Clinical trial NCT02912364
Conditions: Epilepsy
Keywords: Eslicarbazepine Carbamazepine cognition
Sponsor: Stanford University
Start date: 2016-07-01; Completion date: 2018-04-20
Enrollment: 46 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: CROSSOVER

Brief summary:
Double-blind, randomized, two period crossover comparison of the cognitive and behavioral effects of Eslicarbazepine acetate and Carbamazepine in healthy volunteers.

Detailed description:
This study is a double-blind, randomized, two period crossover design. The study consists of 6 visits over a 21 week period. Forty six (46) normal healthy subjects will be treated with both Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL, 800 mg/day) and Carbamazepine (CBZ, 800mg/day) for 6 weeks and 3 days each (maintenance 4 weeks and taper 3 days). Each antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment period will be followed by a four day taper and washout period off AED for the remainder of the month. Cognitive and behavioral testing along with safety testing will be conducted at pretreatment baseline, the end of each randomization AED maintenance period, and after the final washout period.

Arms: arm 1: Randomized to eslicarbazepine 800mg po bid in crossover design. arm 2: Randomized to carbamazepine 400mg po bid in crossover design.
Interventions: intervention 1: Eslicarbazepine intervention 2: Carbamazepine
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Healthy adults will be titrated onto Eslicarbazepine Acetate (800mg daily) . After four weeks maintenance they will be tapered off and enter washout period, then crossed over to 2nd drug. intervention 2: Healthy adults will be titrated onto Carbamazepine (400 mg bid). After four weeks maintenance they will be tapered off and enter washout period, then crossed over to 2nd drug.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
 
Double-Blind, Randomized, Two Period Crossover Comparison of the 
Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Eslicarbazepine Acetate and 
Carbamazepine in Healthy Adults 
NCT02912364 
 
 
Kimford Jay Meador, Principal Investigator 
Stanford University 
 
 
November 30, 2017 
 
 


 
 
1
PROTOCOL FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH TRIAL 
 
TITLE: 
Double-Blind, Randomized, Two Period Crossover Comparison of 
the Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Eslicarbazepine Acetate 
and Carbamazepine in Healthy Adults 
 
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STUDY 
 
This study is a double-blind, randomized, two period crossover design.  The 
study consists of 6 visits over a 21 week period.  Fifty (50) normal healthy subjects will 
be treated with both Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL, 800 mg/day) and Carbamazepine 
(CBZ, 800mg/day) for 6 weeks and 3 days each (maintenance 4 weeks and taper 3 
days).  Each antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment period will be followed by a four day 
taper and washout period off AED for the remainder of the month.  Cognitive and 
behavioral function testing along with safety testing will be conducted at pretreatment 
baseline, the end of each randomization AED maintenance period, and after the final 
washout period. 
 
TIME PERIOD AND NUMBER OF SUBJECTS 
A. 
Anticipated Number of Subjects:  50 (to obtain 30 evaluable subjects) 
B. 
Anticipated Duration of Study:    1 Year 
 
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF MEDICATIONS 
Generic 
 
 
 
Strength and  
 
Therapeutic 
             
 
 
 
Dosage Form 
 
Classification 
 
ESL  
 
400 mg/capsule 
 
Anticonvulsant 
 
CBZ  
 
200 mg/capsule 
 
Anticonvulsant 
(immediate release) 
 
Draft prepared by: 
Kimford J. Meador, MD 
Professor, Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences 
Stanford Comprehensive Epilepsy Center 
Stanford University School of Medicine 
300 Pasteur Drive (Room A343) 
Stanford, CA 94305-5235 
Tel: 650:725-6648  
 
Fax: 650:498-6326  
kmeador@stanford.edu


 
 
2 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      Page 
I. 
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE 
 
 
 
 
 
3 
II. 
STUDY QUESTION  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
III. 
STUDY OBJECTIVE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
IV. 
STUDY DESIGN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
V. 
STUDY POPULATION 
 
A. 
Number and type of subjects 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
 
B. 
Inclusion Criteria 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
 
C. 
Exclusion Criteria 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
VI. 
STUDY PROCEDURES 
 
A. 
Overview: time and events  
 
 
 
 
 
5 
 
B. 
Blinding and controls 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
 
C. 
Dosage regimen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
 
D. 
Enrollment goals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6 
 
E. 
Visit-specific treatment and evaluation sequence 
 
 
6 
VII. 
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS 
 
 
 
 
 
8 
 
A. 
Outline 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9 
 
B. 
Description of Individual Tests 
 
 
 
 
 
 
VIII. 
STUDY MEDICATION 
 
A. 
Description  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13 
 
B. 
Packaging and labeling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13 
 
C. 
Shipment and storage 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13 
 
D. 
Maintenance of medication dispensing records  
 
 
14 
 
E. 
Return of unused medication 
 
 
  
 
 
14 
 
F. 
Concomitant medication and therapy 
 
 
 
 
14 
VIII. 
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS  
 
 
 
 
A. 
Clinical efficacy measurements 
 
 
 
 
 
14 
 
B. 
Clinical safety measurements 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
C. 
Adverse event procedures  
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
D. 
Medication compliance assessment 
 
 
 
 
16 
 
E. 
Subject discontinuation criteria 
 
 
 
 
 
17 
IX. 
STATISTICAL EVALUATION 
 
A. 
Sample size rationale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17 
 
B. 
Methodology for statistical analysis 
 
 
 
 
18 
 
C. 
Interim analysis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19 
 
D. 
Definition of evaluable subject (safety, efficacy)  
 
 
19 
X. 
REFERENCES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19 
XI. 
APPENDICES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A.  
Study Timetable 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22 


 
 
3 
I. 
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE                                                                               
 
The efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in reducing seizures is similar for the most 
common type of seizures (i.e., focal +/- secondary generalized).  Therefore, differential side 
effects play an important role in therapeutic decisions.  In this regard, differential cognitive 
effects of AEDs are of particular interest.  The older AEDs are known to produce untoward 
cognitive effects, which are clinically significant in some patients (Meador, 2001a).  The 
cognitive effects of carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate are similar while the effects of 
phenobarbital are worse. Several of the newer AEDs are well tolerated and demonstrate 
fewer adverse cognitive effects compared to placebo and to older AEDs (Meador, 2014a, 
2014b). 
 
Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a new generation AED, which is chemically related to 
carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, but is structurally different at the 10,11-position, which 
results in differences in metabolism. ESL is rapidly hydrolyzed to eslicarbazepine. 
Eslicarbazepine’s main mechanism is blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels, but it also 
affects type T calcium channels (Hebeisen et al., 2011; Brady et al., 2011). There have been 
3 phase III clinical trials: (Elger et al., 2009; Ben-Menachem et al., 2010; Sperling 2015), all 
with similar design in which ESL was titrated over 2 weeks and then administered for 12 
weeks at 400 mg (not in one trial), 800 mg and 1.200 mg once-daily. ESL demonstrated good 
efficacy in adjunctive therapy for partial seizures with and without secondary generalization. 
However, ESL’s cognitive effects in relation to the established AEDs are unknown.  
 
Only one study has formally assessed the cognitive effects of ESL (Milovan et al, 
2010). This investigation consisted of two single-blind parallel-group studies. In the first study, 
a single dose of 900mg of either ESL or Oxcarbazepine. This was followed by one week of 
placebo, then one week of ESL 800mg daily or Oxcarbazepine 300mg bid, then one week of 
ESL 1200mg daily or Oxcarbazepine 600mg bid. Cognitive testing was conducted pre and 3 
hours post the single dose and one hour post dose at the end of each week. The total n = 56 
healthy subjects with ESL (n=26) and Oxcarbazepine (n=30). The overall treatment-emergent 
adverse effects (especially CNS related) were greater for Oxcarbazepine. At the top doses, 
Oxcarbazepine had 83% of patients reporting adverse events compared to 30% for ESL; the 
CNS adverse reports for asthenia, dizziness, somnolence and blurred vision were greater for 
Oxcarbazepine. In contrast, differences between ESL and Oxcarbazepine on the cognitive 
measures were not significant. This disparity may be related to weaknesses in the study 
design. Weaknesses included small sample size, short duration of therapy, and lack of control 
for repeated testing (placebo tested only after the first week). The sample size was 56 (26 
ESL; 30 oxcarbazepine) which may be too small to detect differences in a parallel design 
study; the sample size was not determined by statistical considerations. In addition, primary 
comparisons were for each AED to the predose in the first single dose phase “or” to the 
placebo phase. Direct comparisons between AEDs were done as secondary analyses. 
Further, the testing was conducted one hour after the morning dose of the two AEDs (e.g., 
ESL 1200mg and Oxcarbazepine 600mg), even though ESL would be more likely to be given 
qHS in the real world. This biased against ESL. Thus, this investigation does not adequately 
assess the cognitive effects of ESL. 
 
The present study will investigate the cognitive and behavioral effects of ESL 


 
 
4 
compared to Carbamazepine in healthy subjects employing a double-blind, two-period, 
crossover design.  The design provides robust statistical strength and controls for selection 
bias created by individual variability in cognitive performance. The use of healthy subjects will 
control for the effect of changes in seizure frequency on cognitive function. In addition, 
examining AED cognitive effects in healthy subjects allows extrapolation of the results to other 
patient populations treated with AEDs (e.g., psychiatric and pain disorders). 
 
 
II. 
STUDY QUESTION 
 
 
What are the cognitive and behavioral effects of ESL compared to Carbamazepine in 
normal healthy adults? 
 
III. 
STUDY OBJECTIVE 
 
 
The objective of this study is to determine whether there are any differences in the 
cognitive abilities and/or behavioral response of normal healthy volunteers after 6 weeks of 
treatment with ESL compared to Carbamazepine. 
 
IV. 
STUDY DESIGN 
 
 
The study will employ a double-blind, randomized, two period crossover design.  Every 
subject will receive each AED for 6 weeks and 3 days, which includes a one-month 
maintenance period and 3 day taper. Following neuropsychological assessment at the end of 
the maintenance phase, AEDs will be tapered off over 3 days and then the subjects will 
remain off drug for the remainder of 4 weeks. A study physician will monitor each subject 
during AED treatment periods and will adjust AED dosages with the goal of reaching 
therapeutic doses of ESL (800mg/day) and Carbamazepine (800mg/day).  Subjects will 
undergo cognitive and behavioral testing at screening, prior to initiation of the first AED, at the 
end of each AED treatment, and at the end of each of the two washout periods.  Subjects and 
study personnel in direct contact with subjects will be blinded to AED treatment. 
 
 
V. 
STUDY POPULATION 
 
 
A. 
Number and type of subjects 
 
 
Healthy males and females between the ages of 18 and 55 who do not require 
concomitant medications that affect study medications or cognitive and behavioral functions.  
Fifty subjects will be enrolled in the study in order to complete 30 subjects. 
 
B. 
Inclusion Criteria 
 
 
1. Healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 55 years 
 
 
2. Male or female (using approved birth control methods) 


 
 
5 
 
 
3. Informed consent obtained 
 
C. 
Exclusion Criteria 
 
 
 
1. Presence of clinically significant cardiovascular, endocrine, hematopoietic, hepatic, 
neurologic, psychiatric, or renal disease. 
 
2. Presence or history of drug or alcohol abuse. 
 
3. The use of concomitant medications, which are known to affect ESL or 
Carbamazepine or the use of any concomitant medications that may alter cognitive 
function (see Section VII.E for a partial list). 
 
4. Prior adverse reaction to or prior hypersensitivity to either study medication or to 
related compounds. 
 
5. Prior participation in studies involving anticonvulsant medications. 
 
6. Subjects who have received any investigational drug within the previous thirty days. 
 
7. Subjects with IQ < 70 as determined by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. 
 
8. Presence of HLA B*1502 in subjects of Asian descent; this will be obtained at 
screening in subjects of Asian descent. 
 
 
VI. 
STUDY PROCEDURES 
 
A. 
Overview: time and events 
 
 
 
 
 
The study will employ a double-blind, randomized, two-period crossover design.  The 
study consists of 6 visits over a 21 week time period.  Subjects will be screened and tested at 
baseline, and then randomly assigned to receive each AED for 6 weeks, which includes a 
titration period and a one-month maintenance period. Each AED treatment period will be 
followed by a 3-day taper and a washout period for the remainder of 4 weeks. (See Appendix 
A for a complete study timetable). 
 
B. 
Blinding and Controls 
 
 
Subjects and study personnel will be blinded to drug randomization since all study 
drugs will be over-encapsulated in identical capsules.  
 
