability, and the association of genetic polymorphisms to response or relapse. When subjects are stabilized on these medications for a period of 8 weeks they will be invited to participate in the randomized phase of the research: the olanzapine will be placebo-controlled, meaning half of the subjects will continue to take the olanzapine/sertraline combination and half will take a sertraline/placebo combination, for a period of 36 weeks. Symptoms and side effects will be monitored regularly throughout this phase. Randomization will be stratified on a 1:1 basis by age 60 and above.

Arms: arm 1: Randomized to continue with sertraline and olanzapine under double-blind conditions. arm 2: Randomized to continue with sertraline and substitute placebo for olanzapine under double-blind conditions.
Interventions: intervention 1: Sertraline + Olanzapine intervention 2: Sertraline + Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Olanzapine 15mg/day. Adjustment of dose to 5mg/day to a maximum of 20mg/day will be permitted if necessitated by significant side-effects or clinical worsening intervention 2: Taper from current dose of olanzapine to placebo over 4 weeks. Continue placebo for remainder of 36 week study.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
IRB Protocol Number: 1104011622 
Version Date: November 27th, 2018 
Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT01427608 
 
Title: Sustaining Remission of Psychotic Depression 
 
Coordinating Center:  Weill Cornell Medical College 
Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry 
 
Principal Investigator: George Alexopoulos, MD 
 
 
 
21 Bloomingdale Road 
 
 
 
White Plains, NY  10605 
 
 
 
914-997-5767 (phone) 
 
 
 
914-997-5926 (fax) 
 
 
 
gsalexop@med.cornell.edu  
 
Weill Cornell Medical College – Data Coordinating Center 
 
Principal Investigator 
George Alexopoulos, MD 
Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry 
21 Bloomingdale Road 
White Plains, NY  10605 
914-997-5767 
gsalexop@med.cornell.edu 
Co-Investigators 
Barnett Meyers, MD 
Patricia Marino, PhD 
 
Collaborating Institution – University of Toronto Health Network 
 
Principal Investigator 
Alastair Flint, MD 
200 Elizabeth St 
8 Eaton N, 238, Medical Sciences 
Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4 
416-340-4788 
alastair.flint@uhn.ca 
 
Collaborating Institution – University of Massachusetts Medical School 
 
Principal Investigator 
Anthony Rothschild, MD 
55 Lake Avenue, North 
Worcester, MA 01655 
508-856-5928 
Anthony.Rothschild@umassmemorial.org 
 
Collaborating Institution – University of Pittsburgh 
 
Principal Investigator 
Ellen Whyte, MD 
3811 O’Hara St 
Pittsburgh, PA  15213 
whyteem@upmc.edu 
412-246-6010 


 
Statistician:  
 
 
 
 
 
Data Coordinator: 
 
Samprit Banerjee, PhD 
 
 
 
 
Cristina Pollari, MPH 
21 Bloomingdale Road 
 
 
 
 
21 Bloomingdale Road 
White Plains, NY  10605 
 
 
 
 
White Plains, NY  10605 
914-997-5469 (phone) 
 
 
 
 
914-997-5912 (phone) 
914-682-6979 (fax) 
 
 
 
 
 
914-682-6979 (fax) 
sab2028@med.cornell.edu   
 
 
 
cdp2002@med.cornell.edu  
 
Regulatory and Study Coordinator: 
 
Patricia Marino, PhD 
21 Bloomingdale Road 
White Plains, NY  10605 
914-997-8691 (phone) 
914-682-6979 (fax) 
pam2029@med.cornell.edu  
 
 
Protocol Versions and Dates: 
 
Original Version  
5/16/11 
 
Amendment 1  
11/7/11 
 
Amendment 2  
3/23/12 
 
Amendment 3  
12/21/12 
 
Amendment 4  
4/18/13 
 
Amendment 5  
8/12/13 
 
Amendment 6  
10/7/13 
 
Amendment 7  
10/30/13 
 
Amendment 8  
5/15/14 
 
Amendment 9  
8/7/14 
 
Amendment 10 
3/18/15 
 
Amendment 11 
12/30/15 
 
Amendment 12 
2/25/16 
 
Amendment 13 
6/7/16 
 
Amendment 14 
7/25/16 
 
Amendment 15 
10/6/16 
 
Amendment 16 
2/14/17 
 
Amendment 17 
7/21/17 
 
Amendment 18 
12/13/17 
 
Amendment 19 
11/27/18 
 


SUSTAINING REMISSION OF PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION 
PROTOCOL & DATA ANALYTIC PLAN 
 
Project Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2  
Specific Aims---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 
Research Strategy 
- Significance--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 
- Innovation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 
- Progress report on STOP-PD-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 
- Research design and methods----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 
- Data analysis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 
Protection of Human Subjects 
- Leadership plan to protect the integrity of subject data----------------------------------------------------------16 
- Risks to subjects-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 
- Adequacy of protection against risks----------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 
- Potential benefits-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 
- Importance of knowledge to be gained-------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 
- Data and safety monitoring board--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 
Inclusion of Women and Minorities---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 
Resource Sharing-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 
Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31 
Appendix 1: Pharmacotherapy Protocol---------------------------------------------------------------------------------39 
 
 
 
                                                                
 
 
 


 
2
 
 
1. PROJECT SUMMARY 
Psychotic depression (PD) is a severe disabling disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality.  Between 
19% and 45% of inpatients with major depression have psychotic features, with greater prevalence in older 
patients. Although electroconvulsive therapy has well-established efficacy in the treatment of PD, its use is 
limited by several factors. As a result, the pharmacologic treatment of PD is common.  Expert guidelines 
recommend the combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications in the pharmacologic treatment 
of PD.  The recently completed Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression (STOP-PD) was the 
first NIMH-funded randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine the efficacy and tolerability of newer 
antidepressant and antipsychotic medications in the acute treatment of younger and older persons with PD.  
The combination of sertraline and olanzapine was significantly more efficacious than olanzapine combined with 
placebo. Both treatments were equally well tolerated, but were associated with clinically significant weight gain 
and elevation of lipids. Older persons, however, had significantly less weight gain than younger persons. 
 
Little is known about the continuation treatment of PD. Of particular concern, it is not known whether 
antipsychotic medication needs to be continued once an episode of PD responds to pharmacotherapy. This 
issue has profound clinical relevance. On the one hand, the unnecessary continuation of antipsychotic 
medication exposes a patient to adverse effects, such as weight gain and metabolic disturbance. On the other 
hand, premature discontinuation of antipsychotic medication has the potential risk of early relapse of a severe 
disorder. The primary goal of this Renewal application, therefore, is to assess the risks versus benefits of 
continuing olanzapine in younger and older patients with PD, once the episode of depression has responded to 
treatment with sertraline and olanzapine. This goal will be addressed through a 36-week double-blind RCT, in 
which placebo is substituted for olanzapine in half the study group, following a period of sustained remission. 
We hypothesize that sertraline+olanzapine will be more efficacious than sertraline+placebo in preventing 
relapse of PD. This study provides the unique opportunity to systematically assess the effect of antipsychotic 
discontinuation (as opposed to switching from one antipsychotic to another) on olanzapine-related weight gain 
and metabolic disturbance. Additional innovative aims of the study are to examine age and genetic 
polymorphisms as predictors/moderators of treatment variability, potentially leading to more personalized 
treatment of PD, and to employ population pharmacokinetics to determine the magnitude and consistency of 
exposure to study drugs. Olanzapine is selected because it is the only atypical antipsychotic with established 
efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of both younger and older adults with PD . This research will be 
transformative, by providing clinicians with a much-needed evidence base to guide the continuation treatment 
of one of the most disabling and lethal psychiatric disorders. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
3
 
 
2. SPECIFIC AIMS 
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AIMS: Major depression with psychotic features (psychotic depression; PD) 
is a severe disorder associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.1 Although ECT has well-established 
efficacy as a treatment for PD,2,3 its use is limited by several factors: a high rate of relapse following completion 
of ECT,4,5 lower rates of response in non-academic centers,6 significant disparities in its availability,7 and the 
fact that many patients prefer pharmacologic treatment, because they find the concept of ECT and the 
potential side effect of cognitive impairment unacceptable. Because of these limitations, the pharmacologic 
treatment of PD is common.8 Expert guidelines recommend the combination of antidepressant and 
antipsychotic medications as an alternative to ECT in the treatment of PD.9,10 The recently completed Study of 
the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression (STOP-PD)11, which involved collaboration of the current group 
of principal investigators, was the first NIMH-funded RCT to examine the efficacy and tolerability of 
combination therapy using newer antidepressant and antipsychotic medications in the acute treatment of PD. 
The combination of sertraline and olanzapine was significantly more efficacious than olanzapine monotherapy, 
and the two treatments had comparable tolerability.11 Nevertheless, both treatments were associated with 
increases in weight and lipids over the 12-week study.11 
Once an episode of major depression responds to antidepressant medication, the antidepressant must be 
continued to prevent relapse.12 However, it is not known whether antipsychotic medication needs to be 
continued once an episode of PD has responded to combined antidepressant-antipsychotic treatment. This 
issue is of profound clinical importance.  On the one hand, the unnecessary continuation of antipsychotic 
medication exposes a patient to adverse effects, some of which have considerable public health significance.  
On the other hand, premature discontinuation of antipsychotic medication has the potential risk of early relapse 
of a severe, disabling disorder.  The main goal of this collaborative Renewal Application, therefore, is to assess 
the benefits and risks of continuing olanzapine in older and younger persons with PD, once the episode of 
depression has responded to treatment with sertraline and olanzapine. This goal will be addressed through a 
RCT, in which placebo is substituted for olanzapine in half the study group, following a period of sustained 
remission. Specifically, we propose a three-phase study. In the Acute Phase, participants will receive open-
label sertraline and olanzapine for a maximum of 12 weeks. Subjects who respond to treatment will enter the 
Stabilization Phase, where they will continue to receive open-label sertraline and olanzapine for an additional 8 
weeks. Participants who meet remission criteria will then be randomized to 36 weeks of double-blind treatment 
with either sertraline+olanzapine or sertraline+placebo. 
 
2.2 PRIMARY AIM 
Aim 1: Assess the efficacy of olanzapine, in combination with sertraline, in preventing relapse of 
psychotic depression 
H1: The combination of sertraline and olanzapine will be associated with less risk of relapse than the 
combination of sertraline and placebo  
 
2.3. SECONDARY AIMS  
Aim 2: Assess the effect of continuation versus discontinuation of olanzapine on weight and metabolic 
variables in remitted psychotic depression 
H2: The combination of sertraline and olanzapine will be associated with higher weight, higher total cholesterol, 
and higher triglycerides compared with the combination of sertraline and placebo in the randomized phase 
Aim 3: Assess the effect of age on olanzapine–associated weight gain in the acute and stabilization 
treatment of psychotic depression (open-label phase of the study) 
H3: Older age will be associated with less weight gain during the open-label phase 
 
2.4 EXPLORATORY AIMS 
Aim 4. Explore older age as a moderator of change in weight and metabolic variables during the 
randomized phase 
Aim 5. Explore the association of selected genetic polymorphisms with: i) response, ii) relapse, and iii) 
weight and metabolic variables during the open-label and randomized phases of the study 
 
 
 
 


 
4
 
 
3. RESEARCH STRATEGY 
SIGNIFICANCE 
3.1 PD is a severe, disabling disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality.1,13 15-20% of persons with 
major depression have a lifetime history of psychotic features.14,15 19-45% of inpatients with major depression 
have psychosis, with older depressed persons at greatest risk of PD.16,17 PD has been associated with more 
severe symptoms, slower recovery, greater risk of relapse and recurrence, greater frequency of psychiatric 
hospitalizations, more psychosocial impairment, higher all-cause mortality, and (in some studies) a higher 
frequency of suicide than non-psychotic depression (non-PD).13,18-21 
3.2 The Acute Pharmacologic Treatment of PD. Several studies have found that PD has better response to 
a combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications, than to either medication alone.11 For the most 
part, these studies used older generation antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. These findings 
resulted in practice guidelines recommending combination treatment as the pharmacologic treatment of choice 
for the acute treatment of PD.9,10 Following the availability of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants, a single group of 
investigators reported a high rate of response of PD to monotherapy with SSRIs and venlafaxine, based on 3 
separate RCTs.22-24  The findings of these studies are, however, limited by the fact that none included a 
placebo-control group, and they lacked a validated measure of psychosis, raising the possibility that persons 
with non-delusional ideation may have been inadvertently included in the studies.25 Also, these findings have 
not been replicated in studies by other groups of investigators.26-28 Thus, the efficacy of SSRI and SNRI 
monotherapy to treat PD is uncertain, and combined antidepressant-antipsychotic medication remains the 
pharmacologic treatment for PD that is recommended by expert guidelines. 
3.3 Longer Term Treatment of PD: The Conundrum. Little is known about the continuation and maintenance 
treatment of PD.  Once an episode of major depression responds to antidepressant medication, the 
antidepressant needs to be continued to prevent relapse and recurrence of depression.12,29,30 However, it is not 
known whether antipsychotic medication needs to be continued once an episode of PD has responded to 
combined antidepressant-antipsychotic treatment.  On the one hand, premature discontinuation of 
antipsychotic medication has the potential risk of relapse of a severe, disabling disorder. On the other hand, 
the unnecessary continuation of antipsychotic medication exposes a patient to potential adverse effects. The 
two sides of this very significant clinical conundrum will now be discussed. 
3.4 Relapse of PD. Naturalistic observational studies of PD report relapse rates of 17%-50% (mean=30%) 
over 12-months of follow-up.31-36 Studies that have specifically examined the frequency of relapse of PD 
following a course of ECT have, with one exception, found 12-month rates of 35-50%, despite adequate 
continuation pharmacotherapy.37-40 The high rate of relapse after the discontinuation of ECT, and the lack of 
clarity regarding optimal continuation treatment following ECT, underscores the importance of examining 
pharmacologic approaches to the longer-term treatment of PD. 
There are few data on the relation between discontinuation of antipsychotic medication and relapse of 
PD. In a chart review of persons with PD who had responded to pharmacotherapy, Aronson et al.32 found that 
approximately 35% of relapses occurred following the discontinuation of antipsychotic medication in persons 
who continued to take antidepressant medication; the 3 months after antipsychotic discontinuation was the 
period of greatest risk of relapse. The only prospective study of antipsychotic discontinuation in PD found a 
frequency of relapse of 27% over 8 months in 30 mid-life adults who had recovered with combined fluoxetine 
and perphenazine;41 the findings of this single study are, however, limited by its open and uncontrolled design, 
the relatively small number of patients, and the absence of older patients who, based on studies of non-PD,42 
may conceivably be at greater risk of relapse.  
Finally, a few uncontrolled studies have examined relapse in persons with PD who are maintained on 
the treatment to which they responded.39,43,44 In contrast with the aforementioned findings, relapse rates in 
these studies range from only 0% to 6% over 12 months. Although the findings of these studies are limited by 
relatively small numbers of patients and uncontrolled design, they suggest a low risk of relapse in patients with 
PD who are maintained on the treatment regimen that was associated with response. 
3.5 Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of PD: Choice of Olanzapine. Atypical antipsychotics have 
become the first-line treatment of psychosis. Olanzapine is the only atypical with RCT-evidence of efficacy and 
tolerability in the treatment of both younger and older persons with PD.11,45 In STOP-PD, only 5% of 
participants withdrew from the 12-week study because of side effects.1 Nevertheless, olanzapine is associated 
with weight gain and metabolic effects.11,46 Our choice of olanzapine for the proposed study is based on careful 
consideration of alternative atypical antipsychotics that have less severe metabolic effects but do not have 
documented efficacy for the treatment of PD. Without evidence, efficacy of other atypical antipsychotics in PD 


 
5
 
 
cannot be assumed; for example, olanzapine has been found to be more effective than other atypicals in 
several RCTs of the treatment of schizophrenia.47-51 Each atypical antipsychotic has a number of adverse 
effects, some of which are potentially problematic in the treatment of PD, especially in older patients.52-54 
Although aripiprazole and ziprasidone have a low incidence of clinically significant weight gain and metabolic 
dysregulation,52,53 there are few data on the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of these drugs in older persons.54 
Ziprasidone’s potential for QTc interval prolongation is a potential concern in older persons with cardiac 
disease54 and would potentially result in the exclusion of many older patients who would otherwise be eligible 
for the study.  Both ziprasidone and aripiprazole are associated with activation and insomnia,52-54 and in the 
case of aripirazole, akathisia and nausea.52-54 In a recent open-label pilot study of combined aripiprazole and 
citalopram in 16 younger adults with PD, 63% of participants developed akathisia on a mean daily aripiprazole 
dose of 14.4 ± 5.5 mg.55 The tolerability of aripiprazole and ziprasidone in persons with agitation (a frequent 
symptom of PD) is unclear. In addition, patients with PD are at high risk of attempted and completed 
suicide.20,21 It is unknown whether the activating effects of aripiprazole and ziprasidone, especially when given 
in combination with an SSRI, would increase the risk of suicidality in persons with PD. In light of the efficacy of 
the sertraline/olanzapine combination in STOP-PD,11 and the good overall tolerability and safety of this 
treatment,11 we have chosen to continue to study this regimen rather than simply assuming that a different 
antidepressant-antipsychotic combination would be comparably efficacious and better tolerated in younger and 
older patients. Finally, olanzapine accounts for 25% of sales of atypical antipsychotics in the United States and 
30% of sales worldwide.56 These figures have remained constant over the past 4 years.56 This ongoing, 
widespread use of olanzapine, despite its known metabolic effects, underscores the importance of the 
proposed study, to provide patients and clinicians with the best available evidence about the risks and benefits 
of discontinuing this medication in the long-term treatment of PD.    
3.6 Personalizing the Treatment of PD: Pharmacogenetic Considerations. As with other psychiatric 
disorders, the pharmacologic treatment of PD is associated with considerable treatment variability.8 
Pharmacogenetic findings have the potential to result in more personalized treatment and possibly preventive 
strategies. Because the number of individuals recruited to a clinical trial is insufficient to conduct a genome-
wide association study,57 we will use a candidate-gene approach to explore the following important issues: 
1) Genetic predictors of relapse of either mood disorders or primary psychotic disorders are currently unknown. 
We will therefore explore this issue in relation to the proposed study. We assume that the withdrawal of 
olanzapine will remove pharmacologic antagonism of principally D2 and 5HT2A postsynaptic receptors; the 
synaptic system will then adapt using autoreceptor mechanisms that might include 5HT1A.58-60 We therefore 
hypothesize that the genes producing these receptors will be of primary interest as potentially involved in 
relapse of PD following discontinuation of olanzapine. Of note, the 5HT1A -1019 C/G polymorphism has been 
implicated in vulnerability to both depression and psychosis,61,62 and the Taq1A and -141ins/del polymorphisms 
of the D2 gene have been associated with vulnerability to psychosis.63 
2) Several genetic polymorphisms (5HT2C -759C/T, 5HTTLPR s allele, SNAP 25, Leptin -2584 A/G, ADRα2a -
1291C/G, INSIG2) have been associated with antipsychotic-related weight gain.64-77 However, it is not known 
whether these polymorphisms predict reversal of weight gain following discontinuation of the antipsychotic. We 
will explore this important issue.  
3) There have been no published studies of the pharmacogenetics of response or remission in PD. We will 
therefore explore whether genetic polymorphisms that have been associated with antidepressant response in 
non-PD (5HTTLPR s and lg alleles, 5HT2A -1438G/A, FKBP5, CRHR1)78-86 and antipsychotic response (D2 -
141 ins/del and Taq1A, D3 ser9gly, SNAP 25) and weight gain in schizophrenia64-77,87-93 pertain to PD. 
Finally, it is important to note that we will participate in the NIMH Human Genetics Initiative so that cell 
lines, DNA, and genetic data from this very well characterized sample will be available to the wider scientific 
community. For example, there is emerging evidence that certain genes (e.g.DISC1,94 CACNA1C95)may confer 
risk for severe psychiatric illness, as opposed to specific disorders. The genetic data from our study will provide 
scientists with the unique opportunity to include persons with psychotic depression in analyses pertaining to 
these ‘susceptibility genes’.  
INNOVATION 
 3.7 In addition to being transformative, the proposed research is innovative in several important ways: 
• By focusing on PD, this study provides the unique opportunity to assess the effect of antipsychotic 
discontinuation (as opposed to switching from one antipsychotic to another, which is the case in studies of 
schizophrenia) on treatment-associated weight gain and metabolic disturbance; 


