Clinical trial NCT03738852
Conditions: Type1 Diabetes Mellitus
Sponsor: Yale University
Start date: 2018-11-07; Completion date: 2023-08-14
Enrollment: 55 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
To assess if using the hypoglycemic clamp and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning in hypoglycemia unaware and aware T1DM patients and healthy controls have showed distinct differences in patterns of brain responses. In particular, T1DM patients who are aware of hypoglycemia (T1DM-Aware) have greater activity in sensory integration brain regions (e.g. parietal lobe and caudate nucleus) in response to hypoglycemia, whereas hypoglycemia unaware T1DM patients (T1DM-Unaware) show no detectable changes in brain reward regions during hypoglycemia.

Detailed description:
To assess the following: 1) if these differences are driven purely by recurrent hypoglycemia or by other closely linked factors (e.g. glycemic variability); 2) the molecular and metabolic mechanisms by which unawareness leads to the suppression of central nervous system (CNS) activity in the context of hypoglycemia; and 3) whether hypoglycemia avoidance using continuous glucose monitor restores central nervous system (CNS) activation and metabolism toward normal levels and offers a therapeutic approach to more effectively combat neurocognitive dysfunction associated with intensive treatment of T1DM patients.

Arms: arm 1: Continuous Glucose Monitor for 3 months duration arm 2: Healthy controls, T1 aware, and T1 unawares arm 3: Healthy controls, T1 aware, and T1 unawares
Interventions: intervention 1: Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) intervention 2: Insulin
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) intervention 2: standard insulin regimen

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_001.pdf: 
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HRP-503B – BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH PROTOCOL
(2017-1)
Protocol Title: Mechanisms for restoration of hypoglycemia awareness
Principal Investigator: Renata Belfort de Aguiar, MD
Version Date: August 2, 2022
Clinicaltrials.gov Registration #: NCT03738852
SECTION I: RESEARCH PLAN
1.
Statement of Purpose: State the scientific aim(s) of the study, or the hypotheses to be tested. 
Aim 1: Determine the impact of frequent hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness on brain responses to 
visual food cues as well as brain functional connectivity in T1DM patients.      
Aim 2: Assess the impact of antecedent bouts of hypoglycemia on brain glucose transport/metabolism during 
hyperglycemia in T1DM Unaware, T1DM Aware as well as healthy controls using 1H, 13C magnetic resonance 
spectroscopy (MRS).          
Aim 3: Determine if reducing hypoglycemia and glycemic variability using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) 
reverses altered brain glucose transport/metabolism and functional connectivity in hypoglycemia unaware 
T1DM patients.
Optional Sub Study: Assess the impact COVID-19 pandemic and related shutdown has had on the management 
of diabetes amongst patients with T1DM. 
        