C. 
Dosage Regimen 
 
 
 
 
 
During each AED phase, subjects will be titrated onto ESL (800mg/day) or 


 
 
6 
Carbamazepine (400mg bid) and tapered off at end of 4-week maintenance according to the 
following schedule during each treatment arm: 
 
Week  
ESL 
 
 
 
 
Carbamazepine 
1 
 
400 mg qAM + placebo 
 
200 mg bid 
2 
 
400 mg qAM + placebo 
 
200 mg qAM & 400mg qHS 
3 
 
800 mg qAM + placebo 
 
400 mg bid 
4 
 
800 mg qAM + placebo 
 
400 mg bid 
5 
 
800 mg qAM + placebo 
 
400 mg bid 
6 
 
800 mg qAM + placebo 
 
400 mg bid  
3-day taper 400 mg qAM + placebo 
 
200 mg bid 
Stop 
  
The investigative team will monitor each subject’s progress and safety during AED 
treatment periods with the goal of obtaining and maintaining ESL and Carbamazepine at 
dosage of 800mg/day. Subjects will remain on each AED for a total of 6 weeks (4 weeks 
maintenance), and then will be tapered off over 3 days followed by washout period for the 
remainder of 4 weeks.  Total time on each drug will be 6 weeks plus 3 days.  ESL will be 
dosed qAM and Carbamazepine will be dosed BID. The plasma Tmax for plasma 
eslicarbazepine and carbamazepine will therefore approximately match the time of testing. 
Subjects will be tapered off AEDs over the first 3 days of each 4-week washout period 
according to the following schedules: 
 
AED Dose DURING TRIAL 
 
AED TAPER 
 
ESL = 800 
 
 
 
 
400mg daily X3 days then stop 
Carbamazepine = 800 
 
 
200mg bid X3 days then stop 
 
 
 
An appropriate number of placebo capsules will be added to all AED dosages so that 
subjects will always take the same number of capsules for each dose given BID during AED 
treatment periods. Dosage times will be 8am and 8pm.  
 
D. 
Enrollment Goals 
 
 
Previous studies indicate that an enrollment of 46 subjects will be required to obtain 30 
evaluable subjects. See Statistical Section for power analysis. 
 
E. 
Visit-Specific Treatment and Evaluation Sequence 
 
 
 
 
Subjects will be randomly assigned to receive both AEDs, for 6 weeks each, in a 
random sequence of administration.  Each AED treatment period will be followed by a 3-day 
taper period and a 25-day washout period. 
 
 
At all visits, subjects will be advised on drug compliance and avoidance of medications 
which my adversely effect the results of cognitive function testing. Adverse events will be 
documented on the appropriate case report form.  Appointments will be made for follow up 


 
 
7 
visits and care will be taken to schedule all cognitive and behavioral function testing for a 
given subject at the same time of the day. Testing will be in the approximately 2 hours post 
morning dose. The time of testing and time of last 2 doses will be recorded.   
 
 
The timetable for the study is listed in Appendix A.  This is a visit-by-visit description of 
the events scheduled for each visit. 
 
 
Visit 1 
Screening Visit (-1 week prior to randomization) 
 
 
Subjects will be screened to assure they meet all of the inclusion criteria and none of 
the exclusion criteria.  All eligible subjects will be required to give informed consent.  A 
complete history, physical examination, neurologic examination, laboratory screening 
including urine pregnancy test (if woman of child bearing potential), HLA B*1502 testing for 
subjects of Asian descent, IQ screen with Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and full cognitive 
battery (see below) will be obtained. 
 
 
 
Visit 2 
Randomization- Drug Period 1 (Study week 0) 
 
 
At this visit all subjects who had successfully completed all screening tests and had no 
significant abnormalities on baseline laboratory, physical exam, neurologic exam, or IQ testing 
will be randomized to study drug.  At this visit, neuropsychological testing will be conducted 
before the first dose of study drug is administered.  Subject will be randomized, and study 
drug will be dispensed. 
 
 
Study weeks 2 - 6 
 
 
During this period, subjects will titrate up during the 1st two weeks, and be maintained 
on 800mg/day of ESL or Carbamazepine during weeks 3-6. The subject’s doses will be 
titrated according to the schedule outlined below. Telephone contacts will be made at weeks 2 
and 4 to check on adverse events and to encourage compliance. 
 
 
Visit 3 
(Study week 6) 
 
 
At this visit, pill bottles will be checked, and pill counts conducted. Vital signs and a 
brief physical examination will be obtained.  In addition, antiepileptic drug blood levels, CBC 
and chemistries will be obtained, and cognitive function and behavioral testing will be 
performed.  (Cognitive function and behavioral testing will be rescheduled if the subjects 
inadvertently used alcohol, non-approved drugs 72 hours before testing.) 
 
 
Study weeks 6 - 10  
 
 
The subject will be tapered off drug over the first 3 days and then remain off drug for 
the next 25 days. 
 
Visit 4  
(Study week 10) 


 
 
8 
 
 
This visit ends the washout period and begins the baseline for Drug Period 2.  At this 
visit, vital signs and a brief physical examination will be obtained. Subjects will undergo 
cognitive and behavioral testing and then the alternate drug treatment will be dispensed.  
Titration will be similar to the first titrations beginning at Visit 2.  In addition, a pregnancy test 
will be obtained in women of child bearing potential. 
 
 
Study weeks 10 - 14 
 
 
During this period subjects will titrate up during weeks 10-12, and be maintained on 
800mg/day of ESL or Carbamazepine during weeks 12-16. Telephone contacts will be made 
at weeks 12 and 14 to check on adverse events and to encourage compliance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Visits 5 
(Study week 16) 
 
 
At this visit, pill bottles will be checked, and pill counts conducted. Vital signs and a 
brief physical examination will be obtained.  In addition, antiepileptic drug blood levels, CBC 
and chemistries will be obtained, and cognitive function and behavioral testing will be 
performed.  (Cognitive function and behavioral testing will be rescheduled if the subjects 
inadvertently used alcohol, non-approved drugs 72 hours before testing.) 
 
Study weeks 16 - 20 
 
 
 
The subject will be tapered off drug over the first 3 days and then remain off drug for 
the next 25 days. 
 
 
 
Visit 6 
(Study week 20) 
 
 
This visit ends the washout period and begins the baseline for Drug Period 2.  At this 
visit, vital signs and a brief physical examination will be obtained. Subjects will undergo 
cognitive and behavioral testing and then the alternate drug treatment will be dispensed.  
Titration will be similar to the first titrations beginning at Visit 2.  In addition, a pregnancy test 
will be obtained in women of child bearing potential. 
 
