Clinical trial NCT01385059
Conditions: Stage III Prostate Cancer Stage IV Prostate Cancer
Sponsor: City of Hope Medical Center
Start date: 2011-10-28; Completion date: 2013-10-09
Enrollment: 11 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
This randomized phase II trial studies how well axitinib works in treating patients with high-risk prostate cancer before undergoing surgery. Axitinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. Giving axitinib before surgery may make the tumor smaller and reduce the amount of normal cells that have to be removed

Detailed description:
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine if axitinib modulates pre-metastatic niche density in patients with high-risk prostate cancer.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine if pre-metastatic niche density in regional lymph nodes (LNs) is associated with progression-free survival (PFS).

II. To determine if therapy with axitinib prolongs time to biochemical recurrence.

III. To determine if phosphorylated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)3 in tumor tissue is associated with biochemical recurrence.

IV. To determine if myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) recruitment in tumor tissue is associated with biochemical recurrence.

V. To determine if lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression in tumor tissue is associated with biochemical recurrence.

VI. To evaluate time to metastatic recurrence.

VII. To determine the rate of erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence (grade \>= 3 for both) in the setting of preoperative axitinib therapy.

VIII. To evaluate changes in blood-based biomarkers (pSTAT3 and selected angiogenic factors) from baseline to the time of prostatectomy.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

ARM I: Patients receive axitinib orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-28. Patients then undergo prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Treatment continues in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

ARM II: Patients undergo prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection at 5-6 weeks after biopsy confirmation of prostate cancer.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up periodically.

Arms: arm 1: Patients receive axitinib PO BID on days 1-28. Patients then undergo prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Treatment continues in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. arm 2: Patients undergo prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection at 5-6 weeks after biopsy confirmation of prostate cancer.
Interventions: intervention 1: axitinib intervention 2: therapeutic conventional surgery intervention 3: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay intervention 4: laboratory biomarker analysis
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Given PO intervention 2: Undergo prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection intervention 3: Correlative studies intervention 4: Correlative studies

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
IRB 10151 
 
12/18/2017 
Version: 07 
CITY OF HOPE NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER 
1500 E. DUARTE ROAD 
DUARTE, CA 91010 
 
DEPARTMENT OF    MEDICAL ONCOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS RESEARCH                              
 
TITLE: A Randomized, Phase II, Assessing Axitinib as Pre-Surgical Therapy in Patients with  
High Risk Prostate Cancer. 
 
 
CITY OF HOPE PROTOCOL NUMBER/VERSION: 
IRB # 10151  
 
 
 
VERSION: 07 
 
DATE(S)/ OF AMENDMENT(S)/REVISION(S): 
 
 
COH Initial Approval 
Protocol Dated 7/15/2011 
Version: 00 
COH Amendment 01 
Protocol Dated 9/19/2011 
Version: 01 
COH Amendment 02 
Protocol Dated 6/14/2012 
Version: 02 
COH Amendment 03 
 
 
Protocol Dated 06/13/2013  
 
 
 
             Version: 03 
COH Amendment 04 
 
 
Protocol Dated 08/12/2013 
 
 
 
             Version: 04 
COH Amendment 05 
 
 
Title Page Dated 02/01/2016 
 
 
 
             Version: 05 
COH Amendment 06 at Continuation  
Title Page Dated 01/25/2017 
 
 
 
             Version: 06 
COH Amendment 07 at Continuation  
Title Page Dated 12/18/2017 
 
 
 
             Version: 07 
 
 
 
SITE:  
 
 
 
 
 
Prostate 
 
 
 
 
 
STAGE (If applicable):  
 
 
 
II 
 
 
MODALITY: 
 
 
 
 
 
Oral Medication  
 
 
 
 
TYPE:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: 
 
Sumanta Kumar Pal, M.D. 
 
 
 
COLLABORATING INVESTIGATOR(S): 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hua Yu, PhD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marcin Kortylewski, PhD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PARTICIPATING CLINICIANS:  
 
Urology: Kevin Chan, M.D., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bertram Yuh, M.D.  
 
PARTICIPATING INSTITUTION: 
 
 
City of Hope National Medical Center 
 


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Experimental Design Schema 
Open-label, randomized phase II design as represented in the following schema:  
 
* See inclusion/exclusion criteria for full details.   
 


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Protocol Synopsis 
Protocol Title: 
A RANDOMIZED, PHASE II STUDY ASSESSING AXITINIB AS PRE-SURGICAL 
THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK PROSTATE CANCER 
Brief Protocol Title for the Lay Public (if applicable): 
A RANDOMIZED, PHASE II STUDY ASSESSING AXITINIB AS PRE-SURGICAL 
THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK PROSTATE CANCER 
Study Phase: 
Randomized phase II 
Participating Sites: 
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center 
Rationale for this Study: 
The „seed-and-soil‟ hypothesis was proposed by Paget in 1889, and suggests that the biological 
characteristics of certain tissues may foster invasion and growth of metastases.1  Identification of 
these susceptible areas, termed pre-metastatic niches, has numerous potential clinical 
applications.  For instance, patients with more abundant niches may have increased metastatic 
potential – niche prevalence could therefore serve as a personalized supplement to current 
prognostic models.2  Alternatively, the pre-metastatic niche could act as a target of anticancer 
therapy, preventing metastases from developing.  Treatment of patients with high-risk prostate 
cancer with axitinib will decrease the extent of pre-metastatic niche formation.  Consequently, 
patients may experience improved clinical outcome (delayed biochemical recurrence and 
prolonged time to metastatic recurrence/overall survival (OS)).   
Primary Objective: 
To determine if axinitinb modulates pre-metastatic niche density in patients with high-risk 
prostate cancer 
Secondary Objective(s): 
 
To determine if therapy with axitinib prolongs time to biochemical recurrence 
 
To determine if pSTAT3 in tumor tissue is associated with biochemical recurrence 
 
To determine if MDSC recruitment in tumor tissue is associated with biochemical 
recurrence 
 
To determine if lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression in tumor tissue is associated with 
biochemical recurrence 
 
To evaluate time to metastatic recurrence  
 
To evaluate the rates of urinary incontinence (grade ≥ 3) and erectile dysfunction (grade 
≥ 3) associated with preoperative axitinib therapy (as defined by CTCAE 4.0 criteria) 
 
To evaluate changes in blood-based biomarkers (pSTAT3 and selected angiogenic 
factors) from baseline to the time of prostatectomy 
Study Design: 
Open-label, randomized phase II study 
Primary Endpoint and Secondary Endpoints: 
Primary: 
 
Pre-metastatic niche density 


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Secondary: 
 
Toxicity, time to biochemical recurrence, time to metastatic recurrence,, rate of urinary 
incontinence, rate of erectile dysfunction 
Sample Size: 
44 
Estimated Duration of the Study 
24 months  
Summary of Subject Eligibility Criteria: 
Inclusion Criteria: 
 
Histologically confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer 
 
High-risk prostate cancer as defined by 1 of the 3 following criteria: (1) baseline PSA > 
20, (2) clinical stage ≥ T3a, and (3) Gleason score 8-9.   
 
Subjects must be appropriate candidates for prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node 
dissection by a multidisciplinary team and must provide informed consent to these 
procedures prior to initiating study treatment 
 
Subjects must provide written informed consent prior to performance of study-specific 
procedures or assessments, and must be willing to comply with treatment and follow-up. 
Procedures conducted as part of the subject‟s routine clinical management (e.g., blood 
count, imaging study) and obtained prior to signing of informed consent may be utilized 
for screening or baseline purposes provided these procedures are conducted as specified 
in the protocol.   
 
Adequate organ function as defined by the following criteria: 
 absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 1500 cells/mm3; 
 platelets 100,000 cells/mm3. 
 Hemoglobin 9.0 g/dL. 
 AST and ALT 2.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN); 
 Total bilirubin 1.5 x ULN; 
 Serum creatinine 1.5 x ULN or calculated creatinine clearance 60 mL/min (see 
Appendix A); 
 Urinary protein <2+ by urine analysis (UA).  If dipstick is 2+ then a 24-hour urine 
collection can be done and the patient may enter only if urinary protein is <2 g per 
24 hours. 
 
Male patients, age 18 years.  
 
ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. 
 
Life expectancy of ≥12 weeks. 
 
No prior systemic therapy for prostate cancer 
 
No evidence of preexisting uncontrolled hypertension as documented by 2 baseline blood 
pressure readings taken within 1 hour.  The baseline systolic blood pressure readings 
must be 140 mm Hg, and the baseline diastolic blood pressure readings must be 90 
mm Hg.  Patients whose hypertension is controlled by antihypertensive therapies are 
eligible. 
 
Signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient (or legally 
acceptable representative) has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the trial prior to 
enrollment. 


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Exclusion Criteria: 
 
Prior systemic therapy for prostate cancer (including but not limited to endocrine therapy; 
i.e., LHRH analogues, antiandrogens, etc.) 
 
Evidence of metastatic disease 
 
Prior radiation therapy for prostate cancer 
 
Known history of allergic reactions to axitinib or other VEGF-TKIs 
 
Presence of serious or uncontrolled infection 
 
Major surgery <4 weeks of starting the study treatment.   
 
Gastrointestinal abnormalities including: 
 inability to take oral medication;  
 requirement for intravenous alimentation; 
 prior surgical procedures affecting absorption including total gastric resection; 
 treatment for active peptic ulcer disease in the past 6 months;  
 active gastrointestinal bleeding, unrelated to cancer, as evidenced by hematemesis, 
hematochezia or melena in the past 3 months without evidence of resolution 
documented by endoscopy or colonoscopy; 
 malabsorption syndromes. 
 
Current use or anticipated need for treatment with drugs that are known potent CYP3A4 
inhibitors (ie, grapefruit juice, verapamil, ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, 
erythromycin, telithromycin, clarithromycin, indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, 
lopinavir, atazanavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir and delavirdine). 
 
Current use or anticipated need for treatment with drugs that are known CYP3A4 or 
CYP1A2 inducers (ie, carbamazepine, dexamethasone, felbamate, omeprazole, 
phenobarbital, phenytoin, amobarbital, nevirapine, primidone, rifabutin, rifampin, and St. 
John‟s wort). 
 
Requirement of anticoagulant therapy with oral vitamin K antagonists.  Low-dose 
anticoagulants for maintenance of patency of central venous access devise or prevention 
of deep venous thrombosis is allowed. Therapeutic use of low molecular weight heparin 
is allowed. 
 
Active seizure disorder 
 
A serious uncontrolled medical disorder or active infection that would impair their ability 
to receive study treatment. 
 
Any of the following within the 12 months prior to study drug administration:  
myocardial infarction, uncontrolled angina, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, 
symptomatic congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic 
attack and 6 months for deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.   
 
Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 
(AIDS)-related illness. 
 
History of a malignancy (other than prostate cancer) except those treated with curative 
intent for skin cancer (other than melanoma), in situ breast or in situ cervical cancer, or 
those treated with curative intent for any other cancer with no evidence of disease for 
2 years. 
 
Dementia or significantly altered mental status that would prohibit the understanding or 
rendering of informed consent and compliance with the requirements of this protocol. 
 
Other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition, or laboratory abnormality 
that may increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug 
administration, or may interfere with the interpretation of study results, and in the 


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judgment of the investigator would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this 
study. 
 
Investigational Product Dosage and Administration: 
Axitinib 5 mg 1 tab oral bid  
Clinical Observations and Tests to be Performed: 


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Assessments within 2 Weeks of the First Dose (unless otherwise indicated) 
 
Demography: date of birth, race and gender. 
 
Medical history:  
 
Prostate cancer-specific history including: date of diagnosis, current stage of cancer, 
prior systemic treatment for prostate cancer (an exclusion criterion); and history of 
other malignancies 
 
 Prior surgery and/or radiotherapy (date, organ/anatomic region(s) of surgery and/or 
radiotherapy must be documented), other significant medical and surgical histories 
within the past 6 months.  
 
Baseline bone scan for tumor assessment (within 8 weeks prior to first dose) 
 
Baseline  CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis (within 8 weeks prior to first dose) 
 
Physical examinations: height (only recorded at baseline) and body weight and current 
medical conditions. 
 
Vital signs: body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate. Note: If a subject presents with 
poorly controlled hypertension, defined as SBP 140mmHg or DBP 90mmHg, 
antihypertensive medication(s) should be initiated or adjusted with a goal to control the 
blood pressure to <140/90 mmHg.  
 
Clinical laboratory assessments, as listed in the study calendar. 
 
Verification of an operative date for prostatectomy/pelvic lymph node dissection that allows 
for the 28 day therapeutic period as well as a 48 hour washout period prior to surgery.  
Prostatectomy may be performed via any accepted methodology (open, laparoscopic, 
robotic-assisted, etc.).  Notably, standard wait times for prostatectomy at City of Hope vary 
between 5-6 weeks from the time of biopsy confirmation of prostate cancer.  Thus, it is not 
anticipated that the current protocol will delay standard of care therapies on the control or 
experimental arms.   
 
Pre-dose Assessments on Day 1 
 
Physical examination: to identify any changes in the subject‟s mental and medical conditions 
since baseline assessment that would make him/her ineligible for the study.  
 
Blood pressure measurements: subjects must have a blood pressure reading of 
<140/90mmHg to be eligible. If anti-hypertensives were initiated and/or dosing has been 
adjusted during the Baseline Period, the blood pressure must be re-assessed on two 
occasions consecutively that are within 1 hour. The mean SBP/DBP values from both blood 
pressure assessments must be <140/90mmHg in order for a subject to be eligible. ECOG PS: 
Any changes since baseline assessment should be recorded in the eCRF.  
 
Record all the medication(s) received within 2 weeks prior to the first dose of study 
medication and indicate if the medication is continuing. 
 
Obtain archived tumor tissue samples (derived from prostatic biopsy) for biomarker 
assessments.  
 
