Clinical trial NCT04207060
Conditions: Chronic Pancreatitis
Sponsor: Mayo Clinic
Start date: 2020-07-15; Completion date: 2023-04-24
Enrollment: 27 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
The researchers are trying to find a way to slow down the progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and investigate the possibility of the long term treatment of this disease.

Detailed description:

Arms: arm 1: The study intervention is oral indomethacin. Indomethacin is an FDA approved, commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Commercially available indomethacin will be utilized in this study. Subjects randomized to the indomethacin arm will take one capsule of 50 mg of Indomethacin orally twice a day for 28 days. Participants will be advised not to make up missed doses. They will be advised to take a dose of study medication on the morning of their follow-up endoscopy, 2 hours prior to their scheduled procedure time, with a sip of water. At the time of follow-up endoscopy they will return any unused study medications. arm 2: Participants in both study arms will receive study medication, one capsule orally twice a day for 28 days. Those in the placebo arm will take placebo capsules (one capsule) twice a day for a total of 28 days.

Participants will be advised not to make up missed doses. They will be advised to take a dose of study medication on the morning of their follow-up endoscopy, 2 hours prior to their scheduled procedure time, with a sip of water. At the time of follow-up endoscopy they will return any unused study medication.
Interventions: intervention 1: Indomethacin intervention 2: Placebo intervention 3: Endoscopy for Pancreatic Function Testing
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: One capsule of 50 mg of indomethacin will be taken orally twice a day for a total of 28 days. intervention 2: One capsule of lactose not containing active study drug will be taken orally twice a day for a total of 28 days. intervention 3: All subjects in the study (regardless of which treatment arm they are randomized to) will undergo an upper endoscopy during which they will receive an endoscopic pancreatic function test. An upper endoscopy will be performed during the baseline visit and at the follow-up visit at day 28 of the treatment (2 endoscopies total per each subject). Specifically, during the upper endoscopy, secretin will be administered intravenously at a weight-based dose of 0.2 mcg/kg over 1 minute. Fluid will be aspirated from the duodenum through the endoscope from 0-10 minutes and 10-20 minutes following secretin administration. The collected fluid will then be sent to the laboratory for analysis.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_001.pdf: 
Phase 1/2 Trial of Indomethacin in Chronic Pancreatitis 
(The PAIR Trial) 
 
Protocol Number: < Number> 
National Clinical Trial (NCT) Identified Number:  <NCT04207060> 
Principal Investigator: Dr. Santhi Vege 
Co-Principle Investigator:  Dr. Samuel Han and Dr. Darwin Conwell 
 
Funded by: NIDDK 
Secretin provided by ChiRhoClin, Inc. 
Version Number:  v. 2.0 
06 November, 2020 
 
Summary of Changes from Previous Version: 
Affected 
Section(s) 
Summary of Revisions Made 
Rationale 
 
 
 
 
 
 


  
Table of Contents 
STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE ............................................................................................................................. 1 
1 
PROTOCOL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 1 
1.1 
Synopsis ................................................................................................................................................ 1 
1.2 
Schema ................................................................................................................................................. 3 
1.3 
Schedule of Activities (SoA) ............................................................................................................... 4 
2 
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 4 
2.1 
Study Rationale .................................................................................................................................... 4 
2.2 
Background........................................................................................................................................... 5 
2.3 
Risk/Benefit Assessment .................................................................................................................... 8 
2.3.1 
Known Potential Risks ..................................................................................................... 8 
2.3.2 
Known Potential Benefits .............................................................................................. 10 
2.3.3 
Assessment of Potential Risks and Benefits .............................................................. 10 
3 
OBJECTIVES AND ENDPOINTS .............................................................................................................. 10 
4 
STUDY DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................... 11 
4.1 
Overall Design .................................................................................................................................... 11 
4.2 
Scientific Rationale for Study Design.............................................................................................. 16 
4.3 
Justification for Dose ......................................................................................................................... 16 
4.4 
End of Study Definition ..................................................................................................................... 16 
5 
STUDY POPULATION ................................................................................................................................ 16 
5.1 
Inclusion Criteria ................................................................................................................................ 16 
5.2 
Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................................................... 17 
5.3 
Lifestyle Considerations .................................................................................................................... 17 
5.4 
Screen Failures .................................................................................................................................. 17 
5.5 
Strategies for Recruitment and Retention ...................................................................................... 18 
6 
STUDY INTERVENTION ............................................................................................................................ 18 
6.1 
Study Intervention(s) Administration ............................................................................................... 18 
6.1.1 
Study Intervention Description ..................................................................................... 18 
6.1.2 
Dosing and Administration ............................................................................................ 18 
6.2 
Preparation/Handling/Storage/Accountability ................................................................................ 19 
6.2.1 
Acquisition and accountability ...................................................................................... 19 
6.2.2 
Formulation, Appearance, Packaging, and Labeling ................................................ 19 
6.2.3 
Product Storage and Stability ....................................................................................... 19 
6.2.4 
Preparation ...................................................................................................................... 19 
6.3 
Measures to Minimize Bias: Randomization and Blinding ........................................................... 20 
6.4 
Study Intervention Compliance ........................................................................................................ 20 
6.5 
Concomitant Therapy ........................................................................................................................ 21 
6.5.1 
Rescue Medicine ............................................................................................................ 21 
7 
STUDY INTERVENTION DISCONTINUATION AND PARTICIPANT 
DISCONTINUATION/WITHDRAWAL .................................................................................................................... 21 
7.1 
Discontinuation of Study Intervention ............................................................................................. 21 
7.2 
Participant Discontinuation/Withdrawal from the Study ............................................................... 21 
7.3 
Lost to Follow-Up ............................................................................................................................... 21 
8 
STUDY ASSESSMENTS AND PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 22 
8.1 
Efficacy Assessments ....................................................................................................................... 22 
8.2 
Safety and Other Assessments ....................................................................................................... 22 
8.3 
Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events ............................................................................... 24 


  
8.3.1 
Definition of Adverse Events (AE) ............................................................................... 24 
8.3.2 
Definition of Serious Adverse Events (SAE) .............................................................. 24 
8.3.3 
Classification of an Adverse Event .............................................................................. 24 
8.3.4 
Time Period and Frequency for Event Assessment and Follow-Up ....................... 26 
8.3.5 
Adverse Event Reporting .............................................................................................. 26 
8.3.6 
Serious Adverse Event Reporting ............................................................................... 26 
8.3.7 
Reporting Events to Participants ................................................................................. 28 
8.3.8 
Events of Special Interest ............................................................................................. 28 
8.3.9 
Reporting of Pregnancy ................................................................................................ 28 
8.4 
Unanticipated Problems .................................................................................................................... 28 
8.4.1 
Definition of Unanticipated Problems (UP) ................................................................. 28 
8.4.2 
Unanticipated Problem Reporting ................................................................................ 29 
8.4.3 
Reporting Unanticipated Problems to Participants ................................................... 29 
9 
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................................... 29 
9.1 
Statistical Hypotheses ....................................................................................................................... 29 
9.2 
Sample Size Determination .............................................................................................................. 30 
9.3 
Populations for Analyses .................................................................................................................. 30 
9.4 
Statistical Analyses............................................................................................................................ 31 
9.4.1 
General Approach .......................................................................................................... 31 
9.4.2 
Analysis of the Primary Efficacy Endpoint(s) ............................................................. 31 
9.4.3 
Analysis of the Secondary Endpoint(s) ....................................................................... 31 
9.4.4 
Safety Analyses .............................................................................................................. 31 
9.4.5 
Baseline Descriptive Statistics ..................................................................................... 31 
9.4.6 
Planned Interim Analyses ............................................................................................. 32 
9.4.7 
Sub-Group Analyses ..................................................................................................... 32 
9.4.8 
Tabulation of Individual participant Data .................................................................... 32 
9.4.9 
Exploratory Analyses ..................................................................................................... 32 
10 
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................. 32 
10.1 
Regulatory, Ethical, and Study Oversight Considerations ........................................................... 32 
10.1.1 
Informed Consent Process ........................................................................................... 32 
10.1.2 
Study Discontinuation and Closure ............................................................................. 33 
10.1.3 
Confidentiality and Privacy ........................................................................................... 33 
10.1.4 
Future Use of Stored Specimens and Data ............................................................... 34 
10.1.5 
Key Roles and Study Governance .............................................................................. 34 
10.1.6 
Safety Oversight ............................................................................................................. 35 
10.1.7 
Clinical Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 36 
10.1.8 
Quality Assurance and Quality Control ....................................................................... 37 
10.1.9 
Data Handling and Record Keeping ............................................................................ 38 
10.1.10 
Protocol Deviations ........................................................................................................ 38 
10.1.11 
Publication and Data Sharing Policy ........................................................................... 39 
10.1.12 
Conflict of Interest Policy .............................................................................................. 39 
10.2 
Additional Considerations ................................................................................................................. 39 
10.3 
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 40 
10.4 
Protocol Amendment History ........................................................................................................... 42 
11 
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 43 
 


PAIR Protocol 
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STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE 
 
The trial will be carried out in accordance with International Conference on 
Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) and the following:  
 
• 
United States (US) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) applicable to clinical studies 
(45 CFR Part 46, 21 CFR Part 50, 21 CFR Part 56, 21 CFR Part 312, and/or 21 CFR 
Part 812)  
 
National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded investigators and clinical trial site staff who are 
responsible for the conduct, management, or oversight of NIH-funded clinical trials have 
completed Human Subjects Protection and ICH GCP Training. 
 
The protocol, informed consent form(s), recruitment materials, and all participant 
materials will be submitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for review and 
approval.  Approval of both the protocol and the consent form must be obtained before 
any participant is enrolled.  Any amendment to the protocol will require review and 
approval by the IRB before the changes are implemented to the study.  In addition, all 
changes to the consent form will be IRB-approved; a determination will be made 
regarding whether a new consent needs to be obtained from participants who provided 
consent, using a previously approved consent form.] 
 
1 
 
PROTOCOL SUMMARY 
1.1 
SYNOPSIS  
Title: 
Phase 1/2 Trial of Indomethacin in Chronic Pancreatitis (The PAIR 
Trial) 
Study Description: 
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disabling disease that causes chronic 
pain, diabetes and malnutrition, and for which there is no effective, 
disease-modifying medical therapy. Preliminary studies suggest that 
widely available anti­inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin, 
which decrease prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, could be 
repurposed to lessen the severity of CP. In this prospective, 
randomized, placebo-controlled study, indomethacin or placebo will 
be given to patients with CP, and pancreas juice PGE2 levels will be 
measured, in order to determine whether standard doses of 
indomethacin effectively suppress pancreatic PGE2 production and 
would be suitable for large scale, multicenter trials, with the goal of 
improving pain and quality of life in patients with this chronic illness. 
Objectives: 
 
Primary Objective:  to assess the physiologic effect of orally 
administered indomethacin (IN) on pancreatic juice PGE2 
concentrations in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). 
Secondary Objectives: A) To correlate drug-induced changes in 
pancreatic juice PGE2 levels with changes in salivary and blood 
PGE2 levels, blood IN levels, and changes in patient-reported pain 
outcome (PRO) and quality of life (QOL), and B) to establish a basis 
for subsequent multicenter clinical trials of chronic COX-2 inhibition 
in CP. 