 
VII. 
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS 
 
A. 
Outline:  
Note that test will performed in the following order. 
 
Computerized Testing Battery (CNS Vitals system) 
 Verbal memory immediate assessment 
 Visual memory immediate assessment 
 Symbol digit coding assessment 


 
 
9 
 Shifting attention test 
 Dual task test 
 One- and two-back continuous performance test 
 Verbal memory delay assessment 
 Visual memory delay assessment 
 
Non-computerized cognitive/behavioral testing 
 MCG paragraph memory-immediate recall assessment 
 Symbol digit modalities test 
 Stroop test 
 Profile of mood states (POMS) assessment 
 Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 
 MCG paragraph memory-delay recall assessment 
 
B. 
Description of Individual Tests: 
 
1. 
Components for computerized cognitive assessments: 
The computerized cognitive assessments have been used in prior studies (see reference 
section for CNS Vitals). It consists of verbal memory immediate assessments, visual memory 
immediate assessments, symbol digit coding, shifting attention tasks, dual task tests, one- 
and two-back continuous performance tests, verbal memory delayed, and visual memory 
delayed. Detailed descriptions of each are below. 
 
1a. 
The order of computerized testing should be as follows: 
 Verbal memory immediate 
 Encoding-30 seconds 
 Immediate recognition-1 minute 
 Visual memory immediate 
 Encoding-30 seconds 
 Immediate recognition-1 minute 
 Symbol digit coding 2 minutes 
 Shifting attention test  2 minutes 
 Dual task test  2 minutes 
 One- and two-back continuous performance test  5 minutes 
 Verbal memory delayed  1 minute 
 Visual memory delayed  1 minute 
 
These are actual test run times and do not include reading instructions or practice tests. 
 
1b. 
Verbal memory immediate assessment: 
Fifteen words are presented sequentially for 2 seconds each on the computer screen and 
subjects are instructed to remember the words. Following their presentation, the 15 target 
words are presented, and the subject indicates if the word is new (not presented) or old (a 
member of the original presentation list). The duration of instructions and testing is 
approximately 3 minutes. 
Results are reported as follows: 


 
 
10 
 Correct hits (immediate) 
 Correct passes (immediate) 
 Total Correct hits + passes (immediate) – This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 
1c. 
Visual memory immediate assessment: 
Fifteen shapes are presented sequentially for 2 seconds each on the computer screen, and 
subjects are instructed to remember the shapes. Following their presentation, the 15 target 
shapes are presented, and the subject indicates if the shape is new (not presented) or old (a 
member of the original presentation list). The duration of instructions and testing is 
approximately 3 minutes. 
Results are reported as follows: 
 Correct hits (immediate) 
 Correct passes (immediate) 
 Total Correct hits + passes (immediate) – This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 
1d. 
Symbol digit coding: 
As a measure of processing efficiency, symbols are presented on the computer screen and 
the subject types in numbers that correspond to each symbol based upon a response key. 
The duration of instructions and testing is approximately 4 minutes. 
Results are reported as follows: 
 Correct responses – This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 Errors 
 Correct responses – Errors    – This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 
 
1e. 
Shifting attention test: 
As a measure of set shifting attention and executive function, the subject assesses a series of 
targets and rules and responds by pressing the appropriate shift key. The duration of 
instructions and testing is approximately 3 minutes. 
Results are reported as follows: 
 Correct responses 
 Errors 
 Correct responses – Errors    – This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 
1f. 
Dual task test: 
This is a test that measures multi-tasking. The subject traces the track of a target with a 
computer mouse while simultaneously monitoring and responding each time a number from a 
series of sequentially presented random numbers (ie, 1 to 99) is presented which corresponds 
to specific criteria (ie, between 45 and 55). The duration of instructions and testing is 
approximately 3 minutes. During the test portion, the level of difficulty increases by increasing 
the speed of the target movement. There are 8 levels of difficulty. 
Results are reported for each of 8 levels (X 15 second each) of increasing difficulty as follows: 
 Percent of time cursor in box 
 Correct responses 
 Correct average reaction time 
 Commission errors 


 
 
11 
 Omission errors 
 
Summary across the 8 levels of difficulty includes: 
 Total percent of time cursor in box 
 Average percent of cursor in box 
 Total correct responses 
 Average correct reaction time 
 Total commission errors 
 The primary measure for this test is a Z score averaging Z scores for (% time in box) + 
(Correct RT) + (# Correct – Errors). 
 
1g. 
One- and two-back continuous performance test: 
As a measure of working memory and sustained attention, subjects are presented a series of 
shapes of different colors in a sequence on the computer screen. Subjects are required to 
press the spacebar upon seeing the target (eg, blue square), but only when a matching 
stimulus (eg, blue square) appears 1 position before (ie, one-back) or 2 positions before (ie, 
two-back). The duration of instructions and testing is approximately 6 minutes. As an 
example, correct responses (yes/no) are given for the following sequence of stimuli: 
 Blue square=no 
 Red triangle=no 
 Blue square=yes 
 Blue triangle=no 
 
Results are reported as follows: 
 Correct responses 
 Average correct response time 
 Incorrect responses 
 Average incorrect response time 
 Omission errors 
 The primary measure for this test is a Z score averaging Z scores for (Correct RT) + (# 
Correct – Errors). 
 
1h. 
Verbal memory delayed assessment: 
As a measure of delayed memory, subjects are presented with 15 target words from the 
original list used to assess immediate verbal memory interspersed with 15 foils. The subject 
indicates if the word is new (not previously presented) or old (a member of the original 
presentation list). The duration of testing is approximately 1 minute. 
Results are reported as follows: 
 Correct hits (delayed) 
 Correct passes (delayed) 
 Total Correct responses– This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 
1i. 
Visual memory delayed assessment: 
This is a measure of delayed memory in which the 15 target shapes from the original list are 
presented interspersed with 15 foils. The subject indicates if the shape is new (not previously 
presented) or old (a member of the original presentation list). The duration of instructions and 


 
 
12 
testing is approximately 1 minute. 
Results are reported as follows: 
 Correct hits (delayed) 
 Correct passes (delayed) 
 Total Correct responses– This is a primary measure for Z score. 
 
2. 
Components for non-computerized cognitive and behavioral assessments: 
The non-computerized cognitive and behavioral battery performance measures consist of 
MCG paragraph memory, symbol digit modalities test, Stroop test, and POMS. A detailed 
description of each of these follows. 
 
2a. 
Peabody picture vocabulary test: 
At Screening, the PPVT (third edition) will be used to assess IQ at enrollment. The PPVT is 
an individually-administered test of receptive vocabulary (of standard English) for children and 
adults from 2.5 through 90 years old. This test requires examinees to examine 4 black and 
white pictures and choose which best represents the meaning of a stimulus word that is 
presented orally by the examiner (Dunn and Dunn, 1997). 
This is screening measure and is not used in analyses. 
 