2.
Probable Duration of Project: State the expected duration of the project, including all follow-up and data 
analysis activities.  
5 years
3.
Background: Describe the background information that led to the plan for this project. Provide references to 
support the expectation of obtaining useful scientific data.
The DCCT and EDIC trials established the benefits lowering blood glucose to “near normal” levels in type 1 
diabetes (T1DM) patients 1-3. This has led to the widespread use of more intensified insulin therapy to prevent 
or delay diabetes complications. However, global application of intensive insulin therapy has been limited by a 
higher rate of severe hypoglycemia, often occurring without warning symptoms and thus reducing the patient’s 
ability to take corrective action 4. As a result, many patients do not and/or become afraid to achieve target 
glycemic goals, since their immediate fear of hypoglycemia exceeds their fear of future long-term complications 
5,6. In non-diabetic subjects, hypoglycemia provokes a multi-tiered defense system including: 1) suppression of 
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endogenous insulin secretion; 2) secretion of counterregulatory hormones and 3) subjective awareness of 
hypoglycemia provoking carbohydrate ingestion.  A small decline in glucose (low 70 mg/dl range) initially acts 
to suppress insulin secretion, which is followed by glucagon and catecholamine release (at 65-69mg/dl) that 
act in concert to restore euglycemia by stimulating hepatic glucose production and diminishing glucose uptake.  
Other anti-insulin hormones (e.g. GH and cortisol) come into play somewhat later to enhance and help sustain 
counter regulation. If glucose falls further (<60-64mg/dl) autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms appear, 
triggering food ingestion. Thus, severe hypoglycemia is rare clinically in the absence of diabetes.  In T1DM, this 
defense system is interrupted at every level. The loss of endogenous insulin and reliance on exogenous insulin 
make suppression of plasma insulin impossible.  Beta cell loss is also closely linked to loss of glucagon responses 
to hypoglycemia as well, a stimulus specific defect that rapidly appears in nearly all T1DM patients 7-9.  Thus, 
T1DM patients are very vulnerable to reduced catecholamine release; a scenario associated with intensive 
insulin therapy, long disease duration, and in particular antecedent hypoglycemia events 10-16. Loss of 
adrenomedullary responses appears to be in large part a functional disorder linked to iatrogenic hypoglycemia, 
since hypoglycemia avoidance commonly reverses the defect 17,18. 
The effects of recurrent hypoglycemia, intensive insulin therapy and hypoglycemia unawareness on cognitive 
function in T1DM patients during hypoglycemia are somewhat controversial with studies reporting differing 
results.  Specifically, it remains uncertain whether the effect of intensive insulin therapy to lower the glucose 
level needed to activate adrenomedullary responses is mirrored identically by changes in the threshold needed 
to impair cognitive function, many support this view 19-22, but not all studies 23,24. Thus, while T1DM patients 
with a history of frequent hypoglycemia often require a greater glucose fall before cognitive impairment 
develops, there is some response variability. On the other hand, patients with hypoglycemia unawareness 
appear to show a more profound disturbance in higher cognitive function than T1DM controls who maintain 
awareness during acute hypoglycemia 25. 
It is noteworthy in this regard, that both healthy human subjects rendered mildly hypoglycemic for several days 
and T1DM patients receiving intensive insulin therapy are able to maintain brain glucose uptake during acute 
hypoglycemia, whereas healthy controls show a 20-30% decrease 26,27, suggesting that prior hypoglycemia 
exposure induces the human brain to more efficiently use glucose much like that seen in rodent studies 28,29. 
Furthermore, organ balance studies found a larger fraction of glucose is non-oxidatively metabolized in 
intensively treated T1DM patients, suggesting an increased ability to use alternative fuels, e.g. monocarboxylic 
acids 30. In keeping with this possibility it has been reported that brain acetate transport and metabolism are 
increased 2-fold in intensively treated T1DM patients 31, findings supported by our data showing upregulation 
of monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) gene expression in diabetic rats exposed to recurrent hypoglycemia 
32. Thus, T1DM patients appear to adapt to antecedent hypoglycemia in part by developing both more efficient 
brain transport and oxidation of monocarboxylic acids. Use of alternative fuels for brain metabolism may be a 
useful protective hypoglycemia adaptation, but it might also alter proper awareness of a falling blood glucose 
since ATP generated by mitochondrial monocarboxylic acid oxidation is most effective in supplying energy for 
basic brain functions, but is less useful when rapid energy is needed to drive the glutamate-glutamine cycle for 
complex functions. This is better served by the quick energy supplied by anaerobic glycolysis, much like in an 
exercising muscle. 
Recent studies using the hypoglycemic clamp and fMRI scanning in hypoglycemia unaware and aware T1DM 
patients and healthy controls have showed distinct differences in patterns of brain responses. In particular, 
T1DM patients who are aware of hypoglycemia (T1DM-Aware) have greater activity in sensory integration brain 
regions (e.g. parietal lobe and caudate nucleus) in response to hypoglycemia, whereas hypoglycemia unaware 
T1DM patients (T1DM-Unaware) show no detectable changes in brain reward regions during hypoglycemia. 
The underlying mechanisms behind these differences remain unclear. Thus, we believe it is important clinically 
to assess: 1) if these differences are driven purely by recurrent hypoglycemia or by other closely linked factors 
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(e.g. glycemic variability); 2) the molecular and metabolic mechanisms by which unawareness leads to the 
suppression of CNS activity in the context of hypoglycemia; and 3) whether hypoglycemia avoidance using CGM 
restores CNS activation and metabolism toward normal levels and offers a therapeutic approach to more 
effectively combat neurocognitive dysfunction associated with intensive treatment of T1DM patients.
4.
Research Plan: Summarize the study design and research procedures using non-technical language that can be 
readily understood by someone outside the discipline. Be sure to distinguish between standard of care vs. 
research procedures when applicable, and include any flowcharts of visits specifying their individual times and 
lengths. Describe the setting in which the research will take place.
Aim 1: Studies will be conducted in non-diabetic controls (N=25) and 2 groups of subjects with T1DM without 
significant complications: (1) hypoglycemia unaware (T1DM-UA) (N=40) and (2) hypoglycemia aware (T1DM-A) 
(N=25). 
1.
Screening visit: Volunteers will be screened at the Yale New Haven Hospital (YNHH) Hospital Research 
Unit (HRU) or the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation (YCCI) Church Street Research Unit (CSRU) with 
a medical history, physical exam, and EKG. Fasting blood work will be collected for A1C, ALT, TSH, 
electrolytes, renal function, 
CBC, and C-peptide. A urine 
pregnancy 
test 
will 
be 
performed on all women of 
childbearing potential, and 
women who are pregnant will 
be excluded.
2.
Continuous 
glucose 
monitoring (CGM) placement: 
For up to 14 days, all eligible 
subjects will be asked to wear 
a blinded continuous glucose 
monitor (FreeStyle Libre Pro). 
Given that this data is blinded, 
patients will be informed that 
it is not a replacement for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Subjects should continue their normal 
testing routine while wearing the sensor. CGM placement will take place at the HRU or CSRU. Those 
not already using CGM in their usual care will be trained in its proper use by experienced study staff. 
Patients already using CGM will be allowed to use their usual CGM, however, they will also be asked to 
wear a second blinded study sensor. Subjects will be provided with our contact information in the event 
that they have any questions, concerns or issues related to the CGM. Intense exercise may cause the 
sensor to loosen due to sweat or movement of the sensor. If the CGM sensor falls off while the subject 
is wearing it, we will ask them to return to the HRU or CSRU so that a new sensor can be re-inserted.
The CGM consists of a sensor that measures glucose levels from the interstitial tissue. The sensor is 
sterile and comes in an unopened package. It has a plastic wire-like tip that is placed under the skin 
and continuously measures the glucose levels. A trained study staff member will insert the CGM wire-
like tip under the volunteer’s skin with the use of the CGM sensor insertion kit. Each sensor is single 
use only and disposable. The FreeStyle Libre Pro does not require any calibration, as is the case with 
other CGM devices. This means that no finger sticks are required for its use.
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a.
Hypoglycemia questionnaires: All T1DM participants will be asked to complete questionnaires 
assessing hypoglycemia at the time of the CGM placement. The responses to these 
questionnaires and the questionnaires during the fMRI scan described below, in addition to 
analysis of the counterregulatory hormones obtained during the fMRI scan, will be used to 
categorize T1DM participants as either aware (T1DM-A) or unaware (T1DM-UA). 
b.
Neurocognitive questionnaires: We will collect metrics of education level and neurocognitive 
function amongst all participants at the time of the CGM placement to assesses executive 
function, episodic memory language, processing speed, working memory and attention. 
3.
CGM removal:
After 14 days of wearing the CGM, it will be removed by a trained study staff member. To remove the 
sensor, the adhesive patch will be gently peeled off from the skin, together with the sensor. Removal 
of the sensor is a painless procedure. The sensor will be discarded after use.
Note regarding order of visits: CGM placement will occur up to 14 days prior to the subject’s first scan 
(fMRI or MRS). CGM removal will occur on the same day as the subject’s first scan (fMRI or MRS). Due 
to the many complexities of scheduling, although the fMRI is part of Aim 1, the subject may have the 
MRS scan done first, which is part of Aim 2. The order of scans in no way effects subject safety or 
research integrity. T1DM subjects will have a second CGM placed after the first scan and will wear this 
CGM until the second scan, where it will be removed. Therefore, T1DM subjects will wear the CGM two 
times, once before each scan for up to 14 days prior.
4.
fMRI Scan with hyperinsulinemic euglycemia-mild hypoglycemia clamp: All subjects will arrive on the 
morning of the scan at 7AM following an 8-hr fast. T1DM subjects will be instructed to continue their 
home insulin regimen until they arrive at the Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC) that is 
equipped with infusion rooms for IV and line placements. A urine pregnancy test will be performed on 
all women of childbearing potential, and women who are pregnant will be excluded. Following IV 
placements and baseline blood collections at ~8 AM subjects will receive an insulin infusion (2 
mU/kg/min) together with a variable glucose infusion to keep glucose levels at ~100-110 mg/dl. Once 
glucose levels are stabilized outside the magnet (~45 min), they will be transferred into the MRI for a 
2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (90-100 mg/dl)-mild hypoglycemic (55-60 mg/dl) clamp. Initially, 
baseline structural scans will be obtained, followed by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast 
acquisitions during visual cues and cognitive tasks. At each clamp step, participants will also be asked 
to complete questionnaires assessing hypoglycemia. Plasma glucose will be measured every 5-10 min 
min. Throughout, blood will be obtained for insulin, glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines and other 
hormonal and metabolic blood tests. A1c will also be measured at this visit.
a.
Food Cues: Picture stimuli for fMRI are high-calorie/high carbohydrate food, and non-food 
neutral pictures selected from Web sites and from the International Affective Picture System.
b.
Cognitive tasks: include tasks to assess working memory (N-Back), attention (Grad-CPT) and 
reward (Card guess) that have been adapted for the MRI setting. In order for these tasks to be 
as accurate as possible, the subjects will need to think that they will get a monetary bonus 
depending on how they do. In reality, all subjects will “win” and get this bonus.
Aim 2: The same 3 subject groups who participated in Aim 1 will participate in Aim 2. As previously stated, for 
ease of scheduling, this visit may precede the fMRI visit discussed above.
1.
1H-[13C] MRS scanning and Hyperglycemic Clamp: Participants will arrive at MRRC at 7AM on the 
morning of the study after an 8 hour overnight fast. A urine pregnancy test will be performed on all 
women of childbearing potential, and women who are pregnant will be excluded. Following IV 
placements and baseline blood collection, at ~8 AM all T1DM subjects will receive a low dose insulin 
infusion to prevent ketosis during the MRS study and a variable glucose infusion to keep plasma glucose 
levels at ~100-110 mg/dl. Once glucose levels are stabilized, the subjects will be transferred into the 4T 
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scanner (13C 1H for POCE) for the hyperglycemia clamp with labeled glucose. At the start of the study, 
plasma glucose will be increased to ~180 mg/dl by a primed continuous infusion of 99% 1-13C glucose 
(Cambridge Isotope Lab) (dextrose 1.1 M) and will be maintained at ~180 mg/dl throughout the study 
with a variable infusion of 60% 13C glucose (dextrose 1.1 M). Plasma glucose will be measured every 5 
min. Throughout, blood will be obtained for insulin, fructose, sorbitol, 13C enrichment and other 
hormonal and metabolic blood tests. A1c will also be measured at this visit. After tuning, calibration, 
and acquisition of scout images for anatomical localization, metabolite concentrations will be obtained 
from 18 ml3 voxel. Using metabolic modeling we will determine rates of glucose uptake, TCA cycle 
(VTCA) and glutamate/glutamine cycling (Vcycle) as well as measure absolute glucose and fructose 
levels and 13C labeling.
Aim 3:  T1DM-UA subjects that completed Aims 1 and 2 will participate in Aim 3. 
1.
Group Assignment: 40 T1DM-UA subjects will be assigned to use a Dexcom G6 continuous 
monitoring system for 8 to 12 weeks, until they reach stable glycemic variability measured by 
coefficient of variation (CV)  Additional training sessions will be conducted as needed to ensure 
familiarity and comfort with system operation.
2.
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring system 
(DexcomG6 Pro System) is a real time continuous glucose monitoring device indicated for the 
management of diabetes in persons age 2 years and older. Is factory calibrated so there is no 
need for calibrations. It replaces fingerstick blood glucose testing for diabetes treatment 
decisions. The real-time Dexcom G6 System provides glucose trends, several sequential 
readings over time and glucose excursions facilitating care plan adjustments. This device may 
also be used as a retrospective glucose-recording device indicated for assessing glycemic 
variability.  
The CGM consists of a sensor that measures glucose levels from the interstitial tissue. The CGM 
includes an applicator with a build-in sensor, which is packaged in a sterile unopened package. 
The sensor has a plastic wire-like tip that is placed under the skin and continuously measures 
the glucose level. The sensor can be worn for up to 10 days. It also comes with a transmitter, 
which connects to the sensor wire and sends real-time readings wirelessly to a receiver. 
3.
Follow-up visits: Subjects will be instructed to share data remotely to the study team through 
Dexcom Clarity, a continuous glucose monitor management application run by Dexcom. A 
member of the study team (physician and/or advanced practice register nurse) will review the 
information on a weekly basis and will make changes to their diabetes management as needed. 
Study participants will have in-person check-in visits for history, exam, and review of any 
potential adverse clinical or device-related events, if needed. 
A study team member will communicate directly with the participants and participant’s health 
care providers as they join the study and throughout the study, and will inform them about 
relevant clinical findings on the CGM including time spent in hyperglycemia and new increase 
or extended periods of hypoglycemia
4.
Repeat brain MRS and fMRI scans: At 12 weeks, all subjects will repeat fMRI and MRS analyses 
of brain glucose transport/metabolism under hypo- and hyperglycemia exactly as described in 
Aims 1 and 2. At 12 weeks, the subjects in Group 2 will repeat fMRI and MRS analyses of brain 
glucose transport/metabolism under hypo- and hyperglycemia exactly as described in Aims 1 
and 2. A1c will also be measured at all scan visits. Hypoglycemia questionnaires will also be 
repeated, in addition to repeat cognitive assessments (using different test versions to reduce 
practice effects).
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Note regarding order of visits: As is the case in Aims 1 and 2, CGM placement will occur up to 14 days 
prior to the subject’s first scan of Aim 3 (fMRI or MRS). CGM removal will occur on the same day as the 
subject’s first scan of Aim 3 (fMRI or MRS). Due to the many complexities of scheduling, there is no 
order that the fMRI and MRS must be performed. The order of scans in no way effects subject safety 
or research integrity.  
Optional Sub Study: Subjects from Aim 1 and 2 with T1DM: (1) hypoglycemia unaware (T1DM-UA) (N=40) and (2) 
hypoglycemia aware (T1DM-A) (N=25)  will be given the opportunity to participate in this optional sub study.  We 
will only contact those previously enrolled participants who agreed to be re-contacted for future research by indicating such 
on the AIM 1 and 2 consent form.
1.
Consenting: Subjects will be consented for this optional Sub study through the Qualtrics study link. The 
consent form will be provided as a study question. Subject will either click yes or no to agreeing to 
completed issued questionnaires. If subject, clicks yes and provides name and date, questions from survey 
will be provided. If subject clicks no, subject will not be provided additional questionnaires. 
2.
Subject Contact: Only subjects with T1DM and already eligible to  participate in Aim 1 and Aim 2 will be 
contacted  via telephone and explained the purpose of the sub-study.  
3.
Diabetes and health status questionnaires: All participants who agree to participate will be asked to 
complete questionnaires (all standard, well-validated questionnaires) for assessing hypoglycemia, self-
evaluate their diabetes healthcare, general stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic and 
unprecedented stay-at-home experience. Questionnaires include:
a.
Clarke, Gold, Pedersen : Classifies awareness of hypoglycemia, three different measures
b.
Fear of Hypo : Measures worry about hypo episodes and behavior to avoid them, 2 sub scores available.
c.
Hypo AQ : Hypo Awareness Questionnaire measures awareness, symptom level, and frequency of hypo 
episodes
d.
Hypo Confidence : measures confidence in managing hypo episodes
e.
DTSQ: Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire, measures satisfaction, hyper frequency, and hypo 
frequency.
f.
DQOL: Diabetes Quality of Life: four sub scores (satisfaction, impact, worry: diabetes, worry: social)
g.
BDI-II : Beck Depression Inventory: measures depressive symptoms
h.
PSS: Perceived Stress score: measures how “unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find 
their lives”
i.
STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory: measure of anxiety symptoms as well as generalized anxiety
j.
BIS/BAS: Behavioral avoidance/inhibition scales: 
k.
PANAS: Positive Affect, Negative Affect Score: Measures Affect
l.
SF/RAND: short form quality of life questionnaire: designed to be general.
5.
Genetic Testing   
N/A ☒
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6.
Subject Population: Provide a detailed description of the types of human subjects who will be recruited into 
this study.
25 healthy control subjects, ages > 18 years, BMI > 18.0
65 subjects with T1DM, ages > 18 years, BMI > 18.0
7. Subject classification: Check off all classifications of subjects that will be specifically recruited for enrollment in 
the research project. Will subjects who may require additional safeguards or other considerations be enrolled 
in the study? If so, identify the population of subjects requiring special safeguards and provide a justification 
for their involvement.
☐Children
☐ Healthy 
☐Fetal material, placenta, or dead fetus
☐Non-English Speaking
☐ Prisoners
☐Economically disadvantaged persons
☐Decisionally Impaired
☐ Employees
☐Pregnant women and/or fetuses
☐Yale Students 
☐ Females of childbearing potential
NOTE: Is this research proposal designed to enroll children who are wards of the state as potential subjects?
Yes ☐  No ☒ 
8. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: What are the criteria used to determine subject inclusion or exclusion?
Inclusion Criteria:

Ages > 18 years

Healthy, non-diabetic control or T1DM 

BMI > 18.0
Exclusion Criteria:

Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL

Hct < 35% for females, < 39% for males 

ALT > 2.5 X ULN

untreated thyroid disease

uncontrolled hypertension

neurologic disorders

untreated depression or change in antidepressant regimen in last 3 months 

use of any anxiolytic medications (benzodiazepine) or antipsychotic medications

greater than 5% change in weight in last 3 months

malignancy

current or recent steroid use in last 3 months

illicit drug use

significant complications related to diabetes (peripheral neuropathy, proliferative retinopathy)

inability to enter MRI (per standard MRI safety guidelines)

for women: pregnancy or breastfeeding
9. How will eligibility be determined, and by whom? Write here
Eligibility will be determined by a qualified physician or nurse practitioner associated with the research protocol 
and will be based upon the above inclusion/exclusion criteria.  For the sub-study, those previously enrolled 
subjects who indicated they agreed to future contact will be eligible.
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10. Risks: Describe the reasonably foreseeable risks, including risks to subject privacy, discomforts, or 
inconveniences associated with subjects participating in the research. 
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (subjects with T1DM only):
The CGM poses no major risks to the subjects. Participants may feel a mild discomfort (pin prick sensation) 
during the sensor insertion. Some individuals may experience black and blueness of the skin at the insertion 
site of the CGM sensor, which resolves by itself in a few days. Redness and discomfort (inflammation) can occur 
at the sensor insertion site. Some individuals may be sensitive to the adhesive that keeps the sensor attached 
to the skin. If the subject notices significant skin irritation around or under the sensor, they will be instructed 
to contact us and it can be removed. Rarely sensors may fracture and a small piece may remain under the skin 
which will need to be removed by a study clinician. This may cause mild discomfort, bruising, or temporary 
bleeding. The subjects will be informed that the sensor must be removed before an MRI, a CT scan, or diathermy 
treatment.
Insulin and glucose infusion:
The infusion of insulin and glucose to achieve hypoglycemia will potentially result in symptoms of varying 
severity. Some subjects will experience little or no symptoms of sleepiness, hunger, anxiety, palpitations, 
diaphoresis, difficulty concentrating, mild confusion and/or tremor. There is a small risk that plasma glucose 
will fall below the predetermined level (3.0-3.5 mM, 55-60 mg/dl) resulting in exaggerated symptoms. All such 
symptoms would be rapidly reversible with an intravenous dextrose infusion.
The infusion of glucose to achieve hyperglycemia (~180 mg/dl) is not associated with any specific symptoms or 
significant adverse effects. This modestly high glucose level can be seen in poorly controlled diabetic patients 
following a meal. 
13C glucose:
The infusion of 13C glucose involves no radioactivity, and the glucose is metabolized just as unlabeled glucose. 
Clinical research studies using 13C glucose have been used at Yale for decades with no adverse effects. The 
glucose solution is purchased from (Cambridge Isotopes, Inc.) in powder form which has been certified to be 
sterile and free of pyrogens. The glucose is made into a solution of 20gram/100 ml (D-20) by the Yale New 
Haven Hospital Investigational Drug Service (IDS). The solutions are tested to be free of pyrogens and to be 
sterile before being administered. All certifications are kept with the IDS.
MRI/MRS:
Magnetic resonance (MR) is a technique that uses magnetism and radio waves, not x- rays, to take pictures and 
measure chemicals of different parts of the body. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has 
set guidelines for magnet strength and exposure to radio waves, and we carefully observe those guidelines.
A member of our research staff will accompany the subject to the MRRC and remain there for the scan. The 
subject will be watched closely throughout the MR study. Some people may feel uncomfortable or anxious. If 
this happens to the subject, they may ask to stop the study at any time and we will take them out of the MR 
scanner. On rare occasions, some people might feel dizzy, get an upset stomach, have a metallic taste or feel 
tingling sensations or muscle twitches. These sensations usually go away quickly but we will instruct the subject 
to tell the research staff if they have them.
There are some risks with an MR study for certain people. If the subject has a pacemaker or some metal objects 
inside their body, they may not be in this study because the strong magnets in the MR scanner might harm 
them. Another risk is the possibility of metal objects being pulled into the magnet and hitting the subject or 
personnel. To lower this risk, all people involved with the study must remove all metal from their clothing and 
all metal objects from their pockets. We also ask all people involved with the study to walk through a detector 
designed to detect metal objects. It is important to know that no metal can be brought into the magnet room 
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at any time. Also, once the subject is in the magnet, the door to the room will be closed so that no one from 
outside accidentally goes near the magnet.
We instruct the subject to read and answer very carefully the questions on the MR Safety Questionnaire related 
to their personal safety. 
This MR study is for research purposes only and is not in any way a health care examination of the brain. The 
scans performed in this study are not designed to find abnormalities. The principal investigator, the lab, the MR 
technologist, and the Magnetic Resonance Research Center are not qualified to interpret the MR scans and are 
not responsible for providing a health care evaluation of the images. If a worrisome finding is seen on the 
subject’s scan, a radiologist or another physician will be asked to review the relevant images. Based on his or 
her recommendation (if any), the principal investigator or consulting physician will contact the subject, inform 
them of the finding, and recommend that the subject seek medical advice as a precautionary measure. The 
decision for additional examination or treatment would lie only with the subject and their physician. The 
investigators, the consulting physician, the Magnetic Resonance Research Center, and Yale University are not 
responsible for any examination or treatment that the subject receives based on these findings. The images 
collected in this study are not a health care MR exam and for that reason, they will not be made available for 
health care purposes.
Phlebotomy:
Phlebotomy can result in anemia, although the amount of blood taken for these studies should not result in 
clinically-significant anemia. Subjects are excluded if hemoglobin is less than 10 gms/dL.
Questionnaires:
The questionnaires are generally benign in nature. The major inconvenience is the time taken to complete them 
and a possible breach of confidentiality.  
11. Minimizing Risks: Describe the manner in which the above-mentioned risks will be minimized.
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (subjects with T1DM only):
The CGM catheter will be placed under sterile conditions by experienced staff members. In the case of signs of 
inflammation or bruising at the sensor insertion site, the sensor will be removed immediately and standard of 
care will apply. The participants will be given one of the study physician or nurse practitioner’s cell phone 
number to contact for any questions, concerns or problems.
Insulin and glucose infusion:
Intravenous catheters will be placed under sterile conditions by experienced staff members. During glucose 
infusions, 20% dextrose is used reducing the risk of thrombophlebitis normally associated with the use of 
excessively hypertonic glucose solutions. All studies will be performed under the direct supervision of a 
physician or nurse practitioner. All solutions for infusion will be pyrogen free and prepared in a sterile 
environment. The infusion of insulin and glucose to achieve hypoglycemia will potentially result in symptoms 
of varying severity. All such symptoms would be rapidly reversible with an intravenous dextrose infusion. To 
avoid excess hypoglycemia during the hyperinsulinemic clamp, plasma glucose will be checked every 5 minutes 
using a bedside glucose monitor. Based on these measurements, the plasma glucose will be adjusted via the 
20% dextrose infusion.
13C glucose:
The infusion of 13C glucose involves no radioactivity, and the glucose is metabolized just as unlabeled glucose. 
Clinical research studies using 13C glucose have been used at Yale for decades with no adverse effects. The 
glucose solution is purchased from (Cambridge Isotopes, Inc.) in powder form which has been certified to be 
sterile and free of pyrogens. The glucose is made into a solution of 20gram/100 ml (D-20) by the Yale New 
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Haven Hospital Investigational Drug Service (IDS). The solutions are tested to be free of pyrogens and to be 
sterile before being administered. All certifications are kept with the IDS.
MRI/MRS:
The major risk is the possibility of metal flying into the magnet. All potential study subjects will be screened for 
MR safety using the standard MR safety protocol developed by the MRRC at the screening visit and again on 
the day of an MR scan. Subjects and all personnel are also scanned with a metal detector before entering the 
magnet area and all metal objects are removed. Subjects with contraindications to MR scanning are not eligible 
for this study. Some subjects feel claustrophobic or experience physical discomfort inside the scanner. 
Communication is set up so that the subjects can talk to the investigators and may be removed from the scanner 
if they are uncomfortable. A member of our research staff will accompany the subject to the MRRC and remain 
there for the scan. A RN will be present inside the scanner at all times with the subject.
Phlebotomy:
Phlebotomy can result in anemia, although the amount of blood taken for these studies should not result in 
clinically significant anemia. Subjects are excluded if hemoglobin is less than 10 gms/dL. Total blood loss in each 
subject over a 1-month period will be less than a standard blood donation (470 ml for blood donation). The 
blood drawn for the screen visit will not exceed 60 ml, for the MRS/hyperclamp visit will not exceed 165 ml and 
for the fMRI/hypoclamp will not exceed 135 ml. Thus, those that participate in Aim 1 and 2 will have no more 
than 360 ml total blood drawn. Those that also participate in Aim 3 will have no more than 660 ml total blood 
drawn over the course of 3 months (360 ml for screen and Aim 1 and 2, and then 3 months later, 300 ml for 
Aim 3). All subjects having donated blood within 30 days of the study will be asked to postpone study 
participation (with a repeat blood count prior to future enrollment), and patients will be advised to refrain from 
blood donation for 30 days after study completion.
Questionnaires:
The major inconvenience of the questionnaires is the time taken to complete them and a possible breach of 
confidentiality. Study participation is voluntary, and subjects are informed that they are free to drop out at any 
time without penalty. All data will be kept confidential except in cases of imminent danger to the participants.  
Such limits to confidentiality will be clearly explained to participants verbally and in the written consent forms. 
Good clinical and research practice procedures and HIPAA regulations will be followed. No subjects are 
identified by name in any of the published literature and only by code in major data storage areas.
12. Data and Safety Monitoring Plan: Include an appropriate Data and Safety Monitoring Plan (DSMP) based on the 
investigator’s risk assessment stated below. (Note: the HIC will make the final determination of the risk to 
subjects.)
a. 
What is the investigator’s assessment of the overall risk level for subjects participating in this study? 
b.
If children are involved, what is the investigator’s assessment of the overall risk level for the 
children participating in this study? N/A
c.
Include an appropriate Data and Safety Monitoring Plan. Examples of DSMPs are  
available 
here 
http://your.yale.edu/policies-procedures/forms/420-fr-01-data-and-safety-
monitoring-plans-templates for
i.
Minimal risk
ii.
Greater than minimal
d. For multi-site studies for which the Yale PI serves as the lead investigator: N/A
Greater Than Minimal Risk DSMP
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1. Personnel responsible for the safety review and its frequency:
The principal investigator will be responsible for monitoring the data, assuring protocol compliance, and 
conducting the safety reviews at the specified frequency, which must be conducted at a minimum of every 6 
months (including when reapproval of the protocol is sought).  During the review process, the principal 
investigator (monitor) will evaluate whether the study should continue unchanged, require 
modification/amendment, or close to enrollment. Either the principal investigator or the IRB have the authority 
to stop or suspend the study or require modifications.
2. The risks associated with the current study are deemed greater than minimal for the following reasons: 
(choose those that apply)
1.
We do not view the risks associated with the phlebotomy, fMRI/MRS, CGM, , and insulin and glucose 
infusion as minimal risks.
Although we have assessed the proposed study as one of greater than minimal risk, the potential exists for 
anticipated and/or unanticipated adverse events, serious or otherwise, to occur since it is not possible to 
predict with certainty the absolute risk in any given individual or in advance of first-hand experience with the 
proposed study methods. Therefore, we provide a plan for monitoring the data and safety of the proposed 
study as follows:
3. Attribution of Adverse Events:
Adverse events will be monitored for each subject participating in the study and attributed to the study 
procedures / design by the principal investigator, Dr. Renata Belfort de Aguiar, according to the following 
categories:
a.) Definite: Adverse event is clearly related to investigational procedures(s)/agent(s).
b.) Probable: Adverse event is likely related to investigational procedures(s)/agent(s).
c.) Possible: Adverse event may be related to investigational procedures(s)/agent(s).
d.) Unlikely: Adverse event is likely not to be related to the investigational procedures(s)/agent(s).
e.) Unrelated: Adverse event is clearly not related to investigational procedures(s)/agent(s).
4. Plan for Grading Adverse Events:
The following scale will be used in grading the severity of adverse events noted during the study:
1.
Mild adverse event
2.
Moderate adverse event