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Specific Aims: 
 
 
 
 
 
Endpoints: 
1. To obtain steady-state pharmacologic data assessing the magnitude 
and variability of change in pancreas juice, blood, and saliva PGE2 
concentrations after administration of oral IN or placebo to CP patients 
for 28 days. 
2. To correlate changes in pancreas juice PGE2 concentrations with 
changes in PRO and QOL after 28 days of study drug administration. 
Primary Endpoint: Decrease in mean pancreatic juice PGE2 
concentration after indomethacin treatment, to no more than 66% of 
baseline, and statistically significant in comparison to placebo. 
Secondary Endpoints: Correlation of pancreatic juice, blood, and 
saliva PGE2 levels; correlation of post-treatment decreases in 
pancreas juice PGE2 concentrations with improvements in patient-
reported outcomes (pain and quality of life). 
Study Population: 
32 persons with chronic pancreatitis of any gender, ≥18 years and 
≤70 years of age, who are receiving care at Mayo Clinic Rochester 
or Ohio State University and are undergoing clinically indicated 
upper GI endoscopy (EGD) or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).  
Phase: 
1/2 
Description of 
Sites/Facilities Enrolling 
Participants: 
 
Mayo Clinic Rochester and Ohio State University.  
Description of Study 
Intervention: 
Indomethacin 50 mg po BID vs placebo po BID for 28 days.  
Study Duration: 
2 years. 
Participant Duration: 
Up to 3 months. 
 
 
 


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1.2 
SCHEMA 
 
 
Prior to  
Enrollment 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Visit 1 
Day -28 to 0 
 
 
Visit 2 
Day 0 
 
 
 
Days 1-28 
 
 
 
Visit 3 
Day 26 - 28 
 
 
 
30 days 
after visit 3 
 
 
32 participants:  Obtain informed consent. Screen potential participants by inclusion and 
exclusion criteria; obtain history, document. 
Complete baseline data forms and questionnaires (BPI, PROMIS-10). 
Obtain biological specimens:  blood and saliva.  
Complete data forms and questionnaires (BPI, PROMIS-10). 
Obtain biological specimens. 
Endoscopy with pancreas juice collection. 
Receive and document unused study medication. 
Subject takes study medication twice daily and completes study diary daily. 
Study coordinator calls subject weekly by telephone, completes data forms. 
Placebo Arm 
N=16 
IN Arm 
N=16 
Endoscopy with pancreas juice collection. 
Dispense study medication. 
Randomize 
Study coordinator calls subject, completes a data form. 


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1.3 
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES (SOA) 
 
Procedures 
Screening 
Day -28 to 0 
Study Visit 1 
Day -28 to 0 
Study Visit 2 
Day 0 
Phone Call A  
Day 7 
Phone Call B 
Day 14 
Phone Call C 
Day 21 
Study Visit 3 
Day 25 - 28 
Phone Call D 
Day  56 - 58 
Review inclusion/exclusion criteria 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical history 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medications (documented) 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
BPI, PROMIS-10 completed 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
List of NSAIDS to avoid given to participant 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vital signs including  height, weight 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physical Exam documented 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Blood collection and processing, including serum 
creatinine if not already checked within 30 days 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Saliva collection and processing 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Pregnancy test a 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
Randomization 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
GI Endoscopy 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
Pancreas juice collection and processing 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
Dispense study medication 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Interim history form (telephone interview) 
 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
Daily medication and pain diary 
 
 
X---------------------------------------------------------------X 
 
Collect unused study medication and document 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Complete Case Report Forms (CRFs) 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
a  Urine pregnancy test within 48 hours prior to GI endoscopy, in women of childbearing potential. 
 
 
2 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
2.1 
STUDY RATIONALE  
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a chronic fibro-inflammatory disease.  There is no medical therapy 
that modifies the disease course of CP. Our long-term goal is to identify effective disease-
modifying therapeutic strategies for CP. Chronic inhibition of pancreatic prostaglandin E2 
(PGE2) production is one such promising strategy. Indomethacin (IN) is an inhibitor of COX-2 and 
suppresses systemic PGE2 production, but the pharmacology of IN in human pancreas is 
unknown. This study will determine whether a standard clinical oral dose of IN, administered for 
4 weeks, decreases PGE2 concentrations in pancreatic juice, setting the stage for a subsequent 
large-scale clinical trial of IN in CP. 


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PGE2 is produced at sites of inflammation by the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (COX-2), which 
is overexpressed in the pancreas of humans with CP. PGE2 is a potent mediator of pancreatic 
chronic inflammation and stellate cell activity. Pancreas juice (PJ) PGE2 concentrations are 
elevated in patients with CP and suspected early or “minimal change” CP (MCCP) compared to 
normal volunteers. PJ can be collected during GI endoscopy and subsequently assayed for 
PGE2, providing a minimally invasive method of assessing pancreatic COX-2 activity. Rectally 
administered IN prevents acute post-ERCP pancreatitis, although the mechanism by which it 
prevents human acute pancreatitis is uninvestigated. 
Chronic inhibition of pancreatic COX-2 is a promising therapeutic strategy for CP, but there 
are no data regarding the drug, dose, and route of administration required for steady-state 
inhibition of human pancreatic COX-2 activity.  
2.2 
BACKGROUND  
Significance 
There is currently no medical therapy that alters the natural history of chronic pancreatitis 
(CP). CP is a chronic disease marked by pancreatic inflammation, fibrosis, and acinar loss, with 
clinical manifestations including chronic pain, bouts of acute pancreatitis, and loss of pancreatic 
function. CP is typically diagnosed on the basis of changes in pancreatic morphology apparent 
on imaging studies, and/or by demonstration of loss of pancreatic exocrine function.3 The 
prevalence of CP is approximately 50 per 100,000 persons, or about 150,000 to 200,000 
Americans, with about 15,000 to 20,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States.4 CP 
often affects young adults in the prime of life, and is associated with profound disability and 
impairment of quality of life due to chronic pain and complications of pancreatic insufficiency.5 
COX-2 inhibition may modify symptoms and retard progression of CP. Induction of the 
cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme leads to production of thromboxanes and prostaglandins, 
including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent mediator of inflammation.  PGE2 is a potent mediator 
of chronic inflammation and stellate cell activity in the pancreas, as shown in Figure 1. COX-2 
activity is increased in human chronic pancreatitis tissue.6, 7 In normal human pancreas COX-2 
expression is limited to islets, but in both early-stage and advanced CP COX-2 is also expressed 
in human acinar and ductal cells.6, 7 In rat models of pancreatitis propagation of pancreatic 
inflammation is COX-2 dependent, 1 and COX-2 inhibition lessens the severity of CCK-
octapeptide-induced acute pancreatitis.8 In WBN/Kob rats who spontaneously develop CP, 
administration of rofecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) resulted in lower tissue PGE2 levels and 
inhibition of pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis,9 however COX-2 knockout mice develop similar 
cerulean-induced chronic pancreatitis as wild-type mice.10 Sulindac attenuates inflammation and 
fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis,11 and a COX-2 inhibitor blocked response of 


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activated pancreatic stellate cells to 
proinflammatory cytokines in an in-vitro 
study.12 The role of  PGE2 in pancreatic 
inflammation and fibrosis may vary both 
with the species and the mechanism of 
pancreatic injury. 
Although current treatment guidelines 
advocate 
short-term 
NSAID 
administration as first-line therapy for 
pancreatic pain,13 the possibility that 
chronic daily NSAID administration 
might alter the course of human CP is 
uninvestigated.  A single 100 mg dose 
of 
rectal 
IN 
prevents 
post-ERCP 
pancreatitis 
in 
humans,14 
and 
prophylactic rectal IN is commonly 
administered for this indication. However 
the pancreatic mechanism of action of 
rectal IN for prevention of post-ERCP 
pancreatitis has not been investigated in 
humans. No pharmacological data are available regarding COX-2 inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) or aspirin (ASA) in human pancreas.  
Although rectal indomethacin decreases the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis,14 oral 
administration may be more appropriate for long-term treatment. For prevention of post-
ERCP pancreatitis, rectal NSAID administration appears to be more effective than oral 
administration,15 however rectal IN administration results in earlier but lower peak plasma 
concentrations with evidence of incomplete absorption when compared to oral administration.15 
Blood IN undergoes biliary recycling, resulting in high portal venous drug levels.15 While the early 
peak plasma concentration may in part account for the superior prophylactic efficacy of single-
dose rectal IN when compared to oral administration, long-term rectal administration is unlikely to 
offer significant pharmacokinetic benefits when compared to oral administration, and compliance 
will likely be better with oral medication. Daily NSAID dosing is required to maintain suppression 
of COX-2, and transient rebound above baseline may occur when treatment is stopped.16 
Pancreatic COX-2 activity can be assessed by measuring PGE2 in pancreas juice collected 
during routine upper endoscopy. Patients with known or suspected CP may undergo an 
endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT).  During ePFT secretin is administered intravenously, 
causing secretion of pancreatic juice (PJ) into the duodenum.  The secreted PJ is suctioned from 
the duodenum via an endoscope and collected in timed aliquots, which are assayed for 
bicarbonate concentration (a measure of pancreatic exocrine function).  PJ aliquots collected 
during ePFT can be assayed for PGE2, providing an assessment of pancreatic COX-2 activity. 
We will also assay saliva and blood PGE2 levels to generate pilot data regarding their correlation 
 
COX-2 in monocytes (A) produces PGE2, which stimulates 
acinar cells (B) to release monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 
(MCP-1), recruiting additional monocytes and macrophages 
into the pancreas and propogating chronic pancreatic 
inflammation.1 In addition, stromal PGE2 stimulates human 
pancreatic stellate cell (C) activation via the EP4 receptor, 
inducing stellate cell COX-2 activity, PGE2 release, and 
stellate cell propogation, activation, collagen production, and 
pancreatic fibrosis.2 
Figure 1: COX-2 and PGE2 in chronic pancreatitis 


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with PJ PGE2 levels; if correlation is high it may be possible to use these non-invasive 
biospecimens as surrogates for pancreatic juice in future studies. 
 
Preliminary 
Data: 
We 
measured 
pancreas juice (PJ) PGE2 levels in 
patients with CP (n=10), minimal change 
CP 
(MCCP) 
(n=25), 
and 
normal 
volunteers 
(n=10).17 
There 
were 
statistically significant elevations of PJ 
PGE2 in both MCCP and CP compared to 
normal volunteers (Figure 2). PJ PGE2 
(at a cutoff of 300 pg/ml) had a diagnostic 
accuracy of 92% for MCCP, compared to 
62% for PJ bicarbonate concentration (at 
a cutoff of 80 mEq/L). These findings 
suggest that PJ PGE2 levels may serve as 
a biomarker for pancreatic inflammation. 
Rationale for study drug dosage:  
There is no published data on the effect 
of IN on human pancreatic COX-2 activity. 
Usual clinical doses of oral indomethacin 
are 25-50 mg BID to TID. This study’s 
dose of oral IN was chosen based on standard clinical dosing, published literature showing that 
similar blood levels are achieved with oral vs rectal administration, and the fact that steady-state 
administration of IN 50 mg BID orally should result in higher blood and tissue drug levels than 100 
mg administered rectally once. Common side effects of IN such as dyspepsia are often dose 
related.  Five doses of drug are required to achieve pharmacological steady state. 
NIH-sponsored CPDPC Consortium: This protocol leverages resources of the NIH-funded, U01 
Chronic Pancreatitis, Diabetes, and Pancreatic Cancer (CPDPC) Consortium. An overriding 
objective of CPDPC is “to encourage translational research focusing upon elucidating the 
pathogenesis that will provide a basis for understanding the natural history and developing means 
of diagnosis, treatment and clinical management of chronic pancreatitis”. Mayo Clinic Rochester 
(Santhi Vege – PI) and Ohio State University (Darwin Conwell – co-PI) are members of the 
CPDPC, which funds principal investigator and study staff time at these institutions, providing a 
unique collaborative infrastructure for the proposed trial. 
Impact of Study Findings: This trial will provide physiologic and pharmacologic rationale, and 
pilot patient-reported outcomes data, key to the design of subsequent studies of longer-term, daily 
IN administration to patients with CP. Such studies cannot be properly designed or funded without 
the data the current protocol will provide.  Identification of a disease-modifying medical treatment 
for CP will be a major clinical advance impacting the health of persons everywhere who suffer 
from this disabling chronic illness. 
 
