Clinical trial NCT03078270
Conditions: Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety
Keywords: social anxiety botulinum toxin botox
Sponsor: Daniel Lieberman
Start date: 2017-02-01; Completion date: 2017-09-12
Enrollment: 4 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
The goal of this study is to see whether Botox is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Participants will complete two short surveys on depression and anxiety symptoms, receive a one-time injection of Botox, and complete the depression and anxiety survey 4 weeks after injection and again at 8 weeks after injection.

Detailed description:
The use of botulinum toxin A to correct glabellar frown lines is an effective and popular cosmetic procedure with more than 1 million treatments per year in the United States alone (Carruthers, A.). Botulinum toxin type A marketed commercially as BOTOX® Cosmetic (Botox), is produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum type A grown in a medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose, and yeast extract, intended for intramuscular use.

Botox blocks neuromuscular transmission by binding to acceptor sites on motor nerve terminals, entering the nerve terminals, and inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. When injected intramuscularly at therapeutic doses, Botox produces partial chemical denervation of the muscle resulting in a localized reduction in muscle activity. In addition, the muscle may atrophy, axonal sprouting may occur, and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors may develop. There is evidence that reinnervation of the muscle may occur, thus slowly reversing muscle denervation produced by Botox.

Botox is indicated for the temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe glabellar lines associated with corrugator and/or procerus muscle activity in adult patients ≤ 65 years of age.

Botox is contraindicated in the presence of infection at the proposed injection site(s) and in individuals with known hypersensitivity to any botulinum toxin preparation or to any of the components in the formulation.

Depression

The first open label trial of Botox to the glabellar muscle complex to treat unipolar depression was published in 2006. Since that time, three randomized double blind placebo-controlled trials were conducted to assess the efficacy of Botox treatment of the glabellar muscle complex in major depression. All three studies showed a response rate of 50 to 60%, and the remission rate of approximately one-third. To date, no clinical trials of Botox have been conducted in SAD.

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric condition marked by persistent fear and anxiety of one or more social or performance situations. The lifetime prevalence of the disorder is 12%, and leads to significant morbidity for those affected. The only FDA approved treatments for SAD have response rates of 40 to 60 %, and remission rates of 20%. Therefore, there is a real need for the development of new and effective treatments for SAD.

Patients suffering from SAD either avoid situational triggers or endure intense anxiety and distress, leading to an impaired social life in either scenario. SAD is characterized by an overactive anxiety pathway with a perceptual and cognitive bias towards threat.

The amygdala, a limbic region with multiple projections to cortical and subcortical regions, is thought to be critically involved in the regulation of emotion, with a general role in directing attention to affectively salient stimuli, recruiting and coordinating cortical arousal for optimizing sensory and perceptual processing of ambiguous or novel stimuli.. A tight link between fear and the amygdala has been suggested. Fear related neuronal circuits involving the amygdala are thought to play a role in the generation of social withdrawal, fear, and anxiety.

Recently, two studies have linked botulinum toxin A treatment of the frown with down-regulation of amygdala activity. Patients who received botulinum toxin A injections into their frown muscles had decreased activity in the amygdala and its coupling with brain stem activity when mimicking angry facial expressions. Further research has confirmed that amygdala activity in response to angry faces was decreased when the frown muscles were paralyzed by botulinum toxin A injection. Furthermore, amygdala activity returned to its original state after the effects of the botulinum toxin A injection had worn off, confirming that botulinum toxin A reversibly severed afferent feedback from the corrugator muscle to the amygdala.

Given that SAD patients show abnormal patterns of amygdalar activation after viewing emotional faces, we believe that there is a good likelihood that some of the symptoms of SAD will improve after botulinum toxin A treatment of the frown.