3.
Severe 
5. Plan for Determining Seriousness of Adverse Events:
Serious Adverse Events:
In addition to grading the adverse event, the PI will determine whether the adverse event meets the criteria 
for a Serious Adverse Event (SAE).  An adverse event is considered serious if it results in any of the following 
outcomes:
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1.
Death;
2.
A life-threatening experience in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; 
3.
A persistent or significant disability or incapacity; 
4.
A congenital anomaly or birth defect; OR
5.
Any other adverse event that, based upon appropriate medical judgment, may jeopardize the subject’s 
health and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes listed in this 
definition. 
An adverse event may be graded as severe but still not meet the criteria for a Serious Adverse Event.  Similarly, 
an adverse event may be graded as moderate but still meet the criteria for an SAE.  It is important for the PI to 
consider the grade of the event as well as its “seriousness” when determining whether reporting to the IRB is 
necessary.
6. Plan for reporting UPIRSOs (including Adverse Events) to the IRB
The principal investigator will report the following types of events to the IRB: 
Any incident, experience or outcome that meets ALL 3 of the following criteria:
1.
Is unexpected (in terms of nature, specificity, severity, or frequency) given (a) the research procedures 
described in the protocol-related documents, such as the IRB-approved protocol and informed consent 
document and (b) the characteristics of the subject population being studied; AND 
2.
Is related or possibly related to participation in the research (possibly related means there is a reasonable 
possibility that the incident, experience, or outcome may have been caused by the procedures involved in 
the research); AND
3.
Suggests that the research places subjects or others at greater risk of harm (including physical, 
psychological, economic, legal, or social harm) than was previously known or recognized.
Unanticipated Problems Involving Risks to Subjects or Others (UPIRSOs) may be medical or non-medical in 
nature, and include – but are not limited to – serious, unexpected, and related adverse events and 
unanticipated adverse device effects.  Please note that adverse events are reportable to the IRB as UPIRSOs 
only if they meet all 3 criteria listed above.
These UPIRSOs/SAEs will be reported to the IRB in accordance with IRB Policy 710, using the appropriate 
forms found on the website. All related events involving risk but not meeting the prompt reporting 
requirements described in IRB Policy 710 should be reported to the IRB in summary form at the time of 
continuing review. If appropriate, such summary may be a simple brief statement that events have 
occurred at the expected frequency and level of severity as previously documented.  In lieu of a summary 
of external events, a current DSMB report can be submitted for research studies that are subject to 
oversight by a DSMB (or other monitoring entity that is monitoring the study on behalf of an industry 
sponsor).
13. Statistical Considerations: Describe the statistical analyses that support the study design. 
Data analysis will be conducted in collaboration with James Dziura, PhD at the Yale Center for Analytic Sciences. 
For Aim 1, we will require 25 T1DM aware and 25 healthy controls to provide 80% power to detect differences 
of 0.013 between them and the T1DM-Unaware subjects at the Bonferonni corrected 0.017 significance level. 
This sample size will also provide 80% power at the 0.01 level of significance to detect a difference of 0.22 for 
average brain glucose for Aim 2.  We will enroll 27 aware and 27 healthy controls to accommodate a potential 
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5% inadequate scan rate. The T1DM Unaware group sample size (n=40) was first determined to provide 
sufficient power for Aim 3. T1DM Aware and healthy control sample sizes were then estimated based on power 
for aims 1 and 2. Our preliminary data shows differences in the co-primary outcome of average brain glucose 
between those with a low glucose variability index and those with a high glucose variability index of 0.455 
(SD=0.26). We’ve also observed a difference of 0.013 (SD=0.016) in our other co-primary outcome change in 
brain activity from hypoglycemia to euglycemia in the striatum between T1DM Aware and Unaware.  Thus, for 
Aim 3 a sample size of 20 T1DM Unaware subjects per arm will provide 80% power to detect a difference of 
0.22 in brain glucose and 0.013 in change in brain activity. We will enroll 65 Unaware for Aim 3 in order to 
accommodate a potential 10% dropout rate.                                                                               
Aim 1 Analysis: Comparison of brain activity between groups will be performed using a repeated measures 
mixed model. The outcome will be brain activity in our primary region of interest, the caudate region of the 
striatum. Fixed factors for group (unaware, aware, HC), glucose category (eugly, mild hypo, moderate hypo) 
and their interaction will be included. Linear contrasts comparing changes in brain activation from euglycemia 
to moderate hypo between groups will be estimated and evaluated at the 0.017 Bonferroni corrected 
significance level. Secondary analyses will examine other promising ROIs (hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex). 
Similar analyses will be done to assess group differences in resting state connectivity and hormones.                        
Aim 2 Analysis: Comparisons of glucose levels in specific brain regions will be made using a repeated measures 
mixed model. Fixed factors include group and glycemic state (e.g. acute hyperglycemia) and their interaction. 
A random effect for subject will be used to accommodate correlation between repeated assessments. Linear 
contrasts comparing differences in average brain glucose between groups will be estimated. A significance level 
of 0.01 will be used to accommodate multiple pairwise comparisons of groups. Similar secondary analyses will 
be conducted to assess differences in VTCA between groups and fructose production during hyperglycemia. For 
the rodent studies our preliminary data showed a 1.5 standardized difference in fructose and glutathione 
concentrations between groups, so a sample size of 14-15 rats per group will provide 80% power to detect a 
large standardized difference in study outcomes at the two-sided 0.05 significance level. Between-group 
comparisons, ANOVA and t-tests will be used for continuous variables, where applicable. 
Plan for Missing Data: Prevention is the obvious way to control for bias and loss of power from missing data 
(71).  We will follow the intent to treat principle, requiring follow-up of all subjects regardless of treatment 34.  
Postcard and telephone visit reminders will be sent and alternative contacts identified to minimize loss to 
follow-up.  Timely data entry and weekly missing data reports will trigger protocols for obtaining missing data 
items. Despite these efforts it is reasonable to assume missing data will occur most likely at random 35. We will 
evaluate the plausibility of this assumption using logistic regression to identify factors linked to dropout. 
SECTION II: RESEARCH INVOLVING DRUGS, BIOLOGICS, RADIOTRACERS, PLACEBOS AND DEVICES
If this section (or one of its parts, A or B) is not applicable, check off N/A and delete the rest of the section.
A.  RADIOTRACERS
☒N/A
B.  DRUGS/BIOLOGICS    ☒N/A
1.
Use of Placebo: 
☒Not applicable to this research project
2.
Continuation of Drug Therapy After Study Closure   ☒Not applicable to this project
 B.  DEVICES
 ☐N/A
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1.
Are there any investigational devices used or investigational procedures performed at Yale-New Haven 
Hospital (YNHH) (e.g., in the YNHH Operating Room or YNHH Heart and Vascular Center)?  ☒Yes   ☐No   
 If Yes, please be aware of the following requirements:
A YNHH New Product/Trial Request Form must be completed via EPIC: Pull down the Tools tab in the EPIC Banner, 
Click on Lawson, Click on “Add new” under the New Technology Request Summary and fill out the forms requested 
including the “Initial Request Form,” “Clinical Evidence Summary”, and attach any other pertinent documents. Then 
select “save and submit” to submit your request;   AND
Your request must be reviewed and approved in writing by the appropriate YNHH committee before 
patients/subjects may be scheduled to receive the investigational device or investigational procedure.
2.
Background Information: Provide a description of previous human use, known risks, and any other factors that 
might influence risks. If this is the first time this device is being used in humans, include relevant data on animal 
models. 
The FreeStyle Libre Glucose Monitoring System is a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device indicated for 
the management of diabetes in persons age 18 and older. It is designed to replace blood glucose testing for 
diabetes treatment decisions. The System detects trends and tracks patterns aiding in the detection of episodes 
of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, facilitating both acute and long-term therapy adjustments. Interpretation 
of the System readings should be based on the glucose trends and several sequential readings over time. The 
System is intended for single patient use and requires a prescription.
The CGM poses no major risks to the subjects. Participants may feel a mild discomfort (pin prick sensation) 
during the sensor insertion. Some individuals may experience black and blueness of the skin at the insertion 
site of the CGM sensor, which resolves by itself in a few days. Redness and discomfort (inflammation) can occur 
at the sensor insertion site. Rarely sensors may fracture and a small piece may remain under the skin which will 
need to be removed by a study clinician. This may cause mild discomfort, bruising, or temporary bleeding.
3.
Source: 
a) Identify the source of the device to be used. Abbott
b) Is the device provided free of charge to subjects? ☒Yes   ☐No    
4.
Investigational device accountability:  State how the PI, or named designee, ensures that an investigational 
device is used only in accordance with the research protocol approved by the HIC, and maintains control of the 
investigational device as follows:
a)
Maintains appropriate records, including receipt of shipment, inventory at the site, dispensation or use by 
each participant, and final disposition and/or the return of the investigational device (or other disposal if 
applicable): Electronic records (shipment receipts, inventory, participant use, return of device) will be 
stored in the study folder on the secured server on a password protected computer or laptop, which is 
kept in the PI’s locked office. Any paper records will be scanned and stored in the file as well.
b)
Documents pertinent information assigned to the investigational device (e.g., date, quantity, batch or 
serial number, expiration date if applicable, and unique code number): Pertinent information assigned to 
the investigational device will be stored in an electronic file in the study folder on the secured server on a 
password protected computer or laptop, which is kept in the PI’s locked office.
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c)
Stores the investigational device according to the manufacturer's recommendations with respect to 
temperature, humidity, lighting, and other environmental considerations: Per the manufacturer’s 
recommendations, the sensor kit will be stored in a location between 39-77 degrees Fahrenheit and 
between 10-90% non-condensing humidity. There are no other environmental considerations. 
d)
Ensures that the device is stored in a secure area with limited access in accordance with applicable 
regulatory requirements: The sensor kit will be stored in the PI’s locked office in a locked cabinet.
e)
Distributes the investigational device to subjects enrolled in the IRB-approved protocol: The device will be 
provided to subjects enrolled in this IRB-approved protocol after consent has been obtained and a study 
clinician has explained how to use the device and has determined that the subject understands how to 
use the device. Sufficient time will be provided in order for the subject to ask any questions they may have 
about the device and feel confident in using the device. The participants will be given one of the study 
physician or nurse practitioner’s cell phone number to contact for any questions, concerns or problems.
SECTION III: RECRUITMENT/CONSENT AND ASSENT PROCEDURES 
1. Targeted Enrollment: Give the number of subjects: 
a.
Targeted for enrollment at Yale for this protocol: 150
b.
If this is a multi-site study, give the total number of subjects targeted across all sites: N/A
2.
Indicate recruitment methods below.  Attach copies of any recruitment materials that will be used.
☐Flyers
☐ Internet/web postings
☐ Radio
☐ Posters
☒ Mass email solicitation
☒ Telephone
☒ Letter
☒ Departmental/Center website
☐ Television
☒ Medical record review* 
☒ Departmental/Center research boards
☐ Newspaper
☒ Departmental/Center newsletters
☐ Web-based clinical trial registries
☒ Clinicaltrails.gov 
☒ YCCI Recruitment database
☐ Social Media (Twitter/Facebook): 
☐ Other: 
* 
Requests 
for 
medical 
records 
should 
be 
made 
through 
JDAT 
as 
described 
at 
http://medicine.yale.edu/ycci/oncore/availableservices/datarequests/datarequests.aspx
3.  Recruitment Procedures: 
a. Describe how potential subjects will be identified. 
Potential subjects will be identified as indicated below using the methods identified in #2 above:
•
Self-Identify
•
Provider Referrals
•
Study Team Members
•
Existing registries, studies, and websites where participants have previously provided informed consent or 
a request to be contacted for research utilizing their preferred method of contact when known.
•
Joint Data Analytics Team (JDAT)
How these options will be utilized is further described in section “b” below.
b. Describe how potential subjects are contacted. 
•
Self-Identify and Provider Referrals: Participants will self-identify using IRB approved recruitment materials 
that will be posted locally. Recruitment materials will display the contact information of the study team in 
addition to a description of the study. Potential participants may also be approached by their medical 
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provider.  Additionally, participants may be approached by study personnel at community events, or at 
various locations where potentially eligible patients are seen when facilitated through the participant’s 
treatment team, including at Yale SOM, YNHH, YMG, and VA Connecticut Healthcare System. These sites 
include the Adult Endocrine Clinic/Yale Diabetes Center (YDC), community clinics and Yale University 
Health. 
•