Figure 2: PJ PGE2 activity in patients and controls 


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2.3 RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT   
 
2.3.1 KNOWN POTENTIAL RISKS  
2.4 POTENTIAL RISKS 
Endoscopy, EUS, and ePFT:  Upper GI endoscopy (EGD) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are 
routine clinical diagnostic procedures that are typically performed under conscious sedation or 
monitored anesthesia care. Diagnostic EGD and EUS have a low (< 1%) risk of risk of 
complications, including reactions to medications given for sedation, bleeding, infection, 
pancreatitis, perforation, or urgent surgery for complications.  All study participants will be 
undergoing a baseline clinically indicated EGD or EUS exam as well as a subsequent research 
EGD exam, with endoscopic pancreatic function tests (ePFTs) during both exams. 
ePFT is performed during EGD and EUS and involves administration of intravenous secretin. 
ePFT lengthens the duration of an endoscopic exam because pancreas juice is collected from 
the duodenum via the endoscope for 45 minutes after secretin administration. There is no 
evidence that performance of ePFT increases the overall risks of EGD or EUS.  
Side effects of intravenous secretin administration occur in < 1% and include diaphoresis, 
hypotension, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, mild pancreatitis, upset stomach, diarrhea, 
flushing, and a warm sensation in the abdomen. Acute pancreatitis was observed after 
intravenous secretin administration during MRI in 2/10,000 patients (0.02%).21 Contraindications 
to secretin administration include known hypersensitivity to secretin. Secretin is commonly 
administered to patients with a history of prior acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis, and there 
is no evidence that risks are increased in these patient populations. The secretin administered in 
this study is a recombinant protein identical to human secretin, thus risks of allergic reactions are 
very low.  
Indomethacin (IN) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and many drugs in this class 
are available over-the-counter. IN was chosen for use in this protocol because rectally 
administered IN is known to have a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in human pancreas for 
prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Like other NSAIDs, IN has a low risk of complications, 
including allergic reactions, gastrointestinal ulceration, GI bleeding, and a small increased risk of 
vascular events such as stroke or myocardial infarction.  Patients with a history of allergy to 
NSAIDS, current or past gastroduodenal ulceration, or past history of stroke, myocardial 
infarction, or coronary artery disease are excluded from participation in this study. 
Alternative approaches and treatments:  The study protocol utilizes the least invasive, least risky 
method of assessing human pancreatic COX-2 activity at baseline and after drug treatment.  
There are no effective medical therapies for CP that alter the natural history of the disease.  Study 
participants will be patients with CP who will be receiving concurrent care for their condition as 
clinically appropriate and as determined by their treating physician.  


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Women who are pregnant or nursing: Risks of endoscopy and sedation may be increased in 
women who are pregnant or nursing, and they are excluded from participation in this study.  
Women of child-bearing potential will undergo a urine pregnancy test within 48 hours of their 
research EGD exam.  In addition, at the time of enrollment (as detailed in the ICF) they must 
agree to one of the following birth control methods: 
 
Hormonal methods, such as birth control pills, patches, injections, vaginal ring, or implants 
 
Barrier methods (such as a condom or diaphragm) used with a spermicide (a foam, cream, 
or gel that kills sperm) 
 
Intrauterine device (IUD) 
 
Abstinence (no sex) 
They must use birth control for the entire study and for at least 5 days after their last dose of study 
drug. 
Psychological, legal and financial risks: Study questionnaires will collect confidential information, 
including medical history, medications used, pain ratings, and quality of life information. Public 
release of this information might have adverse consequences for study participants. All study data 
will therefore be stored in secure paper files or de-identified, password-protected electronic 
databases. 
Protections Against Risk 
Endoscopic procedures will be performed on clinical GI Endoscopy Units at the current standard 
of clinical care at Mayo Clinic Rochester and Ohio State University, including the use of monitored 
anesthesia care (MAC) or general anesthesia (GA) at the discretion of the attending 
gastroenterologist and anesthesiologist.  Participants will receive pre-procedure evaluation, intra-
procedural monitoring, and post-procedural recovery care identical to that provided to patients 
undergoing endoscopy in these units.  Staff nurses, anesthetists, and GI endoscopists will be 
available to assess symptoms and adverse events and provide appropriate treatment during 
endoscopic procedures and their recovery period.  Participants will be discharged from the 
endscopy unit when they meet the unit’s standard discharge criteria.  
Subjects with a history of gastroduodenal ulceration, GI bleeding, stroke, myocardial infarction, 
or currently active acute pancreatitis are excluded from participation.  Subjects found to have 
active gastric or duodenal ulceration at the time of baseline endoscopy are also excluded.  Women 
who are pregnant or nursing and persons older than 70 years of age, who are at higher risk for 
aspirin or NSAID-related adverse events, are also excluded from this study. 
Women of child-bearing potential (i.e., women who are pre-menopausal and have not had a 
hysterectomy) must have a negative urine pregnancy test within 48 hours of initiating study drug 
treatment, and must agree to remain sexually abstinent or use birth control measures (as detailed 
above) for the duration of their study participation and for 5 days afterward.  
Subjects will be contacted weekly by telephone by a study coordinator during their 4 weeks of 
study drug administration. The coordinator will ask about compliance with study medication, 
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health concerns. Subjects will be encouraged to report new symptoms or health problems to 
study staff, which will result in communication between a physician-investigator and the subject. 
Subjects will be able to report symptoms or ask questions at other times by telephone. A study 
physician will be available to respond to subjects by telephone at all times. 
Study enrollment logs containing individually identifiable private information will be stored in 
secure non-public sites at each study site, as detailed above.   
Incidental findings noted during study endoscopy will be described in the clinical endoscopy report 
generated after each endoscopy exam, which is placed in the patient’s medical record.  Subjects 
will be informed of incidental findings and encouraged to follow-up with their clinical care 
professional about any incidental findings.  
 
2.4.1 KNOWN POTENTIAL BENEFITS  
Subjects are unlikely to benefit from participation in this study. If indomethacin suppresses 
pancreatic PGE2 production it may improve symptoms and delay progression of CP, but this 
would probably require long-term administration. On the basis of knowledge gained by this 
study there is substantial potential benefit to future patients with CP.  The risks of study 
participation are low, and the potential benefit to future patients justifies the risks undertaken by 
subjects in this study. 
 
2.4.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS  
 
Potential risks and benefits, and adequacy of protection against risks, are described in the 
proceeding sections.  There are currently no effective medical therapies for CP, and there is 
promising background and preliminary data to suggest that NSAIDs may be such a therapy, 
suggesting that there is significant potential for future benefit of CP patients. The overall risks to 
subjects are low, and are outweighed by the potential benefits.   
 
3 
OBJECTIVES AND ENDPOINTS 
 
OBJECTIVES 
ENDPOINTS 
JUSTIFICATION FOR 
ENDPOINTS 
Primary 
 
 
Primary Objective:  to assess 
the physiologic effect of orally 
administered indomethacin (IN) 
on pancreatic juice PGE2 
concentrations in patients with 
chronic pancreatitis (CP). 
 
Primary Endpoint: Decrease in 
mean pancreatic juice PGE2 
concentration after indomethacin 
treatment, to no more than 66% of 
baseline, and statistically 
significant in comparison to 
placebo. 
 
 
Physiologic endpoint 
that would justify 
future large-scale 
clinical trials of IN in 
CP with primary 
endpoints related to 
patient-reported 
outcomes. 
Secondary/Exploratory 
 
 


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OBJECTIVES 
ENDPOINTS 
JUSTIFICATION FOR 
ENDPOINTS 
Secondary Objectives:  
A) To correlate drug-induced 
changes in pancreatic juice 
PGE2 levels with changes in 
salivary and blood PGE2 levels, 
blood IN levels, and changes in 
patient-reported pain outcome 
(PRO) and quality of life (QOL). 
Secondary Endpoints: Correlation 
of pancreatic juice, blood, and 
saliva PGE2 levels; correlation of 
post-treatment decreases in 
pancreas juice PGE2 
concentrations with improvements 
in patient-reported outcomes (pain 
and quality of life); explore 
changes in cytokine, microbiome 
and pancreas function with IN 
administration 
 
Provide further 
insight into the 
pancreatic effects of 
IN, determine 
whether 
measurement of 
PGE2 in fluids 
collected 
noninvasively 
correlate with 
pancreatic juice 
PGE2 concentrations, 
and provide pilot data 
regarding PRO and 
QOL outcomes 
useful for planning 
subsequent clinical 
trials. 
 
 
4 
STUDY DESIGN  
 
4.1 
OVERALL DESIGN 
 
This is a phase 1 / 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of oral indomethacin 
50 mg po BID vs. placebo po BID in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The study will be conducted 
at Mayo Clinic Rochester and Ohio State University. 
 
The study hypothesis is: 
1) That mean pancreatic juice PGE2 concentration will decrease after indomethacin 
treatment to no more than 66% of baseline, and will be significantly lower than after 
placebo treatment. 
 
Exploratory hypotheses are: 
1) That peak blood IN levels at the conclusion of treatment will correlate with degree of 
change in pancreas juice (PJ) PGE2 concentrations. 
2) That baseline salivary and blood PGE2 concentrations, and changes in these 
concentrations after treatment, will correlate with blood and saliva PJ PGE2 
concentrations. 
3) That improvement in pain and quality of life of study participants will correlate with changes 
in PJ PGE2 concentrations. 
Overview: 32 participants with CP will be randomized to receive 28 days of IN 50 mg po BID or 
placebo (2 study arms). Blood, saliva, and pancreatic juice will be collected from each participant 
prior to study drug administration and again on the 28th day of study drug administration. 
Participants will complete daily pain diaries as well as questionnaires assessing pain and quality 
of life at baseline and day 28. Primary outcome is a comparison of the mean change in PJ PGE2 
concentrations at 28 days in the IN vs. placebo groups. Secondary outcomes include changes in 


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pain and quality of life from baseline to 28 days in the IN vs. placebo groups, and their correlation 
with changes in PJ PGE2 and blood IN concentrations, as well as correlation of PJ, saliva, and 
blood PGE2 concentrations (to determine whether non-invasive measures correlate with PJ 
measures).  
 