Arms: arm 1: 10 participants will be recruited for an open-label study. All will receive the active medication and complete depression and anxiety surveys at baseline, 4-weeks, and 8-weeks post injection. All participants will receive botulinum toxin A. arm 2: 30 participants will be recruited for a double-blind, comparison study. Participants will be randomized to the active or control groups. Each will receive an injection (active medication or placebo) and will complete a depression and anxiety survey at baseline, 4-weeks and 8-weeks post injection. Participants in the active group will receive botulinum toxin A; participants in the control group will receive a placebo.
Interventions: intervention 1: botulinum toxin A intervention 2: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Single treatment visit for 5 injections of botulinum toxin A, 40 units (for females) and 50 units (for males)/ intervention 2: single treatment visit for 5 injections of normal saline

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
1 
 
A Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A (Botox) for the Treatment of Social 
Anxiety Disorder (SAD) 
 
Daniel Lieberman, MD 
Eric Finzi, MD, PhD 
 
CONTACT INFORMATION 
 
Primary contact: 
Anthony Crisafio, 202-741-2871, acrisafio@mfa.gwu.edu 
 
CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL SUMMARY 
 
Sponsor: Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery Associates, LLC 
 
Investigational Treatment: Five injections of Botox will be administered at a single treatment 
visit.  
 
Title of Study: A Controlled Study of the Efficacy Botox Treatment for the Treatment of Social 
Anxiety Disorder (SAD) 
 
Date: 3/8/2016 
 
Number of centers: One 
 
Primary Objective: The objective of this proposed study is to obtain data on the efficacy of 
Botox in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in male and female patients 
between the ages of 18 and 65 years old. Efficacy will be determined by using a continuous 
measure of outcome, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (Primary outcome) (LSAS; Fresco et 
al, 2001) and dichotomous indicators of response (Primary outcome) (LSAS <50) and remission 
(Secondary Outcome) (LSAS <30). Subjects will be assessed using: the self-rated LSAS and the 
self-rated version of the BDI-I at screening, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. 
 
Statistical Considerations: An ANOVA with repeated measures to determine whether there are 
statistical differences between the interventions will be used. Because the effect size of the 
intervention is unknown, the power statistics required to obtain significant differences between 
placebo and Botox cannot be calculated.  
 
Number of Patients Planned: Up to 100 subjects will be screened in order to enroll 30.  
 
Diagnosis and Criteria for Inclusion: Patients will be included in this study if they meet all of the 
following criteria: 
 
Written informed consent is obtained; 
They are a 18 to 65 years old; 


2 
 
A primary diagnosis for SAD as diagnosed by the MINI, and their current episode must be at 
least one month in length; A total score on the LSAS of 60 or greater 
Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) are on an acceptable form of birth control and are 
not pregnant or lactating; 
They are judged by the investigator to have the capacity to understand the nature of the study; 
They are willing to comply with all the requirements of the study.  
They are considered by the investigator to be likely to adhere to the protocol. 
  
Criteria for Exclusion: Patients will be excluded from this study if they meet any of the following 
criteria: 
 
They have ever been treated with botulinum toxin A ; 
They have another Axis I disorder as a principal diagnosis in the 6 months prior to screening; 
They have a history of substance abuse or dependency in the 2 months prior to screening; 
Pregnant women, lactating women, and women of childbearing potential not using medically 
accepted forms of contraception; 
Patients with current or recent suicidality;  
Scoring 10 or greater on the BDI 
Scoring 2 or greater on the suicide question of the BDI 
Psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder; 
They are considered to be at a significant risk of committing homicide; 
They have an unstable medical condition;  
Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) who are pregnant or are considering becoming 
pregnant during the length of the study; 
They are regarded, for any reason by the principal investigator as being an unsuitable candidate 
for the protocol.  
There has been a change in their medication or psychotherapy treatment regimen in the month 
preceding screening;  
 
Mode of Administration: Patients will be randomly assigned to the active group or control group 
in a 1:1 ratio. Patients in the control group will be injected with a saline solution. Patients in the 
active group will receive 40 units of Botox (females) or 50 units (males). For females, 8 units 
will be injected into the procerus and 8 units into both the right and left medial and lateral 
corrugators. For males, 10 units will be injected into each location. 
 