 
6
 
 
• The study is unique in its inclusion of both younger and older adults. This novel approach will allow us to 
address age-related questions pertaining to treatment variability; 
• An innovative aspect of the design is to include persons in the RCT who have achieved ‘near-remission’ of 
depressive symptoms. This will allow us to examine whether substantial, but not complete, resolution of 
depressive symptoms in PD increases the risk of relapse following discontinuation of antipsychotic medication,  
• Studying genetic predictors of relapse of PD will be highly innovative. Moreover, this will be the first study to 
examine whether genetic polymorphisms that predict antipsychotic-related weight gain also predict weight loss 
following antipsychotic discontinuation; 
• Population pharmacokinetics will be used to evaluate drug exposure, which will allow for a more informed and 
sophisticated interpretation of the study’s findings; 
• This study will continue work started in STOP-PD in developing innovative assessment instruments, such as 
the Delusion Assessment Scale,96 in this population. During the course of STOP-PD, we developed the 
Resolution of Delusions Scale (RODS) to evaluate change in a person’s insight, as a delusion resolves with 
treatment. In the proposed study, we will assess the psychometric properties of the RODS. If metrics are 
acceptable, we will use the RODS in exploratory analyses to determine to what extent insight into the prior 
delusional belief is associated with stability of remission and risk of relapse;  
• A novel feature of the assessment is the use of a behavioral sign-based measure of psychomotor function 
(the ‘CORE’97) to examine the effect of psychomotor change, which is common in PD, on treatment outcome; 
• If the proposed study is funded, we are committed to promptly submitting a competing supplement that will 
have a cognitive neuroscience focus, integrating neuropsychology and neuroimaging, to study the relationships 
between age, brain function, and course of PD.  
APPROACH 
3.8 PROGRESS REPORT ON STOP-PD (Dates of Award: 6/1/2002-5/31/2007). 
STOP-PD was a 12-week double-blind RCT that compared the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of olanzapine 
plus sertraline (‘combination therapy’) with olanzapine plus placebo (‘olanzapine monotherapy’) in younger and 
older persons with major depressive disorder and delusions ± hallucinations. The study addressed the 
following hypotheses: 1) combined olanzapine and sertraline would be more efficacious than combined 
olanzapine and placebo; 2) the younger age group would have a higher rate of remission than the older age 
group; 3) treatment would be less well tolerated by older than younger participants. Full details of this study are 
reported in Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66 (8):838-47.11 To summarize:  
• The study’s recruitment goal was met, with 259 patients randomized to treatment (n=142 ≥60 years and 
n=117 <60 years) (Cornell: n=56; Massachusetts: n=59; Pittsburgh: n=63; Toronto: n=81). 
• Combination therapy was associated with a higher remission rate over the trial than olanzapine monotherapy 
(OR=1.28, 95% CI =1.12-1.47, p<.001).  41.9% of randomized combination participants were in remission at 
their last assessment compared to 23.9% of olanzapine monotherapy participants (χ2
1= 9.53, p=0.002; 
NNT=5.6). Of the participants who completed 12 weeks of treatment, the remission rate was 66.7% with 
combined treatment versus 49.2% with monotherapy (χ2
1=4.4, p=0.036; NNT=5.7). 
• Younger and older participants did not differ in rate of remission (OR=1.05, 95% CI=0.80-1.37, p=0.75). 
• There was no significant difference between age groups in overall tolerability of treatment or in 
extrapyramidal side effect scores. Both age groups had statistically significant increases in weight, cholesterol, 
and triglycerides. Of note, older subjects had significantly less weight gain than younger subjects (7.3 ± 10.3 
lbs versus 13.9 ± 4.0 lbs respectively; F1,226=14.51, p=0.0002). A statistically significant increase in fasting 
plasma glucose levels occurred in younger subjects only (mean change of 8.4 ± 41.3 mg/dL from a mean 
baseline of 93.6 ± 20.4 mg/dL, t211=2.65, p=0.009). Only 5% of participants withdrew from the study because of 
adverse effects.   
Unpublished Pilot Data from STOP-PD that is Relevant to the Proposed Study: 
• As an unfunded pilot project, blood was obtained at week 12/termination in a sub-set of participants (n=66 
young and n=102 old) for future pharmacokinetic analyses. Since younger and older groups differed in weight 
gain, we used population pharmacokinetics to explore whether younger and older groups differed in: i) 
variability of exposure, which could indicate poorer adherence with olanzapine in one group versus the other 
[105,106], and ii) magnitude of exposure. Younger and older groups did not differ in either variability 
(0.98±0.27 vs. 0.96±0.30; t[166]=0.36, p=0.72) or magnitude (1128.9±737.6ug/mL*h vs.1027.1±477.6ug/mL*h; 
unequal variances t[102]=1.0, p=.32) of exposure, suggesting that the age-related difference in weight gain was 
not explained by exposure. The proposed study will examine drug exposure in all participants. 


 
7
 
 
• Participants who were in remission with either combination therapy or olanzapine monotherapy at the 
completion of STOP-PD were invited to participate in a 3-month double-blind stabilization phase, during which 
they continued their acute phase treatment. The stabilization phase was designed to collect pilot data on: i) the 
stability of remission, and ii) the course of side effects. 74 persons (n=29 young and n=45 old) participated in 
this phase. Of the 48 patients who experienced remission with combination treatment, 10.4% subsequently 
had a relapse of major depression, psychosis, or both. Participants continued to gain weight in the stabilization 
phase, but at a slower rate than during STOP-PD (approximately 1.5 lbs/month in stabilization, compared with 
4.4 lbs/month in STOP-PD). Tests of fixed effects for changes in metabolic variables during the 6 months of 
both STOP-PD and the stabilization phase found a statistically significant age x time effect for glucose (F3,149= 
3.16, p<0.03), and trends in age x time effects for triglycerides (p=0.08), total cholesterol (p=0.07), and LDL 
cholesterol (p=0.09). The younger remitters experienced more of an increase in these metabolic variables than 
the older remitters. Thus, whereas there was no significant difference between age groups in elevations of 
glucose and lipids by the end of STOP-PD, differences started to emerge after 6 months of treatment. This 
suggests that older age may moderate olanzapine-associated metabolic dysfunction, but that this effect may 
not be apparent until later in the course of treatment. Thus, Aim 3, which pertains to the acute/stabilization 
phases of treatment (which the majority of participants are expected to complete within 16 weeks), 
hypothesizes that older age will moderate weight gain only, whereas Aim 4, which pertains to the longer-term 
treatment of PD, explores whether older age moderates change in both weight and metabolic variables. 
3.9 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 
3.9.1 General Overview. 392 patients (n=196 aged 18-59 years 
and n=196 aged ≥60 years) with non-bipolar major depression with 
psychotic features (delusions, with or without hallucinations) will be 
enrolled, across 4 sites, in open-label treatment with the 
combination of sertraline (target dose of 150 mg/day) and 
olanzapine (target dose of 15 mg/day). Participants who no longer 
have delusions and hallucinations and either a) have a 17-item 
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)98 score of ≤10 for 2 
consecutive assessments (‘full-remission’), or b) are rated ‘very 
much improved’ or ‘much improved’ on the Clinical Global 
Impression (CGI) Scale99 and have a HAM-D score of 11-15 and 
have ≥50% reduction in the baseline HAM-D score during the last 
two assessments of the Acute Phase (‘near-remission’) will 
continue with open-label sertraline and olanzapine for an 8-week 
stabilization phase. The acute phase of the study will last a 
maximum of 12 weeks, but participants will enter the stabilization 
phase as soon as they meet full-remission criteria. Participants who 
continue to meet full-remission or near-remission criteria and who 
have a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)100 score ≥24 at the 
end of the stabilization phase will enter the 36-week double-blind, 
placebo-controlled olanzapine discontinuation phase (‘the RCT’). 
 
Participants in full-remission or near-remission at the end of the 
stabilization phase who have a MMSE total score below 24 may be allowed to enter the RCT when specifically 
approved on a case-by-case basis by the Study's Steering Committee, if the steering committee believes that 
the lower MMSE score is not caused by clinically significant cognitive impairment and the participant is capable 
of giving informed consent to participate in the RCT. Participants who achieved near-remission at  the end of 
the Acute Phase and who have a Ham-D score >15 but no delusions or hallucinations at the Week 8 
stabilization visit can have two additional weekly stabilization visits.  These visits will be used to determine 
whether the increase in HAM-D score above the partial remission cut-off was transient and ensure that two 
consecutive weeks of partial remission criteria are met prior to entry in to the RCT. The Steering Committee 
must discuss and agree to this extension.  If the Ham-D score does not return to ≤15 at each of the two 
additional stabilization visits, the participant will not be eligible to enter the RCT. 
 
Participants will be randomized to either continue olanzapine or to switch from olanzapine to placebo following 
a 4-week placebo-controlled taper of the olanzapine. All participants will take open-label sertraline for the 
Figure 1: Study Design & Subject Flow 
Acute Phase (N=392)
Open Treatment with  
Sertraline and Olanzapine 
(up to 12 weeks) 
Stabilization Phase (N =196) 
Open Treatment with  
Sertraline and Olanzapine 
(8 weeks) 
50% Meet 
Remission/Near-Remission Criteria 
10% Relapse 
or Withdraw 
Discontinuation RCT (N=176)
Open Sertraline plus Blinded Study 
Medication (Olanzapine or Placebo) 
(36 weeks) 


 
8
 
 
duration of the RCT. Randomization will be stratified according to age group (18-59 years and 60 years or 
older) and stabilization phase outcome (‘full-remission’ versus ‘near-remission’). Relapse is the primary 
outcome. Participants who experience a relapse will be immediately referred to a designated psychiatrist at the 
research site, who is not affiliated with the study, for clinical management. 
3.9.2 Participant Recruitment and Flow  
Overview: Recruitment will begin after 4 months of start-up time and will extend for 38 months (to the end of 
month 6 of Year 04).  The RCT will begin in month 8 of Year 01 and extend 47 months (to the end of month 7 
of Year 05).  The final 5 months of Year 05 will be used for the completion of data cleaning, data analyses, and 
write-up of results. 
Figure 2: Study Time Line 
                                                             
  4-months 
51-month Acute, Stabilization, & RCT phases 
          5-months   
  start-up 
         (Including 38 months recruitment) 
                   analysis &        
                                                                                                                                            write-up                                                      
Recruitment into Open-Label Acute Phase: This study will use the same methods of recruitment and at the 
same study sites that were successfully used in STOP-PD.11 In addition, we will systematically screen at sites 
that are affiliated with the study’s academic centers, some of which are community settings. Individuals at 
these affiliate sites who are eligible for, and consent to, the study will then participate in the study at the 
primary academic center. This approach will facilitate target enrollment and will extend generalizability of the 
study’s findings by recruiting persons from ‘less academically-oriented settings’. Entry criteria (see Section 
4.2.1) will be the same as those used in STOP-PD which achieved its recruitment goal. Given that the acute 
phase of the proposed study will use open-label combination treatment, we anticipate that more patients will 
agree to participate in the proposed study compared with STOP-PD where participants had a 50:50 chance of 
being randomized to olanzapine plus placebo. Based on 38 months of recruitment, the recruitment goal 
equates to an average 2.6 participants enrolled per site per month. 
Enrollment in the Stabilization and RCT Phases: In the double-blind combination treatment arm of STOP-
PD, 63/129 (48.8%) participants who were randomized to combination treatment met remission criteria at 
some point during treatment, based on the criterion of a Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia 
(SADS)101 delusion item score of 1 (‘definitely not delusional’) and a minimum of 2 consecutive assessments of 
a 17-item HAM-D score ≤10. In addition, 10/129 (7.8%) combination treatment participants had the absence of 
delusions, a CGI improvement score of ‘very much’ or ‘much’ improved, and a 17-item HAM-D score of 11-15.  
Thus, 56.6% of participants who were randomized to combination treatment experienced remission of 
delusions and remission or substantial improvement of depressive symptoms. Given that treatment in the 
acute phase of the proposed study will be open-label, we anticipate that remission/near-remission will be 
higher and drop-out due to withdrawal of consent will be lower than under the double-blind, placebo-controlled 
conditions of STOP-PD.11 We therefore predict that 60% of participants in the proposed study will achieve 
remission of psychosis and either remission or substantial improvement in depressive symptoms, allowing 
them to proceed to the stabilization phase. Nevertheless, we plan to recruit 392 patients to the acute phase of 
the study, which will facilitate reaching our target recruitment to the RCT should remission plus near-remission 
in the acute phase be as low as 50%.  
In the STOP-PD stabilization phase, 10% of participants who experienced remission with combination 
treatment had a relapse (Section 3.8). In contrast, Rothschild et al.41 found that none of the patients with PD 
who responded to combined fluoxetine and perphenazine had a relapse or dropped out during 12 weeks of 
open-label continuation treatment. Based on these data, we estimate that approximately 10% of acute phase 
full/near-remitters will not complete the 8-week open-label stabilization phase of the proposed study, either 
because of relapse or discontinuation. Thus, we predict that 176 participants will be available for the RCT. 
3.9.3 Justification for Aspects of the Design: 
Duration of Acute Treatment: Although most studies of the acute treatment of PD have been of 6-8 weeks 
duration,8 a maximum of 12 weeks of acute treatment is more suitable for this study for several reasons.  First, 
one of the goals of the acute phase is to maximize the chance of achieving remission of delusions and 
antidepressant response, in order for participants to enter the RCT. In STOP-PD, 1/3 of participants who 
experienced remission with combined sertraline and olanzapine did not do so until between weeks 6 and 12 of 
treatment. Second, studies of 6-8 weeks typically use one cross-sectional assessment of ≥50% decrease in 
severity of depression as the primary outcome criterion.  The acute treatment outcome criterion that will be 
used in this study requires a longer period of observation. On the other hand, the decision to limit acute 


 
9
 
 
treatment to a maximum of 12 weeks is based on study time frame considerations (completion of the study in 5 
years) and the fact that patients who do not experience remission of psychosis and at least substantial 
improvement in depression following 12 weeks of intensive antidepressant-antipsychotic treatment should 
probably be considered for additional or alternative treatment.  
Duration of Stabilization Phase: There are no data, and there is no consensus among experts,102 about how 
long to continue antipsychotic medication, once an episode of PD has responded to combination 
pharmacotherapy. However, a survey of 50 experts in the treatment of late-life depression found that the 
majority would not recommend stopping antipsychotic medication immediately after remission of PD.102 In the 
absence of data to the contrary, we believe that it is prudent to allow for a period of stability of remission of 
psychosis prior to withdrawal of the antipsychotic. On the other hand, continuation of the antipsychotic for too 
long exposes a patient to the hazards of ongoing weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. We therefore chose 8 
weeks for the stabilization period to strike a balance between assuring sustained remission of the psychosis, 
while minimizing the duration of exposure to weight gain and metabolic disturbance.   
Discontinuation Design: The primary aim of this study is to assess whether olanzapine, in combination with 
antidepressant medication, prevents relapse of PD. This question can be addressed through a double-blind 
RCT, in which placebo is substituted for olanzapine in half the study participants, at a fixed point in time. We 
also considered a placebo-controlled sequential discontinuation design, whereby placebo is substituted for 
olanzapine at different time points. Although a sequential discontinuation design could provide information 
about how long to continue olanzapine once an episode of PD has remitted, we believe that the first step is to 
determine whether or not antipsychotic medication is of any benefit in preventing relapse of PD. If antipsychotic 
medication is found to be beneficial, the next step would then be to assess the optimal duration of 
antipsychotic treatment. A sequential discontinuation design would require many more study participants than 
the design that we propose, and would therefore be more challenging in terms of recruitment and more costly 
than the current proposal. 
Duration of the RCT: Limited data from naturalistic studies of PD suggest that when antipsychotic medication 
is discontinued, the 3 months after discontinuation is the period of greatest risk of relapse.32,41 The choice of 36 
weeks for the proposed RCT therefore: a) covers the period of greatest risk of relapse of PD following the 
discontinuation of the antipsychotic, yet allows for a period of observation beyond that time, b) saves on the 
cost that would be associated with a longer study, and c) allows the study to be completed within 5 years. 
Duration of Antipsychotic Taper: In the aformentioned open-label study of the withdrawal of antipsychotic 
medication in PD, Rothschild et al.41 tapered antipsychotic medication over a period of 4 weeks. No patient 
experienced discontinuation side effects or re-emergence of psychosis during the 4-week taper.   
Stratification by Age: PD is prevalent in older adults with major depression.16,17,103,104 Age-related 
pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes may result in age-related differences in treatment efficacy 
and tolerability. It is therefore important to include a sufficient number of older persons in order to examine the 
relation between age, efficacy, tolerability, and safety. 
Remission Criteria to Enter the RCT: Studies of major depression have found that partial improvement in 
depressive symptoms may increase the risk of subsequent relapse of depression.105  We therefore believe 
that, in addition to experiencing full remission of psychosis, participants should experience substantial 
improvement in depressive symptoms prior to changes being made to the treatment to which they responded. 
There were patients in STOP-PD who experienced remission of psychosis and were rated by a research 
psychiatrist as ‘very much improved’ or ‘much improved’ on the CGI, yet had a final visit HAM-D score in the 
range of 11-15, which still represented ≥50% improvement in the baseline HAM-D score. Given that patients in 
this study will continue with an antidepressant throughout the RCT, and may therefore continue to experience 
improvement in depression beyond the acute/stabilization phases of treatment, we will include persons with 
substantial improvement in depressive symptoms, even though the symptoms may not have reached the 
conventional < 8-10 HAM-D cut point for remission used in studies of non-psychotic depression.29,30   
MMSE Score ≥24 to Enter the Stabilization Phase: Persons with clinically significant cognitive impairment 
prior to the index episode of PD will be excluded from the study (Section 4.2.1). In addition, participants with a 
MMSE score <24 at the end of the stabilization phase will be excluded from participation in the RCT (since 
poor cognitive performance at that stage of the study can not be explained by depression or psychosis),unless 
a MMSE score of <24 is explained by factors other than cognitive impairment, such as low education level, 
visual impairment, or lack of fluency in the English language.Of the STOP-PD participants who achieved 
remission with combination treatment and participated in the stabilization phase, only 1/37 had a MMSE score 


 
10
 
 
<24 at the end of stabilization. Thus, we expect that this exclusion will have minimal impact on subject flow in 
to the RCT. 
3.9.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for participants are described in Human Subjects (Section 4.2.1) 
3.9.5 Assessments and Measures: 
Primary Clinical Measures pertain to the study’s aims and hypotheses and/or eligibility criteria. They are: 
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-IV),106 the GRID version of the 17-item HAM-D,98,107 
Delusion Assessment Scale (DAS),96 delusion and hallucination items of the SADS,101 Scale for Suicidal 
Ideation (SSI)108, CGI,99 and MMSE.100 The 26-item Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline 
(IQCODE)109,110 will be used to screen out clinically significant cognitive decline that began prior to the index 
episode of PD, to help avoid the inclusion of persons in the early stage of dementia. 
Secondary  Clinical Measures: Anxiety symptoms, medical burden, executive dysfunction, psychomotor 
change, and ‘treatment resistance’ during the index episode of depression have each been associated with 
increased risk of relapse/recurrence of major depression.111-115 These variables will therefore be included as 
covariates in the Cox model examining risk of relapse (Section 3.10.3). The pertinent measures are: anxiety 
subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,116,117 Cumulative Illness Rating Scale,118 DKEFS 
Stroop Conditions 1-3,119 the CORE97, and the Antidepressant Treatment History Form.120   
• Given the age range of study participants, there will be 3 additional cognitive tests to help characterize the 
sample at entry in to the RCT; these tests, which target previously described impairments in PD121 and late-life 
depression,121,123 will be: i) a test of delayed recall (RBANS Immediate and Delayed Recall,124 ii) a test of 
psychomotor speed (RBANS coding task124), and iii) a test of cognitive flexibility (DKEFS Trail Making Test 
Conditions 4 & 5.119 The DKEFS and RBANS tests were selected as they have norms available for the entire 
age range of our proposed sample and the two DKEFS tasks and the two RBANS tasks were co-normed.   
• Measures of non-metabolic safety will be: UKU Side Effects Scale;125 Simpson Angus Scale;126 Barnes 
Akathisia Scale;127 Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale;128 Orthostatic hypotension assessed after standing 
for 1 minute, following 5 minutes in a supine position; and Falls Log (incidence and number of falls). 
Anthropometric Measures : The selection of anthropometric measures and metabolic parameters is based on 
Consensus Recommendations regarding the clinical monitoring of patients treated with atypical 
antipsychotics.129 Subjects will be weighed, and their height measured, in light clothing without shoes. In 
addition, pre-morbid weight (average weight in the year prior to the onset of the index episode of depression) 
will be obtained from the patient’s primary care physician’s records. When pre-morbid weight is not available 
from primary care physicians, the patient will be asked for this information. Pre-morbid weight will be used to 
calculate weight loss during the index episode of depression; depression-related weight loss will be taken in to 
account in a secondary statistical analysis of weight change during the proposed study. In addition to weight, 
body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference are key clinical measures of body fat.129 BMI, a measure of 
weight relative to height, is an index of total body fat. Waist circumference, measured at the umbilicus, is a 
measure of abdominal obesity, which is more specifically associated with cardiovascular risk and metabolic 
syndrome than BMI.130 BMI and waist circumference will be assessed at each study visit.  Separate secondary 
statistical analyses pertaining to Aims 2-5 will be conducted, using each of these measures as an alternative to 
weight. 
Metabolic Measures:  Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), a measure of insulin resistance131,132 and the 
primary measure of glycemic function in this study, will be calculated based on an established formula,132 each 
time fasting glucose and insulin are measured. HbA1c will be a secondary measure of glycemic function, to 
assess the longitudinal stability of serum glucose levels during the course of the study. Triglycerides and 
cholesterol (total, LDL, HDL) will also be measured.   
 