Methods: Up to 40 participants will be 
enrolled in order to accrue 32 participants 
who complete the study protocol. As shown 
in Figure 3, all study participants will 
undergo a biospecimen collection at 
baseline and day 28 including blood, saliva, 
and pancreatic juice (PJ). PJ will be 
collected during endoscopic pancreatic 
function tests (ePFT). Up to 4 weeks may 
elapse between the baseline biospecimen 
collection and day 1 of study drug 
administration. 16 participants will receive 
oral indomethacin 50 mg BID, and 16 will 
receive matched placebo BID. Participants 
will complete the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) 
and PROMIS 10 quality of life instrument at 
baseline and day 28, and will also complete daily symptom and medication diaries. 
Definitions: CP will be diagnosed per American Pancreatic Association criteria for definite CP.  
These include a compatible clinical picture with definite findings of CP (Cambridge 3-4 ductal 
changes, and/or calcifications) on cross-sectional imaging studies. 
Study Interventions and Measures: The endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT) will be 
performed at baseline and on day 28.  ePFT is a standardized test used in medical 
pancreatology clinical practice that involves administration of intravenous secretin (0.2 mcg/kg 
slowly over one minute) to stimulate pancreatic juice secretion, followed by aspiration of 
pancreatic juice from the duodenum via an endoscope. Some subjects will undergo a baseline 
ePFT as part of their routine clinical care; other subjects, who are having upper GI endoscopy or 
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) performed as part of their clinical care, will undergo ePFT during 
endoscopy for research purposes. Fluid will be aspirated from the duodenum via an endoscope 
at baseline and from 0-10 and 10-20 minutes following secretin administration, and processed 
per CPDPC pancreas juice/fluid SOP. Participants will be instructed to take their study drug 2 
hours prior to their follow-up research endoscopy with ePFT on day 28. 
PJ bicarbonate and lipase concentrations will be measured on duodenal aspirates from each time 
point using a previously validated method. 18 PGE2 concentrations will be measured in saliva, 
blood, and pancreatic juice from baseline and day 28 using a tandem mass spectroscopy assay 
developed and validated at Mayo Clinic Rochester.  Peak IN drug levels will be measured in blood 
on day 28, providing an assessment of participant compliance with study drug administration. 
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the PROMIS-10 are validated scales that quantify pain and 
quality of life, respectively, and will be completed at baseline and day 28. A medication and pain 
diary will be completed daily by all subjects at baseline and during the 28-day treatment period, 
 
Figure 3: Study Flowchart 


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including all narcotics and over-the-counter medications used. Oral opioid usage will be 
expressed in oral morphine equivalents for purposes of data analysis.  
Randomization, Allocation and Blinding 
Randomization: Subjects will be assigned to receive IN or placebo according to a computer 
generated randomization list composed of randomized blocks of sizes of 2 or 4. Two separate 
sets of blocks will be created, one for subjects with alcoholic CP and the other for those with other 
causes of CP. Within each block, equal number of subjects will be assigned to IN and placebo. 
Separate sets of randomization blocks will be provided for Mayo and Ohio State. The 
randomization lists will be computer generated by the study statistician (Dr Li), and kept in a 
secure computer file and paper study binder in the Mayo and Ohio State Research Pharmacies.  
No investigators or study personnel other than Dr Li will have knowledge of the randomization list.  
Dr Li will not participate in any aspect of subject recruitment, subject allocation, conduct of the 
study, or data ascertainment, but will perform data analysis. 
Subject allocation will be known only to the staff of the Mayo and Ohio State Research 
Pharmacies, who will assign subjects to IN or placebo according to their randomization list 
provided by Dr. Li. Allocation will be performed by matching the subject’s study number with the 
randomization list. Allocation will not be revealed to subjects, investigators, other study 
personnel, or clinicians caring for subjects until all subjects have completed the clinical trial or 
for medical emergency. Because subjects, investigators, and study personnel will be blinded, 
they will not be able to determine subject allocation before or during data ascertainment. 
In case a subject is allocated to receive study medication, but is withdrawn from the study 
before completing the protocol, study medication will be returned to the Research Pharmacy for 
disposal, and the following subject will be assigned the same allocation. All investigators will 
remain blinded to the allocation of the withdrawn subjects and their replacements. 
Blinding: Study medication will be labelled “indomethacin 50 mg or placebo capsule” with the 
subject’s name, hospital or clinic number, study IRB number, and subject number. Placebo and 
IN capsules will be identical in appearance. The investigators, study coordinator, and clinical 
caregivers will remain blinded to subject allocation throughout the data ascertainment and data 
entry phase of the study. 
The success of blinding will be evaluated by asking the investigator, the study coordinator, and 
the subject the following question during their final study visit: “Which treatment group is this 
subject/were you assigned to: placebo, active drug, or unsure?”  
Statistical Analysis and Sample Size  
For Specific Aim 1, the primary analysis will be a linear random intercept model that incorporates 
PJ PGE2 data from both baseline and day 28 from all randomized patients. Transformation will 
be used as appropriate to reduce the skewness of data and satisfy modeling assumption. The 
model includes randomized groups, time, and their interactions as fixed effect covariates, from 
which the mean change in PJ PGE2 will be estimated for each randomized group. Effects of 
additional covariates, such as sex and sites, will be explored. The intra-subject correlation will be 


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estimated from the variances of the random intercepts and residuals. Other outcome variables, 
such as other biomarkers and questionnaire data, can be analyzed in a similar way. The estimates 
about the variability of data and intrasubject correlations will be useful for designing a subsequent 
larger study.  
For Specific Aim 2, we will use multivariate analysis of variance model (MANOVA) with repeated 
measures. The multivariate outcomes include patient-related outcomes (BPI and PROMIS-10 
scores) and PJ PGE2 concentrations at baseline and day 28. Fixed effect covariates include 
randomized groups, time, and their interactions. Additional secondary analyses include 
descriptive analysis and statistical comparison of PJ PGE2 concentrations at baseline and after 
secretin administration between the various study groups, and correlations between baseline PJ 
PGE2 levels, clinical features, and changes in plasma and saliva PGE2 levels. Changes in daily 
pain ratings and narcotic use (in morphine equivalents) will be analyzed in comparison to changes 
in PJ PGE2 concentrations. Any dropout before Day 28 will be documented and descriptively 
summarized. Sensitivity analysis on dropout will be conducted in an exploratory manner according 
to standard missing data analysis procedure for longitudinal data.19  As a pilot study, we will collect 
and descriptively analyze data on feasibility, patient compliance and satisfaction, and attrition, in 
order to inform the possible future study.  
We propose a sample size of 16 patients per treatment arm. Since this is a pilot study, this sample 
size is largely limited by budgetary restraint. However, this sample size is adequate for studying 
the primary hypothesis with a two-sample two-sided t-test on the mean PGE2 level at day 28 
between the randomized groups. We expect to show that the treatment group has significantly 
lower mean PGE2 than the placebo group. In our previous publication on PJ PGE2,20 we reported 
that median PJ PGE2 level in 10 CP patients was 307 pg/ml with IQR of 249-362 pg/ml and 
standard deviation of 84 pg/ml. The boxplot of that data suggests that normality is a reasonable 
distributional assumption for the PGE2 data. That study also found that mean PJ PGE2 in a healthy 
control group was 104 pg/ml, about one third of the mean level of the CP group. If we 
conservatively assume that the control group in the proposed trial has 50% decrease in mean, 
with a Type I error of 0.05, the power of the t-test is 0.998. If we use an even more conservative 
mean for the control group, with 1/3 reduction in mean PGE2, the power is 0.94. If we additionally 
assume that there is some data loss (due to consent withdrawal, dropout, or specimen 
mishandling) so that the sample size per treatment group is 12 instead of 16, the statistical power 
decreases to 0.85, but is still reasonable. Note that the large statistical power in the calculation 
above is a result of the relatively small standard deviation of the PGE2 compared with our working 
assumption on the mean reduction. This assumption is supported by the data in Abu Dayyeh et 
al.20 If this pilot study is successful, demonstrating a statistically significant indomethacin-related 
decrease in PJ PGE2 by at least 1/3, we will conduct a future study that focuses on patient 
centered outcomes; that study is expected to have a larger sample size because those outcomes 
are expected to be less sensitive to the treatment than biomarkers. Only if indomethacin treatment 
achieves this result would longer-term trials of indomethacin at this dose be warranted.  The data 
from this pilot study will provide critical preliminary and feasibility data for the future investigation.  
Timeline and Feasibility: Both Mayo Clinic Rochester (MCR) and Ohio State University (OSU) 
medical centers feature busy medical pancreatology practices.  Average monthly new patient 


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volumes in GI and pancreas clinics at both sites are shown in Table 1. Based on these patient 
volumes we anticipate that 30 study participants will be easily accrued within 18 months (at a rate 
of approximately 1 participant/site/month), providing 6 months in the second year for biospecimen 
assays and data analysis. Both sites have established clinical research infrastructure for 
enrollment of persons with CP into the PROCEED natural history cohort study of the CPDPC 
Consortium; PAIR study participants may be co-enrolled in PROCEED or may enroll in 
PROCEED after completing PAIR. Endoscopic pancreatic function tests (ePFT) are routinely 
performed for clinical indications at both MCR and OSU, and we have previously performed and 
reported results of PJ PGE2 assays.  
 
  
Synergy with CPDPC Consortium: This 
protocol will benefit from synergies due to the presence of PROCEED study infrastructure at Mayo 
Rochester and Ohio State, including established methods of subject enrollment and biospecimen 
handling.   
Potential Biases, Pitfalls, Limitations and Possible Solutions: The small study sample size may 
prevent us from obtaining statistically significant results.  However this is a pilot study designed 
to collect novel pharmacological information for which preliminary data does not exist.  The study 
is designed to collect such data while minimizing the cost, time, and number of research 
interventions required. 
 
Potential confounders that could affect the pancreatic juice PGE2 concentration include 
concomitant use of aspirin or additional NSAIDs during the study.  We have attempted to mitigate 
this possibility by excluding persons who habitually use aspirin or NSAIDs, and we will advise 
study participants to limit their use of these drugs to occasional prn use, when absolutely needed. 
Participants may nevertheless use occasional aspirin or NSAIDs, and this will be captured in the 
study drug diaries.  Participant use of these drugs will be characterized using descriptive statistics, 
and if appropriate included in study analyses.  Other potential confounders include occurrence of 
acute pancreatitis. Participants who are hospitalized with acute pancreatitis between baseline and 
completion of day 28 will be withdrawn from the study, and not considered accrued.  Milder 
fluctuations in underlying pancreatic inflammation may or may not be symptomatic, and we cannot 
directly control this source of variation, but the blinded and randomized allocation of study 
subjects should minimize the impact of this confounder on study results.  We doubt that 
administration of either steroids or oral pancreatic enzyme supplements would decrease PJ PGE2 
levels, but this can also be assessed using study data if sufficient numbers of subjects use these 
medications. 
 
Pharmacologically the study design assesses the effect of steady-state (rather than single-dose) 
IN dosing on PJ PGE2 concentrations. A single-dose study design would permit a pharmacokinetic 
analysis including time to peak physiologic effect after a single dose of study medication, and this 
Table 1: Monthly New Patient Volumes at 
PAIR Study Sites 
 
MCR OSU TOTAL 
CP 
12 
8 
24 


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data might impact decisions regarding drug dosage and frequency of administration. However 
such a study would be difficult to perform, because PJ cannot be repeatedly assayed at various 
time points after single dose drug administration in the same subject, hence requiring construction 
of composite time curves utilizing multiple subjects to assess the single-dose pharmacokinetics 
of each drug and dose assessed.  In addition the results of a single-dose study would be less 
relevant to subsequent therapeutic trials than the steady-state study design proposed here. 
 
