Clinical trial NCT02139397
Conditions: Neuroblastoma Recurrent
Sponsor: Giselle Sholler
Start date: 2014-06-06; Completion date: 2024-01-19
Enrollment: 16 participants; Allocation: NA; Intervention model: SINGLE_GROUP

Brief summary:
The purpose of this research study is to evaluate an investigational drug (DFMO) in combination with bortezomib, for relapsed and refractory neuroblastoma. DFMO is an investigational drug because it has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This study will look at the safety and tolerability of DFMO in combination with bortezomib as well as the tumors response to this study drug.

Detailed description:

Arms: arm 1: Subjects will take DFMO by mouth 2 times a day for each day of a 21 day cycle and Bortezomib will be given by IV push on days 1, 4, and 8 of each 21 day cycle.
Interventions: intervention 1: DFMO intervention 2: Bortezomib
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: None intervention 2: None

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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 Page 1 of 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Protocol DFMO Phase I/II 
 
NMTRC 010B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A Phase I/II Trial of DFMO in Combination with Bortezomib  
in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma 
 
 
 
 
 
Version 2.1     April 28, 2015 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Contact Information 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Study Chair:    
 
Kathleen Neville, MD, MS 
Children's Mercy 
Director, Experimental Therapeutics in Pediatric Oncology 
Program 
2401 Gillham Rd. 
Kansas City, MO  64108 
Tel: 816-234-3059 
Fax: 816-855-1958 
kaneville@cmh.edu 
 
 
 
Study Vice Chair:   
 
Giselle Sholler, MD  
NMTRC Chair 
Director, Haworth Innovative Therapeutics Clinic 
Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital 
100 Michigan Avenue NE  MC 272         
Grand Rapids, MI 49503 
Tel:  (616) 267-0332  
Fax: 616-391-2785 
giselle.sholler@helendevoschildrens.org 
 
 
 
 
 
Safety Officer:        
 
Stephen S. Roberts, MD 
Assistant Attending Physician, Neuroblastoma Program 
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 
1275 York Avenue 
New York, NY 10065 
Tel: 212-639-4034  
robertss@mskcc.org 
 
 
 
56B 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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STUDY COMMITTEE 
 
STUDY CHAIRS: 
Kathleen Neville, MD, MS 
Children's Mercy 
Director, Experimental Therapeutics 
    in Pediatric Oncology Program 
2401 Gillham Rd. 
Kansas City, MO  64108 
 
 
Tel: 816-234-3059 
Fax: 816-855-1958 
kaneville@cmh.edu 
Giselle Sholler, MD  
NMTRC Chair 
Director, Haworth Innovative Therapeutics Clinic 
Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital 
100 Michigan Avenue NE  MC 272         
Grand Rapids, MI 49503 
 
Tel:  (616) 267-0332  
Fax: 616-391-2785 
giselle.sholler@helendevoschildrens.org 
 
 
STUDY COMMITTEE MEMBERS: 
 
André S. Bachmann, PhD 
Professor and Associate Chair for Research 
Department of Pediatrics and Human 
Development 
College of Human Medicine 
Michigan State University 
Cook-DeVos Center for Health Sciences 
301 Michigan Street, NE, Office 514  
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA 
 
Phone office: 1-616-331-5982 
E-mail: andre.bachmann@hc.msu.edu  
 
 
Genevieve Bergendahl, RN 
Clinical Program Director 
NMTRC 
100 Michigan Avenue NE  MC 272         
Grand Rapids, MI 49503 
 
 
 
Tel:  (616) 267-0335 
Fax: 616-391-2785 
E-Mail:  
Genevieve.bergendahl@helendevoschildrens.org  
 
 
Alyssa VanderWerff 
Clinical Program Coordinator 
NMTRC 
100 Michigan Avenue NE  MC 272         
Grand Rapids, MI 49503 
 
 
Tel:  (616) 267-0327  
Fax: 616-391-2785 
E-Mail:  
Alyssa.VanderWerff@helendevoschildrens.org  
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Max Wicha, MD 
University of Michigan  
Distinguished Professor of Oncology 
Director, UMCCC 
6302 CC 
1500 E. Medical Center Drive 
Ann Arbor, MI 48109 
 
Tel: 1-734-936-1831 
E-Mail: mwicha@umich.edu 
 
Takamaru Ashikaga, PhD 
Professor and Director of Medical 
Biostatistics 
University of Vermont 
Burlington, VT 05405 
 
(P)1-802-656-2526 
(F)1-802-656-3632 
Takamaru.Ashikaga@uvm.edu 
 
William Ferguson, MD  
Pediatric Hematology-Oncology  
Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical Center  
Saint Louis University School of Medicine  
1465 S. Grand Blvd.  
Saint Louis, MO 63104 
 
Tel: (314) 577-5638  
Fax: (314) 268-4081  
Email: fergusws@slu.edu  
William Roberts, MD  
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology  
Rady Children's Hospital San Diego  
3020 Children’s Way MC5035  
San Diego, CA 92123-4282  
Tel: (858) 966-5811  
Fax: (858) 966-8035  
Email: wroberts@chsd.org  
Don Eslin, MD 
Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children 
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 
50 W. Sturtevant St. 
Orlando, FL 32806 
Office: 321-841-8588 
E-Mail: Don.Eslin@orlandohealth.com 
Jacqueline M Kraveka, DO 
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics 
Medical University of South Carolina 
Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 
135 Rutledge Avenue, Room 480 
MSC 558 
Charleston, SC 29425 
 
Office: 843-792-2957 
Pager: 843-792-2123 
Fax: 843-792-8912 
E-Mail: kravekjm@musc.edu 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Javier Oesterheld, MD 
Levine Children’s Hospital 
 
 
 
1000 Blythe Blvd 
 
 
 
 
Charlotte, NC 28203 
Phone-704-381-9900 
Fax-704-381-9901 
E-Mail: 
Javier.oesterheld@carolinashealthcare.org 
Deanna Mitchell, MD 
Medical Director, Coagulation Disorders 
Program 
Assistant Professor, Pediatrics 
Michigan State University 
Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital 
100 Michigan NE 
Grand Rapids, MI  49503 
 
Phone:  616-391-2086 
FAX:  616-391-8873 
E-Mail: Deanna.Mitchell@devoschildrens.org 
Nehal S. Parikh, MD 
Connecticut Children’s Medical Center 
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 
282 Washington Street, Suite 2J 
Hartford, CT 06106 
Office: 860-545-9630 
Fax: 860-545-9622 
E-Mail: nparikh@connecticutchildrens.org 
Randal K. Wada, MD 
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Nursing 
University of Hawaii 
Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and 
Children  
55 Merchant Street, 26th Floor 
Honolulu, HI 96813 
 
Office: 808-983-6000 
E-mail: randalw@hawaii.edu 
 
 
Devang Pastakia, MD 
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center 
397 Preston Research Building 
2220 Pierce Ave 
Nashville, TN 37232 
Phone: 615-875-6129 
Email: devang.pastakia@Vanderbilt.Edu 
Mark Fluchel, MD 
Primary Children's Hospital 
Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 
100 North Mario Capecchi Drive, 4th Floor 
Salt Lake City, UT 84113 
 
 
 
Phone: 801-662-4700 
email: mark.fluchel@imail.org 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Valerie I. Brown, MD, PhD 
Associate Professor of Pediatrics 
Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology 
Clinical Director, Experimental Therapeutics 
Attending Physician, Hematopoietic Stem Cell 
Transplant Program 
Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center 
and Children’s Hospital 
500 University Dr. 
P.O. Box 850, MC H085 
Hershey, PA  17033-0850 
 
 
Phone: 717-531-1042 
Email: vbrown1@hmc.psu.edu 
 
Francis Eshun, MD 
Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders 
Phoenix Children's Hospital 
1919 Thomas Road 
Phoenix Az 85016 
 
feshun@phoenixchildrens.com 
 
 
 
RESEARCH  LABORATORIES 
 
Ping Zhao 
Pediatric Oncology Translational Research 
Laboratory (POTRL) 
Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital 
Coopers Landing 
1345 Monroe Ave, Suite 121 
Grand Rapids, MI 49505 
Ph: 616-486-8645 
Ping.zhao@helendevoschildrens.org 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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57BINVESTIGATOR SIGNATURE SHEET 
 
I have read the attached protocol and agree that it contains all the necessary details for 
performing the study. 
 
I will review copies of the protocol and of the preclinical and clinical information (Investigator’s 
Brochure) on the test article, which was furnished to me by the Neuroblastoma and 
Medulloblastoma Translational Research Consortium (NMTRC), to all members of the study 
team responsible to me who participate in the study.  I will discuss this material with them to 
assure that they are fully informed regarding the test article and the conduct of the study. 
 
Once the protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Independent 
Ethics Committee (IEC), I will not modify this protocol without obtaining the prior approval of 
the NMTRC and of the IRB/IEC.  I will submit the protocol modifications and/or any informed 
consent form (ICF) modifications to the NMTRC and the IRB/IEC, and approval will be 
obtained before any modifications are implemented. 
 
I understand the protocol and will work according to it, the principles of Good Clinical Practice 
(GCP) [current International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines], and the 
Declaration of Helsinki (1964) including all amendments up to and including the Scotland 
revision (2000) and notes of clarification added in 2002 and 2004. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investigator's Signature 
 
Date 
 
 
 
Investigator’s Printed Name 
 
 
 
 
 
Investigational Site Name 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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8B 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
CONTACT INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................................ 2 
STUDY COMMITTEE ............................................................................................................................................. 3 
INVESTIGATOR SIGNATURE SHEET ................................................................................................................. 7 
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 8 
PROCEDURES AND ASSESSMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 17 
 
1.0 
PROTOCOL CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................. 18 
 
2.0 
STUDY OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 26 
 
3.0 
STUDY DESIGN .......................................................................................................................................... 27 
 
4.0 
SUBJECT SELECTION .................................................................................................................................. 30 
 
5.0 
STUDY DRUG ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................................... 32 
5.1 DFMO ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 
5.1.1 DESCRIPTION, FORMULATION, AND STORAGE OF DFMO ................................................................. 32 
5.1.2 DFMO DOSING: PHASE I .................................................................................................................. 32 
5.1.3 DFMO DOSING: PHASE II................................................................................................................. 35 
5.1.4 ADMINISTRATION OF DFMO ............................................................................................................ 36 
5.1.5 SUBJECTS UNABLE TO SWALLOW TABLETS ...................................................................................... 36 
5.1.6 MISSED DOSES ................................................................................................................................. 36 
5.1.7 DFMO CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY.................................................................................................. 37 
 
5.2 BORTEZOMIB ............................................................................................................................................ 39 
5.2.1 DOSE CALCULATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF BORTEZOMIB- ALL PHASES ................................... 39 
5.2.2 BORTEZOMIB (VELCADE) ................................................................................................................. 40 
 
5.3 GUIDELINES FOR DOSE MODIFICATIONS .................................................................................................. 42 
5.4 DOSE DELAY ............................................................................................................................................ 42 
5.5 DEFINITION OF DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY (DLT) .................................................................................... 42 
5.6 DFMO DOSE MODIFICATION ................................................................................................................... 43 
5.7 BORTEZOMIB DOSE MODIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 43 
5.8 STUDY DRUG ACCOUNTABILITY .............................................................................................................. 46 
5.9 CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS AND TREATMENTS .................................................................................... 46 
 
6.0 
STUDY PROCEDURES AND ASSESSMENTS .................................................................................... 46 
6.1 ENROLLMENT OF SUBJECTS ...................................................................................................................... 46 
6.2 SCREENING ............................................................................................................................................... 47 
6.3 TREATMENT PHASE – CYCLE 1 ................................................................................................................. 48 
6.4 TREATMENT PHASE – CYCLES 2-6 ............................................................................................................ 49 
6.5 OTHER SCHEDULES: ................................................................................................................................. 51 
6.6 PROTOCOL TREATMENT COMPLETION ..................................................................................................... 51 
6.7 SUBSEQUENT (MAINTENANCE) CYCLES ................................................................................................... 52 
6.8 OFF-THERAPY / 30 DAY FOLLOW-UP VISIT .............................................................................................. 53 
6.9 SURVIVAL FOLLOW-UP ............................................................................................................................. 54 
 
 
 


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7.0 
EFFICACY ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 54 
7.1 TUMOR ASSESSMENTS/SCANS .................................................................................................................. 54 
7.2 SCAN SUBMISSION: .................................................................................................................................. 54 
7.3 RESPONSE CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................. 55 
 
8.0 
ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING .................................................................................................................... 57 
8.1 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 57 
8.2 DOCUMENTING ADVERSE EVENTS ........................................................................................................... 58 
8.3 EXPEDITED REPORTING OF ADVERSE EVENTS .......................................................................................... 58 
8.4 GRADING AND RELATEDNESS OF ADVERSE EVENTS ................................................................................ 59 
8.4.1 GRADING OF SEVERITY OF AN ADVERSE EVENT ................................................................................... 59 
8.5 GRADING OF HEMATOLOGIC ADVERSE EVENTS IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS .............................................. 59 
8.6 RELATEDNESS TO STUDY DRUG ............................................................................................................... 60 
 
9.0 
SUBJECT WITHDRAWAL AND TRIAL DISCONTINUATION ........................................................................... 61 
9.1 CRITERIA FOR SUBJECT OFF-THERAPY .................................................................................................... 61 
9.2 CRITERIA FOR SUBJECT OFF-STUDY ......................................................................................................... 61 
 
10.0 
DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 62 
10.1 DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE .................................................................................................................. 62 
10.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 62 
 
11.0 
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................... 64 
11.1 PATIENT INFORMED CONSENT ................................................................................................................ 64 
11.2 ETHICAL CONDUCT OF THE STUDY AND IRB/IEC APPROVAL ................................................................ 65 
11.3 DATA SAFETY MONITORING BOARD (DSMB) ....................................................................................... 65 
11.4 MONITORING AND AUDITING ................................................................................................................. 65 
11.5 PRE-STUDY DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................................... 66 
11.6 CONFIDENTIALITY .................................................................................................................................. 66 
11.7 SOURCE DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 67 
11.8 RECORD RETENTION .............................................................................................................................. 67 
 
12.0 
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION ........................................................................................................................ 67 
12.1 BIOLOGICAL CORRELATIVE STUDIES SAMPLE INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................ 69 
12.1.1 OPTIONAL URINE POLYAMINES COLLECTION: ................................................................................ 69 
12.1.2 OPTIONAL BLOOD COLLECTION ..................................................................................................... 70 
12.1.3 OPTIONAL BONE MARROW COLLECTION ....................................................................................... 71 
12.1.4 OPTIONAL TUMOR SAMPLE COLLECTION ....................................................................................... 72 
12.2 SAMPLE STORAGE AND DESTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 72 
 
 
APPENDIX I: PERFORMANCE STATUS/SCORES .......................................................................................................... 74 
 
APPENDIX II: LIST OF STRONG AND CLINICALLY RELEVANT MODERATE CYP3A4 
INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS ...................................................................................................................................... 76 
 
 
 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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PROTOCOL SYNOPSIS 
PROTOCOL TITLE 
A Phase I/II Trial of DFMO in Combination with Bortezomib in 
Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma  
PROTOCOL NUMBER 
NMTRC010B 
PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT 
Phase I/II 
OBJECTIVES 
Primary- Phase I  
• To determine the safety and tolerability of DFMO in combination 
with bortezomib at 3 dose levels of DFMO: 1500mg/m2 twice 
daily, 2000mg/m2 twice daily, and 2500mg/m2 twice daily  in 
subjects with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma who receive 
one full cycle of this dose. 
 
Primary- Phase I and II 
To evaluate the activity of DFMO in combination with bortezomib 
in relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma based on: 
 Progression free survival (PFS)  
 Overall response rate (ORR)  
 
Secondary- Phase I and II 
• To determine the safety and tolerability of DFMO in combination 
with bortezomib in pediatric subjects with refractory or recurrent 
neuroblastoma. 
• For subjects followed with PET scan: comparison of changes in 
PET activity and correlation with PFS   
• Correlation of urinary polyamine levels with response and 
progression of disease in neuroblastoma. 
• Biological Correlates to evaluate or explore minimally include: 1) 
Urine: polyamine levels 2) Blood: Inflammatory markers (ESR, 
CRP, IL-6),  Biomarkers for Let 7 and SNPS, and explorative 
biomarker analysis, 3) Bone Marrow/Tumor biopsies (if biopsied 
per 
standard 
of 
care): 
research 
studies 
including 
Immunohistochemistry/Western Blot/qRT-PCR of bone marrow 
tumor cells or tumor to study Let-7, ODC, Lin28, MYCN, OKT-
4, BMI1, HMGA2, GLUT-4, p-AKT, NF-kB, SOCS3 will be 
performed in an explorative biomarker analysis. Studies will 
measure thymidine and polyamine levels. 4) In vitro research 
studies of tumor cells collected above will include: Genomic 
analysis of cells pre- and post- treatment (when applicable), cell 
viability assays to determine subject IC50 and correlation of in 
vitro response to in vivo response.  
• To determine the dose effect of DFMO on biological correlates 
 
 


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STUDY DESIGN 
NMTRC010B is an open label, multicenter, study to evaluate the 
efficacy of DFMO in combination with Bortezomib in patients with 
relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma. 
Phase 1 
This portion of the study uses a standard 3+3 design in which 
cohorts of 3 patients will receive oral DFMO at a starting dose of 
1500 mg/m2 BID of a 21-day cycle.  Subjects that complete one 
cycle will be considered as having completed Phase I. The dose 
escalation scheme for subsequent cohorts and modifications for dose 
limiting toxicities (DLT) are detailed in the protocol.  The MTD of 
single agent therapy will be defined as the dose level below which 
DLTs are seen in ≥ two of six subjects dosed. 
 
Cycle 1 through 6: DFMO + Bortezomib 
Phase I: Subjects will receive oral DFMO twice daily at their 
assigned dose level on each day of this 21-day cycle. 
DFMO Dose 
Level 
Dose 
1 
1500 mg/m2 BID 
2 
2000 mg/m2 BID 
3 
2500 mg/m2 BID 
 
Phase II: The highest tolerated DFMO dose from the Phase I dose 
escalation will be used for the Phase II portion of the study. Subjects 
will receive oral DFMO twice daily on each day of this 21-day 
cycle. 
 
All Phases: Bortezomib will be given at 1.3mg/m2/dose  IV Push on 
Days 1, 4, and 8 of each 21-day cycle 
 
Phase I Subjects: 
The Phase I subjects on this study will be the first pediatric subjects 
to receive DFMO in combination with Bortezomib. If a Dose 
Limiting Toxicity (DLT) is seen in 2/6 subjects, this portion of the 
study will allow for a -1 dose level reduction (1000mg/m2/dose). If 
the DLT is seen in 2/6 subjects at the -1 dose level, a further 
reduction to dose level -2 (500mg/m2/dose) will be allowed.  
Enrollment will be held at the end of this phase of the study until all 
subjects within the cohort have completed one cycle and a safety 
analysis has been completed by the study committee and Data 
Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB).  The study committee will 
then decide whether the study can continue to the next cohort and 
subsequently to the Phase II portion of the trial. 


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Phase I: At least three and up to six subjects per cohort, for an 
estimated three cohorts (based on safety) may be enrolled for a 
projected total of 12 to 24 subjects.   
 
Phase II: A total of 32-38 relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma subjects 
will be enrolled to ensure that there will be 32 subjects evaluable for 
efficacy. Phase 1 subjects assigned to the final dosing level that 
complete at least 2 cycles and re-evaluation will be eligible to 
continue onto the Phase II portion of the study and will be included 
in the total enrollment numbers. 
 
Response 
Response will be evaluated at the end of cycles 2, 4, and 6 with: 
• CT and/or MRI- same as baseline 
• MIBG or PET scan- same as baseline 
• Bone Marrow- if positive at study entry 
 
Maintenance Cycles 
Subjects that complete 6 cycles will be considered as having 
completed the protocol defined therapy, however they may continue 
on cycles of DFMO (at their current dose level) and bortezomib for 
as long as they are tolerating it well and not having progression. 
Subjects in maintenance cycles will have response evaluations done 
as per standard of care.  
 
ELIGIBILITY 
Inclusion Criteria 
1. Age: ≤ 21 years at the time of diagnosis. 
2. Diagnosis: Histologic verification at either the time of original 
diagnosis or relapse of neuroblastoma. 
3. Disease Status: For the purposes of this study, aggressive multidrug 
chemotherapy is defined as chemotherapy including 2 or more 
agents that must include an alkylating agent and a platinum-
containing compound. Patients must have ONE of the following: 
1)   Any episode of recurrent disease following completion 
of aggressive multi-drug frontline therapy. 
2)   Any episode of progressive disease during aggressive 
multi-drug frontline therapy. 
3)   Primary  resistant/refractory  disease  detected  at  the  
conclusion  of  at  least  4  cycles  of aggressive multidrug 
induction chemotherapy on or according to a high-risk 
neuroblastoma protocol (examples include Children’s 
Oncology Group trials: A3973, ANBL0532, ANBL09P1, 
etc.). 


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4.  Measurable or evaluable disease, including at least one of the 
following: Measureable tumor by CT or MRI; or A positive 
MIBG or PET; or Positive bone marrow biopsy/aspirate. 
5. Current disease state must be one for which there is currently no 
known curative therapy or no additional therapies proven to 
prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life.    
6. A negative serum or urine pregnancy test is required for female 
subjects of child bearing potential (onset of menses or ≥13 years 
of age). 
7. Organ Function Requirements 
a. Subjects must have adequate liver function as defined by:  
• 
AST and ALT <5x upper limit of normal  
• 
Serum bilirubin must be ≤ 2.0 mg/dl 
 
b. Subjects must have adequate Bone Marrow function 
defined as: 
For patients without bone marrow involvement: 
• 
Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥  
750/µL 
• 
Platelet count ≥ 50,000/µL (transfusion independent, 
defined as not receiving platelet transfusions within a 7 
day period prior to enrollment.  Exception: Patients 
that are platelet dependent due to previous extensive 
treatment- e.g. - MIBG therapy). 
• 
Hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dL (may receive RBC 
transfusions) 
 
Patients known to have bone marrow involvement with 
neuroblastoma are eligible provided that minimum ANC 
and platelet count criteria are met but are not evaluable for 
hematological toxicity. 
 
Patients that do not have bone marrow involvement but that 
are transfusion dependent at study entry are eligible 
provided that minimum ANC and platelet count criteria are 
met but are not evaluable for platelet toxicity. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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c.  Subjects must have adequate renal function defined as: 
• 
Serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows: 
 Age 
Maximum Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) 
 Male  
Female  
1 month to < 6 months  
0.4 
0.4 
6 months to < 1 year  
0.5 
05 
1 to < 2 years  
0.6 
0.6 
2 to < 6 year 
0.8 
0.8 
6 to < 10 years  
1 
1 
10 to < 13 years  
1.2 
1.2 
13 to < 16 years  
1.5 
1.4 
≥ 16 years  
1.7 
1.4 
8. Informed Consent: All subjects and/or legal guardians must sign 
informed written consent. Assent, when appropriate, will be 
obtained according to institutional guidelines 
Exclusion Criteria 
9. Lansky score <50% 
10. BSA (m2) of  <0.25 
11. Prior Therapy- Patients must have fully recovered from the 
acute toxic effects of all prior anti- cancer chemotherapy and be 
within the following timelines: 
a.   Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: Must not have received 
within 2 weeks of enrollment onto this study (6 weeks if prior 
nitrosourea). 
b.   Hematopoietic  growth  factors:  At  least  5  days  since  
the  completion  of therapy with a growth factor. 
c.   Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): At least 7 days since 
the completion of therapy with a biologic agent. For agents 
that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days 
after administration, this period must be extended beyond the 
time during which adverse events are known to occur. The 
duration of this interval must be discussed with the Study Chair. 
d.   Immunotherapy: At  least  6  weeks  since  the  completion  
of  any  type  of immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines. 
e.   Monoclonal antibodies:  At least 7 days or 3 half-lives, 
whichever is longer, must have elapsed since prior treatment 
with a monoclonal antibody. 
f.    XRT: At least 14 days since the last treatment except for 
radiation delivered with palliative intent to a non-target site.  
g.   Stem Cell Transplant or Rescue: No evidence of 
active graft vs. host disease and ≥ 2 months must have 
elapsed since transplant. 
12. Investigational Drugs: Subjects who have received another 
investigational drug within the last 14 days are excluded from 
participation. 
13. Infection: Subjects who have an uncontrolled infection are not 
eligible until the infection is judged to be well controlled in the 


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opinion of the investigator. 
14. Subjects who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able 
to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study, 
or in whom compliance is likely to be suboptimal, should be 
excluded.  
Additional criteria: 
Subjects willing to participate in the correlative biologic studies will 
sign an additional consent form to provide bone marrow, blood, 
urine, and tumor (if available) for analysis. 
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF 
SUBJECTS/GEOGRAPHIC 
REGIONS 
A projected total of 12 to 24 subjects for the Phase I and 32- 38 
subjects for the Phase II will be enrolled.  
A total of 38-62 subjects will be enrolled to complete the dose 
escalation and achieve 32 evaluable subjects for the Phase II.  
Up to 16 sites in the United States will participate. 
LENGTH OF STUDY 
Accrual to this study is estimated to be 2 years, with follow up for 
five years after last subject completion. 
INVESTIGATIONAL PRODUCT 
DOSE/ROUTE/REGIMEN 
DFMO is an oral agent that will be administered twice daily on 
every day of each 21-day cycle in combination with bortezomib 
given IV on Days 1, 4, and 8 of each 21-day cycle.   
STUDY ASSESSMENTS 
Refer to Table of Assessments for timing of study procedures. 
 