Assessments while on Study 
 
Physical examination: to identify any changes in the subject‟s mental and medical conditions 
since baseline assessment that would make him/her ineligible for the study. This will occur 
at day 15 and day 28 of protocol-based therapy for patients randomized to the Axitinib arm 
only.  Patients will then be evaluated in the clinic with a physical examination and 
examination for pertinent toxicities one month following prostatectomy (constituting a 
standard post-operative assessment), and then every 3 months, until evidence of disease 
progression, death, or initiation of a subsequent line of prostate cancer therapy. 


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 
 
ECOG PS.  
 
PSA will be performed per the study calendar, section 10.0, from randomization until the 
development of metastatic recurrence. 
 
Blood will be sequestered for correlative studies (see section 10.1) at baseline and at the time 
of prostatectomy, as well as the post-prostatectomy follow-up visit 4 weeks following the 
procedure.  A total of 20 mL of blood will be collected at each of these visits; 10 mL will be 
collected in a CPT tube for PBMC isolation and assessment, while 10 mL will be collected 
for assessment of selected plasma angiogenic factors.  Within 4 hours of collection, this 
blood will be transported to the lab of Dr. Marcin Kortylewski (Beckman Research Institute, 
Room 3220).   
 
 
 
Post-Study Assessments 
 
Any patient who is discontinued from study treatment for any reason other than progressive 
disease (PD) will continue to have PSA measurements every 24 weeks (+/- 2 weeks) until 
the patient starts another anticancer therapy. The investigator or his/ designee will continue 
collecting information on the initiation of anticancer therapies until the date of data cutoff 
for the final analysis.  All new anticancer therapy therapies after the last dose of treatment 
will be recorded on the appropriate CRF.  
 
Clinical Laboratory Assessments 
 
The City of Hope main laboratory is to be used to perform all clinical laboratory assessments.  
Laboratory tests should be performed as indicated in the Study Calendar, section 10.0.  All 
laboratories prior to week 9 may be performed/collected within +/- 3 days of the dates specified 
in the study calendar.   From week 9 onwards, all laboratories may be performed/collected within 
+/- 7 days of the dates specified in the study calendar.  Assessments may be performed more 
frequently if clinically indicated.   
 
All laboratory tests with values that become clinically abnormal while the subject is participating 
in the study or within 28 days after the last dose of study drug should be repeated at the PI‟s 
discretion until the values return to normal or baseline.  
 
Results for all unscheduled clinical laboratory assessments (i.e., hematology, TSH/T4, 
coagulation parameters) should be recorded on an unscheduled laboratory form in the eCRF. 
 
Hematology and Clinical Chemistry 
 
Hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory parameters that should be reported include white 
blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon 
dioxide, BUN, creatinine, and blood glucose.  Assays for hematology and clinical chemistry 
should be performed at baseline, at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, , and then every 12 weeks thereafter.  
Hepatic assays should be performed at baseline, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, followed by every 12 weeks 
thereafter. 
 


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Liver Function Tests 
 
When a separate liver function test (LFT) panel is conducted, this panel should include the 
following: ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, and total bilirubin.  A direct bilirubin level 
should be obtained if the total bilirubin level is greater than 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN).  
Liver chemistry threshold stopping criteria and dose modification guidelines have been designed 
to ensure subject safety.   
 
Evaluation of Proteinuria 
 
Proteinuria will be evaluated using the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC; see Appendix B).  
UPC will be determined at times specified in the Study Calendar.   
 
Coagulation Tests 
 
Coagulation tests should be performed as specified in the Study Calendar and also in response to 
an AE/SAE as clinically indicated.  Coagulation tests include activated partial thromboplastin 
time (aPTT),prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR). 
 
Lipid Tests 
 
Lipid tests include cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 
and triglycerides.  These tests should be performed as specified in the Study Calendar.  
Additional testing may be performed if clinically indicated.  In such a case, the subject should be 
in a fasting state. 
 
Thyroid Function Tests 
 
Thyroid function tests to assess thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (free T4) 
should be performed as specified in the Study Calendar.  Unscheduled thyroid function tests 
(TSH and free T4) may be performed if clinically indicated (e.g., if a subject develops signs and 
symptoms suggestive of hypothyroidism). 
 
Statistical Considerations: 
The primary endpoint of this study is pre-metastatic niche density, as defined by the average 
number of VEGFR1 clusters in 8 distinct 40x microscopic fields.  We will use a two sample 
student‟s T-test to compare the primary endpoint of pre-metastatic niche density in the regional 
lymph nodes of patients treated with axitinib, as compared to the pre-metastatic niche density in 
the lymph nodes of patients enrolled on the control arm.  With a sample of 22 patients per group, 
we will have 80% power to determine significance across groups if the average niche density is 
3.13 in patients in the control arm, and at most 2.19 in patients treated with axitinib (a one-sided 
t-test with type I error = 10% calculated using nQuery Advisor 6.01).   


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Table of Contents 
 
SECTION 
PAGE 
1.0 
Goals and Objectives (Scientific Aims) ............................................................................ 13 
1.1 
Primary Objectives .............................................................................................. 13 
1.2 
Secondary Objectives .......................................................................................... 13 
2.0 
Background ....................................................................................................................... 13 
2.1 
Defining prognosis in prostate cancer. ................................................................. 13 
2.2 
Personalizing prognostic models in prostate cancer: The pre-metastatic niche. .. 13 
2.3 
VEGFR1+ Bone Marrow Derived Cells (BMDCs) initiate the pre-metastatic niche. 
14 
2.4 
Hypoxia-induced LOX recruits BMDCs to the pre-metastatic niche. ................. 14 
2.5 
MDSC recruitment may represent an early event in pre-metastatic niche formation. 
14 
2.6 
Preliminary Data: VEGF-TKI therapy decreases MDSC accumulation in tumor tissue. 14 
2.7 
Preliminary Data: The pre-metastatic niche is detectable in high-risk prostate cancer. 
15 
2.8 
Preliminary Data: VEGF-TKIs have demonstrable efficacy in the setting of prostate 
cancer, and have been employed in neoadjuvant trials. ....................................... 15 
2.9 
Rationale for axitinib therapy. ............................................................................. 16 
2.10 
Axitinib ................................................................................................................ 16 
3.0 
Patient Eligibility .............................................................................................................. 17 
3.1 
Inclusion Criteria ................................................................................................. 17 
3.2 
Exclusion Criteria ................................................................................................ 18 
3.3 
Inclusion of Minorities ......................................................................................... 20 
4.0 
Screening and Registration Procedures............................................................................. 20 
4.1 
Screening Procedures ........................................................................................... 20 
5.0 
Informed Consent ............................................................................................................. 21 
5.1 
Registration Requirements/Process ..................................................................... 21 
6.0 
Treatment Program ........................................................................................................... 23 
6.1 
Treatment Overview ............................................................................................ 23 
6.2 
Laboratory Studies ............................................................................................... 24 
6.3 
Studies Obtained During the Trial ....................................................................... 25 
6.4 
Post-Study Assessments ...................................................................................... 25 
6.5 
Criteria for Removal from Study ......................................................................... 25 
6.6 
Supportive Care and Other Concomitant Therapy ............................................... 26 


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7.0 
Dose Delays/Modifications for Adverse Events ............................................................... 27 
7.1 
Axitinib Dose Reduction for Hypertension ......................................................... 29 
7.2 
Axitinib Dose Reduction for Proteinuria ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 
7.3 
Axitinib Dose Interruption for Surgery or Surgical Procedures .......................... 30 
8.0 
Agent Information ............................................................................................................. 30 
8.1 
Axitinib (AG013736) ........................................................................................... 30 
8.2 
Agent Ordering .................................................................................................... 34 
9.0 
Correlative/Special Studies ............................................................................................... 34 
9.1 
Laboratory Correlative Studies ............................................................................ 34 
10.0 
Study Calendar .................................................................................................................. 36 
11.0 
Evaluation Criteria/Measurement of Effect ...................................................................... 40 
12.0 
Data Reporting/Protocol Deviations ................................................................................. 40 
12.1 
Data Reporting ..................................................................................................... 40 
12.2 
Protocol Deviations .............................................................................................. 41 
13.0 
Data and Safety Monitoring Plan ...................................................................................... 41 
13.3 
Adverse Events .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 
Regulatory Reporting Requirements for Agent(s) under an INDError! Bookmark not defined. 
1.0 
Statistical Considerations .................................................................................................. 46 
1.1 
Study Design ........................................................................................................ 46 
1.2 
Sample Size Accrual Rate .................................................................................... 46 
2.0 
Human Subject Issues ....................................................................................................... 47 
2.1 
Institutional Review Board .................................................................................. 47 
2.2 
Recruitment of Subjects ....................................................................................... 47 
2.3 
Advertisements .................................................................................................... 47 
2.4 
Study location and Performance Sites ................................................................. 47 
2.5 
Confidentiality ..................................................................................................... 47 
2.6 
Financial Obligations and Compensation ............................................................ 47 
2.7 
Informed Consent Processes ................................................................................ 47 
3.0 
References ......................................................................................................................... 48 
 
 
 


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Abbreviation 
Meaning 
AE 
Adverse Event 
CFR 
Code of Federal Regulations 
COH 
City of Hope 
CR 
Complete Response 
CRA 
Clinical Research Associate 
CTCAE 
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 
DLT 
Dose Limiting Toxicity 
DSMB 
Data Safety Monitoring Board 
FDA 
Food and Drug Administration 
GCP 
Good Clinical Practice 
IND 
Investigational New Drug 
IRB 
Institutional Review Board 
MTD 
Maximum Tolerated Dose 
NCI 
National Cancer Institute 
PD 
Progressive Disease 
PI 
Principal Investigator 
PMT 
Protocol Monitoring Team 
PR 
Partial Response 
SAE 
Serious Adverse Event 
SD 
Stable Disease 
 


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1.0 
Goals and Objectives (Scientific Aims) 
1.1 
Primary Objectives 
1.1.1 
To determine if axinitinb modulates pre-metastatic niche density in patients with high-
risk prostate cancer 
1.2 
Secondary Objectives 
1.2.1 
To determine if pre-metastatic niche density in regional LNs is associated with PFS  
1.2.2 
To determine if therapy with axitinib prolongs time to biochemical recurrence 
1.2.3 
To determine if pSTAT3 in tumor tissue is associated with biochemical recurrence 
1.2.4 
To determine if myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) recruitment in tumor tissue is 
associated with biochemical recurrence 
1.2.5 
To determine if lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression in tumor tissue is associated with 
biochemical recurrence 
1.2.6 
To evaluate time to metastatic recurrence 
1.2.7 
To determine the rate of erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence (grade ≥ 3 for 
both) in the setting of preoperative axitinib therapy 
1.2.8 
To evaluate changes in blood-based biomarkers (pSTAT3 and selected angiogenic 
factors) from baseline to the time of prostatectomy 
 
 
2.0 
Background 
2.1 
Defining prognosis in prostate cancer. 
Prostate cancer represents the most common malignancy in males, with an estimated 192,280 cases 
diagnosed in 2009.3  The incidence of prostate cancer rose sharply between 1990 and 1995, likely 
attributable to an increase in widespread adoption of PSA screening.  PSA screening has also resulted in a 
drastic stage migration in prostate cancer, with far fewer patients presenting with de novo metastatic 
disease.4  While these data are encouraging, the increasing proportion of patients with localized disease 
underscores the need to develop accurate predictive tools to determine the risk of metastatic progression.  
Clinical guidelines, such as those published by the NCCN, employ risk stratification tools combining 
stage, grade and PSA to determine the risk of biochemical recurrence after definitive local therapy.5  
These tools have been validated in several series and provide a superior basis for treatment 
recommendations compared to clinical stage alone.6,7 However, no currently available risk stratification 
schema has perfect accuracy, and furthermore, only a limited number can predict outcomes outside of 
biochemical recurrence, such as the risk of metastases and cancer-specific death.8,9 Appropriate 
identification of patients at higher likelihood for such outcomes may provide an opportunity for 
therapeutic interventions to mitigate this risk.  
 
2.2 
Personalizing prognostic models in prostate cancer: The pre-metastatic niche. 
The „seed-and-soil‟ hypothesis was proposed by Paget in 1889, and suggests that the biological 
characteristics of certain tissues may foster invasion and growth of metastases.1  Identification of these 
susceptible areas, termed pre-metastatic niches, has numerous potential clinical applications.  For 
instance, patients with more abundant niches may have increased metastatic potential – niche prevalence 


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14 
 
could therefore serve as a personalized supplement to current prognostic models.2  Alternatively, the pre-
metastatic niche could act as a target of anticancer therapy, preventing metastases from developing.  A 
necessary precursor to clinical use of the pre-metastatic niche is accurate molecular characterization of 
this entity.  The seminal studies defining the composition of the pre-metastatic niche are described herein.  
 
2.3 
VEGFR1+ Bone Marrow Derived Cells (BMDCs) initiate the pre-metastatic niche.  
Kaplan et al assessed mice injected with either LLC or B16 melanoma cells.  While LLC cells have a 
predilection for pulmonary spread, B16 melanoma cells metastasize in a more widely disseminated 
fashion.  At day 14 after tumor inoculation, it was observed that deposition and clustering of VEGFR1+ 
BMDCs occurred in terminal bronchioles prior to arrival of tumor cells.  By day 23, tumor 
micrometastases were visible.  Sites of BMDC clustering appeared to be tumor specific; while LLC cells 
deposited only in the lungs and liver, B16 cells deposited in a range of tissues, such as the lung, liver, 
testis and spleen.  VEGFR1+ BMDCs recruited to pre-metastatic niche sites had increased expression of 
the fibronectin receptor VLA-4 (integrin 
4
1), implicating the role of fibronectin in BMDC clustering.   
 