2b. 
MCG paragraph memory: 
A MCG paragraph memory test includes a matched set of short stories that were previously 
developed and have been shown to be sensitive to the side effects of anticonvulsants 
(Meador et al, 1993). On each test day, the subjects will be read 1 of the short stories. Free 
immediate and delayed (15-minute) recall will be obtained. 
The primary measure for Z score is the % correct for delayed recall. 
 
2c. 
Symbol digit modalities test: 
The SDMT is a measure of cognitive processing involving coding which is sensitive to drug 
effects. This is a complex graphomotor transcription task that requires the subject to 
transcribe symbols to numbers as quickly as possible employing a combination of direct visual 
identification and/or short-term memorization. Symbols with empty squares are presented, 
and the subject’s task is to fill in the corresponding number as quickly as possible during a 90-
second interval (Smith, 1973). Results are scored based on number correct in 90 seconds, 
which is the primary measure for Z score. 
 
2d. 
Stroop test: 
The Stroop test is a measure of concentration effectiveness and response inhibition. The test 
consists of 3 pages containing 100 items. One page contains the words “RED,” “GREEN,” 
and “BLUE” arranged randomly and printed in black ink. No word follows itself within a 
column. The second page contains “XXXX”s written in red, green and blue ink. The final page 
consists of word names printed in non-congruent colors. The subject’s task for the first card is 
to read correctly as many of the word names as possible during a 45-second interval. The 
second task is to read the colors of the printed “X”s as quickly as possible during an additional 
45-second interval. The final task measures an interference effect by requiring the subject to 
inhibit the natural tendency to read the word, and to instead name the color of ink, which is 
incongruent with the word name. This test results in 3 scores: word, color, and word/color 


 
 
13 
contrast conditions (Golden, 1978). 
The primary measure for Z score is the total # correct across all 3 conditions. 
 
2e. 
Profile of Mood States: 
The POMS is a checklist of 65 adjectives describing mood states (Lorr et al, 1971. The 
subject rates the presence of each mood state in the past week on a 5-point scale from “not at 
all” to “extremely.” The POMS is scored for 6 scales (fatigue, vigor, depression-dejection, 
anger-hostility, tension-anxiety, and confusion-bewilderment). All scales but the vigor scale 
are scored such that higher scores reflect greater mood disturbance; for the vigor scale, 
higher scores reflect less mood disturbance. The test is scored for each scale as well as for a 
total mood disturbance score derived from summing all scales (with reversal of the negatively 
scored items on the vigor scale). The POMS has been shown to be sensitive to AEDs in prior 
studies (Meador et al, 2014a, 2014b). 
The Total score for POMS is the primary measure for Z score for this measure. 
 
2f. 
Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) 
Suicidality will be assessed by trained study personnel using the C-SSRS (Columbia 
University Medical Center, 2008). This scale will be used for screening as well as to assess 
suicidal ideation and behavior that may occur during the study.  
This is a safety measure and is not used in the primary analysis. 
 
 
VIII. 
 
STUDY MEDICATIONS 
 
A. 
Description 
 
 
ESL 400mg, Carbamazepine (immediate release) 200mg, and placebos will be 
provided by Sunovion or their designee. All AED doses and placebos will be 
overencapsulated in matched opaque capsules.  
 
B. 
Packaging and Labeling 
 
 
Medications will be provided by Sunovion in capsule bulk containers.  Each will be 
labeled with the appropriate contents, ESL 400mg capsules, Carbamazepine 200mg 
(immediate release) capsules and matching placebo. All drugs will be identical capsules. 
Sunovion will supply plastic containers with tid daily dose sections for each patient. The 
clinical research pharmacy will be responsible for dispensing and labeling study drug for the 
study subjects. 
 
C. 
Shipment and storage 
 
 
 
 
 
Sunovion or their designee will ship all drug supplies to the site.  A shipping invoice will 
be contained with each shipment and should be kept and matched against received drug.  All 
investigational drug will be stored and locked in the Clinical Research Pharmacy.  All unused 
drug supplies remaining at end of study will be destroyed by the site pharmacy personnel and 
written notification of the destruction will be sent to Sunovion.  Study drug should be stored in 


 
 
14 
the drums it is shipped in, in a cool dry area until drug is dispensed to the study subjects. 
 
D. 
Maintenance of medication dispensing records 
 
 
Each clinical pharmacy site will provide medication dispensing instructions and forms 
for recording dispensing of study medications to the pharmacy study personnel.  These 
records should be kept current during the study and be available for inspection.  When 
medication is dispensed, the number of capsules of active and placebo are to be listed on the 
appropriate dispensing log.  Returned capsules at each visit will also be recorded. 
 
E. 
Return of unused medication 
 
 
 
 
 
At each visit, subjects must return the medication packets and all unused study 
medication to the investigator. The accountability for returning of medication is the 
responsibility of the investigator.  Unused study drug returned by subjects will be destroyed in 
accordance with remainder study drug. 
 
F. 
Concomitant medication and therapy 
 
 
Subjects will be instructed to limit alcohol consumption to no more than ½ ounce of 
absolute alcohol equivalents per day (approximately one 12 oz. beer, or 1 mixed drink) and no 
more than 3 ounces per week.  Subjects will be instructed not to consume alcohol, caffeine, or 
take any over-the-counter medications for at least 72 hours prior to cognitive and behavioral 
testing. All concomitant medications will be recorded on the case report forms.  Any 
concomitant medications and other agents, which are known to affect Carbamazepine or 
Eslicarbazepine or have significant effects on cognition may not be taken during this trial. A 
partial list of examples include: anticholinergics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, 
antiepileptics, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, central nervous system depressants, 
corticosteroids, doxycycline, erythromycin, H2 antagonists, lithium, methylphenidate, 
narcotics, quinidine, reserpine, theophylline, centrally active antihistamines, and grapefruit 
juice. Informed consent will emphasize that subjects should not consume grapefruit or its juice 
during the study. 
 
 
IX. 
 
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS 
 
A.  
Clinical Measurements (Study weeks -1, 0, 6, 10, 16, 20) 
 
 
Neuropsychological testing will be completed at baseline (visits 1 & 2), at the 
completion of each AED treatment period (weeks 6 & 16) and at the completion of each 
washout period (weeks 10 & 20).  The neuropsychological test results from the first baseline 
testing (i.e., visit 1 at -2 weeks) will not be included in the analyses. All subjects will have at 
least 7 hours of sleep on the evening before the day of cognitive testing. (Note. If the subject 
does not get the required hours of sleep or takes non-approved medication, caffeine, etc., 
cognitive and behavioral testing will be rescheduled). 
 