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION 
Safety Measures:  
• Safety analysis will be conducted on all subjects who have 
received at least one dose of study drug, and will include the 
frequency and grade of all adverse events.  
Response Measures:  
• Overall Response Rate (ORR) 
 To determine the overall response rate (ORR) by the presence 
of radiologically assessable disease by cross-sectional imaging 
and in MIBG or PET scans. Response will be defined by 
criteria in section 9.0; or disappearance of abnormal MIBG or 
PET foci. 
 Duration of response, defined as the period of time from when 
measurement criteria are met for complete response (CR) or 
partial response (PR), whichever is first recorded, until the first 
date that recurrent or progressive disease (PD) is objectively 
documented (taking as reference for PD the smallest 
measurements recorded since the treatment started) 
 The assessment of response will include the initial measurable 
targets and will be performed after the second cycle, then after 
every other cycle. Serial results of bone marrow aspirates, and 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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urinary catecholamines will be followed to confirm clinical 
response in subjects with stable disease.  
• A subject will be defined as a responder if CR/PR is observed at 
any time during the treatment.  
• Time to progression, defined as the period from the start of the 
treatment until the criteria for progression are met. 
• Survival will be recorded at all times during the study, and 
follow-up will be every three months for one year and then 
annually for five years.  
 
STATISTICS/SAMPLE SIZE 
ESTIMATE 
Statistics: 
All baseline subject characteristics will be summarized in a tabular 
format.  Safety data will be described for all subjects receiving at 
least one dose of DFMO.  Safety data will include all grade 2 or 
greater adverse events and reporting of DLT’s and MTD. The 
proportion of subjects experiencing adverse events, serious adverse 
events, and treatment delays will be summarized for each dosing 
cohort. 
 
Response data will be summarized as the proportion of subjects 
experiencing progressive disease, stable disease, partial responses or 
complete responses summarized in tabular format and supplemented 
with exact confidence intervals. Progression free survival and 
duration of any responses will also be summarized based on the 
Kaplan-Meier approach.   
 
Sample Size: 
Phase I:  A 3+3 design with 3 dose levels will be used. At least 
three and up to six subjects per cohort, for an estimated three cohorts 
(based on safety) may be enrolled for a projected total of 12 to 24 
subjects.   
 
Phase II: Primary endpoint of ORR, a sample size of n=32 (6 from 
Phase I MTD) will be required to test whether treatment with 
DFMO can result in an ORR of 10% (Reference Value set at ORR 
<= 1%) The sample size to detect this difference uses a two-stage 
test with 5% Type I error level and 80% power. 
 
Examination of the secondary endpoint of PFS will require a sample 
size of n = 23 subjects to test whether treatment with DFMO can 
prolong PFS by 48 days (from 42 days based on historical data in 
this subject population to 90 days). The sample size to detect this 
difference uses a two-stage test with 5% Type I error level and 80% 
power. 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Procedures and Assessments 
 
a  Optional 
additional 
informed 
consent 
required 
b  At the end 
of cycle 2, 4, 
and 6, then 
every other 
cycle 
 
c  At the end 
of cycle 2 and 
6, then yearly 
 
^Standard of 
Care Bone 
Marrow. 
(Separate 
consent 
required for 
additional 
research 
samples per 
section 12.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Screen 
Cycle 1 
Cycles 2 through 6 
Subsequent 
Cycles 
Follow 
Up 
 
 
Day 1 
Day 
4 
Day 
8 
Day 
15 
Day 16-
21 
Day 1 
Day 4 
Day 8 
Day 
15 
Day 
16-21 
 
 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical & surgical history, demographics
histologic evidence of malignancy 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prior therapy for malignancy 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tumor Tissue (Pharmacogenomics)a 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interval Medical History & Physical Exam 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Vital signs including O2 saturation 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
ECOG or Lansky play status 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
CBC and differential 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Serum chemistries 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
X 
X 
CRP, ESR, IL-6 (IL-6 is recommended) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pregnancy test (urine) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Urinary VMA/HVA 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
BSA calculation 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Administration of Bortezomib 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
 
Administration of DFMO 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dispense (and collect) drug dosing diary 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AE monitoring 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Concomitant medications 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
CT or MRI 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xb 
Xb 
Xb 
MIBG or PET scan 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xb 
Xb 
Xb 
Bone Marrow aspirate and biopsy ^  
(if + at enrollment) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xb 
Xb 
Xb 
Audiogram 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xc 
Xc 
Xc 
Urine for biological correlatesa 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Blood for biological correlatesa 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Survival 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
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1.0 
Protocol Concept 
High risk Neuroblastoma (NB) remains a challenge in pediatric oncology, accounting for 15% of 
all pediatric cancer deaths.  While most patients are able to attain remission, approximately 50% 
will relapse.  Once relapsed, there is currently no curative treatment for these children, and for 
these children the 5-year survival rate is <10%.  As such, new therapeutic approaches are needed 
to treat these children.  
  
These more aggressive forms of NB respond poorly to hormonal and chemotherapeutic 
approaches, and therefore, there is a great need for antineoplastic agents with novel mechanisms 
of action. The MYCN protein up-regulates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a gene encoding for 
the ODC enzyme that is pivotal in polyamine biosynthesis. High polyamine content and elevated 
ODC activities are commonly found in NB as well as many other tumors, and therefore, 
suppression of polyamines in cancer cells is an effective means to reduce tumor cell 
proliferation. We have shown ODC inhibition reverses the LIN28/Let7 pathway, an important 
pathway in cell differentiation and regulation of glycolytic metabolism.  In studying this 
pathway, it was found to be regulated as well by the NFkB pathway. We have therefore studied 
the combination of DFMO with Bortezomib and showing synergy of these medications in 
neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. This study will address this concept in children with relapsed 
or refractory neuroblastoma. 
 
 
Background and Preliminary Data 
1.1 
Previous Preclinical and Clinical Work  
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a tumor of the autonomous nervous system originating from the adrenal 
medulla and autonomous ganglia in the chest and abdomen. After leukemia and brain tumors, 
NB is the third most frequent malignant tumor of childhood. The incidence in the United States 
is approximately one in 7,000 children (Ater, Gardner et al. 1998). Therapy for NB is very 
intense, especially in advanced stages of the disease with widespread metastases to liver, bone, 
lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Current therapy includes chemotherapy, radiation, and high 
dose chemotherapy with subsequent bone marrow transplantation followed by differentiating 
therapy. More recently, immunotherapy has been added using monoclonal antibodies to the GD2 
glycolipid antigen that is heavily expressed by NB cells (Bosslet, Mennel et al. 1989; Cheung, 
Kushner et al. 1998). Over the last 30 years, significant therapeutic progress has been made with 
an increase in the five-year relative survival rate from approximately 25% to 55%. However, 
almost 50% of patients are estimated to die of their tumor, and over the past decade improvement 
in the five-year survival rate of NB patients has been slow (Harras 1996). NB has a particularly 
poor prognosis in patients older than 2 years at diagnosis, advanced stage disease and/or disease 
characterized by MYCN gene amplification (Seeger, Brodeur et al. 1985; Brodeur 2003). These 
more aggressive forms of NB respond poorly to chemotherapeutic approaches, and therefore, 
there is great need for a better understanding of the cellular regulation of MYCN-amplified NB 
tumors in an effort to search for alternative molecular drug targets. Although a role for the 
MYCN oncoprotein has been established in NB pathogenesis, the mechanism by which MYCN 
contributes to both the development of this disease and its poor prognosis is still unclear. The 
MYCN oncoprotein functions as a transcriptional regulator (Ben-Yosef, Yanuka et al. 1998) and 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
 Page 19 of 81 
thus may influence tumorigenesis and patient survival by regulating the expression of key genes 
involved in the NB malignant phenotype. MYCN regulates the expression of genes that encode 
ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the multi-drug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and 
MDM2 (Slack, Chen et al. 2005). ODC is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of 
polyamines (Marton and Pegg 1995). Although polyamines, and therefore ODC, are essential for 
normal cell proliferation, increased ODC activity can induce cellular transformation in vitro 
(Auvinen, Paasinen et al. 1992), and high ODC levels are associated with a variety of tumors, 
including those of the brain and prostate (Mohan, Challa et al. 1999; Ernestus, Rohn et al. 2001). 
Several studies have identified ODC as a target gene for the MYCN oncoprotein (Lutz, Stohr et 
al. 1996; Ben-Yosef, Yanuka et al. 1998; Lu, Pearson et al. 2003), and it is possible that ODC, 
and therefore polyamines, play a significant role in NB tumorigenesis. 
 
Role of polyamines in cancer 
The identification of novel inhibitors of enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis with 
antitumor activities has recently revived interest in polyamine homeostasis and in designing 
strategies of cancer chemotherapy (Mamont, Duchesne et al. 1978; Porter, Regenass et al. 1992; 
Seiler, Atanassov et al. 1998). Selective pharmacological interference with the synthesis of 
natural polyamines results in tumor cell growth inhibition under both in vitro and in vivo 
conditions (Mamont, Duchesne et al. 1978; McCann and Pegg 1992). Although the precise 
mechanism by which polyamines contribute to cell proliferation is not well known, it has been 
suggested that it may be a result of their ability to bind DNA and affect gene expression by 
bringing about structural changes in chromatin, thereby stimulating cell growth (Marton and 
Morris 1987). Furthermore, the dramatic increases in the activity of ODC in certain tumor cells 
have been linked to G1-S transition (Fuller, Gerner et al. 1977; Kahana and Nathans 1984; 
Kaczmarek, Calabretta et al. 1987). As mentioned above, an apparent molecular basis for this 
derives from the fact that ODC is among those genes, which can be regulated by c-Myc and 
MYCN (Bello-Fernandez, Packham et al. 1993; Pena, Reddy et al. 1993; Wagner, Meyers et al. 
1993; Lutz, Stohr et al. 1996; Lu, Pearson et al. 2003), both of which regulate entry into and exit 
from the cell cycle. Because cell growth is absolutely dependent on polyamines, interference 
with polyamine biosynthesis has long been considered a promising therapeutic approach against 
proliferative diseases, including various malignancies (Heby and Persson 1990; Auvinen, 
Paasinen et al. 1992; McCann and Pegg 1992). α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO or 
eflornithine), a suicide substrate inhibitor of ODC (Metcalf, Bey et al. 1978; Poulin, Lu et al. 
1992), has been the prototype tool for the study of therapeutic effectiveness of polyamine 
depletion in experimental tumors (McCann and Pegg 1992; Meyskens and Gerner 1999) (Fig. 1). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
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DFMO inhibits cell growth of many cancer cells including NB and induces cell differentiation 
(Chapman 1980; Melino, Farrace et al. 1988). These processes are accompanied by an apparent 
depletion of putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) pools (Pegg 1988; Heby and Persson 1990; 
McCann and Pegg 1992). DFMO has also been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis 
in a human gastric cancer model (Takahashi, Mai et al. 2000).  
 
Role of polyamines in NB cell differentiation   
The fluctuation in the levels of intracellular polyamines such as Put, Spd, and spermine (Spm) 
has been observed in association with cell differentiation (Heby 1981; Tabor and Tabor 1984; 
Pegg 1986), and inhibition of ODC by DFMO and reduction in polyamine pools stimulates 
various cancer cells including NB cells to differentiate (Chen, Nau et al. 1983; Melino, Farrace et 
al. 1988; Melino, Piacentini et al. 1991).  DFMO treatment of NB cells can change the triangular 
NB morphology by inducing a different phenotype; one which resembles elongated fibroblast-
like cells without typical neuritic processes. By comparison, treatment with retinoic acid (RA) 
induces neural differentiation of NB cells as indicated by the outgrowth of definite neurites 
(Melino, Farrace et al. 1988; Melino, Piacentini et al. 1991; Wainwright, Lasorella et al. 2001). 
The role of polyamines in cell differentiation has been studied for many years, and yet the 
precise role of polyamines at the cellular and molecular level is still not well understood and may 
play a key role in tumor regression. 
 
Effect of polyamine inhibitor DFMO in a transgenic neuroblastoma animal model 
Encouraging data by two groups (Hogarty, Norris et al. 2008; Rounbehler, Li et al. 2009) 
recently emerged and confirmed the effect of DFMO in vivo using the TH-MYCN NB mouse 
model, and DFMO in combination with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide increased the tumor-free 
survival of TH-MYCN homozygous mice (Fig. 2) (Hogarty, Norris et al. 2008). Additional 
studies have revealed that DFMO combined with SAM486A act synergistically and result in a 
significantly reduced tumor burden in TH-MYCN mice (56). 
Figure 1. Pathway of polyamine metabolism showing two target 
enzymes of the polyamine inhibitors DFMO and SAM486A. By 
inhibiting ODC, DFMO depletes putrescine (Put) and spermidine 
(Spd) pools, whereas it only modestly affects spermine (Spm) 
pools. By inhibiting AdoMetDC, SAM486A depletes Spd and 
Spm, whereas it markedly increases Put. The inhibitor 
combination lowers all three polyamine pools until cells stop 
growing and the pools are no longer diluted by cell division. SSAT 
and PAO work in concert to acetylate and oxidize polyamines 
during retro-conversion. SMO converts Spm back to Spd without 
the 
need 
for 
an 
acetylation 
step. 
AdoMetDC, 
S-
adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; MTA, methyl-thioadenosine; 
ODC, ornithine decarboxylase; PAO, polyamine oxidase; SAM, S-
adenosylmethionine; 
SMO, 
spermine 
oxidase; 
SSAT, 
spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
 Page 21 of 81 
 
 
Figure 2. Extended tumor-free survival in neuroblastoma-prone mice treated with DFMO. A, tumor-free survival 
curves for homozygous (TH-MYCN +/+) or hemizygous (TH-MYCN +/-) mice stratified by DFMO therapy. DFMO-
treated mice (dashed lines) received DFMO from birth onward (preemptive treatment trial). DFMO therapy was 
stopped at day 70 in tumor-free mice. B, delayed treatment trial: TH-MYCN homozygous and hemizygous mice 
were randomized to DFMO (dashed lines) or control (solid lines) following weaning at day 25. Tumor-free survival 
for TH-MYCN homozygous mice with advanced tumor from the time of treatment with (C) cisplatin alone (black 
line), cisplatin followed by DFMO (gray line), or cisplatin administered simultaneously with DFMO (dashed line) or 
(D) cyclophosphamide alone (solid line) or combined with DFMO (dashed line). P values using the method of 
Kaplan-Meier are shown (75). 
 
 
Relevance of ODC in patients with neuroblastoma 
Further evidence of the importance of ODC in NB tumorigenesis is available from our recent 
studies with human NB tumors. We analyzed the expression levels of ODC mRNA from 88 NB 
patients and found significant correlations between ODC expression and the overall survival 
probability. High levels of ODC were predictive of low survival probability and vice versa (Fig. 
3A). Most surprisingly, ODC was also predictive in tumors without MYCN amplification (Fig. 
3B), thus suggesting that ODC also plays a role in NB tumorigenesis independent of MYCN 
amplification (57). These findings were independently confirmed by two other groups (Hogarty, 
Norris et al. 2008; Rounbehler, Li et al. 2009). 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
 Page 22 of 81 
A                                                        B 
 
 
Figure 3. Correlation of ODC gene expression with NB patient survival prognosis. A, Kaplan-Meier graphs 
representing the survival prognosis of 88 NB patients based on high or low expression levels of ODC. Survival 
probability of NB patients (follow-up over 196 months) with low ODC expression is significantly higher than of 
patients with high ODC expression. B, Kaplan-Meier graphs representing the survival prognosis based on high or 
low expression levels of ODC stratified for patients without MYCN amplification. The survival probability of NB 
patients with low ODC expression is significantly higher than of patients with high ODC expression (80). 
 
 
Combination of DFMO and Bortezomib targeting LIN28/Let7 axis and glycolytic 
metabolism. 
Overexpression of LIN28 correlates with poor outcome in neuroblastoma (NB) [1].   The 
LIN28/Let-7 axis affects many cellular processes including cell differentiation and glycolytic 
metabolism [2-4]. The LIN28/Let-7 axis also 
affects MYCN, which is often overexpressed 
in high risk NB [5, 6]. Studies in colon 
cancer 
have 
shown 
that 
ornithine 
decarboxylase (ODC) inhibition decreases 
LIN28 
levels, 
thereby 
reversing 
the 
LIN28/Let-7 axis [7].    
 
Our preliminary studies demonstrate that 
therapy 
targeting 
ODC 
reverses 
the 
LIN28B/Let-7 axis in NB and decreases 
MYCN protein expression (Figure 4).  Our 
studies show that cells overexpressing 
LIN28B also have greater sensitivity to 
difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) treatment, 
which inhibits ODC and decreases cellular 
polyamines [8].  
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4: DFMO treatment reverses the LIN28/Let-7 axis in NB. A) 
Western blot analysis showed that DFMO treatment reduces LIN28B 
and MYCN protein levels in NB cells lines. B) qRT-PCR analysis 
showed increased Let-7 miRNA levels in BE(2)-C and SMS-KCNR 
cell lines with DFMO treatment.  


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Many cancer cells are reprogramed to produce ATP primarily via glycolytic metabolism as 
opposed to oxidative phosphorylation, a phenomenon termed the “Warburg effect” [9-13]. This 
phenomenon is well documented in NB [14]. 
Our studies showed a decrease in ATP/cell with 
DFMO treatment in NB, indicating a decrease 
in glycolytic metabolic activity (data not 
shown).  Patient observations in our Phase I 
study with DFMO and in vivo xenograft studies 
using PET scans further validated the findings 
that 
DFMO 
treatment 
reduces 
glycolytic 
metabolism in NB (Figure 2).  
 
Recent studies have shown that the LIN28/Let-7 
and metabolism pathways are important in 
cancer stem cell (CSC) regulation. Our 
collaborator, Dr. Max Wicha, has demonstrated 
the importance of these pathways in breast 
CSCs. His studies show that elevated glycolytic 
metabolism is a characteristic of CSCs [15] and  
suggests that the  LIN28/Let-7 axis is of critical  
importance in CSCs [16]. Additionally, his 
research has demonstrated the importance of 
SOCS3 and the NF-kB/IL-6 inflammatory loop 
in CSCs [17]. The NF-kB/IL-6 inflammatory loop is linked to the LIN28/Let-7 axis [3]; 
therefore, to further inhibit this pathway, we studied bortezomib (Velcade). Bortezomib 
inactivates NF-kB through proteasome inhibition. NF-kB binds and enhances expression at the 
LIN28 promoter [3], therefore inhibition by 
bortezomib reduces LIN28.  Downstream 
effects of this include inhibition of the insulin 
receptor and GLUT-4 and decrease in 
glycolytic metabolism [2].  Proteosome 
inhibition also results in an increase in SOCS3 
which in turn inhibits the JAK/STAT pathway 
and decreases IL-6 [17] (Figure 3). Our 
preliminary studies show synergy between 
DFMO and bortezomib in NB. 
 
This combination was tested in in vitro and in 
vivo studies and shown to be well tolerated 
and effective together. A mice xenograft 
model treated with the combination with 
DFMO and bortezomib resulted in a decrease 
in tumor growth (Figure 5).   
 
 
 
Figure 5: DFMO treatment reduces glycolytic metabolism in 
NB. A) Patient PET scans before and after one cycle of DFMO 
treatment. B) Average SUVmax (measure of metabolism) was 
lower in mice treated with DFMO compared to untreated. C) 
PET scans of one untreated and one DFMO-treated mouse at 
baseline, day 19, and day 32 of treatment.  
Figure 3:  Pathways of importance in CSCs. Combined treatment 
with DFMO and Bortezomib targets multiple points of the ODC-
LIN28 pathways and IL-6 inflammatory loop.  


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
 Page 24 of 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 5. SMS-KCNR Xenograft treated with DFMO and Botrezomib 
 
 
1.2 
Clinical Work 
 
Summary of Phase I Neuroblastoma Trial (NTC01059071) 
 
NTC01059071 was a multi-center, investigator initiated dose escalation study that was 
completed in 2013. The following dose levels of DFMO (CPP-1X) were investigated: 500 
mg/m2, 750 mg/m2, 1000 mg/m2 and 1500 mg/m2. Cycles were 21 days, with CPP-1X given 
days 1-21 for all cycles and for cycles 2 and greater, etoposide is given on days 1-14 of each 
cycle. Subjects must complete the first 2 cycles of treatment (cycle 1 CPP-1X alone, cycle 2 
CPP-1X with 50 mg/m2/dose etoposide) in order to be included in the dose limiting toxicity 
assessment. Subjects who did not complete 2 cycles were replaced in the cohort. Subjects are 
considered to have completed the study if they have received 5 cycles of treatment. They may 
continue treatment if there are no safety concerns, there is no disease progression, and/or there is 
an indication of clinical benefit. 
 
At the close of the study 21 subjects had received at least one dose of DFMO, with 3 evaluable 
subjects at 500 mg/m2, 3 evaluable subjects at 750 mg/m2, 3 evaluable subjects at 1000 mg/m2, 
and 6 evaluable subjects at 1500 mg/m2. All subjects were multiple relapsed/refractory, with 14 
males and 7 females, mean age 9, range (1-17), and 60% White/Caucasian. 
 
There were no DLT’s reported during this study and no serious adverse events. The most 
prevalent adverse events were low hemoglobin, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The majority 
of the events were considered unrelated to treatment.  
 
Nine subjects completed at least 5 cycles of therapy therefore completing study defined protocol 
therapy. Time on study ranged from 1 to 43 cycles, with 4 subjects on therapy 1 year or more. 
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Baseline
Day 7
Day 14
cm3 
Average Tumor Volume 
Vehicle
DFMO
Velcade
Combo


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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Summary of Phase II Neuroblastoma Prevention Trial  
 
NCT01586260 is a multi-center, open label, single agent study that was opened in 2012 for 
children with neuroblastoma that is in remission. The dose level of DFMO being investigated is: 
1000 mg/m2 twice daily. Cycles are 28 days, with DFMO given days 1-28 for all cycles. Subjects 
are considered to have completed the study if they have received 27 cycles of treatment (2 years) 
without a remission.  
 
To date 51 subjects had received at least one dose of DFMO, with 44 subjects remaining on 
study at this time.  All subjects had neuroblastoma that is in remission, with 33 males and 18 
females, mean age 9, range (1-17), and 69% White/Caucasian.  There have been no related 
SAE’s reported during this study to date.  
 
Summary of Dosing and Schedule Development for Bortezomib 
 
Bortezomib (Velcade®, IND #58443) is an FDA approved proteasomal Inhibitor for the 
treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.  Pre-clinical studies have 
demonstrated anti-tumor activity of bortezomib in pediatric cancers, including leukemia, non-
Hodgkin lymphoma, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma.   Bortezomib 
has been studied in one phase 1 and three phase 2 Children’s Oncology Group (COG) studies 
and is currently under investigation in a phase 3 study.  The Phase 1 study was combined with 
Vorinostat and the MTD for bortezomib was 1.3mg/m2 IV on D1, 4, 8 and 11 of a 21 day cycle.  
On this trial, one child developed grade 4 neuropathy late in treatment.  Due to this, the phase 2 
trials have used bortezomib at either 1.2 mg/m2 or 1.3mg/m2 on D1, 4 and 8 of a 21 day cycle.  
The one trial using the 1.2mg/m2 combined bortezomib with more myelosuppressive therapy 
(Ifosfamide/Vinorelbine). The remaining COG trails, including the current phase 3 trial, have use 
the dose of Bortezomib at 1.3mg/m2 IV on D1, 4 and 8 of a 21 day cycle.  This dose and 
schedule of Bortezomib is chosen for this study as the standard of care dose in pediatrics. 
 