Method of Blinding: This will be a double-blind study. The clinician administering the injections 
will be blinded. After the initial visit, to help maintain the blind, all data will be collected via a 
web portal with online questionnaire assessments. 
 
Duration of Treatment: The study will be divided into three phases: screening and enrollment, 
treatment, and follow-up. Patients who meet all criteria will be randomized at the screening visit. 
The follow –up phase will last eight (8) weeks after the investigational product is administered. 
Patients will be instructed to complete the LSAS and BDI online at week 4 and 8.  
 
General Design and Methodology: Prior to screening, potential participants will fill out the 
LSAS and BDI online in order to determine initial eligibility. Those who meet the criteria will be 


3 
 
scheduled for an in-person screening visit. At screening, patients will sign consent and be 
diagnosed by means of the MINI (Sheehan et al,1998) , and will have a DSM-IV diagnosis of 
Social anxiety disorder (SAD). They will complete the LSAS. They will also complete the 
patient-rated BDI (Beck et al.,1961). Patients who meet all criteria will be randomly assigned to 
receive either the investigational product or placebo. Patients will be photographed, at the initial 
visit, at rest. The study medication or placebo will be injected within 7 days of clinical 
assessments into the procerus and corrugator supercilii frown muscles of each patient by a 
physician’s assistant who is experienced in the administration of this medication. Four weeks ± 7 
days, and eight weeks ± 7 days following the injection, each patient will complete online 
assessments. Patients will complete online the adverse events (AEs) and concomitant 
medications questionnaires will be at week 4 and 8.  
 
Investigational New Drug (IND) Application: This study is exempt from the requirement for an 
IND submission based on the following criteria: Botox is lawfully marketed in the United States. 
There is no intent to report the findings of this trial to the FDA in support of a new indication or 
any significant change in the labeling of the drug. This study is not intended to support a 
significant change in the advertising of the prescribed drug. Compared to the current labeling of 
Botox, there will be no change in the route of administration, the dosage level, or any other 
factor that significantly increases the risk, or decreases the acceptability of the risk, associated 
with the use of the drug. Botox is approved for doses up to 400 units. We will use 40 or 50 units. 
The patient population will be different compared to the current labeling, which specifies bladder 
dysfunction, chronic migraine, upper limb spasticity, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, 
strabismus and primary axillary hyperhidrosis. The change in population will not significantly 
increase the risk. All participants in the study will be medically stable adults. 
 
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
 
Introduction 
 
Investigational Treatment 
 
The use of botulinum toxin A to correct glabellar frown lines is an effective and popular 
cosmetic procedure with more than 1 million treatments per year in the United States alone 
(Carruthers, A.). Botulinum toxin type A marketed commercially as BOTOX® Cosmetic 
(Botox), is produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum type A grown in a 
medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose, and yeast extract, intended for intramuscular 
use. It is purified from the culture solution by dialysis and a series of acid precipitations to a 
complex consisting of the neurotoxin, and several accessory proteins. The complex is dissolved 
in sterile sodium chloride solution containing Albumin Human and is sterile filtered (0.2 
microns) prior to filling and vacuum-drying. Each vial of Botox contains 100 Units of 
Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex, 0.5 mg of Albumin Human, and 0.9 mg of 
sodium chloride in a sterile, vacuum-dried form without a preservative. 
 
Botox blocks neuromuscular transmission by binding to acceptor sites on motor nerve terminals, 
entering the nerve terminals, and inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. This inhibition occurs as 
the neurotoxin cleaves SNAP-25, a protein integral to the successful docking and release of 


4 
 
acetylcholine from vesicles situated within nerve endings. When injected intramuscularly at 
therapeutic doses, Botox produces partial chemical denervation of the muscle resulting in a 
localized reduction in muscle activity. In addition, the muscle may atrophy, axonal sprouting 
may occur, and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors may develop. There is evidence that 
reinnervation of the muscle may occur, thus slowly reversing muscle denervation produced by 
Botox. 
 