Table 1: Schedule of Events:  Acute and Stabilization Phases and RCT  
Instrument 
Baseline 
Acute  
Phase A, B 
(week) 
(4-12 wks 
in duration) 
Stabili-
zation  
PhaseC 
(week)  
Discontinuation RCT C  
(week) 
4 
8 12D
4 
8 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
12
16
20
24
28
32
36E 
SCID 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
Clinical RatingsF 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
Weight & Waist Circumference 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
Height 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
11
 
 
Metabolic Labs  
x 
x 
 
x 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
x 
 
x 
 
x 
x 
Drug Plasma Levels 
 
x 
 
x 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
Genetic Testing
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Biomarkers 
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
Baseline PhysicalG 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vital Signs 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
Anxiety 
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical Burden 
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CognitionH
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
Psychomotor Change 
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ATHF 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SF-36I
x 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
EPSE Ratings
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
Best Guess FormJ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
Intent-to-Attend FormK 
 
 
 
 
 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pill Count 
 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
A  The duration of the Acute Phase is variable and can last between 4 and 12 weeks, depending on time to response. 
B In-person clinical evaluation will be performed by a research psychiatrist at weeks 1,2,3,6, and 10 of the Acute Phase (more frequently 
for inpatients) in order to provide intensive clinical monitoring during the early part of the study.  
C Participants will have over-the-phone clinical evaluation by research associates (RAs) at weeks 2 and 6 of the Stabilization Phase and 
weeks 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 of the RCT, so as to allow for close clinical monitoring throughout these phases of the study, yet 
lessening the burden on participants that would be associated with more frequent in-person assessments. During the phone 
assessments, RAs will administer the SCID major depressive episode questions, the SSI, and the DAS conviction items. These clinical 
assessments will be reviewed by a research psychiatrist. Participants with evidence of clinical deterioration will be promptly seen in 
person by a research psychiatrist and RA.  
D These assessments will be completed at the end of the Acute Phase, which occurs between 4 and 12 weeks after starting study 
medications.  
E These assessments will be completed at week 36 or at the point of termination.  
F Primary clinical ratings are HAM-D, DAS, SADS delusion and hallucination items, SSI, and CGI. In addition, the UKU side effects 
scale, Falls Log, and Concomitant Medication Log will be completed at these visits. 
G Baseline physical includes physical examination and screening lab tests (CBC; serum electrolytes, creatinine; liver function tests(AST, 
ALT); TSH; Vitamin B12; serum pregnancy test; urine drug screen) and EKG if they have not been done in the week prior to starting the 
study.  
HCognitive evaluation will include: the IQCODE at baseline; and the MMSE, Immediate and Delayed Recall, Stroop, Trail Making, and 
Coding task at the end of the Stabilization Phase, and Delayed Recall, Stroop, Trail Making, and Coding task at RCT termination. 
I The SF-36 will be administered to: i) examine the association of acute and remitted psychotic depression with participants’ health-
related quality of life, and ii) explore the effect of continuation versus discontinuation of antipsychotic medication on participants’ health-
related quality of life. 
JThe Best Guess Form will be completed independently by participant and rater at RCT termination, to determine, once the study is 
completed, whether participants and/or raters could guess treatment assignment on a greater than chance basis. This will serve as an 
indicator of how well the study’s double-blind was preserved. 
KThe purpose of the Intent-to-Attend form is described in Section 3.10.5 (‘Strategies for Attrition’) 
Rater Training and Rater Reliability: All raters will participate in standardized training before being allowed to 
assess and rate study participants. In addition, inter-rater reliability of the HAM-D and DAS will be assessed on 
an annual basis. Please see ‘Reliability and Quality Control’ in Section 4.1.6 for full details. 
3.9.6 Pharmacogenetics:  Processing of DNA: Whole blood on all consenting participants will be sent directly 
to the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genetic Studies (‘the Center’) for the generation of cell lines and 
extraction of DNA. Blood samples will be sent as they are collected and shipped at room temperature using the 
Center’s established protocols that are designed to minimize trauma. In the rare event that a sample is lost in 
transit, or if the sample is unsuitable for DNA extraction, or if a cell line is not successfully made, we will obtain 
a repeat blood sample to send to the Center. DNA will be shipped from the Center to Dr. James Kennedy’s 
genetics laboratory at CAMH in Toronto within 4 months of the blood sample being received by the Center.  
With the exception of data entry personnel at Cornell, the study’s research staff will not be privy to the genetic 
data until after the study has finished, so as to maintain the blind. 
Genotyping: We will use standard TaqMan methods on our ABI-7500 for SNP markers and ABI-3100 for 
repeat polymorphisms. To ensure a clear result, any ambiguous genotypes will be discarded and the 
participant’s DNA will be re-genotyped until the results are unambiguous. 10% of the participants will be re-
genotyped to check for error rates (the test error rate in Dr. Kennedy’s lab is 0.5%).  We will type selected 
SNPs (functional and certain tagged SNPs) across the candidate genes described in Section 3.6, and also 
explore any highly promising genes emerging from the literature. We will test both single markers and 
haplotypes.  


 
12
 
 
Population Stratification will be examined using the STRUCTURE program.133 We will select a set of unlinked 
SNPs from our set of selected markers, augmented by an additional 96 markers that are known to be ‘ancestry 
informative’ and run the STRUCTURE program under an admixture model, assuming correlated frequencies, 
with 20,000 burn-ins and 20,000 repetitions. The group membership probabilities thus obtained would be used 
as a covariate in the pharmacogenetic statistical analyses. 
3.9.7 Drug Exposure: Pharmacokinetic changes associated with aging and other factors134,135 can result in 
variability of drug concentrations, which in turn can result in differences in pharmacodynamics. Drug exposure 
is therefore an important piece of information when interpreting variability in treatment efficacy and adverse 
effects.134,136 Blood will be collected for determination of plasma sertraline and olanzapine concentrations. 
Each site will send frozen batched plasma samples to Dr. Pollock’s psychopharmacology lab in Toronto every 
6 months for pharmacokinetic analyses. The analytic strategy will use population pharmacokinetics which uses 
nonlinear mixed effect modeling137 to identify intra- and inter-individual sources of variability.  The modeling 
provides: (1) magnitude of exposure, expressed as average drug concentration or Area Under the Curve, and 
(2) variability of exposure from what is expected, expressed as a ratio of the predicted drug concentration for a 
given time point to the observed concentration (Cpred/obs). Variability from the norm in drug concentrations 
can be determined using sparse (between two and four) plasma samples per patient.138  
3.9.8 Outcomes  
Outcome Criteria: Relapse is the primary measure of outcome. Relapse criteria are broad, to reflect a range 
of clinically relevant outcomes of PD.  The criterion for relapse will be at least one of the following:  1) SCID 
symptoms of major depressive episode (preferably maintained for at least 1 week over two consecutive weekly 
visits); 2) 17-item HAM-D score of ≥18 (preferably maintained for at least 1 week over two consecutive weekly 
visits) and a mean absolute increase of 5 points on at least one visit relative to entry into the RCT; 3) re-
emergence of SCID-rated psychosis (delusions or hallucinations) (preferably for at least 1 week over two 
consecutive weekly visits) and a score of ≥3 on the SADS delusion or hallucination severity items 
(delusion/hallucination ‘definitely present’); 4) significant clinical worsening, defined as either i) emergence of 
‘high risk’ of suicide at any time (current suicide plan or suicide attempt), and/or ii) development of SCID-rated 
mania or hypomania (preferably for at least 1 week over two consecutive weekly visits), and/or iii) psychiatric 
hospitalization for depression, psychosis, suicidality, or mania/hypomania, regardless of the duration of these 
symptoms. Although a one-week time duration is preferable, the research psychiatrist is allowed to declare that 
a relapse has occurred if the clinical criterion is established at an in-person visit and postponing further 
intervention for another seven days is considered to place the subject at undue risk. Time to relapse will be 
defined as time from randomization to the first visit at which relapse is established or the start of psychiatric 
hospitalization. These relapse criteria reflect a clinical deterioration for which most clinicians would consider a 
change of treatment.  Even though patients with a history of bipolar affective disorder will not be allowed to 
enter the study (Section 4.2.1), mania or hypomania is included as an outcome variable because onset of PD 
in younger adults may predict subsequent development of bipolar affective disorder. Participants who are 
suspected of having a relapse will be seen by one of the study’s research psychiatrists who will determine 
whether relapse criteria are met. 
Management of Relapse: Patients who meet relapse criteria will be seen for clinical management by a 
psychiatrist at the research site who is not affiliated with the study within 48-72 hours of referral.  Alternatively, 
patients can be referred for acute psychiatric hospitalization, if deemed appropriate by the study psychiatrist. 
The non-study psychiatrist will be notified by the research pharmacist whether the patient was taking 
olanzapine at the time of relapse. Other research personnel will not be aware of the treatment assignment. 
Based on the frequency of relapse postulated for the study, we estimate that there will be an average of 3 
cases of relapse per year per study site. 
3.9.9 Pharmacotherapy: Please see the appended Pharmacotherapy Protocol (Appendix1) for full details 
regarding pharmacotherapy in all phases of the study.  
Acute phase: The only psychotropic medications allowed in the study will be i)olanzapine, ii)sertraline, and 
iii)‘as needed’ lorazepam and benztropine (doses of lorazepam and benztropine will not be permitted in the 12 
hours prior to psychometric testing, so as to minimize the effect of these medications on cognitive 
performance). Psychotropic medications that are not permitted in the study will be withdrawn prior to starting 
study medications, but if this is not feasible, by the end of the first week of the study. Sertraline and olanzapine 
will be dispensed in a non-blind, open-label fashion during the acute and stabilization phases of the study. The 
titration schedule of sertraline and olanzapine, and the target dosages of these medications, will be the same 
as that successfully employed in STOP-PD. Sertraline will be started at 50mg/day and increased by 50 mg 


 
13
 
 
increments to reach a target dose of 150 mg/day by the end of the first week of treatment. Participants who did 
not experience at least partial improvement (based on operationalized criteria) in depressive symptoms, after 
taking sertraline at a dosage of 150 mg/day for 4 weeks, will have the sertraline dose increased to 200 mg/day, 
as tolerated. Olanzapine will be started at 5 mg/day and increased by 5 mg increments to reach a target dose 
of 15 mg/day by the end of the first week of treatment. If there is no improvement or inadequate improvement 
in psychosis after 7 days of 15 mg/day of olanzapine, the dosage of olanzapine will be increased to 20 mg/day, 
as tolerated. Slower titration or temporary dose reductions of one or both medications will be allowed if there 
are clinically significant side effects, but a concerted effort will be made to achieve the target dosages, as 
tolerated.  
Stabilization Phase: When participants meet remission criteria, they will continue with open-label sertraline 
and olanzapine during the 8-week stabilization phase. Since the goal of this phase is to consolidate stability of 
remission, adjustment of the doses of study medications will be allowed, if necessitated by clinical worsening 
or significant side effects. The maximum allowable daily dosages of sertraline and olanzapine, respectively, will 
be 200mg and 20mg, and the minimum allowable daily dosages will be 50mg and 5mg. Because sustained 
remission of psychosis during the stabilization phase will be required for eligibility for the RCT, participants will 
leave the stabilization phase if they experience a relapse of delusions or hallucinations during that time as 
determined by SCID interview. 
Randomized Phase: Participants who meet the study’s remission criteria will be randomly allocated, following 
completion of the stabilization phase, to either continue olanzapine or switch, over a period of 4-weeks, from 
olanzapine to placebo. All participants will take open-label sertraline for the duration of the RCT. The goal will 
be to maintain sertraline at the same acute dose that the participant was prescribed at the time of 
randomization to the RCT. Because participants will have taken sertraline for a minimum of 10 weeks before 
entering the RCT, we anticipate that the dose of sertraline will rarely need to be adjusted in the RCT because 
of side effects. However, a reduction of the dosage of sertraline will be allowed if the site PI agrees. An 
increase in dose of sertraline will not be permitted at any time during the RCT, because it will confound testing 
of H1. The goal will be to maintain olanzapine/placebo at the same acute dose that the participant was 
prescribed at the time of randomization to the RCT.  However, a change in dose of olanzapine/placebo will be 
permitted, if necessitated by adverse effects or clinical worsening during the RCT, following discussion with the 
site PI. The rationale for allowing a change in olanzapine/placebo dose, is that the primary aim of the study is 
to assess whether olanzapine, administered within a clinically relevant dose range, prevents relapse, not 
whether a specific dose of olanzapine prevents relapse. Dose changes of sertraline and olanzapine/placebo 
will be carefully recorded and will be reported in a descriptive fashion for each treatment arm.  
 
3.10 DATA ANALYSIS 
3.10.1 Data Management is described as a part of Quality Control in Section 4.1.6.  
3.10.2 Randomization: We will randomize 88 participants to each of the two treatment arms using a 1:1 
allocation ratio, stratified by age, remission group at randomization, and site. In order to reduce the probability 
that a disproportionate number of subjects are randomized to any one level of the factors a blocking strategy 
will be used. Randomization will be conducted by Dr. Leon, the study’s statistician, using the Dallal software.   
3.10.3 Data Analytic Procedures:  Initially, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics will be 
examined. Frequency distributions will be produced. Descriptive and graphical displays will be produced. 
Transformations will be used when distributional assumptions are not fulfilled for inferential tests. Treatment 
groups will be compared on baseline demographic and clinical variables using t-tests for continuous variables, 
Mann-Whitney tests for ordinal variables, and chi-square tests for categorical variables. If significant baseline 
group imbalance is detected on any particular variable, that variable will be included as a covariate in the 
inferential analyses if its correlation with outcome is 0.30 or greater. Dropouts and completers will also be 
compared on baseline variables using t-tests, Mann-Whitney tests, or chi-square tests. The primary analyses 
will adhere to the Intent-to-Treat principle. Each statistical test for H1-3 will involve a two-tailed alpha of .05.  
Primary Hypothesis: Efficacy.  
H1: The combination of sertraline and olanzapine will be associated with less risk of relapse than the 
combination of sertraline and placebo. H1 will be tested with a Cox proportional hazards model that 
compares survival time across treatment groups.  Survival time will be defined as time from randomization to 
relapse (Section 3.9.8) and will be measured in weeks. A subject’s survival time will be classified as censored 
at the point of study discontinuation, (e.g., due to withdrawal of consent or a severe intervening non-psychiatric 
medical event) or at end of follow-up, if relapse has not yet occurred. Kaplan Meier survival curves will be used 


 
14
 
 
for descriptive analyses of time to relapse. The Cox models will include treatment group and the stratification 
variables: site, remission group at randomization (full-remission vs. near-remission), and age group at 
randomization (18-59 vs. ≥60 years). Treatment groups will be compared on 5 variables at the time of 
randomization that have the potential to be associated with risk of relapse (anxiety, medical burden, executive 
dysfunction, psychomotor change, and treatment resistance prior to study entry; Section 3.9.5); if the treatment 
groups differ significantly on one or more of these variables (p≤.05) and the variable in question is correlated 
with relapse (r>.30), the variable will be included as a covariate in the Cox model. Based on our prior 
studies,38,41,139 we expect no more than 10% attrition during the RCT among these participants who have 
already been enrolled for 12-20 weeks prior to randomization and who are in sustained remission at the time of 
randomization. This attrition rate might appear to be low, but this is because those subjects most vulnerable to 
attrition will likely drop out in the phases prior to randomization. Non-informative censoring will be examined by 
comparing those who do and do not dropout on their HAM-D ratings from the prior week. The constant hazards 
assumption will be examined by examining the incremental contribution of a treatment x vulnerable period of 
relapse interaction (exploring the possibility of higher risk in the first 3 months following discontinuation). 
Secondary Hypotheses: Weight and Metabolic Safety  
H2: The combination of sertraline and olanzapine will be associated with higher weight, higher total 
cholesterol, and higher triglycerides compared with the combination of sertraline and placebo in the 
randomized phase.  This will be tested using separate mixed-effects linear regression analyses for weight, 
cholesterol, and triglycerides during the randomized phase.  Models will include up to 15 repeated 
assessments of weight and up to 5 repeated measures of total cholesterol and triglycerides over the 36-week 
trial, as the respective dependent variables.  Using a regulatory approach to safety analyses (H2, H3, E1 and 
E2), we will classify subjects based on medications taken during protocolized treatment. Likelihood ratio (LR) 
tests will successively examine the incremental contributions of a quadratic term for time and two interactions 
(treatment by site and treatment by time).140 The decision rule calls for rejection of H0 if the latter interaction is 
statistically significant. Interaction and quadratic terms will only be included in subsequent models if statistically 
significant. LR tests will determine if the time better approximated with weekly time indicators that allow for 
other forms of non-linear change over time. In addition a spline-based approach will examine metabolic 
changes. If a participant receives new treatment or a change of treatment for hyperlipidemia during the RCT, 
his/her pertinent metabolic data from that point onwards will be excluded from the mixed model, although the 
metabolic measures in question will continue to be collected for safety analyses and reporting to the DSMB. 
Based on data from STOP-PD, we expect that fewer than 5% of participants (i.e. <10 participants in the RCT) 
will have metabolic data censored for this reason. We chose not to include these post-randomization metabolic 
data as covariates in the mixed model, because doing so could confound ‘cause and effect’ and result in a 
biased estimate of the treatment effect, thereby compromising the primary goal of the analysis.141  
H3:  Older age will be associated with less weight gain during the open-label phase. Mixed-effects linear 
regression analysis will examine weight change from Acute Phase baseline. The model will include up to 6 
weight assessments over the 12-20 week acute and stabilization phases.  We will use the strategy above (H2) 
except that age will be the primary fixed effect because treatment is a constant in the open-label phase. LR 
tests will examine incremental contributions of a quadratic term for time and the age by time interaction. In 
addition a spline-based approach will be used to fit metabolic measures. H0 will be rejected if the interaction is 
statistically significant.   
Exploratory Analyses 
E1.  Explore older age as a moderator of change in weight and metabolic variables during the 
randomized phase.   Analyses of age as a moderator are exploratory and, as recommended142 will focus on 
the magnitude of the effect and not involve significance testing.  Separate mixed-effects linear regression 
models will examine change on weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin resistance.   
E2. Explore the association of selected genetic polymorphisms with: i) remission, ii) relapse, and iii) 
weight and metabolic variables during the open-label and randomized phases of the study. We will 
apply quality control for the genotyped genetic markers: i) all tag SNPs with a call rate less than 95% and 
minor allele frequency less than 10% will be excluded to provide sufficiently informative variation, and ii) we will 
test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for each marker; markers not in HWE will be discarded (p<.001). 
The analyses for remission and relapse will compare those with and without each candidate genotype on time 
until remission/relapse in separate Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses will examine one genotype per 
model. Mixed-effects linear regression analyses will compare those with and without each candidate genotype 
on weight and metabolic variables.  There will be separate models for weight and each pertinent metabolic 


 
15
 
 
variable; these analyses will examine one genotype per model. Each open-label analysis will involve a main 
effect of genotype, whereas each randomized phase analysis will involve both the main effects and interaction 
of genotype and randomized treatment. Haplotype analyses will follow the same approach as for genotype 
analyses. Haplotypes occurring at a frequency of <10% will not be included in analyses.  
Analysis of Non-Metabolic Safety Data: Data on non-metabolic adverse events during each phase will be 
collected for reporting to the DSMB. In addition, these data during the RCT will allow for a descriptive 
comparison between participants maintained on olanzapine and those switched to placebo. For each phase of 
the study, we will report the number and % of participants who meet criteria for specific adverse events, who 
did not meet these criteria at acute phase baseline. Adverse events will be defined as: an increase of ≥2 points 
from baseline or a score of 3 on individual items of the UKU; a global severity score of ≥2 on the AIMS; a 
global assessment score of ≥2 on the Barnes Akathisia scale; a mean score of ≥2 on the Simpson Angus 
Scale; a score of ≥1 on item #4 or #5 of the SSI; a reduction in systolic blood pressure of ≥20 mm Hg or in 
diastolic blood pressure of ≥10 mm Hg within 3 minutes of standing; one or more falls.  We will also report the 
N and % of individuals who meet criteria for an adverse event from week 8 onwards of the RCT, to allow for 
the possibility of improvement in adverse effects once open-label phase olanzapine is cleared from the body. 
We will also report the N and % of individuals who are started on a lipid-lowering or glucose-lowering drug after 
study enrollment.  Because of the large number of variables, these data will be presented descriptively. 
Analysis of Drug Exposure: The analyses of drug exposure are exploratory and will not directly influence the 
findings of H1-3 and E1-2, but will instead provide supplementary information for interpretation of these 
findings. Mixed effects linear regression analyses will compare treatment groups on magnitude and variability 
of sertraline exposure in the randomized phase. Mixed effects linear models will compare age groups on 
magnitude and variability of i) sertraline exposure and ii) olanzapine exposure during the open-label and 
randomized phases. There will be separate models for each phase and for each measure of drug exposure.  
3.10.4 Sample Size Determination and Statistical Power Analyses:    
Assumptions for Power Calculations for H1: We propose 20% as the minimal clinically meaningful 
difference in relapse rates between olanzapine and placebo over 36 weeks. A 20% difference would mean that 
5 patients (NNT) would need to be treated with olanzapine to prevent 1 case of relapse. Based on the review 
of literature (Section 3.4) and STOP-PD stabilization data (Section 3.8), we estimate that 15% of participants 
who are maintained on sertraline+olanzapine will have a relapse in the RCT. A relapse rate of 35% in the 
sertraline+placebo group would therefore be consistent with the hypothesized 20% difference between 
treatment groups.  A 35% relapse following olanzapine discontinuation is the same as the rate reported by 
Aronson et al.32 in a naturalistic study of antipsychotic discontinuation in PD, but not as high as some of the 
rates of relapse of PD following cessation of a course of ECT.4,37-39 Based on our previous experience of 
conducting studies of the continuation and maintenance treatment of PD,38,41,139 we predict that attrition during 
the RCT will not exceed 10%. 
 