Subject accrual may be hindered by the need to return to the study center for a repeat endoscopic 
exam done for research purposes.  However given the size of the clinical pancreatitis practices 
at Mayo Clinic and Ohio State University, complete study accrual within 2 years should be readily 
accomplished. We anticipate that reimbursement of study participants for completion of the study 
protocol will improve compliance with study interventions and accrual of complete study data. 
 
 
4.2 
SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE FOR STUDY DESIGN 
 
The study rationale is presented in the Introduction section of this protocol. A placebo control 
group was chosen to adequately control for changes in PJ PGE2 that might occur over time due 
to other clinical and disease factors.  A physiologic primary endpoint is being studied and the 
study is powered to identify superiority of IN over placebo.   
 
4.3 
JUSTIFICATION FOR DOSE 
There is no published data on the effect of IN on human pancreatic COX-2 activity. Usual clinical 
doses of oral indomethacin are 25-50 mg BID to TID. This study’s dose of oral IN was chosen 
based on standard clinical dosing, published literature showing that similar blood levels are 
achieved with oral vs rectal administration, and the fact that steady-state administration of IN 50 
mg BID orally should result in higher blood and tissue drug levels than 100 mg administered 
rectally once. Common side effects of IN such as dyspepsia are often dose related.  Five doses 
of drug are required to achieve pharmacological steady state. 
4.4 
END OF STUDY DEFINITION 
 
A participant is considered to have completed the study if he or she has completed all phases of 
the study including the last visit or the last scheduled procedure shown in the Schedule of 
Activities (SoA), Section 1.3. 
 
The end of the study is defined as completion of the last visit or procedure shown in the SoA in 
the trial globally. 
 
5 
STUDY POPULATION 
 
5.1 
INCLUSION CRITERIA 
1. Any gender, age ≥ 18 years and ≤ 700 years 


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2. Diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis per American Pancreatic Association guidelines 
(pancreatic calcifications and/or Cambridge 3-4 changes on CT, MRI, and/or ERCP) 
3. Scheduled for an upper GI endoscopic procedure (EGD or EUS) for clinical or research) 
indications (not conflicting with current investigation). 
4. Able to provide written informed consent. 
5. Serum creatinine within normal laboratory range, as measured within 30 days of the 
baseline study endoscopy. 
6. For females of reproductive potential: willing to use highly effective contraception while 
taking study medication and for an additional 5 days after completing study medication. 
 
 
5.2 
EXCLUSION CRITERIA 
 
1. Diagnosed with acute pancreatitis requiring hospitalization within the 6 weeks prior to 
study enrollment. 
2. Habitual use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), defined 
as use more than once per week. 
3. Any use of aspirin or NSAIDs within 1 week of baseline study endoscopy procedure. 
4. Allergy to secretin, indomethacin or NSAIDs. 
5. History of known chronic renal insufficiency or cirrhosis. 
6. History of coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, 
cerebrovascular accident (stroke), or transient ischemic accident (TIA). 
7. History of peptic ulcer or gastrointestinal bleeding. 
8. Incarcerated. 
9. Found to have active GI ulceration at the time of baseline endoscopy. 
10. Hospitalized for acute pancreatitis while participating in this research protocol. 
Participants who are hospitalized for an episode of acute pancreatitis during study 
participation will be withdrawn from the study, and considered non-accrued. 
11. Patients with indwelling pancreatic duct stents. 
12. Patients status post Whipple procedures or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass due to inability to 
collect pancreatic fluid via the natural ampulla, unless having an EDGE procedure for 
clinical reasons.  
 
 
 
5.3 
LIFESTYLE CONSIDERATIONS 
 
During this study, participants are asked to avoid taking aspirin or NSAIDs.  Participants will be 
given a list of NSAID generic and brand names for their reference. 
 
5.4 
SCREEN FAILURES 
 
Screen failures are defined as participants who consent to participate in the clinical trial but from 
whom baseline pancreas juice specimens are not obtained and study drug is never dispensed. 
A minimal set of screen failure information is required to ensure transparent reporting of screen 


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failure participants, to meet the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 
publishing requirements and to respond to queries from regulatory authorities. Minimal 
information includes demography, screen failure details, eligibility criteria, and any serious 
adverse event (SAE). 
 
Individuals who do not meet the criteria for participation in this trial (screen failure) because of a 
modifiable factor may be rescreened. Rescreened participants should be assigned the same 
participant number as for the initial screening. 
 
5.5 
STRATEGIES FOR RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION 
 
Target study sample size is 32 participants who complete all aspects of the study protocol.  Up 
to 300 potential participants may be screened to achieve target enrollment. Participants will be 
recruited from the clinical gastroenterology and endoscopy practices at Mayo Clinic Rochester 
and Ohio State University.  
 
Potential participants may be approached in person or by telephone. Participants will be 
recruited without regard to race, ethnicity or gender.  Vulnerable populations (children, 
incarcerated persons, persons unable to provide informed consent) are excluded from 
participation.  
 
Participants who complete the study protocol, including 28 days of study medication and follow-
up endoscopy with pancreas juice collection, will be paid $250 remuneration, and up to an 
additional $250 reimbursement for travel expenses including mileage, parking, hotel and airfare. 
In order to receive reimbursement, you must provide a copy of the original receipts for those 
expenses.     
  Participants who complete the first pancreatic juice collection but who do not complete the 
entire protocol will receive $50 remuneration and no additional reimbursement. Participants who 
do not complete the first pancreatic juice collection will not receive remuneration or 
reimbursement. 
 
6 
STUDY INTERVENTION 
 
6.1 
STUDY INTERVENTION(S) ADMINISTRATION 
 
6.1.1 STUDY INTERVENTION DESCRIPTION 
 
The study intervention is oral indomethacin or identical placebo. Indomethacin is an FDA 
approved, commonly prescribed NSAID. Commercially available indomethacin will be utilized in 
this study and over-encapsulated to match the placebo capsules.  A package insert for 
indomethacin is attached to this protocol. 
6.1.2 DOSING AND ADMINISTRATION 
 


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Participants in both study arms will receive study medication, one capsule orally BID for 28 
days.  Those in the indomethacin arm will receive indomethacin 50 mg BID, and those in the 
placebo arm will receive placebo capsules BID. 
 
Participants will be advised not to make up missed doses. They will be advised to take a dose of 
study medication on the morning of their follow-up endoscopy, 2 hours prior to their scheduled 
procedure time, with a sip of water.  At the time of follow-up endoscopy they will return any 
unused study medication. 
 
6.2 
PREPARATION/HANDLING/STORAGE/ACCOUNTABILITY 
 
6.2.1 ACQUISITION AND ACCOUNTABILITY 
 
Indomethacin capsules are purchased by Mayo Clinic Research Pharmacy. Mayo Clinic 
Production Lab   overencapsulates indomethacin capsules and creates matching lactose 
placebo capsules in bulk supply. After preparation, blinded medication is returned to Research 
Pharmacy and stored at 20-25C.   
Research Pharmacy utilizes an electronic inventory management system (Vestigo) to maintain 
investigational drug inventory and prescription dispensing records. 
 
Investigator issues an electronic prescription for study medication and sends to Research 
Pharmacy. The prescription is processed, patient is randomized by pharmacy staff, and a 
blinded pharmacy label is generated and attached to the study medication bottle. Study 
medication prescriptions are picked up by study team at Research Pharmacy, or mailed to 
patient’s home address upon request.     
Unused study medication is returned to Research Pharmacy where capsules are counted, 
return count is recorded in Vestigo, and capsules are destroyed per policy. Expired medications 
are removed from inventory and destroyed per policy.  
 
Investigator may prescribe up to 31 days of study medication, so that in case of rescheduling of 
the Day 28 endoscopy the subject may continue to take study medication for up to an additional 
3 days.  
 
6.2.2 FORMULATION, APPEARANCE, PACKAGING, AND LABELING 
 
Generic indomethacin 50 mg capsules are obtained from Cardinal Health by Research Pharmacy. 
Research pharmacy sends indomethacin bottles to Production Lab where they are encapsulated and 
matching placebo capsules are created. Blinded batches are labeled and returned to Research Pharmacy 
for storage until dispensation.  When a prescription is received, pharmacy staff randomizes patient and 
places ordered quantity of study medication into a prescription bottle. Bottle is labeled in a blinded 
fashion, and dispensed to study team for dispersal to patient.  
 
6.2.3 PRODUCT STORAGE AND STABILITY 
 
Indomethacin and placebo capsules are stored in Research Pharmacy at room temperature (20-25C). 
Daily min/max temperatures are recorded manually every business day, and electronic temperature 
data is captured continuously via TempTrak.  Temperature data is available for viewing upon request. 
 
6.2.4 PREPARATION 


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Described above. 
 
6.3 
MEASURES TO MINIMIZE BIAS: RANDOMIZATION AND BLINDING 
 
Randomization: Subjects will be assigned to receive IN or placebo according to a computer 
generated randomization list composed of randomized blocks of sizes of 2 or 4. Two separate 
sets of blocks will be created, one for subjects with alcoholic CP and the other for those with 
other causes of CP. Within each block, equal number of subjects will be assigned to IN and 
placebo. Separate sets of blocks will be provided for Mayo and Ohio State. The randomization 
lists will be computer generated by the study statistician (Dr Li), and kept in a secure computer 
file and paper study binder in the Mayo and Ohio State Research Pharmacies.  No investigators 
or study personnel other than Dr Li and staff at Mayo/OSU research pharmacies will have 
knowledge of the randomization list.  Dr Li will not participate in any aspect of subject 
recruitment, subject allocation, conduct of the study, or data ascertainment, but will perform data 
analysis with de-identified data. 
 
Subject allocation will be known only to the staff of the Mayo and Ohio State Research 
Pharmacies, who will assign subjects to IN or placebo according to their randomization list 
provided by Dr. Li. Allocation will be performed by matching the subject’s study number with the 
randomization list. Allocation will not be revealed to subjects, investigators, other study 
personnel, or clinicians caring for subjects until all subjects have completed the clinical trial or 
for medical emergency. Because subjects, investigators, and study personnel will be blinded, 
they will not be able to determine subject allocation before or during data ascertainment. 
 
Allocation will be performed on the day of the participant’s baseline endoscopy with pancreas 
juice collection.  One container of study medication containing 28 days of medication (56 
capsules) will be dispensed to the participant that day. 
 
In case a subject is allocated to receive study medication, but is withdrawn from the study 
before completing the protocol, study medication will be returned to the Research Pharmacy for 
disposal.  
 
Blinding: Study medication will be labelled “indomethacin 50 mg or placebo capsule” with the 
subject’s name, hospital or clinic number, study IRB number, and subject number. Placebo and 
IN capsules will be identical in appearance. The investigators, study coordinator, and clinical 
caregivers will remain blinded to subject allocation throughout the data ascertainment and data 
entry phase of the study. 
 
The success of blinding will be evaluated by asking the investigator, the study coordinator, and 
the subject the following question during each telephone follow-up visit: “Which treatment group 
is this subject/were you assigned to: placebo, active drug, or unsure?”  
 
