Clinical trial NCT02912455
Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Obesity
Keywords: Post-Bariatric Surgery hemoglobin A1c protein, human
Sponsor: The Cleveland Clinic
Start date: 2017-01-05; Completion date: 2018-07-19
Enrollment: 16 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
This is a prospective, randomized clinical trial for patients with recurrent type 2 diabetes post-gastric bypass surgery that will compare a 6 month course of canagliflozin monotherapy vs. placebo on clinical outcomes of type 2 diabetes.

Detailed description:
Following consent and a screening visit to assess eligibility and clinical status (i.e. historical, physical and biochemical parameters including glycemic control and a pregnancy test in females), a baseline visit with diabetes educator will take place to provide standard diabetes education, nutrition and exercise prescription.

Nutritional assessment for vitamin/mineral deficiency will be performed per clinical care guidelines at the screening visit. Subjects will be asked to take nutritional supplements (i.e. vitamins and minerals) per current clinical guidelines for post-bariatric patients. Stable doses of supplements will be established for at least 2 weeks prior to randomization. Thirty-six subjects with recurrent diabetes that are naïve to hypoglycemic agents with HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5% and less than 10% will be randomly assigned to a six month course of a) canagliflozin 100mg for 2 weeks titrated up to 300 mg daily (N = 24) vs. placebo (n= 12) at the randomization. Patients taking an anti-diabetic medication will be asked to wash out for 8 weeks prior to the randomization visit. At randomization, biochemical assessment of glycemic parameters (fasting glucose, HbA1c), lipid panel, complete metabolic panel, uric acid, leptin, total and HMW adiponectin, C-reactive protein and urine for albumin/creatinine ratio will be performed. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan will be performed for body fat composition.

Following randomization, subjects will be clinically evaluated at three office visits at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months by PI and/or the research staff. The primary outcome measures at 6 months post-randomization include HbA1c followed by the change in HbA1c from randomization. Secondary measures include fasting glucose, BMI, change in body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile. Symptomatic hypoglycemia (blood glucose \< 70) and drug related side effects (i.e. mycotic genital infections, urinary tract infection) will be monitored with adverse event reporting. Metabolic testing in all subjects at randomization and at 6 months will include a DXA scan for body fat composition and blood for leptin and adiponectin levels.

Rescue glucose lowering therapy will be provided for the control group for blood glucose \>250 mg/dl. If chronic uncontrolled hyperglycemia (HbA1c \>10%) occurs then basal bolus insulin will be implemented.

Arms: arm 1: Subjects randomized to study drug will be assigned a six month course starting on canagliflozin 100 mg for two weeks titrated up to 300 mg daily (n= 24). arm 2: Subjects randomized to placebo will be assigned a six month course of one placebo pill daily (n =12).
Interventions: intervention 1: canagliflozin intervention 2: Placebo (for canagliflozin)
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: encapsulated (gelatin capsule). intervention 2: encapsulated (gelatin capsule). The placebo capsule filler is called micro-crystalline cellulose.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
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Protocol Version Date: August 28, 2017 
CONFIDENTIAL 
Title of Protocol 
CARAT: Canagliflozin vs. Placebo for Post BAriatric Patients 
with PeRsistent Type 2 DiAbeTes 
Principal Investigator / 
Study Sponsor 
Sangeeta Kashyap, MD 
Co-Investigators 
Bartolome Burguera, MD and Philip Schauer, MD 
Mailing Address 
Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue. Cleveland OH 44195 
E-Mail Address 
KASHYAS@ccf.org 
P.I.’s Telephone   
216-445-2679 
Fax: 216-445-1656 
Funding Source 
Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC (Funding and Study Product) 
Cleveland Clinic Investigational Drug Service (IDS) Pharmacy 
(Placebo) 
 
PURPOSE OF PROTOCOL 
Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of our nation and a leading risk 
factor for type II diabetes (DM2) development. Bariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic 
option for inducing marked weight loss and remission of DM2 (i.e., euglycemia without 
glucose lowering agents), which is supported by the publication of several randomized 
controlled trials (1-4). However, the variable durability of diabetes remission after surgery 
has been noted and is dependent on the extent of weight loss, degree of weight regain after 
the peak in weight loss, surgery type, and the duration of diabetes prior to surgery (5). An 
estimated ~20-40% of patients redevelop diabetes and require the addition of anti-diabetic 
agents within five years after gastric bypass despite achieving initial remission status (6-8). 
Consequently, there is a significant clinical need to identify evidenced based medical 
strategies to optimize the cardio-metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery, particularly for those 
with residual and/or recurrent DM2 (i.e., HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) post-bariatric surgery.   
Preliminary evidence from our randomized control trial  of gastric bypass vs. sleeve 
gastrectomy (SG) vs. intensive medical therapy (IMT) for diabetes (STAMPEDE) indicates 
that diabetes non-remission (HbA1c >6.5%) at 24 months occurs in ~ 39% of post-gastric 
bypass patients with an average weight regain of ~5 kg (4). Recently, we have related 
diabetes remission status to improvements in pancreatic ß-cell function, which is associated 
with greater weight/fat loss and elevations in adiponectin levels. Therefore, the aforesaid 
represent potential therapeutic targets with medical therapy in those who do not remit (9). 
Moreover, agents that act independently of insulin may be ideal for surgical non-remitters 
with poor residual beta cell function. For instance, canagliflozin, a novel class of 
antihyperglycemic agent, has been demonstrated to facilitate a favorable metabolic profile 


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(i.e., weight loss and reductions in blood pressure without hypoglycemia) for patients with 
DM2 that may be ideally suited for post bariatric patients (10,11). Thus, the purpose of this 
proposal is to evaluate the efficacy of canagliflozin in the post-operative management of 
DM2. We hypothesize that glucose lowering strategies that act independently of insulin and 
facilitate weight loss, will lead to better glycemic control and produce more favorable 
cardiometabolic changes than standard of care approach for post bariatric patients with 
persistent type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the specific aims are: 
1. Determine the clinical efficacy of canagliflozin vs. placebo in patients with type 2 
diabetes post-bariatric surgery. 
To test the clinical efficacy of canagliflozin in post bariatric patients (i.e., adjustable gastric 
banding [AB], Roux-en-y gastric bypass [RYGB] and sleeve gastrectomy [SG]) with type 2 
diabetes, we will perform a randomized clinical trial of post bariatric surgery (>1 year) 
patients (N=36) and assign them into either  a 6 month intervention of   a) canagliflozin 
monotherapy (300mg qd) (N= 24)  or b) placebo (N = 12). Including AB, RYGB, and SG 
subjects would give a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of canagliflozin, in 
the post-operative setting, given that they are the most common metabolic surgeries.  The 
primary outcome measure is the change in Hba1c from randomization until 6 months in the 
medication group, relative to placebo. Secondary measures include the percentage of subjects 
who achieve glycemic control at 6-months (i.e., Hba1c <6.5%), fasting glucose, change in 
body weight, lipid, blood pressure control and symptomatic hypoglycemia episodes (per AE 
reporting).  
2. Determine whether the cardiometabolic benefits of canagliflozin in post-bariatric 
individuals with diabetes is related to improvements in weight loss and adipokine (ie. 
adiponectin) levels.   
This is an exploratory aim to gain insight into whether canagliflozin treatment improves 
weight loss and adipose tissue health (i.e., lower body fat/increase adiponectin) in post 
bariatric patients with type 2 diabetes vs. placebo treated subjects who will continue to 
experience weight regain. All subjects will undergo body composition testing with DXA 
scans at randomization and at 6 months, along with measures of leptin and high molecular 
weight (HMW) adiponectin. The aim regarding adiponectin is exploratory in this protocol, 
but we postulate that anti-diabetic therapies that enhance weight loss post-surgery may 


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increase adiponectin levels and hence, adiponectin related effects to improve glucose 
homeostasis and cardiometabolic risk.  
Data generated from this proposal will allow us to define the optimal role of 
canagliflozin as an adjunctive medical therapy for the treatment of recurrent diabetes and to 
better understand the physiological factors underlying diabetes treatment, in post metabolic 
surgery individuals. Once identified, successful interventions may be initiated early after 
bariatric surgery for select high-risk patients that may be prone to relapse, to optimize the 
cardiometabolic benefits of surgery for patients with obesity and DM2.  
 