Table 2. Statistical Power for Survival Analyses for H1. 
Power calculations for H1: The sample size proposed for this 
study was determined based on statistical power analyses for 
the primary hypothesis (H1), which will be tested with survival 
analysis.  The protocol specifies randomization of a total of 176 
participants (88/group), and specifies a two-tailed alpha level of 
.05. Power was estimated in a simulation study using S+ 
survfit.  The proposed sample size will provide sufficient 
statistical power to detect clinically meaningful differences in 
H1 (Table 2). 
Assumptions for Power Calculations for H2: 1) Data from RCTs in schizophrenia show that olanzapine-
related weight gain slows after the first 12 weeks of treatment143 but can continue by an average of 1lb/month 
for up to 9 months of treatment.144-146 In the post-acute stabilization phase of STOP-PD, weight gain slowed to 
an average 1.5lbs/month; 2) We propose that participants assigned to placebo will lose most, but not all, of the 
weight gained during the open-label phase of the study, because some of the weight gained will have been 
restoration of depression-related weight loss; 3) Ongoing increases in triglycerides, averaging 8-10 mg/dl/ 
month over periods of 4-12 months, have been reported with olanzapine in studies of schizophrenia.145-147 In 
STOP-PD, there was a similar mean increase of approximately 9mg/dl /month. We therefore assume an 
increase in triglycerides in the olanzapine arm of the RCT; 4) RCTs of schizophrenia report only a slight 
increase in total cholesterol with olanzapine after the first 12-16 weeks of treatment.145,146  We therefore 
Sert + Pla 
Relapse 
Sert  +Olanz 
Relapse  
Attrition
Power 
40% 
15% 
10% 
0.95 
40% 
15% 
15% 
0.94 
35% 
15% 
10% 
0.84 
35% 
15% 
15% 
0.82 
35% 
10% 
10% 
0.98 
35% 
10% 
15% 
0.97 


 
16
 
 
assume little or no change in total cholesterol from randomization values in the olanzapine arm; 5) We 
hypothesize that triglycerides and total cholesterol in placebo-treated patients will return towards acute phase 
baseline values.    
Table 3:  Statistical Power of Mixed-Effects  
Linear Regression Analyses for H2 and H3 
 
Power Calculations for H2 (Weight and Metabolic 
During RCT) : Power was estimated in a simulation study 
using SAS PROC MIXED.  To account for attrition in H2, 
the power analyses assumed we would collect at least 8 
of 15 repeated assessments of weight and 4 of 5 
measures of total cholesterol and triglycerides.during the 
RCT. The proposed design will have power ≥.80 to detect 
differential slopes that result in standardized differences at 
endpoint ≥.35 for weight and ≥.40 for triglycerides and total cholesterol. To put these in perspective, based on 
STOP-PD data, these effects correspond to group differences as small as 4.9 lbs in weight, 38 mg/dl in 
triglycerides, and 22 mg/dl in total cholesterol.  
Assumptions and Statistical Power for H3 (Weight During Open-Label Phase): Power analyses for H3 
assumed that we would collect at least 4 of the 6 planned assessments of weight during open-label treatment. 
The proposed design will have power >.80 to detect differential slopes that result in a standardized difference 
as small as .40 by the end of the open-label phase (Table 3). To put this in context, of the participants in 
STOP-PD who completed 12 weeks of acute treatment, the younger group gained a mean 16.6 ± 16.5 lbs and 
the older group gained a mean 10.7 ± 11.3 lbs; the standardized effect size for this weight difference was 0.42.   
3.10.5 Strategies for Attrition: Attrition can introduce bias and reduce power, precision and generalizability.148 
Based on our prior studies, we expect no more than 10% attrition during the RCT (see above).  Cox models 
assume non-informative censoring.  The assessment frequency allows us to gauge survival status no more 
than 2 weeks prior to dropout.  Also, for the survival analysis of H1, we will adhere to the Intent-to-Treat 
principle, in that we will make every effort to continue assessments for the entire course of randomized 
treatment or until relapse (which ever comes first), even among those nonadherent to randomized 
assignment.149,150  Mixed models (H2, H3, E1, E2) yield valid inferences assuming ignorable attrition (i.e. 
attrition is accounted for by covariates/dependent variable measured prior to drop-out).151 Following the 
regulatory approach to safety, we will classify subjects based on medications taken during protocolized 
treatment.  We will examine the ignorable attrition assumption. First, using a pattern mixture model, 152 
implemented in a longitudinal framework.153 Second, Intent-to-Attend at entry to the RCT will be used as a 
covariate to account for attrition.154 Estimates of treatment effect from the models described above will be 
compared with models that also include the main effects of either dropout pattern or Intent-to-Attend.  
 
4. PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS 
 
4.1. LEADERSHIP PLAN TO PROTECT THE INTEGRITY OF HUMAN SUBJECT DATA COLLECTED 
ACROSS MULTIPLE SITES  
 
4.1.1 Rationale: This grant proposal is a Renewal (formally known as Competing Continuation) of a NIH-
funded U01 ‘Acute Pharmacotherapy of Unipolar Psychotic Depression’ (MH62446, MH62518, MH62565, and 
MH62624).  This U01 is also known as the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression (STOP-PD) 
for the purpose of communications, presentations of research findings, and publications.  The change in title of 
the renewal, ‘Sustaining Remission of Psychotic Depression’ reflects the focus of the proposed study on 
treatment of PD beyond the acute phase. 
 
STOP-PD was a multi-center study involving the following four sites: Weill Medical College of Cornell 
University (PI: Dr. Barnett Meyers), University of Toronto (PI: Dr. Alastair Flint), University of Massachusetts 
Medical School (PI: Dr. Anthony Rothschild), and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (PI: Dr. Benoit 
Mulsant).  The coordinating centre for STOP-PD was based at Cornell, under the leadership of Dr. Meyers, 
who was the overall principal of the study.  The STOP-PD grant proposal was submitted as four identical R01s.  
At the time of funding, the mechanism was changed to U01s by NIMH, consistent with the approach taken by 
NIH with other multi-center clinical trials.   
# observations 
/subject 
Standardized 
Effect 
ICC=.50
Lipids 
ICC=.95
Weight 
4 
.35 
.74 
.77 
4 
.40 
.84 
.85 
4 
.45 
.89 
.93 
8 
.35 
- 
.80 
8 
.40 
- 
.89 
8 
.45 
- 
.95 


 
17
 
 
 
The proposed study will include the same sites as STOP-PD.  At Cornell University, University of 
Massachusetts, and University of Toronto, the same principal investigators as in STOP-PD will serve as 
principal investigators of the new study.   At the Pittsburgh site, Ellen Whyte M.D. will serve as principal 
investigator for that site.  Dr. Whyte joined the STOP-PD PI team in September 2005, when Dr. Mulsant 
partially relocated to the University of Toronto.  She assumed day-to-day operations of the Pittsburgh site and 
actively participated in the overall leadership of the previous study through participation in the study’s Steering 
Committee and Publications Sub-Committee, participation in weekly conference calls and annual face-to-face 
meetings with the principal investigators from the other sites, reviewing and approving the results of data 
analyses, presenting findings at scientific meetings, and writing and publishing manuscripts.  In the proposed 
study, Dr. Mulsant will serve as a co-investigator at the Pittsburgh site (in addition to his leadership role at the 
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [CAMH] consortium site in Toronto), and will continue to collaborate 
closely with Dr. Whyte in the management of this site.   
 
Use of multiple sites (through the Collaborative Clinical Studies of Mental Disorders mechanism [PAR-09-153])  
is justified by the fact that the majority of patients with PD need to be recruited from inpatient settings due to 
the severity of their illness.  Recruiting and retaining patients in a treatment study of PD is labor intensive and 
challenging; a single site would not be able to recruit and retain the number of patients with PD that are 
needed for the proposed study. 
 
4.1.2 Experience And Background: Drs. Meyers, Flint, Mulsant, and Rothschild have many years of 
experience in conducting research in PD.  The principal investigators of the proposed study have worked as a 
group on STOP-PD for the past 8 years.  This collaboration has involved: conceptualization, formulation, 
writing, and revision of the STOP-PD grant application; recruiting and training of research personnel; 
recruitment and treatment of participants in the study; data collection and oversight of the transfer of data to 
the coordinating center; membership of, and participation in, the study’s Steering Committee and Publications 
Sub-Committee; participation in weekly conference calls and annual face-to-face meetings; reviewing and 
approving the results of data analyses, presenting findings at scientific meetings; and writing and publishing 
manuscripts.  This partnership will continue in the proposed renewal.  The successful completion of STOP-PD, 
including meeting the planned recruitment target, is testimony to the successful collaboration of this group of 
investigators. 
 
In addition to leading STOP-PD, Dr. Meyers has other experience in leading and coordinating multi-center 
studies.  Dr. Meyers used support from a R24 award (MH53816) to develop a clinical mental health services 
research infrastructure that completed 10 pilot projects at 16 diverse sites.  These studies recruited 2,500 
subjects, and managed systematically collected 6-month longitudinal data on 250 patients with major 
depression from multiple primary care and mental health sector sites. 
 
4.1.3 Site Functions: Dr. Meyers will be the overall principal investigator of the proposed study, with support 
in this role from Dr. Flint. The coordinating center will be based at Cornell.  The inter-site project coordinator, 
data manager, and the project’s statistician/methodologist will be based at Cornell.  Other investigators 
associated with the Geriatric Psychiatry Institute at Cornell (Drs. Alexopoulos, Bruce, and Young) have several 
R01s, R24 research infrastructure grants, as well as a U01, that allow for synergy in supporting and sharing 
research staff between projects at Cornell.  In addition, the Institute’s Advanced Centre for Interventions and 
Services Research (PI: Alexopoulos GS) will contribute to infrastructure support for research operations at 
Cornell, as it did for STOP-PD. Each study site will contribute equally to recruitment of patients.  
Pharmacogenetic and pharmacometric analyses of the proposed study will be conducted in Toronto, in the 
research laboratories of Drs. James Kennedy and Bruce Pollock, respectively. 
 
Table 4: Functions Performed by Each of the Four Sites 
Function
Site
Areas of Primary Responsibility
Subject recruitment 
& clinical 
management 
All four 
sites 
• 
Each site will recruit 98 acutely ill participants and randomize 44 
remitted participants, with anticipated differences in race and 
ethnicity as described in Section 7;   
• 
Recruitment and subject management are identical across sites 


 
18
 
 
Coordinating Center 
Cornell 
• 
Coordinates and oversees research activities across sites;  
• 
Inter-site Coordinator communicates with and monitors activities of 
site raters and reports to Principal Investigators; 
• 
Assures adherence to the Study Manual; 
• 
Assures completeness and quality of data; manages data base; 
• 
Chairs Steering Committee and Publication Committee; 
• 
Communicates with regulatory bodies and external agencies 
Recruitment, 
Assessment, and 
Adherence  
University 
of Toronto; 
Cornell  
• 
Develops the Study Manual; 
• 
Coordinates training on clinical assessments and reliability testing 
in collaboration with the Cornell Inter-site Project Coordinator; 
• 
Provides leadership for monitoring recruitment, retention, and 
medication adherence; coordinates strategies to overcome 
obstacles 
 
Neuropsychological 
Training 
Pittsburgh 
• 
Conducts training and annual re-training on neuropsychological 
assessments and coordinates analyses of test results  
Methodology, Data 
Management and 
Data Analysis  
Cornell 
• 
Provides centralized data management for all sites; 
• 
Provides methodological leadership and consultation (e.g., blinding, 
consistency across sites, reliability assessments); 
• 
Provides biostatistical leadership for analyses of project data 
Pharmacokinetics 
and 
Pharmacogenetics  
Toronto 
• 
Oversees quality assurance efforts regarding sample acquisition, 
pre-processing, and storage; 
• 
Carries out all pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic assays; 
• 
Applies population pharmacokinetic modeling to the drug 
concentration data  
 
4.1.4 Roles and Responsibilities of PIs: The principal investigators will be responsible for hiring, training, 
and supervising research staff at their respective sites, overseeing the recruitment and retention of patients at 
their sites, overseeing the quality of data collection, and ensuring that data are sent to the Coordinating Center 
in a timely manner.  In addition, each of the principal investigators will be members of the study’s Steering 
Committee and Publications Sub-Committee.   
 
In addition to these general responsibilities, the investigators will have specific functions.  Dr. Meyers will lead 
the Coordinating Center, which will coordinate the research activities at the 4 sites.  He will oversee the work of 
the project coordinator, who will be a Ph.D. clinical psychologist, and the data manager. He collaborate with Dr 
Andy Leon, who will serve as the study’s statistician/methodologist.  Along with Dr. Flint, he will co-chair the 
study’s Steering Committee.  He will chair weekly telephone conference calls attended by the PIs, the 
Coordinating Center’s staff, and the NIH project officer, and prepare minutes summarizing the discussion and 
action items arising from each of these calls.  Dr. Meyers and Coordinating Center staff under his supervision 
will prepare quarterly reports and if needed, interim reports, for the NIMH Data and Safety Monitoring Board, 
communicate with the NIMH project officer, and monitor the study’s overall budget. 
 
Dr. Flint will be responsible for overseeing development of the manual of study operations and case record 
forms, overseeing overall recruitment of participants across sites, and overseeing both rater training and 
assurance of inter-rater reliability across sites. These responsibilities will be carried out in collaboration with the 
inter-site project coordinator under the direction of Dr. Meyers. Drs. Flint and Meyers collaborated successfully 
in the implementation and operations of the recently completed STOP-PD. Dr. Flint will work with Gary Lewis 
M.D., the endocrinologist consultant at the University of Toronto, in coordinating the analyses of the metabolic 
data and interpreting these data. 
 
Dr. Mulsant, who has appointments at both the University of Toronto and University of Pittsburgh, will oversee 
the genetic and pharmacometric aspects of the study.  He will collaborate closely with Drs. Kennedy and 
Pollock, both based at CAMH in Toronto, with respect to all aspects of these analyses, and will take the lead in 
preparing reports pertaining to these data. 


 
19
 
 
 
Dr. Whyte will collaborate with Meryl Butters, Ph.D., a neuropsychologist at the University of Pittsburgh, who 
will supervise the collection of all neuropsychological data.  Dr. Butters will train and re-train site raters in the 
administration of neuropsychological tests. 
 
4.1.5 Governance: The Steering Committee, composed of the 4 principal investigators and Dr. Mulsant, and 
co-chaired by Drs. Meyers and Flint, will be responsible for oversight of the research.  The committee will have 
weekly telephone conference calls that will review progress at the 4 sites, including recruitment and retention 
of participants, adherence to study procedures, and the safety of participants.  Protocol violations, serious 
adverse events, and obstacles to the study’s progress will be discussed. Email will be used for as-needed 
communication between conference calls, unless an urgent operational issue dictates the scheduling of a 
special conference call. The Steering Committee will receive and review reports from the inter-site project 
coordinator about results of reliability testing and the status of reliability training exercises. The Steering 
Committee will also meet in person for a 1-day meeting, at a minimum frequency of once per year.  A 
publications sub-committee will be composed of the principal investigators and Dr. Mulsant as standing 
members; co-investigators will be invited on an ad hoc basis, as appropriate.  The publication sub-committee 
will plan for data analyses, presentation of results at scientific meetings, and manuscript preparation, in 
collaboration with the data manager and statistician, and will make decisions about authorship.  All 
manuscripts using project data will be reviewed and approved by the Publications Sub-committee before 
submission.  In the event of any disagreement pertaining to the study amongst the members of the Steering 
Committee, that is not resolved through discussion, a vote will be taken and the majority will prevail. 
 
 
4.1.6 Reliability and Quality Control:  
Rater Training and Rater Reliability. Research associates at each site will be trained by the site’s study 
coordinator and primary investigator in the administration of the instruments.  General oversight of this training 
will be provided by the Coordinating Center’s Project Coordinator, in collaboration with Dr. Flint and Dr. 
Meyers. The project coordinator will have biweekly conference calls with Dr. Meyers and Dr. Flint to report on 
study progress. Training of research associates at each site will involve the following: the observation and 
discussion of training videotapes supplied by the Cornell Coordinating Center pertaining to the primary 
instruments (SCID, HAM-D, DAS, and SSI); in-person observation of interviews conducted by research 
psychiatrists and experienced research coordinators; and in-person supervision of training interviews 
conducted by research associates. A 2-day launch meeting will take place at the Cornell Coordinating Center 
prior to the start of the study, to solidify this training and to review rating conventions of each scale. Meryl 
Butters Ph.D. will attend the launch meeting to train the research team on the proper administration of the 
neuropsychological instruments. Research associates will receive ongoing supervision from research 
coordinators and research psychiatrists at each site. In addition, the inter-site Project Coordinator will lead 
weekly conference calls with the site study coordinators and research associates. These calls will address 
subject recruitment and retention, training and reliability of research personnel, the completeness and accuracy 
of data entry, and other quality assurance issues.  
 
Inter-rater reliability of the HAM-D and DAS will be assessed on an annual basis.  Reliability assessments will 
require research associates and research coordinators at each center to independently rate 12 videotaped 
interviews of patients with varying levels of severity of psychotic depression.  Inter-rater reliability assessments 
performed during each year of STOP-PD yielded ICCs of 0.93-0.98 for the GRID HAM-D total score and 0.69-
0.84 for the conviction dimension of the DAS, demonstrating good reliability for these primary measures. One-
day working meetings in Years 2-4 will be attended by the principal investigators, research coordinators and 
associates, and inter-site Project Coordinator to address study operational issues, rater training, and inter-rater 
reliability. 
 
Data Management and Data Integrity. The coordinating center at Cornell will be responsible for standardizing 
data collection forms and data entry procedures, ensuring the reliability and completeness of data entry, and 
overall data integrity across all 4 sites.  The Coordinating Center will also be responsible for data analyses. Dr. 
Meyers will receive weekly reports from the project coordinator and the data manager on activities at 
participating sites, and review these reports with the Steering Committee. 


 
20
 
 
 
During the start-up phase, the data manager and Dr. Leon will help standardize data collection forms and data 
auditing procedures across the four sites in collaboration with the Cornell Inter-Site Project Coordinator. The 
data management team has developed a set of standards and procedures for data entry and checking and for 
the documentation of data sets generated for statistical analysis. These methods, which assure the integrity of 
study data, are described below. In addition to preparing and then locking data sets that report results from this 
project, the data manager will analyze results of the annual rater inter-rater reliability assessments.  He will 
also oversee and execute procedures for data security and access, data quality control, storage, and back-up, 
and will provide periodic reports of accrual, follow-up, and summary statistics as required by the Data Safety 
Monitoring Board (DSMB).  
 
Data Integrity: Sites will send original copies of de-identified hard data to the data management team at Cornell 
by overnight shipping every second week. Sites will retain hard copies of these records.  The de-identified hard 
data will be stored in a locked filing cabinet stored in a locked office to further protect subject anonymity. 
Results will be published as group data without the use of characteristics that would identify individual subjects. 
Data auditing, entry and quality control will be carried out at Cornell under the supervision of the data 
management team. The Cornell data management team has many years of experience in data management 
and coordination of multi-study, multi-site research projects.  The data management team has developed an 
infrastructure that supports the design of and standardization of databases, data entry, data quality control, and 
preparation of data for statistical analysis. This expertise will be applied in implementing a system that assures 
the quality of data entry, storage, verification, and validation, and the reporting of data from this study.  This will 
involve consultation with the study’s statistician on the design of study databases and other issues related to 
the study's data management infrastructure.   Emphasis will be given to incorporate database components that 
were used in STOP-PD because the proposed project is also a randomized controlled trial and uses variables 
that overlap with those used in STOP-PD.  This system will also support the tracking of subjects and data at 
the individual sites. The Cornell data management team will maintain regular communication with site study 
coordinators to ensure that data collection is complete and accurate. Regularly scheduled, and as needed, 
communications between the inter-site project coordinator at Cornell, the data manager, and raters and 
investigators will be used to clarify inconsistencies and ambiguities in data submitted to Cornell. 
 
A project team dedicated to the study led by the study’s statistician will oversee all data management and 
quality assurance procedures, including coordination across sites. All data management resources used at 
Cornell in the multi-site and single site studies conducted through the Geriatric Institute will be made available 
to the proposed study.  Data management resources will be devoted to overall quality assurance including: 
maintaining interview schedules and subject tracking, monitoring scale completion, monitoring the accuracy of 
scale completion and data entry, analyzing results of inter-rater reliability assessments as instructed by the 
investigators, and developing and maintaining a dataset for use in analyses that have been approved by the 
Publications Sub-Committee. The data management staff has automated many data management steps, 
which will facilitate the development of the database and the standardization of databases and procedures 
across sites. For example, several steps in database design have been automated previously so that when the 
database of the proposed study is set up, it will have a standard structure, with all tables set up the same way 
and variables named following a standard convention.  The data management team has also has developed a 
set of standards and procedures for documentation of data sets produced for statistical analysis.  
 