2.4 
Hypoxia-induced LOX recruits BMDCs to the pre-metastatic niche.   
LOX is an enzyme that crosslinks elastin and collagen in the ECM.10  Conditions of hypoxia lead to 
increased expression of LOX, and increased LOX expression has been linked to an increased risk of 
metastasis across a spectrum of malignancies.11  As a result of the latter, the role of LOX has been 
examined in formation of the pre-metastatic niche.  Erler et al assessed mice orthotopically implanted 
with MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (wild type, WT) or MDA-MB-231 cells expressing a LOX-
targeting shRNA.12  Decreased expression of LOX in MDA-MB-231 cells led to decreased numbers of 
pulmonary metastatic lesions.  Subsequent kinetic studies demonstrated that LOX expression enhanced 
recruitment of BMDCs to future sites of metastasis.  Thus, LOX appears to have a critical role in pre-
metastatic niche formation.  
 
2.5 
MDSC recruitment may represent an early event in pre-metastatic niche formation.  
Amongst the VEGFR1+ BMDCs that populate the pre-metastatic niche, a proportion are MDSCs, 
characterized by a Gr-1+/MAC1+ immunophenotype.2  Recent evidence suggests that MDSCs play a 
critical role in inhibition of the antitumor immune response.13 The recruitment of MDSCs to tumor sites 
appears to be driven by Stat3, and work done in Dr Hua Yu‟s laboratory at our institution suggests that 
Stat3 may further activate tumor angiogenesis, promoting a functional tumor micro-environment.14  Thus, 
abrogation of Stat3-mediated MDSC recruitment to the pre-metastatic niche may reduce metastatic 
potential.  As discussed in the subsequent section, therapy with a VEGF-TKI could potentially inhibit 
these Stat3-mediated effects.     
 
2.6 
Preliminary Data: VEGF-TKI therapy decreases MDSC accumulation in tumor tissue.   
We have previously reported a series of experiments in Renca-tumor bearing mice suggesting an 
antitumor effect of sunitinib that is Stat3 dependent.15  Specifically, our studies demonstrate a reduction in 
Stat3 activation in MDSCs with sunitinib therapy.  This reduction correlated with a decrease in 
expression of Stat3-mediated pro-angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and CXCL2 (the latter inhibits 
endothelial progenitor cell recruitment).16 Furthermore, treatment with sunitinib decreased recruitment of 
MDSCs to tumor tissue.  
 


. 
15 
 
2.7 
Preliminary Data: The pre-metastatic niche is detectable in high-risk prostate cancer.  
To determine the role of the pre-metastatic niche in prostate cancer, we embarked on a separate 
retrospective study, specifically examining the predictive role of the niche in the benign lymph nodes of 
men with high risk prostate cancer.  In COH IRB 09213, the City of Hope Prostate Cancer Database 
(COH Database) was used to identify 46 patients with high-risk PCa (baseline PSA > 20, pT3a-4 disease, 
or biopsy Gleason 8-10) who had undergone radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection 
(PLND).  The COH PCR prospectively collects clinical data associated with patients undergoing 
prostatectomy at the institution, and warehouses available clinical specimens.  Benign tissue specimens 
(paraffin-embedded) derived from PLND were acquired for each patient, and were stained for VEGFR1 
expression.  VEGFR1+ cell clusters were counted within 8 distinct 40x fields, and the cluster count was 
averaged. The average cluster count was 3.13 (standard deviation, 1.43), and ranged from 0-6.25 (see 
Figure 1).  VEGFR1+ clustering in PLND specimens was a significant predictor of biochemical 
recurrence on multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, and outperformed other variables including 
established prognostic factors such as age, extracapsular spread, seminal vesicle invasion, and the 
aforementioned high-risk features.  Patients with increased VEGFR1+ clustering pelvic lymph node tissue 
had a shorter interval to biochemical recurrence (HR 0.18, P<0.10). These preliminary results indicate 
that increased VEGFR1+ cell clustering in benign nodal tissue may predict poorer clinical outcome in 
patients with high-risk PCa.  Our dataset is consistent with a recent report from Fujita et al (Cancer Sci 
2009; 100(6):1047-50), which also suggested that VEGFR1 staining in pelvic lymph nodes predicted the 
risk of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in a more heterogeneous group.  Together with 
our dataset, there is emerging rationale for examining VEGFR1 as a key component of the pre-metastatic 
niche.  
 
 
2.8 
Preliminary Data: VEGF-TKIs have demonstrable efficacy in the setting of prostate 
cancer, and have been employed in neoadjuvant trials.   
Data has emerged for the agent sunitinib in the setting of metastatic, hormone refractory prostate cancer.  
In one phase II study, patients who had received no prior cytotoxic therapy (Group A) or prior docetaxel 
therapy (Group B), (n=17 in each group), were treated with daily sunitinib.18  One patient in each group 


. 
16 
 
had a documented PSA response.  Furthermore, 7 and 8 patients had a stable PSA at 12 weeks in groups 
A and B, respectively.  Interestingly, radiographic responses were observed in the absence of PSA 
responses.  A separate phase II study assessed sunitinib specifically in the setting of docetaxel failure, and 
elicited similar response rates.19  Preclinical studies have suggested potential synergy between sunitinib 
and docetaxel; this combined regimen is being further explored.20,21  At least two studies have assessed 
sunitinib prior to prostatectomy.22,23  An experience reported by the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 
exploring three cycles of sunitinib (37.5 mg oral daily) prior to surgery enrolled a total of 44 patients.23  
Thus far, in 30 patients that have completed surgery, 1 CR has been reported.  However, 3 patients were 
characterized as treatment failures (defined by unresectable pelvic nodal disease, confirmed post-
operative PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL, or administration of post-operative radiation or ADT.  Thus, while sunitinib 
appears to be relatively safe in the neoadjuvant setting (no grade 4 toxicities or toxicity-related 
discontinuations were observed), there may be rationale to explore more potent agents in this setting, such 
as axitinib.   
 
2.9 
Rationale for axitinib therapy.  
Axitinib has been chosen because of its higher affinity for VEGFR1  compared to sunitinib (IC50 = 1 nM 
versus 23 nM).24 Given the role of VEGFR1+ cells in establishing the pre-metastatic niche, axitinib will 
presumably have a more potent effect on niche formation.  Axitinib is currently under investigation in 
several solid malignancies.25,26  The area of most pronounced development is in the domain of mRCC.  In 
a study including 62 patients who had received prior sorafenib therapy, an ORR of 22.6% and median 
duration of response of 17.5 months were recorded.27  In a separate study including patients who had 
failed prior cytokine therapy, an even more impressive ORR of 44.6% was recorded.28  A phase III study 
of axitinib as second-line therapy in mRCC is ongoing, comparing the agent to sorafenib.29  The extensive 
prior use of axitinib in other solid tumors suggests the safety of monotherapy.   
 
2.10 
Axitinib 
Axitinib is an oral, potent and selective inhibitor of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) receptors 
1, 2, and 3. It is being evaluated for use in solid tumors. VEGF receptors are critical components of the 
processes leading to the branching, extension, and survival of endothelial cells which form new blood 
vessels during angiogenesis, an absolute necessity for tumor growth beyond microscopic size. In 
nonclinical tumor mouse models, twice-daily (BID) oral administration of axitinib demonstrated 
consistent and significant anti-tumor efficacy (marked inhibitory effect on local and distant tumor 
metastasis and prolonged animal survival). In multiple animal models, combination of axitinib with 
various standard chemotherapies (eg, docetaxel or carboplatin) and other antiangiogenic agents (eg, 
bevacizumab) demonstrated improved benefit compared with single-agent chemotherapeutic/ 
antiangiogenic agents. 
The nonclinical safety profile of axitinib has been well characterized through the conduct of single-dose 
and repeat-dose toxicity studies of up to 39 weeks in duration, and safety pharmacology, genetic toxicity, 
reproductive and developmental toxicity, and phototoxicity studies. The primary target organ toxicities 
were observed in the gastrointestinal,hematopoietic, musculoskeletal, and reproductive systems. 
Additionally, hemodynamic effects (elevated blood pressure, reduced heart rate) were identified from 
repeat-dosing in conscious, telemetered animals. Axitinib was not identified as a mutagen or clastogen,but 
considered an aneugen at AUC exposure that exceeds that at the recommended human dose (RHD) of 5 
mg BID. While axitinib has relevant UV absorbance with the potential to distribute to sun-exposed 
tissues, no phototoxicity potential was identified from in vitro testing in 3T3 fibroblasts. Many of the 
findings identified from non-clinical safety testing are consistent with the anticipated pharmacological 


. 
17 
 
response to a VEGFR inhibitor, including the blood pressure changes and effects on ovarian follicles and 
the growth plate of actively growing animals, which are reliant on angiogenesis for development.  
Fertility and developmental effects were also observed, consistent with the effects identified from toxicity 
studies on reproductive organs and role of angiogenesis in the development of a fetus. In mice, rats, dogs, 
monkeys, and humans, axitinib appeared to undergo some cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated 
metabolism. In vitro studies demonstrated that axitinib was predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4 and 
to a lesser extent by CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and UGT1A1. CYP inhibition and induction studies suggest the 
potential for clinical interactions with substrates of CYP2C8 and CYP1A2. Axitinib and its metabolites 
were widely distributed into tissues in mice, but were not accumulated or retained for long periods in 
most tissues. The plasma protein binding was 97%, 98%, and 99% in the mouse, dog, and human, 
respectively. 
In humans, the median recovery of [14C]axitinib radioactivity in feces was 37.0% and in urine was 22.7% 
(total recovery = 59.7%) of the total orally administered dose (5 mg). In plasma, the glucuronide was the 
predominant metabolite and accounted for approximately 50% of the circulating radioactivity. The 
sulfoxide and unchanged parent drug accounted for approximately 20% of the circulating radioactivity. In 
feces, the parent drug represented the single most predominant radioactive component (12% of the dose). 
As of 03 June 2009, 35 studies evaluating the safety, efficacy, and PK of axitinib have been completed or 
are ongoing. These studies include 11 Phase 1 studies in healthy subjects and 24 studies in subjects with 
cancer including 1 continued access protocol. Data are available for 24 of these studies. 
A study in healthy volunteers (Protocol A4061007) indicated that the mean absolute oral bioavailability 
of the drug was 58%. Interaction studies in healthy volunteers with ketoconazole (CYP3A4 inhibitor) and 
rifampin (CYP3A inducer) produced a 2-fold increase and 79% reduction in axitinib plasma exposures, 
respectively (Protocols A4061004 and A4061026). Axitinib has two major (non-pharmacologically 
active) circulating plasma metabolites, a glucuronide product and a sulfoxide product (Protocol 
A4061003). In subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B), there was a ~2-fold increase in 
axitinib AUC0-∞ and a 1.3-fold increase in axitinib Cmax compared to subjects with normal hepatic 
function (Protocol A4061036). No difference in axitinib plasma pharmacokinetics was observed between 
Caucasian and first-generation Japanese volunteers (n=20 each) (Protocol A4061026). Phase 1 studies in 
combination with chemotherapeutic/anticancer agents in cancer patients have indicated plasma 
pharmacokinetics of docetaxel, paclitaxel, carboplatin, capecitabine, gemcitabine, cisplatin, pemetrexed, 
oxaliplatin, 5-FU, bevacizumab and irinotecan (including SN-38) were similar in the absence and 
presence of axitinib. Likewise, axitinib plasma profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in 
the presence and absence of these coadministered chemotherapeutic/anticancer agents (Protocols 
A4061019 and A4061020). In all ongoing studies, the starting dose is 5 mg BID axitinib and the dose is 
titrated up to 7 mg BID and then to a maximum of 10 mg BID in patients tolerating axitinib. 
Currently, those subjects who could tolerate axitinib with no adverse events related to axitinib above 
CTCAE Grade 2 for consecutive 2 week periods are permitted to increase their dose step-wise to 7 mg 
BID and then to 10 mg BID, unless their BP is >150/90 mm Hg or the subject is receiving 
antihypertensive medication. All ongoing studies allow axitinib dose reductions to as low as 2 mg BID for 
> Grade 2 treatment-related adverse events. 
Overall, the adverse events reported for axitinib in clinical studies are considered manageable, generally 
reversible and expected for this class of agents (described in detail herein). 
3.0 
Patient Eligibility 
3.1 
Inclusion Criteria  
3.1.1 
Histologically confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer 


. 
18 
 
3.1.2 
High-risk prostate cancer as defined by 1 of the 3 following criteria: (1) baseline PSA > 
20, (2) clinical stage ≥ T3a, and (3) Gleason score 8-9.   
3.1.3 
Subjects must be appropriate candidates for prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node 
dissection, as deemed by a multidisciplinary team. Subjects must provide informed 
consent to these procedures prior to initiating study treatment 
3.1.4 
Subjects must provide written informed consent prior to performance of study-specific 
procedures or assessments, and must be willing to comply with treatment and follow-up. 
Procedures conducted as part of the subject‟s routine clinical management (e.g., blood 
count, imaging study) and obtained prior to signing of informed consent may be utilized 
for screening or baseline purposes provided these procedures are conducted as specified 
in the protocol.   
3.1.5 
Adequate organ function as defined by the following criteria: 
3.1.5.1 absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 1500 cells/mm3; 
3.1.5.2 platelets 100,000 cells/mm3. 
3.1.5.3 Hemoglobin 9.0 g/dL. 
3.1.5.4 AST and ALT 2.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN); 
3.1.5.5 Total bilirubin 1.5 x ULN; 
3.1.5.6 Serum creatinine 1.5 x ULN or calculated creatinine clearance 60 
mL/min; 
3.1.5.7 Urinary protein <2+ by urine analysis (UA).  If UA is 
2+ for 
protein then a 24-hour urine collection can be done and the patient 
may enter only if urinary protein is <2 g per 24 hours. 
3.1.6 
Male patients, age 18 years.  
3.1.7 
ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. 
3.1.8 
Life expectancy of ≥12 weeks. 
3.1.9 
No prior systemic therapy for prostate cancer 
3.1.10 No evidence of preexisting uncontrolled hypertension as documented by 2 consecutive 
blood pressure readings taken within 1 hour.  The baseline systolic blood pressure 
readings must be 140 mm Hg, and the baseline diastolic blood pressure readings must 
be 90 mm Hg.  Patients whose hypertension is controlled by antihypertensive therapies 
are eligible. 
3.1.11 Within 2 weeks of consent (and prior to initiating systemic therapy with axitinib if 
randomized to that arm), patients should visit with a radiation oncologist to discuss the 
option of radiation therapy (potentially with concomitant androgen deprivation therapy) 
for high-risk disease.  If the patient has met with a radiation oncologist within 3 months 
of study enrollment to discuss the possibility of radiation therapy for localized prostate 
cancer, then this will suffice.  Patients do have the right to refuse this consultation; if this 
is the case, it must be documented by the treating physician in the medical record. 
 
Signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient (or legally acceptable 
representative) has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the trial prior to 
enrollment. 
3.2 
Exclusion Criteria 
3.2.1 
Prior systemic therapy for prostate cancer (including but not limited to endocrine therapy; 
i.e., LHRH analogues, antiandrogens, etc.) 
3.2.2 
Evidence of metastatic disease 
3.2.3 
Prior radiation therapy for prostate cancer 


. 
19 
 
3.2.4 
Known history of allergic reactions to axitinib or other VEGF-TKIs 
3.2.5 
Presence of serious or uncontrolled infection 
3.2.6 
Major surgery <4 weeks of starting the study treatment.   
3.2.7 
Gastrointestinal abnormalities including: 
3.2.7.1 inability to take oral medication;  
3.2.7.2 requirement for intravenous alimentation; 
3.2.7.3 prior surgical procedures affecting absorption including total gastric resection; 
3.2.7.4 treatment for active peptic ulcer disease in the past 6 months;  
3.2.7.5 active gastrointestinal bleeding, unrelated to cancer, as evidenced by 
hematemesis, hematochezia or melena in the past 3 months without evidence of 
resolution documented by endoscopy or colonoscopy; 
3.2.7.6 malabsorption syndromes. 
3.2.8 
Current use or anticipated need for treatment with drugs that are known potent CYP3A4 
inhibitors (ie, grapefruit juice, verapamil, ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, 
erythromycin, telithromycin, clarithromycin, indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, 
lopinavir, atazanavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir and delavirdine). (Note: This is not a 
comprehensive list.  For a comprehensive list of CYP3A4 inhibitors, please refer to the 
following link:  http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx; patients who are 
using these agents will be excluded.) 
3.2.9 
Current use or anticipated need for treatment with drugs that are known potent CYP3A4 
or CYP1A2 inducers (ie, carbamazepine, dexamethasone, felbamate, omeprazole, 
phenobarbital, phenytoin, amobarbital, nevirapine, primidone, rifabutin, rifampin, and St. 
John‟s wort). (Note: This is not a comprehensive list.  For a comprehensive list of 
CYP1A2 
and 
CYP3A4 
inducers, 
please 
refer 
to 
the 
following 
link:  
http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx; patients who are using these agents 
will be excluded.) 
3.2.10 Requirement of anticoagulant therapy with oral vitamin K antagonists.  Therapeutic use 
of low molecular weight heparin is allowed. 
3.2.11 Active seizure disorder 
3.2.12 A serious uncontrolled medical disorder or active infection that would impair their ability 
to receive study treatment. 
3.2.13 Any of the following within the 12 months prior to study drug administration:  
myocardial infarction, uncontrolled angina, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, 
symptomatic congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic 
attack and 6 months for deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.   
3.2.14 Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 
(AIDS)-related illness. 
3.2.15 History of a malignancy (other than prostate cancer) except those treated with curative 
intent for skin cancer (other than melanoma), in situ breast or in situ cervical cancer, or 
those treated with curative intent for any other cancer with no evidence of disease for 
2 years. 
3.2.16 Dementia or significantly altered mental status that would prohibit the understanding or 
rendering of informed consent and compliance with the requirements of this protocol. 
3.2.17 Other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition, or laboratory abnormality 
that may increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug 
administration, or may interfere with the interpretation of study results, and in the 
judgment of the investigator would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this 
study. 
 


. 
20 
 
3.3 
Inclusion of Minorities 
The study is open to all participants regardless of ethnicity.  Efforts will be made to extend the accrual to 
a representative population, but in this trial which will accrue approximately 44 patients, a balance must 
be struck between patient safety considerations and limitations on the number of individuals exposed to 
potentially toxic or ineffective treatments on the one hand and the need to explore racial and ethnic 
aspects of clinical research on the other.  If differences in outcome that correlate to racial or ethnic 
identity are noted, accrual may be expanded or additional studies may be performed to investigate those 
differences more fully. 
4.0 
Screening and Registration Procedures 
4.1 
Screening Procedures 
Diagnostic or laboratory studies performed exclusively to determine eligibility for this trial will be done 
only after obtaining written informed consent.  Documentation of the informed consent for screening will 
be maintained in the patient‟s research chart and medical record. Studies or procedures that were 
performed for clinical indications (not exclusively to determine study eligibility) and within the screening 
window may be used for baseline values even if the studies were done before informed consent was 
obtained.  If a patient is randomized, but ultimately does not meet the eligibility criteria for the study, he 
will be considered a “screen failure” and will not participate in the study.  A list of screen failures and the 
reason for which they are considered a screen failure will be maintained.  
4.1.1 
Assessments within 8 weeks of the first dose 
4.1.1.1 4.1.1.1 Baseline bone scan for tumor assessment 
4.1.1.2 Baseline CT or MRI scan of the abdomen and pelvis 
 
4.1.2 
Assessments within 2 weeks of the first dose 
4.1.2.1 Demography: date of birth, race and gender. 
4.1.2.2 Medical history:  
4.1.2.2.1 
Prostate cancer-specific history including: date of diagnosis, current 
stage of cancer, prior systemic treatment for prostate cancer (an 
exclusion criterion); and history of other malignancies 
4.1.2.2.2 
Prior surgery and/or radiotherapy (date, organ/anatomic region(s) of 
surgery and/or radiotherapy must be documented), other significant 
medical and surgical histories within the past 6 months.  
4.1.2.3  
4.1.2.4  
4.1.2.5 Physical examinations: height (only recorded at baseline) and body weight and 
current medical conditions. 
4.1.2.6 Vital signs: body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate. Note: If a subject 
presents with poorly controlled hypertension, defined as SBP 
140mmHg or 
DBP 90mmHg, antihypertensive medication(s) should be initiated or adjusted 
with a goal to control the blood pressure to <140/90 mmHg.  
4.1.2.7 ECOG PS 


. 
21 
 
4.1.2.8 Clinical laboratory assessments, as listed on the study calendar. 
4.1.2.9 
Verification of an operative date for prostatectomy/pelvic lymph node dissection 
that allows for the 28 day therapeutic period as well as a 48 hour washout period 
prior to surgery.  Prostatectomy may be performed via any accepted methodology 
(open, laparoscopic, robotic-assisted, etc.).  Notably, standard wait times for 
prostatectomy at City of Hope vary between 5-6 weeks from the time of biopsy 
confirmation of prostate cancer.  Thus, it is not anticipated that the current 
protocol will delay standard of care therapies on the control or experimental 
arms.   
4.1.2.10 Randomization to either surgery alone or preoperative axitinib therapy, to be 
performed by the designated study biostatistician 
4.1.3 
Pre-dose Assessments on Day 1 for patients randomized to axitinib (Note: Day 1 for 
patients randomized to axitinib treatment is considered the first day of axitinib therapy, 
whereas Day 1 for patients randomized to observation will represent the date of surgical 
intervention.  Thus, the observation period reflects the time elapsed between the date of 
consent and the date of surgery.) 
4.1.3.1 Physical examination: to identify any changes in the subject‟s mental and medical 
conditions since baseline assessment that would make him/her ineligible for the 
study.  
4.1.3.2 Blood pressure measurements: subjects must have a blood pressure reading of 
<140/90mmHg to be eligible. If anti-hypertensives were initiated and/or dosing 
has been adjusted during the Baseline Period, the blood pressure must be re-
assessed on two occasions consecutively that are separated by a minimum of 1 
hour. The mean SBP/DBP values from both blood pressure assessments must be 
<140/90mmHg in order for a subject to be eligible. These two assessments must 
also be the most recent ones prior to treatment (the blood pressure values from 
the later assessment will be used as the subject‟s baseline blood pressure values).  
4.1.3.3 ECOG PS.  
4.1.3.4 Record all the medication(s) received within 2 weeks prior to the first dose of study 
medication and indicate if the medication is continuing. 
4.1.3.5 Obtain archived tumor tissue samples for biomarker assessments.  
5.0 
Informed Consent  
The investigational nature and objectives of the trial, the procedures and treatments involved and their 
attendant risks and discomforts, and potential alternative therapies will be carefully explained to the 
patient and a signed informed consent will be obtained. 
5.1 
Registration Requirements/Process 
To register a patient, the treating physician should contact the protocol nurse or the responsible Clinical 
Research Associate (CRA) in Clinical Trial Office (CTO) to complete the eligibility/registration form. 
The protocol nurse or CRA will contact the Data Coordinating Center at the City of Hope (626-256-4673, 
ext. 64267 or e-mail dcc@coh.org), EMAIL a copy of the completed eligibility checklist, required pre-
study tests (per protocol – and may include laboratory, CT and pathology reports), signed Informed 
Consent, signed Patients' Bill of Rights and HIPAA authorization form to dcc@coh.org. 


. 
22 
 
Registration Process 
The patient registration process will be handled by the Department of  
Clinical 
Research Information Support (CRIS) Data Coordinating Center (DCC) at City of Hope.  The steps below 
are to be taken when registering a patient: 
 
The research staff must assure they have the most current and updated version of the protocol 
and informed consent prior to enrolling a patient.  If a question arises, please contact the Data 
Coordinating Center at 626-256-4673 extension 64267 or via email at  dcc@coh.org.   
 
The study staff must assure that all prestudy laboratory tests, scans and x-rays have been 
completed prior to registration according to the study calendar 
 
The  study staff must assure that the patient has signed an approved informed consent prior to 
registration/randomization, including the Experimental Subject Bill of Rights and appropriate 
HIPAA authorization. 
 
The study staff must confirm that the patient meets all inclusion and exclusion eligibility 
criteria for the protocol.  The eligibility checklist (provided by the COH DCC) must be 
completed in its entirety. 
 
Patients must be registered prior to initiation of treatment but no more than 5 working days 
prior to planned start of treatment.  A patient failing to meet all protocol requirements may 
not be registered.   
 
Once a patient is eligible, all the pre-study requirements have been fulfilled, and the informed 
consent obtained, the research nurse or the data manager (study coordinator) will inform the 
COH Data Coordinating Center at (626) 256-4673, extension 64267; email dcc@coh.org and 
FAX (fax number 626 256-8794) a copy of the patient‟s signed informed consent, , 
completed eligibility checklist and corresponding source documentation confirming 
eligibility (including pathology reports, lab reports, x-ray reports, etc.). 
 
The City of Hope Data Coordinating Center will: 
 
Review all materials/source documentation to ensure the patient is eligible.   
 
Ensure the consent form is valid and is signed correctly by all parties.  If additional 
information is needed or should there be any questions, the Data Coordinating Center will 
immediately contact the participating institution and registration will not occur until all issues 
are resolved.   
 
If there are questions regarding exceptions to the eligibility criteria, please contact he study 
Principal Investigator, as well as the COH DCC.  Documentation of IRB approval of 
exception will need to be submitted as well as the COH DCC. 
 
The patient will be registered and randomized centrally at City of Hope. 
 
Confirmation of Registration/Randomization will be emailed/faxed to the  study staff noting 
the patient‟s study number as well as assigning the randomization arm within 24 hours post 
receipt of a complete eligibility packet. 
 
The COH DCC will call the research nurse or data manager (study coordinator) and verbally 
confirm the registration (if needed). 


. 
23 
 
 
If the patient does not receive protocol therapy following registration, the patient‟s 
registration on the study may be cancelled.  The COH DCC should be notified of 
cancellations as soon as possible. 
 
The COH DCC will log into the Electronic Data Capture (EDC) system and enter the 
patient‟s study number. 
 
 
5.2 Randomization 
Randomization will be performed by the Department of Biostatistics 
 
6.0 
Treatment Program 
6.1 
Treatment Overview 
Treatment will be administered in an outpatient setting. 
6.1.1 
Schedule 
In patients on the experimental arm, axitinib should be taken at a dose of 5 mg oral bid, with 28 days of 
therapy constituting 1 cycle.   
The date of initiation of axitinib therapy will be contingent upon the date selected for prostatectomy and 
pelvic lymph node dissection, with 28 days of planned therapy to conclude 48 hours prior to surgical 
intervention.  
In patients on the control arm, no systemic therapy will be instituted.  Rather, prostatectomy and pelvic 
lymph node dissection will be carried out within 5-6 weeks after biopsy confirmation of prostate cancer.    
6.1.2 
Criteria for Starting Subsequent Cycles 
Only one cycle of axitinib (28 days of therapy) will be instituted in the current protocol.   


. 
24 
 
6.2 
Laboratory Studies 
A local laboratory is to be used to perform all clinical laboratory assessments.  Laboratory tests should be 
performed as indicated in the Time and Events Table(s).  All laboratories prior to week 9 may be 
performed/collected within +/- 3 days of the dates specified in the study calendar.   From week 9 
onwards, all laboratories may be performed/collected within +/- 7 days of the dates specified in the study 
calendar.  Assessments may be performed more frequently if clinically indicated.   
All laboratory tests with values that become clinically abnormal while the subject is participating in the 
study or within 28 days after the last dose of study drug should be repeated until the values return to 
normal or baseline.  
Results for all unscheduled clinical laboratory assessments (i.e., haematology, TSH/T4, coagulation 
parameters) should be recorded on an unscheduled laboratory form in the eCRF. 
Hematology and Clinical Chemistry 
Hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory parameters that should be reported include white blood cell 
count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, 
creatinine, and blood glucose.  Assays for hematology and clinical chemistry should be performed 
according to the study calendar. Estimated creatinine clearance should be calculated using the Cockroft 
and Gault method.   
Liver Function Tests 
When a separate liver function test (LFT) panel is conducted, this panel should include the following: 
ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase,, and total bilirubin.  A direct bilirubin level should be obtained if the 
total bilirubin level is greater than 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN).  Liver chemistry threshold stopping 
criteria and dose modification guidelines have been designed to ensure subject safety.   
Evaluation of ProteinuriaTo be eligible for the current protocol, urinary protein must be <2+ by 
standard urine analysis (UA).  If UA is 2+ for protein then a 24-hour urine collection can be done and 
the patient may enter only if urinary protein is <2 g per 24 hours.Proteinuria will be evaluated using the 
urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC; see Appendix B).  .   
 