 
6.4 
STUDY INTERVENTION COMPLIANCE 
 
Participants will complete a daily symptom and medication diary. Unused study drug will be 
returned by the participant on the day of their follow-up endoscopy procedure. Unused capsules 
will be counted, documented and returned to the research pharmacy for disposal.  Indomethacin 
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6.5 
CONCOMITANT THERAPY 
 
Participants who have taken aspirin or NSAIDs at any time during the 7 days prior to their 
baseline endoscopy procedure are excluded from participation.  Participants will be asked to 
refrain from taking aspirin or NSAIDs throughout the 28 days of study drug administration. 
 
6.5.1 RESCUE MEDICINE 
 
Not applicable. 
 
7 
STUDY INTERVENTION DISCONTINUATION AND PARTICIPANT 
DISCONTINUATION/WITHDRAWAL 
 
7.1 
DISCONTINUATION OF STUDY INTERVENTION 
 
Study interventions (endoscopy, pancreas juice collection, dispensing of study medication) will 
be halted if there are 2 or more SAEs attributable to study interventions, pending IRB review. If 
study interventions are halted, participants who are actively taking study medication may 
continue to take study medication and complete the study protocol, but no new study medication 
will be dispensed. 
 
7.2 
PARTICIPANT DISCONTINUATION/WITHDRAWAL FROM THE STUDY 
 
Participants are free to withdraw from participation at any time upon request. An investigator 
may withdraw a participant from the study for the following reasons: 
1. Found to have active gastrointestinal ulceration at the time of their baseline, clinically 
indicated GI endoscopy procedure. 
2. Positive pregnancy test in a woman of child bearing potential. 
3. Significant study medication non-compliance (defined as failure to take at least 66% of 
study medication doses, as determined during telephone follow-up calls). 
4. Hospitalized for acute pancreatitis during study participation. 
5. Other acute illness that requires breaking study blinding and discontinuing study 
medication for clinical reasons. 
 
7.3 
LOST TO FOLLOW-UP 
 
A participant will be considered lost to follow-up if he or she fails to complete more than one telephone 
follow-up visit within 48 hours of its scheduled time, or fails to return or reschedule study visit 3.  
 
The following actions must be taken if a participant fails to return to the clinic or is not available by 
telephone for a required study visit: 
• 
The site will attempt to contact the participant and reschedule the missed visit within 24 hours, 
and counsel the participant on the importance of maintaining the assigned visit schedule and 
ascertain if the participant wishes to and/or should continue in the study. 
• 
Before a participant is deemed lost to follow-up, the investigator or designee will make every 
effort to regain contact with the participant (where possible, 3 telephone calls and, if necessary, 


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a certified letter to the participant’s last known mailing address or local equivalent methods). 
These contact attempts will be documented in the participant’s medical record or study file.  
• 
Should the participant continue to be unreachable, he or she will be considered to have 
withdrawn from the study with a primary reason of lost to follow-up. 
 
8 
STUDY ASSESSMENTS AND PROCEDURES 
 
8.1 
EFFICACY ASSESSMENTS  
The endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT) will be performed at baseline and on day 28.  ePFT is a 
standardized test used in medical pancreatology clinical practice that involves administration of 
intravenous secretin (0.2 mcg/kg slowly over one minute) to stimulate pancreatic juice secretion, followed 
by aspiration of pancreatic juice from the duodenum via an endoscope. Some subjects will undergo a 
baseline ePFT as part of their routine clinical care; other subjects, who are having upper GI endoscopy or 
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) performed as part of their clinical care, will undergo ePFT for research 
purposes during their baseline, clinically indicated endoscopy. Fluid will be aspirated from the duodenum 
via an endoscope at baseline and from 0-10 and 10-20 minutes following secretin administration, and 
processed per CPDPC pancreas juice/fluid SOP. Participants will be instructed take their study drug with 
a sip of water 2 hours prior to their follow-up research endoscopy with ePFT on day 28. 
PJ bicarbonate and lipase concentrations will be measured on duodenal aspirates from each time point 
using a previously validated method.18 PGE2 concentrations will be measured in saliva, blood, and 
pancreatic juice from baseline and day 28 using a tandem mass spectroscopy assay developed and 
validated at Mayo Clinic Rochester.  Peak IN drug levels will be measured in blood on day 28, providing an 
assessment of participant compliance with study drug administration. Exploratory analysis of molecular 
analytes (cytokine and microbiome) in blood and saliva will be done to measure effect of IN administration. 
The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the PROMIS-10 are validated scales that quantify pain and quality of 
life, respectively, and will be completed at baseline and day 28.  
A medication and pain diary will be completed daily by all subjects at baseline and during the 28-day 
treatment period, including all narcotics and over-the-counter medications used. Oral opioid usage will be 
expressed in oral morphine equivalents for purposes of data analysis.  
 
8.2 
SAFETY AND OTHER ASSESSMENTS 
 
 
Screening of potential participants for eligibility will be done during the screening visit. Additional 
elements (serum creatinine result, presence of active GI ulceration) will be determined subsequent to 
the screening visit when laboratory results are available, and during the baseline endoscopy. 
 
Physical Examination, including chest, cardiac, and abdominal exams, will be documented in the 
patient’s medical record within 30 days of their baseline endoscopy procedure. 
 
Height and weight will be measured within 30 days of the participant’s baseline endoscopy procedure. 
 


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Serum creatinine will be measured within 30 days of the participant’s baseline endoscopy procedure. 
This test will be performed for research purposes, and the result placed in the patient’s medical record, 
if it is not being performed clinically.  Participants with serum creatinine outside of the laboratory 
normal range will be withdrawn from the study and considered non-accrued. 
 
Blood draw will be up to 30 cc at study visit 1 (baseline) and up to 20 cc at study visit 3 (day 28). This 
includes up to 10 cc for measurement of serum PGE2 at both time points.  Baseline blood draw also 
includes up to 10 cc for measurement of serum creatinine if not already measured for clinical purposes, 
and up to 10 cc for aspirin and NSAID screens.  Day 28 blood draw also includes up to 10 cc for 
indomethacin level.  Details of biospecimen handling are documented in the study biospecimen SOP. 
Endoscopic procedures will be performed on clinical GI Endoscopy Units at the current standard of clinical care at 
Mayo Clinic Rochester and Ohio State University, including the use of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) or general 
anesthesia (GA) at the discretion of the attending gastroenterologist and anesthesiologist.  Participants will receive 
pre-procedure evaluation, intra-procedural monitoring, and post-procedural recovery care identical to that provided 
to patients undergoing endoscopy in these units.  Staff nurses, anesthetists, and GI endoscopists will be available to 
assess symptoms and adverse events and provide appropriate treatment during endoscopic procedures and their 
recovery period.  Participants will be discharged from the endoscopy unit when they meet the unit’s standard 
discharge criteria.  
Secretin Administration: Secretin will be administered intravenously during GI endoscopy procedures at baseline 
and day 28 at a weight-based dose of 0.2 mcg/kg administered slowly over one minute. Fluid will 
be aspirated from the duodenum via an endoscope at baseline and from 0-10 and 10-20 
minutes following secretin administration, and processed per CPDPC pancreas juice/fluid SOP. 
Participants will be instructed take their study drug 2 hours prior to their follow-up research 
endoscopy with ePFT on day 28. Details of biospecimen handling are documented in the study 
biospecimen SOP. 
Medical History and Endoscopic Findings: Subjects with a history of cirrhosis, chronic renal insufficiency, 
gastroduodenal ulceration, GI bleeding, stroke, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for acute pancreatitis within 
6 weeks of enrollment are excluded from participation.  Subjects found to have active gastric or duodenal ulceration 
at the time of baseline endoscopy are also excluded.  Women who are pregnant or nursing and persons older than 
70 years of age, who are at higher risk for aspirin or NSAID-related adverse events, are also excluded from this study. 
Women of child bearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 48 hours of initiating 
study drug treatment, and must agree to remain sexually abstinent or use birth control measures for the duration 
of their study participation and for 5 days afterward.  
A woman is NOT considered to be of “child-bearing potential” if their menses ceased within the past 2 years or if 
they have undergone hysterectomy. 
The following birth control methods are acceptable for study purposes: 
 
Hormonal methods, such as birth control pills, patches, injections, vaginal ring, or implants 
 
Barrier methods (such as a condom or diaphragm) used with a spermicide (a foam, cream, or gel that kills 
sperm) 
 
Intrauterine device (IUD) 
 
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Weekly Follow-up: Subjects will be contacted weekly by telephone by a study coordinator weekly during study 
drug administration, as well as several days following completion of study drug administration. The coordinator 
will ask about compliance with study medication, completion of the daily symptom and medication diary, and new 
or worsening symptoms or health concerns. Subjects will be encouraged to report new symptoms or health 
problems to study staff, which will result in communication between a physician-investigator and the subject. 
Subjects will be able to report symptoms or ask questions at other times by telephone. A study physician will be 
available to respond to subjects by telephone at all times. 
Study enrollment logs containing individually identifiable private information will be stored in secure non-public 
sites at each study site, as detailed above.   
Incidental findings noted during study endoscopy will be described in the clinical endoscopy report generated after 
each endoscopy exam, which is placed in the patient’s medical record.  Subjects will be informed of incidental 
findings and encouraged to follow-up with their clinical care professional about any incidental findings. 
   
8.3 
ADVERSE EVENTS AND SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS 
 
8.3.1 DEFINITION OF ADVERSE EVENTS (AE) 
 
“Adverse event” means any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of an intervention in 
humans, whether or not considered intervention-related (21 CFR 312.32 (a)). 
 
 
8.3.2 DEFINITION OF SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS (SAE)  
 
An adverse event (AE) or suspected adverse reaction is considered "serious" if, in the view of either the 
investigator or sponsor, it results in any of the following outcomes: death, a life-threatening adverse 
event, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or significant 
incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, or a congenital 
anomaly/birth defect. Important medical events that may not result in death, be life-threatening, or 
require hospitalization may be considered serious when, based upon appropriate medical judgment, 
they may jeopardize the participant and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of 
the outcomes listed in this definition. Examples of such medical events include allergic bronchospasm 
requiring intensive treatment in an emergency room or at home, blood dyscrasias or convulsions that do 
not result in inpatient hospitalization, or the development of drug dependency or drug abuse. Examples 
relevant to this trial include adverse effects of GI endoscopy and its associated sedation that result in 
hospitalization, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage or vascular events in subjects receiving indomethacin. 
 
 
8.3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF AN ADVERSE EVENT 
 
8.3.3.1 SEVERITY OF EVENT 
 
For adverse events (AEs) the following guidelines will be used to describe severity.  
 


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• 
Mild – Events require minimal or no treatment and do not interfere with the participant’s daily 
activities.  
• 
Moderate – Events result in a low level of inconvenience or concern with the therapeutic 
measures. Moderate events may cause some interference with functioning. 
• 
Severe – Events interrupt a participant’s usual daily activity and may require systemic drug 
therapy or other treatment. Severe events are usually potentially life-threatening or 
incapacitating.  Of note, the term “severe” does not necessarily equate to “serious”. 
 
 
8.3.3.2 RELATIONSHIP TO STUDY INTERVENTION 
 
All adverse events (AEs) must have their relationship to study intervention assessed by the clinician who 
examines and evaluates the participant based on temporal relationship and his/her clinical judgment. 
The degree of certainty about causality will be graded using the categories below. In a clinical trial, the 
study product must always be suspect.  
 