To assure that the entry of subject data is accurate, the data management team audits 100% of the data 
turned in by research assistants and investigators for necessary identifiers, item completeness and 
consistency of major clinical indicators.  Audits include such factors as diagnosis, depression severity (Ham-D) 
and whether the severity score is consistent with the diagnosis. Data are audited and tracked by scale.  To 
date, the auditing system at Cornell has tracked over 170,000 individual scales representing all studies 
conducted at Cornell.  These data have been contributed by users of the Advanced Center for Services and 
Intervention Center (Dr. Alexopoulos); through various R24 research infrastructure grants (Dr. Meyers and Dr. 
Bruce); through the two U01 grants led by Cornell investigators (Dr. Meyers and Dr. Young); and by 
investigators conducting R01s at Cornell.  When problems are found (approximately 6% of scales), the 
instrument is returned to the interviewer.   Also, errors are entered into a report, which is then sent to the 
relevant site’s coordinator.  The coordinator is responsible for ensuring the errors are corrected within two 


 
21
 
 
weeks.  Also, reports on error rates are prepared at regularly scheduled intervals. The data management team 
tracks this information over time to assure that all data errors are corrected and that the error rates of individual 
interviewers and individual sites are consistently low over time.  If error rates are not acceptable, the inter-site 
project coordinator intervenes and additional training is provided to problematic raters with interventions made 
by site principal investigators and the overall principal investigator as needed. The audit system also keeps 
track of the physical location of all data. As scales are entered, a proportion (10%) will be randomly chosen 
and flagged for double entry. When the data entry person finishes entering such a scale, he or will receive a 
message that the scale must be entered a second time, and this second entry must be completed before any 
further tasks are allowed. The system automatically checks each item and tabulates and records error rates.  
This system is completely automatic and the current overall data entry error rate is 0.27%.  
 
4.2 RISKS TO HUMAN SUBJECTS 
 
4.2.1 Human Subjects’ Involvement and Characteristics: This proposed multi-centered study will involve 
four research sites, with each site recruiting 82 patients 18 years or older with non-bipolar major depression 
with psychotic features (PD). Patients meeting the study entry criteria will be recruited from inpatient, partial 
hospitalization, and outpatient programs at participating sites.   Participants who begin the study as inpatients 
can continue to participate in the study on an ambulatory basis as determined by the participant’s clinical state.  
Potential participants will be identified using the same broad approach that was employed in STOP-PD and 
that adhered to local IRB requirements and privacy legislation: daily screening (on week days) of inpatient 
units, partial hospitalization programs, psychiatric emergency rooms and outpatient clinic referrals, and 
referrals from clinical staff.   
 
Inclusion criteria 
1) Aged 18-85 years, inclusive; 
 
2) Diagnosis: DSM-IV non-bipolar major depression with psychotic features, established through both a clinical 
interview by a research psychiatrist and the subsequent administration of the SCID-IV by a research associate 
 
3) Score of ≥3 on the delusion severity item of the SADS (‘delusion definitely present’), with or without 
hallucinations on the SADS hallucination item; 
 
4) Score of >2 on any of the three conviction items of the DAS (the participant is certain a belief is true and 
does not change the belief in response to reality testing by the interviewer); 
 
5) 17-item Ham-D score of >21. 
 
Exclusion criteria    
1) Current or lifetime DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders (e.g., schizoaffective 
disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and shared psychotic disorder), or mental retardation,  
or meeting DSM-IV criteria for current brief psychotic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or obsessive-
compulsive disorder; 
 
2) Current or lifetime DSM-IV criteria for bipolar affective disorder; 
 
3) History of DSM-IV defined substance abuse or dependence, including alcohol, within the last three months; 
 
4) DSM-IV defined Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, or dementia due to other medical conditions, or a 
history of clinically significant cognitive impairment prior to the index episode of depression, and/or a mean 
score of ≥4 on the 26-item IQCODE. The IQCODE will be used to screen for clinically significant cognitive 
decline that began prior to the index episode of PD. The IQCODE is not significantly confounded by age, 
education, or premorbid intelligence.110 Persons with a mean total IQCODE ≥4 will be excluded from 
participation in the study; this cut score has been found to have a sensitivity of 84-93% and specificity of 88-
94% in screening for dementia in general, psychiatric, and medical populations of older adults.109,110,155,156 


 
22
 
 
 
5) Type 1 diabetes mellitus (defined as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with onset < 35 years of age and/or 
diabetes mellitus that has been complicated by a prior documented episode of ketoacidosis157) 
 
6) Acute or unstable medical illnesses (e.g., delirium; metastatic cancer; unstable diabetes; decompensated 
cardiac, hepatic, renal or pulmonary disease; stroke; or myocardial infarction) within the last three months; 
current abnormal serum free T4; current abnormally low serum vitamin B12 or folic acid level; medical 
conditions and/or medications for which psychotic or depressive symptoms can be a direct manifestation  (e.g. 
Cushing’s disease, high-dose systemic corticosteroids, L-dopa); neurological disease associated with 
extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (e.g. Parkinson’s disease); epilepsy, if the person has had one or more 
grand mal seizures in the past 12 months; 
 
 
7) The need for treatment with any psychotropic medications other than sertraline, olanzapine, or lorazepam; 
or with an anticonvulsant medication with mood-stabilizing properties (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproic 
acid); 
 
 8) Current pregnancy or a plan to become pregnant during the duration of the study in woman of childbearing 
age; breast-feeding in woman with infants; 
 
9) A clearly documented history of being unable to tolerate sertraline and/or olanzapine, including having had 
an untoward previous reaction to sertraline such as significant bradycardia (heart rate of <50 bpm) or 
development of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with a serum sodium of 129 
mmol/L or below; 
10) History of non-response of the index episode of PD to at least a 6-week trial of ≥150mg/day sertraline 
combined with ≥ 15mg/day olanzapine; 
11) Patients showing ongoing improvement in the index episode of PD with treatment, other than sertraline and 
olanzapine, initiated prior to the study; 
12) Sufficiently ill to require immediate ECT (e.g., imminent risk of suicide, refusing to eat or severe 
malnutrition, catatonic) 
 
Rationale for inclusion and exclusion criteria  
 1) Age criterion:  Excluding children below the age of 18 years from this study of PD is justified on ethical and 
scientific grounds.  We do not know enough about the efficacy of these medications or their tolerability in 
children at target doses to justify including children.  
 
2) Excluding patients with bipolar affective disorder:  Persons with bipolar affective disorder require 
continuation and maintenance treatment with a mood-stabilizing medication to lessen the risk of relapse or 
recurrence of mania, hypomania, or depression. Antidepressant medication alone is not recommended in the 
continuation or maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. As a result, we exclude patients with a known 
history of bipolar disorder, because it would not be ethical to discontinue olanzapine, which has efficacy as a 
mood-stabilizer in bipolar disorder, in these individuals. 
 
3) Depression severity criteria: Only subjects with moderately severe to severe depression will be included to 
increase the likelihood that delusions are a symptom of PD, rather than of schizophrenia or another psychotic 
disorder with secondary depression.   
 
4) Requiring delusions, with or without hallucinations: The rationale for requiring delusions, whether or not 
hallucinations are present, is based on the infrequency of hallucinations alone (that is, without delusions) in 
PD.158,159 Psychotic patients with hallucinations only, who do not have delusions, are more likely to be suffering 
from another disorder, such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder, or a toxic-
metabolic encephalopathy, as a cause of their psychotic symptoms. Thus, the requirement of delusions will 
facilitate diagnostic precision. 
 


 
23
 
 
5) Exclusion of recent substance abuse or dependence: The DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse or 
dependence defines these disorders as a maladaptive pattern of substance use occurring within a 12-month 
period.  We elected to use a narrower exclusion criterion of abuse (within the past 3 months) in order to allow 
participation by subjects with histories of substance abuse or dependence problems that could be secondary to 
their mood disorders.  However, we decided to exclude individuals in whom very recent substance abuse or 
dependence might be contributing to the mood or psychotic symptoms.  A valid and reliable diagnostic 
distinction between unipolar PD and a substance-induced mood disorder with psychotic features can not be 
made in the presence of current substance abuse. Participants with a secondary psychotic depression may 
have a different treatment response and longer term outcome than those with primary PD.  However, allowing 
participation by patients with histories of substance abuse or dependence more than three months earlier 
broadens the inclusion criteria to more closely approximate patients seen in ‘real world’ settings. 
 
6) Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and other psychotic disorders are excluded, because 
the focus of this study is on major depressive disorder with psychotic features, not ‘primary’ psychotic disorders 
with associated depression. Current body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder are 
excluded because the ideation and phenomenology associated with these disorders may be difficult to reliably 
distinguish from PD.   
7) Persons with dementia are excluded for the following reasons:  
a)delusions and depression may be symptomatic manifestations of dementia. The pathophysiology, 
treatment response, and course of these symptoms of dementia may differ from those of PD.160 Moreover, 
non-delusional confabulations are a frequent symptom of dementia and may be difficult to reliably 
distinguish from delusions;  
b) dementia may affect a person’s ability to reliably and accurately report the presence and course of 
symptoms, which could affect the validity of ratings of outcome. 
 
8) Persons with Type 1 diabetes mellitus are at risk of ketoacidosis if they become hyperglycaemic, whereas 
ketoacidosis is a very rare event in persons with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.157 Therefore, to avoid the potential 
risk of ketoacidosis precipitated by olanzapine-associated hyperglycemia, persons with Type I diabetes will be 
excluded from the study. In STOP-PD, no more than 7 of the 259 participants had Type 1 diabetes; therefore, 
we do not anticipate that this exclusion will have a significant impact on recruitment, the aims pertaining to 
metabolic changes, or generalizability of the study’s findings. 
 
9) Acute or unstable medical illnesses may prevent participants from tolerating the acute trial target doses of 
study medications, interfere with subjects’ ability to complete the study, and/or contribute to psychiatric 
symptomatology.  We will, however, include subjects with stable chronic physical illness, to examine the 
interaction between chronic medical burden, duration of treatment with olanzapine, and risk of 
relapse/recurrence. 
 
10) Exclusion of women who are pregnant, plan to become pregnant or are breast-feeding. Sertraline and 
olanzapine are not specifically known to harm the fetus, but the data are limited. As a result, to err on the side 
of caution, pregnancy is an exclusion criterion. Sertraline is present in breast milk and, therefore, may be 
transmitted to breast-feeding infants. 
 
11) Exclusion of patients with a history of treatment resistance to an adequate trial of combined sertraline and 
olanzapine during the index episode is justified on ethical and scientific grounds. It would not be ethical to 
include patients whose current episode of depression had previously failed to respond to an adequate trial of 
the same treatment used during the acute phase of the study. Moreover, the inclusion of such patients would 
likely reduce the overall frequency of remission and near remission of the acute phase of the trial, thereby 
reducing the potential pool of patients available to enter the RCT. We expect that this exclusion criterion will 
have little impact on recruitment of participants to the acute phase of the study: in STOP-PD, only 5% of 
participants had received at least a three-week trial of adequate doses of combined treatment with any 
antidepressant and antipsychotic medications during the index episode prior to the study.161  
 
12) Exclusion of patients considered at imminent risk for suicide and/or whose symptoms are severe enough to 
warrant immediate treatment with ECT is appropriate on ethical grounds.   


 
24
 
 
 
4.2.2 Sources of Materials: Following written informed consent, the research materials will come from 3 
sources: 
1) Interviews of patients, and when indicated, other reliable informants.  Interviews and rating scales described 
in Section 5.4 will be administered by trained research associates to patients.  In the case of some scales, 
collateral information will also be obtained from a reliable informant who is familiar with the participant. 
2) Medical and pharmacy records: information from inpatient and outpatient medical records will, at times, be 
used to supplement information obtained from patients and reliable informants, to facilitate completion of rating 
scales.  In addition, information from pharmacy records may at times be required for completion of the ATHF, 
which rates the type and adequacy of antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment received by participants 
during the index episode of depression. 
3) Blood tests: tests for genetic analyses, metabolic analyses, and sertraline and olanzapine plasma levels, will 
be based on blood samples obtained from participants. 
 
4.2.3 Potential Risks: The most common side effects associated with the use of sertraline and olanzapine in 
STOP-PD (occurring in more than 10% of participants) were: weight gain, somnolence/sedation, gastrointestinal 
symptoms, experiencing at least one fall, and orthostatic dizziness. In addition, elevated levels of blood glucose, 
cholesterol and triglycerides have been associated with olanzapine. Olanzapine, along with other atypical 
antipsychotics, has been associated with a slight increased absolute risk of cerebrovascular events (mainly 
TIAs) in persons with severe dementia. However, we will not be including persons with dementia in this study. 
Users of antipsychotic drugs have an increased risk of mortality compared with non-users of this class of 
drugs: in the case of users of olanzapine, the increased absolute risk across diagnostic groups has been 
estimated at 0.9% over 2-3 years of current use.162 We will explicitly discuss the potential mortality risk in the 
consent process.  Blood tests may cause some minor discomfort or bruising.  
 
Severe depression increases the risk of suicidal ideation and behavior. Participation in the study will likely reduce 
this risk, but this is not guaranteed. The FDA recommends close observation of people taking antidepressant 
medication, including sertraline, for worsening depression or the emergence of suicidal thoughts or plans. As 
described in Section 3.9.5 participants will be closely monitored for suicidal ideation and behavior. 
 
Discontinuation of antipsychotic medication in PD may possibly be associated with an increased risk of relapse 
and recurrence of PD, although this is not known.  We have estimated the overall risk of relapse to be 
approximately 25% during the course of the RCT. Cases of relapse will be treated promptly.  
 
Alternative Treatments: ECT can be used to successfully treat PD. However, ECT is associated with its own risks, 
including cognitive impairment, cardiac arrythmias, musculoskeletal injury, damage to teeth, and very small risk of 
death. Although ECT is a successful acute treatment for PD, it is associated with up to a 50% risk of relapse of PD 
in the 6 months following discontinuation of ECT. Antidepressant medications other than sertraline and 
antipsychotic medications other than olanzapine are used in clinical practice to treat PD. However, as discussed in 
Section 3.5, olanzapine is the only atypical antipsychotic with evidence of efficacy in the treatment of PD. 
 
4.3 ADEQUACY OF PROTECTION AGAINST RISKS 
 
4.3.1 Recruitment and Informed Consent 
Recruitment: It is imperative to screen, recruit and treat study participants as quickly as possible.  This is 
emphasized because patients with PD are frequently recruited from inpatient services and these units are 
under pressure to begin treatment rapidly.  The study coordinator and principal investigator, both of whom will 
be on beeper call, will aim to ensure that potential subjects are screened by the research associate within 24 
hours of admission to a clinical service, or as close to that time frame as possible for patients admitted on 
weekends. Each principal investigator has considerable experience in recruiting and studying patients with PD. 
In addition, by maintaining close communications with the admitting personnel of participating hospitals, the 
principal investigator and study coordinator will be aware of scheduled admissions that may meet inclusion 
criteria before they arrive at the hospital. The research associate will discuss potential subjects with the 
treating physician about potential suitability. The study coordinator and principal investigator will be contacted if 
the treating physician agrees that the patient is suffering from a unipolar delusional PD and the patient has 


 
25
 
 
agreed to meet with the research team. This will facilitate rapid screening and scheduling of a meeting to 
assess eligibility and of capacity assessment soon after admission.  For scheduled admissions, the research 
team will attempt to schedule a preliminary meeting with the patient and accompanying family members at the 
time of admission, if the treating physician and the patient agree to the meeting. 
 
Informed Consent: PD may impair a person’s capacity to consent to participate in a research study. To recruit 
people who are representative of the population being studied, the study will allow people who do not have the 
capacity to give informed consent to participate in the open-label phase of the study (acute and stabilization), 
as long as they assent to participate and informed consent is obtained from a surrogate decision maker. 
Subjects who are eligible for the randomized phase must have achieved sustained remission or near remission 
by the end of stabilization and will therefore need to be capable of giving informed consent in order to 
participate in the randomized controlled trial.  
 
We are not able to provide uniform criteria for appointment of a surrogate, because sites in the proposed study 
differ in their local requirements for how surrogates are selected. The Cornell IRB, in accordance with New 
York State regulations, stipulates that incapable research participants must have the capacity to know that they 
are appointing a surrogate and must be aware of their relationship to the surrogate they are appointing. On the 
other hand, IRBs of the other sites of the proposed study stipulate a priority order in which potential surrogates 
may be approached, although the details of the assigned order differ between sites. We will ensure that the 
surrogate appointment process meets all local requirements and that the process to be used at each site is 
approved by the local IRB.  
 
To protect the rights of people whose decision making capacity may be impaired, those who are deemed 
capable of consenting to treatment by the research psychiatrist will have a second capacity assessment. The 
second assessment will be completed by either a licensed mental healthcare professional (psychiatrist, 
psychologist, or mental health social worker) who is independent of the study or by a research associate’s 
administration of the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR).163 The 
MacCAT-CR is a semi-structured interview for assessment of capacities related to consent to research. It has 
been found to be a valid measure of capacity to consent in persons with psychosis. The principal investigators 
of this study were trained in the use of the MacCAT by Dr. Paul Applebaum, who developed the instrument; 
they have several years of experience in the use of this instrument in STOP-PD. Because time is of the 
essence in starting treatment in a study of PD, use of the MacCAT-CR will allow for situations where an 
independent healthcare professional cannot provide a timely capacity assessment. If the second capacity 
assessment suggests that the person lacks capacity to consent, surrogate consent must then be obtained. 
 
All participants for whom surrogate consent is obtained at the start of the study will have their capacity to 
consent to participate in the study re-assessed at the start of the stabilization phase. Given that participants will 
have experienced remission of psychosis and remission or near remission of depressive symptoms by the start 
of stabilization, we expect that incapable participants will have gained capacity to consent to the study by that 
stage. Once a participant is deemed capable of consenting to treatment by the research psychiatrist, s/he will 
have a second capacity assessment as described in the paragraph immediately above. If the second capacity 
assessment finds that the participant has capacity to consent to participate in the study, the participant will then 
be asked to provide written informed consent. 
 
Participants will have their capacity assessed by the research psychiatrist at the end of 8 weeks of stabilization 
to determine whether they have capacity to give informed consent to participate in the randomized controlled 
trial. If the participant has capacity to consent to participate in the randomized trial, the participant will then be 
asked to provide written informed consent.  Capacity to consent to the randomized trial will be required for 
subjects to participate in that phase of the study. 
 
4.3.2 Protections Against Risks 
 
Non-Response or Worsening of Depression:  Patients who do not meet the study’s remission criteria after 
12 weeks of acute treatment with sertraline and olanzapine will not be eligible to participate in the stabilization 
phase and the RCT.  These patients will leave the study at the end of 12 weeks of acute treatment and be 


 
26
 
 
treated on a ‘doctor’s choice’ basis by an attending physician.  Participants who are judged to have significant 
clinical worsening during the acute or stabilization phases of the study will be withdrawn from the study, so that 
treatment can be administered under routine clinical conditions by an attending physician.  Significant clinical 
worsening will be operationalized as a CGI change score of 6 or 7 (‘much worse’ or ‘very much worse’).       
 
Monitoring During and Following Antipsychotic Discontinuation: Study participants will have in-person 
research assessments on a weekly basis during the first 8 weeks of the RCT. These weekly assessments will 
cover the period of olanzapine taper and its immediate aftermath, thereby providing intensive follow-up of 
patients during this period. In addition, for the remainder of the RCT, participants will be assessed every 2 
weeks (alternating research and clinical assessments) to monitor for the possibility of clinical worsening. If a 
participant experiences clinical worsening, he/ she will be seen on an urgent basis by a research psychiatrist 
associated with the study, to determine if the participant meets criteria for relapse or whether a change in 
olanzapine/placebo dose or the use of lorazapam is indicated. 
 
Management of Relapse: Patients who meet relapse criteria will be referred to a psychiatrist who is not 
affiliated with the study, who has agreed to see patients within 48-72 hours of referral.  Alternatively, patients 
can be referred for acute psychiatric hospitalization, if deemed appropriate by the study psychiatrist.  Based on 
the frequency of relapse postulated for the study, we estimate that there will be an average of 3 cases of 
relapse per year per study site.  
 
Management of Suicide Risk:  Lifetime suicidal ideation and behavior will be assessed with the SCID.  
Suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts during the study will be rated with the SSI.  Patients at ‘imminent risk’ of 
suicide will not be enrolled in the study.  Patients at ‘high risk’ of suicide must start the study as an inpatient.  
High risk of suicide is operationalized as any one of the following: 1) a current suicide plan; 2) a suicide attempt 
during the index episode; 3) one or more lifetime serious suicide attempts, defined as attempts requiring 
inpatient medical treatment.  Suicidal ideation and behavior will be rated with the SSI at each study visit. As 
outlined in Section 3.9.5, participants will be seen weekly by a research psychiatrist for the first 6 weeks of the 
Acute Phase of the study, and then every two weeks for the remainder of the Acute Phase and the 
Stabilization Phase. If a participant has a current suicide plan or has had a current suicide attempt, he/she will 
be removed from the study and the research psychiatrist will make a clinical decision about the most 
appropriate course of action, including whether the patient requires immediate hospitalization. In the case of 
participants who are found to have a current suicide plan or had a current suicide attempt based on the 
research associate’s clinical phone assessment, the research psychiatrist, who will be available by pager, will 
be immediately informed by the research associate and the psychiatrist will then talk on the phone with the 
participant. The psychiatrist will then make a decision about whether the patient should be referred for 
immediate psychiatric hospitalization or whether it is safe for the participant to be seen for a research 
termination visit, and subsequent clinical management, the following business day.  
 