Summary 
In summary, our studies show that DFMO reverses the LIN28/Let-7 pathway, reverses MYCN 
overexpression and decreases cellular ATP and PET activity in NB cells. These pathways, in 
addition to the proteasome pathway, have been shown to be important in CSCs but have yet to be 
linked to CSCs in NB.  Given the high rate of relapse in NB, targeting of the CSC is important to 
prevent relapse. We believe that our preliminary study lays the framework for an investigation of 
the effects of ODC-Lin 28/Let-7 inhibition in NB using DFMO and bortezomib in children with 
relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma. 
  
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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2.0 
Study Objectives 
2.1 
Primary Objective- Phase I  
2.1.1 To determine the safety and tolerability of DFMO in combination with 
bortezomib at 3 dose levels of DFMO: 1500mg/m2 twice daily, 
2000mg/m2 twice daily, and 2500mg/m2 twice daily  in subjects with 
relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma who receive one full cycle of this 
dose. 
 
2.2 
Primary- Phase I and II 
2.2.1 To evaluate the activity of DFMO as a single agent and in combination 
with bortezomib in relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma based on: 
Progression free survival (PFS)  
Overall response rate (ORR)  
 
2.3 
Secondary Objectives: 
2.3.1 To determine the safety and tolerability of DFMO in combination with 
bortezomib in pediatric subjects with refractory or recurrent 
neuroblastoma. 
2.3.2 For subjects followed with PET scan: comparison of changes in PET 
activity and correlation with PFS  
2.3.3 Correlation of urinary polyamine levels with response and progression of 
disease in neuroblastoma. 
2.3.4 Biological Correlates to evaluate or explore minimally include: 1) Urine: 
polyamine levels 2) Blood: Inflammatory markers,  Biomarkers for Let 7 
and SNPS, and explorative biomarker analysis, 3) Bone Marrow/Tumor 
biopsies (if biopsied per standard of care): research studies including 
Immunohistochemistry/Western Blot/qRT-PCR of bone marrow tumor 
cells or tumor to study Let-7, ODC, Lin28, MYCN, OKT-4, BMI1, 
HMGA2, GLUT-4, p-AKT, NF-kB, SOCS3 will be performed in an 
explorative biomarker analysis. Studies will measure thymidine and 
polyamine levels. 4) In vitro research studies of tumor cells collected 
above will include: Genomic analysis of cells pre- and post- treatment 
(when applicable), cell viability assays to determine subject IC50 and 
correlation of in vitro response to in vivo response. 
2.3.5 To determine the dose effect of DFMO on biological correlates 
 
 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
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3.0 
Study Design 
 
NMTRC010B is an open label, multicenter, study to evaluate the efficacy of DFMO in 
combination with bortezomib in subjects with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma. 
 
3.1 
Cycles 1-6 
 
3.1.1 DFMO- Phase I 
 
Subjects will receive six (6) cycles of oral DFMO twice daily at their assigned 
dose level on each day of this 21-day cycle. 
 
DFMO Dose 
Level 
Dose 
1 
1500 mg/m2 BID 
2 
2000 mg/m2 BID 
3 
2500 mg/m2 BID 
 
DFMO is provided as 250mg tablets.   
 
 
3.1.2 DFMO- Phase II 
 
The highest tolerated DFMO dose from the Phase I dose escalation will be used 
for the Phase II portion of the study. Subjects will receive oral DFMO twice daily 
on each day of this 21day cycle. 
  
DFMO is provided as 250mg tablets.   
 
3.1.3 Bortezomib 
 
Bortezomib will be given at 1.3mg/m2/dose IV Push on Days 1, 4, and 8 of each 
21-day cycle 
 
The Phase I subjects on this study will be the first pediatric subjects to receive 
DFMO in combination with Bortezomib. If a Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT) is 
seen in 2/6 subjects, this portion of the study will allow for a -1 dose level 
reduction (1000mg/m2/dose). If the DLT is seen in 2/6 subjects at the -1 dose 
level, a further reduction to dose level -2 (500mg/m2/dose) will be allowed.  
Enrollment will be held at the end of this phase of the study until all subjects 
within the cohort have completed one cycle and a safety analysis has been 


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completed by the study committee and Data Safety and Monitoring Board 
(DSMB).  The study committee will then decide whether the study can continue 
to the next cohort and subsequently to the Phase II portion of the trial. 
 
3.2 
 Response Evaluations  
At the times indicated in Section 6.0 and the Table of Procedures and Assessments, scans will be 
obtained to evaluate response for subjects enrolled in this study.  Response will be assessed 
according to criteria outlined in Section 7.0 to evaluate the potential benefit of DFMO in this 
subject population.   
 
3.3 
Biological Studies 
Subjects will have an opportunity to participate in additional correlative biological studies on a 
voluntary basis collecting urine, blood, bone marrow and tumor (if a standard of care sample is 
being collected).  These samples will be sent to the POTRL at Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital 
and University of Arizona for studies described in Section 12.  The studies will evaluate the 
effect of DFMO and bortezomib on neuroblastoma. These studies will include evaluation of the 
ODC-Lin28/Let-7 pathway, glycolytic metabolism and inflammation. These biologic studies 
may be able to contribute to our knowledge of molecular profiles or biomarkers of response to 
therapy to help guide future treatment studies.  
 
 


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Protocol Design Schema 
 
Initial Evaluation 
 
DFMO at assigned dose twice daily for  
every day of a 21-day cycle 
+  
Bortezomib 1.3mg/m2 IV push days 1, 4, 8  
of a 21-day cycle 
 
End of Cycle 2 Re-evaluation 
Continue Protocol Therapy for 6 Total Cycles 
Re-evaluation at end of every 2 cycles 


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4.0 
Subject Selection  
 
4.1 
Inclusion Criteria: 
 
1. Age: ≤ 21 years at the time of diagnosis. 
2. Diagnosis: Histologic verification at either the time of original diagnosis or relapse of 
neuroblastoma. 
3. Disease Status: For the purposes of this study, aggressive multidrug chemotherapy is defined as 
chemotherapy including 2 or more agents that must include an alkylating agent and a platinum-
containing compound. Patients must have ONE of the following: 
1)   Any episode of recurrent disease following completion of aggressive multi-drug 
frontline therapy. 
2)   Any episode of progressive disease during aggressive multi-drug frontline therapy. 
3)   Primary  resistant/refractory  disease  detected  at  the  conclusion  of  at  least  4  
cycles  of aggressive multidrug induction chemotherapy on or according to a high-risk 
neuroblastoma protocol (examples include Children’s Oncology Group trials: A3973, 
ANBL0532, ANBL09P1, etc.). 
4. Measurable or evaluable disease, including at least one of the following: Measureable tumor 
by CT or MRI; or A positive MIBG or PET scan; or Positive bone marrow biopsy/aspirate.  
5. Current disease state must be one for which there is currently no known curative therapy or 
no additional therapies proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life.   
6. A negative serum or urine pregnancy test is required for female subjects of child bearing 
potential (onset of menses or ≥13 years of age). 
7. Organ Function Requirements: 
a. Subjects must have adequate liver function as defined by:  
• AST and ALT <5x upper limit of normal  
• Serum bilirubin must be ≤ 2.0 mg/dl 
 
b. Subjects must have adequate Bone Marrow function defined as: 
For patients without bone marrow involvement: 
• Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 750/µL 
• 
Platelet count ≥ 50,000/µL (transfusion independent, defined as not receiving 
platelet transfusions within a 7 day period prior to enrollment.  Exception: 
Patients that are platelet dependent due to previous extensive treatment- e.g. - 
MIBG therapy). 
• Hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dL (may receive RBC transfusions) 
 
Patients known to have bone marrow involvement with neuroblastoma are 
eligible provided that minimum ANC and platelet count criteria are met but are 
not evaluable for hematological toxicity. 
 
Patients that do not have bone marrow involvement but that are transfusion 
dependent at study entry are eligible provided that minimum ANC and platelet 
count criteria are met but are not evaluable for platelet toxicity. 


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c.  Subjects must have adequate renal function defined as: 
Serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows: 
 
 Age 
Maximum Serum Creatinine 
(mg/dL) 
 Male  
Female  
1 month to < 6 
months  
0.4 
0.4 
6 months to < 1 year  
0.5 
05 
1 to < 2 years  
0.6 
0.6 
2 to < 6 year 
0.8 
0.8 
6 to < 10 years  
1 
1 
10 to < 13 years  
1.2 
1.2 
13 to < 16 years  
1.5 
1.4 
≥ 16 years  
1.7 
1.4 
 
8. Informed Consent: All subjects and/or legal guardians must sign informed written consent. 
Assent, when appropriate, will be obtained according to institutional guidelines. 
 
4.2 
Exclusion Criteria: 
 
1. Lansky score <50% 
2. BSA (m2) of  <0.25 
3. Prior Therapy- Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior 
anti- cancer chemotherapy and be within the following timelines: 
a.   Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: Must not have received within 2 weeks of enrollment 
onto this study (6 weeks if prior nitrosourea). 
b.   Hematopoietic  growth  factors:  At  least  5  days  since  the  completion  of therapy 
with a growth factor. 
c.   Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): At least 7 days since the completion of therapy 
with a biologic agent. For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days 
after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse 
events are known to occur. The duration of this interval must be discussed with the Study 
Chair. 
d.   Immunotherapy: At  least  6  weeks  since  the  completion  of  any  type  of 
immunotherapy, e.g. tumor vaccines. 
e.   Monoclonal antibodies:  At least 7 days or 3 half-lives, whichever is longer, must have 
elapsed since prior treatment with a monoclonal antibody. 
f.    XRT: At least 14 days since the last treatment except for radiation delivered with 
palliative intent to a non-target site.  
g.   Stem Cell Transplant or Rescue: No evidence of active graft vs. host disease and 
≥ 2 months must have elapsed since transplant. 
4. Investigational Drugs: Subjects who have received another investigational drug within the 
last 14 days are excluded from participation. 


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5. Infection: Subjects who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible until the infection is 
judged to be well controlled in the opinion of the investigator. 
6. Subjects who, in the opinion of the investigator, may not be able to comply with the safety 
monitoring requirements of the study, or in whom compliance is likely to be suboptimal, 
should be excluded.  
 
Additional criteria: 
Subjects willing to participate in the correlative biologic studies will sign an additional consent 
form to provide bone marrow, blood, urine and tumor (if available) for analysis. 
 
5.0 
STUDY DRUG ADMINISTRATION 
5.1 
DFMO 
 
5.1.1 
Description, Formulation, and Storage of DFMO 
DFMO (eflornithine hydrochloride is an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) designated 
chemically as 2-(difluoromethyl)-DL-ornithine monohydrochloride monohydrate.   
 
The dosage form to be used in this study are provided as a convex tablet containing 250 mg of 
eflornithine HCl, monohydrate.  The tablets are packaged and sealed in opaque white HDPE 
bottles, and each bottle contains 100 tablets.  The DMFO tablets are supplied by KC Pharma. 
 
The tablets are to be stored at room temperature (20-250C). 
 
 
5.1.2 
DFMO Dosing: Phase I 
 
Subjects will be given oral DFMO twice daily at their assigned dose level on each day of this 21-
day cycle. Upon enrollment subjects will be assigned a DFMO dose level by NMTRC staff. 
Dosing will be per Dose level charts below. Doses are rounded to the nearest whole tablet.  
 
The dose of DFMO will be recalculated at the beginning of each cycle based on BSA using a weight 
and height obtained up to 5 days prior to the cycle start date. 
 
 
 
DFMO Dose 
Level 
Dose 
1 
1500 mg/m2 BID 
2 
2000 mg/m2 BID 
3 
2500 mg/m2 BID 
 


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DFMO Dose Table for Dose Level 1 - 1500 mg/m2 BID: 
 
BSA (m2) 
Tablets to be Dispensed for 
each dose 
Total Tablets 
Per Day 
Actual 
Mg/m2 
>1.5 
Nine (9) tablets orally twice a day 
Eighteen (18) 
1500 and 
down per dose 
1.3 to 1.5 
Eight (8) tablets orally twice a day 
Sixteen (16) 
1539 to 1333 
per dose 
1.1 to 1.2 
Seven (7) tablets orally twice a day 
Fourteen (14) 
1458 to 1591 
per dose 
1.0  
Six (6) tablets orally twice a day 
Twelve (12) 
1500 per dose 
0.8 to 0.9 
Five (5) tablets orally twice a day 
Ten (5) 
1389 to 1563 
per dose 
0.6 to 0.7 
Four (4) tablets orally twice a day 
Eight (8) 
1429 to 1667 
per dose 
0.5 
Three (3) tablets orally twice a day 
Six (6) 
1500 per dose 
0.3 to 0.4 
Two (2) tablets orally twice a day 
Four (4) 
1250 to 1667 
per dose 
 
 
 


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DFMO Dose Table for Dose Level 2 - 2000 mg/m2 BID: 
 
BSA (m2) 
Tablets to be Dispensed for 
each dose 
Total Tablets 
Per Day 
Actual 
Mg/m2 
1.5 to >1.5 
Twelve (12) tablets orally twice a 
day 
Twenty-four 
(24) 
2000 and 
down per dose 
1.4  
Eleven (11) tablets orally twice a 
day 
Twenty-two 
(22) 
1964 per dose 
1.2 to 1.3 
Ten (10) tablets orally twice a day 
Twenty (20) 
1923 to 2083 
per dose 
1.1   
Nine (9) tablets orally twice a day 
Eighteen (18) 
2046 per dose 
1.0  
Eight (8) tablets orally twice a day 
Sixteen (16) 
2000 per dose 
0.9  
Seven (7) tablets orally twice a day 
Fourteen (14) 
1944 per dose 
0.7 to 0.8 
Six (6) tablets orally twice a day 
Twelve (12) 
1875 to 2143 
per dose 
0.6 
Five (5) tablets orally twice a day 
Ten (10) 
 2083 per dose 
 0.5  
Four (4) tablets orally twice a day 
Eight (8) 
2000 per dose 
 0.4  
Three (3) tablets orally twice a day 
Six (6) 
1875 per dose 
 0.3 
Two (2) tablets orally twice a day 
Four (4) 
1667 per dose 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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DFMO Dose Table for Dose Level 3 - 2500 mg/m2 BID: 
 
BSA (m2) 
Tablets to be Dispensed for each 
dose 
Total Tablets 
Per Day 
Actual 
Mg/m2 
1.5 to >1.5 
Fifteen (15) tablets orally twice a day 
Thirty (30) 
2500 and 
down per dose 
1.4  
Fourteen (14) tablets orally twice a day 
Twenty-eight 
(28) 
2500 per dose 
1.3  
Thirteen (13) tablets orally twice a day 
Twenty-six (26) 
2500 per dose 
1.2 
Twelve (12) tablets orally twice a day 
Twenty-four 
(24) 
2500 per dose 
1.1   
Eleven (11) tablets orally twice a day 
Twenty-two 
(22) 
2500 per dose 
1.0  
Ten (10) tablets orally twice a day 
Twenty (20) 
2500 per dose 
0.9  
Nine (9) tablets orally twice a day 
Eighteen (18) 
2500 per dose 
0.8  
Eight (8) tablets orally twice a day 
Sixteen (16) 
2500 per dose 
0.7 
Seven (7) tablets orally twice a day 
Fourteen (14) 
2500 per dose 
0.6 
Six (6) tablets orally twice a day 
Twelve (12) 
2500 per dose 
 0.5  
Five (5) tablets orally twice a day 
Ten (10) 
2500 per dose 
 0.4  
Four (4) tablets orally twice a day 
Eight (8) 
2500 per dose 
 0.3 
Three (3) tablets orally twice a day 
Six (6) 
2500 per dose 
 
 
5.1.3 
DFMO Dosing: Phase II 
 
The highest tolerated DFMO dose from the Phase I dose escalation will be used for the Phase II 
portion of the study. Subjects will receive oral DFMO twice daily on each day of this 21-day 
cycle per dosing chart above for appropriate dose level. Doses are rounded to the nearest whole 
tablet. 
 
 
 
 


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5.1.4 
Administration of DFMO 
 
Treatment will be administered on an outpatient basis unless hospitalization is required for 
another reason. 
 
Each entire dose of DFMO tablets should be swallowed.  
 
Subjects will be advised (but not required) to maintain a low Polyamine diet during the duration 
of this study. A handout will be provided to subjects with foods they should avoid while on this 
study.  
 
Subjects will be given a ‘patient instruction sheet’ for home administration.   
 
Subjects will be given a ‘dosing diary’ to keep track of doses given at home.  
 
 
5.1.5 
Subjects Unable to Swallow Tablets 
For subjects unable to swallow tablets, DFMO tablets may be chewed or crushed in a teaspoon 
and administered with a small amount of liquid. Note; tablets may not completely dissolve. 
 
Recommended liquids for mixing (to cover taste)- Lemonade, Apple, Cranberry, Grape, or 
Pineapple 
 
DFMO may NOT be mixed in high polyamine juices such as orange or grapefruit juice. 
 
Crushed DFMO tablets may also be mixed in 1-2 tablespoons of chocolate syrup, applesauce, or 
other food.  The DFMO tablets will not dissolve, and this is acceptable.  This technique is simply 
to mask the flavor. 
 
 
5.1.6 
Missed Doses 
If a subject vomits or misses a dose they should skip the missed dose and continue the drug at the 
next dose.  Do not make up missed doses.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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5.1.7 
DFMO Clinical Pharmacology 
DFMO (Eflornithine hydrochloride) is a member of the following drug classes: 1) inhibitor of 
ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), 2) hirsutism (excess hair growth) retardant, and 3) 
antiprotozoals. Eflornithine is FDA approved as a cream for treatment of female hirsutism, and 
in intravenous form for treatment of trypanosomiasis. The oral tablet form is not available 
outside of the clinical trial setting in the U.S., and the formulation used in this trial is similar to 
that used in the Phase III colon adenoma clinical trial in combination with sulindac (Meyskens et 
al., 2008). 
Contraindications:  Prior hypersensitivity to eflornithine.  
 
Common side effects:   
Overall, the most frequently reported AEs in NCI, DCP-sponsored chemoprevention studies 
were diarrhea (9.0%), headache (7.5%), nausea (6.5%), hearing loss (5.6%), tinnitus (4.3%) and 
asthenia (4.7%). Other common toxicities (each accounting for 2 to 3% of all AEs reported) were 
epigastric pain, flatulence, dyspepsia, anemia, dizziness and skin rash. Less common toxicities 
(each accounting for 1 to 2% of all AEs reported) were: stomatitis, rhinitis, insomnia, infections, 
vomiting, vasodilation, dry mouth, constipation, dry skin, menstrual disorders, pharyngitis, 
emotional lability, pruritis, myalgia, and pain (miscellaneous). The most significant adverse 
effects associated with clinical administration of DFMO in chemoprevention trials are loss of 
hearing acuity and tinnitus. These effects have generally been found to be reversible when 
DFMO treatment is stopped. Patients who receive a cumulative oral dose of DFMO below 150 
g/m2 experience minimal ototoxicity. 
 
Infrequent side effects:  Hearing loss/change by audiometry testing has been reported in 8.4% 
of patients on high dose eflornithine.  Rash and alopecia have been reported in 3% of patients.  
Anorexia and abdominal pain have been reported in 2% of patients treated with eflornithine. 
Rare but serious side effects include dizziness (1%), headaches (2%), and seizures (8%), have 
been reported in patients on intravenous eflornithine.  Myelosuppression (including leukopenia, 
[37%], anemia [55%], and thrombocytopenia [14%]) has been reported at high intravenous 
doses. 
Pregnancy and Lactation:  Pregnancy category C. It is unknown if eflornithine crosses the 
placenta.  Case reports in humans along with animal studies (mice, rats) indicate potential for 
fetotoxicity.  Experiments in rodents indicate that eflornithine blocks yolk sac formation and 
trophoblast differentiation, affecting processes such as vasculogenesis and steriodgnesis (Lopez-
Garcia, et al., 2008).  The World Health Organization has not determined a breast feeding rating 
for eflornithine due to insufficient data. The Thompson lactation rating is that infant risk cannot 
be ruled out.  No studies investigating the safety of lactation after eflornithine administration 
have been conducted, nor are there data to determine drug levels in breast milk after drug 
administration.  
 
 
 
 


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Toxicity for DFMO Potential Risk: 
Likely 
Happens to 10-30  patients out 
of every 100 
Less Likely 
Happens to 3-10 patients out of 
every 100 
Rare  
Happens to fewer than 3 patients 
out of every 100 
• 
Fewer red and white 
blood cells  
o a low number of red 
blood cells can make 
you feel tired and 
weak and may 
require transfusion. 
o a low number of 
white blood cells can 
make it easier to get 
infections 
• Decrease in the number 
of platelets made in the 
bone marrow 
• Nausea  
• Hearing Loss 
• Ringing in ears 
• Diarrhea 
• Headache 
• Weakness 
• Loss of appetite 
• Abdominal Pain 
• Flatulence (gas) 
• Dizziness 
•  
• Skin Rash 
• Seizures 
• Sores in the mouth 
• Runny nose 
• Difficulty sleeping 
• Infections 
• Dry mouth 
• Constipation 
• Dry skin 
• Menstrual disorders 
• Sore throat 
• Vomiting 
• Vasodilation (the 
relaxation of blood 
vessels possibly causing 
low blood pressure) 
• Emotional ups and downs 
• Itchiness 
• Body aches 
• Pain  
 
Four particular areas of concern have been identified with regard to the safety of subjects 
participating in this study and an attempt to address each of them is outlined below: The main 
considerations are: thrombocytopenia, hearing loss, gastrointestinal and non-G.I. side effects. 
 
a) 
DFMO Specific Adverse Events 
(1) 
Hearing loss. 
Although hearing loss has been a problem at higher doses (see below), clinical changes in 
hearing have been uncommon (one of 123 subjects in the phase IIb trial) and reversible in the 
doses proposed for this trial (62). An extended analysis of these observations is in press (65). 
There was no statistically significant shifts in distortion product otoacoustic emission levels. For 
auditory pure tone thresholds, there was a subtle 2-3 dB decrease in hearing sensitivity for the 
two higher DFMO doses (0.2 and 0.4 gm/M2/day), but only for the two lowest frequencies at 250 
and 500 HZ. However in two phase I trials using lower doses of DFMO, done by other 
investigators, no audiometric changes were seen after approximately 6 months of DFMO therapy 
at 0.50Gm/m2/d (total dose 90Gm) although some changes were seen at higher doses (79). 


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Hearing loss may occur in association with DFMO administration at high doses. In a meta-
analysis of previous studies, (64), it was reported that less than 10% of the subjects who received 
cumulative doses below 150 Gm/m2 developed a demonstrable hearing deficit, while hearing 
losses were observed in up to 75% of subjects who received cumulative doses above 250 Gm/m2. 
This side effect was thought to be totally reversible upon drug discontinuation.  Some study 
participants taking DFMO at doses similar to those used in this study have experienced mild 
decreases in hearing soft sounds. These changes have been uncommon and usually subclinical 
(that is, noticeable on special hearing tests called audiograms, but not in normal conversation or 
daily activities). Although an affected participant's level of hearing usually returns to its usual 
state when drug is stopped, in a small percentage of cases (occurring in less than 5% of 
participants taking the drug) effects have persisted even after drug was stopped. These changes 
are most, likely not reversible in all subjects.  However, in a recently completed phase IIb trial of 
DFMO audiologic changes that were clinically significant were not detected, even in the highest 
dose group (0.4Gm/m2/day) (extended analysis, 65). It is probable that at low doses of DFMO 
ongoing recovery of inner ear polyamines occurs and clinical hearing loss will be rarely, if ever, 
seen. Since hearing loss is usually totally reversible after drug discontinuation, this approach 
appears safe and cost effective. 
(2) 
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)  
Thrombocytopenia has been reported predominantly in studies using doses of DFMO 
(>3Gm/m2/day) and primarily in cancer patients who had previously undergone chemotherapy or 
patients with compromised bone marrow.  Other side effects ascribed to DFMO have been rare 
and, to date, seen only at high doses. 
(3)  
Other 
Skin rash, anemia, and neutropenia have also been seen with DFMO administration 
(4) 
GI 
Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea have been reported.  
 
 
5.2 
Bortezomib 
 
5.2.1 
Dose Calculation and Administration of Bortezomib- All Phases 
 
Bortezomib will be given at 1.3mg/m2/dose IV Push on Days 1, 4, and 8 of each 21-day 
cycle. 
 
Doses should be rounded per institutional standard.  
 