Recruitment through Existing Registries and Studies: In addition, the YDC diabetes registry will be used to 
identify eligible patients and contact them with IRB approved materials by phone, email or traditional mail 
(letter), since this category of patients has already given their consent to be contacted for potential trials. 
Furthermore, participants will be recruited through the YCCI website/registry/Help Us Discover and 
ClinicalTrials.gov website. Participants may also be identified through their previous participation in HIC 
#0108012609, 2000021046, 2000020059, 2000020041 and 1408014461.
Study personnel will use MyChart, traditional mail, telephone or email of patients recruited through this 
method.  If the EPIC registration module provides a preferred method of contact, that method will be 
utilized.  If the participant is not registered in EPIC but has expressed interest in a research study by calling, 
emailing, filling out an online questionnaire, or speaking with study personnel face-to-face, the patient will 
be contacted by their means of preference, if stated.
•
Recruitment through JDAT: The Joint Data Analytics Team (JDAT) will also be used to query eligible patients 
in EPIC based on the eligibility criteria outlined above (#8).  JDAT will also be used to identify potential 
subjects with the various permutations of diagnosis codes related to type 1 diabetes.  JDAT will identify and 
send a study communication to potential participants based on these criterion that fall within the following 
time period: the last 2 years.  Potential participants who do not use MyChart will receive a paper mailing 
including information about the study.
JDAT will not identify the potential participants to the researchers, and therefore the researchers will 
receive no identifiable information from JDAT. 
•
Messaging to Study Participants: 
The following wording will be used in the letter or MyChart message patients receive via JDAT describing 
the study and inviting them to participate:
o
“You are receiving this notification because you may qualify and be interested in a study looking at 
mechanisms for restoration of hypoglycemia awareness. The Yale New Haven Health electronic 
health record system has searched medical conditions to find people who may be good matches 
for research studies.  No one has looked at your record and no information has been shared with 
any research doctor or research team member.  Just because you received this message does not 
mean that you are in a research study or that you have to decide to be in this or any study. 
You may be interested and eligible to participate in a research study conducted by Yale University 
investigators to better understand diabetes. 
To opt-out of research, including opting out of receiving future messages about research studies, 
please email optout@yale.edu or call 1-877-978-8348 and select option #3.
Title of study:  Mechanisms for restoration of hypoglycemia awareness
Principal Investigator:  Renata Belfort de Aguiar, MD
Study Coordinator:  Mari-Lynet Knight
Phone # 203-737-6067
The message/mailing to potential study participants will also include the following information, regardless 
of who sends it:
o
“You are receiving this notification because you may qualify and be interested in a study looking at 
mechanisms for restoration of hypoglycemia awareness.  Approximately 65 subjects will be 
enrolled in this study. 
Description of Study: 
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Aim 1: Determine the impact of frequent hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness on brain 
responses to visual food cues as well as brain functional connectivity in T1DM patients.      
Aim 2: Assess the Impact of antecedent bouts of hypoglycemia on brain glucose 
transport/metabolism during hyperglycemia in T1DM Unaware, T1DM Aware as well as healthy 
controls using 1H, 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).          
Aim 3: Determine if reducing hypoglycemia and glycemic variability using CGM reverses altered 
brain glucose transport/metabolism and functional connectivity in hypoglycemia unaware T1DM 
patients. 
Confidentiality and Privacy: Any personal health, financial data, and other information gathered in 
the study will remain confidential and will be stored on a password-protected computer, only 
accessed by study personnel. When the results of the research are published or discussed, no 
information will be included that would reveal your identity. We understand that information 
about you obtained in connection with your health is personal, and we are committed to protecting 
the privacy of that information. If you would like to learn more about participating in this study, 
please contact the study coordinator at 203-737-4777.
Possible Benefits: This research may not benefit you directly.  However, knowledge gained from 
the results may help us to better understand diabetes.
Participation in this study is completely voluntary.  You are free to decline to participate, to end 
participation at any time for any reason, or to refuse to answer any individual question at any time.   
Refusing to participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which you are otherwise entitled 
(such as your health care outside the study, the payment for your health care, and your health care 
benefits).
Questions: If you have any further questions about this study, you may contact the investigator, 
Dr. Renata Belfort de Aguiarat 203-737-6067. If you would like to talk with someone other than the 
researchers to discuss problems, concerns, and questions you may have concerning this research, 
or to discuss your rights as a research subject, you may contact the Yale Human Investigation 
Committee at (203) 785-4688.”
•
Screening and Informed Consent Discussion: Research team members will contact interested potential 
participants to assess eligibility and provide the participant with additional information about the study, 
including the study procedures, purpose and potential complications. The brief screen via email or phone 
will ask for the following information to confirm study eligibility: 
o
Name
o
Age/Date of Birth
o
Place of Birth
o
Phone Number/Email
o
Address
o
Marital Status
o
Race/Ethnicity
o
Height/Weight
o
Medical/Surgical History 
o
Medications
o
Drug/Alcohol Use
It is necessary to collect this information prior to the subject traveling to Yale for an in-person screening 
visit, in order to determine their eligibility and avoid unnecessary screening and traveling on the part of the 
participant.  This information will be protected according to HIPAA policies and will be destroyed if the 
individual is determined to not be eligible for the study during this correspondence, or is otherwise not 
interested in participating in the study, unless the subject consents for his/her screening information to be 
stored for future studies that he/she may be eligible for. 
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During the in-person screening session, the informed consent form and study details are reviewed in detail 
by one of the project investigators or key study personnel and the subject will be asked to read the informed 
consent form (approved by the Yale Human Investigation Committee). The subject will be given time to ask 
questions and only after that will the subject be asked to give informed consent to participate. The informed 
consent form and study details will again be reviewed with the subject on each study day prior to beginning 
the study.  
The Principal Investigator in this study or key study personnel will be responsible for obtaining consent.
c. Who is recruiting potential subjects? 
All research team members as well as the individuals listed above (JDAT, referring providers, etc.).
4. Assessment of Current Health Provider Relationship for HIPAA Consideration:
Does the Investigator or any member of the research team have a direct existing clinical relationship with any 
potential subject? 
☐Yes, all subjects
☒Yes, some of the subjects
☐No
If yes, describe the nature of this relationship. An investigator may be the treating clinician for subjects recruited 
from the YNHH Endocrine Clinic/YNHH Diabetes Center.
5. Request for waiver of HIPAA authorization: (When requesting a waiver of HIPAA Authorization for either the 
entire study, or for recruitment purposes only.  Note: if you are collecting PHI as part of a phone or email screen, 
you must request a HIPAA waiver for recruitment purposes.)
Choose one: 
☐ For entire study 
☒ For recruitment/screening purposes only
☐ For inclusion of non-English speaking subject if short form is being used and there is no translated HIPAA 
research authorization form available on the University’s HIPAA website at hipaa.yale.edu.
i.
Describe why it would be impracticable to obtain the subject’s authorization for use/disclosure of this 
data: It is necessary to collect this information prior to the subject traveling to Yale for an in-person 
screening visit, in order to determine their eligibility and avoid unnecessary screening and traveling on 
the part of the participant.  This information will be protected according to HIPAA policies and will be 
destroyed if the individual is determined to not be eligible for the study during this correspondence, or 
is otherwise not interested in participating in the study, unless the subject consents for his/her 
screening information to be stored for future studies that he/she may be eligible for. In addition, we 
will need the participant’s full name, address, date of birth, place of birth, phone numbers, marital 
status, height and weight in order to schedule a screening visit at the HRU or CSRU. 
ii.
If requesting a waiver of signed authorization, describe why it would be impracticable to obtain the 
subject’s signed authorization for use/disclosure of this data: Write here
The investigator assures that the protected health information for which a Waiver of Authorization has been 
requested will not be reused or disclosed to any person or entity other than those listed in this application, except 
as required by law, for authorized oversight of this research study, or as specifically approved for use in another 
study by an IRB.
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Researchers are reminded that unauthorized disclosures of PHI to individuals outside of the Yale HIPAA-Covered 
entity must be accounted for in the “accounting for disclosures log”, by subject name, purpose, date, recipients, and 
a description of information provided.  Logs are to be forwarded to the Deputy HIPAA Privacy Officer.
6.
Process of Consent/Assent: Describe the setting and conditions under which consent/assent will be obtained, 
including parental permission or surrogate permission and the steps taken to ensure subjects’ independent 
decision-making. 
During the in-person screening session at the YNHH Hospital Research Unit (HRU) or YCCI Church Street 
Research Unit (CSRU), the informed consent form and study details are reviewed in detail by one of the study 
investigators or key study personnel. The subject will be asked to read the informed consent form (approved 
by the Yale Human Investigation Committee). The subject will retain a copy of this consent to review. The 
subject will be given time to ask questions and only after that will the subject be asked to sign to give informed 
consent to participate. The informed consent form and study details will again be reviewed with the subject on 
each study day prior to beginning the study. Any subject who appears incapable of providing informed consent 
(e.g., due to apparent cognitive impairment) will be excluded.
7.
Evaluation of Subject(s) Capacity to Provide Informed Consent/Assent: Indicate how the personnel obtaining 
consent will assess the potential subject’s ability and capacity to consent to the research being proposed. 
We do not plan to recruit subjects with limited decision-making capacity. Potential subjects will undergo a face-
to-face interview. At that time, a study clinician will meet the subject, review the informed consent form, 
explain the purpose of the study and risks associated with participation, and will be available for questions. To 
ensure that the study subject understands the study, the subject will be asked questions about the study 
procedures and the risks associated with participation. If any concern arises that the study subject did not fully 
understand the study, the study clinician may decide that the subject is not suitable for participation. If the 
subject is still interested after all questions have been answered, a study physician will ask the subject to sign 
the informed consent form.
8.
Non-English Speaking Subjects: Explain provisions in place to ensure comprehension for research involving non-
English speaking subjects. If enrollment of these subjects is anticipated, translated copies of all consent 
materials must be submitted for approval prior to use. 
N/A, we do not plan to recruit non-English speaking subjects.
As a limited alternative to the above requirement, will you use the short form* for consenting process if you 
unexpectedly encounter a non-English speaking individual interested in study participation and the translation of 
the long form is not possible prior to intended enrollment?  YES ☐  NO ☒
Note* If more than 2 study participants are enrolled using a short form translated into the same language, then the 
full consent form should be translated into that language for use the next time a subject speaking that language is 
to be enrolled.
Several translated short form templates are available on the HRPP website (yale.edu/hrpp) and translated HIPAA 
Research Authorization Forms are available on the HIPAA website (hipaa.yale.edu). If the translation of the short 
form is not available on our website, then the translated short form needs to be submitted to the IRB office for 
approval via modification prior to enrolling the subject.   Please review the guidance and presentation on use of the 
short form available on the HRPP website.
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If using a short form without a translated HIPAA Research Authorization Form, please request a HIPAA waiver in the 
section above. 
9.
Consent Waiver: In certain circumstances, the HIC may grant a waiver of signed consent, or a full waiver of 
consent, depending on the study. If you will request either a waiver of consent, or a waiver of signed consent for 
this study, complete the appropriate section below.  
☐Not Requesting any consent waivers 
☒Requesting a waiver of signed consent:
☒ Recruitment/Screening only (if for recruitment, the questions in the box below will apply to 
recruitment activities only)  and for the Optional substudy.
☐ Entire Study (Note that an information sheet may be required.)
 For a waiver of signed consent, address the following:
Would the signed consent form be the only record linking the subject and the research?  YES ☒  NO ☐ 
Does a breach of confidentiality constitute the principal risk to subjects? YES ☒  NO ☐
 