 
 
15 
For detailed information regarding all of the cognitive tests refer to Section VII. 
 
B. 
Clinical Safety Measurements 
 
 
 
 
 
1. Physical Examinations (Study weeks -1, 0, 6, 10, 16, & 20) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A complete physical and neurological examination will be performed during pre-
study screening (visit 1; week -1) and at the completion of the study (visit 6; week 20) 
or study discontinuation. Brief physical examinations will be performed on visits 2, 3, 4, 
& 5 (weeks 0, 6, 10, & 16). 
 
 
A complete physical examination will consist of determinations of sitting blood 
pressure, weight, heart rate, assessment of physical condition (general appearance, 
skin and skin structure, HEENT, abdomen, cardiovascular, respiratory, 
musculoskeletal, genitourinary and central nervous systems).  Brief physical 
examinations will consist of determinations of sitting blood pressure, weight, heart rate, 
and an assessment of physical condition, as required to determine change from the 
previous visit, and an assessment of adverse effects focused on skin and neurological 
systems. 
 
 
2. Laboratory assessments (Weeks -1, 6, 10, 14, 18) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A. Blood and Urine Samples 
 
Blood work assessments will be obtained at visits 1, 6, 16, & 20. 
 
The hematology parameters to be determined are: RBC count, hemoglobin, 
hematocrit, WBC count, platelet count, cell morphology and complete WBC 
differential count (neutrophils, bands, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and 
basophils). 
 
The chemistry parameters to be determined are: SGOT, SGPT, alkaline 
phosphatase, albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, sodium, potassium, chloride, 
calcium, phosphorous, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and glucose. 
The total chem panel will be obtained at visits 1 & 6; just SGOT & SGPT will be 
obtained at visits 3 & 5. 
 
Urine Pregnancy tests will be performed on women of childbearing potential at 
Weeks -1, 10 & 20 (visits 1, 4 & 6). 
 
In subjects of Asian descent, blood will be obtained to test for the HLA B*1502 
allele. If present, subjects will not receive drug or continue in the study. Subjects 
lost for this reason will be replaced by new enrollees. 
 
Anticonvulsant blood levels will be collected at Weeks 6 and 16 (i.e., visits 3 & 
5).  Carbamazepine levels are to be sent to the hospital laboratory for immediate 


 
 
16 
analysis.  The Eslicarbazepine and Carbamazepine levels will be sent to an 
outside contract lab.  Results are to be reviewed and stored by the non-blinded 
investigator. 
 
C. 
Adverse Event Procedures 
 
 
An ADVERSE EVENT (AE) is a noxious and unintended event observed in, or reported 
by, a subject who is participating in (or has participated in) a clinical study and/or has received 
study medication.  The AE may be related temporarily either to immediate or long-term use of 
the drug; the AE may not necessarily be caused by the drug. Overdose is regarded as an 
adverse event.  Any event meeting these criteria is to be considered an adverse event, 
regardless of whether or not it is considered drug related. 
 
 
All adverse events should be reported on the appropriate Case Report Form; details 
should include the type of event, date of onset, duration, intensity, causality relationship to the 
study drug(s), and outcome.  Wherever possible, a diagnosis rather than symptom(s) should 
be reported. 
 
 
“Serious” means an adverse experience that is fatal or life-threatening, is permanently 
disabling, requires or prolongs inpatient hospitalization, or is a congenital anomaly, cancer or 
overdose. 
 
 
If any medically serious adverse event occurs (SAE), the study medication may be 
discontinued and the patient treated at the discretion of the physician investigator. 
 
 
ANY MEDICALLY SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENT REQUIRES IMMEDIATE 
NOTIFICATION OF THE FDA BY THE INVESTIGATOR. 
 
 
 
Any serious adverse event that occurs up to two weeks following study participation 
must also be reported. 
 
 
Specific procedures for Double-Blind Studies 
 
 
Site personnel not involved in direct care of study subjects will generate a 
randomization code.  In an acute medical emergency, the randomization code may be broken 
if this is considered essential for subject management.  For this purpose the sealed 
randomization code will be provided to the investigator by the site pharmacy. If the code is 
broken, a record of the date, time and reason must be put into writing and sent to Sunovion.  
This letter will become part of the permanent study record. 
 
 
All adverse events should be recorded on the appropriate Case Report Forms (CRF’s) 
including date of onset and cessation, intensity and relationship to study drug.  The action 
taken and clinical outcome of the adverse event will also be recorded.   
 
 
The investigator will report all serious AE's to the FDA and to Sunovion without delay. 
 


 
 
17 
 D. 
Medication Compliance Assessment 
 
 
 
 
Compliance is to be judged by questioning the patient at the clinic visit and by the non-
blinded observer’s inspection of medication returned and recording missed doses on the 
appropriate CRF. Repeated noncompliance, or the missing of all scheduled doses of 
medication for three (3) consecutive days (72-hour period) would be cause for removing the 
subject from the study.  Subjects should take all doses for 3 days before visits when cognitive 
function testing occurs. 
 
E. 
Subject Discontinuation Criteria 
 
1. 
Although they may withdraw without prejudice at any time, every effort should 
be made to have subjects complete the study within the bounds of safety and 
provisions of informed consent. 
 
2. 
The investigator may discontinue the participation of any subject in this study if: 
 
 
 
 
a. 
Any clinically significant adverse experiences are observed. 
 
b. 
The subject is grossly noncompliant. 
 
c. 
The subject’s health would be jeopardized by continued participation. 
 
d. 
Consent is withdrawn. Otherwise, subjects will be encouraged to complete the 
study, although they may withdraw at any time without prejudice. 
 
3. 
If subject cannot tolerate the 800 mg/day dose of ESL or Carbamazepine, the 
dose may be reduced to 400 mg/day if the subject and physician deem 
appropriate. An attempt to increase the dose a week later can be made. If they 
choose not to reduce the dose or if the subject cannot tolerate at least 400 
mg/day, then the subject will be discontinued. 
 
4. 
Subject replacement. 
 
 
Subjects who are dropped from the study prior to completion of all cognitive 
testing will not be replaced. 
 
5. 
Follow-up of discontinued patients 
 
 
Subjects who receive study drug and are discontinued from the study will have 
all safety assessments completed, including a complete physical examination 
and laboratory evaluation including chemistry, hematology with differential, 
urinalysis and urine pregnancy test as required at study termination.  This 
testing should be done as soon as possible.  Medical follow-up of any severe 
adverse events or clinically significant abnormal laboratory values will continue 
until the abnormality resolves, and adequate medical explanation is apparent.  