The dose of bortezomib will be recalculated at the beginning of each cycle based on BSA 
using a weight and height obtained up to 5 days prior to cycle start date. 
 


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5.2.2 
Bortezomib (Velcade) 
Formulation and Stability: Bortezomib is a commercially available product and will not be 
supplied for this study. Bortezomib should be stored and dispensed per institutional standards 
and product insert. 
Source and Pharmacology: Bortezomib (PS - 341) is a reversible inhibitor of the chymotrypsin 
-like activity of the 26S proteasome (a multicatalytic protease present in all eukaryotic cells). 
The 26S proteasome is a large protein complex that degrades proteins that have been conjugated 
to ubiquitin. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an essential role in regulating the 
intracellular concentration of specific proteins, and constitutes the major mechanism for 
intracellular protein degradation (80%). Those intracellular proteins which maintain homeostasis 
within cells include numerous regulatory proteins involved in cellular integrity, such as cell-
cycle control, cellular apoptosis, transcription factor activation, and tumor growth via ATP-
dependent processes. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome prevents this targeted proteolysis, which 
can affect multiple signaling cascades within the cell. This disruption of normal homeostatic 
mechanisms can lead to cell death. The binding of bortezomib to human plasma proteins 
averages 83% over a concentration range of 100 to 1000 ng/mL. The mean elimination half- 
life of bortezomib after multiple dosing ranged from 40 to 193 hours after the 1 mg/m 2 dose and 
76 to 108 hours after the 1.3mg/m2 dose. In vitro studies with human liver microsomes and 
human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 isozymes indicate that bortezomib is primarily 
oxidatively metabolized via cytochrome P450 enzymes 3A4, 2C19, and 1A2.  Bortezomib 
metabolism by CYP 2D6 and 2C9 enzymes is minor. The major metabolic pathway is  
deboronation to form 2 deboronated metabolites that subsequently undergo hydroxylation to 
several  metabolites. Deboronated bortezomib metabolites are inactive as 26S proteasome 
inhibitors. 
 
Bortezomib is metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, with CYP3A4 being 
the primary contributor, and with only minor contributions of CYPs 2C19, 1A2, 2C9 and 2D6. It 
is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19 and does not inhibit CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 at clinically 
relevant concentrations (IC50 > 30 μM). Co-administration of strong CYP3A4 inducers should 
be discussed with pharmacy prior to use throughout therapy with bortezomib (refer to Appendix 
II for a list of strong inducers). Co-administration of strong and clinically relevant moderate 
CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided until 72 hours beyond administration of Day 8 bortezomib 
for each course (exception: administration of prophylactic fluconazole may begin ≥ 24 hours 
after the Day 8 bortezomib dose). Similarly, patients receiving strong and clinically relevant 
moderate inhibitors should discontinue use of these agents 72 hours prior to start of Day 1 
bortezomib in all courses (refer to Appendix II for a list of strong and clinically relevant 
moderate inhibitors). Additional inducers or inhibitors of CYP450 enzymes can be found at 
http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis. 
 
In vitro and in vivo studies showed that green tea compounds, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and 
other antioxidants, have the potential to significantly inhibit the activity of bortezomib. To avoid 
the risk of any possible interaction it is recommended that green tea containing products and any 
supplemental products containing vitamin C, flavonoids or other antioxidants (eg, vitamins, 
herbal supplements) be discontinued from at least 24 hours prior to the initiation of bortezomib 
through 72 hours after the last bortezomib dose. Injectable multivitamins used as a component of 
parenteral nutrition should also be avoided during this time period to minimize the risk of direct 


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vitamin C inactivation of bortezomib. In addition, it is recommended that the total dietary intake 
of vitamin C not exceed the RDA for age. Normally balanced diets are acceptable; 
supplementation with high doses of vitamin C or injectable vitamin C should be avoided. 
 
Bortezomib Risks: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risks and side effects related to Bortezomib include those which are: 
 
Likely 
Happens to 10-30  
patients out of every 
100 
Less Likely 
Happens to 3-10 patients out of every 100 
Rare  
Happens to fewer than 
3 patients out of every 
100 
• A feeling of 
weakness and/or 
tiredness 
• Nausea and/or 
vomiting 
• Constipation or 
diarrhea 
• Loss of appetite 
• Fever 
• Fewer red blood cells 
and platelets in the 
blood  
o a low number of 
red blood cells 
can make you feel 
tired and weak 
o a low number of 
platelets causes 
you to bruise and 
bleed more easily 
• Fluid retention and 
build-up in the arms 
and legs leading to 
swelling and an 
increase in weight 
• Infection 
• Nerve damage that 
may cause pain, 
burning, numbness, 
and tingling in the 
hands and feet and 
may affect the ability 
to perform tasks that 
require fine 
movements 
• Nerve damage that 
may cause muscle 
weakness or 
paralysis in the 
hands and feet and 
may affect the ability 
to perform tasks that 
require fine 
movements 
• Low blood pressure  
• Dizziness  
• Fainting 
• Difficulty sleeping or falling asleep 
• Chills including shaking chills 
• Skin rash with the presence of macules (flat 
discolored area) and papules (raised bump) 
• Excessive loss of water from the body 
• Acid or upset stomach (heartburn) 
• Pain which may be in the abdomen (belly), 
back, bone, head, joints, arms and legs, 
muscles, and nerves 
• Headache or head pain 
• Cough 
• Shortness of breath 
• Fewer white blood cells in the blood 
o a low number of white blood cells can 
make it easier to get infections 
• Low numbers of white blood cells called 
lymphocytes that may last a long time and 
make it easier to get infections which may be 
life threatening 
• A stoppage (or blockage) of the intestine 
which may require treatment 
• Inflammation and/or sores in the mouth 
and/or throat that may make swallowing 
difficult and are painful (painful mouth sores) 
• Bleeding in the gut that may show in the 
stools 
• Nose bleed 
• Fever with a low white blood cell count which 
could indicate infection and may require 
hospitalization and treatment with antibiotics 
• Infection caused by hard to treat bugs 
including bacteria, virus, and fungus 
• Muscle weakness of the whole body 
• Anxiety 
• Blurred vision 
• Fluid build-up in the lungs that can make you 
feel short of breath 
• A hole in the 
intestines which 
would cause leakage 
into the abdomen 
(belly) with pain and 
infection 
• Damage to the brain 
associated with high 
blood pressure 
which may lead to 
difficulty thinking, 
carrying out normal 
tasks, headache, 
seizures 
(convulsions), 
difficulty seeing, 
blindness, or other 
visual changes, 
which if caught early 
can be reversed 
• Severe damage to 
the brain tissue 
which could lead to 
difficulty carrying out 
normal daily tasks or 
could lead to coma 
• Severe kidney 
damage (which may 
be permanent) 


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5.3 
Guidelines for Dose Modifications 
Toxicities and dose modifications will be monitored in all cycles.  Adjustments to the doses of 
study drug will be based upon toxicity, graded according to the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria 
(CTC), Version 4.0, if these were normal at baseline. Events that are not described in the NCI 
criteria will be assigned grades according to the criteria provided in Section 8.0.  Criteria for 
determining the relatedness of clinical adverse events to treatment (Section 8.5) should be 
utilized to determine the relationship of adverse events to the treatment.  
  
5.4 
Dose Delay  
Subjects without bone marrow metastases must have an ANC > 500/μl before starting Day 1 of 
each cycle. Subjects experiencing any related toxicity specified in 5.5 or any intolerable toxicity 
on a scheduled treatment day will have their dose of study drug held per Sections 5.6 and 5.7. If 
toxicity is encountered on Day 1 of any cycle, the day of resolution and administration of the 
dose will be considered Day 1 of that cycle. Treatment may be delayed no more than 14 days to 
allow recovery from related toxicity. 
 
5.5 
Definition of Dose-Limiting Toxicity (DLT) 
DLT will be defined as any of the following events that are possibly, probably or definitely 
attributable to DFMO or bortezomib.  
 
Dose limiting hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities are defined differently. 
 
5.5.1 Non-Hematologic Dose-Limiting Toxicity 
5.5.1.1 Any Grade 3 or Grade 4 non-hematological toxicity attributable to the 
investigational drug with the specific exclusion of: 
 
 Grade 3 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea unless > 3 days despite optimal 
treatment with antiemetics 
 ALT/AST elevation > 10x ULN that returns to Grade ≤ 2 or 
baseline prior to the time for the next treatment cycle. Note: For 
the purposes of this study the ULN for ALT/AST is defined as 50 
U/L. 
 
Direct Bilirubin level > 1.5x – 3x upper limit of normal 
 Grade 3 fever 
 Grade 3 infection 
 Grade 3 hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia or 
hypomagnesemia responsive to oral supplementation. 
 Grade 2 allergic reactions that results in discontinuation of study 
drug 
 
5.5.1.2 A peripheral neuropathy that results in a discontinuation of the bortezomib 
dose (See Section 5.7). 
 
5.5.1.3 Non-hematological toxicity that causes a delay of  >14 days between 
treatment cycles. 


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5.5.2 Hematological dose limiting toxicity (for bone marrow negative patients only). 
 
Hematological dose limiting toxicity is defined as: 
 Grade 4 neutropenia for > 7 days  
 Grade 4 thrombocytopenia for > 14 days  (excluding special populations 
defined in 8.4.2) 
 Myelosuppression that causes a delay of >14 days between treatment 
cycles. 
 
**Any suspected or confirmed dose-limiting toxicity should be reported immediately 
(within 24 hours of discovery of the event) to the NMTRC and Study Chair.** 
 
5.6 
DFMO Dose Modification  
Subjects experiencing any dose limiting toxicity (DLT) specified above (Section 5.5) attributable 
to DFMO or any other intolerable toxicity will have their dose of DFMO held until toxicities 
have reverted to ≤ Grade 2 toxicity. Upon resolution of the toxicity, subjects will receive a -1 
dose reduction of DFMO to one step down on the dosing table in section 5.1.2  Example- If the 
subject is currently taking 3 tabs twice a day they will step down to the weight range/dose 
directly below the one they are at and take 2 tabs twice a day. Subjects that are currently only 
taking one tablet per dose BID will be dose reduced to one tablet per day (QD).   
 
Subjects will be allowed to dose reduce for subsequent toxicities one more time to a -2 dose 
level.  At that point if they experience another dose reducing toxicity (as defined here) they will 
be required to go off protocol therapy.  
 
If there is no resolution of above toxicity attributable to DFMO to ≤Grade 2 by 14 days, DFMO 
should be discontinued, and subjects should be discontinued from the study.   
 
.  
For subjects entering this trial with bone marrow disease and for subjects entering this trial with 
platelet transfusion dependency, modifications will not be made based on platelet count.  
 
 
5.7 
Bortezomib Dose Modification 
 
Subjects experiencing any dose limiting toxicity (DLT) specified above (Section 5.5) attributable 
to bortezomib or any other intolerable toxicity will have their dose of bortezomib held until 
toxicities have reverted to ≤ Grade 2 toxicity.  Upon resolution of the toxicity, subjects will have 
bortezomib restarted per recommendations below. 
 
 
 
 
 


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Bortezomib-Related Hepatotoxicity 
Subjects with mild hepatic impairment do not require dose adjustment of bortezomib. 
Subjects with severe hepatic impairment should receive bortezomib at modified doses as outlined 
below: 
 
 
 
 -No adjustment necessary for elevated SGOT (ALT). 
 
 
Bortezomib-Related Peripheral Neuropathy 
Subjects with bortezomib-related neurotoxicity will remain on protocol therapy but have 
bortezomib dose de-escalated or held as specified below. Peripheral neuropathy will be 
closely monitored during each course of treatment and toxicities graded using CTCAE v 4.0.  
 
Peripheral sensory neuropathy grading should be based on the maximum toxicity occurring 
during the previous course. All dose modifications should be based on the worst preceding 
toxicity. Bortezomib dose will be decreased for sensory peripheral neuropathy as follows: 
 
 
 
If Grade 3 peripheral sensory neuropathy persists for > 2 weeks, bortezomib should be 
discontinued. Subjects who discontinue bortezomib will be off protocol therapy. 
 
If Grade 3 peripheral sensory neuropathy recurs despite bortezomib dose reduction to 1 
mg/m2, the subject should discontinue bortezomib.  Subjects who discontinue bortezomib 
will be off protocol therapy. 
Direct Bilirubin Level 
Bortezomib Dose Modification 
Moderate* 
> 1.5x – 3x upper limit of normal 
* Will not be considered a DLT 
Reduce bortezomib to 0.7 mg/m2 for all doses in the 
cycle in which hepatotoxicity is present. Consider 
dose escalation to 1 mg/m2 if transaminitis resolves 
and is not possibly, probably or definitely related to 
bortezomib. 
Severe 
> 3x upper limit of normal 
Severity of peripheral 
sensory neuropathy 
Bortezomib modification 
Grade 1 without pain  
None 
Grade 1 with pain or 
Grade 2 without pain* 
Decrease bortezomib to the next lower dose level. 
For patients receiving 1.0 mg/m2/day bortezomib 
decrease to 0.7 mg/m2/day. 
* Will not be considered a DLT 
Grade 2 with pain or 
Grade 3* 
Hold bortezomib treatment until symptoms have 
resolved to < Grade 1. When toxicity resolves, 
reinitiate bortezomib at the next lower dose level. 
For patients receiving 1.0 mg/m2/day bortezomib, 
decrease to 0.7 mg/m2/day. 
*Will not be considered a DLT 
Grade 4* 
Discontinue bortezomib 
*DLT 


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Pulmonary Toxicity  
There have been rare reports of acute diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disease of unknown etiology 
such as pneumonitis, interstitial pneumonia, lung infiltration and acute respiratory distress 
syndrome (ARDS) in subjects receiving bortezomib. For this reason, pulmonary toxicity will be 
monitored carefully during the study. Bortezomib should be held in subjects with ARDS that 
may be bortezomib related. 
 
Monitoring  
Pulmonary function will be monitored by pulse oximetry. Measurement of pulse oximetry should 
be documented within 12 hours prior to each dose of bortezomib. A chest radiograph should be 
performed with the development of respiratory symptoms. In the absence of identifiable causes 
of respiratory stress, all subjects should demonstrate oxygen saturation on room air of ≥ 94% at 
sea level (> 90% at high altitude) prior to each bortezomib dose. Pulmonary toxicity due to 
bortezomib is frequently delayed and can occur up to 3 weeks after the final dose of bortezomib 
is administered.  
Pulmonary symptoms such as increased respiratory rate may indicate toxicity related to 
bortezomib and pulse oximetry should be checked for persistent, unexplained hyperpnea. 
Respiratory symptoms such as cough, hypoxia and dyspnea should be aggressively evaluated. 
 
Dose Reductions and Discontinuation of Bortezomib for Pulmonary Toxicity  
Bortezomib will be dose reduced to 1 mg/m2 for any resolving Grade 3 pulmonary toxicity 
(excluding hiccups or voice changes/laryngitis), including hypoxia that is possibly, probably or 
definitely related to bortezomib. Subjects that experience a Grade 4 pulmonary toxicity possibly, 
probably or definitely related to bortezomib (excluding hiccups and voice changes/laryngitis) 
will discontinue bortezomib. Subjects who discontinue bortezomib will be removed from 
protocol therapy.  
Subjects re-experiencing the same bortezomib-related qualifying Grade 3 pulmonary toxicity 
following a single bortezomib dose reduction will be removed from protocol therapy. 
 
 
Dose Reduction for Other Bortezomib-Associated Toxicities  
Bortezomib will be dose reduced to 1 mg/m2 for non-hematological severe toxicities (other than 
those described above) that are possibly, probably or definitely related to bortezomib. A severe 
toxicity is defined as any Grade 3 or 4 toxicity as described in Section 5.5. 
For subjects entering this trial with stable platelets between 50,000-100,000/ μl (those with poor 
bone marrow recovery after previous treatment) study drug should be held if platelets are Grade 
3 as defined in Section 8.4.2. For subjects entering this trial with platelet transfusion dependent, 
modifications will not be made based on platelet count. 
Bortezomib doses may not be re-escalated in subjects with dose limiting toxicity.  
If a specific bortezomib-related toxicity recurs despite one dose reduction, subject will 
discontinue study. 


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5.8 
Study Drug Accountability  
Study drug must only be used for subjects enrolled in the trial. The investigational site staff must 
maintain a careful inventory of study drug.  Drugs will be distributed to investigational site staff 
and subjects using FDA guidelines for distribution of investigational agents. Study drug use will 
be recorded on a Study Drug Inventory Form.   This form will contain the following information: 
• 
Subject number and initials for each subject receiving study drug 
• 
Date and quantity of DFMO received by the site 
• 
Date and quantity of DFMO dispensed 
• 
Date and quantity of DFMO returned 
At each monitoring visit, the clinical monitor will reconcile with the actual inventory of study 
drug at each site.   
 
5.9 
 Concomitant Medications and Treatments 
All intercurrent medical conditions will be treated at the discretion of the Investigator according 
to acceptable community standards of medical care.  All concomitant medications and treatments 
will be documented on the appropriate case report form. 
The following medications are not permitted during the trial: 
• 
Any cytotoxic chemotherapy 
• 
Any other investigational treatment  
• 
Any other systemic anti-neoplastic therapy including, but not limited to, immunotherapy, 
hormonal therapy, targeted therapies, anti-angiogenic therapies, or monoclonal antibody 
therapy 
• 
Any radiotherapy, including systemically administered radioisotopes, unless administered 
with palliative intent; another site of disease must be available for response evaluation. 
 
Erythropoietin, blood products, anti-emetics, steroids, and transfusions may be administered at 
the discretion of the Investigator based on established criteria  
 
6.0 
STUDY PROCEDURES AND ASSESSMENTS 
6.1 
Enrollment of Subjects 
Prior to consent of the subject, the research coordinator at the lead site will be contacted (via e-
mail). This coordinator will then reply with study space availability. If the subject fits all 
enrollment criteria, the site will again contact the coordinator at the lead site for official 
enrollment confirmation and unique subject identifier and dose level assignment. In addition, a 
study enrollment form will be faxed to the coordinator at the lead site. This determination will be 
made based on subject data (subject qualifies for study) and current subjects enrolled in trial (i.e. 
how many subjects are currently enrolled).  A subject may NOT be enrolled on trial until official 
approval from the lead site is received. 
 
All subjects (or subjects’ legal representatives) must provide written informed consent before 
any study specific assessments may be performed. 


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6.2 
Screening 
The Investigator is responsible for keeping a record of all subjects screened for entry into the 
study and subsequently excluded. 
 
The following screening procedures must be performed within 21 days prior to the first dose of 
study drug.  Studies must be done after last previous treatment for malignancy: 
1. Signed informed consent form.  All subjects (or subjects’ legal representatives) must 
provide written informed consent before any study specific assessments may be 
performed.  Signed informed consent form for voluntary participation in correlative 
biologic analysis will also be obtained;  
2. CT or MRI of measurable disease sites; 
3. MIBG or PET scan;  
4. Audiogram; 
5. Bilateral bone marrow aspirate and biopsy; 
6. Additional Optional Bone Marrow-for subjects with additional informed consent bone 
marrow samples for biological correlatives per section 12.0). 
The following screening procedures must be performed up to 5 days prior to the first dose 
of study drug. 
1. Complete medical and surgical history, including documentation of the histologic 
evidence of malignancy and prior treatments for cancer.  Include all other pertinent 
medical conditions and a careful history of all prior medical treatments 
2. Demographics; 
3. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation;  
4. BSA calculation (from body weight and height); 
5. ECOG Performance status/Lansky Play status (Appendix I);  
6. CBC with differential; 
7. Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, bilirubin, LDH, ALT, AST 
and ferritin; 
8. C-reactive protein (CRP) and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and IL-6 level (IL-6 
recommended).  
9. Urine for Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) & Homovanillic Acid (HVA); 
10. Serum or Urine pregnancy test for female subjects of child bearing potential (onset of 
menses or ≥13 years of age); 
11. Concomitant medications/therapies; 
12. Confirmation of inclusion and exclusion requirements; 
 
Following completion of all required screening procedures and certification of all inclusion and 
exclusion criteria by the Investigator, the lead site will be contacted (via e-mail or phone call), at 
which time the subject will be enrolled in the trial and a unique subject number and drug dose 
assigned.  The lead site will act as the central coordinating body.  The subject may not start on 
study until the lead site has provided official approval of enrollment.  


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6.3 
Treatment Phase – Cycle 1 
The first cycle will be 21 days in duration.  The following procedures must be completed: 
Cycle 1 Day 1 (procedures listed here must be done on Day 1):  
1. Physical examination (including body weight), including documentation of an update of 
all previous abnormalities, any new abnormalities, and a detailed neurological exam  
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation;  
3. Review and recording of concomitant medications;  
4. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses  
5. Optional: Urine for Biological Correlates per section 12.0 (additional consent required); 
6. Optional: Blood for Biological Correlates per section 12.0 (additional consent required); 
7. Dispense drug dosing diary; 
8. DFMO dosing begins; 
9. Bortezomib administration. 
 
Cycle 1 Day 4 (+/- 1 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 4 for Bortezomib and evaluations. The 
following evaluations will be conducted: 
 
1. History and Physical exam; 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
3. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
4. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
5. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
6. Bortezomib administration. 
 
Cycle 1 Day 8 (+/- 1 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 8 for evaluations. The following evaluations 
will be conducted: 
1. History and Physical exam;  
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
3. CBC with differential; 
4. Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, AST; and LDH; 
5. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
6. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
7. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
8. Bortezomib administration. 


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Cycle 1 Day 15 (+/- 3 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 15 for evaluations. The following evaluations 
will be conducted: 
1. History and Physical exam; 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
3. CBC with differential; 
4. Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, AST; and LDH; 
5. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
6. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
7. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
8. Optional: Urine for Biological Correlates per section 12.0 (additional consent required); 
9. Optional: Blood for Biological Correlates per section 12.0 (additional consent required). 
6.4 
Treatment Phase – Cycles 2-6 
 
All Cycles will be 21 days in duration.  The following procedures must be completed: 
Cycle 2-6 Day 1 (+/- 3 day window to start Day 1 treatment)  
The following procedures may be performed up to 5 days prior to starting treatment/Day 1 
unless otherwise indicated:  
1. History and Physical examination (including body weight), including documentation of 
an update of all previous abnormalities, any new abnormalities, and a detailed 
neurological exam (same day); 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation (same 
day); 
3. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
4. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses (same day); 
5. BSA calculation (from body weight and height); 
6. ECOG Performance status/Lansky Play status (Appendix I);  
7. CBC with differential; 
8. Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, bilirubin, LDH, ALT, and 
AST; 
9. C-reactive protein (CRP) and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), IL-6 level (IL-6 
recommended); 
10. Urine for Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) & Homovanillic Acid (HVA); 
11. Optional: Urine for Biological Correlates per section 12.0 (additional consent required); 
12. Optional: Blood for Biological Correlates per section 12.0 (additional consent required); 
13. Collection of previous cycle drug dosing diary and dispensing of new drug dosing diary; 
14. Serum or Urine pregnancy test for female subjects of child bearing potential (onset of 
menses or ≥13 years of age); 
15. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
16. Bortezomib administration. 


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Cycle 2-6 Day 4 (+/- 1 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 4 for Bortezomib and evaluations. The 
following evaluations will be conducted: 
 
1. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
2. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
3. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
4. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
5. Bortezomib administration. 
 
Cycle 2-6 Day 8 (+/- 1 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 8 for evaluations. The following evaluations 
will be conducted: 
 
1. History and Physical exam; 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
3. CBC with differential; 
4. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
5. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
6. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
7. Bortezomib administration. 
 
Cycle 2-6 Day 15 (+/- 3 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 15 for evaluations. The following evaluations 
will be conducted: 
 
1. History and Physical exam; 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
3. CBC with differential; 
4. Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, AST;  
5. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
6. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses.  
7. DFMO dosing continues daily. 
 
 
 
 


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End of Cycles 2, 4, and 6, then every 2 cycles thereafter while on study drug 
1. MIBG or PET scan (use same as baseline) 
2. CT/MRI (use same radiologic method  as baseline); 
3. Bone marrow biopsy and aspirate if positive at study entry  (If the subject has signed 
informed consent for the use of tissue in the correlative biologic study please send 
additional samples per section 12.0); 
 
End of Cycles 2, 6, then yearly thereafter 
1. Audiogram  
(Audiogram should also be done at any time point for any suspected hearing loss) 
 
6.5 
Other Schedules: 
1. Additional imaging or assessments may be done if clinically indicated.  Type of imaging, 
type of assessment and timing should be recorded as well as reason for imaging and/or 
assessment. 
2. Survival will be monitored on an ongoing basis during the study, then every 3 months 
from the time the subject is off-treatment for a period of 1 year, then yearly for up to five 
years.  
 