If a participant has current suicide ideation (as indicated by a score of 1or 2 on items #4 or 5 of the SSI) but no 
current suicide plan or attempt, he/she may remain in the study at the discretion of the research psychiatrist, 
based on the psychiatrist’s clinical assessment of the participant’s suicide risk. If the participant remains in the 
study, he/she will be followed in-person by the research psychiatrist on a weekly basis to monitor the 
participant’s safety, to decide whether ongoing participation in the study is appropriate, and, if indicated, to 
adjust the dosages of study medications as allowed by the treatment protocol. These weekly clinical visits, 
which will be in addition to the scheduled research assessment visits, will continue until the participant no 
longer has suicidal ideation or is removed form the study and managed ‘clinically’. 
 
Adverse Effects: Side effects will be systematically monitored at each assessment and visit (Section 3.9.5).  
As described in Section 3.9.9 and the appended Pharmacotherapy Protocol, reduction in dosing of sertraline 
and olanzapine, to specified minimum dosages, will be allowed during the acute and stabilization phases and 
RCT, if necessitated by clinically significant side effects.  In addition, benztropine can be prescribed if clinically 
significant extrapyramidal side effects do not adequately improve with a reduction in dose of olanzapine (see 
Section 3.9.8 and appended Pharmacotherapy Protocol).  Participants who are withdrawn from the study will 
be treated on a physician choice basis by their attending physician. 
 


 
27
 
 
Monitoring of metabolic effects: As described in the Schedule of Events (Section 3.9.5), metabolic parameters 
will be measured at week 4 of the Acute Phase and thereafter every 8 weeks of the study. If a participant 
develops clinically significant elevations of fasting serum glucose(>100mg/dL), triglycerides(>150mg/dL), total 
cholesterol(>200mg/dL), and/or LDL cholesterol(>130mg/dL), s/he will be referred to his/her primary care 
physician (PCP) for further assessment and management of the metabolic finding(s), including a discussion 
about the risks and benefits of ongoing participation in the study. If a participant does not have a PCP, the 
research psychiatrist will refer the patient to a PCP who has agreed to see patients enrolled in the study. 
 
Confidentiality of Information:  The consent form will stipulate that participants’ information will remain 
strictly confidential, with access limited to research staff, and, if indicated, local IRBs, the NIMH-run DSMB, and 
state or federal regulatory personnel.  No one but study personnel will have access to the lists linking 
participant’s names to code numbers.  All information pertaining to participants will be coded to protect 
participants’ identities and will be stored in locked cabinets in locked offices of the investigators.  Publications 
or presentations of findings will not include information that identifies participants. 
 
Sharing of Genetic Data: We plan to collaborate with the NIMH Center for Genetic Studies, a facility operated 
under federal contact to manage data and establish high-quality cell lines for human genetics projects 
supported by NIMH. Our biomaterials and the associated clinical data will be incorporated with other such data 
and biomaterials as part of the NIMH Human Genetics Initiative. NIMH will then follow existing procedures and 
protocols and distribute these data and biomaterials to qualified researchers in the wider scientific community. 
Please see Section 15 (Resource Sharing), for the detailed plan of sharing of biomaterials and data with the 
NIMH Center for Genetic Studies. 
 
We are in receipt of the NIMH-written model consent form pertaining to the sharing of genetic data. We will 
utilize this consent form, which will clearly stipulate: (1) disclosure that biological materials (DNA and cell lines) 
and clinical data will be stored at a central data management/laboratory facility, as part of a national resource 
of data and materials distributed by NIMH for the genetic analysis of the disease under investigation; (2) 
assurance that such data will be provided to a central facility without personal identifiers; (3) disclosure that 
analyses of these data will be conducted by other scientists currently not included within the current research 
team; and (4) disclosure that there is no plan to provide subjects with any financial benefits from commercial 
products derived from the data. We will provide NIMH with our approved consent form prior to the start of the 
proposed study.  Any data-sharing with investigators outside of Cornell University, the University of 
Massachusetts, the University of Pittsburgh, and University of Toronto will involve making all of shared data 
anonymous (so that no identifiers could link data back to subjects), per IRB policy. 
 
4.4 POTENTIAL BENEFITS 
 
 The benefits to participants will include: 
1. Evaluation of their mental and physical health; 
2. Ongoing monitoring of their clinical condition; 
3. Treatment with a medication regimen that has been shown to be efficacious in the acute treatment of PD; 
4. The possibility that symptoms of PD will improve with treatment. 
 
The potential benefit to society is determining whether continued antipsychotic medication prevents relapse of 
PD. 
 
4.5 IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE TO BE GAINED 
 
It is not known whether antipsychotic medication needs to be continued once an episode of PD has responded 
to combined antidepressant-antipsychotic treatment. This issue is of tremendous clinical importance.  On the 
one hand, the unnecessary continuation of antipsychotic medication exposes a patient to adverse effects, 
some of which have considerable public health significance.  On the other hand, premature discontinuation of 
antipsychotic medication has the potential risk of early relapse of a severe, disabling disorder. Addressing 
these issues will be of major public health importance.  In our view, given the precautions that will be taken in 
this study, the likely benefits to participants and society outweight the potential risks. 


 
28
 
 
 
4.6 DATA AND SAFETY MONITORING BOARD (DSMB) 
 
A NIMH-run DSMB oversaw the STOP-PD U01 to ensure the safety of participants and the validity and 
integrity of the data. Our understanding is that this grant, submitted as a Collaborative R01, will be converted to 
a U01 upon funding. As a result, members of the DSMB will be chosen by NIMH.  The responsibilities of the 
DSMB will include, but not limited to, the following: 
1. Review of protocols, consent procedures, consent forms, and safety plans prior to initiation of the study; 
2. Monitoring the progress of the study, including recruitment and retention of participants, adverse events, 
serious adverse events, reasons for participant withdrawal, adherence to the time line of the study, quality 
of data, and protocol violations; 
3. Make recommendations about the continuation, modification, or termination of the study, based on the 
balance of adverse events and beneficial outcomes; 
4. Request addition data, as needed. 
 
The responsibilities of the overall principal investigator of the study (Dr. Meyers), in collaboration with the study 
statistician/methodologist, in relation to the DSMB, will include, but not be limited to, the following: 
1. Preparation of quarterly reports of all adverse events, SAEs, participant recruitment, and reasons for 
participant withdrawal; 
2. Respond to questions and recommendations from the DSMB, based on their review of the quarterly 
reports, or at any other time as needed; 
3. Inform the DSMB and the Coordinating Center IRB within 48 hours of any SAE; 
4. Send blinded data to the DSMB for DSMB-performed interim analyses, if requested by the DSMB; 
5. Send the DSMB a final report of the study’s findings; 
6. In addition, the principal investigators of each study site will be responsible for reporting any SAE to the 
Cornel IRB within 48 hours, as well as reporting the SAE to their specific site IRB, based on local IRB 
requirements. 
 
a. CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV 
 
This is a renewal of the NIMH-funded U01 ‘Acute Pharmacotherapy of Unipolar Psychotic Depression’, which 
has a clinical trials.gov identifier NCT00056472. 
 
5. INCLUSION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES 
 
 
5.1 RECRUITMENT OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES 
Eligible patients will be offered the opportunity to participate regardless of gender or minority status. 
Considering that 50% of subjects will be elderly patients, and considering the gender distribution of PD, the 
proportion of females to males will approximate 2:1 at all sites. The composition of the study sample will reflect 
the racial diversity of patients seen at the four research sites. Although sites vary somewhat by racial 
composition, the overall distribution of major ethnic and racial groups will assure all groups are represented as 
outlined in the Targeted/Planned Enrollment Table.  
 
Cornell Westchester serves a large county that reflects the socioeconomic diversity of the United States.  For 
example, Yonkers, the third largest city in New York State, has a more indigent population and has higher 
proportions of Hispanic and African American persons, while northern Westchester is comprised of semi-
urban, suburban, and rural communities that tend to be over-represented by Caucasians and more affluent 
individuals. Among subjects recruited from Westchester, 13% are anticipated to be African American and 13% 
Hispanic; these percentages may, however, turn out to be higher, because of the greater prevalence of 
minorities among New York City residents recruited via Payne Whitney Manhatten. 
 
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center serves the City of Pittsburgh and the surrounding Allegheny 
County.  We anticipate that recruitment in the proposed study will reflect the demographic diversity of the City 
of Pittsburgh [67% white, 27.1% African American, 2.8% Asian, 1.3% Hispanics with minimal representation of 


 
29
 
 
other ethnic minorities] and the City of McKeesport [72% white, 25% African American, 0% Asian, 1.5% 
Hispanic with minimal representation of other ethnic minorities.] 
 
The University Health Network serves patients from the greater Toronto area. Toronto is one of the world’s 
most ethnically diverse cities, with approximately 40% of its population classified as of visible minority. 34% of 
patients recruited at the Toronto site of STOP-PD were Asian, Black, or Hispanic. We anticipate that 
recruitment in the proposed study will continue to reflect Toronto’s racial and ethnic diversity. 
 
At the University of Massachusetts Medical School, we expect 15-20% of the subjects recruited to be Hispanic. 
The 2000 United States Census indicated the Hispanic population of Worcester County to be 15.2%, a 52% 
increase from 1990 to 2000. 
 
5.2 CULTURAL COMPETENCE OF STUDY PERSONNEL 
Investigators, research coordinators, and research associates will participate in training in cultural competence, 
as part of the study’s personnel training. These personnel will be required to complete the five core modules of 
the Curriculum in Ethnogeriatrics, an internet-based resource for education and training in cultural competence 
[http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger] supported by the Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources 
and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and  Human Services. The five modules cover the 
following topics: i) an introduction to, and overview of, culturally-competent care of elders, ii) patterns of health 
risk among people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, iii) culturally-based health beliefs, iv) knowledge and skills 
needed to provide a culturally competent assessment, and v) cultural issues in the delivery of health care after 
assessments are completed, including health promotion, informed consent, treatment, and working with 
families. The Curriculum in Ethnogeriatrics also has 12 ethnic-specific modules that can be used as an 
additional resource when needed. Although this educational tool has a focus on the older population, which is 
very pertinent to the proposed study, its principles and themes are also applicable to younger and middle-aged 
adults.  
 
Data from STOP-PD are consistent with our research group having culturally competent attitudes and skills. In 
STOP-PD, 84.2% of participants were white,11.2% were African American or black, and 4.6% were Asian; 
11.6% of participants described themselves as Hispanic or Latino. Based on census data, these percentages 
were comparable to the racial and ethnic make-up of the U.S. population at the time that the study was 
conducted. Rates of completion at Weeks 6 and 12 of the 12-week study were highly comparable between 
racial and ethnic groups (see Table 5). Thus, these data show that we were successful in both recruiting and 
retaining minorities in STOP-PD. 
 
Table 5: Percentage of Participants Completing the 12-Week STOP-PD Study by Ethnicity and Race 
 
 
Race and Ethnicity
Number of Randomized 
Participants 
 
% Completers
(Week 6)            
% Completers
(Week 12) 
Asian 
12 
75.0 
50.0 
Black or African 
American 
29 
75.9 
51.7 
White 
218 
74.8 
55.5 
 
 
 
 
Hispanic or Latino 
30 
80.0 
53.3 
Not Hispanic or Latino 
229 
73.8 
55.0 
 
 
6. RESOURCE SHARING 
 
6.1 THE STUDY’S DATABASE 
 
Once the main findings of the study have been accepted for publication, the database will be made available to 
clinical investigators and others as requested, The public use database will be de-identified using HIPAA 


 
30
 
 
standards and will consist of several data files including baseline data and outcome assessments. Each data 
file will be made available as formatted SAS datasets (other upon request). The permanent SAS dataset 
format has been adopted on the basis of SAS’s widespread acceptance in the scientific community, strong 
data management capabilities, and robust statistical procedures. The permanent SAS data files are stored on 
one server at Weill Cornell Medical College and archived for all data transfers including transfers for data 
sharing. The SAS data files can be copied to a CD for transfer off site or can be electronically transferred via 
the secure study website. SSL encryption methods allow for a secure internet transfer. A complete data 
dictionary listing of all data validation procedures (rules) and labels is also included in the transfer for 
reference. Those wishing access to the data will submit a written request to the overall study Principal 
Investigator (Dr. Meyers), specifying the purpose for which the data will be used and the desired transfer 
method. Publications reporting the study’s findings will be listed on the Clinical Trials.Gov website, consistent 
with NIH requirements.  
 
6.2 SHARING OF BIOMATERIALS AND DATA WITH THE NIMH CENTER FOR GENETIC STUDIES 
 
We plan to collaborate with the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genetic Studies (‘the Center’), a facility 
operated under federal contract to establish high-quality cell lines and manage data for human genetics 
projects supported by NIMH. Our biomaterials, and the associated clinical data, will be incorporated with other 
such data and biomaterials as part of the NIMH Human Genetics Initiative. NIMH will then follow existing 
procedures and protocols to distribute these data and biomaterials to qualified researchers in the wider 
scientific community. Yin Yao Ph.D., Director of the Genetics and Genomic Research Resources Program at 
NIMH, has expressed her willingness for us to access the Center (personal communication, 11/13/2009) and 
has read and approved the data sharing plan below (personal communication, 1/12/2010). 
 
6.2.1 Biomaterials: Whole blood on all consenting participants will be sent directly to the Center for the 
generation of cell lines and extraction of DNA. Blood samples will be sent as they are collected, on an ongoing 
basis during the proposed 38 months of recruitment. Blood samples will be shipped using the Center’s 
established protocols that are designed to minimize trauma (e.g. excessive heating or freezing). DNA will be 
shipped from the Center to Dr. James Kennedy’s genetics laboratory at CAMH in Toronto, within 4 months of 
the blood sample being received by the Center. Blood samples sent to the Center will be identified by code 
number only. We anticipate that approximately 10 blood samples per month during the 38 months of 
recruitment will be sent by our study personnel to the Center. Verified genotypic data will be provided for 
release as stated below under “Data and Biological Materials Dissemination”.  
 
6.2.2 Clinical Data: Verified clinical data will be electronically submitted from the study’s coordinating center at 
Weill Cornell Medical College to the Center every 6 months. As described in detail in other sections of the 
grant application, the following issues will be addressed to ensure and check the quality of data: 
Structured Diagnostic Criteria. The diagnosis of non-bipolar major depression with psychotic features (PD) 
will be established according to DSM-IV criteria.  
Comprehensive Phenotypic Assessment. The diagnosis of PD will be based on a clinical interview by a 
research psychiatrist associated with the study, followed by an research associate’s administration of the 
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, 
text revision; SCID-IV-TR).103 As a third line of assessment, diagnostically unclear or complex cases will be 
discussed by the principal investigators to reach a consensus about the patient’s eligibility for the study. In 
addition, as described in Section 3.9.5, participants will be well characterized at baseline in terms of 
demographic characteristics, severity of depression, type and severity of psychosis, suicidal ideation and 
behavior, severity of concomitant anxiety, cognitive function, medical burden, and history of treatment 
resistance.  
Rater Training and Reliability. As described in Section 4.1.6, all raters will participate in formal training prior 
to assessing participants for the study and collecting data, receive ongoing supervision from study coordinators 
and research psychiatrists at each site, and participate in weekly conference calls led by the inter-site Project 
Coordinator to address quality assurance issues. Inter-rater reliability on primary outcome measures will be 
evaluated and addressed on an annual basis. Inter-rater reliability assessments performed during each year of 
the 5-year STOP-PD yielded ICCs of 0.93-0.98 for the GRID HAM-D total score and 0.69-0.84 for the 
conviction dimension of the DAS, demonstrating good reliability for these primary measures. 


 
31
 
 
Computerized Database and Data Management. The data management center at Cornell has an extensive, 
fully-functioning computerized database to manage all data derived form the proposed study. Procedures for 
ensuring data integrity are described in detail in Section 4.1.6. To date, the data auditing system at Cornell has 
tracked over 170,000 individual rating scales over a period of more than 20 years.  
 
6.2.3 Data and Biological Materials Dissemination: Dissemination of phenotypic and genotypic data will 
occur at the points in time stipulated below: 
- Verified diagnostic data:  Will be submitted to the Center no later than 6 months after generation.  
- Remaining verified clinical data: Will be submitted to the Center no later than 6 months after generation.  
- Genotype data: Will be submitted to the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) when manuscripts 
reporting the results based on these data are accepted for publication or no later than at the end of the award, 
depending on which occurs first. 
- Cell lines and DNA samples: To be negotiated with Center’s’ Program Official.  
- Diagnostic and clinical data will be eligible for release by the Center, and genotype data will be eligible for 
release by dbGaP, 12 months after receipt. 
 
6.2.4 Human Subjects Issues: We are in receipt of the NIMH-written model consent form pertaining to the 
sharing of genetic data. We will utilize this consent form, which will clearly stipulate: (1) disclosure that 
biological materials (DNA and cell lines) and clinical data will be stored at a central data 
management/laboratory facility, as part of a national resource of data and materials distributed by NIMH for the 
genetic analysis of the disease under investigation; (2) assurance that such data will be provided to a central 
facility without personal identifiers; (3) disclosure that analyses of these data will be conducted by other 
scientists currently not included within the current research team; and (4) disclosure that there is no plan to 
provide subjects with any financial benefits from commercial products derived from the data. We will provide 
NIMH with our approved consent form prior to the start of the proposed study.  Any data-sharing with 
investigators outside of Cornell University, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Pittsburgh, and 
University of Toronto will involve making all of shared data anonymous (so that no identifiers could link data 
back to subjects), per IRB policy. 
 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES CITED 
 
1. 
Rothschild AJ.  Challenges in the treatment of depression with psychotic features.  Biol Psychiatry 
2003;53:680-690 
2. 
Kroessler D:  Relative efficacy rates for therapies of delusional depression.  Convulsive Ther 
1985;1:173-182 
3. 
Petrides G, Fink M, Husain MM, Knapp RG, Rush AJ, Mueller M, Rummans TA, O’Connor KM, 
Rasmussen KG, Bernstein HJ, Biggs M, Bailine SH, Kellner CH.  ECT remission rates in psychotic 
versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: a report from CORE.  J ECT 2001;17:244-253 
4. 
Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, Decina P, Kerr B, Malitz S.  The impact of medication resistance 
and continuation pharmacotherapy on relapse following response to electroconvulsive therapy in major 
depression.  J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:96-104 
5. 
Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Greenberg RM, Crowe RR, 
Cooper TB, Prudic J.  Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following 
electroconvulsive therapy.  A randomized controlled trial.  JAMA 2001;285:1299-1307 
6. 
Prudic J, Olfson M, Marcus SC, Fuller RB, Sackeim HA. Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in 
community settings. Biol Psychiatry. Feb 1 2004;55(3):301-312 
7. 
Olfson M, Marcus S, Sackeim HA, Thompson J, Pincus HA: Use of ECT for the inpatient treatment of 
recurrent major depression. Am J Psychiatry 155: 2-29, 1998 
8. 
Andreescu C, Mulsant B, Rothschild A, Flint A, Meyers B, Whyte E. Pharmacotherapy of Major 
Depression with Psychotic Features: What is the Evidence? Psychiatric Annals. 2006;36(1):31-38 
9. 
American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive 
disorder (revision).  Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157 (Suppl 4):1-45 
10. 
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Depression: management of depression in primary and 
secondary care - NICE guidance. Vol Clinical Guideline 23. London: NICE; 2004 