 
BACKGROUND / PRELIMINARY DATA FOR THE RESEARCH 
Bariatric surgery is rapidly gaining approval as a treatment for severe obesity, 
especially when complicated by DM2. An estimated 350,000 operations per year were 
performed globally at a cost of over $5 billion (12). In centers of excellence, post-operative 
care is usually administered by the patient’s endocrinologist and multi-disciplinary obesity 
teams and involves long-term evaluation of co-morbidity status, weight regain and multiple 
nutritional deficiencies. In the private sector, particularly, patients who are self-funding for 
surgery often do not choose to stay in follow up and high attrition rates remain a major 
challenge. Many observational studies and their meta-analyses have documented diabetes 
remission to occur in 78% of patients with morbid obesity (6,13,14). Two recent randomized 
control trials (2,4) document the effectiveness of gastric bypass surgery over intensive 
medical therapy to induce diabetes remission in the 42% range in patients with moderate 
obesity (BMI 30-40 kg/m2). However, long-term observational studies document a 
disquieting trend that a growing number of patients (25-40%) with DM2 do not achieve 
“biochemical remission” of hyperglycemia defined as normal glycemic control (HbA1c < 6% 
or <42 mmol/mol) without the need for diabetic medications (15), or are unable to sustain 


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this effect long-term despite initial success with weight loss (6,7,16). This proposal will target 
individuals who achieve early metabolic benefit, but are not able to sustain these effects long-
term.           
Although the definition of diabetes remission is highly variable and controversial, 
Buse et al. (15)  proposes that partial remission of hyperglycemia consists of an HbA1c 
below 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) without  the need for diabetes medications and non-remission 
status as HbA1c > 7% (53 mmol/mol) with or without the need for medications. According to 
the remission definition criteria proposed by Buse et al. (15) complete remission rates for 
diabetes at 23 months in a retrospective review of 1006 patients undergoing bariatric surgery 
was 34.4% overall (17). In another series of 177 super-obese patients with diabetes, 43% of 
patients who initially underwent diabetes remission after gastric bypass redeveloped diabetes 
(7). Sjostrom et al. (18) reported an improvement in the rate of recovery from diabetes at 2 
and 10 years following bariatric surgery vs. conventional medical treatment in the Swedish 
Obesity Study (SOS) cohort. However the rate of recovery from diabetes dropped from 72% 
at 2 years  to 36% at 10 years following surgery, implying a ~50% relapse rate for diabetes 
recovery. Although the relapse rates for diabetes control following various procedures are 
merely estimates, given the lack of adequate follow-up in observational reports, little 
information regarding long-term management of diabetes following bariatric surgery is 
available.  
        Schauer et al. (14), looking specifically at the effects of RYGB on DM2, reported that 
patients with the shortest duration (5 years) of diabetes, its mildest form (diet-controlled) and 
the greatest weight loss after surgery were those most likely to achieve complete resolution of 
their diabetes. Pre-operative glycemic control also impacted the rate of DM2 resolution. They 


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pointed out that patients with the more severe forms of DM2 according to duration and 
insulin use showed significantly less weight loss than those who had milder forms. The study 
of 191 patients after 5 years of follow up indicated that 65% treated by oral agents and 27% 
treated by insulin achieved an euglycemic status eliminating the requirement for anti-diabetic 
medications. The team also observed that DM2 patients had an overall lower excess weight 
loss than non-diabetic patients, as did Dixon et al.(1), who investigated the use of gastric 
banding. In the Schauer et al. study (14), excess weight loss was significantly lower in 
patients using oral agents or insulin vs. those with impaired fasting glucose and on a diet 
only: 57% and 59% vs. 73% and 65%, respectively. Also postoperative HbA1c levels in 
patients using insulin were significantly higher than in patients with impaired fasting: 6.0% 
vs. 5.0%, respectively (p < 0.001). 
Re-emergence of Diabetes Following Bariatric Surgery; Clinical Considerations 
 
Possible factors associated with diabetes non-remission based on observational 
clinical studies consist of older age, male gender, lower pre-operative BMI, surgery type 
(restrictive vs. bypass), diabetes duration >10 years, insulin use pre-operatively, inadequate 
weight loss/weight regain, severity of pre-operative beta cell dysfunction.  Non-remission or 
re-emergence of diabetes following gastric bypass and restrictive procedures particularly is 
increasingly recognized, and although studies examining the mechanistic links are lacking, 
clinical observations suggest that inadequate weight loss and weight regain to be a factor for 
sub-optimal control of diabetes following these procedures (19,20). Previous studies highlight 
that despite success with weight loss post-gastric bypass surgery, many patients remain in the 
obese BMI category (>30 kg/m2) following surgery. Sub-optimal weight loss and weight 
regain has been associated with noncompliance with dietary and lifestyle recommendations, 


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variations in pre-surgical weight loss, and, occasionally, surgical failure that are often 
associated with psychosocial stressors (21). Prevention of weight gain requires optimizing 
patient selection criteria, consideration of benefits of bypass vs. banding or SG procedures, 
and adherence to scheduled visits.  Psychological factors such as uncontrolled depression, 
eating disorders and previous history of sexual abuse has also been linked to weight regain 
and inadequate weight loss and warrant evaluation and continuing treatment (22). Post-
surgical adherence to scheduled visits and compliance is also a major factor related to success 
of weight loss maintenance (20). The factors associated with re-development of DM2 
following gastric bypass are related to poor baseline beta cell function in patients 
characterized by advanced duration (i.e., insulin requiring) and severity of DM2 (i.e., 
hyperglycemia) in older aged individuals (7,14).  The incidence of residual or worsening  
DM2 following RYGB  in one small study of 42 DM2 subjects was noted to be 26% 3 years  
following surgery and was associated with a lower pre-operative body mass index (BMI) 
(23). Although much of the literature has focused on biochemical remission following 
bariatric surgery, little information about the effects of surgery on long-term diabetes 
complications exist. The importance of on-going and continuous surveillance for micro-
vascular complications in post-surgical patients is also warranted and will be addressed to 
some extent in this study. 
Diabetes Therapies for Recurrent Diabetes Following Bariatric Surgery 
Non-remission of hyperglycemia is noted by HbA1c > 6.5% and necessitate the use of 
diet and exercise counseling followed by the use of anti-diabetic medications. Initial 
preoperative assessment of DM2 should include documentation of type 1, latent onset 
autoimmune diabetes (LADA), or DM2 given the increasing prevalence of obesity in all 