6.6 
Protocol Treatment Completion 
Subjects who receive 6 total 21-day treatment cycles will be considered as having completed the 
protocol. Additional treatment cycles may be delivered in a maintenance setting if there are no 
safety concerns and there is no disease progression.  Maintenance monitoring will be conducted 
as described for Subsequent Cycles (Section 6.7). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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6.7 
Subsequent (Maintenance) Cycles (for subjects that have completed the 6 
protocol treatment cycles) 
Drug administration will be according to guidelines with premedication as specified. The 
following evaluations will be performed on the days of each cycle as indicated.  Evaluations will 
be performed prior to dosing unless otherwise indicated.   
 
All Cycles will be 21 days in duration.  The following procedures must be completed: 
Day 1 (+/- 3 day window to start Day 1 treatment)  
The following procedures may be performed up to 5 days prior to starting treatment/Day 1 
unless otherwise indicated:   
1. History and Physical examination (including body weight), including documentation of 
an update of all previous abnormalities, any new abnormalities, and a detailed 
neurological exam (same day); 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation (same 
day); 
3. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
4. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses  
(same day); 
5. BSA calculation (from body weight and height); 
6. ECOG Performance status/Lansky Play status (Appendix I);  
7. CBC with differential; 
8. Serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, bilirubin, LDH, ALT, and 
AST; 
9. Urine for Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) & Homovanillic Acid (HVA); 
10. Serum or Urine pregnancy test for female subjects of child bearing potential (onset of 
menses or ≥13 years of age). 
11. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
12. Bortezomib administration. 
 
Day 4 (+/- 1 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 4 for Bortezomib and evaluations. The 
following evaluations will be conducted: 
 
1. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
2. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
3. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
4. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
5. Bortezomib administration. 


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Cycle Day 8 (+/- 1 day window) 
Subjects will return to the clinic on Cycle 1 Day 8 for evaluations. The following evaluations 
will be conducted: 
 
1. History and physical exam; 
2. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
3. CBC with differential; 
4. Monitoring and documentation of all AEs and review of concurrent illnesses; 
5. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
6. DFMO dosing continues daily; 
7. Bortezomib administration. 
 
6.8 
Off-Therapy / 30 Day Follow-up Visit 
Subjects will return to the clinic 30 (+7) days after the last dose of DFMO, and the following 
evaluations will be conducted: 
1. History and Physical examination (including body weight), including documentation of 
an update of all previous abnormalities, any new abnormalities, and a detailed 
neurological exam; 
2. ECOG Performance status/Lansky Play status (Appendix I); 
3. Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and O2 saturation; 
4. CBC with differential; 
5. Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, LDH, ALT, AST; 
6. Urine for Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) & Homovanillic Acid (HVA); 
7. Review and recording of concomitant medications; 
8. Monitoring of AEs and review of concurrent illnesses;  
9. Collect previous cycles drug dosing diaries (if early withdrawal); 
10. MRI/CT; MIBG or PET scan; if not already obtained within the previous two cycles.  
11. Bone marrow biopsy and aspirate (if positive at study entry); if not already obtained 
within the previous two cycles; 
12. Audiogram (if clinically indicated). 
 
Any subject with a suspected study drug-related toxicity at the follow-up visit must be 
followed until the related event(s) has resolved to baseline or ≤ grade 2.  This may require 
additional clinical assessments and laboratory tests.  The follow-up results will be recorded 
on the appropriate page of the CRF, as well as in the subject's source documentation. 
Subjects that have started a new anti-cancer treatment since going off DFMO will be 
censored from any further new AE collection at the date of starting the new therapy but will 
continue survival follow up. 
 


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6.9 
Survival Follow-up 
Subjects will be followed for long term survival by contact with parent or treating institution to 
confirm survival at the following time points (time from last dose of study drug): 
− 3 months 
− 6 months 
− 9 months 
− 1 year 
− Then Yearly after (up to 5 years total) 
 
Follow up will continue for five (5) years or until subject death or subject is lost to follow up 
(per definition in section 9.0). The follow-up results including date of any progression of disease, 
survival status or date of death will be recorded on the appropriate page of the CRF, 
as well as in the subject's source documentation. 
 
 
7.0 Efficacy Assessments 
 
7.1 
Tumor Assessments/Scans 
Tumor assessments/imaging studies must be obtained at baseline and at the end of the second 
and fourth cycles, and again after every other cycle.   The same method of assessment and the 
same technique should be used to characterize each identified and reported lesion at baseline and 
during follow-up. 
All radiological images must be available for source verification.  Images may be submitted for 
extramural review for final assessment of antitumor activity. 
Subjects who come off study for any reason should have a final end of study disease-specific 
assessment done. 
 
7.2 
Scan Submission:  
All required study scans (CT’s, MRI’s, and MIBG’s) will be reviewed by central radiology.  All 
study required scans should be sent on disc.  Scans will be sent as a batch at the end of each 
subject’s therapy or sooner if any concern for progression to: 
Alyssa VanderWerff 
NMTRC 
Clinical Program Coordinator 
100 Michigan Avenue NE  MC 272         
Grand Rapids, MI 49503 
Tel:  (616) 267-0327  
E-Mail:  Alyssa.VanderWerff@helendevoschildrens.org  
 


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7.3 
Response Criteria 
 
Overall response rate (ORR) in subjects with radiologically assessable disease will be 
determined by CT or MRI by cross-sectional imaging, by MIBG or PET scans, and/or bone 
marrow assessment.  
Response Assessment: Each subject will be classified according to their “best response” for the 
purposes of analysis of treatment effect. Best response is determined from the sequence of the 
objective status described below. 
Response Criteria for Subjects with Solid Tumors: This study will use the (RECIST) 
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (version 1.1) from the NCI. Key points are that a 
maximum of 5 target lesions are identified and that changes in the largest diameter (uni-
dimensional measurement) of the tumor lesions are used in the RECIST v1.1 criteria. 
• Measurable disease: The presence of at least one lesion that can be accurately measured in at 
least one dimension with the longest diameter at least 10 mm (CT scan slice thickness no 
greater than 5 mm). The investigator will identify up to 5 measurable lesions to be followed 
for response. Previously irradiated lesions must demonstrate clear evidence of progression to 
be considered measurable. 
• Measurable Disease Response will be assessed at end of Cycle 2 and then at least every other 
cycle 
• Serial measurements of lesions are to be done with CT or MRI, using the same method of 
assessment is to be used to characterize each identified and reported lesion at baseline and 
during follow-up. 
• Quantification of Disease Burden: The sum of the longest diameter (LD) for all target lesions 
will be calculated and reported as the disease measurement.   
• Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target and non-target lesions. 
• Very Good Partial Response (VGPR): Greater than 90% decrease of the disease 
measurement for CT/MRI lesions, taking as reference the disease measurement done to 
confirm measurable disease at study entry. Non-target CT/MRI lesions stable to smaller in 
size. 
• Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the disease measurement, taking as 
reference the disease measurement done to confirm measurable disease at study enrollment. 
No new lesions or progression of any non-target measurable lesion.  
• Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient decrease to qualify for PR or sufficient increase to 
qualify for PD taking as reference the smallest disease measurement since the treatment 
started. 
• Progressive Disease (PD):  At least a 20% increase in the sum of the disease measurements 
for measurable lesions, taking as reference the smallest disease measurement recorded since 
the start of treatment (nadir), or the appearance of one or more new lesions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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Response Criteria for Subjects with Bone Marrow Disease:  
• Those subjects with morphologic evidence of neuroblastoma by routine H and E staining 
(NSE staining only is not evaluable) will be evaluable to assess bone marrow response. 
• Complete response: No tumor cells detectable by routine morphology on two consecutive 
bilateral bone marrow aspirates and biopsies done at least three weeks apart after study entry. 
• Progressive disease: Tumor seen on morphology on two consecutive bilateral bone marrow 
aspirates and biopsies done at least three weeks apart in subjects who had NO tumor in bone 
marrow at study entry. (Note: Subject may be declared as progressive disease in bone marrow 
after only one diagnostic bone marrow at the discretion of the treating physician after 
discussion with the study chair.) 
• Stable disease: Persistence of any amount of tumor in the bone marrow by morphology that 
does not meet criteria for either complete response or progressive disease. 
 
Response Criteria for Subjects with MIBG/PET Positive Lesions 
• Subjects who have a positive MIBG or PET scan at the start of therapy will be evaluable for 
MIBG/PET response. The use of I123 for MIBG imaging is recommended for all scans. If this 
radioisotope is unavailable at the treating institution, the use of the same radioisotope for all 
MIBG scans for an individual subject is strongly encouraged.  
• Complete response = complete resolution of all MIBG/PET positive lesions 
• Partial response = resolution of at least one MIBG/PET positive lesion, with persistence of 
other MIBG/PET positive lesions. 
• Stable disease = no change in MIBG/PET scan in number of positive lesions (includes 
subjects who have same number of positive lesions but decreased intensity) 
• Progressive disease = Development of new MIBG/PET positive lesions 
 
The intensity of MIBG/PET uptake is not to be considered in the above institutional evaluation. 
 
 
Duration of response: 
Duration of response is defined as the period of time from when measurement criteria are met for 
complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), whichever is first recorded, until the first date 
that recurrent or progressive disease (PD) is objectively documented (taking as reference for PD 
the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started) 
The assessment of response will include the initial measurable targets and will be performed 
after the first and second cycle, then after every other cycle. Serial results of bone marrow 
aspirates, biopsies and urinary catecholamines will be reviewed for responding subjects to 
confirm response or lack of progression.   
 


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8.0 
Adverse Event Reporting  
 
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) 
This study will utilize the version 4.0 of the CTCAE of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for 
toxicity and performance reporting. A copy of the CTCAE version 4.0 can be downloaded from 
the NCI website at: http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/ctc.htm. 
8.1 
Definitions 
8.1.1 Adverse Event 
An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation 
subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a 
causal relationship with this treatment.  An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and 
unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease 
temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to 
the medicinal product. 
 
An untoward medical event which occurs outside the period of follow-up as defined in the 
protocol will not be considered an adverse event unless related to study drug.  Worsening of a 
medical condition for which the efficacy of the study drug is being evaluated will not be 
considered an adverse event. 
 
8.1.2 Unexpected Adverse Event 
An unexpected adverse event is one for which the nature or severity of the event is not 
consistent with the applicable product information, e.g., the investigator’s brochure. 
 
8.1.3 Serious Adverse Event 
A serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: 
• 
Results in death 
• 
Is life-threatening (an event in which the subject was at risk of death at the time of the 
event; it does not refer to an event which hypothetically might have caused death if it were 
more severe) 
• 
Requires in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization 
• 
Results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
 
• 
Is a congenital anomaly or birth defect 
• 
Other important medical events that may not be immediately life-threatening or result in 
death or hospitalization but may jeopardize the subject or may require intervention to 
prevent one of the other outcomes listed above.  Examples of such events are intensive 
treatment in an emergency room for allergic bronchospasm; blood dyscrasias or 
convulsions that do not result in hospitalization; or development of drug dependency or 
drug abuse. 
 


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The term “severe” is often used to describe the intensity (severity) of an event; the event itself 
may be of relatively minor medical significance (such as a severe headache).  This is not the 
same as “serious”, which is based on subject/event outcome or action criteria usually associated 
with events that pose a threat to a subject’s life or functioning. 
 
8.2 
Documenting Adverse Events  
The Investigator should elicit information regarding the occurrence of adverse events through 
open-ended questioning of the subject, physical examination and review of laboratory results.   
 
All Grade 2 or higher (per CTCAE version 4.0) adverse events, whether serious or not, will be 
described in the source documents and the adverse event page of the case report form.  All new 
events (Grade 2 or higher), as well as those that worsen in intensity or frequency relative to 
baseline, which occur after administration of study drug through the period of protocol-specified 
follow-up, must be captured. 
 
Information to be reported in the description of each adverse event includes: 
• 
A medical diagnosis of the event (if a medical diagnosis cannot be determined, a 
description of each sign or symptom characterizing the event should be recorded)  
• 
The date of onset of the event  
• 
The date of resolution of the event and whether the event is serious or not 
• 
Action taken; drug treatment required; non-drug treatment required; hospitalization or 
prolongation of hospitalization required; diagnostic procedure performed; subject 
discontinued from the study 
• 
Outcome:  complete recovery or return to baseline; unknown/lost to follow-up; adverse 
event persisting; subject died (notify lead site immediately, and complete the Serious 
Adverse Event page and the Final Visit section of the case report form)   
 
Adverse events, regardless of suspected cause, will be collected for 30 days following the last 
treatment or until a new treatment is started. Suspected study drug-related toxicity at the 30 day 
follow-up visit must continue to be followed until resolution to baseline or ≤ Grade 2 or 
stabilization of the event. 
 
8.3 
Expedited Reporting of Adverse Events 
All fatal, life–threatening, or dose limiting adverse events must be reported to the lead site 
immediately by telephone, fax, or e-mail within 24 hours of discovery as well as to the 
appropriate regulatory authorities (local IRB). The lead site, NMTRC, will then report directly to 
the safety officer, FDA if required, and KC Pharma as appropriate. If full information is not 
known, additional follow-up by the Investigator will be required. 
 
All other serious adverse events must be reported to the lead site by telephone, fax, or e-
mail within 5 days of discovery as well as to the appropriate regulatory authorities (local IRB). 
The lead site will then report directly to the safety officer, FDA if required, and KC Pharma as 
appropriate.  


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The Investigator must report all serious adverse events reported to regulatory authorities in an 
expedited manner to the local IRB or IEC.  All serious adverse events must be followed until 
resolution or stabilization.  
 
NMTRC Reporting Contact 
 
Please report all expedited reports to: 
 
Alyssa VanderWerff and Genevieve Bergendahl, RN 
NMTRC 
Tel:  (616) 267-0327  
E-Mail:  Alyssa.VanderWerff@helendevoschildrens.org 
E-Mail:  Genevieve.Bergendahl@helendevoschildrens.org 
   
8.4 
Grading and Relatedness of Adverse Events 
8.4.1 Grading of Severity of an Adverse Event 
Each adverse event (Grade 2 or higher) will be graded for severity per the National Cancer 
Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE V 4.0), and these criteria 
must be used in grading the severity of adverse events.  The criteria can be found at: 
http://ctep.cancer.gov/reporting/ctc.html. 
 
Grading of Severity of an Adverse Event Not Listed in Published Criteria: 
For those adverse events which are not listed as part of the NCI CTCAE V 4.0, the same grading 
system should be used, where: 
• 
Mild corresponds to an event not resulting in disability or incapacity and which resolves 
without intervention 
• 
Moderate corresponds to an event not resulting in disability or incapacity but which 
requires intervention 
• 
Severe corresponds to an event resulting in temporary disability or incapacity and which 
requires intervention 
• 
Life-threatening corresponds to an event in which the subject was at risk of death at the 
time of the event 
• 
Fatal corresponds to an event that results in the death of the subject 
 
 
8.5 
Grading of Hematologic Adverse Events in special populations 
Subjects who are platelet transfusion dependent at study entry will not have grading of platelet 
levels. 
 
Subjects who have bone marrow involvement at study entry will not have grading of any 
hematologic levels. 
 
 


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8.6 
Relatedness to Study Drug 
The Investigator must attempt to determine if an adverse event is in some way related to the use 
of the study drug and define an attribution category. This relationship should be described as 
follows: 
 
RELATIONSHIP 
ATTRIBUTION 
DESCRIPTION 
Unrelated to 
investigational 
agent/intervention 
 
Unrelated 
The AE is clearly NOT related to the intervention. 
The event is clearly due to causes distinct from the use of the 
study drug, such as a documented pre-existing condition, the 
effect of a concomitant medication, or a new condition which, 
based on the pathophysiology of the condition, and the 
pharmacology of the study drug, would be unrelated to the use 
of the study drug. 
Unlikely 
The AE is doubtfully related to the intervention. 
Adverse event does not have temporal relationship to 
intervention, could readily have been produced by the 
subject’s clinical state, could have been due to environmental 
or other interventions, does not follow known pattern of 
response to intervention, does not reappear or worsen with 
reintroduction of intervention. 
Related to 
investigational 
agent/intervention 
 
Possible 
The AE may be related to the intervention. 
The event follows a reasonable temporal sequence from 
administration of the study drug and the event follows a 
known response pattern to the study drug BUT the event could 
have been produced by an intercurrent medical condition 
which, based on the pathophysiology of the condition, and the 
pharmacology of the study drug, would be unlikely related to 
the use of the study drug OR the event could be the effect of a 
concomitant medication. 
Probable 
The AE is likely related to the intervention. 
The event follows a reasonable temporal sequence from 
administration of the study drug, the event follows a known 
response pattern to the study drug AND the event cannot have 
been reasonably explained by an intercurrent medical 
condition OR the event cannot be the effect of a concomitant 
medication. 
Definite 
The AE is clearly related to the intervention. 
The event follows a reasonable temporal sequence from 
administration of the study drug, the event follows a known 
response pattern to the study drug and based on the known 
pharmacology of the study drug, the event is clearly related to 
the effect of the study drug.  The adverse event improves upon 
discontinuation of the study drug and reappears upon repeat 
exposure. 
 
 


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9.0 
Subject Withdrawal and Trial Discontinuation 
9.1 
Criteria for Subject Off-Therapy 
Subjects may be withdrawn from the study treatment for the following reasons: 
• 
Subject completes all protocol defined therapy- 6 cycles  
• 
Progressive neoplastic disease  
• 
Subject or guardian withdraws consent to continue study drug 
• 
Subject develops an intercurrent illness that precludes further participation, or requires a 
prohibited concomitant treatment 
• 
The Investigator withdraws the subject in the subject’s best interests 
• 
Subject is lost to follow-up (defined as the inability to contact the subject on 3 separate 
occasions over a period of 2 weeks) 
• 
Administrative reasons (e.g., the subject is transferred to hospice care) 
• 
An adverse event, which in the opinion of the Investigator, precludes further trial 
participation or fulfills the protocol requirements for withdrawal (e.g., the development of 
dose limiting toxicity despite a reduction in protocol therapy for a previous episode of dose 
limiting toxicity) 
• 
Death 
 
9.2 
Criteria for Subject Off-Study 
Subjects may be withdrawn from the study completely which includes withdrawal from 
survival follow-up for the following reasons: 
• 
Subject or guardian withdraws consent to continue in the trial 
• 
Subject is lost to follow-up (defined as the inability to contact the subject on 3 separate 
occasions over a period of 2 weeks) 
• 
Subject completes all protocol defined therapy including all follow-up time points. 
• 
Death 
 
9.3 
Trial Discontinuation 
The lead site may discontinue the trial as a whole or at an individual investigational site at any 
time.  Reasons for early trial discontinuation may include, but are not limited to, unacceptable 
toxicity of study drug, a request to discontinue the trial from a regulatory authority, protocol 
violations at an investigational site, violations of good clinical practice at an investigational site, 
or poor enrollment.  The lead site will promptly inform all Investigators in the event of 
premature study discontinuation and provide all Investigators with instructions regarding the 
disposition of subjects still on study.  Should the study be terminated prematurely, all unused 
study drug, case report forms and any other study material will be returned to the lead site. 
 


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10.0 DATA ANALYSIS 
10.1 Data Quality Assurance 
Electronic case report forms (CRF) will be checked for correctness against source document data 
by the monitor.  If any entries into the CRF are incorrect, incomplete or illegible, the monitor 
will ask the Investigator or the study site staff to make appropriate corrections.   
10.2 Statistical Analysis 
 
This is an open label, single agent, multicenter, study for subjects with relapsed or refractory 
neuroblastoma. 
 
The following data sets will be used in this study: 
• All enrolled and eligible subjects (ITT) population: All eligible subjects who have a signed 
informed consent form. 
• All treated and eligible subjects (Safety evaluable) population: All subjects who received at 
least one dose of study drug 
• All eligible subjects treated to first evaluable time point with evaluation completed (generally 
2 cycles) (as Treatment Efficacy) population, unless subjects have reached the study endpoint 
of progression of disease at an earlier time point. 
 
Efficacy analyses will be performed on the Treatment evaluable population. Safety analysis will 
be performed on the Safety and Efficacy evaluable population. 
 
All baseline patient characteristics will be summarized in a tabular format.  Safety data will be 
described for all subjects receiving at least one dose of DFMO.  Safety data will include values 
for hematology, serum chemistry, vital signs, and adverse events. The proportion of subjects 
experiencing adverse events, serious adverse events, dose limiting toxicities and treatment delays 
will be summarized.  Enrollment to study will not pause at interim analysis time points. 
 
Sample Size and Analysis: 
 
The primary outcome measure is the Overall Response Rate (ORR).  A two-stage minimax test 
for a single binomial population using a directional 5% Type I error level of the null hypothesis 
that the Overall Response Rate is <=1% versus the alternative hypothesis of the Overall 
Response Rate being 10% will require 32 evaluable subjects to achieve an 80% power for each 
of the subject stratum..  The two-stage decision rule for each strata is as follows: 
 
Stage 1- When 20 evaluable subjects have been entered into the study and observed for Overall 
Response, the study will terminate and accept the null hypothesis of a <=1% Overall Response 
Rate if none (0) of these 20 subjects show a Complete Response or Partial Response (i.e. stop 
due to futility).  If 1 or more of the 20 evaluable subjects show an Overall Response, then the 
study will continue to Stage 2. 
 


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Stage 2- When the full 32 evaluable subjects have been entered into the study and observed for 
an Overall Response, the study would terminate and accept the null hypothesis of an Overall 
Response Rate <=1% if 1 or fewer of the 32 subjects show a Complete Response or Partial 
Response.  If 2 or more of the 32 evaluable subjects show an Overall Response, the study will 
terminate and will result in the rejection of the null hypothesis and conclude that the 10% Overall 
Response Rate is more likely. 
  
 
Total subjects: Assuming that approximately 10% of subjects will be non-evaluable, the actual 
sample size needed will be n =35 per stratum. 
 
The secondary outcome measure is Progression Free Survival (PFS) at 100 days.  The sample 
size discussion that follows mimics the two-stage design approach used for the primary outcome 
measure, ORR.  However, since this sample size and decision rule description relate to PFS at 
100 days, this section is illustrative only and will not be used to impact on study accrual.   
 
Assuming an exponential model with the null hypothesis median Progression Free Survival of 42 
days and an alternative median Progression Free Survival of 82 days, then one would expect the 
proportion of subjects who are progression free at 100 days of follow-up to be19.2% under the 
null value of 42 days and 42.9% under the alternative value of 82 days.  Shorter follow-up time 
frames would increase the proportion of progression free subjects while a longer follow-up 
would decrease these proportions. 
 
Rationale for the null hypothesis effect size is derived from recent Children’s Oncology Group 
reports in multiply relapsed NB patients.  Forty-two days was selected as the standard for 
comparison because it is the median time to progression for a control population of NB patients 
recently treated on other Phase I and II trials (CCG-8607, ANBL00321, NANT-0103, CCG-
0926, and CCG-0961).  
 
Progression Free Survival (PFS) is defined as the period from the first day of administration of 
study drug (DFMO) until the criteria for progression are met taking as reference the screening 
measurements. The definition of “progression” as applied to this control population will include 
deaths from any cause.   From the control patients in the COG study (n=136), the 42 day PFS 
rate was 50% ± 4%.  Day 42 corresponds to the time at which most patients will have completed 
2 courses of study therapy (assuming no delays, 21 days per course for 2 courses is 42 days). An 
assessment of disease will be required after the completion of 2 courses. Therefore, the standard 
for comparison, which DFMO/Velcade is anticipated to exceed, has been set at a median time to 
progression of 42 days.  
 
Using a one sample exact binomial test of the 19.2% versus the 42.9% progression free survival 
values at 100 days, the overall sample size would be n = 23 using a two-stage minimax test with 
directional 5% Type I error level and 80% power 
The two-stage decision rule is as follows: 
 
Stage 1- When 18 evaluable subjects have been entered into the study and observed for at least 
100 days, the study will terminate and accept the null hypothesis of 19.2% progression free 


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survival if 5 or fewer of the 18 subjects are progression free at 100 days of follow-up (i.e. stop 
due to futility).  If 6 or more of the 18 evaluable subjects are progression free, then the study will 
continue to Stage 2. 
 
Stage 2- When 23 evaluable subjects have been entered into the study and observed for at least 
100 days, the study would terminate and accept the null hypothesis of 19.2% progression free 
survival if 7 or fewer of the 23 subjects are progression free at 100 days of follow-up.  If 8 or 
more of the 23 evaluable subjects are progression free, the study will terminate and will result in 
the rejection of the null hypothesis and conclude that the 42.9% progression free survival at 100 
days is more likely. 
 