OR
Does the research pose greater than minimal risk? YES ☐    NO☒ (optional substudy)
Does the research include any activities that would require signed consent in a non-research context? YES ☐   
NO ☒  (optional substudy)
 ☐ Requesting a waiver of consent:
☐ Recruitment/Screening only (if for recruitment, the questions in the box below will apply to 
recruitment activities only)
☐ Entire Study 
 
For a full waiver of consent, please address all of the following:

Does the research pose greater than minimal risk to subjects?  
☐ Yes If you answered yes, stop. A waiver cannot be granted.  
☐ No

Will the waiver adversely affect subjects’ rights and welfare? YES ☐    NO☐

Why would the research be impracticable to conduct without the waiver? Write here

Where appropriate, how will pertinent information be returned to, or shared with subjects at a later date? 
Write here
SECTION IV: PROTECTION OF RESEARCH SUBJECTS
    Confidentiality & Security of Data:
1.
What protected health information (medical information along with the HIPAA identifiers) about subjects will 
be collected and used for the research?   

Medical record number
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
Name

Address

Phone number/email

Age/date of birth

Race/ethnicity

Medical and surgical history, allergies, medications taken

Blood test results

CGM reports
2.
How will the research data be collected, recorded and stored? 
Research data will be collected directly from the subject as well as via the electronic medical record. Subjects 
will be assigned a study number. The principal investigator will create a computer worksheet where the name 
of the subject’s medical information is linked to the coded information. This will be housed on a password 
protected computer on a secured network. Only the investigators will have access to the computer records, 
which include the subject's identity, in order to evaluate the information generated by the study. No further 
public disclosure of this information will be made. One copy of the consent form will be kept in a secured and 
locked cabinet in the PI’s office (which is also locked). The subject’s name will be kept separate from the results.
3.
How will the digital data be stored? ☐CD  ☐DVD  ☐Flash Drive  ☐Portable Hard Drive   ☒Secured Server  
☐Laptop Computer  ☐Desktop Computer  ☐Other
4.
What methods and procedures will be used to safeguard the confidentiality and security of the identifiable 
study data and the storage media indicated above during and after the subject’s participation in the study? 
All identifiable subject information that is collected during recruitment, screening, and participation will appear 
only on the initial paper forms, which will be kept under lock and key in the academic office of one of the study 
investigators. All digital files that could link a code number to an individual study subject will be password 
protected and stored on a shared drive in a password protected secure server, on a laptop or computer which 
will be kept locked in the PI’s office.
All portable devices must contain encryption software, per University Policy 5100.  If there is a technical reason a 
device cannot be encrypted please submit an exception request to the Information Security, Policy and Compliance 
Office by clicking on url http://its.yale.edu/egrc or email it.compliance@yale.edu
5.
What will be done with the data when the research is completed? Are there plans to destroy the identifiable 
data? If yes, describe how, by whom and when identifiers will be destroyed. If no, describe how the data and/or 
identifiers will be secured. 
Procedures to ensure confidentiality follow the regulations and policies of the Yale University School of 
Medicine. The security mechanisms specified above will continue to be in place to protect study data.
6.
If appropriate, has a Certificate of Confidentiality been obtained? N/A
SECTION V: POTENTIAL BENEFITS
Potential Benefits: Identify any benefits that may be reasonably expected to result from the research, either to the 
subject(s) or to society at large. (Payment of subjects is not considered a benefit in this context of the risk benefit 
assessment.) 
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This research may not benefit the subject directly. However, knowledge gained from the results may help us to 
better understand diabetes. 
         SECTION VI: RESEARCH ALTERNATIVES AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
1.
Alternatives: What other alternatives are available to the study subjects outside of the research? 
The alternative is to decline to participate in the study.
2.
Payments for Participation (Economic Considerations): Describe any payments that will be made to subjects, 
the amount and schedule of payments, and the conditions for receiving this compensation.
Aim 1 and 2:
$25 for screening visit
$50 to wear CGM and complete questionnaires (with > 80% compliance/time points collected)
$200 for fMRI scan/hypoclamp #1
$200 for MRS scan/hyperclamp #1
Aim 3:
$275 for fMRI/hypoclamp (+ an additional $25 bonus depending on how you do at the tasks/questionairre 
during the scan)
$300 for MRS scan/hypercplamp visits
Optional Sub-study:
$25 for completion of questionnaires
3.
Costs for Participation (Economic Considerations): Clearly describe the subject’s costs associated with 
participation in the research, and the interventions or procedures of the study that will be provided at no cost 
to subjects. 
All study interventions and procedures will be provided at no cost to study participants.
4.
In Case of Injury: This section is required for any research involving more than minimal risk, and for minimal risk 
research that presents the potential for physical harm (e.g., research involving blood draws).
a.
Will medical treatment be available if research-related injury occurs? Yes
b.
Where and from whom may treatment be obtained? YNHH
c.
Are there any limits to the treatment being provided? No
d.
Who will pay for this treatment? Insurance/patient
e.
How will the medical treatment be accessed by subjects? Medical treatment will be provided by 
study staff with referral to appropriate care at YNHH as needed
IMPORTANT REMINDERS
Will this study have a billable service?  Yes ☒ 
 No☐
A billable service is defined as any service rendered to a study subject that, if he/she was not on a study, would 
normally generate a bill from either Yale-New Haven Hospital or Yale Medical Group to the patient or the patient’s 
insurer. The service may or may not be performed by the research staff on your study, but may be provided by 
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professionals within either Yale-New Haven Hospital or Yale Medical Group (examples include x-rays, MRIs, CT scans, 
specimens sent to central labs, or specimens sent to pathology). Notes: 1. There is no distinction made whether the 
service is paid for by the subject or their insurance (Standard of Care) or by the study’s funding mechanism (Research 
Sponsored). 2. This generally includes new services or orders placed in EPIC for research subjects. 
If answered, “yes”, this study will need to be set up in OnCore, Yale’s clinical research management system, for Epic 
to appropriately route research related charges. Please contact oncore.support@yale.edu
Are there any procedures involved in this protocol that will be performed at YNHH or one of its affiliated entities?  
Yes ☒  No ☐ 
If Yes, please answer questions a through c and note instructions below.  
a. Does your YNHH privilege delineation currently include the specific procedure that you will perform? Yes ☒  No 
☐
b. Will you be using any new equipment or equipment that you have not used in the past for this procedure? Yes 
☐  No ☒
c. Will a novel approach using existing equipment be applied? Yes ☐  No ☒
References:
1.
The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term 
complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research 
Group. The New England journal of medicine 1993;329:977-86.
2.
Gubitosi-Klug RA, Braffett BH, White NH, et al. Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Over 30 
Years of Follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes care 2017;40:1010-6.
3.
Nathan DM, Group DER. The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes 
interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview. Diabetes care 2014;37:9-16.
4.
Hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications 
Trial Research Group. Diabetes 1997;46:271-86.
5.
Cryer PE, Fisher JN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia. Diabetes care 1994;17:734-55.
6.
Sherwin RS. Bringing light to the dark side of insulin: a journey across the blood-brain barrier. Diabetes 
2008;57:2259-68.
7.
Gerich JE, Langlois M, Noacco C, Karam JH, Forsham PH. Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in 
diabetes: evidence for an intrinsic pancreatic alpha cell defect. Science 1973;182:171-3.
8.
Bolli G, de Feo P, Compagnucci P, et al. Abnormal glucose counterregulation in insulin-dependent diabetes 
mellitus. Interaction of anti-insulin antibodies and impaired glucagon and epinephrine secretion. Diabetes 
1983;32:134-41.
9.
Singer-Granick C, Hoffman RP, Kerensky K, Drash AL, Becker DJ. Glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in 
children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes care 1988;11:643-9.
10.
White NH, Skor DA, Cryer PE, Levandoski LA, Bier DM, Santiago JV. Identification of type I diabetic patients 
at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 1983;308:485-91.
11.
Simonson DC, Tamborlane WV, DeFronzo RA, Sherwin RS. Intensive insulin therapy reduces 
counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes. Annals of internal medicine 
1985;103:184-90.
12.
Hirsch BR, Shamoon H. Defective epinephrine and growth hormone responses in type I diabetes are 
stimulus specific. Diabetes 1987;36:20-6.
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13.
Amiel SA, Tamborlane WV, Sacca L, Sherwin RS. Hypoglycemia and glucose counterregulation in normal 
and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988;4:71-89.
14.
Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Tamborlane WV. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on glycemic 
thresholds for counterregulatory hormone release. Diabetes 1988;37:901-7.
15.
Davis MR, Shamoon H. Counterregulatory adaptation to recurrent hypoglycemia in normal humans. The 
Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1991;73:995-1001.
16.
Dagogo-Jack S, Fanelli CG, Cryer PE. Durable reversal of hypoglycemia unawareness in type 1 diabetes. 
Diabetes Care 1999;22:866-7.
17.
Fanelli CG, Epifano L, Rambotti AM, et al. Meticulous prevention of hypoglycemia normalizes the glycemic 
thresholds and magnitude of most of neuroendocrine responses to, symptoms of, and cognitive function during 
hypoglycemia in intensively treated patients with short-term IDDM. Diabetes 1993;42:1683-9.
18.
Cranston I, Lomas J, Maran A, Macdonald I, Amiel SA. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness in patients 
with long-duration insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1994;344:283-7.
19.
Clarke WL, Gonder-Frederick LA, Richards FE, Cryer PE. Multifactorial origin of hypoglycemic symptom 
unawareness in IDDM. Association with defective glucose counterregulation and better glycemic control. Diabetes 
1991;40:680-5.
20.
Maran A, Lomas J, Macdonald IA, Amiel SA. Lack of preservation of higher brain function during 
hypoglycaemia in patients with intensively-treated IDDM. Diabetologia 1995;38:1412-8.
21.
Jones TW, Borg WP, Borg MA, et al. Resistance to neuroglycopenia: an adaptive response during intensive 
insulin treatment of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1713-8.
22.
Ziegler D, Hubinger A, Muhlen H, Gries FA. Effects of previous glycaemic control on the onset and 
magnitude of cognitive dysfunction during hypoglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. 
Diabetologia 1992;35:828-34.
23.
Widom B, Simonson DC. Glycemic control and neuropsychologic function during hypoglycemia in patients 
with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:904-12.
24.
Amiel SA, Pottinger RC, Archibald HR, et al. Effect of antecedent glucose control on cerebral function during 
hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 1991;14:109-18.
25.
Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Hypoglycemia-induced cognitive dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: 
effect of hypoglycemia unawareness. Physiol Behav 1995;58:501-11.
26.
Boyle PJ, Kempers SF, O'Connor AM, Nagy RJ. Brain glucose uptake and unawareness of hypoglycemia in 
patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1726-31.
27.
Boyle PJ, Nagy RJ, O'Connor AM, Kempers SF, Yeo RA, Qualls C. Adaptation in brain glucose uptake following 
recurrent hypoglycemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:9352-6.
28.
Simpson IA, Appel NM, Hokari M, et al. Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter: effects of hypo- and 
hyperglycemia revisited. J Neurochem 1999;72:238-47.
29.
McNay EC, Sherwin RS. Effect of recurrent hypoglycemia on spatial cognition and cognitive metabolism in 
normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes 2004;53:418-25.
30.
Mason GF, Petersen KF, Lebon V, Rothman DL, Shulman GI. Increased brain monocarboxylic Acid transport 
and utilization in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2006;55:929-34.
31.
Gulanski BI, De Feyter HM, Page KA, et al. Increased brain transport and metabolism of acetate in 
hypoglycemia unawareness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3811-20.
32.
Herzog RI, Jiang L, Herman P, et al. Lactate preserves neuronal metabolism and function following 
antecedent recurrent hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 2013;123:1988-98.
33.
Carpenter JaK, MG. Missing data in randomised controlled trials - a practical guide. . National Institute for 
Health Research, Publication RM03/JH17/MK Available at http://wwwmissingdataorguk 2008.
34.
Lachin JM. Statistical considerations in the intent-to-treat principle. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:167-89.
35.
Molenberghs G, Thijs H, Jansen I, et al. Analyzing incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data. Biostatistics 
2004;5:445-64.
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COMPOUND AUTHORIZATION AND CONSENT FOR PARTICIPATION IN A 
RESEARCH PROJECT
YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE – YALE-NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL
Study Title: Mechanisms for restoration of hypoglycemia awareness
Principal Investigator: Renata Belfort de Aguiar, M.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
300 Cedar street, TAC S135
New Haven, CT 06520
Funding Source: NIH/NIDDK
Healthy Control Participants
Invitation to Participate and Description of Project
You are invited to take part in a research study designed to look at mechanisms for restoration of 
hypoglycemia awareness. You have been asked to take part because you are a healthy person without 
type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 
To decide whether or not you wish to be a part of this research study you should know enough about 
the risks and benefits to make an informed decision. This consent form gives you detailed information 
about the study, which a member of the research team will discuss with you. This discussion should 
go over all aspects of this research: its purpose, the procedures that will be done, any risks of the 
procedures, possible benefits and possible alternative treatments. Once you understand the study, 
you will be asked if you wish to participate; if so, you will be asked to sign this form.
Study Description
Individuals with Type 1 diabetes often have episodes of low blood sugar called hypoglycemia. Frequent 
episodes of hypoglycemia can lead to the development of unawareness that blood sugars are low, which 
may prevent the individual from treating the low blood sugar appropriately. The mechanisms underlying 
why this happens remain unclear. Thus, the main aims of this study are 1) to determine the impact of 
frequent hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness on brain responses to visual food pictures as well 
as at rest in patients with T1DM; 2) to determine how frequency of hypoglycemia effects how glucose is 
transported and metabolized in the brain. 
We plan to enroll individuals with T1DM who are either aware or unaware of hypoglycemia as well as 
healthy control participants.
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Study Procedures
If you agree to participate in this research study, there are a total of 4 study visits. 
Visit #1: Screen Visit
You will be screened at the Yale New Haven Hospital (YNHH) Hospital Research Unit (HRU) or the 
Yale Center for Clinical Investigation (YCCI) Church Street Research Unit (CSRU) with a medical 
history, physical exam, and electrocardiogram (EKG). Blood work will be collected for A1C, liver 
function, TSH, electrolytes, renal function, CBC, and C-peptide. This visit will take approximately 1 
hour.
If you are eligible after the screen visit, you will be asked to return for 3 more visits as follows:
Visit #2: Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Placement
On the visit for CGM placement: 