 
 
18 
Such data will be provided to Sunovion. 
 
 
X. 
STATISTICAL EVALUATION 
 
A. 
Sample Size 
 
Estimations based on an overall composite score (sustained attention and memory 
[SAM] + neuropsychological) for carbamazepine-levetiracetam (Meador et al, 2007) would 
predict that with a sample size of 30 subjects in a 2-period crossover study, the probability is 
90% that the study will detect a treatment difference at a 2-sided 0.01 significance level, if the 
true difference between the treatments is 0.370 units. This is based on the assumption that 
the SD of the difference in the response variables is 0.490. Given an estimated dropout of 
30% to 40%, the planned sample size needed to enroll is 40 to 45 subjects. 
The SDMT is a neuropsychological measure that has been sensitive to AED effects in 
multiple studies. Based on the SDMT for carbamazepine vs. nondrug in the carbamazepine-
levetiracetam study, a total of 31 subjects will need to complete the 2-period crossover study. 
The probability is 90% that the study will detect a treatment difference at a 2-sided 0.01 
significance level, if the true difference between the treatments is 3.800 units. This is based 
on the assumption that the standard deviation of the difference in the response variables is 
5.100. Given an estimated dropout of 30% to 40%, the study would need to enroll between 42 
and 47 subjects. 
Based on the above 2 scenarios, the planned sample size to enroll in this study is 46 
subjects to complete 30. 
 
B. 
Methodology for statistical analysis 
 
 
The parameters of interest are listed in Section VII. Descriptive statistics will be used to 
provide an overview of the primary, secondary, and other variable results. For categorical 
parameters, the number and percentage of subjects in each category will be presented. The 
denominator for percentages will be based on the number of subjects appropriate for the 
purpose of analysis. For continuous parameters, descriptive statistics will include number of 
subjects, mean, standard deviation (SD), median, minimum, and maximum. Unless otherwise 
specified, baseline neuropsychological data will be based on the Visit 2 assessments. 
 
The primary outcome (pharmacodynamic) variable will be analyzed as the within 
subject difference between drugs in the overall neuropsychological composite Z-score for 
CBZ vs. ESL comparing between end of Maintenance Period scores for each drug 
(ie,Treatment Period 1 to Treatment Period 2). The overall composite Z-score will be 
computed for each condition from the individual cognitive test scores from the computerized 
tests and non-computerized neuropsychological tests (including the behavioral 
questionnaires) after transformation to Z-scores. The Z-score will be calculated using the 
values (mean and SD) from the average of the scores from the 3 nondrug conditions 
(Baseline, first Washout Period, and second Washout Period). 
 
The primary analysis will compare the composite Z scores for ESL to Carbamazepine 


 
 
19 
for each subject at the end of the Treatment Maintenance Periods. Since the analysis is 
based on an overall composite score, no correction for multiple comparisons is necessary. 
The use of composite Z-scores avoids Type II error. 
 
 
Secondary analyses will be conducted to compare the two AEDs states to the non-drug 
average from Visits 2, 4 & 6. The initial cognitive assessment (i.e., Visit #1) is given to reduce 
practice effects and will not be used in the statistical analyses. Secondary analyses will also 
be conducted comparing the 2 drug states to each other and the non-drug state for the 
individual neuropsychological variables. 
 
 
Summary statistics will be calculated by treatment for each evaluation of antiepileptic 
blood levels (ABLs). Additional analyses of data will be performed which take the ABLs into 
account. Linear correlations of plasma concentrations and the overall composite and 
individual score variables will be plotted with a fitted regression line superimposed for each 
drug condition. 
 
 
The incidences of all adverse events reported during the trial will be tabulated by 
treatment and study period.  The other safety variables, which include changes in 
hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis parameters, and vital signs will be analyzed 
descriptively. The actual measurement and its change from Baseline will be presented by visit 
and period of collection. In addition, shift tables may be used to evaluate the number and 
percentage of subjects having a different post-Baseline status when compared with their 
Baseline status. 
 
 
 
C. 
Interim Analysis 
 
No interim analyses are planned. 
 
D. 
Definition of Evaluable Subjects 
 
 
 
Any subject who ingested one or more doses of blinded study medication and provided 
follow-up information will be evaluable for the analysis of the safety data. The primary analysis 
will include subjects who complete all visits for the primary variable in both periods and who 
did not have any important deviations, which may have an impact on cognitive function. 
Subjects who prematurely discontinue the study will be evaluated based on the data collected 
at each visit attended. Any subject who is evaluable for the safety analysis who also has 
baseline and end of drug period cognitive/behavioral data available for each of the two drug 
periods will be evaluable for the intent-to-treat analysis of the parameters of interest. Any 
subject evaluable for the intent-to-treat analysis will be evaluable for the per-protocol analysis 
of the parameters of interest provided that the subject was compliant with the protocol with 
regard to the study medication regimen, use of concomitant medications, sleep requirements 
prior to cognitive testing, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, and use of OTC 
medications prior to cognitive testing. All data will be used to their maximum possible extent, 
but without any imputations for missing data for any parameter.  
 
 


 
 
20 
XI. REFERENCES: 
 
1. Background References. 
Ben-Menachem E, Gabbai AA, Hufnagel A, Maia J, Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P. 
Eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunc-tive therapy in adult patients with partial epilepsy. Epilepsy 
Res 2010;89:278-285. 
 
Brady K, Hebeisen S, Konrad D, Soares-da-Silva P. The effects of eslicarbazepine, R-
licarbazepine, oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine on ion transmission Cav3.2 channels. 
Epilepsia 2011;52 (Suppl. 6):S260. 
 
Elger C, Halasz P, Maia J, Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P, BIA-2093-301 Investigators Study 
Group. Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive treatment in adults with 
refractory partial-onset seizures: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-
group phase III study. Epilepsia 2009;50(3):454-63. 
 
Gil-Nagel A, Elger C, Ben-Menachem E, Halász P, Lopes-Lima J, Gabbai AA, Nunes T, 
Falcão A, Almeida L, da-Silva PS. Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate as add-on 
treatment in patients with focal-onset seizures: integrated analysis of pooled data from 
double-blind phase III clinical studies. Epilepsia 2013;54(1):98-107. 
 
Hebeisen S, Brady K, Konrad D, Soares-da-Silva P. Inhibitory effects of eslicarbazepine 
acetate and its metabolites against neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels. Epilepsia 
2011;52(Suppl. 6):S257-S258. 
 
Hufnagel A, Ben-Menachem E, Gabbai AA, Falcão A, Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P. Long-
term safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of 
partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy: results of a1-year open-label extension study. 
Epilepsy Res 2013;103 (2-3):262—269. 
 