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classifications of diabetes. The determination of C-peptide and autoimmune status is helpful 
in particular clinical scenarios where a primary ß cell defect is suspected. Indicators of 
diabetes severity and poor residual pancreatic ß cell function include duration of disease > 10 
years, use of insulin, poor glycemic control despite oral agents, and presence of 
microvascular complications. Diabetes non-remission following gastric bypass procedures 
needs to be considered in the setting of inadequate weight loss or weight regain and 
progressive beta cell failure without weight regain. The treatment of diabetes following 
gastric bypass should ideally target glycemic control and weight loss with agents that induce 
weight loss. Metformin remains the first line agent for DM2 in that it improves insulin 
sensitivity by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases muscle/liver glucose uptake 
by increasing AMPK activity. A recent report indicated accelerated absorption and 
bioavailability of metformin following gastric bypass and indicated that a reduction in dosage 
may be required for achieving glycemic control (24). Metformin however is associated with 
significant gastrointestinal side effects that may be further exacerbated in post gastric bypass 
population. Sulfonylureas (SFU) improve insulin secretion and in the early post-operative 
period following bariatric surgery may precipitate hypoglycemia and precipitate dumping 
symptoms. Furthermore, SFUs are associated with exacerbating ß-cell exhaustion (25). 
Therefore, caution is warranted for the use of these agents. For those patients who do not 
respond to SFU, insulin therapy is indicated with the introduction of basal insulin following 
by the addition of prandial insulin as indicated by the level of glycemic control. Insulin 
therapy is effective in lowering glucose levels and reduces glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and 
inflammatory effects related to ß-cell failure and is known to rest ß-cell function (26,27). 
Well recognized adverse effects of insulin therapy include the incidence of hypoglycemia and 


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CONFIDENTIAL 
weight regain that could counteract the beneficial effects of gastric bypass for diabetes and 
weight management in bariatric populations. Moreover, multiple daily injections are 
burdensome to patients and lead to non-adherence. Given the adverse effects of the 
aforementioned pharmacological agents, our strategy in this study is to determine the clinical 
efficacy of sodium glucose transport inhibitor, canagliflozin monotherapy vs. placebo on 
clinical and metabolic outcomes in patients post bariatric surgery. 
Clinical application of recently FDA approved sodium glucose transport inhibitors, 
i.e., canagliflozin, to optimize benefits of bariatric surgery for weight and glycemic control 
seems highly attractive and logical, but experimental evidence for their use is currently 
lacking for the bariatric population. Clinical trials in DM2 have demonstrated favorable 
effects to lower glucose levels, weight and blood pressure and these benefits may benefit post 
bariatric patients with persistent metabolic syndrome features.  
Significance and Innovation: 
With the marked increase in bariatric procedures being performed in this country for severe 
obesity and obesity related diabetes (over 200,000/year), monitoring for recurrent DM2 and 
its complications is crucial.  However, guidelines for post-surgical diabetes management are 
not evidence based. There are currently no studies evaluating the efficacy, safety and 
mechanisms of action of various adjunctive medical approaches to optimize the metabolic 
benefits of gastric bypass surgery. Moreover, no studies have simultaneously determined the 
effects of various glucose lowering approaches on glucose homeostasis, body weight and 
adipose tissue regulation. This study will be highly informative and will provide insight to the 
medical community on the clinical efficacy and benefits of canagliflozin to manage diabetes 
post gastric bypass surgery. Once identified, these interventions may be initiated early after 


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CONFIDENTIAL 
bariatric surgery or before non-remission occurs for select high risk patients to optimize 
benefits of metabolic surgery.  
Our bariatric surgical program is a Center for Excellence and a high volume provider of gastric 
bypass procedures for patients with medical indications with follow up care provided by 
endocrinologists and a multidisciplinary obesity team. This program provides an ideal 
environment in which to pursue novel and innovative approaches that couples medical care 
delivery with research that is both clinically significant and scientifically meaningful using a 
novel and innovative approach. 
PRELIMINARY DATA: 
1. Diabetes remission/non-remission rates following bariatric surgery from Cleveland Clinic 
observational study (Annals of Surgery, 6/2013 epub. Brethauer S et al.) 
N= 217 consecutive subjects with type 2 diabetes of median 6yr duration, Hba1c of 7.5%,  BMI 
of 50 kg/m2, age 49 yrs.  N= 162 following gastric bypass with complete diabetes remission 
(HbA1c <6%) of 31%; diabetes non-remission of 69% and diabetes recurrence rate of 17% 
during 6 year median follow up.  Predictors of remission: weight loss (P 0.006), short diabetes 
duration (P =<0.001) and bypass vs. banding procedure (P = 0.02). 


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2. Diabetes remission/non-remission rates and weight regain in on-going STAMPEDE trial 
follow up at 24 months: 
Subjects with type 2 diabetes in STAMPEDE trial N= 150 randomized to medical therapy (N= 
50) vs. Roux-n-Y gastric bypass (n = 50) or SG ( N = 50) ; baseline age 48 yrs., diabetes 
duration 8 years, BMI 36 kg/m2, HbA1c of 9%. 
  
Gastric 
Bypass 
Sleeve 
Gastrectomy 
Rate of HbA1c > 6.5%-12 months 
16/48 
(33.3%) 
22/48 (45%) 
Rate of Hba1c > 6.5%-24 months 
14/36 
(38.9%) 
14/36 (38.9%) 
Rate of HbA1c > 6.5%-36 months 
12/23 
(52.2%) 
12/23(52%) 
Weight regain-24 months 
30/36 (83%) 
32/38 (84%) 


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Weight increase from nadir 24 months 
(Kg) 
5 ± 3.9 
4.9 ± 4 
Weight increase from nadir 36 months 
(Kg) 
7.6± 5 
10.3 ± 11 
 
Diabetes non-remission defined by HbA1c ≥ 6.5% increased following both surgery types 
(especially the SG procedure) at 24 and 36 months follow up along with weight regain from 
nadir weight following both procedures. These data are accumulating and unpublished since 
the trial is on-going for collection of follow up data. Initial primary endpoint of diabetes 
remission rate (HbA1c ≤6% of 42% after gastric bypass) reported in NEJM, April 2012 
(Schauer, Kashyap, Wolski et al.). 
3. Metabolic Determinants of HbA1c ≤ 6.5% at 24 months in subset (N= 60) of medical and 
surgical patients enrolled in STAMPEDE trial: 
A multivariate logistic model of metabolic parameters that associated with HbA1c ≤ 6.5% at 
24 months in the substudy cohort of 54 subjects that underwent medical, RYGB, and SG 
intervention arms combined demonstrated that the fold increase in the oral disposition index (ß 
cell function) was associated with an increased OR of 1.67, and the increase in abdominal fat 
was associated with a lower OR of 0.878 to achieve glycemic control at 24 months. (Kashyap 
et al. Diabetes Care; Feb 24, 2013 epub). This suggests that improved ß cell function and 
reduction of abdominal fat are key metabolic determinants of remission vs. non-remission 
status in medical and surgical subjects. 
4. Poor Improvement in Adiponectin Levels and Inadequate Fat/Weight Loss Depict Surgical 
Non-remission at 24 months in STAMPEDE: 