1) A study clinician will explain to you how to use the CGM (FreeStyle Libre Pro).
2) The CGM will be placed on your upper arm.
3) You will be asked to complete neurocognitive questionnaires.
This visit will take approximately 30 minutes at either the HRU or CSRU. 
CGM:
CGM allows us to measure your glucose levels continuously throughout the day. The results will be 
blinded (you will not be able to see your glucose levels). We will ask you to wear the CGM for ~14 
days prior to your first brain scan (either fMRI or MRS). It will be placed on your upper arm and attached 
with an adhesive patch by a trained study staff member. The sensor includes a wire-like tip which will 
be under your skin in your fat tissue. You will be taught how to use the CGM. The sensor is water-
resistant and can be worn while bathing, showering, or swimming as long as you do not take it deeper 
than 3 feet (1 meter) and do not keep it under water for longer than 30 minutes at a time. Intense exercise 
may cause the sensor to loosen due to sweat or movement of the sensor. If the CGM sensor falls off 
while you are wearing it, we will ask you to return to the HRU or CSRU so that a new sensor can be re-
inserted. Please contact us at 203-737-4777 or diabetes.research@yale.edu if you have any questions, 
concerns or issues related to the CGM.
Neurocognitive questionnaires: You will be asked to complete some questionnaires and tests on a 
computer or on paper to assess your cognitive function. 
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Visit #3 and #4: fMRI or MRS scanning
Depending on scanner availability, you will undergo either fMRI or MRS scanning (detailed below). 
Whichever scan is not completed at Visit #3 will be done at Visit #4.
fMRI scan with hyperinsulinemic euglycemia-mild hypoglycemia clamp: You will arrive on the 
morning of the scan at the Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC) at the Anlyan Center 
(TAC) at ~7AM following an 8 hour overnight fast.
A nurse will place two intravenous (IV) catheters into your arms. Then, you will receive an infusion of 
insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels, together with a variable glucose 
infusion to keep glucose levels at ~100-110 mg/dl. Once glucose levels are stabilized outside the magnet 
(~45 min), you will be transferred into the MRI where your blood sugar will initially be maintained at 
~90 md/dl for ~60 minutes and then decreased to ~55-60 mg/dl for ~60 minutes. During the scanning, 
you will be asked to look at pictures of food and non-food images as well as complete some cognitive 
tasks. At each clamp step, you will also be asked to complete questionnaires assessing hypoglycemia. 
Throughout the visit, blood samples will be taken to measure glucose levels and hormones that play a 
role in regulating your blood sugar levels. 
1H-[13C] MRS scan with hyperglycemic clamp: You will arrive on the morning of the scan at the 
MRRC at ~7AM following an 8 hour overnight fast. Following IV placements and baseline blood 
samples, at ~8 AM you will receive a low dose insulin infusion as well as variable glucose infusion to 
keep glucose levels at ~100-110 mg/dl for baseline scanning. Then, your blood glucose level will be 
increased to ~180 mg/dl using 1-13C-glucose for ~2 hours. Throughout the visit, blood samples will be 
taken to measure glucose levels and hormones that play a role in regulating your blood sugar levels.
Potential Risks
While in this study, you may have side effects. Expected side effects are listed here. In
addition to the risks listed below, there may be risks that are currently unknown. If significant new
information becomes known to us during the time you are on the study, we will tell you so you
can decide if you should stay in the study. Possible side effects that you may experience during this 
study will be fully explained to you by the study staff. Please ask as many questions as you want so that 
you can understand the possible side effects before you decide whether you want to be in this study. 
Please ask the study clinicians or the study staff to explain any information or words that are not clear 
to you.
MRI/MRS:
Magnetic resonance (MR) is a technique that uses magnetism and radio waves, not x- rays, to take 
pictures and measure chemicals of different parts of the body. The United States Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA) has set guidelines for magnet strength and exposure to radio waves, and we 
carefully observe those guidelines.
You will be watched closely throughout the MR study. Some people may feel uncomfortable or anxious. 
If this happens to you, you may ask to stop the study at any time and we will take you out of the MR 
scanner. On rare occasions, some people might feel dizzy, get an upset stomach, have a metallic taste 
or feel tingling sensations or muscle twitches. These sensations usually go away quickly but please tell 
the research staff if you have them.
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There are some risks with an MR study for certain people. If you have a pacemaker or some metal 
objects inside your body, you may not be in this study because the strong magnets in the MR scanner 
might harm you. Another risk is the possibility of metal objects being pulled into the magnet and hitting 
you. To lower this risk, all people involved with the study must remove all metal from their clothing 
and all metal objects from their pockets. We also ask all people involved with the study to walk through 
a detector designed to detect metal objects. It is important to know that no metal can be brought into the 
magnet room at any time. Also, once you are in the magnet, the door to the room will be closed so that 
no one from outside accidentally goes near the magnet.
We want you to read and answer very carefully the questions on the MR Safety Questionnaire related 
to your personal safety. Take a moment now to be sure that you have read the MR Safety Questionnaire 
and be sure to tell us any information you think might be important.
This MR study is for research purposes only and is not in any way a health care examination of the 
brain. The scans performed in this study are not designed to find abnormalities. The principal 
investigator, the lab, the MR technologist, and the Magnetic Resonance Research Center are not 
qualified to interpret the MR scans and are not responsible for providing a health care evaluation of the 
images. If a worrisome finding is seen on your scan, a radiologist or another physician will be asked to 
review the relevant images. Based on his or her recommendation (if any), the principal investigator or 
consulting physician will contact you, inform you of the finding, and recommend that you seek medical 
advice as a precautionary measure. The decision for additional examination or treatment would lie only 
with you and your physician. The investigators, the consulting physician, the Magnetic Resonance 
Research Center, and Yale University are not responsible for any examination or treatment that you 
receive based on these findings. The images collected in this study are not a health care MR exam and 
for that reason, they will not be made available for health care purposes.
Insulin and dextrose (glucose) infusion:
Intravenous (IV) catheters will be placed under sterile conditions by experienced staff members. All 
studies will be performed under the direct supervision of a physician or nurse practitioner. All 
solutions for infusion will be pyrogen free and prepared in a sterile environment.
The infusion of insulin and dextrose to achieve hypoglycemia can potentially result in symptoms of 
varying severity. You may experience little or no symptoms of sleepiness, hunger, anxiety, 
palpitations, diaphoresis, difficulty concentrating, mild confusion and/or tremor. There is a small risk 
that plasma glucose will fall below the predetermined level resulting in exaggerated symptoms. All 
such symptoms are rapidly reversible with an intravenous dextrose infusion. To avoid excess 
hypoglycemia, plasma glucose levels will be checked every 5 minutes using a bedside glucose 
monitor. Based on these measurements, the plasma glucose will be adjusted via the 20% dextrose 
infusion.
The infusion of dextrose to achieve hyperglycemia (~180 mg/dl) is not associated with any specific 
symptoms or significant adverse effects. This modestly high glucose level can be seen in poorly 
controlled diabetic patients following a meal. During the study, there is a small risk that plasma 
glucose may fall to lower levels resulting in symptoms of hypoglycemia. 
13C glucose:
The infusion of 13C glucose involves no radioactivity, and the glucose is metabolized just as 
unlabeled glucose. Clinical research studies using 13C glucose have been used at Yale for decades 
with no adverse effects. The glucose solution is purchased from (Cambridge Isotopes, Inc.) in powder 
form which has been certified to be sterile and free of pyrogens. The glucose is made into a solution 
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of 20gram/100 ml (D-20) by the Yale New Haven Hospital Investigational Drug Service (IDS). The 
solutions are tested to be free of pyrogens and to be sterile before being administered. 
CGM:
The CGM poses no major risks to the users. The CGM catheter will be placed under sterile conditions 
by experienced staff members. You may experience bruising and bleeding of the skin at the insertion 
site of the CGM sensor. This minor condition will resolve by itself in a few days. You may feel a mild 
discomfort (pin prick sensation) during the sensor insertion. Redness and discomfort (infection and 
inflammation) can occur at the sensor insertion site. Some individuals may be sensitive to the adhesive 
that keeps the sensor attached to the skin. If you notice significant skin irritation around or under the 
sensor, please contact us and it can be removed. Rarely sensors may break and a small piece may remain 
under the skin which will need to be removed by the physician. This may cause mild discomfort, 
bruising, or temporary bleeding. You will be given one of the study physician or nurse practitioner’s 
cell phone number to contact for any questions, concerns or problems. If you have an MRI, a CT scan, 
or diathermy treatment, you must remove your sensor prior to the procedure.
Phlebotomy:
Phlebotomy can result in anemia, although the amount of blood taken for these studies should not result 
in clinically-significant anemia. The total amount of blood taken as part of participation of this study 
will not exceed 24 tablespoons,, which is less than a typical blood donation. You will be excluded from 
participating in the study if your hemoglobin is less than 10 gms/dL. All subjects having donated blood 
within 30 days of the study will be asked to postpone study participation (with a repeat blood count 
prior to future enrollment), and you will be advised to refrain from blood donation for 30 days after 
study completion.
Questionnaires:
The questionnaires are generally benign in nature. The major inconvenience is the time taken to 
complete them and a possible breach of confidentiality. Study participation is voluntary and you are free 
to drop out at any time without penalty. All data will be kept confidential except in cases of imminent 
danger to the participants. Good clinical and research practice procedures and HIPAA regulations will 
be followed. No subjects are identified by name in any of the published literature and only by code in 
major data storage areas.
Benefits
You will not directly benefit from participating in this study. However, this work will benefit the 
scientific community, and therefore society, as it will provide important insights into T1DM.
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Economic Considerations
You will be compensated as follows:
$25 for screening visit
$50 to wear CGM and complete questionnaires (with > 80% compliance/time points collected)
$175 for fMRI scan/hypoclamp (+ an additional $25 bonus depending on how you do at the tasks 
during the scan)
$200 for MRS scan/hyperclamp
Payments will be given to you via a Bank of America pre-paid debit card using the Yale electronic 
payment service. After your first payment milestone (the screening visit), you will receive a card in the 
mail which you will need to activate over the phone. Once you activate this card, all other payments 
during the study will go directly onto your card. Please note that your name, address, and telephone 
number will be shared with Bank of America for ePayments. 
According to the rules of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), payments that are made to you as a result 
of your participation in this study may be considered taxable income. 
Tests and procedures that are done for your regular care (whether you are in this study or not) are called 
“standard of care” and will be billed to you or your insurance company. There will be no charge to you 
or your insurance provider for tests or procedures done only for research purposes. You and your 
insurance provider will not have to pay for the MRI(s) or any blood tests that are done for research 
purposes. 
Parking vouchers will be provided for all study related visits. 
Treatment Alternatives
The alternative would be not to participate in the study.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Any identifiable information that is obtained in connection with this study will remain confidential 
and will be disclosed only with your permission or as permitted by U.S. or State law. Examples 
of information that we are legally required to disclose include abuse of a child or elderly person, or 
certain reportable diseases.
It is important for you to know that if you do not already have a medical record at YNHH; one 
will be made for your visit. Some information related to the care given to you during this visit will 
become part of your Yale New Haven Hospital (YNHH) medical record. For example, any laboratory 
test results that are sent to the YNHH lab for testing will appear in your medical record and any 
printed copies of your record. In addition, you need to know that when any person is admitted 
to the YNHH, the individual's previous medical records of other visits or admissions to YNHH 
become available to physicians and hospital staff in order to ensure that the best possible care can be 
provided to the individual during the hospital stay. Similarly, the researchers and staff will have access 
to whatever information is already in your YNHH medical records such as past surgeries or medical 
conditions, emergency room visits, or possibly clinic visits. If such access to your past medical 
history by researchers and staff responsible for the study is unacceptable to you, then you should not 
participate in the research study.
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When the results of the research are published or discussed in conferences, no information will be 
included that would reveal your identity unless your specific consent for this activity is obtained.
We understand that information about you obtained in connection with your health is personal, and 
we are committed to protecting the privacy of that information. If you decide to be in this study, 
the researcher will get information that identifies you and your personal health information. This 
may include information that might directly identify you, such as your name, date of birth, address 
and phone number. This information will be de-identified at the earliest reasonable time after we 
receive it, meaning we will replace your identifying information with a code that does not directly 
identify you. The principal investigator will keep a link that identifies you to your coded information, 
and this link will be kept secure and available only to the PI or selected members of the research 
team. Any information that can identify you will remain confidential.
All identifiable information that is obtained in connection with this study is stored in password 
protected secure computer data files, and will remain confidential and will be disclosed only with your 
permission or as required by U.S. or State law. All of the information obtained in this study is kept in 
locked files and will be kept confidential. When the study is completed subject information is stored 
at least for 7 years in locked cabinets within a locked storage unit that only the investigators of the 
study have access to. When the results of the research are published or discussed in conferences, no 
information will be included that would reveal your identity unless your specific consent for this 
activity is obtained. The research team will only give this coded information to others to carry out 
this research study. The link to your personal information will be kept for 7 years, after which time 
the link will be destroyed and the data will become anonymous.
Information about your study participation will be entered into your Electronic Medical
Record (EMR) in Oncore and EPIC. Once placed in the EMR, these results are accessible to all of your 
providers who participate in the EMR system. Information within your EMR may also be shared with 
others who are appropriate to have access to your EMR (e.g., health insurance company, disability 
provider.)
Information about you and your health which might identify you may be used by or given to:

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) agencies

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) This is done so that the FDA can review 
information about [the new drug product or device] involved in this research. The information 
may also be used to meet the reporting requirements of drug regulatory agencies.

Representatives from Yale University, the Yale Human Research Protection Program and 
the Yale Human Investigation Committee (the committee that reviews, approves, and 
monitors research on human subjects), who are responsible for ensuring research 
compliance. These individuals are required to keep all information confidential.

Those individuals at Yale who are responsible for the financial oversight of research 
including billings and payments

The Principal Investigator: Dr. Renata Belfort de Aguiar

The study sponsor: NIH/NIDDK

Health care providers who provide services to you in connection with this study.

Laboratories and other individuals and organizations that analyze your health information 
in connection with this study, according to the study plan.

Co-Investigators and other investigators
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
Study Coordinator and Members of the Research Team

Data and Safety Monitoring Boards and others authorized to monitor the conduct of the 
Study

Bank of America
By signing this form, you authorize the use and/or disclosure of the information described above 
for this research study. The purpose for the uses and disclosures you are authorizing is to ensure that 
the information relating to this research is available to all parties who may need it for research 
purposes.
All health care providers subject to HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) 
are required to protect the privacy of your information. The research staff at the Yale School of 
Medicine and Yale-New Haven Hospital are required to comply with HIPAA and to ensure the 
confidentiality of your information. Some of the individuals or agencies listed above may not be 
subject to HIPAA and therefore may not be required to provide the same type of confidentiality 
protection. They could use or disclose your information in ways not mentioned in this form. 
However, to better protect your health information, agreements are in place with these individuals 
and/or companies that require that they keep your information confidential.
Authorized representatives of the National Institutes of Health and the FDA may need to review
records of individual subjects. People from the FDA or other Health and Human Services agencies
may see your name, but they are bound by rules of confidentiality not to reveal your child’s
identity to others.
You have the right to review and copy your health information in your medical record in 
accordance with institutional medical records policies.  However, by deciding to take part in a double 
blinded treatment study and sign this permission form, you will not be allowed to look at or copy your 
study related information until after the research is completed.
This authorization to use and disclose your health information collected during your participation in 
this study will never expire.
A description of this clinical trial will be available on http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, as required by 
U.S. Law. This Web site will not include information that can identify you. At most, the Web site will 
include a summary of the results. You can search this Web site at any time.
This research is covered by a Certificate of Confidentiality from the National Institutes of Health. The 
researchers with this Certificate may not disclose or use information, documents, or biospecimens that 
may identify you in any federal, state, or local civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other 
action, suit, or proceeding, or be used as evidence, for example, if there is a court subpoena, unless you 
have consented for this use. Information, documents, or biospecimens protected by this Certificate 
cannot be disclosed to anyone else who is not connected with the research except, if there is a federal, 
state, or local law that requires disclosure (such as to report child abuse or communicable diseases but 
not for federal, state, or local civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other proceedings, see 
below); if you have consented to the disclosure, including for your medical treatment; or if it is used 
for other scientific research, as allowed by federal regulations protecting research subjects. 
The Certificate cannot be used to refuse a request for information from personnel of the United States 
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federal or state government agency sponsoring the project that is needed for auditing or program 
evaluation by NIH/NIDDK which is funding this project or for information that must be disclosed in 
order to meet the requirements of the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA). You should 
understand that a Certificate of Confidentiality does not prevent you from voluntarily releasing 
information about yourself or your involvement in this research. If you want your research information 
released to an insurer, medical care provider, or any other person not connected with the research, you 
must provide consent to allow the researchers to release it.
In Case of Injury
If you are injured while on study, seek treatment and contact the study doctors as soon as you are able.  
Yale School of Medicine and Yale-New Haven Hospital, do not provide funds for the treatment of 
research-related injury.  If you are injured as a result of your participation in this study, treatment will 
be provided.  You or your insurance carrier will be expected to pay the costs of this treatment.  No 
additional financial compensation for injury or lost wages is available.
You do not give up any of your legal rights by signing this form.
Voluntary Participation and Withdrawal
Participating in this study is voluntary. You are free to choose not to take part in this study. Refusing to 
participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which you are otherwise entitled (such as your 
health care outside the study, the payment for your health care, and your health care benefits).  However, 
you will not be able to enroll in this research study and will not receive study procedures as a study 
participant if you do not allow use of your information as part of this study.
Withdrawing from the Study:
If you do become a subject, you are free to stop and withdraw from this study at any time during its 
course.  To withdraw from the study, you can call a member of the research team at any time and tell 
them that you no longer want to take part. This will cancel any future appointments 
The researchers may withdraw you from participating in the research if necessary. For example, you 
may be asked to withdrawal from the study if you are found to have a metal object in your body, or 
have a metal object placed in your body while you are enrolled in the study, if you experience 
significant discomfort during the procedures, are not able to follow instructions during 
the procedures, or are not compliant with scheduled appointments.  The researchers may also withdraw 
you from the study if you are not able to tolerate the study drug and it is making you feel sick. 
Withdrawing from the study will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which you are otherwise 
entitled. It will not harm your relationship with your own doctors or with Yale-New Haven Hospital.
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Withdrawing Your Authorization to Use and Disclose Your Health Information:
You may withdraw or take away your permission to use and disclose your health information at any 
time. You may withdraw your permission by telling the study staff or by writing to;
Renata Belfort de Aguiar, M.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
300 Cedar street, TAC -S135
PO Box 208020
New Haven, CT 06520
If you withdraw your permission, you will not be able to stay in this study.
When you withdraw your permission, no new health information identifying you will be gathered 
after that date. Information that has already been gathered may still be used and given to others until 
the end of the research study, as necessary to insure the integrity of the study and/or study 
oversight.
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Contact for Future Studies
We ask for your permission to contact you for participation in future studies that our group may conduct. 
We may use your telephone number, your email address or your physical address to contact you. 
I agree to be contacted regarding future studies I may qualify for: (initial your choice)
_____YES
______No
Questions
We have used some technical terms in this form. Please feel free to ask about anything you don't 
understand and to consider this research and the consent form carefully – as long as you feel is 
necessary – before you make a decision.
Authorization and Permission
I have read (or someone has read to me) this form and have decided to participate in the project 
described above. Its general purposes, the particulars of my involvement and possible hazards and 
inconveniences have been explained to my satisfaction. My signature also indicates that I have 
received a copy of this consent form.
By signing this form, I give permission to the researchers to use [and give out] information about me 
for the purposes described in this form. By refusing to give permission, I understand that I will not be 
able to be in this research.
Name of Subject: 
Signature: 
Date: 
Signature of Person Obtaining Consent
Date
If after you have signed this form you have any questions about your privacy rights, please contact the 
Yale Privacy Officer at (203) 432-5919.
If you have further questions about this project or if you have a research-related problem, you may 
contact the Principal Investigator: Dr. Renata Belfort de Aguiarat 203-737-6067 or sugarbrainlab@yale.edu.
If you would like to talk with someone other than the researchers to discuss problems, concerns, and 
questions you may have concerning this research, or to discuss your rights as a research subject, you 
may contact the Yale Human Investigation Committee at (203) 785-4688.
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