Botox is indicated for the temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe 
glabellar lines associated with corrugator and/or procerus muscle activity in adult patients ≤ 65 
years of age. 
 
Botox is contraindicated in the presence of infection at the proposed injection site(s) and in 
individuals with known hypersensitivity to any botulinum toxin preparation or to any of the 
components in the formulation. 
 
Findings from Non-clinical and Clinical Studies 
 
Glabellar Lines  
 
Two phase 3 randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of identical 
design were conducted to evaluate Botox for use in the temporary improvement of the 
appearance of moderate to severe glabellar facial lines. The studies enrolled healthy adults (ages 
18 to 75) with glabellar lines of at least moderate severity at maximum frown. Subjects were 
injected intramuscularly in five sites, 1 in the procerus muscle and 2 in each corrugator supercilii 
muscle, for a total dose in the active treatment groups of 20 Units. In these studies, the severity 
of glabellar lines was reduced for up to 120 days in the Botox group compared to the placebo 
group as measured both by investigator rating of glabellar line severity at maximum frown, and 
by subject’s global assessment of change in appearance of glabellar lines. Analysis of the limited 
number of patients 65 years or older suggested a lower treatment-associated response compared 
to patients less than 65 years of age. (Botox website) 
 
Depression 
 
The first open label trial of Botox to the glabellar muscle complex to treat unipolar depression 
was published in 2006. Since that time, three randomized double blind placebo-controlled trials 
were conducted to assess the efficacy of Botox treatment of the glabellar muscle complex in 
major depression. All three studies showed a response rate of 50 to 60%, and the remission rate 
of approximately one-third. To date, no clinical trials of Botox have been conducted in SAD. 
 
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) 
 
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric condition marked by persistent fear and 
anxiety of one or more social or performance situations. The lifetime prevalence of the disorder 
is 12%, and leads to significant morbidity for those affected. The only FDA approved treatments 
for SAD have response rates of 40 to 60 %, and remission rates of 20%. Therefore, there is a real 
need for the development of new and effective treatments for SAD. 


5 
 
 
Patients suffering from SAD either avoid situational triggers or endure intense anxiety and 
distress, leading to an impaired social life in either scenario. SAD is characterized by an 
overactive anxiety pathway with a perceptual and cognitive bias towards threat. 
 
The amygdala, a limbic region with multiple projections to cortical and subcortical regions, is 
thought to be critically involved in the regulation of emotion, with a general role in directing 
attention to affectively salient stimuli, recruiting and coordinating cortical arousal for optimizing 
sensory and perceptual processing of ambiguous or novel stimuli.. A tight link between fear and 
the amygdala has been suggested. Fear related neuronal circuits involving the amygdala are 
thought to play a role in the generation of social withdrawal, fear, and anxiety. 
 
Recently, two studies have linked botulinum toxin A treatment of the frown with down-
regulation of amygdala activity. Hennenlotter et al, using fMRI imaging, reported that patients 
who received botulinum toxin A injections into their frown muscles had decreased activity in the 
amygdala and its coupling with brain stem activity when mimicking angry facial expressions. 
Further research has confirmed that amygdala activity in response to angry faces was decreased 
when the frown muscles were paralyzed by botulinum toxin A injection. Furthermore, amygdala 
activity returned to its original state after the effects of the botulinum toxin A injection had worn 
off, confirming that botulinum toxin A reversibly severed afferent feedback from the corrugator 
muscle to the amygdala. 
 
Given that SAD patients show abnormal patterns of amygdalar activation after viewing 
emotional faces, we believe that there is a good likelihood that some of the symptoms of SAD 
will improve after botulinum toxin A treatment of the frown. 
 