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The 37(BMI: 36±3kg/m2, Age: 48±9y, HbA1c: 9.7±2%) DM2 post-bariatric (RYGB and SG) 
surgery subjects who underwent RYGB and SG were analyzed based on remission vs. non-
remission status defined by HbA1c of < 6.5% or > 6.5% and/or hypoglycemic medications. 
Bariatric surgery-induced 45% and 38% DM2remission rates at 12 and 24m, respectively, with 
RYGB yielding higher remission rates than SG at 24m (P<0.05). (Data submitted to ADA 2014 
Scientific Sessions). As shown in the table, surgical remitters had greater weight loss, total 
body fat loss, rises in adiponectin levels and higher levels of GLP-1 stimulation with meal 
intake. 
Variables at 24 months 
Remission 
(HbA1c 
<6.5% 
Non-remission 
(HbA1c>6.5%) 
P-value 
BMI (kg/m2)change  
-9.97 (-10.6, -7.9) 
-6.8 (-9, -6.06) 
0.03 
 Body fat % change 
 -11.1(-14.6,-7.8) 
 -7.4(-10,-4.6) 
 0.04 
Adiponectin 
ng/ml 
change 
2.9 (1.7, 4.4) 
-0.1 (-2.2, 0.9) 
0.003 
Truncal fat % change 
-13.8 (-21.5, -10) 
-10 (-13, -5.7) 
0.04 
Change in Disposition 
Index 
0.31 
0.06 
<0.001 
 
Baseline adiponectin predicted lower HbA1c at 12 and 24m (R=0.34, P=0.04 and R=0.33, 
P=0.04). Elevated adiponectin correlated with enhanced ß-cell function at 12 (R=0.33, P=0.04) 
and 24m (R=0.47, P<0.01) as well as weight loss at 24m (R=-0.32, P=0.05). Thus, poor fat loss 
and blunted rises in adiponectin depict DM2 non-remission 2 years after bariatric surgery. 
5. Observational data on the use of generic phentermine and topirimate on residual diabetes in 


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post-bariatric subjects enrolled in STAMPEDE trial: In forty subjects with residual type 2 
diabetes (age 50yrs, HbA1c 8.2%, BMI 32 kg/m2) 32 months following gastric bypass and SG, 
3 month use of generic phentermine (15mg) resulted in a decrease in HbA1c (8.4 ± 1.3 to 6.8 
± 0.8, P <0.05)) and body weight by a median of 6.5kg. The use of basal insulin (0.3u/kg/day) 
resulted in less of a decrease in Hba1c (8.1±1.4 to 7.3%±0.5) and a median weight gain of 
1.5kg. 
Summary of Preliminary Data 
These preliminary data from our institution demonstrate that relapse of diabetes control does 
occur with increasing time of follow up from gastric bypass procedure. Additionally, weight 
regain from nadir weight loss achieved after gastric bypass increases with time of follow up 
from surgery. Moreover, inadequate weight/fat loss and poor rise of adiponectin depict surgical 
non-remitters and these factors might be targeted with medical therapies to enhance greater 
weight/fat loss and increase adipose tissue health. 
 
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH PROTOCOL 
Experimental Plan: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial for 
patients with recurrent type 2 diabetes post-gastric bypass surgery that will compare a 6 
month course of canagliflozin monotherapy vs. placebo on clinical outcomes of type 2 
diabetes. The rationale for including those subjects that initially remit but later redevelop as 
opposed to those that never achieve remission following metabolic surgery is based on 
several factors. Those that never achieve remission following metabolic surgery may not 
have had type 2 diabetes (but rather be autoimmune or MODY) prior to surgery or have the 


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ability to generate insulin from very poor residual ß-cell function. Alternatively, those that 
initially remit have the potential to achieve durable remission in the future and may likely 
respond to adjunctive medical therapy. RYGB, AB, and SG operations comprise the majority 
of the bariatric practice and approximately 20-40% of those that initially remit may re-
develop diabetes within a 5 year timeframe. Following consent and a screening visit to assess 
eligibility and clinical status (i.e. historical, physical and biochemical parameters including 
glycemic control and a pregnancy test in females), a baseline visit with diabetes educator will 
take place to provide standard diabetes education, nutrition and exercise prescription.  
Sample Size Considerations 
Comparisons of the primary endpoint, change in HbbA1c levels from randomization, 
between canagliflozin and placebo groups will be performed using analysis of covariance 
models.  Since the correlation between baseline levels of HbA1c and change in the measure 
at 6 months is not presently well known, power calculations are based on use of two-sample 
t-tests, which assume similarity of the two randomized groups on HbA1c at baseline.   
Enrollment of 36 patients is planned.  Assuming use of a two-sided t-tests with a significance 
level of 0.05, and that variability in HbA1c change at 6 months is similar to that seen at 1 
year in Cefalu et al. (2013) [SD=0.9%], there will be 80% power to detect mean differences 
of 1.0% in HbA1c change between groups with enrollment of 22 patients in the canagliflozin 
group and 11 in the placebo group.  Power calculations were performed using SAS software 
(Version 9.4; Cary, NC).  If we assume dropout of 10%, and enroll 24 patients in the 
canagliflozin group and 12 in the placebo group, this should allow for adequate power despite 
the expected loss to follow-up.  Since analysis of covariance models will provide increased 


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power relative to t-tests in the presence of positive correlation (Borm et al, 2007), the effect 
size that can be detected is conservatively large. 
Nutritional assessment for vitamin/mineral deficiency will be performed per clinical 
care guidelines(46) at the screening visit.  Subjects will be asked to take nutritional 
supplements (i.e. vitamins and minerals) per current clinical guidelines for post-bariatric 
patients.  Stable doses of supplements will be established for at least 2 weeks prior to 
randomization. Thirty-six subjects with recurrent diabetes that are naïve to hypoglycemic 
agents with HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5% and less than 11% will be randomly 
assigned to a six month course of  a) canagliflozin  100mg for 2 weeks titrated up to 300 mg 
daily (N = 24) vs. placebo (n= 12) at the randomization. Patients taking an anti-diabetic 
medication will be asked to washout for 8 weeks prior to the randomization visit. At 
randomization, biochemical assessment of glycemic parameters (fasting glucose, HbA1c), 
lipid panel, complete metabolic panel, uric acid, leptin, total and HMW adiponectin, C-
reactive protein and urine for albumin/creatinine ratio will be performed. DXA scan will be 
performed for body fat composition. 
 Following randomization, subjects will be clinically evaluated at three office visits at 
6 weeks, 3 and 6 months by PI and/or the research staff. The primary outcome measures at 6 
months post-randomization include HbA1c followed by the change in HbA1c from 
randomization. Secondary measures include fasting glucose, BMI, change in body weight, 
blood pressure, lipid profile. Symptomatic hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 70) and drug 
related side effects (i.e. mycotic genital infections, urinary tract infection) will be monitored 
with adverse event reporting.  Metabolic testing in all subjects at randomization and at 6 