Coagulation Tests 
Coagulation tests should be performed as specified in the Time and Events Table and also in response to 
an AE/SAE as clinically indicated.  Coagulation tests include activated partial thromboplastin time 
(aPTT),prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR). 
Lipid Tests 
Lipid tests include cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 
triglycerides.  These tests should be performed as specified in the Time and Events Table.  Additional 
testing may be performed if clinically indicated.  In such a case, the subject should be in a fasting state. 


. 
25 
 
Thyroid Function Tests 
Thyroid function tests to assess thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (free T4) should be 
performed as specified in the Study Calendar.  Unscheduled thyroid function tests (TSH and free T4) may 
be performed if clinically indicated (e.g., if a subject develops signs and symptoms suggestive of 
hypothyroidism). 
6.3 
Studies Obtained During the Trial 
Physical examination: to identify any changes in the subject‟s mental and medical conditions since 
baseline assessment that would make him ineligible for the study. This will occur as per the study 
calendar.  Patients will then be evaluated in the clinic with a physical examination and examination for 
pertinent toxicities one month following prostatectomy (constituting a standard post-operative 
assessment), and then every 3 months, until evidence of disease progression, death, or initiation of a 
subsequent line of prostate cancer therapy.  
 
ECOG PS: Per study calendar, section 10.0.  
 
PSA will be performed per the study calendar, section 10.0, from randomization until the development of 
metastatic recurrence.  
 
Blood will be sequestered for correlative studies (see section 10.1) at baseline and at the time of 
prostatectomy, as well as the post-prostatectomy follow-up visit 4 weeks following the procedure.  A total 
of 20 mL of blood will be collected at each of these visits; 10 mL will be collected in a CPT tube for 
PBMC isolation and assessment, while 10 mL will be collected for assessment of selected plasma 
angiogenic factors.  Within 4 hours of collection, this blood will be transported to the lab of Dr. Marcin 
Kortylewski (Beckman Research Institute, Room 3220).   
6.4 
Post-Study Assessments 
Any patient who is discontinued from study treatment for any reason other than progressive disease (PD) 
will continue to have PSA measurements every 24 weeks (+/- 2 weeks) until the patient starts another 
anticancer therapy. The investigator or his/her designee will continue collecting information on the 
initiation of anticancer therapies until the date of data cutoff for the final analysis.  All new anticancer 
therapy therapies after the last dose of treatment will be recorded on the appropriate CRF.  
6.5 
Criteria for Removal from Study 
Treatment may continue until one of the following criteria applies: 
 
Disease progression, 
 
Intercurrent illness that prevents further administration of treatment, 
 
Unacceptable adverse event(s), 
 
Patient decides to withdraw from the study,  
 
General or specific changes in the patient's condition render the patient unacceptable for further 
treatment in the judgment of the investigator, or 
 
Treatment delays of > 1 week due to adverse events. 
 
Treatment may be interrupted for up to 1 week and missed doses should be omitted.  However, patients 
will be replaced if they do not receive at least 75% of the planned treatment with axtinib in the first cycle 
of therapy, amounting to 21 days of treatment out of the planned 28 days of therapy. 


. 
26 
 
6.6 
Supportive Care and Other Concomitant Therapy 
6.6.1 
Investigational Therapy 
No other investigational treatment may be given while the patient is on study. 
6.6.2 
Supportive Care 
Appropriate antibiotics, blood products, antiemetics, fluids, electrolytes and general supportive care are to 
be used as necessary. 
6.6.3 
Concomitant Medications 
Palliative and supportive care for disease-related symptoms, including pain medications, is permitted. 
Patients may receive loperamide or other medications for treatment or prophylaxis of potential diarrhea.  
Specific guidelines for managing diarrhea are noted in Appendix C.  Anti-inflammatory or narcotic 
analgesics may be offered as needed.  Patients with fever or infection may undergo diagnostic tests and 
treated with antibiotics as appropriate and may receive therapeutic colony-stimulating factors as 
appropriate.  Erythropoietic agents such as epoetin or darbepoetin may be used at the discretion of the 
treating physician.  Packed red blood cell and platelet transfusions should be administered as clinically 
indicated.  Low-dose oral steroids (defined as <5 mg per day prednisone or equivalent), short course of 
oral steroids (defined as < 5 consecutive days or topical or inhaled steroids at any dose may be taken 
during the study.   
Patients who need to be on anticoagulant therapy during treatment with axitinib should be treated with 
low molecular weight heparin as the preferred therapy.  The administration of coumadin or other 
coumarin derivatives is not allowed due to the possibility of inhibition of CYP1A2-mediated metabolism 
of coumadin by axitiniband resultant effects on coagulation parameters.  
In vitro studies with human liver microenzymes and recombinant CYP enzymes indicated that axitinib 
metabolism was primarily mediated by the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A, and to a lesser extent by 
CYP1A2.  Additionally, the drug also undergoes N-glucuronidation in liver microsomes of some species.  
Clinically, there is likelihood that axitinib plasma concentrations may be increased in the presence of 
co-administered potent inhibitors of the CYP3A and glucuronosyltransferase enzymes.  In a healthy 
volunteer study, ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A inhibitor, produced a 2-fold increase in plasma exposure 
and a 1.5-fold increase in peak plasma concentration of axitinib. Therefore a  potential exists for 
drug-drug interactions with CYP3A inhibitors such as grapefruit juice, ketoconazole, miconazole, 
itraconazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin, verapamil, indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, 
nelfinavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir and delavirdine.  Treatment is prohibited in 
patients receiving axitinib in combination with these and other potent CYP3A inhibitors until appropriate 
clinical drug interaction studies are performed. 
Axitinib metabolism may be induced in patients taking CYP3A4 or CYP1A2 inducers (carbamazepine, 
dexamethasone, felbamate, omeprazole, phenobarbital, amobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, rifabutin, 
rifampin, nevirapine, and St John‟s wort) and this may reduce axitinib plasma concentrations.  Patients 
who require concomitant treatment with potent CYP3A4 or CYP1A2 inducers are not eligible for the 
study.  Since CYP1A2 is also known to be induced in chronic smokers, there is likelihood that axitinib 
plasma concentrations may be reduced in these individuals.  (Note: these patients are not excluded from 
enrolment, however.) 
The ability of axitinib to increase concentrations of coadministered drugs was also investigated in studies 
with human liver microsomes.  At expected therapeutic plasma concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 μg/mL), 


. 
27 
 
axitinib appears most likely to inhibit the drug metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C8, 2 enzymes 
not frequently observed as predominant drug metabolizing enzymes.  Theophylline, and tacrine are 
among the few drugs whose plasma concentrations are likely to be increased by axitinib. 
Axitinib is highly bound to proteins in human plasma (99.5% bound at concentrations between 0.2 to 20 
μg/mL).  Therefore, drug interactions with other agents that are also highly bound to plasma proteins are a 
possibility. 
Patients who need to be on chronic antacid therapy with histamine H2 antagonists (eg, cimetidine 
[Tagamet®], famotidine [Pepcid®], nizatidine [Axid®], ranitidine [Zantac®]), proton-pump inhibitors (eg, 
lansoprazole [Prevacid®], rabeprazole [Aciphex®], pantoprazole [Protonix®], and esomeprazole 
[Nexium®]), or locally acting antacids (eg, Maalox®, Milk of Magnesia®, Amphojel®) should stagger the 
timing of their axitinib and antacid dosing.  Patients should avoid use of antacids for 2 hours before 
through 2 hours after taking axitinib tablets.  Note, however, that patients taking the proton-pump 
inhibitor omeprazole (Prilosec®) are not eligible for this study and that patients should not use omeprazole 
while taking axitinib tablets because omeprazole is a CYP1A2 inducer. 
Axitinib is not likely to have drug-drug interactions with commonly used antihypertensive agents 
belonging to the class of ACE inhibitors including angiotensin II receptor antagonists (enalapril, 
captopril, 
losartan, 
vasartan), 
beta-blockers 
(atenolol, 
metoprolol, 
labetalol), 
or 
diuretics 
(hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide).  Within the class of calcium channel blockers, verapamil, and to a 
lesser extent nifedipine, nicardipine, and diltiazem have a potential for increasing plasma AG-013736 
plasma concentrations, due to CYP3A inhibition and should not be used as first choice in 
antihypertensive treatment.  Other calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, bepridil, felodipine) are less 
likely to raise axitinib plasma levels. 
The above information is based on preclinical data from studies using human and animal  metabolizing 
enzyme systems.  
All concomitant medications and blood products, as well as interventions (eg, analgesic use or 
paracentesis) received by patients from the first dose of axitinib until the end of study visit should be 
recorded on the CRF.  Furthermore, all concomitant medications being used at the time of study entry 
should be reviewed by the prescribing MD and protocol nurse to ensure eligibility and exclusion criteria 
for the study are not violated.  All changes to concomitant medications during the course of therapy will 
additionally be reviewed by the prescribing MD and protocol nurse, as well, to ensure that prohibited 
medications are avoided.   
6.6.4 
Other Treatments Allowed on Study  
Surgery (outside of the mandated prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection), androgen deprivation 
therapy and radiation therapy are not permitted prior to the time of prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node 
dissection.  However, after prostatectomy, these modalities may be used as clinically indicated.  Use of 
these modalities will be recorded in the data capture form.    
7.0 
Dose Delays/Modifications for Adverse Events 
This section contains recommendations for the management of adverse events except hypertension and 
proteinuria which are discussed in subsequent sections.  The following table is provided as a reference for 
guiding dose reductions.  Notably, given the short course of therapy rendered in this study (28 days), dose 
reductions below 2 mg BID are not permitted.   


. 
28 
 
 
DOSE MODIFICATION SCHEMA FOR AXITINIB- RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS  
Dose Level 
Dose 
Dispensed as 
0 (Starting dose) 
5 mg bid 
1 x 5 mg tablet bid 
 
-1 
3 mg bid 
 
3 x 1 mg tablet bid 
-2 
2 mg bid 
 
2 x 1 mg tablet bid 
 
 
Patients developing an axitinib-related CTCAE Grade 1 or 2 adverse events may have their dose 
continued at the same dose level. 
   


. 
29 
 
Patients removed from treatment for intolerable toxicity should still be followed with regular tumor 
assessments until disease progression or start of new treatment, and for survival thereafter. 
The criterion for dose modification for study-drug-related adverse events (from previously on-going trials 
across the axitinib development program) is summarized in the table below: 
CRITERIA FOR DOSE MODIFICATION FOR AXITINIB- RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS 
OTHER THAN HYPERTENSION  
Related Adverse Events 
INTERVENTION 
Grade 1 
Continue at same dose level 
Grade 2  
Continue at same dose level 
Grade 3 nonhematologic treatment-related 
toxicity*  
Decrease dose to one lower dose level.   
Grade 4 nonhematologic treatment-related 
toxicity or Grade 4 hematologic toxicity**  
Interrupt dosing; re-start at one lower dose level as 
soon as improvement to CTCAE Grade 
2.  Dose 
reductions below 2 mg BID are not permitted. 
* Patients who develop Grade 3 nonhematologic toxicities that are controlled with symptomatic 
medications or Grade 3 asymptomatic biochemistry laboratory abnormalities may be continued at the 
same dose level at the discretion of the investigator. 
** Patients who develop Grade 4 lymphopenia or Grade 4 asymptomatic biochemistry laboratory 
abnormality may continue study treatment without interruption. 
 
Guidelines for dose reductions for specific adverse events are provided in the following sections. 
7.1 Axitinib Dose Reduction for Hypertension 
In sponsored studies, patients treated with axitinib were issued blood pressure cuffs for home monitoring 
and instructed to measure their blood pressure (BP) twice daily, prior to taking each dose.  All blood 
pressure measurements were recorded in a diary and brought to the nurse or study coordinator at each 
clinic visit.  Patients were instructed by the study staff to contact their physician immediately for guidance 
if their systolic blood pressure rises above 150 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure rises above 100 mm Hg, 
or if they develop symptoms perceived to be related to elevated BP (eg, headache, visual disturbance).  
See below for dose modifications for hypertension. 
New or additional antihypertensive therapy (See Section 6.6.3, Concomitant Medication(s) for guidance) 
should be started if 2 BP readings, preferably taken in the clinic and separated by at least 1 hour, show the 
following: 2 systolic BP readings greater than 150 or 2 dBP readings greater than 100 mm Hg.  
Alternately, the dose of existing antihypertensive medication(s) may be increased.  If the patient is 
already on maximal antihypertensive treatment, the axitinib dose should be reduced by 1 dose level.   
Patients who have 2 systolic BP readings, separated by at least 1 hour, greater than 160 mm Hg, or 2 dBP 
readings, separated by at least 1 hour, greater than 105 mm Hg, should have treatment with axitinib held.  
(Note: if axitinib is held, patients receiving antihypertensive medications should monitor closely for 
hypotension and restart axitinib at one lower dose level as soon as BP is <150/100 mm Hg.  Plasma 
half-life of axitinib is 2 – 4 hours and BP usually decreases within 1-2 days following dose interruption.)  
Treatment with axitinib should be restarted at 1 lower dose level as soon as the systolic blood pressure 
reduces to less than 150 mm Hg and the dBP reduces to less than 100 mm Hg. 