It is thus clear that the analysis of PFS will be able to progress without difficulty if the full 
sample size of 32 evaluable subjects per stratum is achieved for the ORR primary outcome 
evaluation.  It is also clear that even with an early termination for futility for the ORR outcome at 
n = 20 subjects at Stage I in either of the subject strata, that the PFS secondary outcome should 
be testable although with slightly lower power.  
 
 
11.0 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 
11.1 Patient Informed Consent 
No study related procedures will be performed until a patient or a patient’s legal representative 
has given written informed consent.  The lead site will provide to the site Investigators a sample 
informed consent document that conforms to all the requirements for informed consent according 
to ICH GCP and US FDA guidelines (21 CFR 50).  However, it is up to each site Investigator to 
provide a final informed consent that may include additional elements required by the 
Investigator’s institution or local regulatory authorities.  The IRB/EC for each investigational site 
must approve the consent form document prior to study activation; changes to the consent form 
during the course of the study may also require IRB/EC approval.  The informed consent 
document must clearly describe the potential risks and benefits of the trial, and each prospective 
participant must be given adequate time to discuss the trial with the Investigator or site staff and 
to decide whether or not to participate.  Each patient who agrees to participate in the trial and 
who signs the informed consent will be given a copy of the signed dated and witnessed 
document.  The original copy of the signed, dated, and witnessed informed consent document 
will be retained by the Investigator in the study files. 
 
The Investigator must also obtain authorization from the patient to use and/or disclose protected 
health information in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 
(HIPAA).  Written HIPAA authorization may be obtained as part of the informed consent 
process.   
 
 


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11.2 Ethical Conduct of the Study and IRB/IEC Approval 
The study will be conducted according to the principles of the 2004 version of the Declaration of 
Helsinki, the International Conference on Harmonization Guidance on Good Clinical Practice 
and the requirements of all local regulatory authorities regarding the conduct of clinical trials and 
the protection of human subjects.  
 
The Investigator will submit the protocol, the Investigator’s Brochure, the informed consent and 
any other material used to inform patients about the trial to the local IRB/IEC for approval prior 
to enrolling any patient into the trial.  The IRB/IEC should be duly constituted according to 
applicable regulatory requirements.  Approval must be in the form of a letter signed by the 
Chairperson of the IRB/IEC or the Chairperson’s designee, must be on IRB/IEC stationary and 
must include the protocol by name and/or designated number.  If an Investigator is a member of 
the IRB/IEC, the approval letter must stipulate that the Investigator did not participate in the final 
vote, although the Investigator may participate in the discussion of the trial.  The Investigator 
will also inform the IRB/IEC of any serious adverse events that are reported to regulatory 
authorities and will provide to the IRB/IEC a final summary of the results of the trial at the 
conclusion of the trial. 
 
Any amendments to the protocol will be done at the lead site, and will be submitted to the 
IRB/IEC for review and written approval before implementation. These approved changes will 
then be forwarded to sites for review by their local IRB/IEC.  Written approval from sites will be 
forwarded to the lead site. 
 
11.3 Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) 
An independent Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB) will oversee the conduct of the 
study.  The members of this Board will receive database summaries, including adverse event 
reports, and will convene either in person or via teleconference every 6 months or for any study 
drug related Grade 5 toxicity occurring on study, whichever occurs first. The Board will be 
responsible for recommendations regarding possible termination and/or early reporting of the 
study. 
 
Study will be on hold for safety monitoring by DSMB review when: 
 
1. Any deaths deemed related to the study drug by the treating PI while on study or 
occurring less than 30 days after medications ended or 2 serious adverse events 
possibly related to protocol within 60 days. 
2. Any Life threatening hemorrhage requiring hospitalization  
3. Any intracerebral hemorrhage 
4. Any other reason that the NMTRC feels it is in the best safety interest of the subjects. 
 
11.4 Monitoring and Auditing 
A clinical monitor will make regularly scheduled trips to the investigational site to review the 
progress of the trial as defined in the Monitoring Plan.  The actual frequency of monitoring trips 
will depend on the enrollment rate and performance at each site.  At each visit, the monitor will 


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review various aspects of the trial including, but not limited to, screening and enrollment logs; 
compliance with the protocol and with the principles of Good Clinical Practice; completion of 
case report forms; source data verification; study drug accountability and storage; facilities and 
staff data quality; regulatory documentation; and study integrity. In addition the site may be 
audited by representatives of KC Pharma and/or government inspectors who must be allowed 
access to CRFs, source documents and other study files.  The site must promptly notify the study 
chair of any inspections scheduled by regulatory authorities, and also forward copies of the 
inspection reports to the study chair. The study chair will promptly forward this information to 
KC Pharma as required. 
 
 
During scheduled monitoring visits, the Investigator and the investigational site staff must be 
available to meet with the study monitor in order to discuss the progress of the trial, make 
necessary corrections to case report form entries, respond to data clarification requests and 
respond to any other trial-related inquiries of the monitor. 
 
 
11.5 Pre-Study Documentation 
Prior to initiating the trial, the Investigators at each site will provide to the Lead site the 
following documents: 
• 
A signed FDA Form 1572 
• 
A current curriculum vitae for the Principal Investigator and each sub-investigator listed on 
the FDA Form 1572 
• 
A copy of the Investigator’s medical license from the state in which the study is being 
conducted 
• 
A letter from the IRB or EC stipulating approval of the protocol, the informed consent 
document and any other material provided to potential trial participants with information 
about the trial (e.g., advertisements) 
• 
A copy of the IRB- or EC-approved informed consent document 
• 
Current IRB membership list for IRB’s without a multiple project assurance number or an 
IRB 
organization 
number 
under 
the 
Federal 
Wide 
Assurance 
program 
(www.ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov).   
• 
A signed Investigator Protocol Agreement 
• 
A completed financial disclosure form for each person listed in box 6 of the FDA form 
1572. 
• 
Current laboratory certification for the reference laboratory 
• 
A list of current laboratory normal values for the reference laboratory 
 
11.6 Confidentiality 
It is the responsibility of the investigator to insure that the confidentiality of all subjects 
participating in the trial and all of their medical information is maintained.  Case report forms 
and other documents submitted must never contain the name of a trial participant.  Each subject 


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in the trial will be identified by a unique identifier that will be used on all CRF’s and any other 
material submitted to the lead site.  All case report forms and any identifying information must 
be kept in a secure location with access limited to the study staff directly participating in the trial. 
 
The results of the study may be presented in reports, published in scientific journals or presented 
at medical meetings; however, subject names will never be used in any reports about the study. 
 
11.7 Source Documents 
The Investigator will maintain source records separate from the case report forms in the form of 
clinical charts, medical records, original laboratory, radiology and pathology reports, pharmacy 
records, etc.  The Investigator will document in the clinic chart or medical record the name and 
number of the trial and the date on which the subject signed informed consent prior to the 
subject’s participation in the trial.  Source documents must completely reflect the nature and 
extent of the patient’s medical care, and must be available for source document verification 
against entries in the case report forms when the monitor visits the investigational site.  All 
information obtained from source documents will be kept in strict confidentiality. 
11.8 Record Retention 
The Investigator will retain the records of the study for 15 years, or for 2 years following the date 
that a marketing application for the study drug is approved, or if no marketing application is 
filed, or if such an application is not approved, for 2 years after the IND has been closed.  The 
lead site will notify Investigators when retention of study records is no longer required.  All 
study records must be maintained in a safe and secure location that allows for timely retrieval, if 
needed. 
 
Study records that must be retained include copies of case report forms, signed informed 
consents, correspondence with the IRB or IEC, study drug dispensing and inventory records, 
source documents, clinic charts, medical records, laboratory results, radiographic reports) and 
screening/enrollment logs. 
 
Should the Investigator relocate or retire, or should there be any changes in the archival 
arrangements for the study records, the lead site must be notified.  The responsibility for 
maintaining the study records may be transferred to another suitable individual, but the lead site 
must be notified of the identity of the individual assuming responsibility for maintaining the 
study records and the location of their storage.   
 
12.0 Biological Evaluation  
A major challenge in the development of cancer therapeutics is an absence of understanding the 
relationship of the disease to response to therapy, and the ability to predict which subjects are 
most likely to respond to any particular agent. Emerging technologies including ability to 
establish primary tumor cells in culture, evaluate pharmacogenomics and explore biomarkers 
may provide a way to explore relationships between clinical benefit and treatment.  
 
 


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Urine Sample Analysis: 
 
Decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM) Performed by Dr. Bachmann (section 12.1.1): 
 Adenine and its derivatives are known to react with 2-chloroacetaldehyde to form highly 
fluorescent tricyclic derivatives. This reaction gives a sensitive and specific method for 
measuring dc-SAM in urine and plasma samples. The reaction mixture will be incubated at 40°C 
overnight. An aliquot of this mixture will be injected onto an Altex Ultrosphere column for 
chromatographic separation. Detection will be accomplished using a Perkin-Elmer LS-4 
spectrofluorometer, as described by others.[77] 
 
Polyamines Performed by Dr. Bachmann (section 12.1.1) 
 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other methods will be used, as per 
previous studies ([4, 77]), to detect  putrescine, spermidine, spermine, monoacetylspermidine and 
monoacetylspermine and diacetylspermine.  Samples will be adjusted to 0.2N perchloric acid and 
analyzed directly.  Acid hydrolysis methods will be employed to remove acetyl groups, and thus 
measure diacetylated amines.  The detection level will be 1-10 pmol.  Sources of error associated 
with these measures in colonic tissue have been previously reported ([78]).  Urinary creatinine 
levels will also be determined, using a commercial kit (Oxford Biochemical Research), to 
normalize urinary polyamines.  In the method, picric acid reacts with creatinine and other urinary 
components to produce an orange color, which can be quantified spectrophotometrically at 490 
nm at alkaline pH.  The creatinine reaction degrades rapidly when acidified. The difference in 
optical density is a direct measure of the creatinine concentration.   
 
Blood and Bone Marrow Samples Analysis 
 
ODC SNP analysis –Performed by Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Laboratory 
(Section 12.1.2) 
The ODC G316A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with polyamine 
contents in prostate and colorectal mucosal biopsies. The lowest levels of polyamines are found 
in colorectal mucosal tissues from individuals homozygous for the A allele, with highest levels 
observed among carriers of the GG-genotype. There is no relationship between ODC G316A 
allele genotype and colorectal content of histamine, an amine not dependent on ODC for its 
synthesis. We wish to determine the effects of DFMO treatment on polyamine levels in patients 
with each ODC genotype. Results from our recent clinical trial suggest that ototoxicity 
associated with DFMO therapy is restricted to a small fraction of people with the ODC 316AA 
genotype. These clinical trial results are corroborated by clinical translational studies that are 
based on molecular epidemiology investigations and have been replicated by three independent 
groups in humans showing that a polymorphism affecting the expression of ODC, the DFMO 
target protein, is highly associated with metachronous colon adenomas and sporadic breast 
cancer. In addition, two independent groups have reported that this same polymorphism is 
associated with prostate cancer progression and colon cancer survival. In order to develop 
algorithms predicting who will benefit, and who will have side effects of DFMO treatment, we 
will determine the ODC G263T and G316A types of all study participants, by analyzing DNA 
obtained from nucleated blood cells using established methods. We will also assess levels of 
micro RNAs in serum (Gilad S, Meiri E, Yogev Y, Benjamin S, Lebanony D, Yerushalmi N, 
Benjamin H, Kushnir M, Cholakh H, Melamed N, Bentwich Z, Hod M, Goren Y, Chajut A. 


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Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers PLoS One. 2008 Sep 5;3(9):e3148) as 
predictive markers of DFMO effect. We have evidence in both human cancer cells and 
apparently normal rectal tissue from humans that DFMO modulates cell and tissue contents of 
specific micro RNAs.  
 
Neuroblastoma Tumor Cell Analysis –Performed by Pediatric Oncology Translational Research 
Laboratory (Section 12.1.2)  Studies will be performed to determine the dose effect of DFMO on 
biological correlates. Biological Correlates will include an analysis of neuroblastoma cells 
isolated from bone marrow and from tumor biopsies. Cells will be grown in culture as well as in 
mice xenograft models. Research studies will include immunohistochemistry, western blot, qRT-
PCR of bone marrow tumor cells or tumor to study Let-7, ODC, Lin28, MYCN, OKT-4, BMI1, 
HMGA2, GLUT-4, p-AKT, NF-kB, SOCS3. Studies will measure thymidine and polyamine 
levels. In vitro research studies of tumor cells collected above will include: Genomic analysis of 
cells pre- and post- treatment, cell viability assays to determine subject IC50 and correlation of in 
vitro response to in vivo response.  
 
 
12.1   Biological Correlative Studies Sample Instructions 
 
12.1.1 Optional Urine Polyamines Collection:  
On Days 1 and 15 of Cycle 1 and on Day 1 of cycles 2-6 urine polyamines 
will be collected. 
A. 
First morning void urines will be collected using a clean catch 
method in containers and placed at 4oC until transported to the 
laboratory. Collection of 15ml is ideal, but lab can accept amounts 
down to a minimum of 1 (one) ml.  
B. 
Specimens will be transferred to 15ml polypropylene conical tubes 
(use multiple 15ml tubes as needed)  and stored at -80oC until 
analysis for the dc-SAM and polyamines. Samples should be kept 
at 4oC (either in refrigerator or on ice pack during shipping) until 
frozen and must be frozen within 48 hours from collection time. If 
unable to freeze within 48 hours please note this on the container 
along with time before frozen. 
Samples will be batch shipped on a Monday (send after 
approximately 20 samples are collected) and sent on dry ice 
to: Ping Zhao 
Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Laboratory  
Coopers Landing  
1345 Monroe Ave., Suite 121  
Grand Rapids, MI 49505  
Ph: 616-486-8645  
Ping.zhao@helendevoschildrens.org  


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12.1.2 Optional Blood Collection 
 
1. Sample One- 5ml of blood in purple-top (EDTA) tube(s) will be 
collected 
 
A. 
On Days 1 and 15 of Cycle 1 and on Day 1 of cycles 2-6 
  
B. 
The specimen should be placed on ice immediately upon draw and 
sent on an ice pack immediately via FED-EX overnight along with 
sample 2 below. (If Friday collection site may store in refrigerator 
and ship on Monday)- 
 
Tube(s) will go to:  
Ping Zhao 
Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Laboratory  
Coopers Landing  
1345 Monroe Ave., Suite 121  
Grand Rapids, MI 49505  
Ph: 616-486-8645  
Ping.zhao@helendevoschildrens.org  
 
 
 
 
2. Sample Two- 5ml of blood in purple-top (EDTA) tube(s) will be 
collected 
 
A. 
On Days 1 and 15 of Cycle 1 and on Day 1 of cycles 2-6 
 
B. 
The specimen should be placed on ice immediately upon draw and 
sent on an ice pack immediately via FED-EX overnight. (If Friday 
collection site may store in refrigerator and ship on Monday)- 
 
Tube(s) will go to:  
Ping Zhao 
Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Laboratory 
Coopers Landing 
1345 Monroe Ave, Suite 121 
Grand Rapids, MI 49505 
Ph: 616-486-8645 
Ping.zhao@helendevoschildrens.org 
 
 
 


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12.1.3 Optional Bone Marrow Collection 
 
If subject agrees to optional biology portion of study, additional bone marrow 
samples should be sent at the following time points: 
(Please note that if subject has also signed to protocol NMTRC 00B, these 
samples may be sent under that study instead): 
 
All Subjects- At Enrollment, End of cycle 2, 4, and 6, and Early Withdrawal (if 
indicated). 
 
 
Sample Collection-  
 
Send green top (sodium heparin) tube(s) with a minimum of 2cc and preferably 
5cc of bone marrow aspirate in them.    The bone marrow samples should be 
shipped room temperature- but needs to be sent out same day priority overnight 
(must get there within 24 hours of the draw).   Shipments are only accepted 
Monday through Friday, so Bone Marrow draw needs to be done and shipped out 
on Monday through Thursday only please.  
Please contact the lab at the number below to let them know of pending arrival. 
 
 
Bone marrow 2-5cc in green top (sodium heparin) tube(s) at room temperature 
and will be shipped FED-EX overnight to:  
 
Ping Zhao 
Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Laboratory 
Coopers Landing 
1345 Monroe Ave, Suite 121 
Grand Rapids, MI 49505 
Ph: 616-486-8645 
Ping.zhao@helendevoschildrens.org 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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12.1.4 Optional Tumor Sample Collection 
If subject agrees to optional biology portion of study, and undergoes a standard of 
care tumor biopsy, tumor samples should be sent as follows: 
 
Sample Collection-  
 
Contact Ping Zhao as below for collection materials (kit). Collection instructions 
can be found in REDCap.  To be shipped out on Monday through Thursday only.  
 
A. 
Viable, fresh tumor > 0.2 grams should be placed in tissue culture 
media using sterile technique for cell line generation- ambient. 
B. 
Remaining Tumor collected in RNA later- ambient. 
C. 
Remaining Tumor flash frozen samples in cryovials on dry ice. 
 
  
 
Record sample information on sample collection form found in REDCap and ship 
form along with samples (2 packages- one ambient, one on dry ice) via FED-EX 
overnight to:  
 
Ping Zhao 
Pediatric Oncology Translational Research Laboratory 
Coopers Landing 
1345 Monroe Ave, Suite 121 
Grand Rapids, MI 49505 
Ph: 616-486-8645 
Ping.zhao@helendevoschildrens.org 
 
 
 
12.2 Sample Storage and Destruction 
Samples collected for any studies performed in this protocol may be stored in a 
safe and confidential laboratory area indefinitely to research future scientific 
questions related to cancer and/or study drugs. Samples will be frozen and stored 
in a carefully controlled deep freezer.  The samples that are stored for future 
research may only be used by Dr. Sholler and the other investigators who are 
participating in this study or other NMTRC studies.  There is no way to predict 
exactly what research tests will be performed with the stored samples at this time. 
Because these tests are for research only, results will not be shared with the 
subject or their physician. In the unlikely event that the research testing finds 
important information about the subject’s current or future health, the researchers 
may contact the primary treating oncologist about what the research test results 
might mean. Only the primary treating oncologist will be notified and the 
information will not become part of the subject’s medical record. The primary 
treating oncologist may discuss this unexpected finding with the subject, and may 


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recommend that they see a genetic counselor and/or repeat testing in a clinical 
(not research) laboratory if needed.  
 
Samples will be stored with a unique identifier and date of collection only; 
samples will not contain names or any other identifying information. No 
information that identifies the subject will be used for any of the future research 
tests and studies. Samples will not be traceable from the lab to the subject. Only 
the enrolling site will hold the key to the sample identification between the unique 
code and the subject. The subject retains the right to have the sample material 
destroyed at any time by contacting the principal investigator. 
60B 
 
 


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Appendix I: Performance Status/Scores 
 
 
 
 


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APPENDIX II: LIST OF STRONG AND CLINICALLY RELEVENT MODERATE CYP3A4 
INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS 
 
 
 
A list of additional, less potent inducers or inhibitors of CYP450 isoenzymes can be found at 
http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/ 
 
 
Strong CYP3A4 Inducers: 
Generic Name 
Common Trade Name 
Carbamazepine 
Tegretol 
Phenobarbital 
Luminal 
Phenytoin 
Dilantin 
Rifampin 
Rifadin 
St. John’s wart 
N/A 
Systemic dexamethasone 
Decadron 
Strong* and clinically relevant moderate CYP3A4 
Inhibitors: 
Generic Name 
Common Trade Name 
Aprepitant 
Emend 
Clarithromycin* 
Biaxin 
Erythromycin 
Eryc, EryPed 
Fluconazole 
Diflucan 
Grapefruit and its juice 
N/A 
Itraconazole* 
Sporanox 
Ketoconazole* 
Nizoral 
Voriconazole 
VFend 
Posaconazole* 
Noxafil 
 


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 Doyle KJ, McLaren CE, Shanks JE, Galus C, Meyskens FL Jr:. Effects of DFMO chemoprevention on 
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127:553-558, 2001 
 
66. 
Brant LJ, Gordon-Salant S, Pearson JD, Klein LL, Morrell CH, Metter EJ, Fozard JL. Risk 
factors related to age-associated hearing loss in the speech frequencies. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996 
Jun;7(3):152-60. 
 
67. 
Cruickshanks KJ, Tweed TS, Wiley TL, Klein BE, Klein R, Chappell R, Nondahl DM, Dalton 
DS. The 5-year incidence and progression of hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss 
study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Oct;129(10):1041-6. 
68. 
Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein 
utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248-54. 
 
69. 
Gilbert RS, Gonzalez GG, Hawel L 3rd, Byus CV. An ion-exchange chromatography procedure 
for the isolation and concentration of basic amino acids and polyamines from complex biological 
samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem. 1991 Nov 
15;199(1):86-92. 
 
 
70. 
Wallick CJ, Gamper I, Thorne M, Feith DJ, Takasaki KY, Wilson SM, Seki JA, Pegg AE, Byus 
CV, Bachmann AS. Key role for p27Kip1, retinoblastoma protein Rb, and MYCN in polyamine 
inhibitor-induced G1 cell cycle arrest in MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cells. 
Oncogene. 2005 Aug 25;24(36):5606-18. 
 
71. 
Inoue H, Fukunaga K, Munemura S, Tsuruta Y. Simultaneous determination of free and N-
acetylated polyamines in urine by semimicro high-performance liquid chromatography using 4-
(5,6-dimethoxy-2-phthalimidinyl)-2-methoxyphenylsulfonyl chloride as a fluorescent labeling 
reagent. Anal Biochem. 2005 Apr 15;339(2):191-7. 
 
72. 
Schiavetti A, Varrasso G, Maurizi P, Cappelli C, Clerico A, Properzi E, Castello MA. Ten-day 
schedule oral etoposide therapy in advanced childhood malignancies J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 
22(2):119-24, 2000. 
 
73. 
Kushner BH, Kramer K, Cheung NV, Oral Etoposide for Refractory and Relapsed 
Neuroblastoma, JCO, 17(10): 3221-3225, 1999. 
 
74. 
Koomoa DT, Borsics T, Feith DJ, Coleman CS, Wallick CJ, Gamper I, Pegg AE, Bachmann 
AS: Inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase by the competitive inhibitor SAM486A 
connects polyamine metabolism with p53-Mdm2-Akt/PKB regulation and apoptotic cell death 
in neuroblastoma, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 8(7): 2067-2075, 2009. 
 


Clinical Protocol NMTRC010B 
 
NMTRC 010B Version 2.1 Issued 28 April 2015             Confidential 
 Page 81 of 81 
75. 
Hogarty MD, Norris MD, Davis K, Liu X, Evageliou NF, Hayes CS, Pawel B, Guo R, Zhao H, 
Sekyere E, Keating J, Thomas W, Cheng NC, Murray J, Smith J, Sutton R, Venn N, London 
WB, Buxton A, Gilmour SK, Marshall GM, Haber M. ODC1 is a critical determinant of MYCN 
oncogenesis and a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 1;68(23):9735-45. 
 
76. 
Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van 
Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC, Gwyther SG. New guidelines to evaluate the 
response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of 
Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J 
Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Feb 2;92(3):205-16. 
 
77. 
Haegele, K.D., et al., Decarboxylated-S-adenosylmethionine excretion: a biochemical marker of 
ornithine decarboxylase inhibition by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Cancer Res, 1987. 47(3): p. 
890-5. 
 
78. 
Hixson, L.J., et al., Sources of variability in estimating ornithine decarboxylase activity and 
polyamine contents in human colorectal mucosa. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1994. 3(4): 
p. 317-23. 
 
79. 
Pasic TR, Heisey D, Love RR, alpha-difluoromethylornithine ototoxicity. Chemoprevention 
clinical trial results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Dec;123(12):1281-6. 
 
80. 
Geerts D, Koster J, Albert D, Koomoa DL, Feith DJ, Pegg AE, Volckmann R, Caron H, Versteeg 
R, Bachmann AS. The polyamine metabolism genes ornithine decarboxylase and antizyme 2 
predict aggressive behavior in neuroblastomas with and without MYCN amplification. Int J 
Cancer. 2009 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 19960435 [PubMed - as supplied by 
publisher]. 
 
81. 
Santana E, Furman W, McGregor L, Billups C. Disease control intervals in high-risk 
neuroblastoma.  Cancer, 2008. 112 (12): 2796-2801. 
 
82. 
Yu, A. et al. Anti-GD2 Antibody with GM-CSF, Interleukin-2, and Isotretinoin for 
Neuroblastoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 2010. 363 (14): 1324-1334. 
 