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months will include a DXA scan for body fat composition and blood for leptin and 
adiponectin levels. 
Rescue glucose lowering therapy will be provided for all subjects with a blood 
glucose >250 mg/dl.  If chronic uncontrolled hyperglycemia (HbA1c >11%) occurs then 
basal bolus insulin will be implemented.  Subjects (20-75 years) who underwent AB, SG or 
RYGB within the past 15-years will be recruited.  Including subjects who underwent surgery 
within the past 15-years will broaden the subject pool, as additional subjects who initially 
remitted and were subsequently rediagnosed will be identified. However, we will prioritize 
subjects who underwent metabolic surgery ≤6 years ago and who initially achieved remission 
status documented by Hba1c of <6.5% within first year and a subsequent glycated 
hemoglobin > 7.5% (without any hypoglycemic agents) and less than 11% as upper limit. 
The rationale to prioritize patients that initially remit is that these patients have demonstrated 
ability to respond to surgical weight loss and subsequently redeveloped the disease. Whereas 
those that never achieved initial remission status may not respond to any intervention due to 
inexorable beta cell failure.  
Initial recruitment will be achieved by a general awareness campaign, which will 
emphasize a study of methods of diabetes management post metabolic surgery. All patients 
will be pre-screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria by our clinical trial research nurse 
coordinator and/or research fellow. Evaluation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which 
are listed below, will occur both at the initial screening visit and the baseline visit, prior to 
randomization.  
Statistical Methods 


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The primary analysis will be performed using a modified intent to treat analysis which 
includes all patients receiving at least one dose of the drug they were assigned.  A secondary, 
per-protocol analysis may also be performed using those demonstrating compliance to their 
assigned treatment throughout the study.  All endpoints will be evaluated using a significance 
level of 0.05, and no correction for multiple testing is planned. 
 
To evaluate changes in HbA1c and other continuous endpoints at 6 months, analysis of 
covariance models will be fit.  In these models, change from baseline will be the outcome, 
group membership will be the predictor of interest, and baseline level of the outcome will be 
a covariate.  If distributional assumptions of the model are not met, transformation of the 
outcome measure will be considered to improve model fit, as will the use of alternative rank-
based approaches.  Estimated changes and differences in the changes at 6 months between 
groups will be presented with 95% confidence intervals.  Categorical factors will be 
presented using frequencies and percentages, and comparisons of these measures between 
groups will be performed using Pearson chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests, as appropriate.  
Continuous patient characteristics will be summarized using means and standard deviations 
or medians and quartiles, depending on their distribution. 
Inclusion Criteria:  
1. Post-AB, RYGB,  and SG  patients who underwent surgery >1 and <15 years ago, 
in the Cleveland surrounding area  
2. 20-75 years of age 


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3. DM2 diagnosis (history, medication usage, biochemical criteria) prior to and after 
surgery; after surgery, defined by a single HbA1c of greater or equal to 6.5% at 
consent and screening. 
4. Metformin patients must have an HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5% but less than 
or equal to 11% at randomization; for diet controlled patients (i.e. not on any T2D 
medication), HbA1c must be greater than or equal to 6.5% at randomization. 
5. Patient reporting of improvement in T2D status or objective improvements in T2D 
status at any time post-surgery.  
6. eGFR ≥ 60mL/min prior to randomization 
         7. Has the ability and willingness to provide informed consent.   
  
8. Is able to understand the options and to comply with the requirements of each 
             program. 
   
9.  Female subject agrees to have a serum pregnancy test at screening.  A negative 
serum pregnancy test result is required prior to randomization.   
  
10. Female patients must agree to use a reliable method of contraception for 6 months 
or 
            duration of intervention.       
           11. Excluding research-related insulin use, patients taking an anti-diabetic medication, 
except insulin, are eligible and must 
              agree to washout for 8 weeks prior to the randomization visit.                   
Exclusion Criteria: 
1. Type 1 diabetes indicated by history of diabetic ketoacidosis and lack of remission 
in response to bariatric surgery. 


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2. Other post bariatric procedures (banding, duodenal switch, biliopancreatic 
diversion) 
3. Non-research-related insulin use that is prescribed by the patient’s primary care 
physician or endocrinologist 
4. End organ diabetic complications (renal failure, cardiomyopathy, severe 
neuropathy/foot ulcers) 
5. Documented severe or unstable depression/anxiety or eating disorder that would 
not enable patient to adhere to anti-diabetic treatment. 
6. Clinical contraindications to use canagliflozin, i.e., history of bladder cancer, 
Child-Pugh class C.       
     In addition to a urine sample, a maximum of 60-cc of blood may be needed at each 
visit; 30-cc will be stored as a biorepository, for future purposes. The biorepository 
will be performed at randomization and at the 6 month visit. The research repository 
collection will be part of the protocol. The identity of the subject will be confidential 
as the samples will be deidentified. Specimens will be processed and stored in 
Preventive Research Laboratory at Cleveland Clinic.  Access to these specimens will 
be limited to the designated  PRL laboratory personnel and utilized at the discretion of 
the Principal Investigator.        
Schedule of visits summarized: 
Visit 1: Consent and Screening Visit:  An assessment of clinical status for eligibility 
will be performed. Review of past medical history and medication usage will be reviewed. 
Venipuncture for HbA1c and a pregnancy test (females only). Labs for nutritional status 


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including B12 and 25 hydroxy vitamin D will be performed.  Nutritional deficiencies will be 
addressed per current clinical guidelines for post-bariatric patients. 
Visit 2: Baseline Visit: 45 minute visit with diabetes educator for diet/exercise 
prescription and glucose monitoring based on ADA clinical care guidelines.   
Visit 3: Randomization visit with research coordinator and PI:  Review of eligibility. 
Labs will be drawn for HbA1c, fasting glucose, lipid panel, uric acid, complete metabolic 
panel and adipokines (C-reactive protein, leptin, total and HMW adiponectin, leptin).  Urine 
for albumin/creatinine ratio.  DXA scan will be performed for body composition at this visit.  
Blood and urine will be collected for the bio-repository collection and is optional.     
Visit 4: 6 week f/u visit: Research fellow/coordinator to assess adherence and safety. 
Visit 5: 3 month visit with research coordinator and PI: Review of clinical status and 
biochemical labs will be drawn. These will include HbA1c and a complete metabolic panel. 
Visit 6: 6 month visit with research coordinator and PI:  Review of clinical status and 
biochemical labs will be drawn. These include HbA1c, fasting glucose, lipid panel, uric acid, 
complete metabolic panel and uric acid. Urine for albumin/creatinine ratio. Additionally, a 
DXA scan for body composition and blood for adipokines (C-reactive protein, total and 
HMW adiponectin, leptin) will be performed.  Blood and urine will be collected for the bio-
repository collection and is optional.                 
The window for all visits will be +/- 4 weeks. 
Research Team: Dr. Sangeeta Kashyap is the principal investigator of this study and will 
consult with Dr. Philip Schauer (bariatric surgeon) for enrollment of appropriate candidates 
who underwent metabolic surgery at any Cleveland Clinic location, but that live within two 
hours of the Cleveland Clinic Main Campus. Both investigators have a long standing, 


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productive relationship. Statistical analysis will be provided by a Cleveland Clinic 
Quantitative Health Sciences statistician dedicated to endocrine and diabetes research.  This 
team is well qualified to run post-bariatric trials and have successfully run two randomized 
control trial of bariatric vs. medical therapy for type 2 diabetes in obese patients.  
        