 
32
 
 
11. 
Meyers BS, Flint AJ, Rothschild AJ, Mulsant BH, Whyte E, Peasley-Miklus C, Heo M, Papademetriou E, 
Leon A, for the STOP-PD Study Group. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus 
sertraline versus olanzapine plus placebo for psychotic depression - the STOP-PD study.  Archives of 
General Psychiatry, 2009, 66:838-847 
12. 
Deshauer D, Moher D, Fergusson D, Moher E, Sampson M, Grimshaw J.  Selective serotonin reuptake 
inhibitors for unipolar depression: a systematic review of classic long-term randomized controlled trials.  
CMAJ 2008;178(10):1293-1301 
13. 
Schatzberg AF, Rothschild AJ:  Psychotic (delusional) major depression: should it be included as a 
distinct syndrome in DSM-IV?  Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:733-745 
14. 
Johnson J, Horwath E, Weissman MM. The validity of major depression with psychotic features based 
on a community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Dec 1991;48(12):1075-1081 
15. 
Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF.  Prevalence of depressive episodes with psychotic features in the general 
population.  Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1855-1861 
16. 
Post F. The significance of affective symptoms in old age; a follow-up study of one hundred patients. 
New York: Oxford University Press; 1962 
17. 
Meyers BS, Greenberg R. Late-life delusional depression. J Affect Disord. 1986;11:133-137 
18. 
Vythilingam M, Chen J, Bremner JD, Mazure CM, Maciejewski PK, Nelson JC.  Psychotic depression 
and mortality.  Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:574-576 
19. 
Avery D, Lubrano A. Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: the DeCarolis study reconsidered. 
Am J Psychiatry. Apr 1979;136(4B):559-562 
20. 
Roose SP, Glassman AH, Walsh BT, Woodring S, Vital-Herne J.  Depression, delusions and suicide. Am J 
Psychiatry 1983;140:1159-1162 
21. 
Schneider B, Phillipp M, Muller MJ. Psychopathological predictors of suicide in patients with major 
depression during a 5-year follow-up. Eur Psychiatry 2001; 16:283-288 
22. 
Zanardi R, Franchini L, Serretti A, Perez J, Smeraldi E.  Venlafaxine versus fluvoxamine in the 
treatment of delusional depression: a pilot double-blind controlled study.  J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:26-
29 
23. 
Zanardi R, Franchini L, Gasperini M, Perez J, Smeraldi E:  Double-blind controlled trial of sertraline 
versus paroxetine in the treatment of delusional depression.  Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1631-1633 
24. 
Zanardi R, Franchini L, Gasperini M, Lucca A, Smeraldi E, Perez J.  Faster onset of action of 
fluvoxamine in combination with pindolol in the treatment of delusional depression: a controlled study.  
J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;18(6):441-446 
25. 
Rothschild AJ, Phillips KA. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and delusional depression. Am J 
Psychiatry. Jun 1999;156(6):977-978 
26. 
van den Broek WW, Birkenhäger TK, Mulder PGH, Bruijn JA, Moleman P.  A double-blind randomized 
study comparing imipramine with fluvoxamine in depressed inpatients.  Psychopharmacology 
2004;175:481-486 
27. 
Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk FJ, Geddes JR, Nolen WA. Pharmacological treatment for unipolar psychotic 
depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:410-415 
28. 
Simpson GM, El Sheshai A, Rady A, Kingsbury SJ, Fayek M.  Sertraline as monotherapy in the 
treatment of psychotic and nonpsychotic depression.  J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:959-965 
29. 
Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Jarrett DB, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, McEachran AB, 
Grochocinski VJ:  Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression.  Arch Gen 
Psychiatry 1990;47:1093-1099 
30. 
Reynolds III CF, Dew MA, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Frank E, Miller MD, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, 
Butters MA, Stack JA, Schlernitzauer MA, Whyte EM, Gildengers A, Karp J, Lenze E, Szanto K, 
Bensasi S, Kupfer DJ.  Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age.  N Engl J Med 
2006;354:1130-1138 
31. 
Robinson DG, Spiker DG:  Delusional depression. A one year follow-up.  J Affective Disord 1985;9:79-
83 
32. 
Aronson TA, Shukla S, Gujavarty K, Hoff A, DiBuono M, Khan E:  Relapse in delusional depression: a 
retrospective study of the course of treatment.  Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29(1):12-21 
33. 
Baldwin RC:  Delusional and non-delusional depression in late life.  Evidence for distinct subtypes.  Br J 
Psychiatry 1988;153:39-44 


 
33
 
 
34. 
Coryell W, Leon A, Winokur G, Endicott J, Keller M, Akiskal H, Solomon D:  Importance of psychotic 
features to long-term course in depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 153: 483-489, 1996 
35. 
Gaudiano BA, Beevers CG, Miller IW.  Differential response to combined treatment in patients with 
psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression. J Nerv Mental Dis 2005;193:625-628 
36. 
Naz B, Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Finch SJ, Fochtmann LJ, Carlson GA.  Remission and relapse after the 
first hospital admission in psychotic depression: a 4-year naturalistic follow-up.  Psychol Med 
2007;37:1173-1181 
37. 
Spiker DG, Stein J, Rich CL:  Delusional depression and electroconvulsive therapy: one year later.  
Convulsive Ther 1985;1(3):167-172 
38. 
Flint AJ, Rifat SL.  Two-year outcome of psychotic depression in late life.  Am J Psychiatry 
1998;155:178-183 
39. 
Navarro V, Gasto C, Torres X, Masana G, Penades R, Guarch J, Vasquez M, Serra M, Pujol N, Pintor 
L, Catalan R.  Continuation/maintenance treatment with nortriptyline versus combined nortriptyline and 
ECT in late-life psychotic depression : A two-year randomized study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008 ; 
16 : 498-505 
40. 
Birkenhäger TK, van den Broek WW, Mulder PGH, de Lely A.  One-year outcome of psychotic 
depression after successful electroconvulsive therapy.  J ECT 2005;21:221-226 
41. 
Rothschild AJ, Duval SE.  How long should patients with psychotic depression stay on the antipsychotic 
medication?  J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:390-396 
42. 
Reynolds CF, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Thase ME, Perel JM, Mazumdar S, Houck PR. Treatment outcome 
in recurrent major depression: a post hoc comparison of elderly (”young old”) and midlife patients. Am J 
Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1288-129 
43. 
Clower CG:  Recurrent psychotic unipolar depression.  J Clin Psychiatry 1983;44:216-218 
44. 
Zanardi R, Franchini L, Gasperini M, Smeraldi E, Perez J.  Long-term treatment of psychotic 
(delusional) depression with fluvoxamine: an open pilot study.  Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:195-
197 
45. 
Rothschild AJ, Williamson DJ, Tohen MF, Schatzberg A, Andersen SW, Van Campen LE, Sanger TM, 
Tollefson GD.  A double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination 
for major depression with psychotic features. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:365-373 
46. 
Newcomer JW.  Antipsychotic medications: metabolic and cardiovascular risk.  J Clin Psychiatry 
2007;68[suppl 4]:8-13 
47. 
Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, 
Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK; Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness 
(CATIE) Investigators.  Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia.  N 
Engl J Med 2005;353(12):1209-1223 
48. 
Leucht S, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Corves C, Hunger H, Schmid F, Lobos CA, Schwarz S, Davis 
JM. A meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment 
of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:152-163 
49. 
Fleischhacker WW, McQuade RD, Marcus RN, Archibald D, Swanink R, Carson WH. A double-blind, 
randomized comparative study of aripiprazole and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol 
Psychiatry 2009; 65:510-517 
50. 
Newcomer JW, Campos JA, Marcus RN, Breder C, Berman RM, Kerselaers W, L’Italien GJ, Nys M, 
Carson WH, McQuade RD. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of the effects of arapiprazole 
in overweight subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder switched from olanzapine. J Clin 
Psychiatry 2008; 69:1046-1056 
51. 
Kane JM, Osuntokun O, Kryzhanovskaya LA, Xu W, Stauffer VL, Watson SB, Brier A. A 28-week, 
randomized, double-blind study of olanzapine versus aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia. J 
Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:572-581 
52. 
Masand PS. Differential pharmacology of atypical antipsychotics: clinical implications. Am J Health Syst 
Pharm 2007, 64(2 suppl 1): S3-8 
53. 
Haddad PM, Sharma SG. Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics: differential risk and clinical 
implications. CNS Drugs 2007; 21:911-936 
54. 
Gareri P, De Fazio P, De Fazio S, Marigliano N, Ferreri Ibbadu G, De Sarro G.  Adverse effects of 
atypical antipsychotics in the elderly.  Drugs Aging 2006;23:937-956 


 
34
 
 
55. 
Matthews JD, Siefert C, Dording C, Denninger JW, Park L, van Nieuwenhuizen AO, Sklarsky K, Hilliker 
S, Homberger C, Rooney K, Fava M. An open study of aripiprazole and escitalopram for psychotic 
major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacology 2009; 29: 73-76 
56. 
Data provided by IMS Health Incorporated, Norwalk, CT, USA, 2009 
57. 
Spencer CC, Su Z, Donnelly P, Marchini J. Designing genome-wide association studies: sample size, 
power, imputation, and the choice of genotyping chip. PLoS Genet. 2009 May;5(5):e1000477. Epub 
2009 May 15. 
58. 
Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G, Jones C, DaSilva J, Wilson AA, Houle S. 5-HT2 and D2 receptor 
occupancy of olanzapine in schizophrenia: a PET investigation. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:921-8. 
59. 
Albert PR, Lemonde S. 5-HT1A Receptors, Gene Repression, and Depression. Neuroscientist 2004;10: 
575-593 
60. 
Capacity for 5-HT1A-mediated autoregulation predicts amygdala reactivity. Fisher PM, Meltzer CC, 
Ziolko SK, Price JC, Moses-Kolko EL, Berga SL, Hariri AR. Nat Neurosci. 2006 Nov;9(11):1362-3 
61. 
Lemonde S, Turecki G, Bakish D, Du L, Hrdina PD, Bown CD, Sequeira A, Kushwaha N, Morris SJ, 
Basak A, Ou XM, Albert PR. Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene 
polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J Neurosci. 2003 Sep 24;23(25):8788-99. 
62. 
Kishi T, Tsunoka T, Ikeda M, Kitajima T, Kawashima K, Okochi T, Okumura T, Yamanouchi. Serotonin 
1A receptor gene is associated with Japanese methamphetamine-induced psychosis patients. 
Neuropharmacology. 2010 Feb;58(2):452-6. Epub 2009 Sep 10. 
63. 
Ujike H, Katsu T, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Kodama M, Inada T, Uchimura N, Yamada M, Iwata N, Sora I, 
Iyo M, Ozaki N, Kuroda S. Genetic variants of D2 but not D3 or D4 dopamine receptor gene are 
associated with rapid onset and poor prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis.  Prog 
Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jun 15;33(4):625-9. Epub 2009 Mar 10. 
64. 
Muller DJ, Kennedy JL. Genetics of antipsychotic treatment emergent weight gain in schizophrenia. 
Pharmacogenomics. 2006 Sep;7(6):863-87.  
65. 
Arranz MJ, de Leon J. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia: a review of last         
decade of research. Mol Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;12(8):707-47. 
66. 
Reynolds GP, Zhang ZJ, Zhang XB.  Association of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with a 5-
HT2c receptor gene polymorphism.  Lancet 2002;359:2086-2087 
67. 
Buckland PR, Hoogendoorn B, Guy CA, Smith SK, Coleman SL, O’Donovan MC.  Low gene 
expression conferred by association of an allele of the 5-HT2C receptor gene with antipsychotic-
induced weight gain.  Am J Psychiatry 2005,162(3):613-615 
68. 
Ellingrod VL, Perry PJ, Ringold JC, Lund BC, Bever-Stille K, Fleming F, Holman TL, Miller D.  Weight 
gain associated with the -759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor and olanzapine.  Am J Med 
Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;134B(1):76-78 
69. 
De Luca V, Mueller DJ, de Bartolomeis A, Kennedy JL. Association of the HTR2C gene and 
antipsychotic induced weight gain: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Oct;10(5):697-
704 
70. 
Mulder H, Franke B, van der-Beek van der AA, Arends J, Wilmink FW, Scheffer H, Egberts AC.  The 
association between HTR2C gene polymorphisms and the metabolic syndrome in patients with 
schizophrenia.  J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27(4):338-343 
71. 
Bozina N, Medved V, Kuzman MR, Sain I, Sertic J. Association study of olanzapine-induced weight 
gain and therapeutic response with SERT gene polymorphisms in female schizophrenic patients. J 
Psychopharmacol 2007; 21: 728-734 
72. 
Muller DJ, Klempan TA, De Luca V, Sicard T, Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman BB, Lindenmayer JP, 
Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Honer WG, Kennedy JL. The SNAP-25 gene may be associated 
with clinical response and weight gain in antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett. 2005; 
May 6;379(2):81-9. 
73. 
Musil R, Spellmann I, Riedel M, Dehning S, Douhet A, Maino K, Zill P, Müller N, Möller HJ, Bondy B. 
SNAP-25 gene polymorphisms and weight gain in schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2008; 
42(12):963-70. 
74. 
Gregoor JG, van der Weide J, Mulder H, Cohen D, van Megan HJGM, Egberts ACG, Heerdink ER. 
Polymorphisms of the LEP- and LEPR gene and obesity in patients using antipsychotic medication. J 
Clin Psychopharmocology 2009; 29:21-25 


 
35
 
 
75. 
Park YM, Chung YC, Lee SH, Lee KJ, Kim H, Byun YC, Lim SW, Paik JW, Lee HJ. Weight gain 
associated with the alpha2a-adrenergic receptor -1,291 C/G polymorphism and olanzapine treatment. 
Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Jun 5;141B(4):394-7 
76. 
Wang YC, Bai YM, Chen JY, Lin CC, Lai IC, Liou YJ. Polymorphism of the adrenergic receptor alpha 
2a -1291C>G genetic variation and clozapine-induced weight gain. J Neural Transm. 2005 
Nov;112(11):1463-8. 
77. 
Le Hellard S, Theisen FM, Haberhausen M, Raeder MB, Fernø J, Gebhardt S, Hinney A, Remschmidt 
H, Krieg JC, Mehler-Wex C, Nöthen MM, Hebebrand J, Steen VM. Association between the insulin-
induced gene 2 (INSIG2) and weight gain in a German sample of antipsychotic-treated schizophrenic 
patients: perturbation of SREBP-controlled lipogenesis in drug-related metabolic adverse effects? Mol 
Psychiatry. 2008 Jan 15. [Epub ahead of print] 
78. 
Kim H, Lim SW, Kim S, Kim JW, Chang YH, Carroll BJ, Kim DK. Monoamine transporter gene 
polymorphisms and antidepressant response in Koreans with late-life depression. JAMA. 2006 Oct 
4;296(13):1609-18 
79. 
Hu XZ, Rush AJ, Charney D, Wilson AF, Sorant AJ, Papanicolaou GJ, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski 
SR, Laje G, Paddock S, McMahon FJ, Manji H, Lipsky RH. Association between a functional serotonin 
transporter promoter polymorphism and citalopram treatment in adult outpatients with major 
depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;64(7):783-92 
80. 
Serretti A, Benedetti F, Zanardi R, Smeraldi E. The influence of Serotonin Transporter Promoter 
Polymorphism (SERTPR) and other polymorphisms of the serotonin pathway on the efficacy of 
antidepressant treatments. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;29(6):1074-84.  
81. 
Smeraldi E, Zanardi R, Benedetti F, Di Bella D, Perez J, Catalano M. Polymorphism within the promoter 
of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Mol Psychiatry. 1998 
Nov;3(6):508-11. 
82. 
Pollock BG, Ferrell RE, Mulsant BH, Mazumdar S, Miller M, Sweet RA, Davis S, Kirshner MA, Houck 
PR, Stack JA, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ. Allelic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter affects 
onset of paroxetine treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 
Nov;23(5):587-590 
83. 
McMahon FJ, Buervenich S, Charney D, Lipsky R, Rush AJ, Wilson AF, Sorant AJ, Papanicolaou GJ, 
Laje G, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Manji H. Variation in the gene encoding the serotonin 2A 
receptor is associated with outcome of antidepressant treatment. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 
May;78(5):804-14. 
84. 
Binder EB, Salyakina D, Lichtner P, Wochnik GM, Ising M, Pütz B, Papiol S, Seaman S, Lucae S, Kohli 
MA, Nickel T, Künzel HE, Fuchs B, Majer M, Pfennig A, Kern N, Brunner J, Modell S, Baghai T, Deiml 
T, Zill P, Bondy B, Rupprecht R, Messer T, Köhnlein O, Dabitz H, Brückl T, Müller N, Pfister H, Lieb R, 
Mueller JC, Lõhmussaar E, Strom TM, Bettecken T, Meitinger T, Uhr M, Rein T, Holsboer F, Muller-
Myhsok B. Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes 
and rapid response to antidepressant treatment. Nat Genet. 2004 Dec;36(12):1319-25. 
85. 
Lekman M, Laje G, Charney D, Rush AJ, Wilson AF, Sorant AJ, Lipsky R, Wisniewski SR, Manji H, 
McMahon FJ, Paddock S. The FKBP5-gene in depression and treatment response--an association 
study in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Cohort. Biol 
Psychiatry. 2008 Jun 15;63(12):1103-10. 
86. 
Licinio J, O'Kirwan F, Irizarry K, Merriman B, Thakur S, Jepson R, Lake S, Tantisira KG, Weiss ST, 
Wong ML. Association of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 haplotype and antidepressant 
treatment response in Mexican-Americans. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;9(12):1075-82. 
87. 
Arinami T, Gao M, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the 
dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Apr;6(4):577-82 
88. 
Hwang R, Shinkai T, De Luca V, Müller DJ, Ni X, Macciardi F, Potkin S, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, 
Kennedy JL. Association study of 12 polymorphisms spanning the dopamine D(2) receptor gene and 
clozapine treatment response in two treatment refractory/intolerant populations. Psychopharmacology 
(Berl). 2005 Aug;181(1):179-87.  
89. 
Hwang R, Shinkai T, Deluca V, Macciardi F, Potkin S, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL. Dopamine D2 receptor 
gene variants and quantitative measures of positive and negative symptom response following 
clozapine treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 May;16(4):248-59. 


 
36
 
 
90. 
Wu S, Xing Q, Gao R, Li X, Gu N, Feng G, He L (2005): Response to chlorpromazine treatment may be 
associated with polymorphisms of the DRD2 gene in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Neurosci Lett 
376: 1-4 
91. 
Lundstrom K, Turpin MP. Proposed schizophrenia-related gene polymorphism: expression of the 
Ser9Gly mutant human dopamine D3 receptor with the Semliki Forest virus system. Biochem Biophys 
Res Commun. 1996 Aug 23;225(3):1068-72. 
92. 
Scharfetter J, Chaudhry HR, Hornik K, Fuchs K, Sieghart W, Kasper S, Aschauer HN. Dopamine D3 
receptor gene polymorphism and response to clozapine in schizophrenic Pakastani patients. Eur 
Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 Dec;10(1):17-20. 
93. 
Lane HY, Hsu SK, Liu YC, Chang YC, Huang CH, Chang WH. Dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly 
polymorphism and risperidone response. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Feb;25(1):6-11. 
94. 
Chubb JE, Bradshaw NJ, Soares DC, Porteous DJ, Millar JK. The DISC locus in psychiatric illness. 
Molecular Psychiatry 2008; 13: 36–64 
95. 
Green EK, Grozeva D, Jones I, Jones L, Kirov G, Caesar S, Gordon-Smith K, Fraser C, Forty L, 
Russell E, Hamshere ML, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Farmer A, McGuffin P; Wellcome Trust Case Control 
Consortium5, Holmans PA, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Craddock N. The bipolar disorder risk allele at 
CACNA1C also confers risk of recurrent major depression and of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2009 
Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print] 
96. 
Meyers BS, English J, Gabriele M, Peasley-Miklus C, Moonseong H, Flint AJ, Mulsant BH, Rothschild 
AJ., for the STOP-PD Study Group. A delusion assessment scale for psychotic major depression: 
reliability, validity, and utility.  Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1336-1342 
97. 
Wilhelm K. Rating the CORE: A user’s guide. In Melancholia: A Disorder of Movement and Mood. 
Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (eds), Cambridge University Press, 1996: pp 211-219 
98. 
Hamilton M.  A rating scale for depression.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62 
99. 
Guy W:  Clinical Global Impressions.  ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology.  
Washington, DC, US Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976a, pp 217-222 
100. 
Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. "Mini mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state 
of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189-198. 
101. 
Spitzer RL, Endicott J.  Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (third edition).  New York: 
New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1979 
102. 
Alexopoulos GS, Katz IR, Reynolds CF, Carpenter DL, Docherty JP. The expert consensus guideline 
series: pharmacotherapy of depressive disorders in older patients. Postgrad Med Special Report 2001 
(October): 1-86 
103. 
Brodaty H, Luscombe G, Parker G, Wilhelm K, Hickie I, Austin M-P, Mitchell P.  Increased rate of 
psychosis and psychomotor change in depression with age.  Psychol Med 1997;27:1205-1213 
104. 
O'Connor MK, Knapp R, Husain M, Rummans TA, Petrides G, Smith G, Mueller M, Snyder K, Bernstein 
H, Rush AJ, Fink M, Kellner C.  The influence of age on the response of major depression to 
electroconvulsive therapy.  A C.O.R.E. report.  Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 9:382-390 
105. 
Keller MB, Boland RJ:  Implications of failing to achieve successful long-term maintenance treatment of 
recurrent unipolar major depression.  Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:348-360 
106. 
First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW.  Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I 
Disorders - Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research Department; 2001 
107. 
Williams JBW, Kobak KA, Bech P, Engelhardt N, Evans K, Lipsitz J, Olin J, Pearson J, Kalali A.  The 
GRID-HAMD: standardization of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.  Int Clin Psychopharmacology 
2008;23:12 
108. 
Beck AT, Kovacs M, Weissman M.  Scale for suicide ideation.  J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47:343 
109. 
Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): socio-
demographic correlates, reliability, validity, and some norms. Psychological Med 1989; 19:1015-1022  
110. 
Jorm AF. The informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): a review. Int 
Psychogeriatrics 2004; 16: 275-293 
111. 
Flint AJ, Rifat SL.  Two-year outcome of elderly patients with anxious depression.  Psychiatry Research, 
1997, 66:23-31 
112. 
Flint AJ, Rifat SL.  The effect of treatment on the two-year course of late-life depression.  British Journal of 
Psychiatry, 1997, 170:268-272 