Known and Potential Risks and Benefits to Human Subjects 
 
Post-marketing safety data from Botox and other approved botulinum toxins suggest that 
botulinum toxin effects may, in some cases of higher doses, be observed beyond the site of local 
injection. The symptoms may include asthenia, generalized muscle weakness, diplopia, blurred 
vision, ptosis, dysphagia, dysphonia, dysarthria, urinary incontinence, and breathing difficulties. 
These symptoms have been reported hours to weeks after injection. Swallowing and breathing 
difficulties can be life threatening and there have been reports of death related to spread of toxin 
effects.  
 
However, adverse effects are dependent upon the site of injection. No definitive serious adverse 
event reports of distant spread of toxin effect associated with dermatologic use of Botox for 
glabellar lines have been reported. Similarly, no definitive serious adverse event reports of 
distant spread of toxin effect associated with Botox for blepharospasm at the recommended dose 
or for strabismus at the labeled doses have been reported. 
 
Hypersensitivity Reactions  
 
Serious and/or immediate hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. These reactions include 
anaphylaxis, urticaria, soft tissue edema, and dyspnea. One fatal case of anaphylaxis has been 


6 
 
reported in which lidocaine was used as the diluent, and consequently the causal agent cannot be 
reliably determined.  
 
Pre-Existing Neuromuscular Disorders  
 
Patients with neuromuscular disorders may be at increased risk of clinically significant effects 
including severe dysphagia and respiratory compromise from typical doses of Botox.  
 
Human Albumin  
 
This product contains albumin, a derivative of human blood. Based on effective donor screening 
and product manufacturing processes, it carries an extremely remote risk for transmission of viral 
diseases. A theoretical risk for transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) also is 
considered extremely remote. No cases of transmission of viral diseases or CJD have ever been 
identified for albumin. 
 
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND STUDY OBJECTIVES 
 
Purpose of the Study 
 
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A as a treatment for SAD.  
 
Study Objectives 
 
The primary objective of this proposed study is to obtain data on the efficacy of Botox in 
reducing symptoms of SAD in male and female patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years old. 
 
Efficacy will be determined by using a continuous measure of outcome, the Self Rated Liebowitz 
Social Anxiety Scale (Fresco et al, 2001) and dichotomous indicators of response (LSAS < 50) 
and remission (LSAS < 30). 
 
Patients will also be assessed with the self-rated version of the BDI at screening, 4 weeks, and 8 
weeks. 
 
STUDY DESIGN 
 
The study will begin in May 15, 2016 and be completed by September 2017. Approximately 30 
patients will be randomized and enrollment will be complete when that number is reached. It is 
estimated that up to 100 patients will have to be screened in order to randomize 30.  
 
Potential participants will begin by going to REDCap, a mature, secure web application for 
building and managing online surveys and databases, and providing basic demographic 
information (age, sex, and employment status). They will then complete the LSAS and BDI on 
REDCap. If they meet the inclusion criteria, they will be asked for their name, telephone 
number, and email address, and a screening visit will be scheduled for an in-person screening 
appointment. If they do not, they will be provided with a list of referrals where they can obtain 


7 
 
clinical treatment. No identifiable information will be collected from these people. Their 
anonymous data will be used to compare the characteristics of those who met the criteria for 
participation, and those who did not. This information is routinely requested by journal editors in 
order to help readers evaluate the generalizability of the results. 
 
At screening, patients will be asked to give consent, and the MINI diagnostic interview will be 
administered by a study coordinator with extensive experience administering the MINI and other 
psychiatric scales. The diagnosis will be confirmed by a clinical interview with the principal 
investigator, a board certified psychiatrist. He will also collected information on concomitant 
medications, and review the inclusion exclusion criteria with the potential participant. The PI 
will also evaluate the stability of the patient, comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions, and 
safety considerations such as the presence of suicidal ideas. WOCBP will be asked to take a 
urine pregnancy test. 
 