• 
Definitely Related – There is clear evidence to suggest a causal relationship, and other possible 
contributing factors can be ruled out. The clinical event, including an abnormal laboratory test 
result, occurs in a plausible time relationship to study intervention administration and cannot be 
explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals. The response to withdrawal of the 
study intervention (dechallenge) should be clinically plausible. The event must be 
pharmacologically or phenomenologically definitive, with use of a satisfactory rechallenge 
procedure if necessary. 
• 
Probably Related – There is evidence to suggest a causal relationship, and the influence of other 
factors is unlikely. The clinical event, including an abnormal laboratory test result, occurs within 
a reasonable time after administration of the study intervention, is unlikely to be attributed to 
concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals, and follows a clinically reasonable response on 
withdrawal (dechallenge). Rechallenge information is not required to fulfill this definition. 
• 
Potentially Related – There is some evidence to suggest a causal relationship (e.g., the event 
occurred within a reasonable time after administration of the trial medication). However, other 
factors may have contributed to the event (e.g., the participant’s clinical condition, other 
concomitant events). Although an AE may rate only as “possibly related” soon after discovery, it 
can be flagged as requiring more information and later be upgraded to “probably related” or 
“definitely related”, as appropriate. 
• 
Unlikely to be related – A clinical event, including an abnormal laboratory test result, whose 
temporal relationship to study intervention administration makes a causal relationship 
improbable (e.g., the event did not occur within a reasonable time after administration of the 
study intervention) and in which other drugs or chemicals or underlying disease provides 
plausible explanations (e.g., the participant’s clinical condition, other concomitant treatments). 
• 
Not Related – The AE is completely independent of study intervention administration, and/or 
evidence exists that the event is definitely related to another etiology. There must be an 
alternative, definitive etiology documented by the clinician. 
 
 
8.3.3.3 EXPECTEDNESS  
 


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Drs. Vege and Han, the study co-PIs, will be responsible for determining whether an adverse event (AE) 
is expected or unexpected.  An AE will be considered unexpected if the nature, severity, or frequency of 
the event is not consistent with the risk information previously described for the study intervention. 
 
Expected adverse events include (but are not limited to) allergic reactions to study medication, adverse 
effects of indomethacin such as upset stomach, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, 
flatus, rash, itching, tinnitus, lightheadedness. Serious adverse events may include gastrointestinal 
ulceration, bleeding, perforation or obstruction as well as renal insufficiency or known complications of 
GI endoscopy.  However the protocol has been designed to minimize the risk of these SAEs by excluding 
persons with risk factors for endoscopic adverse events, NSAID-induced gastrointestinal ulceration or 
renal insufficiency. 
8.3.4 TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY FOR EVENT ASSESSMENT AND FOLLOW-UP 
 
The occurrence of an adverse event (AE) or serious adverse event (SAE) may come to the attention of 
study personnel during study visits or weekly scheduled telephone interviews of a study participant, by 
communication to study staff initiated by the study participant, or when a participant presents for 
medical care. 
 
All AEs including local and systemic reactions not meeting the criteria for SAEs will be captured on the 
appropriate case report form (CRF). Information to be collected includes event description, time of 
onset, clinician’s assessment of severity, relationship to study product (assessed only by those with the 
training and authority to make a diagnosis), and time of resolution/stabilization of the event. All AEs 
occurring while on study must be documented appropriately regardless of relationship. All AEs will be 
followed to adequate resolution. 
 
Any medical condition that is present at the time that the participant is screened will be considered as 
baseline and not reported as an AE. However, if the study participant’s condition deteriorates at any 
time during the study, it will be recorded as an AE.  
 
Changes in the severity of an AE will be documented to allow an assessment of the duration of the event 
at each level of severity to be performed. AEs characterized as intermittent require documentation of 
onset and duration of each episode. 
 
The study coordinators will record all reportable events with start dates occurring any time after 
informed consent is obtained until 7 (for non-serious AEs) or 30 days (for SAEs) after the last day of 
study participation.  At each study visit, the investigator will inquire about the occurrence of AE/SAEs 
since the last visit.  Events will be followed for outcome information until resolution or stabilization. 
 
 
8.3.5 ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING  
 
AEs will be reported to the study PIs within 24 hours, and summarized in quarterly reports to the study 
DSMB as well as annual reports to the IRB, FDA and NIH.  Furthermore, AEs will be reported to 
additional regulatory agencies (such as the FDA) if and as required. 
 
8.3.6 SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING  


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According to 21 CFR 312.64(b), “An investigator must immediately report to the sponsor any serious 
adverse event, whether or not considered drug related, including those listed in the protocol or 
investigator brochure and must include an assessment of whether there is a reasonable possibility that 
the drug caused the event. Study endpoints that are serious adverse events (e.g., all-cause mortality) 
must be reported in accordance with the protocol unless there is evidence suggesting a causal 
relationship between the drug and the event (e.g., death from anaphylaxis). In that case, the investigator 
must immediately report the event to the sponsor…” 
 
According to 21 CFR 312.32(c)(1), “the sponsor must notify FDA and all participating investigators…in an 
IND safety report of potential serious risks, from clinical trials or any other source, as soon as possible, 
but in no case later than 15 calendar days after the sponsor determines that the information qualifies for 
reporting… In each IND safety report, the sponsor must identify all IND safety reports previously 
submitted to FDA concerning a similar suspected adverse reaction, and must analyze the significance of 
the suspected adverse reaction in light of previous, similar reports or any other relevant information. The 
sponsor must report any suspected adverse reaction that is both serious and unexpected. The sponsor 
must report an adverse event as a suspected adverse reaction only if there is evidence to suggest a 
causal relationship between the drug and the adverse event, such as: 
 
(A) A single occurrence of an event that is uncommon and known to be strongly associated with 
drug exposure (e.g., angioedema, hepatic injury, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome); 
(B) One or more occurrences of an event that is not commonly associated with drug exposure, 
but is otherwise uncommon in the population exposed to the drug (e.g., tendon rupture); 
(C) An aggregate analysis of specific events observed in a clinical trial (such as known 
consequences of the underlying disease or condition under investigation or other events that 
commonly occur in the study population independent of drug therapy) that indicates those 
events occur more frequently in the drug treatment group than in a concurrent or historical 
control group.” 
 
Furthermore, according to 21 CFR 312.32(c)(2), “the sponsor must also notify FDA of any unexpected 
fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction as soon as possible but in no case later than 7 
calendar days after the sponsor's initial receipt of the information.” 
 
The study clinicians will immediately report to the DSMB any serious adverse event, whether or not 
considered study intervention related, including those listed in the protocol or ICF, and must include an 
assessment of whether there is a reasonable possibility that the study intervention caused the event. 
Study endpoints that are serious adverse events (e.g., all-cause mortality) must be reported in 
accordance with the protocol unless there is evidence suggesting a causal relationship between the 
study intervention and the event (e.g., death from anaphylaxis). In that case, the investigator must 
immediately report the event to the sponsor. 
 
All serious adverse events (SAEs) will be followed until satisfactory resolution or until the site 
investigator deems the event to be chronic or the participant is stable. Other supporting documentation 
of the event may be requested by the DSMB, IRB, FDA, or NIH and should be provided as soon as 
possible. 
 
The study PI is responsible for notifying the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of any unexpected fatal 
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days after the sponsor's initial receipt of the information.  In addition, the sponsor must notify FDA and 
all participating investigators in an Investigational New Drug (IND) safety report of potential serious 
risks, from clinical trials or any other source, as soon as possible, but in no case later than 15 calendar 
days after the PI determines that the information qualifies for reporting. 
 
SAEs will be summarized in quarterly reports to the DSMB and in annual reports to the IRB, NIH and 
FDA. 
 
 
8.3.7 REPORTING EVENTS TO PARTICIPANTS  
 
A de-identified summary of AEs and SAEs will be included in published results of this trial, and this 
information will be made available to study subjects.  
 
8.3.8 EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST  
 
Not applicable. 
 
8.3.9 REPORTING OF PREGNANCY  
 
If a study participant reports that they are pregnant they will be advised to immediately discontinue 
study drug use.  Study endoscopic procedures will not be performed on pregnant participants.  Pregnant 
participants will be withdrawn from the study. 
 
 
8.4 
UNANTICIPATED PROBLEMS 
 
8.4.1 DEFINITION OF UNANTICIPATED PROBLEMS (UP) 
 
The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) considers unanticipated problems involving risks to 
participants or others to include, in general, any incident, experience, or outcome that meets all of the 
following criteria: 
 
• 
Unexpected in terms of nature, severity, or frequency given (a) the research procedures that are 
described in the protocol-related documents, such as the Institutional Review Board (IRB)-
approved research protocol and informed consent document; and (b) the characteristics of the 
participant population being studied; 
• 
Related or possibly related to participation in the research (“possibly related” means there is a 
reasonable possibility that the incident, experience, or outcome may have been caused by the 
procedures involved in the research); and 
• 
Suggests that the research places participants or others at a greater risk of harm (including 
physical, psychological, economic, or social harm) than was previously known or recognized. 
 
 
An incident, experience, or outcome that meets the definition of an UP may warrant consideration of 
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others. Other UPs may warrant corrective actions at a specific study site. Examples of corrective actions 
or changes that might need to be considered in response to an UP include: 
 
• 
Modification of inclusion or exclusion criteria to mitigate the newly identified risks 
• 
Implementation of additional safety monitoring procedures 
• 
Suspension of enrollment of new participants or halting of study procedures for enrolled 
participants  
• 
Modification of informed consent documents to include a description of newly recognized risks 
• 
Provision of additional information about newly recognized risks to previously enrolled 
participants. 
 
8.4.2  UNANTICIPATED PROBLEM REPORTING  
 
The investigator will report unanticipated problems (UPs) to the reviewing Institutional Review Board 
(IRB) and to the DSMB. The UP report will include the following information: 
 
• 
Protocol identifying information: protocol title and number, PI’s name, and the IRB project 
number; 
• 
A detailed description of the event, incident, experience, or outcome;  
• 
An explanation of the basis for determining that the event, incident, experience, or outcome 
represents an UP;  
• 
A description of any changes to the protocol or ICF, or other corrective actions that have been 
taken or are proposed in response to the UP. 
 
To satisfy the requirement for prompt reporting, UPs will be reported using the following timeline:   
 
• 
UPs that are serious adverse events (SAEs) will be reported to the DSMB immediately, and to 
the IRB within 7 days of the investigator becoming aware of the event.  
• 
Any other UP will be reported to the DSMB within 30 days of the investigator becoming aware 
of the problem, and summarized in quarterly reports to DSMB and annual reports to the IRB, 
FDA and NIH.  
• 
All UPs should be reported to appropriate institutional officials (as required by an institution’s 
written reporting procedures), the supporting agency head (or designee), and the Office for 
Human Research Protections (OHRP) within 3 months of the IRB’s receipt of the report of the 
problem from the investigator. 
 
 
8.4.3 REPORTING UNANTICIPATED PROBLEMS TO PARTICIPANTS  
 
UPs that are SAEs may require revision of the study informed consent form (ICF).  In that case, study 
participants who are active participants (taking study drug or scheduled for study endoscopy) will be 
informed of the revisions to the ICF and re-consented. 
 
9 
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS  
 
9.1 
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES 
 


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Primary Endpoint:  
• 
Decrease in mean pancreatic juice PGE2 concentration after indomethacin treatment, to 
no more than 66% of baseline, and statistically significant in comparison to placebo. 
 