 
37
 
 
113. 
Flint AJ, Rifat SL.  Nonresponse to first-line pharmacotherapy may predict relapse and recurrence of 
remitted geriatric depression.  Depression and Anxiety, 2001, 13:125-131 
114. 
Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Kalayam B, Kakuma T, Gabrelle M, Sirey JA, Hull J. Executive 
dysfunction and long-term outcomes of geriatric depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57: 285-290 
115. 
Parker G, Hickie I, Mason C. Validity of the CORE measure: III. Outcome and treatment prediction. In 
Melancholia: A Disorder of Movement and Mood. Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (eds), Cambridge 
University Press, 1996:160-171 
116. 
Zigmond AS, & Snaith, R. P. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 
1983;67(6):361-370 
117. 
Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale as a measure of severity of 
geriatric depression.  Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996;11:991-994 
118. 
Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Stack JA, Rifai AH, Mulsant B, Reynolds CF 3d:  Rating 
chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research:  application of the Cumulative 
Illness Rating Scale.  Psychiatry Res 1992; 41:237-48 
119. 
Oquendo MA, Baca-Garcia E, Kartachov A, Khait V, Campbell CE, Richards M.  A computer algorithm 
for calculating the adequacy of antidepressant treatment in unipolar and bipolar depression.  J Clin 
Psychiatry 2003;64:825-833 
120. 
Delis D, Kaplan E, Kramer J. Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale, San Antonio, TX: The 
Psychological Corporation; 2001 
121. 
Hill SK, Keshavan MS, Thase ME, Sweeney JA. Neuropsychological dysfunction in antipsychotic-naïve 
first-episode unipolar psychotic depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:996–1003 
122. 
Butters MA, Whyte EM, Nebes RD, Begley AE, Dew MA, Mulsant BH, Zmuda MD, Bhalla R, Meltzer 
CC, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF 3rd, Becker JT. The nature and determinants of neuropsychological 
functioning in late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61:587-95.  
123. 
Sheline YI, Barch DM, Garcia K, Gersing K, Pieper C, Welsh-Bohmer K, Steffens DC, Doraiswamy PM. 
Cognitive function in late life depression: relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk 
factors and processing speed. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:58-65. 
124. 
Randolph C. The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status, San Antonio, TX: 
The Psychological Corporation;1998 
125. 
Lingjaerde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, Dencher SJ, Elgen K.  The UKU side effect rating scale. A new 
comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in 
neuroleptic-treated patients.  Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987;334 (Suppl): 1-100 
126. 
Simpson GM, Angus JW.  A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 
1970;212:11-19 
127. 
Barnes TR . A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia.  Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:672-676 
128. 
Guy W.  Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).  ECDEU Assessment Manual for 
Psychopharmacology.  Washington, DC: US Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1976: pp 534-537 
129. 
American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical 
Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity.  Consensus development 
conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes.  Diabetes Care 2004;27:596-601 
130. 
Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1415–28 
131. 
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model 
assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin 
concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985,28:412-419 
132. 
McAuley KA, Mann JI, Chase JG, Lotz TF, Shaw GM.  HOMA: The best bet for the simple 
determination of insulin sensitivity, until something better comes along.  Diabetes Care 
2007;30(9):2411-2413 
133. 
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype 
data. Genetics. 2000 Jun;155(2):945-59. 
134. 
Bigos KL, Bies RB, Pollock BG. Population pharmacokinetics in geriatric psychiatry. Am J Geriatr 
Psychiatry 2006; 14:993-1003 
135. 
Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Coley KC, Miller DD, Marder SR, Aravagiri M, Kirshner MA, Schneider LS, Bies 
RR. Sex, race, and smoking impact olanzapine exposure. J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 489: 157-165 
136. 
Pollock BG. The pharmacokinetic imperative in late-life depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 
Aug;25(4 Suppl 1):S19-23 


 
38
 
 
137. 
Beal SL, Sheiner LB. Estimating population kinetics. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1982;8(3):195-222. 
138. 
Feng Y, Pollock BG, Ferrell RE, Kimak MA, Reynolds CF 3rd, Bies RR. Paroxetine: population 
pharmacokinetic analysis in late-life depression using sparse concentration sampling. Br J Clin 
Pharmacol. 2006 May;61(5):558-69. 
139. 
Meyers BS, Klimstra SA, Gabriele M, Hamilton M, Kakuma T, Tirumalasetti F, Alexopoulos GS.  
Continuation treatment of delusional depression in older adults.  Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 9:415-
422 
140. 
Hedeker D. & Gibbons R.D.  Longitudinal Data Analysis.  Hoboken, NJ:  John Wiley and Sons, 2006  
141. 
International Conference on Harmonization.  Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials.  US Food and Drug 
Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation Research, 1998.   
142. 
Kraemer, HC, Wilson, T, Fairburn, CG et al: Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in 
randomized clinical 
 trials.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:877-883 
143. 
Hester EK, Thrower MR. Current options in the management of olanzapine-associated weight gain. 
Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2005; 39: 302-310 
144. 
Stroup TS, Lieberman JA, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Davis SM, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RSE, 
Davis CE, Severe J, Hsiao JK, for the CATIE Investigators. Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, 
risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a 
previous atypical antipsychotic.  Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:611-622 
145. 
McQuade RD, Stock E, Marcus R, Jody D, Gharbia NA, Vanveggel S, Archibald D, Phil M, Carson WH.  
A comparison of weight change during treatment with olanzapine or aripiprazole: results from a 
randomized, double-blind study.  J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65[Suppl 18]:47-56 
146. 
McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Perkins DO, Hamer RB, Gu H, Lazarus A, Sweitzer D, Olexy C, Weiden P, 
Strakowski SD. Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in the treatment of 
early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1050-
1060 
147. 
McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, Davis SM, Meltzer HY, Rosenheck RA, Swartz MS, Perkins DO, 
Keefe RS, Davis CE, Severe J, Hsiao JK; CATIE Investigators. Effectiveness of clozapine versus 
olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to 
prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163: 600-610 
148. 
Leon A.C., Mallinckrodt C.H., Chuang-Stein C., Archibald D.G., Archer G.E., Chartier K. (2006). 
Attrition in randomized controlled clinical trials:  methodological issues in psychopharmacology. Biol 
Psychiatry 2006; 59(11):1001-1005 
149. 
Lavori P.W. Clinical trials in psychiatry: should protocol deviation censor patient data? 
Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 6(1), 39-4 
150. 
Leon AC, Davis LL.  Enhancing Clinical Trial Design of Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.  
J Traumatic Stress 2009; 22(6):603-611. 
151. 
Laird N.M. Missing data in longitudinal studies. Statistics in Medicine 1988; 7(1-2):305-315 
152. 
Little R.J.A. Pattern-mixture models for multivariate incomplete data. Journal of the American Statistical 
Association 1993; 88(421):125-133 
153. 
 Hedeker D., Gibbons R.D. Application of random-effects pattern-mixture models for missing data in 
longitudinal studies. Psychological Methods 1997; 2(1): 64-78 
154. 
Leon AC, Demirtas H, Hedeker D. Bias reduction with an adjustment for participants’ intent to dropout 
of a randomized controlled clinical trial.  Clinical Trials 2007; 4:540-547 
155. 
De Jonghe JFM. Differentiating between demented and psychiatric patients with the Dutch version of 
the IQCODE. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12:462-465 
156. 
Pisani MA, Inouye SK, McNicoll L, Redlich CA. Screening for preexisting cognitive impairment in older 
intensive care unit patients: use of a proxy assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; %1:689-693 
157. 
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert 
committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jan;26 Suppl 
1:S5-20. 
158. 
Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Hickie I, Mitchell P, Wilhelm K, Brodaty H, Boyce P, Eyers K, Pedic F:  
Psychotic depression: a review and clinical experience.  Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1991;25:169-180 
159. 
Anton RF, Burch EA. Amoxapine versus amitriptyline combined with perphenazine in the treatment of 
psychotic depression.  Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1203-1208 


 
39
 
 
160. 
Flint AJ.  Delusions, hallucinations and depression in Alzheimer's disease:  a biological perspective.  
American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research 1991; 21-28 
161. 
Andreescu C, Mulsant BH, Peasley-Miklus C, et al. Persisting low use of antipsychotics in the treatment 
of major depressive disorder with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry. Feb 2007;68(2):194-200 
162. 
Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein CM. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden 
cardiac death. N Engl J Med 2009;360:225-235. 
163. 
Applebaum PS, Grisso T.  MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-
CR).  Sarasota, Fl, Professional Resource Press; 2001 
 
 
APPENDIX 1. PHARMACOTHERAPY PROTOCOL 
 A1. ACUTE PHASE  
 
After written consent is obtained, psychotropic medications that are not permitted in the study (Section 4.2.1) 
will be withdrawn over a period of up to 4 days, when feasible, prior to starting study medications. However, 
withdrawal of anticonvulsant medications with mood-stabilizing properties that are not permitted in the study 
will be extended to 10 days, and may therefore include the first week of the acute treatment phase.  In addition, 
if a participant experiences withdrawal symptoms associated with the taper of psychotropic medication during 
the 4-day period, the taper may be slowed and continued over 10 days, which will overlap with the first week of 
the acute phase treatment.  Since one of the goals of the acute phase is to maximize the recruitment of 
participants to the RCT, it is important to allow flexibility in the rate of withdrawal of preexisting psychotropic 
medications, to maximize the chance of recruiting and retaining participants. Persons who are taking sertraline, 
olanzapine, or both medications at the time of signing consent for the acute phase of treatment, where this 
does not affect eligibility for the study (Section 4.2.1), will remain on these medications, and upon entry to the 
study will have the existing dosages adjusted, when necessary, to reach target doses, based on the protocol’s 
titration schedule. The only psychotropic medications allowed in the study will be olanzapine, sertraline, and 
‘as needed’ lorazepam; ‘as needed’ benztropine will be allowed to treat EPSE (see below).  
 
Sertraline and olanzapine will be dispensed in a non-blind, open-label fashion during the acute and 
stabilization phases of the study.  Sertraline will be dispensed in the morning as 50 mg tablets. Olanzapine will 
be dispensed in the evening as 5 mg tablets. The titration schedule of sertraline and olanzapine, and the target 
dosages of these medications, will be the same as that successfully employed in STOP-PD. Thus, sertraline 
will be started at a dosage of 50 mg/day and olanzapine will be started at a dosage of 5 mg/day.  On day 4, the 
dosages of sertraline and olanzapine will be increased to 100 mg/day and 10 mg/day, respectively, as 
tolerated. On day 7, the dosages of sertraline and olanzapine will be increased to the target doses of 150 
mg/day and 15 mg/day, respectively, as tolerated.  If a participant experiences side effects during the titration 
phase, downward titration of one or both medications will be allowed as indicated, and the titration of 
medications can proceed more slowly.  In these cases, however, the goal of titration will be to reach target 
doses within 14 days of starting the medications.   
 
A1.1 Dosage Adjustments Due to Inadequate Improvement: If there is no improvement or inadequate 
improvement in psychosis, based on the research psychiatrist’s clinical judgment, after 7 days of 15 mg/day of 
olanzapine, the dosage of olanzapine will be increased to 20 mg/day, as tolerated.  This flexibility in dosing will 
allow for dosages to be used at the maximum dose recommended in the product monograph by 2 weeks of 
starting treatment.  Participants who did not experience at least partial improvement in depressive symptoms 
(partial improvement defined as a 17-item HAM-D score of below 16) after taking sertraline at a dosage of 150 
mg/day for 4 weeks, will have the sertraline dose increased to 200 mg/day, as tolerated. 
 
A1.2 Dosage Adjustments Due to Side Effects: The treating psychiatrist will be allowed to adjust the titration 
of sertraline, olanzapine, or both if the participant experiences side effects that are troublesome or otherwise 
clinically significant (e.g., sedation, orthostatic hypertension).  In such cases, the titration of both sertraline and 
olanzapine will be halted, or if clinically indicated, the dosage of one or both medications can be reduced.  
However, titration to reach the target dose will resume, if and when the side effects resolve.  If, after a further 
attempt at titration, a participant is unable to tolerate 150 mg/day of sertraline or 15 mg/day of olanzapine, the 


 
40
 
 
participant may be maintained on a lower dose of these medications, with a minimum allowable dose of 50 
mg/day of sertraline and 5 mg/day of olanzapine. 
 
A1.3 Rationale for Dosing: In STOP-PD, by the end of the second week of treatment, the average daily dose 
of sertraline was 150 mg/ day, for both younger and older age groups, and the average daily dose of 
olanzapine was 14 mg in the younger group and 13 mg in the older group.  These data indicate the feasibility 
of aiming for target dosages of 150 mg/day of sertraline and 15 mg/day of olanzapine in both age groups.  The 
target dosages of sertraline and olanzapine are designed to ensure that participants receive therapeutic 
dosages of these medications early in treatment, in an attempt to facilitate improvement as rapidly as possible.  
Although sertraline has a flat dose-response curve (Preskorn 1993), meaning that, at a group level, higher 
doses are not necessarily associated with a higher frequency of response, there are individuals who do require 
higher doses in order to respond.  Thus, in order to maximize the chance of early response in all participants, 
we elected to increase the dose of sertraline to 150mg/day early in treatment, rather than maintain the dose at 
a lower level for several weeks, before increasing the dose in non-responders.   
 
Many persons with PD are hospitalized, they are frequently severely distressed by their delusions, and food 
and fluid intake may be compromised by their psychosis.  As a result, it is imperative to treat the psychosis in 
an expeditious manner.  Thus, in patients who fail to show significant improvement in psychosis by the end of 7 
days of treatment with 15 mg/day of olanzapine, the dosage will be increased to 20 mg/day, as tolerated.  
  
A1.4 As-Needed Lorazepam: Persons with severe anxiety, restlessness, or insomnia that would prevent them 
from continuing in the study can be prescribed lorazepam, starting at 0.5 to 2 mg/day, as needed.  A maximum 
daily dosage of 3 mg/day will be allowed during the study, but doses will be kept at a minimum and the 
lorazepam will be withdrawn as early as possible.  
 
A1.5 As-Needed Benztropine: Among participants who develop clinically significant EPSE, the dose of 
olanzapine will be reduced by 5 mg increments, to a minimum dose of 10 mg/day, if needed to lessen 
extrapyramidal effects.  However, if problematic EPSE persist, despite the dose reduction of olanzapine, 
benztropine can be prescribed, to a maximum dose of 2 mg/day. Lorazepam and benztropine will not be 
administered within the 12 hours prior to administration of cognitive tests, so as not to disrupt cognitive 
function.The prescription of benztropine will be taken into account in the secondary statistical analyses of 
EPSE. 
 
A2. STABILIZATION PHASE  
 
When participants meet remission criteria, they will continue with open-label sertraline and olanzapine during 
the 8-week stabilization phase. Since the goal of this phase is to consolidate stability of remission, adjustment 
of the doses of study medications will be allowed, if necessitated by clinical worsening or significant side 
effects. In the case of exacerbation of depressive symptoms, sertraline can be increased as tolerated by 50mg 
increments every 7 days, to the maximum dose of 200mg/day. Because sustained remission of psychosis 
during the stabilization phase will be required for eligibility for the RCT (Section 3.9.2), participants will leave 
the stabilization phase if they experience a relapse of delusions or hallucinations as determined by SCID 
interview. Nevertheless, in the case of participants who experience worsening of worry that is not delusional, 
olanzapine can be increased as tolerated by 5 mg increments every 7 days, to the maximum dose of 
20mg/day. If dosage reductions are necessitated by side effects, sertraline can be decreased by 50 mg 
increments every 7 days as needed, to a minimum dose of 50 mg/day, and olanzapine can be decreased by 
5mg increments every 7 days as needed, to a minimum dose of 5 mg/day.  
 
A3. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL  
 
Participants who meet the study’s remission criteria, will be randomly allocated, following completion of the 
stabilization phase, to either continue olanzapine or switch from olanzapine to placebo (see Data Analysis 
section for details of the randomization procedure). Randomization assignments will be generated by Dr. Andy 
Leon, the study’s statistician, and sent to the research pharmacist at each site who will dispense study 
medications.  Records of each subject’s treatment assignment will be kept at the respective pharmacies and 


 
41
 
 
made available if a clinical emergency occurs.  Site principal investigators and their co-investigators will carry 
beepers to ensure that 24-hour/day coverage is provided for medical emergencies that may arise in study 
participants. 
 
A3.1 Sertraline: Participants will take open-label sertraline for the duration of the RCT. The goal will be to 
maintain sertraline at the same acute dose that the participant was prescribed at the time of randomization to 
the RCT.   Because participants will have been taking sertraline for a minimum of 10 weeks and a maximum of 
20 weeks before entering the RCT, we anticipate that the dose of sertraline will rarely need to be adjusted in 
the RCT because of side effects.  However, if for any reason, side effects do necessitate a dose reduction, the 
reason for contemplating a dose reduction will need to be discussed with the site’s principal investigator, to 
ensure that this is the most appropriate course of action.  If a dose reduction is agreed upon, the dose can be 
reduced by 50 mg increments every 7 days, to a minimum dose of 50 mg/day, if required. An alternative 
approach to side effect burden during the RCT would be to disallow any reduction in the dose of sertraline, so 
as not to confound the analyses of relapse and recurrence.  However, forcing a participant to leave the RCT 
because of intolerable side effects, when a dose reduction may alleviate the problem and allow the participant 
to continue, does not reflect ‘real world’ clinical practice, and would potentially weaken the power of the 
statistical models through forced attrition. An increase in dose of sertraline will not be permitted at any time 
during the RCT, because it will confound testing of H1. Dose changes of sertraline will be carefully recorded 
and will be reported in a descriptive fashion for each treatment arm.  
 
A3.2 Placebo-Controlled Olanzapine Discontinuation: Eli Lilly has agreed to donate Olanzapine and 
matching placebo to the study. The placebo will be identical in size, weight, and appearance to the 5 mg 
olanzapine tablets that participants took during the acute and stabilization phases of the study. With the 
exception of Dr. Leon and research pharmacists at each study site, none of the study’s research personnel or 
study’s participants will be aware of treatment assignment. The following table lists the schedule for the 
substitution of ‘blinded’ olanzapine or placebo for open-label olanzapine, depending on the number of 
olanzapine pills the participant takes at the time of starting the switch. 
 
Table: Schedule of Randomized, Double-Blind Switch of Open-Label Olanzapine to ‘Blinded’ Olanzapine Or 
Placebo 
 
Number of pills of open-label olanzapine at the start of switch to ‘blinded’ olanzapine/placebo 
 
4 pills 
3 pills 
2 pills 
1 pill 
Switch Week
Bottle A     Bottle B 
Bottle A         Bottle B 
Bottle A     Bottle B 
Bottle A         Bottle B 
Week 1 
      3 
            1 
     2 
              1 
       1 
            1 
      1 
               0 
Week 2 
      2 
            2 
     2 
              1 
       1 
            1 
      1 
               0 
Week 3 
      1 
            3 
     1 
              2 
       1 
            1 
      1 
               0 
Week 4 
      1 
            3 
     1 
              2 
       1 
            1 
      1 
               0 
Thereafter 
      0 
            4 
     0 
              3 
       0 
            2 
      0 
               1 
Bottle A = Open-Label Olanzapine; Bottle B = ‘Blinded’ Olanzapine or Placebo 
 
A3.3 Dose Adjustments of Olanzapine/Placebo During the RCT: The goal will be to maintain 
olanzapine/placebo at the same acute dose that the participant was prescribed at the time of randomization to 
the RCT.  However, a change in dose of olanzapine/placebo will be permitted, if necessitated by adverse 
effects or clinical worsening during the RCT. The rationale for allowing a change in olanzapine/placebo dose, is 
that the primary aim of the study is to assess whether olanzapine, administered within a clinically relevant dose 
range, prevents relapse, not whether a specific dose of olanzapine prevents relapse. Moreover, permitting a 
dose adjustment in response to side effects or symptoms of the illness reflects ‘real world’ practice and 
increases the likelihood of retention of participants in the study. If a change in dose of olanzapine/placebo is 
indicated, the daily dose can be adjusted by 1 tablet every 7 days, as needed, within the dose range of 5-20 
mg/day of olanzapine/placebo. The reason(s) for each change of dose will need to be discussed with the site’s 
PI and will be documented in the case record form.  Dose changes of olanzapine/placebo will be carefully 
recorded and will be reported in a descriptive fashion for each treatment arm.  
 
A3.4 Lorazepam and Benztropine During the RCT: If lorazepam is prescribed during the acute phase of 
treatment, an attempt will be made to taper and discontinue this medication during the acute phase, once 
patients experience improvement in depressive symptoms. However, if necessary, lorazepam may be 


 
42
 
 
continued during the RCT, up to a maximum dose of 3 mg/day, for treatment of residual insomnia or anxiety. If 
benztropine is required during the acute phase of treatment, it may be continued during the RCT, up to a 
maximum of 2 mg/day. [In STOP-PD, only 5/259 (1.9%) participants required benztropine, so we anticipate 
very few patients will need this medication during the RCT]. 
 
REFERENCE 
 
Preskorn SH:  Recent pharmacologic advances in antidepressant therapy for the elderly.  Am J Medicine 
1993;94 (suppl 5A):2S-12S