 
POSSIBLE RISKS  
Risks associated with Canagliflozin Include: 
All drugs can cause unwanted effects called side effects.  As of 28 September 2015 
approximately 13173 subjects have received canagliflozin in completed or ongoing studies of 
12 weeks or longer. 
Side effects found in these studies that are more likely to occur with canagliflozin include those 
below.  You should speak with your doctor about any changes to your diet or other medications 
you are taking:  
 
• Dizziness or lightheadedness upon standing - These adverse events, from a decrease 
in blood pressure, occur soon after starting canagliflozin and are more likely to occur 
in people on medicines to lower blood pressure including diuretics (water pills such as 
Lasix/furosemide),  on a low salt diet, older patients  or those who have reduced kidney 
function. While you are taking canagliflozin, you should try to avoid becoming 
dehydrated and should speak to your doctor about any changes in your diet or other 
medications.  This side effect may occur in up to 1 in 20 people on canagliflozin, or 
slightly more frequently in those at risk as described above. 
• Hypoglycemia in patients taking other medications associated with hypoglycemia  
If you take canagliflozin with another medicine that can cause low blood sugar, such as 
a sulfonylurea or insulin, your risk of getting low blood sugar is higher. The dose of 
your sulfonylurea medicine or insulin may need to be lowered while you take 
canagliflozin and you should speak to your doctor about any changes in your other 
medications. This side effect is very common and may occur in more than 1 in 10 people 
on canagliflozin Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar may include: headache, 
drowsiness, weakness, dizziness, confusion, irritability, hunger, fast heart-beat, 
sweating, shaking or feeling jitter. 
 


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• Increased urination and thirst – Symptoms might include feeling thirsty , having a 
dry tongue, urinating more frequently or in larger amounts, an urgent need to urinate or 
more frequent urination  at night. These side effects may occur in up to 1 in 20 people 
taking canagliflozin. 
• Urinary tract infections – Symptoms of urinary tract infections may include burning 
with urination, discomfort in passing urine, or fever.  This side effect may occur   in up 
to 1 in 20 people on canagliflozin. 
• Allergic reaction including rash or hives – These events can occur shortly after 
starting canagliflozin, are generally not serious or associated with other serious 
symptoms, such as breathing problems. This side effect may occur in up to 1 in 20 
people on canagliflozin.   
• Constipation – The side effect of constipation may occur in slightly more than 1 in 50 
people on canagliflozin. 
 
• Nausea - There is a slightly higher rate of nausea (stomach sickness or queasy 
sensation) with canagliflozin.  . The side effect of nausea may occur in slightly more 
than 1 in 50 people on canagliflozin. 
For Women: 
• Vaginal yeast infections and vaginal itching. You may have symptoms such as vaginal 
itching, burning, irritation, odor or discharge. This side effect may occur in slightly 
more than 1 in 10 women on canagliflozin. 
For Men:  
• Yeast infection at the head of the penis. You may have symptoms such as penile itching, 
irritation, burning, swelling, foul smelling discharge or pain. In 0.3% (1 in 300) of men 
who are not circumcised, this could lead to swelling of the foreskin, and require 
circumcision.  The side effect of yeast infection may occur in up to 1 in 20 men on 
canagliflozin. Laboratory changes that have been observed in clinical studies with 
canagliflozin include:  
o An increase in the LDL cholesterol 
o An increase in serum potassium, phosphate and/or hemoglobin; decreases in 
serum urate can also occur.  These changes are generally not serious and not 
associated with serious symptoms.   
o A change in lab tests associated with kidney function might occur. These 
changes have generally been temporary and may relate to hydration status.   
• Diabetic ketoacidosis - your blood may show increased levels of blood acids called 
ketones. Sometimes this can occur even if your blood sugar levels are not very high (e.g., 


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less than 250 mg/dL [13.9 mmol/L]). The risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis may be 
increased with prolonged fasting, excessive alcohol consumption, dehydration, sudden 
reductions in insulin dose, or a higher need of insulin due to major surgery or serious 
illness.  Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, excessive thirst, 
rapid weight loss, a sweet or metallic taste in your mouth, a different odor to your urine or 
sweat, abdominal pain, confusion, fruity-smelling breath, and unusual fatigue or 
sleepiness.  This side effect may occur in up to 1 in 1000 people with Type 2 diabetes.  
Call your doctor if you experience these symptoms.  Do not stop or change study drug or 
diabetes medicines without first discussing with your doctor. 
•  Bone fractures - may occur in up to 1 in 50 people per year on canagliflozin. Clinical 
trials confirm the finding that fractures occur more frequently with canagliflozin than 
placebo, which is an inactive treatment.  Fractures can occur as early as 12 weeks after 
starting the drug. 
• Amputation of the toes (and to a lesser extent the foot or leg) could occur in up to 1 in 
150 people per year on canagliflozin.  This risk is greater in those with a prior history of 
amputation, disease of the circulation involving the legs or in those with nerve damage due 
to diabetes. 
• Decreased bone mineral density - A clinical trial showed that canagliflozin caused 
greater loss of bone mineral density at the hip and lower spine than placebo. 
 
Side effects in patients not involved in clinical studies who have been prescribed canagliflozin 
to treat their diabetes include those below. It is difficult to know specifically how often these 
side effects occur or always be certain if they are more likely to occur as a result of canagliflozin 
because these were not reported in the manner similar to data collection in a clinical study.  
• Serious allergic reactions, including those with the symptoms of swelling of the face, 
throat, and/or tongue or breathing problems.    
 
• Related to changes in lab tests associated with kidney function, severe cases of 
decreases in kidney function have been reported more commonly in patients who 
were dehydrated.  Only subjects with an eGFR ≥ 60mL/min will be enrolled into this 
study. While participating in this study, if a subject’s lab results indicate a decline in 
eGFR between 45-60mL/min, the daily dose of canagliflozin will not exceed 100mg.  
If a subject’s lab results indicate a decline in eGFR to <45mL/min, study medication 
will be withdrawn.  
 
• Infections of the urinary tract that can spread to the kidneys or into the bloodstream. 
       
 Canagliflozin has been tested for its ability to cause harm to the fetus during pregnancy or 
cause birth defects. These studies have been done in animals.  The studies that have been 
completed do not indicate that canagliflozin is associated with birth defects.   
Nonetheless, women who are pregnant, lactating or intend to become pregnant during the study 
will be not allowed to participate in the study.  Women who could possibly become pregnant 


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must have a negative pregnancy test prior to starting on the study drug and report immediately 
to the study site if they suspect they are pregnant during the study. 
If you are able to have children and you are heterosexually active, you must use birth control 
(contraception) during the study.  Birth control methods that can be used while in this study 
include: avoiding sex, birth control pills, birth control injections or patch, intrauterine device, 
barrier method (for example, condoms or diaphragm) combined with spermicide (foam, cream, 
or gel), or your male partner is sterile (e.g. sperm tubes are cut or blocked).  The type of birth 
control you use must be discussed with the study doctor before you begin the study. The study 
doctor must approve the method you use before you can enter the study. 
 
If you become pregnant during the study, you must tell the doctor immediately. You will have 
to stop taking the study drug.  The doctor will advise you about your medical care and will ask 
you to allow him/her to collect information about your pregnancy and the health of your baby. 
 
For male subjects, if your partner becomes pregnant, you must tell the study doctor 
immediately. 
 
Adverse event reporting: 
I. 
Management of Safety Data 
This Study has been designated as an interventional study.  Janssen requirements for IIS 
interventional studies are all adverse events regardless of causality and special situations 
excluding those from subjects not exposed to a Janssen Medicinal Product and product 
quality complaints with or without an adverse event will be reported, once the subject has 
signed and dated an Informed Consent Form is obtained until the subject has completed 
participation in the study and for 30 days after the last dose of study drug. 
 