People who decline to consent, or don’t meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria, will be provided 
with a list of referrals where they can obtain clinical treatment. If the person is in crisis, the crisis 
will be managed by the PI. If they will not be in the study, all of their identifying information 
will be destroyed. The anonymous data will be kept as described above. If they don’t come to the 
screening visit, an attempt will be made to reschedule it. If it is not successfully rescheduled, the 
identifying information will be destroyed. Participants who meet all criteria will be 
photographed, and randomly assigned to receive either the investigational product or placebo 
(saline). 
 
All procedures except photography and administration of investigational product will take place 
in the clinical offices of GWU MFA. For photography and administration of the investigational 
product, patients will be transported by taxi or private car service to the Chevy Chase Cosmetic 
Center, located at 8401 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 210, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. After the 
study procedures are complete, participants will be transported back to GWU MFA or to a 
nearby Metro station, if they prefer.  
 
The injectable syringes will be prepared by Dr. Finzi at the Chevy Chase Cosmetic Center. 
Syringes will contain either Botox or saline based on the randomization scheme. They will be 
marked with numbers written on tape affixed to clear envelopes that contain only the individual 
syringes. After being made, syringes will be stored in a refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius in the 
Chevy Chase office. All patients will be examined and injected by a physician assistant, Allison 
Wagner, who has been trained in the practice of injection, and was the injector for the Finzi and 
Rosenthal clinical trial studying Botox for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Dr. Finzi 
will shall have no contact with patients, to maintain the blind. 
 
The study medication or placebo will be injected into the procerus and corrugator supercilii 
frown muscles of each patient by a physician or physician’s assistant.  
 
Four and eight weeks following the injection, patients will contacted and asked to complete the 
online LSAS and BDI self- assessments as well as reporting on concomitant medications and 
adverse events. 
 


8 
 
Participants will receive a gift card for up to $45 at the completion of the study. They will 
receive $25 if they complete the screening visit, and additional $10 if they complete the first 
post-treatment online assessment, and another $10 if they complete the second post-treatment 
online assessment. 
 
Safety Measures 
 
Adverse events will be collect via online assessments, and will be reviewed by the investigator 
within 24 hours. Patients will be contacted by telephone, or asked to come in for a face-to-face 
meeting if the investigator believes that the patient is at risk or if further evaluation of the 
adverse event is needed. Patients will be instructed to contact the investigator by telephone at any 
time if they have concerns about adverse events they may be experiencing. 
 
All adverse events that occur during the study period, that is, from the signing of the informed 
consent through the follow-up period, will be documented regardless of the severity of the event 
or judged relationship to the study treatment. The clinical course of each adverse event will be 
monitored until resolved or stabilized, until the patient is referred to the care of a local health 
care professional, or until determination of a cause unrelated to the study technique or study 
procedure is made. 
 
The investigator will capture onset and resolution dates, duration, action taken, treatment 
administered and outcome for each adverse event. The relationship of the adverse event to study 
treatment and procedures and the severity and seriousness will also be recorded.  
 
Serious Adverse Events 
 
Adverse events are classified as either serious or non-serious. A serious adverse event is any 
adverse event that results in any of the following outcomes or actions: 
Death 
A life-threatening adverse event (i.e., the patient was at immediate risk of death from the event 
as it occurred); does not include an event that, had it occurred in a more severe form, might have 
caused death 
Inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization 
A persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
A congenital anomaly/birth defect 
An important medical event that may not result in death, be life-threatening, or require 
hospitalization, but may jeopardize the patient and may require medical or surgical intervention 
to prevent one of the outcomes listed in this definition 
 
Hospitalizations scheduled for an elective procedure or for treatment of a preexisting condition 
that has not worsened during participation in the study will not be considered serious adverse 
events. 
 
Other Safety Measures and Variables: Concomitant Therapy or Medication 
 


9 
 
Co-administration of Botox and aminoglycosides or other agents interfering with neuromuscular 
transmission (e.g., curare-like nondepolarizing blockers, lincosamides, polymyxins, quinidine, 
magnesium sulfate, anticholinesterases, succinylcholine chloride) should only be performed with 
caution as the effect of the toxin may be potentiated.  
 