. 
30 
 
Patients who develop recurrent systolic hypertension (2 BP readings separated by at least 1 hour show 
systolic pressure >150 mm Hg) or recurrent diastolic BP >100 mm Hg following previous axitinib dose 
reduction should undergo another dose reduction by one dose level.   
Patients removed from treatment for intolerable toxicity should still be followed with regular tumor 
assessments until disease progression or start of new treatment, and for survival thereafter. Guidance on 
dose interruption and reduction for hypertension is summarized in the table below. 
HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR AXITINIB 
Degree of Blood Pressure Elevation 
Management 
Systolic Pressure 
 
 
OR 
Diastolic Pressure 
 
If not on maximal 
antihypertensive treatment, 
institute new or additional 
antihypertensive medication 
and maintain dose of axitinib.  
 
If on maximal 
antihypertensive treatment, 
reduce axitinib to one lower 
dose level. 
2 BP readings separated by at 
least 1 hour show systolic 
pressure  >150 mm Hg 
2 BP readings separated 
by at least 1 hour show 
diastolic pressure >100 
mm Hg 
2 BP readings separated by at 
least 1 hour show systolic 
pressure  >160 mm Hg  
 
 
OR 
2 BP readings separated 
by at least 1 hour show 
diastolic pressure  >105 
mm Hg  
Interrupt dosing*; adjust 
antihypertensive medication; 
as soon as BP is less than 
150/100 mm Hg, restart 
axitinib at one lower dose 
level.   
Recurrent hypertension 
following previous dose 
reduction (2 BP readings 
separated by at least 1 hour 
show systolic pressure  >150 
mm Hg) 
 
OR 
Recurrent dBP >100 mm 
Hg (2 BP readings 
separated by at least 
1 hour) following previous 
dose reduction 
Repeat axitinib dose 
reduction by one lower dose 
level.  Dose reductions below 
2 mg BID are not permitted. 
* If axitinib is held, patients receiving antihypertensive medications should monitor closely for 
hypotension. Plasma half-life of axitinib is 2 – 4 hours and BP usually decreases within 1-2 days 
following dose interruption. 
 
7.2 Axitinib Dose Interruption for Surgery or Surgical Procedures 
If a major surgery or an interventional procedure (eg, endoscopy) is required, treatment with axitinib must 
be interrupted at least 24 hours before the procedure and the patient blood pressure should be monitored 
closely for hypotension.  Patients may resume axitinib seven days after minor surgery and 2-3 weeks after 
major surgery, assuming wound has completely healed and no wound healing complications (eg, delayed 
healing, wound infection or fistula). 
8.0 
Agent Information 
8.1 
Axitinib (AG013736) 
NSC#:    


. 
31 
 
8.1.1 
Structure and Molecular Weight: 
C22H18N4OS (MW 386.47) 
 
8.1.2 
Supplier 
Pfizer Oncology 
8.1.3 
Formulation 
Axitinib is supplied as a series of aqueous film-coated tablets containing 5 mg or 1 mg of the freebase.  
Refer to the axitinib IB for information regarding the physical and chemical properties of axitinib and a 
list of excipients. 
8.1.4 
Storage 
The intact bottles should be stored at controlled room temperature [20oC-25oC (68oF-77oF)]. Excursions 
are permitted between 15oC and 30oC.  
8.1.5 
Stability 
Stability studies are ongoing.  
8.1.6 
Administration 
Axitinib should be taken orally without food at least one hour before or two hours after a meal. The 
tablets should be swallowed whole and must not be crushed or broken. The time of day the tablets are 
taken should be relatively constant.  If a dose is missed, the subject should take the dose as soon as 
possible, but not if there are less than 12 hours before the next dose is due.  If the next dose is due in less 
than 12 hours, the subject should skip the missed dose and take the next dose as scheduled. 
If vomiting occurs after taking axitinib another dose is not permitted on that day.  The subject should 
resume taking axitinib at the next scheduled dose.  If vomiting persists, the subject should be instructed to 
notify the investigator. 
8.1.7 
Human Toxicities 
Table 1 summarizes the treatment-emergent adverse events in (≥10%) cancer subjects who received 
single-agent axitinib regardless of whether the event was reported as related to axitinib treatment or other 
cause. The combined results are summarized for the following studies: Phase 1 studies in subjects with 
various solid tumors (Protocols A4061022 and A4061044), thyroid cancer (Protocols A4061014 and 
A4061027), melanoma (Protocol A4061015), NSCLC (Protocol A4061011), and RCC (Protocols 
A4061012, A4061023 and A4061035). Study A4061032 has not been included since it is an ongoing 
Phase 3 study. Study A4061013 was excluded since it involved subjects with hematological malignancies 
and the first-in-human (FIH) Phase 1 study A4060010 was excluded since a number of patients received 
starting doses above the recommended starting dose of 5 mg BID. Overall, the adverse events reported in 
H
N
N
S
C O N H Me
N


. 
32 
 
axitinib clinical studies are considered manageable, generally reversible and expected for this class of 
agents. For single-agent axitinib, the most common adverse events reported from 364 cancer subjects 
regardless of causality included fatigue (227 subjects, 62.4%), diarrhea (197 subjects, 54.1%), 
hypertension (173 subjects, 47.5%), anorexia (150 subjects, 41.2%), nausea (139 subjects, 38.2%), 
dysphonia (129 subjects, 35.4%), headache (104 subjects, 28.6%), palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia 
syndrome (104 subjects, 28.6%), weight decreased (100 subjects, 27.5%), cough (89 subjects, 24.5%), 
dyspnoea (88 subjects, 24.2%), constipation (86 subjects, 23.6%), arthralgia (83 subjects, 22.8%), 
vomiting (77 subjects, 21.2%), stomatitis (76 subjects 20.9%), and pain in extremity (73 subjects, 20.1%). 
Additionally, proteinuria was reported as an adverse event in 72 subjects (19.8%). Grade 3+ events 
occurred most frequently for hypertension (68 subjects, 18.7%) and fatigue (52 subjects, 
14.3%). 
 
 
 
Table 1. Treatment-Emergent, All-Causality Adverse Events Summarized by Descending 
Frequency Occurring in at Least 10% of Subjects with Solid Tumors Receiving Single Agent AG 
013736* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Solid Tumor 
Single-Agent 
(N =364) 
MedDRA Preferred Term  
 
 
 
All Grades 
 
 
Grade 3+ 
n (%)  
 
 
n (%) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fatigue  
 
 
 
 
227  
 
(62.4)  
52  
 
(14.3) 
Diarrhea  
 
 
 
 
197  
 
(54.1)   
27  
 
(7.4) 
Hypertension   
 
 
 
173  
 
(47.5)   
68  
 
(18.7) 
Anorexia  
 
 
 
 
150  
 
(41.2)   
11  
 
(3.0) 
Nausea  
 
 
 
 
139  
 
(38.2)   
6  
 
(1.6) 
Dysphonia  
 
 
 
 
129  
 
(35.4)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Headache  
 
 
 
 
104  
 
(28.6)   
8  
 
(2.2) 
Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome  
104  
 
(28.6)   
25  
 
(6.9) 
Weight decreased  
 
 
 
100  
 
(27.5)   
12  
 
(3.3) 
Cough   
 
 
 
 
89  
 
(24.5)   
5  
 
(1.4) 
Dyspnoea  
 
 
 
 
88  
 
(24.2)   
30  
 
(8.2) 
Constipation  
 
 
 
 
86  
 
(23.6)   
2  
 
(0.5) 
Arthralgia  
 
 
 
 
83  
 
(22.8)   
9  
 
(2.5) 
Vomiting  
 
 
 
 
77  
 
(21.2)   
6  
 
(1.6) 
Stomatitis  
 
 
 
 
76  
 
(20.9)   
7  
 
(1.9) 
Pain in extremity  
 
 
 
73  
 
(20.1)   
11  
 
(3.0) 
Proteinuria  
 
 
 
 
72  
 
(19.8)   
15  
 
(4.1) 
Dyspepsia  
 
 
 
 
62  
 
(17.0)   
1  
 
(0.3) 
Mucosal inflammation   
 
 
62  
 
(17.0)   
2  
 
(0.5) 
Abdominal pain  
 
 
 
59  
 
(16.2)   
15  
 
(4.1) 
Rash   
 
 
 
 
58  
 
(15.9)   
1  
 
(0.3) 
Back pain  
 
 
 
 
57  
 
(15.7)   
6  
 
(1.6) 
Dizziness  
 
 
 
 
49  
 
(13.5)   
1  
 
(0.3) 
Dry skin  
 
 
 
 
49  
 
(13.5)   
1  
 
(0.3) 
Epistaxis  
 
 
 
 
48  
 
(13.2)   
0  
 
(0.0) 


. 
33 
 
Insomnia  
 
 
 
 
48  
 
(13.2)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Oedema peripheral  
 
 
 
47  
 
(12.9)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Pyrexia  
 
 
 
 
47  
 
(12.9)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Dysgeusia  
 
 
 
 
46  
 
(12.6)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Oropharyngeal pain  
 
 
 
41  
 
(11.3)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Chest pain  
 
 
 
 
40  
 
(11.0)   
5  
 
(1.4) 
Hypothyroidism  
 
 
 
40  
 
(11.0)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Dry mouth  
 
 
 
 
38  
 
(10.4)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
Myalgia  
 
 
 
 
38 
 
(10.4)   
4  
 
(1.1) 
Abdominal pain upper   
 
 
37  
 
(10.2)   
4  
 
(1.1) 
Nasopharyngitis  
 
 
 
37  
 
(10.2)   
0  
 
(0.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Data in table represents combined safety data from individual studies including protocols A4061011, 
A4061012, A4061014, A4061015, A4061022, A4061023, A4061027, A4061035, and A4061044 
Laboratory test results, summarized by maximum grade for subjects with solid tumors who received 
single-agent axitinib are presented in Table 2. Grade 3 hyponatremia was reported in 16 subjects (4.6%), 
elevations in SGOT in 11 subjects (3.2%), hyperglycemia in 13 subjects (3.8%) and proteinuria in 11 
subjects (3.3%). Grade 4 creatinine increases were reported in 4 subjects (1.2%). Grade 3 or 4 
lymphopenia was reported in 42 subjects (12.2%), and neutropenia in 15 subjects (4.4%). 
Table 2. Laboratory Test Results Reported for Subjects with Solid TumorsvReceiving Single-Agent 
AG 013736 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
n (%)a at Maximum Grade 
 
Group/Parameterb   
N  
Grade 1  
Grade 2  
Grade 3  
Grade 4  
Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chemistry 
Total Bilirubin  
347  
44 (12.7)   
21 (6.1)  
2 (0.6)  
2 (0.6)  
69 (19.9) 
Hypoalbuminemia  
343  
117 (34.1)  
39 (11.4)  
6 (1.7)  
0 (0.0)  
162 (47.2) 
SGOTc 
347  
113 (32.6)  
20 (5.8)  
11 (3.2)  
0 (0.0)  
144 (41.5)  
SGPTd 
345  
88 (25.5)  
32 (9.3)  
7 (2.0)  
0 (0.0)  
127 (36.8) 
Alkaline Phosphatase  339  
108 (31.9)  
26 (7.7)  
6 (1.8)  
0 (0.0)  
140 (41.3) 
Creatinine  
347  
103 (29.7)  
25 (7.2)  
0 (0.0)  
4 (1.2)  
132 (38.0) 
Hypernatremia  
347  
21 (6.1)  
1 (0.3)  
0 (0.0)  
0 (0.0)  
22 (6.3) 
Hyponatremia  
347  
108 (31.1)  
0 (0.0)  
16 (4.6)  
0 (0.0)  
124 (35.7) 
Hyperkalemia  
347  
74 (21.3)  
24 (6.9)  
9 (2.6)  
0 (0.0)  
107 (30.8) 
Hypokalemia  
347  
46 (13.3)  
0 (0.0)  
4 (1.2)  
0 (0.0)  
50 (14.4) 
Bicarbonate  
261  
67 (25.7)  
9 (3.4)  
1 (0.4)  
1 (0.4)  
78 (29.9) 
Hypercalcemia  
171  
23 (13.5)  
1 (0.6)  
1 (0.6)  
1 (0.6)  
26 (15.2) 
Hypocalcemia  
171  
29 (17.0)  
11 (6.4)  
1 (0.6)  
2 (1.2)  
43 (25.1) 
Hyperglycemia  
344  
158 (45.9)  
56 (16.3)  
13 (3.8)  
0 (0.0)  
227 (66.0) 
Hypoglycemia  
344  
47 (13.7)  
10 (2.9)  
2 (0.6)  
1 (0.3)  
60 (17.4) 
 
Hematology 
Hemoglobin  
347  
134 (38.6)  
30 (8.6)  
0 (0.0)  
3 (0.9)  
167 (48.1) 
Platelets  
346  
68 (19.7)  
4 (1.2)  
1 (0.3)  
2 (0.6)  
75 (21.7) 
White Blood Cells  
347  
52 (15.0)  
12 (3.5)  
0 (0.0)  
1 (0.3)  
65 (18.7) 
Neutrophils (Abs)  
344  
32 (9.3)  
10 (2.9)  
3 (0.9)  
12 (3.5)  
57 (16.6) 


. 
34 
 
Lymphocytes (Abs)  
345  
65 (18.8)  
60 (17.4)  
29 (8.4)  
13 (3.8)  
167 (48.4) 
 
Urinalysis 
Urine Protein  
337  
63 (18.7)  
72 (21.4)  
11 (3.3)  
0 (0.0)  
146 (43.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Data in table represents combined laboratory data from individual studies including Protocols A4061011, 
A4061012, A4061014, A4061015, A4061022, A4061023, A4061027, A4061035, and A4061044 
a Number of subjects at their maximum after-dosing grade 
b Only laboratory values which fall within CTCAE grading criteria are included 
c SGOT = Aspartate aminotransferase 
d SGPT = Alanine aminotransferase 
 