 
 
 

ICF_001.pdf: 
 
<<Template CF Approval Stamp>> 
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Page 1 of 23 
NMTRC 010B 
1 
 
2 
RESEARCH SUBJECT INFORMATION AND CONSENT FORM 
TITLE: 
A Phase I/II Trial of DFMO in Combination with Bortezomib in 
Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma 
 
3 
This consent form contains important information to help you decide whether to 
4 
participate in a research study. 
5 
 
6 
In this consent form, “you” always refers to the subject.  If you are a parent or guardian, 
7 
please remember that “you” refers to the study subject. 
8 
 
9 
The study staff will explain this study to you.  Ask questions about anything that is not 
10 
clear at any time.  You may take home an unsigned copy of this consent form to think 
11 
about and discuss with family or friends. 
12 
 
13 
 
14 
 Being in a study is voluntary – your choice. 
15 
 If you join this study, you can still stop at any time. 
16 
 No one can promise that a study will help you. 
17 
 Do not join this study unless all of your questions are answered. 
18 
 
19 
 
20 
After reading and discussing the information in this consent form you 
21 
should know: 
22 
 
23 
• Why this research study is being done; 
24 
• What will happen during the study; 
25 
• Any possible benefits to you; 
26 
• The possible risks to you; 
27 
• Other options you could choose instead of being in this study; 
28 
• How your personal health information will be treated during the study and 
29 
after the study is over; 
30 
• Whether being in this study could involve any cost to you; and 
31 
• What to do if you have problems or questions about this study. 
32 
 
33 
 
34 
Please read this consent form carefully. 
35 
36 


 
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Page 2 of 23 
INFORMED CONSENT / PARENTAL PERMISSION FOR PARTICIPATION IN 
1 
RESEARCH 
2 
 
3 
 
4 
TITLE: 
A Phase I/II Trial of DFMO in Combination with Bortezomib 
5 
in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma 
6 
 
7 
PROTOCOL NO.: 
NMTRC 010B 
8 
 
WIRB® Protocol #20140498 
9 
 
10 
SPONSOR: 
Giselle Sholler, M.D. 
11 
 
12 
INVESTIGATOR: 
Name 
13 
 
Address 
14 
 
City, State Zip 
15 
 
Country 
16 
 
17 
SITE(S): 
Name 
18 
 
Address 
19 
 
City, State Zip 
20 
 
Country 
21 
 
22 
STUDY-RELATED 
23 
PHONE NUMBER(S): 
Name(s) 
24 
 
PhoneNumber(s) (24 hour phone number required) 
25 
 
26 
 
27 
In this consent form “you” means the child.  Some children may also be asked to assent 
28 
to take part in the study.   
29 
 
30 
You are being invited to participate in a research study conducted by the Neuroblastoma 
31 
and Medulloblastoma Translational Research Consortium (NMTRC).  The NMTRC is a 
32 
collaboration of academic medical centers and other organizations around the country.  
33 
Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, a member of Spectrum Health Hospitals, serves as the 
34 
lead organization of the NMTRC. 
35 
 
36 
You are being invited to take part in this research study because you have a cancer called 
37 
neuroblastoma that has come back after upfront treatment or did not respond to upfront 
38 
treatment (called relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma). 
39 
 
40 
In order to decide whether or not you should agree to be part of this research study, you 
41 
should know enough about its risks and benefits in order to make a sound judgment.  This 
42 
process is known as informed consent.  This consent form gives you detailed information 
43 
about the research study.  Once you understand the study, its risks, and its benefits, you 
44 
will be asked to sign the form if you wish to take part.  You will be given a copy to keep. 
45 
 
46 
We encourage you to ask questions and take the opportunity to discuss the study with 
47 
anybody you think can help you make this decision. 
48 


 
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Page 3 of 23 
 
1 
Why is This Research Study Being Conducted? 
2 
 
3 
The purpose of this research study is to evaluate an investigational drug (DFMO) in 
4 
combination with bortezomib, for relapsed and refractory neuroblastoma.  DFMO is an 
5 
investigational drug because it has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug 
6 
Administration (FDA).  Bortezomib, although a drug approved by the FDA for other 
7 
cancers, is investigational for treatment of neuroblastoma in this study.  This study will 
8 
look at the safety and tolerability of DFMO in combination with bortezomib as well as the 
9 
tumors response to this study drug. 
10 
 
11 
DFMO was shown to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth in adult colon cancers. DFMO 
12 
has been tested in multiple adult clinical trials and one pediatric trial.  Laboratory testing 
13 
in neuroblastoma suggests that this drug may be effective in treating this disease. 
14 
 
15 
Subjects signing this consent form will be given a new formulation of DFMO that has not 
16 
previously been used in children. This new formulation contains the same active 
17 
ingredient as the previous formulation; however it is made by a different manufacturer 
18 
and so it is possible that the DFMO may be absorbed differently by the body.  
19 
 
20 
The first portion of this study is a Phase I trial.  A phase I trial is a trial that is in the first 
21 
stage of testing in human subjects. The purpose of a Phase I study is to test for safety 
22 
and to find the highest dose of the drug that subjects can tolerate (optimal dosing). 
23 
Optimal dosing of DFMO in combination with bortezomib in pediatric patients is not known 
24 
at this time. This is the first time DFMO has been given with bortezomib to children.  Read 
25 
the sections on risks and benefits carefully and be sure you understand them. 
26 
 
27 
This study will be using increasing doses that will continue until unacceptable toxicities 
28 
are identified. If there are toxicities in one group of subjects, that dose may be repeated. 
29 
There will be a hold in enrollment after each 3 subjects (each cohort) are enrolled in order 
30 
to monitor that dose for safety and toxicities.   
31 
 
32 
All children will receive the same dose of bortezomib. 
33 
 
34 
Because of the way subjects are enrolled, there is a possibility that even if you qualify for 
35 
this study, there may not be a space available for you to start on study.   
36 
 
37 
You may receive a different dose of DFMO than other subjects depending on when you 
38 
start on study.  We cannot guarantee the dose that you will be given until you start on the 
39 
study. Both you and the study doctor will know what dose you receive.  The dose you 
40 
receive may be so low that it has no effect or so high that you have side effects you cannot 
41 
tolerate. 
42 
 
43 
How Many People Will Take Part In The Study? 
44 
 
45 
In this study, approximately 38 to 62 subjects will participate from about 15 medical 
46 
centers across the United States.  Approximately 5 of these subjects will be at the 
47 
[INSERT INSTITUTION NAME HERE]. 
48 


 
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Page 4 of 23 
 
1 
What Is Involved In The Study? 
2 
 
3 
Screening: 
4 
You will undergo a number of standard tests and research-related procedures before 
5 
being able to enroll in this study. You will need to have the following exams, tests and 
6 
procedures to find out if you can be in the study. The results of these studies may 
7 
show that you are not eligible to take part in this study. Most of these exams, tests 
8 
and procedures are part of regular neuroblastoma care and may be done even if you 
9 
do not join the study. Some procedures are being done only for research purposes as 
10 
part of this study. Those tests are also listed below. If you have had some of them 
11 
recently, they may not need to be repeated.  This will be up to your study doctor. 
12 
 
13 
Tests to be performed within 5 days of starting study:  
14 
• Medical history 
15 
• Physical exam 
16 
• Vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, temperature) 
17 
• Blood tests 
18 
• Urine tests (including a pregnancy test for girls who can become pregnant {age 
19 
13 or greater, or has started menstruation}) 
20 
 
21 
Tests to be performed within 21 days of starting study: 
22 
• MRI or CT scan of the tumor(s)  
23 
• Any other imaging studies or tests deemed necessary for assessing your tumor 
24 
by your treating physician 
25 
• MIBG or PET scan. An MIBG scan involves injecting a radioisotope into the 
26 
blood on the first day, and then scanning the whole body on the second day to 
27 
see where the isotope was absorbed. 
28 
• Bone marrow aspirations and examination (this involves using a needle to 
29 
extract a small amount of your bone marrow from both of your hips usually 
30 
under anesthesia; at the time of your procedure you will be asked to sign a 
31 
consent form for the anesthesia). We will ask you if we can collect a small 
32 
amount of additional bone marrow that will be used for special research testing 
33 
of neuroblastoma cells if they are present.  (There is a separate consent for this 
34 
at the end of this form.) 
35 
 
36 
Tests to be performed for research related purposes only include: 
37 
• Audiogram; a hearing test that can detect hearing loss that is not noticed in 
38 
daily conversation 
39 
• Urine samples (additional samples are voluntary) 
40 
• Additional samples of your Bone marrow aspirations as noted above (additional 
41 
samples are voluntary) 
42 
• Additional samples of your blood (additional samples are voluntary) 
43 
 
44 
As part of this study you will have an audiogram (hearing test) performed before you 
45 
start taking the study drug and again at the end of cycles 2, 6, and then yearly.  An 
46 


 
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Page 5 of 23 
audiogram may also be requested by the study doctor at any time to check for changes 
1 
in your hearing. 
2 
 
3 
Study Treatment: 
4 
If the exams, tests and procedures show that you can be in the study, and you choose 
5 
to take part, DFMO and bortezomib will be started in clinic on Day 1. You will take 
6 
DFMO orally, by mouth, twice a day. DFMO will be provided to you as a tablet. If you 
7 
are unable to swallow tablets you will need to crush them and mix with water or other 
8 
liquid to then drink. Bortezomib will be given to you intravenously (IV).   
9 
 
10 
You will be in clinic on this first day for approximately 3 to 5 hours. After this, you will 
11 
be given the DFMO to take home and you will take it each day as prescribed for as 
12 
long as you are in this study, unless you have side effects from the medicine or your 
13 
tumor worsens.  You will return to clinic on days 4 and 8 to receive bortezomib again, 
14 
and will also return to clinic on day 15 for a physical exam during every cycle while in 
15 
this study.  These visits will last about 2 hours. 
16 
 
17 
DFMO and bortezomib will be given to you in six individual cycles (courses) of therapy.  
18 
Each course of therapy lasts 21 days; this is what we call a “cycle”.  Each cycle will 
19 
occur immediately after the last.  This means that since each cycle is 21 days long, 
20 
on day 22 you will be starting the next cycle.  
21 
 
22 
At the beginning of each new cycle you will have some of these tests repeated 
23 
including: 
24 
• Medical history 
25 
• Physical exam 
26 
• Vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, temperature) 
27 
• Blood tests 
28 
• Urine tests (including a pregnancy test for girls who can become pregnant) 
29 
• Any other imaging studies or tests deemed necessary for assessing your tumor 
30 
by your study doctor 
31 
 
32 
Additionally at the end of every two cycles you will also have the following procedures 
33 
repeated: 
34 
• MRI or CT scan of the tumor(s) 
35 
• MIBG or PET scan. 
36 
• Bone marrow aspirations and examination (We will ask you if we can collect a 
37 
small amount of additional bone marrow that will be used for special research 
38 
testing of neuroblastoma cells if they are present.  There is a separate consent 
39 
for this at the end of this form.) 
40 
 
41 
If your cancer is responding and if you are not experiencing unacceptable side effects 
42 
from treatment, it will be up to your study doctor’s discretion to continue treatment on 
43 
protocol beyond the six 21-day cycles of treatment described above (you may 
44 
continue this until you have progression, you no longer wish to continue, or your study 
45 
doctor decides it is not in your best interest). If you continue on drug past the six 21 
46 
day cycles, you will still be considered part of the study and you will still need to have 
47 


 
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Page 6 of 23 
procedures done with every cycle as explained above.  These follow ups include the 
1 
same tests and procedures as the preceding cycles did. We will also continue to 
2 
collect information from these tests and procedures and on your treatment and 
3 
outcomes.  
4 
 
5 
As a part of your treatment you may have a surgical operation to remove as much of 
6 
the tumor as possible.  You will be asked by the pediatric surgeon to sign a separate 
7 
surgical consent form, which will review the risks of that surgical procedure. If the 
8 
tumor is obtained by surgery for routine (non-study) care, you will be asked if some of 
9 
the tumor can be saved for special research testing of cancer cells if they are present.  
10 
There is a separate consent for this at the end of this form. 
11 
 
12 
After you are finished taking DFMO, the study doctor will ask you to visit the office for 
13 
a follow-up visit about 30 days after your last dose of DFMO. During this follow up visit 
14 
you will have a physical exam, blood tests, urine tests, bone marrow test, and 
15 
radiologic evaluations (MIBG scan {if done at screening}, CT scans and/or MRI) to 
16 
assess the response of the tumor.  You will then be followed to see how you are doing 
17 
every 3 months for one year, then yearly until 5 years after stopping the study drug.  
18 
We will do this follow up either by phone or e-mail. 
19 
 
20 
All required radiology scans (MIBG’s, PET’s and MRI/CT’s), must be done at the study 
21 
institution, [INSERT INSTITUTION NAME] unless otherwise approved by the sponsor.  
22 
If [INSERT INSTITUTION NAME] is not your home institution, all other care (excluding 
23 
the previously mentioned) can be done at your home institution at the discretion of 
24 
your study doctor. 
25 
 
26 
Methods for Providing/Administering Study Drug 
27 
 
28 
DFMO will be taken orally (by mouth) twice a day, once in the morning and once in the 
29 
evening every day that you are on the study.  DFMO is a tablet that will be supplied to 
30 
you.  If you cannot swallow tablets you will be given instructions on how to crush and take 
31 
the study drug.  DFMO may not be mixed with orange or grapefruit juice. You will be given 
32 
a handout that will have the directions written out as well as a list of recommended juices 
33 
and foods to use when mixing the DFMO. This handout will also include instructions for 
34 
storing DFMO. 
35 
 
36 
Bortezomib will be given intravenously (by IV) once a day on days 1, 4, and 8 of each 21 
37 
day cycle.  
38 
 
39 
You will be asked to keep a daily diary of the study drug and dose you are taking; this 
40 
diary will be provided to you by the study doctor, and will need to be returned to the study 
41 
doctor at the end of each cycle. 
42 
 
43 
Throughout the study, you will be asked to report any difficulties or side effects that you 
44 
experience, regardless of whether or not you feel they are related to, or caused by, the 
45 
study medication.  It is very important for you to discuss any difficulties or side effects with 
46 
your study doctor. 
47 
 
48 


 
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If you have any significant side effects or problems, you should promptly contact your 
1 
home treating oncologist. Your home treating oncologist will then decide if you should 
2 
come in to the hospital.  In addition you will need to contact your study doctor.  Your study 
3 
doctor will determine what you should do about your study drug doses.  Doses may be 
4 
reduced, delayed or omitted if you have toxicities or side effects. If your condition worsens 
5 
during the study, your study doctor may remove you from the study. 
6 
 
7 
While you are on this study, there are certain medications and treatments that you will not 
8 
be allowed to take.  Those include any other cancer killing agents or chemotherapy, any 
9 
other investigational (study) drugs, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted 
10 
therapies.  Please discuss all medications that you are currently taking or wish to take 
11 
with your study doctor. 
12 
 
13 
PROCEDURES AND ASSESSMENTS FOR THIS STUDY 
14 
 
15 
 
Pre 
Cycles 1 
Cycles 2-6 
Subsequ
ent 
Cycles 
Follow Up 
 
 
Day 
1 
Day 
4 
Day 
8 
Day 
15 
Day 
1 
Day 
4 
Day 
8 
Day 
15 
End 
of 
Cycle 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prior therapy 
review 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physical 
examination and 
history 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Lansky Score 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
Vital signs 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Blood tests 
X 
Xa 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Pregnancy test if 
indicated 
X 
Xa 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
CT or MRI Scan  
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xb 
Xb 
Xb 
MIBG or PET 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xb 
Xb 
Xb 
Review of 
Current 
Medications 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Administration of 
DFMOc 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Administration of 
Bortezomibd 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
Xd 
 
Dispense (and 
collect) drug 
dosing diary 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Xe 
Adverse Event 
monitoring 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Progression free 
Survival 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 


 
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a If not already done in the 5 days prior to first dose of drug 
1 
b At end of cycles 2, 4, and 6, then every 2 cycles and as clinically indicated 
2 
c DFMO given twice daily every day on study unless a hold is indicated 
3 
d Bortezomib given on Days 1, 4, and 8 of each cycle unless a hold is indicated 
4 
e If early withdrawal or not previously collected 
5 
f At the ends of cycles 2, 6 and then yearly or as indicated 
6 
^Separate consent at end for additional samples 
7 
 
8 
What Are The Risks and Discomforts Of The Study? 
9 
 
10 
You may have side effects while on the study.  Everyone taking part in the study will be 
11 
carefully watched for any side effects.  However, study doctors do not know all the side 
12 
effects that may happen.  Side effects may be mild or very serious. Your health care team 
13 
may give you medicines to help lessen side effects.  Many side effects go away soon 
14 
after you stop taking the study drug.  In some cases, side effects can be serious, long 
15 
lasting, may never go away, or may even cause death.  You should talk to your study 
16 
doctor about any side effects that you have while taking part in the study. 
17 
 
18 
Risks of DFMO: 
19 
 
20 
The risks of DFMO are not completely known in the pediatric population.  That is one 
21 
reason that this study is being done. 
22 
 
23 
From previous Pediatric studies in Neuroblastoma: 
24 
 
25 
Likely 
Happens to 10 - 30 subjects 
out of every 100 
Less Likely 
Happens to 3 - 10 subjects out 
of every 100 
Rare 
Happens 
to 
fewer 
than 
3 subjects out of every 100 
• Elevation in the blood of 
certain 
enzymes 
or 
bilirubin 
which 
could 
indicate liver irritation or 
damage  
 
• Fewer red and white blood 
cells  
o a low number of red 
blood 
cells 
can 
make you feel tired 
and weak and may 
require transfusion. 
o a low number of 
white blood cells 
can make it easier 
to get infections 
• Abdominal Pain 
• Hair Loss or Thinning 
• Loss of appetite 
• Cough 
• Runny or stuffy nose 
• Conjunctivitis (infection of 
the conjunctiva of the eye) 
• Constipation 
• Fever 
• Emotional ups and downs 
• Headache 
• Pain 
Urine Tests 
X 
 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
Audiogram 
(hearing test) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xf 
Xf 
Xf 
Bone Marrow^ 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Xb 
Xb 
Xb 
Optional Blood 
Samples^ 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Optional Urine 
Samples^ 
 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
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• Decrease in the number of 
platelets made in the bone 
marrow which may cause 
bruising or bleeding 
• Infections 
• Diarrhea 
• Hearing Loss 
• Skin Rash 
• Difficulty sleeping 
• Vomiting 
• Urinary retention 
• Reflux 
 
1 
From the adult studies on DFMO, the risks that were seen: 
2 
Most Likely 
Happens to 10 - 30 subjects 
out of every 100 
Likely 
Happens to 3 - 10 subjects 
out of every 100 
Less Likely 
Happens to fewer than 
3 subjects out of every 100 
• 
Fewer red and white 
blood cells  
o a low number of red 
blood cells can make 
you feel tired and 
weak and may 
require transfusion. 
o a low number of 
white blood cells can 
make it easier to get 
infections 
• Decrease in the number 
of platelets made in the 
bone marrow which may 
cause bruising or 
bleeding 
• Nausea 
• Hearing Loss 
• Ringing in ears 
• Diarrhea 
• Headache 
• Weakness 
• Loss of appetite 
• Abdominal Pain 
• Flatulence (gas) 
• Dizziness 
• Skin Rash 
• Seizures 
• Sores in the mouth 
• Runny nose 
• Difficulty sleeping 
• Infections 
• Dry mouth 
• Constipation 
• Dry skin 
• Menstrual disorders 
• Sore throat 
• Vomiting 
• Vasodilation (the 
relaxation of blood 
vessels possibly causing 
low blood pressure) 
• Emotional ups and downs 
• Itchiness 
• Body aches 
• Pain 
 
3 
Hearing loss has been a noted side effect of DFMO in adult studies.  Although much of 
4 
this hearing loss was reversible upon stopping the study drug, there is limited experience 
5 
in subjects that have hearing loss prior to starting the study. The standard chemotherapy 
6 
for neuroblastomas that you previously received may also have caused hearing loss. The 
7 
effects of DFMO on prior hearing loss are unknown. There is also no experience in a 
8 
pediatric population which may differ from adults. This potential hearing loss may be 
9 
permanent and irreversible. 
10 
 
11 


 
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The chance of having side effects and the severity of side effects may increase with higher 
1 
doses of DFMO. All subjects will be monitored closely and will be evaluated for any signs 
2 
of early side effects. 
3 
 
4 
Certain other drugs may interfere with DFMO.  Please check with the study doctor 
5 
before starting ANY new medication or treatment. 
6 
 
7 
Risks and side effects related to Bortezomib include those which are: 
8 
 
9 
Most Likely 
Happens to 10 - 30 
subjects out of every 
100 
Likely 
Happens to 3 - 10 subjects out of every 
100 
Less Likely 
Happens to fewer 
than 3 subjects out 
of every 100 
• A 
feeling 
of 
weakness and/or 
tiredness 
• Nausea 
and/or 
vomiting 
• Constipation 
or 
diarrhea 
• Loss of appetite 
• Fever 
• Fewer red blood 
cells and platelets 
in the blood  
o a low number of 
red blood cells 
can make you 
feel tired and 
weak 
o a low number of 
platelets 
causes you to 
bruise 
and 
bleed 
more 
easily 
• Fluid retention and 
build-up 
in 
the 
arms 
and 
legs 
leading to swelling 
and an increase in 
weight 
• Infection 
• Nerve 
damage 
that may cause 
pain, 
burning, 
numbness, 
and 
• Low blood pressure  
• Dizziness  
• Fainting 
• Difficulty sleeping or falling asleep 
• Chills including shaking chills 
• Skin rash with the presence of macules 
(flat discolored area) and papules 
(raised bump) 
• Excessive loss of water from the body 
• Acid or upset stomach (heartburn) 
• Pain which may be in the abdomen 
(belly), back, bone, head, joints, arms 
and legs, muscles, and nerves 
• Headache or head pain 
• Cough and/or shortness of breath due 
to inflammation in the lungs. (interstitial 
pneumonitis) 
• Fewer white blood cells in the blood 
o a low number of white blood cells 
can make it easier to get infections 
• Low numbers of white blood cells 
called lymphocytes that may last a long 
time and make it easier to get infections 
which may be life threatening 
• A stoppage (or blockage) of the 
intestine which may require treatment 
• Inflammation and/or sores in the mouth 
and/or 
throat 
that 
may 
make 
swallowing difficult and are painful 
(painful mouth sores) 
• Bleeding in the gut that may show in 
the stools 
• Nose bleed 
• A 
hole 
in 
the 
intestines 
which 
would 
cause 
leakage into the 
abdomen 
(belly) 
with 
pain 
and 
infection 
• Damage 
to 
the 
brain 
associated 
with high blood 
pressure 
which 
may 
lead 
to 
difficulty thinking, 
carrying 
out 
normal 
tasks, 
headache, 
seizures 
(convulsions), 
difficulty 
seeing, 
blindness, or other 
visual 
changes, 
which if caught 
early 
can 
be 
reversed 
• Severe damage to 
the brain tissue 
which could lead 
to 
difficulty 
carrying 
out 
normal daily tasks 
or could lead to 
coma 
• Severe 
kidney 
damage 
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tingling 
in 
the 
hands and feet 
and may affect the 
ability to perform 
tasks that require 
fine movements 
• Nerve 
damage 
that may cause 
muscle weakness 
or paralysis in the 
hands and feet 
and may affect the 
ability to perform 
tasks that require 
fine movements 
• Fever with a low white blood cell count 
which could indicate infection and may 
require hospitalization and treatment 
with antibiotics 
• Infection caused by hard to treat bugs 
including bacteria, virus, and fungus 
• Muscle weakness of the whole body 
• Anxiety 
• Blurred vision 
• Fluid build-up in the lungs that can 
make you feel short of breath due to 
heart muscle injury. 
may 
be 
permanent) 
• Possible 
liver 
injury 
 
1 
Green tea, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and other antioxidants may decrease the activity of 
2 
bortezomib. To avoid the interaction, you should stop taking the following products/foods 
3 
from one day before the start of bortezomib until 3 days after the last dose of bortezomib: 
4 
1. Green tea and its components 
5 
2. Vitamin products containing vitamin C and antioxidants 
6 
3. Foods with high vitamin C content, such as fruits 
7 
4. Herbal products and any products containing flavonoids or other antioxidant 
8 
compounds 
9 
 
10 
Please talk to your study doctor before starting any new medications or herbal 
11 
supplements and before making a significant change in your diet. 
12 
 