The effect of administering different botulinum neurotoxin serotypes at the same time or within 
several months of each other is unknown. Excessive neuromuscular weakness may be 
exacerbated by administration of another botulinum toxin prior to the resolution of the effects of 
a previously administered botulinum toxin. 
 
Stopping Rules and Discontinuation Criteria 
 
A participant may discontinue participation in the study at any time for any reason (e.g., lack of 
efficacy, consent withdrawn, or adverse event). The investigator may discontinue a patient from 
the study at any time for any reason (e.g. non-adherence to the protocol, emergence of 
psychiatric instability). 
 
Confidentiality and Privacy Regarding Participants 
 
The investigator will assure the privacy of all patients, including their personal identity and all 
personal medical information at all times. Data will be stored on the secure REDCap system or 
on a password-protected computer in a locked office. Hard copies of data will be stored in a 
locked office, and destroyed after the data is entered into a computer. Participants will be 
assigned a code number, and all data will be identified by this code. The code key will be kept 
separate from the data, and will be destroyed five years after publication of the study results. 
Photographs of the participants will be altered to eliminate the possibility of identification five 
years after publication of the study results. This will entail cropping out the entire face except for 
the area that was injected. The retained image will not include the participants’ eyes, or any 
features below the eyes. The remaining, fully anonymized data will be kept indefinitely. Privacy 
will be assured by conducting all in-person procedures in private clinical offices or exam rooms. 
 
Conflict of Interest 
 
Eric Finzi, MD, PhD, a sub-investigator on the study, holds a patent on the use of Botox for 
social anxiety disorder. The conflict of interest will be managed in the following way: Dr. Finzi 
will prepare the investigational product according to the randomization scheme. He will have no 
contact with participants. He will not collect or analyze data. The principal investigator, who has 
no conflict of interest, will approve all manuscripts prior to submission and publication. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin type A: history and current cosmetic use in the upper face. Dis 
Mon 2002; 48: 299. 
 
Finzi E, Wasserman E. Treatment of Depression with Botulinum A: A Case Series. 
Dermatologic Surgery, 2006; 32:645-650. 


10 
 
 
Wollmer MA, de Boer C, Kalak N, Beck J, Götz T, Schmidt T, et al. Facing depression with 
botulinum toxin: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46 (5): 574-81.  
 
Finzi,E, Rosenthal, NE. Treatment of depression with onabotulinumtoxinA: A randomized, 
double-blind, placebo controlled trial . J Psychiatric Res 2014 ; 52:1-6 
 
Magid M, Reichenberg JS, Poth PE, Robertson HT, LaViolette AK, Kruger TH, Wollmer MA. 
Treatment of major depressive disorder using botulinum toxin A: a 24-week randomized, 
double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 ;75 (8):837-44. 
 
Hennenlotter A,Dresel C,Castrop F,etal.The link between facial feedback and neural activity 
within central circuitries of emotion—new insights from botulinum toxin-induced denervation of 
frown muscles. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19 (3): 537-542.  
 
Kim MJ,Neta M,Davis FC,et al. Botulinum toxin-induced facial muscle paralysis affects 
amygdala responses to the perception of emotional expressions: preliminary findings from an A-
B-A design. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2014;4:11.  
 
Goldin PR, Manber T, Hakimi S, Canli T, Gross JJ. Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: 
Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of 
General Psychiatry. 2009; 66 (2):170–180.  
 
Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008; 371 (9618):1115–1125.  
 
Rytwinski NK, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG, Coles ME, Liebowitz MR, Cissell S, Hofmann SG. 
Screening for social anxiety disorder with the self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety 
Scale. Depression and Anxiety. 2009; 26:34–38.  
  
APPENDIX 
 
Beck Depression Inventory – attached 
Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - attached