Meador KJ, Gevins A, Loring DW, McEvoy LK, Ray PG, Smith ME, et al. Neuropsychological 
and neurophysiologic effects of carbamazepine and levetiracetam. Neurology. 2007;69:2076-
84. 
 
Meador KJ. Behavioral and cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs. In: Chatterjee A, Coslett 
HB (eds). The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience: Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology.  
New York: Oxford University Press, 2014a: 269-283.  
 
Meador KJ.  Cognitive effects of epilepsy and its treatments. In: Wyllie E, Cascino GD, Gidal 
BE, Goodkin HP (eds). Wyllie’s Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles & Practice, 6th Edition. 
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014b.  
 
Milovan D, Almeida L, Romach MK, Nunes T, Rocha JF, Sokowloska M, Sellers EM, Soares-
da-Silva P. Effect of eslicarbazepine acetate and oxcarbazepine on cognition and 
psychomotor function in healthy volunteers. Epilepsy Behav 2010;18(4):366-73. 
 


 
 
21 
Sperling MR, Abou-Khalil B, Harvey J, Rogin JB, Biraben A, Galimberti CA, Kowacs PA, Hong 
SB, Cheng H, Blum D, Nunes T, Soares-da-Silva P; 304 Study Team. Eslicarbazepine 
acetate as adjunctive therapy in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: Results of a 
phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2015 Feb;56(2):244-
53. 
 
2. References for Cognitive/Behavioral Tests 
CNS Vitals: see reference section #3 below. 
Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Columbia University Medical Center. Columbia-
Suicide Severity Rating Scale, http://www.cssrs.columbia.edu/, 2008. 
MCG Paragraphs: Meador KJ, Loring DW, Abney OL, et al.  Effects of Carbamazepine and 
phenytoin on EEG and memory in healthy adults.  Epilepsia 1993;34:153-157. 
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT): Dunn, LM and Dunn, LM 1997. Peabody Picture 
Vocabulary Test, 3d ed. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. 
Profile of Mood States: Lorr M, McNair DM, Droppleman LF. Manual: Profile of Mood States. 
San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1971. 
Symbol Digit Modalities: Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Manual. Los Angeles: 
Western Psychological Services, 1973. 
Stroop Test: Golden CJ. Stroop Color and Word Test. A Manual for Clinical and 
Experimental Uses. Chicago: Stoelting, 1978. 
 
3. CNS Vitals References 
Meador K, Loring D, Boyd A, Byrnes W, Dilley D, Webster E, Borghs S, De Backer M, Story T, 
Peter Dedeken P. Randomized Crossover Study Comparing Neuropsychological Effects of 
Lacosamide versus Carbamazepine Immediate Release in Healthy Subjects. AES Abstract 
2014c (in press). 
Loring DW, Marino SE, Parfitt D, Finney GR, Meador KJ. Acute lorazepam effects on 
neurocognitive performance. Epilepsy Behav. 2012 Nov;25(3):329-33. 
 
Kane JM, Yang R, Youakim JM. Adjunctive armodafinil for negative symptoms in adults with 
schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res. 2012 Mar;135(1-
3):116-22. 
 
Brooks BL, Sherman EM, Iverson GL. Embedded validity indicators on CNS vital signs in 
youth with neurological diagnoses. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2014 Aug;29(5):422-31. 
 
Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Ashton Rennison VL. Minimal gender differences on the CNS vital 
signs computerized neurocognitive battery. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2014;21(1):36-42. 
 
Levy B. Autonomic nervous system arousal and cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. 
Bipolar Disord. 2013 Feb;15(1):70-9. 
 
Olofsen E, Noppers I, Niesters M, Kharasch E, Aarts L, Sarton E, Dahan A. Estimation of the 


 
 
22 
contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive 
impairment in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2012 Aug;117(2):353-64. 
 
Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Langenecker SA, Young AH. Identifying a cognitive impairment 
subgroup in adults with mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2011 Aug;132(3):360-7. 
 
Brooks BL, Sherman EM. Computerized neuropsychological testing to rapidly evaluate 
cognition in pediatric patients with neurologic disorders. J Child Neurol. 2012 Aug;27(8):982-
91. 
 
Crowgey T1, Peters KB, Hornsby WE, Lane A, McSherry F, Herndon JE 2nd, West MJ, 
Williams CL, Jones LW. Relationship between exercise behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, 
and cognitive function in early breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin-containing 
chemotherapy: a pilot study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Jun;39(6):724-9. 
 
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Reliability and validity of a computerized neurocognitive test 
battery, CNS Vital Signs. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006 Oct;21(7):623-43. 
 
Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG. Comparative neurocognitive effects of 5 psychotropic 
anticonvulsants and lithium. MedGenMed. 2006 Aug 23;8(3):46. 
 
Mihalik JP, Lengas E, Register-Mihalik JK, Oyama S, Begalle RL, Guskiewicz KM. The effects 
of sleep quality and sleep quantity on concussion baseline assessment. Clin J Sport Med. 
2013 Sep;23(5):343-8. 


 
 
23
APPENDIX A - STUDY TIMETABLE 
PROCEDURE  
SCREENING  
FIRST  
 
TAPER/ 
 
SECOND  
TAPER/ 
   FINAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DRUG PERIOD 
WASHOUT 
 
DRUG PERIOD 
WASHOUT 
   VISIT 
Week  
 
-1 
 
 
0  
1 to 6*  
 
7 to 10  
 
11 to 16*  
 
17 to 20  
 
20  
 
 
Visit 
 
 
 1 
 
 
2  
 
 
3  
 
 
 
4   
 
 
 
5  
 
 
 
 
 
 
6 
Informed consents 
X 
Complete Physical 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X a  
& Neurol. Exam 
Brief Physical Exam  
 
 
 
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CBC, Chem 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X b  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X b  
 
 
 
 
 
 
X a 
 
Pregnancy Test 
X c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X c  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X a c 
HLA B*1250  
Xd 
ABLs  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Cognitive & 
Behavioral Testing 
X e 
 
 
X  
 
 
X  
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Phone call 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xf Xf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xf Xf 
 
 
Study Drug 
Dispensed 
 
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X  
 
 
 
 
* Calls are made at weeks 2, 4, 12 and 14 to check on AEs and to encourage compliance. 
a Done if patient discontinues early, or at last study visit 
bJust CBC, SGOT & SGPT on these dates.  
c Done only in women of child bearing potential 
d HLA B*1250 testing in subjects of Asian descent 
eScreening tests include Peabody IQ at first visit only, then remainder of neuropsychological battery (which is repeated each testing session) 
f  Research coordinator will call subjects on weeks 2, 4, 12 & 14 to check on side effects. 


 
 
24