II. 
Definitions 
a. Adverse Event (AE) 
An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study subject administered a 
medicinal (investigational or non-investigational) product. An adverse event does not 
necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any 
unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal finding), symptom, or disease 
temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational or non- investigational) 
product, whether or not related to that medicinal (investigational or non-investigational) product. 
(Definition per International Conference on Harmonisation [ICH]). 
This includes any occurrence that is new in onset or aggravated in severity or frequency from 
the baseline condition, or abnormal results of diagnostic procedures, including laboratory test 
abnormalities. 
 
b. Adverse Events of Special Interest  
Events that Janssen Scientific Affairs is actively monitoring as a result of a previously identified 
signal (even if non-serious).  These adverse events are:  Hypoglycemia, increased urination and 


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thirst, urinary tract infections, allergic reaction including rash or hives, constipation, nausea, 
changes in blood work.  For women-vaginal yeast infections and vaginal itching.  For men-yeast 
infection at the head of the penis. 
 
c. Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR) 
A valid ICSR must contain the four minimum criteria required to meet regulatory reporting 
requirements. 
• an identifiable subject (not disclosing the subject’s name and address) 
• an identifiable reporter (investigational site) 
• a Janssen medicinal product 
• an adverse event, outcome, or certain special situation 
 
The minimum information required is: 
• suspected Janssen product (doses, indication) 
• date of therapy (start and end date, if available) 
• batch or lot number, if available 
• subject details (subject ID and country) 
• gender 
• age at AE onset 
• reporter ID 
• adverse event detail (AE verbatim in English), onset date, relatedness, causality, action 
taken, outcome, (if available) 
• Janssen protocol ID 
 
d. Product Quality Complaint (PQC) 
A product quality compliant is related to a potential quality issue during manufacturing, 
packaging, release testing, stability monitoring, dose preparation, storage or distribution of 
the product, or delivery system.  Not all PQCs involve a subject.  Lot and batch numbers are 
of high significance and need to be collected whenever available. 
 
Examples of PQC include but not limited to: 
• Functional Problem: e.g., altered delivery rate in a controlled release product 
• Physical Defect:  e.g. abnormal odor, broken or crushed tablets/capsules 
• Potential Dosing Device Malfunction: e.g.,  autoinjector button not working, needle 
detaching from syringe 
• Suspected Contamination 
• Suspected Counterfeit. 
 
e. Serious Adverse Event (SAE) 
A serious adverse event based on ICH and EU Guidelines on Pharmacovigilance for Medicinal 
Products for Human Use is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: 
 
• 
Results in death 
• 
Is life-threatening 


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(The subject was at risk of death at the time of the event. It does not refer to an event 
that hypothetically might have caused death if it were more severe.) 
• 
Requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization 
• 
Results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
• 
Is a congenital anomaly/birth defect 
• 
Is a suspected transmission of any infectious agent via a medicinal product 
• 
Is medically important* 
 
*Medical and scientific judgment should be exercised in deciding whether expedited 
reporting is also appropriate in other situations, such as important medical events that 
may not be immediately life threatening or result in death or hospitalization but may 
jeopardize the subject or may require intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes 
listed in the definition above. These should usually be considered serious. 
 
NOTE: DEATH FOR ANY REASON SHOULD BE REPORTED AS A SERIOUS 
ADVERSE EVENT. 
 
For reports of hospitalization, it is the sign, symptom or diagnosis which led to the 
hospitalization that is the serious event for which details must be provided. 
 
Any event requiring in-patient hospital admission (or the prolongation of hospitalization) must 
be reported as an SAE. Events that do not meet the criteria for SAE reporting are: 
• Reasons described in the Protocol, e.g. drug administration, Protocol-required 
testing 
• Social reasons, e.g. overnight stay because of distance between home and hospital 
• Surgery or procedure planned and documented prior to entry into the Study. 
 
Any event requiring hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization that occurs during the 
study must be reported as a serious adverse event, except hospitalizations for the following: 
• Hospitalizations not intended to treat an acute illness or adverse event (e.g., social 
reasons such as pending placement in long-term care facility) 
• Surgery or procedure planned before entry into the study. [Note: 
Hospitalizations that were planned before the start of data collection and 
where the underlying condition for which the hospitalization was planned has 
not worsened will not be considered serious adverse events. Any adverse event 
that results in a prolongation of the originally planned hospitalization is to be 
reported as a new serious adverse event.] 
 
The cause of death of a subject in a study within 30 days of the last dose of study 
drug, whether or not the event is expected or associated with the study drug, is 
considered a serious adverse event. 
 
f. Unlisted (Unexpected) Adverse Event/Reference Safety Information 
An adverse event is considered unlisted if the nature or severity is not consistent with 
the applicable product reference safety information. For a medicinal product(s) with a 


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marketing authorization, the expectedness of an adverse event will be determined by 
whether or not it is listed in the applicable product information. 
 
III. 
Special Situations  
Safety events of interest for a Janssen medicinal product that require expediting reporting 
and/or safety evaluation include, but are not limited to: 
• Drug exposure during pregnancy (maternal and paternal) 
• Overdose of a Janssen medicinal product  
• Exposure to a Janssen medicinal product from breastfeeding  
• Suspected abuse/misuse of a Janssen medicinal product 
• Inadvertent or accidental exposure to a Janssen medicinal product  
• Any failure of expected pharmacological action (i.e., lack of effect) of a Janssen 
medicinal product 
• Medication error involving a Janssen medicinal product (with or without patient 
exposure to the Janssen medicinal product, e.g., name confusion) 
• Suspected transmission of any infectious agent via a medicinal  
• Unexpected therapeutic or clinical benefit from use of a Janssen medicinal 
product 
 
These safety events may not meet the definition of an adverse event; however, they are 
treated in the same manner as adverse events. Special situations should be recorded on the 
Adverse Event page of the CRF. 
 
Any special situation that meets the criteria of a serious adverse event should be recorded 
on a Serious Adverse Event Report Form and be reported to Janssen Scientific Affairs 
within 24 hours of becoming aware of the event. 
 
IV. 
Management of Hyperglycemic Events 
          A sliding scale will be implemented for the management of hyperglycemia in the 
          placebo  or canagliflozin treated groups and during the anti-diabetic medication 
washout 
          period if a subject develops random blood sugars >250 mg/dl.  Subjects will use the 
          following sliding scale: 
 
          Sliding scale with human regular insulin: 
          0-250: 0 units 
          251-300- 6 units 
          301-350- 8 units 
          351-400- 10 units. 
 
         If chronic uncontrolled hyperglycemia occurs (HbA1c > 11%) in the placebo or 
         canagliflozin treated group then basal bolus insulin will be implemented.  Basal bolus 
         insulin will be initiated based on body weight calculation 0.5 U/kg/day with 50% of the 
         dose given with long-acting insulins (NPH, glargine) and the remaining dose with meal 
         insulin with rapid acting insulin (Regular, Humalog, Novolog, Apridra etc.). 
 


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V. 
Management of Hypoglycemic Events 
The management of hypoglycemia defined as blood glucose <70 mg/dl with 
symptoms or requiring assistance will be implemented with oral glucose tablets 
or juice. The use of canagliflozin alone is typically not associated with 
hypoglycemia. 
 