For purposes of the informed consent, toxicities (all grades) noted to occur in > 35% of the study 
population in the aforementioned single-agent trials of axitinib are denoted “Most Common”.  Toxicities 
(all grades) occurring in < 35% of the study population are denoted as “Less Common”.   
Note: Axitinib in combination with other agents could cause an exacerbation of any adverse event 
currently known to be caused by the other agent, or the combination may result in events never 
previously associated with either agent 
8.2 
Agent Ordering 
A drug supply request form will be supplied to the Investigational Drug Pharmacy.   
9.0 
Correlative/Special Studies 
9.1 
Laboratory Correlative Studies 
Analysis of pre-metastatic niche density will take place through previously reported techniques.  Briefly, 
a total of 12  m sections of benign lymph node tissue (derived from paraffin-embedded sections) will 
be stained with monoclonal antibodies directed at VEGFR1 (ImClone Systems). VEGFR1 clustering will 
be counted within 8 distinct 40x fields, and the cluster count will be averaged.   
Analysis of pSTAT3 and related mediators will be conducted through previously reported techniques.  
Briefly, 4 mm sections of tumor tissue (derived from paraffin-embedded sections) will be stained with 
monoclonal antibodies directed at IL-6R (Calbiochem) and pSTAT3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).  Using 
both IPLAB and Adobe Photoshop 7.0, random x100 objective fields will be analyzed by selected a 
standardized color range for immunohistochemical staining.  After boundary delineation, the area under 
the pixilation histogram will be calculated, and the total staining area will be compared to the area of total 
tissue.   
Of note, the laboratory investigator (Dr. Kortylewski, Dr. Yu, or associates) will be blinded to the patient 
randomization.  A total of 12 unstained slides derived from tumor and 12 unstained slides derived from 
normal lymph node tissue will be requested.  These slides will be marked with a unique patient identifier 
number (UPIN) designated by the pathology core facility.  Only the study PI and biostatistician will have 
access to the data to correlate UPIN with patient identification; this data will be housed in a password-
protected electronic database.  
 
Blood (a total of 20 mL) will be obtained at baseline, at the time of prostatectomy and at a follow-up visit 
4 weeks following the procedure for correlative studies to examine levels of pSTAT3 in PMBCs and 
selected angiogenic markers.  A total of 10 mL will be collected in a CPT tube (for PBMC isolation), and 
a separate aliquot of 10 mL will be collected in an EDTA tube (for assessment of angiogenic markers) at 


. 
35 
 
the specified times of collection.  Blood will be delivered to the lab of Dr. Marcin Kortylewski (Beckman 
Research Institute, Room 3220) within four hours of collection.   
 
For isolation of PBMCs, 10ml of the whole blood in the CPT tube will be sent to the laboratory of Dr. 
Marcin Kortylewski (in the Beckman Research Institute Building, Room 3111) within 4 hours of 
collection to avoid degradation of the phosphomoieties (i.e., pSTAT3) assessed in this protocol.  If a 
sample is not delivered to the laboratory within a 4 hour time frame, the sample will be discarded.  CPT 
tubes will be centrifuged at 1800 x g (approximately 2800 rpm on a Sorvall RT6000 centrifuge) for 20 
minutes at room temperature.  After centrifugation, plasma in the CPT tubes will be gently pipetted 
against the gel plug to dislodge cells stuck to the top of the gel.  The cell suspension will be transferred to 
a 50 mL conical polypropylene tube.  cRPMI will be added to a total of 40 mL.  A 10 L aliquot of cell 
suspension for counting will be removed.  The 50 mL tubes will then be centrifuged at 250 x g for seven 
minutes at room temperature.  When centrifugation is complete, the supernatant will be aspirated.  
PMBCs will be either cryopreserved or used fresh.   
 
Analysis of pSTAT3 in PBMCs will be conducted through previously reported techniques (Chalmin F, 
Ladoire S, Mignot G, et al. Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-
dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin 
Invest 2010;120:457-71.).  PBMCs will be immersed  in a mixture of PBS, 2% FCS and 0.1% (wt/vol) 
sodium azide with Fc III/IIR-specific antibody to block nonspecific binding and stained the cells with 
different combinations of fluorochrome-coupled antibodies to CD11c, I-Ab (MHC class II), CD86, 
CD11b, Gr1, CD49b, CD3, CD25 or Lag-3, or with annexin V (BD Biosciences). We collected 
fluorescence data on FACSCalibur (Beckton Dickinson) and analyzed them using FlowJo software (Tree 
Star).  This method has been previously published by Chalmin et al.  
 
For assessment of angiogenic markers, 10 mL of blood will be centrifuged (1500 rpm for 5 minutes) to 
separate plasma. Plasma concentration of VEGF-A, PDGF-AB and soluble VEGFR-2 were determined 
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to manufacturer's instructions from 
appropriate kits to quantitate these entities (R & D Systems).  These methods have been previously 
reported by Kontovinis et al (Kontovinis L, Papazisis K, Touplikioti P, Andreadis C, Mouratidou D, 
Kortsaris A. Sunitinib treatment for patients with clear-cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical 
outcomes and plasma angiogenesis markers. BMC Cancer 2009;9:82.) 


 
36 
 
 
10.0 
Study Calendar   
10.1 Study calendar for patients randomized to axitinib therapy  
 
Pre- 
Study 
Wk 
1 
Wk 
2 
Wk 
3 
Wk  
4 
Wk 
5 
Wk 
9 
Wk 
21 
Wk 
33 
Wk 
45 
Wk 
57 
Axitinib 5 mg oral bida 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prostatectomy/PLND 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Informed Consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical history 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concurrent meds 
X 
X-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Physical exam 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Vital signs 
X 
X 
Xe 
X 
Xe 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Performance Status 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
CBC w/diff, plts* 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Serum chemistryb* 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Lipid panel (with LDL)* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thyroid function tests (TSH, fT4)* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PT, PTT, INR* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PSA*  
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Correlative blood (Section 9.1) 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
Adverse event evaluation 
 
X 
Bone scan (section 4.1.1) 
X 
Radiologic evaluations beyond the baseline evaluation shou
performed in the setting of two consecutive PSA ris
CT/MRI (section 4.1.1) 
X 
Radiologic evaluations beyond the baseline evaluation shou
performed in the setting of two consecutive PSA ris
UAf* 
X 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Collection of tumor specimens (Section 
9.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
a: Excepting adjustments for toxicity. b: Albumin, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin (direct bilirubin should be obtai
level is >1.5x ULN), bicarbonate, BUN, calcium, chloride, creatinine, glucose, LDH, phosphorus, potassium, total prot
SGPT[ALT], GGT, sodium. c: After week 81, on study, continue assessments noted at weeks 9, 21, and 33 every 12 w
biochemical recurrence. d: Off-study evaluation. e: Patients will be supplied with a blood pressure cuff.  At the specifie
2 and week 4 of axitinib therapy), the study nurse will call the patients to obtain blood pressure data and report any abn
treating clinician. The treating clinician will dictate a progress note incorporating these data using the template in Appe
2+ for protein then a 24-hour urine collection can be done and the patient may enter only if urinary protein is <2 g per
clinic visits and laboratories prior to week 9 may be performed/collected within +/- 3 days of the dates specified in the 
From week 9 onwards, all clinic visits and laboratories may be performed/collected within +/- 7 days of the dates speci


 
37 
 
calendar.  Pre-study labs may coincide with day 1 labs if performed within +/- 3 days.  
 
 
 


 
38 
 
10.2 Study calendar for patients randomized to observation  
 


 
39 
 
 
 
Pre- 
Study 
Wk 
1 
Wk 
5 
Wk 
9 
Wk 
21 
Wk 
33 
Wk 
45 
Wk 
57 
Wk 
69 
Off Stud
Axitinib 5 mg oral bida 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prostatectomy/PLND 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Informed Consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical history 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concurrent meds 
X 
 
Physical exame 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
Vital signs 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
Performance Status 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
CBC w/diff, plts* 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
Serum chemistryb* 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
Lipid panel (with LDL)* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thyroid function tests (TSH, fT4)* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PT, PTT, INR* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PSA*  
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X
Correlative blood (Section 9.1) 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Adverse event evaluation 
 
X 
Bone scan (section 4.1.1) 
X 
 
CT/MRI(section 4.1.1) 
X 
 
UAf* 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X
Collection of tumor specimens 
(Section 9.1) 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a: Excepting adjustments for toxicity. b: Albumin, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin (direct bilirubin should be obtained 
level is >1.5x ULN), bicarbonate, BUN, calcium, chloride, creatinine, glucose, LDH, phosphorus, potassium, total protein,
SGPT[ALT], GGT, sodium. c: After week 81, on study, continue assessments noted at weeks 9, 21, and 33 every 12 weeks
biochemical recurrence. d: Off-study evaluation. e: Patients will be supplied with a blood pressure cuff.  At the specified in
2 and week 4 of axitinib therapy), the study nurse will call the patients to obtain blood pressure data and report any abnorm
treating clinician.  The treating clinician will dictate a progress note incorporating these data using the template in Appendi
is 2+ for protein then a 24-hour urine collection can be done and the patient may enter only if urinary protein is <2 g per 2
clinic visits and laboratories prior to week 9 may be performed/collected within +/- 3 days of the dates specified in the stud
From week 9 onwards, all clinic visits and laboratories may be performed/collected within +/- 7 days of the dates specified
calendar.  Pre-study labs may coincide with day 1 labs if performed within +/- 3 days.  
 
 


 
40 
 
11.0 
Evaluation Criteria/Measurement of Effect 
11.1 
Assessment of the pre-metastatic niche 
Normal lymph node tissue will be assessed for pre-metastatic niche density, characterized as the average 
number of VEGFR1-positive clusters in 8 distinct 40x microscopic fields.  This assessment will be 
performed through previously defined techniques.   
11.2 
Time to Biochemical Recurrence 
Time to biochemical recurrence will be defined as the number of days elapsed between prostatectomy and 
the first recording of a PSA value ≥ 0.2.  
11.3 
Time to Metastatic Recurrence 
Time to metastatic recurrence will be defined as the number of days elapsed between prostatectomy and 
the first bone scan or CT scan with findings consistent with metastatic prostate cancer.  
11.4 
Overall survival 
Overall survival will be defined as the number of days elapsed between prostatectomy and date of death. 
11.5 
Erectile Dysfunction 
Erectile dysfunction will be defined by CTCAE 4.0, and we will assess the rate of grade ≥ 3 toxicity. 
11.6 
Urinary Incontinence 
Urinary incontinence will be defined by CTCAE 4.0 criteria, and we will assess the rate of grade ≥ 3 
toxicity.  
12.0 
Data Reporting/Protocol Deviations 
12.1 
Data Reporting 
12.1.1 Confidentiality of Records 
The original data collection forms will be stored at the originating institution in a secure location.  When 
results of this study are reported in medical journals or at meetings, identification of those taking part will 
be withheld.  Medical records of patients will be maintained in strictest confidence, according to current 
legal requirements.  They will be made available for review, as required by the FDA or other authorized 
users such as the NCI, under the guidelines established by the Federal Privacy Act. 
12.1.2 Patient Consent Form 
At the time of registration, the original signed and dated patient‟s Informed Consent with the 
Experimental Subject‟s Bill of Rights (for the medical record).  All Institutional, NCI, Federal, and State 
of California regulations concerning the Informed Consent form will be fulfilled.  } 
12.1.3 Data Collection Forms and Submission Schedule  
All data will be collected in a timely manner using protocol defined electronic data capture (EDC) case 
report forms. Data will be accessible to study biostatisticians from the City of Hope Department of 
Biostatistics  and stored in a secure location.   
12.1.3.1 Eligibility Checklist 
The Eligibility Checklist must be completed by a protocol nurse or clinical research associate and signed 
by a participating investigator prior to registering the patient.   


 
41 
 
12.1.3.2 Prior Therapy and On-Study Forms 
Within two weeks of registration, the clinical research associate will submit pre-study data collection 
forms.  
12.2 
Protocol Deviations 
The clinical research associate at COH will also submit copies to the Protocol Management Team and the 
COH Data and Safety Management Board. 
12.2.1 Deviation Policy 
In accordance with the COH Policy on Clinical Research Protocol Deviation, there will be a “no 
deviations” rule for this protocol.  However, for subject safety or unforeseen scheduling problems, 
planned deviations from this protocol will be permitted in accordance with COH IRB policies and if 
applicable, FDA approval.  
12.2.2 Reporting of Unplanned Deviations 
All unplanned deviations will be reported to the COH DSMB. 
12.2.3 Resolving Disputes 
If there is a dispute among the persons involved in the provision of research treatment, in regard to 
whether a treatment deviates from the protocol, the facts of the case will be reported to the DSMB which 
will be serve as the arbiter of whether a deviation exists. 
13.0 
Data and Safety Monitoring Plan 
DATA AND SAFETY MONITORING 
 
13.1 Definition of Risk Level  
 
This is a Risk Level 4 study, as defined in the “City of Hope Data 
and Safety Monitoring Plan”, http://www.coh.org/dsmc/Pages/forms-
and-procedures.aspx involving a COH-held IND. 
 
13.2 Monitoring and Personnel Responsible for Monitoring 
 
The Protocol Management Team (PMT) consisting of the PI, Collaborating 
Investigator, CRA/protocol nurse, and statistician is responsible for 
monitoring the data and safety of this study, including implementation of 
the stopping rules for safety and efficacy.  
 
Data and safety will be reported to the COH DSMC.  Protocol specific data 
collection will include the following items: Adverse event reporting and 
quarterly safety assessment of axitinib.  Reporting of data and safety to the 
DSMC will occur at least quarterly using the PMT report. 


 
42 
 
 
13.3 Definitions 
 
Adverse event (AE) - An adverse event is any untoward medical experience or change 
of an existing condition that occurs during or after treatment, whether or not it is 
considered to be related to the protocol intervention.  
 