13 
Drinking grapefruit juice or eating grapefruit may increase the concentration of bortezomib 
14 
in the blood. Therefore, eating grapefruit or drinking its juice should be avoided for the 
15 
duration of treatment with bortezomib. 
16 
 
17 
Risks of Blood Draws: 
18 
 
19 
Risks associated with drawing blood are slight, but some risks include:  pain, excessive 
20 
bleeding, fainting or feeling lightheaded, bruising, infection (a slight risk any time the skin 
21 
is broken), and multiple punctures to locate veins. 
22 
 
23 
Blood will be drawn from a central line whenever possible to minimize these risks. 
24 
 
25 
Risks of Bone Marrow Aspiration: 
26 
 
27 
During this study, a sample of bone marrow will be collected from your hip bone(s) for 
28 
testing (occasionally another bone is selected); this is usually done under anesthesia.  
29 
Once you are under the anesthesia, a special needle will be inserted into the bone to 
30 
collect the marrow.  Pressure may be felt as the needle is inserted into the bone.  There 
31 
is a sharp sucking sensation as the marrow is aspirated, which lasts for only a few 
32 


 
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moments.  There may be some bleeding at the puncture site. You may experience 
1 
discomfort or pain. More serious risks, such as serious bleeding or infection, are very 
2 
rare. 
3 
 
4 
Reproductive Risks: 
5 
 
6 
DFMO was damaging to developing embryos in animal studies.  Because the effects of 
7 
DFMO on an unborn child or nursing infant are not known you may not take part in this 
8 
study if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Girls who can become pregnant (age 13 or 
9 
older or have started having menses) who enter the study must have a negative 
10 
pregnancy test prior to entry and during the study. Additionally, the effects of DFMO on 
11 
sperm are not known. If you are a girl who can become pregnant or a male able to father 
12 
children, you must use an acceptable method of birth control during the study to prevent 
13 
pregnancy.   
14 
 
15 
Both men and women should use one of the more effective birth control methods during 
16 
treatment and for six months after treatment is stopped.  These methods include 
17 
 
18 
• 
total abstinence (no sex), 
19 
• 
oral contraceptives (“the pill”), 
20 
• 
an intrauterine device (IUD), 
21 
• 
levonorgestrol implants (Norplant), or 
22 
• 
medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (Depo-provera shots). 
23 
 
24 
If one of these cannot be used, contraceptive foam with a condom is recommended. Talk 
25 
to your study doctor to decide what type of birth control is acceptable. 
26 
 
27 
A possible effect of this study is the possibility of sterility (inability to have children). 
28 
 
29 
If you suspect that you have become pregnant during this study, you must notify the 
30 
research team immediately. You will be withdrawn from the study if you become pregnant. 
31 
 
32 
For more information about risks and side effects, ask your study doctor. 
33 
 
34 
You will be informed as additional information is discovered about how the study drug 
35 
may affect the risk and/or your willingness to continue to participate in this study.  Your 
36 
study doctor will inform you of all known risks; however, there may be physical, mental or 
37 
genetic adverse risks that are not known at this time. 
38 
 
39 
What Are The Benefits of Participating In The Study? 
40 
 
41 
Taking part in this study may or may not make your health better.  While benefit is 
42 
possible, participation may not benefit you and your health could worsen during this study. 
43 
 
44 
We do know that the information from this study will help doctors learn more about DFMO 
45 
as a treatment for cancer.  This information could help future cancer patients. 
46 
 
47 
What Other Options Are There? 
48 


 
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1 
Your other choices may include: 
2 
 
3 
• Getting treatment or care for your cancer without being in a study 
4 
• Taking part in another study 
5 
• Getting no specific treatment 
6 
• You can receive bortezomib off-study without receiving DFMO 
7 
 
8 
You should talk to your home treating oncologist about your choices before you decide if 
9 
you will take part in this study. 
10 
 
11 
Are There Any Costs? 
12 
 
13 
Taking part in this study may lead to added costs to you or your insurance company. Your 
14 
study doctor will discuss any expected added costs that may be billed to you or your 
15 
insurance provider. 
16 
 
17 
The study drug, DFMO, will be provided free of charge by the NMTRC, while you are 
18 
participating in this study.  However, even though it is unlikely, there is a possibility that 
19 
the supply of study drug may run out.  If this happens, your study doctor will talk with you.  
20 
You may have to be taken off study.  Or, if the drug becomes commercially available, you 
21 
may be able to obtain additional drug from the manufacturer and you or your insurance 
22 
may be asked to pay for it.   
23 
 
24 
You or your insurance company will be charged for continuing standard medical care 
25 
and/or hospitalization. You or your insurance company will be responsible for charges for 
26 
other drugs (including the bortezomib), hospitalizations, clinic visits, x-rays lab tests, etc. 
27 
 
28 
You might have unexpected expenses from being in this research study.  These charges 
29 
may be submitted to your health insurance.  However, your health insurance may not pay 
30 
these charges because you are in a research study.  In addition, if you are injured as a 
31 
direct result of being in this study your insurance company may not pay to treat these 
32 
injuries.  Ask the study doctor for more information about this.  We also encourage you to 
33 
determine your health insurer’s policy about paying for treatment in a research study. 
34 
 
35 
Participating in this study requires that you visit the study hospital [INSERT HOSPITAL 
36 
NAME HERE] multiple times over the course of the full study for evaluations (physical 
37 
exam, blood draw, urine analysis, etc.) and scans (MRI/CT, MIBG/PET).  
38 
 
39 
Is There Any Compensation? 
40 
 
41 
There is no payment for participating in this study. 
42 
 
43 
Can You Withdraw or Be Withdrawn From This Study? 
44 
 
45 
Participation in this study is voluntary.  You are not obligated to participate in this 
46 
research.  You are free to withdraw your consent at any time.  Your withdrawal, or refusal 
47 


 
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to participate, will not affect your current or future medical care in any way.  Your decision 
1 
will not result in any penalty or loss of benefits to which you are entitled. 
2 
 
3 
It is important to tell the study doctor if you are thinking about stopping so any risks from 
4 
the study drug can be evaluated by your study doctor.  Another reason to tell your study 
5 
doctor that you are thinking about stopping is to discuss what follow-up care and testing 
6 
could be most helpful for you. 
7 
 
8 
You will be told of any significant new findings that develop during the study that may 
9 
affect your willingness to participate in the study.  You may be asked to sign a new 
10 
consent form to continue in the study. 
11 
 
12 
Your study doctor or the sponsor may decide to take you out of the study at any time 
13 
without your consent if any of the following occur or for other reasons: 
14 
 
15 
• You do not meet the criteria to take part in the study. 
16 
• The side effects of the study drug are too harmful for you. 
17 
• You need a treatment that is not allowed on this study. 
18 
• Your tumor worsens. 
19 
• You become pregnant. 
20 
• The study doctor believes it is in your best interest. 
21 
• New information becomes available that would suggest that continuing in this study 
22 
would not be in your best interest. 
23 
• You do not consent to continue in the study after being told of changes in the 
24 
research that may affect you. 
25 
• The study is stopped. 
26 
• Or for any other reason. 
27 
 
28 
The Neuroblastoma and Medulloblastoma Translational Research Consortium, Spectrum 
29 
Health Hospitals, KC Pharma (the maker of DFMO), Western Institutional Review Board, 
30 
or the FDA has the right to stop this study at any time.  They may stop the study without 
31 
your agreement based on medical information available to them. 
32 
 
33 
What About Confidentiality? 
34 
 
35 
We will do our best to make sure that your personal medical information will be kept 
36 
private.  However, we cannot guarantee total privacy.  Your personal information may be 
37 
given out if required by law.   
38 
 
39 
If information from this study is published or presented at scientific meetings, your name 
40 
and other personal information will not be used. 
41 
 
42 
Each subject in this trial will be identified by a unique identifier that will be used on all 
43 
report forms and any other material submitted to the NMTRC. Report Forms for this study 
44 
will be both paper and electronic. Electronic data will be stored in a secure data center. 
45 
Your medical records are available to those caring for you at this hospital.  Other people 
46 


 
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or groups who may see or copy your medical record because you are participating in this 
1 
study include: 
2 
 
3 
• The Neuroblastoma and Medulloblastoma Translational Research Consortium 
4 
(NMTRC), affiliates of the NMTRC, and the NMTRC010B study committee 
5 
• Spectrum Health Hospitals and its affiliates 
6 
• KC Pharma and their affiliates 
7 
• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration 
8 
• The Western Institutional Review Board® (WIRB®) 
9 
• The Spectrum Health Institutional Review Board 
10 
• Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) agencies 
11 
 
12 
Otherwise your name and other medical information that identifies you will not be released 
13 
without your written permission, unless required by law.  If results of this study are 
14 
published, your identity will remain confidential. 
15 
 
16 
A description of this clinical trial will be available on http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, as 
17 
required by U.S. Law.  This Web site will not include information that can identify you.  At 
18 
most, the Web site will include a summary of the results.  You can search this Web site 
19 
at any time. 
20 
 
21 
Please refer to the separate authorization (HIPAA) form that explains more specifically 
22 
how your personal health information will be used. 
23 
 
24 
What Happens If You Are Injured? 
25 
 
26 
Participating in research may result in an injury or illness.  Medical treatment related to 
27 
an injury or illness will be available at your treating institution, but such treatment may not 
28 
be free of charge.  No funding has been set aside to pay for the costs of treating an injury 
29 
or illness that results from this study.  Your medical insurance may pay for such treatment, 
30 
but you may ultimately be billed for payment.   
31 
 
32 
Ask the study doctor for more information about this.  We also encourage you to 
33 
determine your health insurer’s policy about paying for treatment in a research study. 
34 
 
35 
By signing this consent form, you are not giving up any legal rights. 
36 
 
37 
[INSERT INSTITUTIONAL LANGUAGE HERE] 
38 
 
39 
Contact Information 
40 
 
41 
Contact [Study Contact Name] at [Phone Number(s)] for any of the following reasons: 
42 
• if you have any questions about your participation in this study, 
43 
• if at any time you feel you have had a research-related injury, illness or a reaction 
44 
to the study drug, or 
45 
• if you have questions, concerns or complaints about the research. 
46 
 
47 


 
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If you have questions about your rights as a research subject or if you have questions, 
1 
concerns, input or complaints about the research, you may contact: 
2 
 
3 
Western Institutional Review Board® (WIRB®) 
4 
1019 39th Avenue SE Suite 120 
5 
Puyallup, Washington  98374-2115 
6 
Telephone:  1-800-562-4789 or 360-252-2500 
7 
E-mail: Help@wirb.com 
8 
 
9 
WIRB is a group of people who perform independent review of research. 
10 
 
11 
WIRB will not be able to answer some study-specific questions, such as questions about 
12 
appointment times.  However, you may contact WIRB if the research staff cannot be 
13 
reached or if you wish to talk to someone other than the research staff. 
14 
 
15 
Where can I get more information about Cancer and Clinical Trials? 
16 
 
17 
You may call the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service at: 
18 
 
19 
1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) 
20 
 
21 
You may also visit the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov/ 
22 
 
23 
• For NCI’s clinical trials information, go to: http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/ 
24 
• For NCI’s general information about cancer, go to http://cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ 
25 
 
26 
You will get a copy of this form. You will be given a copy of the protocol (full study plan) 
27 
upon request.  If you want more information about this study, ask your study doctor. 
28 
 
29 
Statement of Consent 
30 
 
31 
I have been given and have read the information in this consent form (or it has been read 
32 
to me). 
33 
 
34 
All of my/my child’s questions about the study and my/my child’s participation in it have 
35 
been answered.  Should I/my child have any further questions about the research, I may 
36 
contact the person conducting the study at the address and telephone number given 
37 
below: 
38 
 
39 
[Study Contact Name] 
40 
[Address] 
41 
[City, State  Zip code] 
42 
[Phone Number(s)] 
43 
 
44 
My/my child’s participation is voluntary and I/my child may refuse to participate or 
45 
withdraw at any time without penalty or prejudice to my/my child’s present and/or future 
46 
care. 
47 


 
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1 
I agree to participate/allow my child to participate in this study and I understand that I will 
2 
receive a signed copy of this form. 
3 
 
4 
I authorize the release of my/my child’s medical information for research or regulatory 
5 
purposes to the sponsor, The Neuroblastoma and Medulloblastoma Translational 
6 
Research Consortium, Spectrum Health Hospitals and its affiliates, KC Pharma and its 
7 
affiliates, the FDA, other federal (U.S.) agencies, governmental agencies in other 
8 
countries, and WIRB®. 
9 
 
10 
Consent and Assent Instructions: 
11 
Consent: Subjects 18 years and older must sign on the subject line below 
12 
For subjects under 18, consent is provided by the parent or guardian 
13 
Assent: 
Is not required for subjects 12 years and younger 
14 
 
Verbal assent is required for subjects ages 13 through 17 years using the 
15 
Assent section below 
16 
 
17 
 
18 
 
 
19 
Signature of Subject (18 years and older) 
Date 
20 
 
21 
 
22 
 
 
23 
Name of Subject Printed 
24 
 
25 
 
26 
 
 
27 
Signature of Parent or Guardian 
Date 
28 
(applicable for children) 
29 
 
30 
(If available) 
31 
 
32 
 
33 
 
 
34 
Name of Parent or Guardian Printed 
35 
 
36 
 
37 
 
 
38 
Signature of Parent or Guardian 
Date 
39 
(applicable for children) 
40 
 
41 
 
42 
 
 
43 
Name of Parent or Guardian Printed 
44 
 
45 
ASSENT SECTION: 
46 
Statement of person conducting assent discussion: 
47 
 
48 


 
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• I have explained all aspects of the research to the subject to the best of his or 
1 
her ability to understand. 
2 
• I have answered all the questions of the subject relating to this research. 
3 
• The subject agrees to be in the research. 
4 
• I believe the subject’s decision to enroll is voluntary. 
5 
• The study doctor and study staff agree to respect the subject’s physical or 
6 
emotional dissent at any time during this research when that dissent pertains 
7 
to anything being done solely for the purpose of this research. 
8 
 
9 
 
10 
 
 
11 
Signature of Person Conducting Assent Discussion 
Date 
12 
 
13 
Statement of Parent or Guardian: 
14 
 
15 
My child appears to understand the research to the best of his or her ability and 
16 
has agreed to participate. 
17 
 
18 
 
19 
 
 
20 
Signature of Parent or Guardian 
Date 
21 
 
22 
---------------------------- Use this witness section only if applicable ------------------------- 
23 
 
24 
If this consent form is read to the subject because the subject or the subject’s parent or 
25 
guardian is unable to read the form, an impartial witness not affiliated with the research 
26 
or investigator must be present for the consent and sign the following statement: 
27 
 
28 
I confirm that the information in the consent form and any other written information was 
29 
accurately explained to, and apparently understood by, the subject or the subject’s 
30 
parent or guardian.  The subject or the subject’s parent or guardian freely consented to 
31 
be in the research study. 
32 
 
33 
 
34 
 
 
35 
Signature of Impartial Witness 
Date 
36 
 
37 
Note:  This signature block cannot be used for translations into another language.  A 
38 
translated consent form is necessary for enrolling subjects who do not speak English. 
39 
 
40 
HIPAA AUTHORIZATION FORM FOR USE & DISCLOSURE OF HEALTH 
41 
INFORMATION FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES (TEMPLATE) 
42 
 
43 
The information we are asking to use and disclose (share) for this research study may 
44 
include your Protected Health Information (PHI).  This information is protected by a 
45 
federal law called the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).  In 
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general, we cannot use or share your health information for research without your 
1 
permission. 
2 
 
3 
What will be done with my information? 
4 
Each subject in this trial will be identified by a unique identifier that will be used on all 
5 
report forms and any other material submitted to the NMTRC. Report Forms for this study 
6 
will be both paper and electronic. Electronic data will be stored in a secure data center. 
7 
Your health information will be collected and entered in this password-secure database 
8 
along with the information from other people taking part in this study, and will only be 
9 
accessible to the people involved in conducting this research. 
10 
  
11 
Why am I being asked to give permission for the use and disclosure of 
12 
my information? 
13 
Your health information will be used to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the study 
14 
drug, DFMO, in combination with another drug (bortezomib) as well as your tumor’s 
15 
response to the study drug. 
16 
 
17 
To evaluate the study drug and your response, we need to see and use your health 
18 
information. 
19 
 
20 
What information will be used and shared for this study? 
21 
To complete this research study, we will need to collect and share (disclose) information 
22 
about you.  This information may include:  
23 
• Your date of birth, name, contact information, medical record number, and 
24 
insurance information. 
25 
• Existing medical records and medical history. 
26 
• New health information collected for purposes of this study. 
27 
• Copies of medical records you have with other health care providers. 
28 
 
29 
With whom will my information be shared (disclosed)? 
30 
• The Sponsor(s) of the research or its agents (monitors, auditors): Dr. Giselle 
31 
Sholler, the Neuroblastoma and Medulloblastoma Translational Research 
32 
Consortium (NMTRC), affiliates of the NMTRC, and the NMTRC010B study 
33 
committee 
34 
• The study doctor and his/her research staff  
35 
• Spectrum Health Hospitals staff or its agents 
36 
• KC Pharma (the maker of the study drug) 
37 
• The Western Institutional Review Board® (WIRB®) 
38 
• The Spectrum Health Institutional Review Board (IRB) and its staff 
39 
• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other government agencies who 
40 
regulate this study 
41 
 
42 
Once your protected health information has been shared (disclosed), it is possible that 
43 
anyone who receives that information may re-disclose it. Because some of these 
44 
individuals who receive your protected health information may not be required by law to 
45 
keep your information confidential, we cannot guarantee that your information will not be 
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released or made available to another party once it leaves your treating institution. 
1 
Therefore, we share your information only if necessary and we use all reasonable efforts 
2 
to request that those individuals who receive your information take steps to protect your 
3 
privacy. 
4 
 
5 
How long will my health information be used and shared? 
6 
This authorization has no expiration date.  
7 
 
8 
Can I stop my protected health information from being collected and 
9 
shared? 
10 
You can tell us to stop collecting your health information at any time.  We will stop using 
11 
and sharing your information, except in very limited cases if needed to comply with law, 
12 
protect your safety, or make sure the research was done properly.  If you have any 
13 
questions about this please ask.  
14 
 
15 
If you want us to stop using and sharing your health information, you must tell us in writing.  
16 
Send your written request to: 
17 
 
18 
 
 
 
 
[insert study doctor contact information] 
19 
 
20 
What happens if I do not want you to use and share my health 
21 
information? 
22 
If you decide not to give permission for us to use and share your health information, you 
23 
will not be able to participate in this study.  Your decision will in no way affect your medical 
24 
care or cause you to lose any benefits to which you are entitled.   
25 
 
26 
When will my information be destroyed? 
27 
We do not know when your information will no longer be used.  Unless you tell us to stop 
28 
using and sharing your information, it will be kept for an indefinite length of time. 
29 
 
30 
[If the HIPAA authorization form will be a document separate from the consent 
31 
form, appropriate signatures blocks need to be inserted here]. 
32 
 
33 
ADDITIONAL OPTIONAL TUMOR BIOLOGY CONSENT 
34 
 
35 
There are optional biology tests that you may agree to participate in if you wish. These 
36 
include urine and blood samples, extra bone marrow samples, and extra tumor samples. 
37 
These samples may be collected during routine procedures while you are in the study, 
38 
and will be used for research tests and studies that will not directly impact your treatment.  
39 
These research tests and studies may benefit future children with neuroblastoma or other 
40 
tumors.   
41 
 
42 
If you agree to allow your samples to be used for these future research tests, your 
43 
samples will be stored in a safe and confidential laboratory area indefinitely.   Neither your 
44 
name nor any other information that identifies you will be used to identify your sample 
45 


 
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when they are stored in the lab.  The samples will be identified only by a unique, de-
1 
identified code.  Samples will be frozen and stored in a carefully controlled deep freezer.  
2 
The samples that are stored for future research may only be used by Dr. Sholler and the 
3 
other investigators who are participating in this study or other NMTRC studies.  No 
4 
information that identifies you will be used for any of these future research tests and 
5 
studies. 
6 
 
7 
You have the option to remove the samples from the laboratory at any time.  In the future, 
8 
if you ask that your stored samples be destroyed, it is important to know that any research 
9 
that has already been done on the samples cannot be changed.  No matter what you 
10 
decide to do, it will not affect the care that you will get. 
11 
 
12 
There is no way to predict exactly what research tests will be performed with the stored 
13 
samples. Because these tests are for research only, usually your study doctor or you 
14 
will not know the results. It is very unlikely that the research testing might find important 
15 
information about your current or future health. If this unlikely event happens, the 
16 
researchers may contact your primary treating oncologist about what the research test 
17 
results might mean. Only your primary treating oncologist will be notified and the 
18 
information will not become part of your medical record. Your primary treating oncologist 
19 
may discuss this unexpected finding with you, and may recommend that you see a 
20 
genetic counselor and/or repeat testing in a clinical (not research) laboratory if needed. 
21 
It is possible that your primary treating oncologist may decide that no action is needed. 
22 
 
23 
Future research tests will be looking at genetic information collected from the samples 
24 
you provide. A Federal law, called the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 
25 
(GINA), generally makes it illegal for health insurance companies, group health plans, 
26 
and most employers to discriminate against you based on your genetic information. This 
27 
law generally will protect you in the following ways: Health insurance companies and 
28 
group health plans may not request your genetic information that we get from this 
29 
research. Health insurance companies and group health plans may not use your genetic 
30 
information when making decisions regarding your eligibility or premiums. Employers 
31 
with 15 or more employees may not use your genetic information that we get from this 
32 
research when making a decision to hire, promote, or fire you or when setting the terms 
33 
of your employment. 
34 
 
35 
GINA does not protect you against genetic discrimination by companies that sell life 
36 
insurance, disability insurance, or long-term care insurance. GINA does not prohibit 
37 
discrimination on the basis of an already manifest genetic disease or disorder. 
38 
 
39 
1. I agree that additional urine samples may be taken and sent to a laboratory working 
40 
with the NMTRC for additional tests.  
41 
 
42 
#1: 
 
Yes_____ 
No_____ 
 
________ / _______ 
 
 
43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initials          Date 
44 
 
45 
2. I agree that additional blood samples may be taken and sent to a laboratory 
46 
working with the NMTRC for additional tests.   
47 
 
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#2: 
 
Yes_____ 
No_____ 
 
________ / _______ 
 
 
1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initials          Date 
2 
 
3 
3. I agree that additional blood samples may be taken and sent to an NMTRC 
4 
laboratory for biological correlates and additional studies.  
5 
 
6 
#3: 
 
Yes_____ 
No_____ 
 
________ / _______ 
 
 
7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initials          Date 
8 
 
9 
4. I agree that extra bone marrow may be taken and sent to an NMTRC laboratory 
10 
for additional studies. 
11 
 
12 
#4: 
 
Yes_____ 
No_____ 
 
________ / _______ 
 
 
13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initials          Date 
14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
5. If I have a standard of care tumor extraction, extra tumor samples may be taken 
16 
and sent to an NMTRC laboratory for additional studies. 
17 
 
18 
#5: 
 
Yes_____ 
No_____ 
 
________ / _______ 
 
 
19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initials          Date 
20 
 
21 
6. I agree to let researchers store material (e.g., leftover urine, blood, cells or genetic 
22 
material that is taken at the time of a procedure) for future use to learn about, 
23 
prevent, or treat cancer.  
24 
 
25 
#6: 
 
Yes_____ 
No_____ 
 
________ / _______ 
 
 
26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initials          Date 
27 
 
28 
 
29 
Attestation Statement 
30 
 
31 
I confirm that the research study was thoroughly explained to the subject or the 
32 
subject’s parent or guardian.  I reviewed the consent form with the subject and 
33 
answered the subject’s or the subject’s parent or guardian questions.  The subject or 
34 
the subject’s parent or guardian appeared to have understood the information and was 
35 
able to answer the following questions correctly: 
36 
 
37 
1. What is the purpose of this study? 
38 
2. If you decide to be in the study, what will you be asked to do? 
39 
3. What is the possible benefit of participating in this study? 
40 
4. What are the possible risks of participating in this study? 
41 
5. If you decide not to participate in this study, what options do you have? 
42 
6. Will participating in this study cost you anything?  If so, what will you have to pay 
43 
for? 
44 
7. Do you have to be in this study? 
45 
8. If you decide to be in the study, can you leave the study when you want to? 
46 
 
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1 
________________________________________ 
__________________ 
2 
Printed Name of Person Conducting the 
Position 
3 
Informed Consent Discussion 
4 
 
5 
 
6 
________________________________________ 
__________________ 
7 
Signature of Person Conducting the 
Date 
8 
Informed Consent Discussion 
9 
 
10