VI. 
Pregnancy  
All initial reports of pregnancy must be reported to Janssen Scientific Affairs by the 
Sponsor Investigator within 24 hours of their awareness of the event using the Serious 
Adverse Event Form. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes (e.g. spontaneous abortion, 
stillbirth, and congenital anomaly) are considered serious adverse events and must be 
reported using the Serious Adverse Event Form.  
 
Any subject who becomes pregnant during the study must be promptly withdrawn from 
the study and discontinue further study treatment. 
 
Because the effect of the Janssen medicinal product on sperm is unknown, pregnancies 
in partners of male subjects exposed to a Janssen medicinal product will be reported by 
the Sponsor Investigator within 24 hours of their awareness of the event using the 
Serious Adverse Event Form.  Depending on local legislation this may require prior 
consent of the partner. 
 
Follow-up information regarding the outcome of the pregnancy and any postnatal 
sequelae in the infant will be required. 
 
 
VII. 
Reporting Procedures for Adverse Events and Pregnancies [and/or Pregnancies 
in Partners] 
All adverse events, whether serious or non-serious, related or not related, special situations, 
pregnancy exposures and/or pregnancies in partners following exposure to a Janssen 
medicinal product are to be documented by the investigator and recorded in the CRF and 
in the subject’s source records. Investigators must record in the CRF their opinion 
concerning the relationship of the adverse event to a Janssen medicinal product.  
All (serious and non-serious) adverse events reported for a Janssen medicinal product 
should be followed-up in accordance with clinical practice. 
 
All serious adverse events that have not resolved by the end of the study, or that have not 
resolved upon discontinuation of the subject's participation in the study, must be followed 
until any of the following occurs: 
• The event resolves 
• The event stabilizes 
• The event returns to baseline, if a baseline value/status is available 
• The event can be attributed to agents other than the study drug or to factors unrelated 
to study conduct 


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• It becomes unlikely that any additional information can be obtained (subject or health 
care practitioner refusal to provide additional information, lost to follow-up after 
demonstration of due diligence with follow-up efforts) 
 
All serious adverse events, pregnancy exposures and/or pregnancies in partners for 
Janssen medicinal products under study should be reported directly by the Sponsor 
Investigator, within 24 hours of becoming aware, to Janssen Scientific Affairs using the 
Janssen Scientific Affairs Serious Adverse Event Report Form. In the event the study is 
blinded, the Sponsor Investigator will submit an unblinded SAE or pregnancy exposure 
report to Janssen Scientific Affairs. 
 
All follow-up information for serious adverse events that are not resolved at the end of 
the study or by the time of patient withdrawal must be reported directly by the Sponsor 
Investigator, within 24 hours becoming aware, to Janssen Scientific Affairs using the 
Janssen Scientific Affair’s Serious Adverse Event Report Form. 
 
VIII. Product Quality Complaints for Janssen Medicinal Products 
 
A PQC may have an impact on the safety and efficacy of the product. Timely, accurate, and 
complete reporting and analysis of PQC information from studies are crucial for the protection 
of patients, investigators, and Janssen Scientific Affairs, and are mandated by regulatory 
agencies worldwide. Janssen Scientific Affairs has established procedures in conformity with 
regulatory requirements worldwide to ensure appropriate reporting of PQC information.  Lot 
and/or Batch #s shall be collected or any reports of failure of expected pharmacological action 
(i.e., lack of effect). 
 
All initial PQCs involving a Janssen product under study must be reported to Janssen Scientific 
Affairs by the Sponsor Investigator within 24 hours after being made aware of the event. 
 
If the defect for a Janssen product under study is combined with either a serious adverse event 
or non-serious adverse event, the Sponsor Investigator must report the PQC to Janssen Scientific 
Affairs according to the serious adverse event reporting timelines.  A sample of the suspected 
product should be maintained for further investigation if requested by Janssen Scientific Affairs. 
 
IX. 
Maintenance of Safety Information 
All safety data should be maintained in a clinical database in a retrievable format. The Institution 
and Sponsor Investigator shall provide all adverse events, both serious and non-serious, in report 
format. However, in certain circumstances more frequent provision of safety data may be 
necessary, e.g. to fulfill a regulatory request, and as such the data shall be made available within 
a reasonable timeframe at Janssen Scientific Affair’s request. 
 
X. 
Transmission Methods: 
The following methods are acceptable for transmission of safety information to Janssen 
Scientific Affairs: 
• Electronically via Janssen SECURE Email service (preferred) 
• For business continuity purposes, if SECURE Email is non-functional: 


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o Facsimile (fax), receipt of which is evidenced in a successful fax transmission 
report 
• Telephone (if fax is non-functional). 
 
Please use the contact information and process information provided by Janssen Scientific 
Affairs. 
 
XI. 
Procedures for Reporting Adverse Events (AE), Serious Adverse Events (SAE), 
Pregnancy, and Product Quality Complaints (PQC) to Janssen Scientific Affairs 
 
a. AEs, SAEs, Special Situations and Pregnancy Reporting. 
The Institution and the Sponsor Investigator will transmit SAEs and Special Situations in a form 
provided by Janssen Scientific Affairs in accordance with Section VIII Transmission methods, 
in English within 24-hours of becoming aware of the event(s). 
 
All available clinical information relevant to the evaluation of a related SAE or Special Situation 
is required. 
 
• The Institution and/or Sponsor Investigator are responsible for ensuring that these cases are 
complete and if not are promptly followed-up. A safety report is not considered complete 
until all clinical details needed to interpret the case are received. Reporting of follow-up 
information should follow the same timeline as initial reports. 
 
• Copies of any and all relevant correspondences with regulatory authorities and ethics 
committees regarding any and all serious adverse events, irrespective of association with the 
Janssen Product under study, are to be provided to Janssen Scientific Affairs using a 
transmission method in Section VIII within 24 hours of such report or correspondence 
being sent to applicable health authorities. 
 
 
b. PQC Reporting 
The Institution and the Sponsor Investigator will report any suspected PQC to the Janssen 
contact within 24 hours of becoming aware of the complaint.  The product should be quarantined 
immediately and if possible, take a picture. 
 
XII. 
Reconciliation of SAEs 
At a minimum, on a quarterly basis and at the end of the Study, Janssen Scientific Affairs will 
provide to the Institution and/or Sponsor Investigator, a listing of all SAEs reported to Janssen 
Scientific Affairs.  The Sponsor Investigator will review this listing and provide any 
discrepancies to Janssen Scientific Affairs. 
 
Upon request, Institution and/or Sponsor Investigator shall provide Janssen Scientific Affairs 
with a summary list of all SAEs, and AEs of Special Interest and Special Reporting Situation 
reports to date, for reconciliation purposes. 
 


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CONFIDENTIAL 
XIII. Dissemination of Safety Information from Janssen Scientific Affairs to 
Institution/Sponsor Investigator Sponsor Investigator will be responsible for 
submitting IND safety reports for the Study Product to Institution’s IRB in accordance 
with Federal regulations 21 CFR 312.66.   
 
Janssen Scientific Affairs agrees to provide to the Sponsor Investigator IND safety reports 
for the Study Product as they become available until all subjects in the Protocol have 
completed their last Study visit according to the Protocol (i.e. Last Subject Last Visit has 
occurred).  
 
 
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