 
 
 
Unexpected Adverse Event [21 CFR 312.32 (a) – An adverse event is unexpected if it 
is not listed in the investigator‟s brochure and/or package insert; is not listed at the 
specificity or severity that has been observed; is not consistent with the risk information 
described in the protocol and/or consent; is not an expected natural progression of any 
underlying disease, disorder, condition, or predisposed risk factor of the research 
participant experiencing the adverse event. 
 
Expected Adverse Event - Any event that does not meet the criteria for an unexpected 
event OR is an expected natural progression of any underlying disease, disorder, 
condition, or predisposed risk factor of the research participant experiencing the 
adverse event 
 
 
Serious Adverse Event (SAE) [21 CFR 312.32] is defined as any expected or 
unexpected adverse event that results in any of the following outcomes: 
 Death 
 Is life-threatening experiences (places the subject at immediate risk of death 
from the event as it occurred); 
 Unplanned hospitalization equal or greater than 24 hours)) or prolongation of 
existing hospitalization; 
 A persistent or significant disability/incapacity; 
 A congenital anomaly/birth defect 
 Secondary Malignancy, or 
 Any other adverse event that, based upon appropriate medical judgment, may 
jeopardize the subject‟s health and may require medical or surgical intervention 
to prevent one of the outcomes listed above (examples of such events include 
allergic bronchospasm requiring intensive treatment in the emergency room or 
at home, blood dyscrasisas of convulsions that do not result in inpatient 
hospitalization, or the development of drug dependency or drug abuse). 
 
Unanticipated problem (UP) – Any incident, experience or outcome that meets all 
three of the following criteria: 


 
43 
 
1. Unexpected (in term nature, severity, or frequency) given the following: a) the 
research procedures described in the protocol-related documents such as the IRB 
approved research protocol, informed consent document or Investigator Brochure 
(IB); and b) the characteristics of the subject population being studied; AND 
2. Related or possibly related to participation in the research (possibly related means 
there is a reasonable possibility that the incident, experience, or outcomes may have 
been caused by the drugs, devices or procedures involved in the research); AND 
3. Suggests that the research places subjects or others at greater risk of harm 
(including physical, psychological, economic, or social harm) than previously 
known or recognized. 
 
13.4 Reporting of Unanticipated Problems and Adverse Events 
 
Unanticipated Problems: Unanticipated problems must be reported to the COH 
DSMC and IRB within 5 calendar days according to definitions and guidelines at 
http://www.coh.org/hrpp/Pages/hrpp-policies.aspx.  Any unanticipated problem that occurs 
during the study conduct will be reported to the DSMC and IRB by submitting 
electronically in iRIS (http://iris.coh.org). 
 
 
Serious Adverse Events - All SAEs occurring during this study, whether observed by 
the physician, nurse, or reported by the patient, will be reported according to 
definitions and guidelines at http://www.coh.org/hrpp/Pages/hrpp-policies.aspx and 
Table 1 below.  Those SAEs that require expedited reporting will be submitted 
electronically in iRIS (http://iris.coh.org/). 
 
Adverse Events - Adverse events will be monitored by the PMT.  Adverse events that 
do not meet the criteria of serious OR are not unanticipated problems will be reported 
only in the continuation reports and PMT reports (see Table 1 below). 
 
 
Table 1:  City of Hope Adverse Event and Unanticipated Problem Reporting Timelines for 
the DSMC and IRB 
 
 


 
44 
 
Required Reporting Timeframe to DSMC  
Attribution 
UNEXPECTED 
EXPECTED 
 
Death while on active treatment or within 30 days of last 
day of treatment 
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar days 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
 
Death after 30 days of last active treatment/therapy 
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar  days 
No reporting required* 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
No reporting required* 
No reporting required* 
 
Grades 3 and 4 AND meeting the definition of “serious” 
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar days 
5 calendar days 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
5 calendar days 
5 calendar days 
 
Grade 1 and 2 AND resulting in hospitalization # 
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar days 
10 calendar days 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
10 calendar days 
10 calendar days 
*Such events are not required to be reported to the DSMC.  These events should be included with 
the SAE/AE summary provided to the DSMC in the PMT reports and to the IRB in the Annual 
Continuation reports. 
 
# Hospitalization = Unplanned admission equal to or greater than 24 hours 
 


 
45 
 
Required Reporting Timeframe to IRB of Record 
Attribution 
UNEXPECTED 
EXPECTED 
 
Death  
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar days 
Annual 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
Annual 
Annual 
 
Grades 3 and 4 AND meeting the definition of a UP 
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar days 
Annual 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
Annual  
Annual 
 
Grade 1 and 2 AND meeting the definition of a UP   
Possibly, Probably, 
Definitely 
5 calendar days 
Annual 
Unlikely, Unrelated 
Annual 
Annual 
 
 
ADDITIONAL REPORTING REQUIRMENTS  
 
SAEs meeting the requirements for expedited reporting to the FDA, as defined in 21 CFR 
312.32, will be reported as an IND safety report using the MedWatch Form FDA 3500A for 
Mandatory Reporting which can found 
at:http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/DownloadForms/default.htm 
 
The PI or designee will be responsible for contacting the Office of IND Development and 
Regulatory Affairs (OIDRA) at COH to ensure prompt reporting of safety reports to the FDA.  
OIDRA will assist the PI with the preparation of the report and submit the report to the FDA in 
accordance with the following: 
 
any unexpected fatal or life threatening adverse experience associated with use of the 
drug must be reported to the FDA no later than 7 calendar days after initial receipt of the 
information [21 CFR 312.32(c)(2)]; 
 
 
any adverse experience associated with use of the drug that is both serious and 
unexpected must be submitted no later than 15 calendar days after initial receipt of the 
information [21 CFR 312.32(c)(1)] 
 


 
46 
 
 
any follow-up information to a study report shall be reported as soon as the relevant 
information becomes available. [21 CFR 312.32(d)(3)] 
 
14.0 Statistical Considerations 
14.1 
Study Design 
14.1.1 The study is an open label, randomized phase II assessment of axitinib as pre-surgical 
therapy in high risk prostate cancer.  In particular, a permuted block randomization 
scheme will be carried out to achieve treatment/control balance. To avoid selection bias, 
the blocking scheme will be masked to the principal investigator. The number of blocks 
will be determined by stratifying high risk patients according to PSA levels (≥ 20 or not) 
and Gleason scores (>=8 or not). For each block, we will randomly choose one 
arrangement from all possible realizationsPrimary Endpoints: The primary endpoint of 
this study is pre-metastatic niche density, as defined by the average number of VEGFR1 
clusters in 8 distinct 40x microscopic fields.  We will use a two sample student‟s T-test to 
compare the primary endpoint of pre-metastatic niche density in the regional lymph 
nodes of patients treated with axitinib, as compared to the pre-metastatic niche density in 
the lymph nodes of patients enrolled on the control arm.  With a sample of 22 patients per 
group, we will have 80% power to determine significance across groups if the average 
niche density is 3.13 in patients in the control arm, and at most 2.19 in patients treated 
with axitinib, with a common standard deviation 1.43 using a one-sided t-test assuming a 
type I error = 10% (Calculated using nQuery Advisor 6.01)  Taking this into 
consideration, 30 patients per group will be recruited according to an empirical 
replacement rate of 27%. The intention-to-treat analysis will be the primary analysis 
conducted to obtain unbiased comparisons between the treatment and control. In addition, 
some as-treated subgroup analysis would also be investigated if necessary.Secondary 
Endpoints: Toxicity, time to biochemical recurrence, time to metastatic recurrence. With 
respect to secondary endpoints, Cox regression will be used (with the log-rank test) to 
compare time to biochemical recurrence (PSA ≥ 0.2), TTP and OS in patients treated 
with axitinib to patients treated with surgery alone. The Chi-square test will be used to 
compare the pStat3, LOX expression and MDSC density in patients treated with axitinib 
to patients treated with surgery alone.  Descriptive statistics will be used to compare 
serum levels of VEGF-A, sVEGFR2, PDGF-AB and pSTAT3 at various timepoints 
during therapy.  
14.1.2 Stopping Rules. Toxicity will be monitored on an ongoing basis. If the number of 
unacceptable toxicities exceeds 1 in the first 3 patients, or exceeds 2 in the first 6 patients 
or more than 25% thereafter, the study will hold accrual for an amendment regarding 
treatment modifications or study termination. Toxicity will be graded and recorded for 
each patient in this population according to CTCAE 4.0.  Also, a delay in surgery 
exceeding 7 days as a consequence of axitinib-related toxicity will be considered an 
unacceptable toxicity.   
14.2 
Sample Size Accrual Rate 
The previously noted sample size of 60 patients is anticipated to accrue over the course of 60 months.   


 
47 
 
15.0 Human Subject Issues 
15.1 
Institutional Review Board 
In accordance with federal regulations, an Institutional Review Board (IRB) that complies with 
regulations at 45 CFR 46 and 21 CFR 50, 56 must review and approve this protocol and the informed 
consent form prior to initiation of the study.  All institutional, NCI, Federal, and State of California 
regulations must be fulfilled. 
15.2 
Recruitment of Subjects 
Patients with high-risk prostate cancer will be recruited from patients undergoing evaluation and 
treatment at City of Hope Cancer Center for this diagnosis.  
15.3 
Advertisements  
Advertisements to include print, media (radio, television, billboards), telephone scripts, etc., will be 
reviewed and approved by the IRB prior to their use to recruit potential study subjects.   
15.4 
 Study location and Performance Sites 
This study will be performed at COH.   
15.5 
Confidentiality  
This research will be conducted in compliance with federal and state of California requirements relating 
to protected health information (PHI).   
15.6 
Financial Obligations and Compensation 
If there is a serious medical complication of the research, treatment will be available at City of Hope, but 
there will be no compensation to the subject for this injury.   
15.7 
Informed Consent Processes  
The Principal Investigator or IRB approved named designate will explain the nature, duration, purpose of 
the study, potential risks, alternatives and potential benefits, and all other information contained in the 
informed consent document.  In addition, they will advise the research subjects about their rights and the 
HIPAA research authorization form.  Research subjects will be informed that they may withdraw from the 
study at any time and for any reason without jeopardizing, include as applicable, their future care or their 
employment at City of Hope or any relationship they have with City of Hope.   
Should sufficient doubt be raised regarding the adequacy of comprehension, further clarifications will be 
made and the questionnaire repeated until a satisfactory result is obtained.  Prospective research subjects 
who cannot adequately comprehend the fundamental aspects of the research study with a reasonable 
amount of discussion, education and proctoring will be ineligible for enrollment.  Following this 
procedure, the research team will review the results of eligibility testing and determine if the research 
subject is a candidate for study enrollment.  
 
 


 
48 
 
16.0 References 
 
 
1. 
Paget S: The distribution of secondary growth in cancer of the breast. Lancet 133:571-3, 
1889 
 
2. 
Psaila B, Lyden D: The metastatic niche: adapting the foreign soil. Nat Rev Cancer 
9:285-293, 2009 
 
3. 
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al: Cancer Statistics, 2009. CA A Cancer Journal for 
Clinicians 59:225-249, 2009 
 
4. 
Ryan CJ, Elkin EP, Small EJ, et al: Reduced incidence of bony metastasis at initial 
prostate cancer diagnosis: Data from CaPSURE(TM). Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original 
Investigations 24:396-402, 2006 
 
5. 
Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al: Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus 
prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 351:1502-12, 2004 
 
6. 
D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al: Pretreatment Nomogram for Prostate-
Specific Antigen Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy or External-Beam Radiation Therapy for 
Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 17:168-, 1999 
 
7. 
D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al: Biochemical outcome after radical 
prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma 
in the prostate specific antigen era. Cancer 95:281-286, 2002 
 
8. 
Kattan MW, Potters L, Blasko JC, et al: Pretreatment nomogram for predicting freedom 
from recurrence after permanent prostate brachytherapy in prostate cancer. Urology 58:393-399, 2001 
 
9. 
Potters L, Roach Iii M, Davis BJ, et al: Postoperative Nomogram Predicting the 9-Year 
Probability of Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy Using Radiation Dose 
as a Prognostic Variable. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics In Press, 
Corrected Proof 
 
10. 
Kagan HM, Li W: Lysyl oxidase: Properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and 
outside of the cell. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 88:660-672, 2003 
 
11. 
Denko NC, Fontana LA, Hudson KM, et al: Investigating hypoxic tumor physiology 
through gene expression patterns. Oncogene 22:5907-5914 
 
12. 
Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Cox TR, et al: Hypoxia-Induced Lysyl Oxidase Is a Critical 
Mediator of Bone Marrow Cell Recruitment to Form the Premetastatic Niche. Cancer Cell 15:35-44, 2009 
 
13. 
Cheng P, Corzo CA, Luetteke N, et al: Inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and 
accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer is regulated by S100A9 protein. J. Exp. Med. 
205:2235-2249, 2008 
 
14. 
Kujawski M, Kortylewski M, Lee H, et al: Stat3 mediates myeloid cellâ€“dependent 
tumor angiogenesis in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 118:3367-3377, 2008 
 
15. 
Xin H, Zhang C, Herrmann A, et al: Sunitinib Inhibition of Stat3 Induces Renal Cell 
Carcinoma Tumor Cell Apoptosis and Reduces Immunosuppressive Cells. Cancer Res 69:2506-2513, 
2009 
 
16. 
Scortegagna M, Cataisson C, Martin RJ, et al: HIF-1{alpha} regulates epithelial 
inflammation by cell autonomous NF{kappa}B activation and paracrine stromal remodeling. Blood 
111:3343-3354, 2008 
 
17. 
Kaplan RN, Riba RD, Zacharoulis S, et al: VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone 
marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438:820-827, 2005 


 
49 
 
 
18. 
Michaelson MD, Regan MM, Oh WK, et al: Phase II study of sunitinib in men with 
advanced prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 20:913-20, 2009 
 
19. 
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