Secondary Efficacy Endpoints:  
• 
Changes in salivary and blood PGE2 concentrations after study drug administration will have 
statistically significant correlation with changes in PJ PGE2 concentrations and blood IN levels. 
• 
Salivary and blood PGE2 concentrations will have statistically significant correlation with PJ PGE2 
concentrations. 
• 
Improvement in pain and quality of life of study participants will have statistically significant 
correlation with post-treatment changes in PJ PGE2 concentrations. 
• 
Exploratory analysis of molecular analytes (cytokine and microbiome) in blood and saliva will be 
done to measure effect of IN administration. 
 
 
 
9.2 
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION 
 
We plan a sample size of 16 patients per treatment arm. Since this is a pilot study, this sample size is 
largely limited by budgetary restraint and is too small for a sequential study design. However, this sample 
size is adequate for studying the primary hypothesis with a two-sample two-sided t-test on the mean PGE2 
level at day 28 between the randomized groups. We expect to show that the treatment group has 
significantly lower mean PGE2 than the placebo group. In our previous publication on PJ PGE2,20 we 
reported that median PJ PGE2 level in 10 CP patients was 307 pg/ml with IQR of 249-362 pg/ml and 
standard deviation of 84 pg/ml. The boxplot of that data suggests that normality is a reasonable 
distributional assumption for the PGE2 data. That study also found that mean PJ PGE2 in a healthy control 
group was 104 pg/ml, about one third of the mean level of the CP group. If we conservatively assume that 
the control group in the proposed trial has 50% decrease in mean, with a Type I error of 0.05, the power of 
the t-test is 0.998. If we use an even more conservative mean for the control group, with 1/3 reduction in 
mean PGE2, the power is 0.94. If we additionally assume that there is some data loss (due to consent 
withdrawal, dropout, or specimen mishandling) so that the sample size per treatment group is 12 instead 
of 16, the statistical power decreases to 0.85, but is still reasonable. Note that the large statistical power in 
the calculation above is a result of the relatively small standard deviation of the PGE2 compared with our 
working assumption on the mean reduction. This assumption is supported by the data in Abu Dayyeh et 
al.20 If this pilot study is successful, we will conduct a future study that focuses on patient centered 
outcomes; that study is expected to have a larger sample size because those outcomes are expected to 
be less sensitive to the treatment than biomarkers. The data from this pilot study will provide critical 
preliminary and feasibility data for the future investigation.  
 
 
9.3 
POPULATIONS FOR ANALYSES 
 
Given the small sample size of this pilot study, the entire study population completing the study 
protocol will be utilized for most analyses.  Per-Protocol analysis will be used primarily (e.g., participants 
who took at least 80% of study intervention for 80% of the days within the treatment period). 
 


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9.4 
STATISTICAL ANALYSES 
 
9.4.1 GENERAL APPROACH 
 
For descriptive statistics, categorical and continuous data will be presented as percentages or medians 
with ranges as appropriate.  P-values < 0.5 will be considered statistically significant.  
 
9.4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY EFFICACY ENDPOINT(S) 
For the Primary Endpoint/Specific Aim 1, the primary analysis will be a linear random intercept model that 
incorporates PJ PGE2 data from both baseline and day 28 from all randomized patients. Transformation 
will be used as appropriate to reduce the skewness of data and satisfy modeling assumption. The model 
includes randomized groups, time, and their interactions as fixed effect covariates, from which the mean 
change in PJ PGE2 will be estimated for each randomized group. Effects of additional covariates, such as 
sex and sites, will be explored. The intra-subject correlation will be estimated from the variances of the 
random intercepts and residuals. Other outcome variables, such as other biomarkers and questionnaire 
data, can be analyzed in a similar way. The estimates about the variability of data and intrasubject 
correlations will be useful for designing a subsequent larger study.  
 
9.4.3 ANALYSIS OF THE SECONDARY ENDPOINT(S) 
For Secondary Endpoints/Specific Aim 2, we will use multivariate analysis of variance model (MANOVA) 
with repeated measures. The multivariate outcomes include patient-related outcomes (BPI and PROMIS-
10 scores) and PJ PGE2 concentrations at baseline and day 28. Fixed effect covariates include randomized 
groups, time, and their interactions. Additional secondary analyses include descriptive analysis and 
statistical comparison of PJ PGE2 concentrations at baseline and after secretin administration between the 
various study groups, and correlations between baseline PJ PGE2 levels, clinical features, and changes in 
plasma and saliva PGE2 levels. Changes in daily pain ratings and narcotic use (in morphine equivalents) 
will be analyzed in comparison to changes in PJ PGE2 concentrations. Any dropout before Day 28 will be 
documented and descriptively summarized. Sensitivity analysis on dropout will be conducted in an 
exploratory manner according to standard missing data analysis procedure for longitudinal data.19  As a 
pilot study, we will collect and descriptively analyze data on feasibility, patient compliance and satisfaction, 
and attrition, in order to inform the possible future study.  
 
9.4.4 SAFETY ANALYSES 
 
The frequency and severity of AEs in the placebo and IN groups will be calculated and compared 
statistically.   Because IN is a common medication that has been in use for many decades its adverse 
effect profile is already well known, and we do not expect data from this pilot study to materially change 
our understanding of its adverse effects. 
 
9.4.5 BASELINE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 
 
Baseline descriptive statistics will compare the IN and placebo groups on variables including age, gender, 
cause of pancreatitis (if known), time since the most recent episode of acute pancreatitis requiring 


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hospitalization, presence and duration of diabetes, exocrine insufficiency, pancreas enzyme 
replacement therapy (PERT) and history of occasional NSAID or ASA use. 
 
9.4.6 PLANNED INTERIM ANALYSES  
 
Not applicable. 
 
9.4.7 SUB-GROUP ANALYSES 
 
Not applicable. 
 
9.4.8 TABULATION OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANT DATA 
 
Study data will be tabulated in electronic databases and spreadsheets. 
 
9.4.9 EXPLORATORY ANALYSES 
 
Analyses of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) and quality of life (QOL) data are exploratory, and meant 
to form a basis for sample size calculation for subsequent larger clinical studies. 
 
10 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
10.1 REGULATORY, ETHICAL, AND STUDY OVERSIGHT CONSIDERATIONS 
 
 
10.1.1 INFORMED CONSENT PROCESS 
 
10.1.1.1 CONSENT/ASSENT AND OTHER INFORMATIONAL DOCUMENTS PROVIDED TO 
PARTICIPANTS 
 
Consent forms describing in detail the study intervention, study procedures, and risks are given to the 
participant and written documentation of informed consent is required prior to starting 
intervention/administering study intervention. Consent materials are attached to this study protocol 
and IRB application. 
 
 
10.1.1.2 CONSENT PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTATION 
 
[Informed consent is a process that is initiated prior to the individual’s agreeing to participate in the 
study and continues throughout the individual’s study participation. Consent forms will be Institutional 
Review Board (IRB)-approved and the participant will be asked to read and review the document. The 
investigator will explain the research study to the participant and answer any questions that may arise. 
A verbal explanation will be provided in terms suited to the participant’s comprehension of the 
purposes, procedures, and potential risks of the study and of their rights as research participants.  
Participants will have the opportunity to carefully review the written consent form and ask questions 
prior to signing. The participants will have the opportunity to discuss the study with their family or 


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surrogates or think about it prior to agreeing to participate. The participant will sign the informed 
consent document prior to any procedures being done specifically for the study. Participants must be 
informed that participation is voluntary and that they may withdraw from the study at any time, without 
prejudice. A copy of the informed consent document will be given to the participants for their records. 
The informed consent process will be conducted and documented in the source document (including the 
date), and the form signed, before the participant undergoes any study-specific procedures. The rights 
and welfare of the participants will be protected by emphasizing to them that the quality of their 
medical care will not be adversely affected if they decline to participate in this study. 
 
10.1.2 STUDY DISCONTINUATION AND CLOSURE 
 
This study may be temporarily suspended or prematurely terminated if there is sufficient reasonable 
cause.  Written notification, documenting the reason for study suspension or termination, will be 
provided by the suspending or terminating party to the IRB, FDA, and NIH. If the study is prematurely 
terminated or suspended, the Principal Investigator (PI) will promptly inform study participants, the 
Institutional Review Board (IRB), and sponsor and will provide the reason(s) for the termination or 
suspension.  Study participants will be contacted, as applicable, and be informed of changes to study 
visit schedule. 
  
Circumstances that may warrant termination or suspension include, but are not limited to: 
• 
Determination of unexpected, significant, or unacceptable risk to participants 
• 
Demonstration of efficacy that would warrant stopping    
• 
Insufficient compliance to protocol requirements 
• 
Data that are not sufficiently complete and/or evaluable 
• 
Determination that the primary endpoint has been met 
• 
Determination of futility 
 
Study may resume once concerns about safety, protocol compliance, and data quality are addressed, 
and satisfy the sponsor, IRB and/or Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 
 
10.1.3 CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY  
  
Participant confidentiality and privacy is strictly held in trust by the participating investigators, their 
staff, and the sponsor(s) and their interventions. This confidentiality is extended to cover testing of 
biological samples and genetic tests in addition to the clinical information relating to participants. 
Therefore, the study protocol, documentation, data, and all other information generated will be held in 
strict confidence. No information concerning the study or the data will be released to any unauthorized 
third party without prior written approval of the sponsor.  
 
All research activities will be conducted in as private a setting as possible. 
 
The study monitor, other authorized representatives of the sponsor, representatives of the Institutional 
Review Board (IRB), regulatory agencies or pharmaceutical company supplying study product may 
inspect all documents and records required to be maintained by the investigator, including but not 
limited to, medical records (office, clinic, or hospital) and pharmacy records for the participants in this 
study. The clinical study site will permit access to such records. 
 


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The study participant’s contact information will be securely stored at each clinical site for internal use 
during the study. At the end of the study, all records will continue to be kept in a secure location for as 
long a period as dictated by the reviewing IRB, Institutional policies, or sponsor requirements. 
 
Study participant research data, which is for purposes of statistical analysis and scientific reporting, will 
be transmitted to and stored in a password-protected study RedCap database that is accessible to the 
study teams at both Mayo Clinic and OSU. This will not include the participant’s contact or identifying 
information. Rather, individual participants and their research data will be identified by a unique study 
identification number. The study data entry and study management systems used by clinical sites will be 
secured and password protected. At the end of the study, all study databases will be de-identified and 
archived at Mayo Clinic. 
 
10.1.4 FUTURE USE OF STORED SPECIMENS AND DATA  
 
Data collected for this study will be analyzed and stored at Mayo Clinic and Ohio State University. After 
the study is completed, the de-identified, archived data will be transmitted to and stored at Mayo Clinic 
and/or Ohio State University, for use by other researchers including those outside of the study. 
Permission to transmit data to Mayo Clinic will be included in the informed consent.  
 
With the participant’s approval and as approved by local Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), de-
identified biological samples will be stored at Mayo Clinic and/or Ohio State University with the same 
goal as the sharing of data. These samples could be used to research the causes of pancreatic disease, its 
complications and other conditions for which individuals with pancreatitis are at increased risk, and to 
improve treatment. Biospecimens will be labelled with a code-link that will allow linking the biological 
specimens with the phenotypic data from each participant, maintaining the blinding of the identity of 
the participant. 
 
During the conduct of the study, an individual participant can choose to withdraw consent to have 
biological specimens stored for future research. However, withdrawal of consent with regard to 
biosample storage may not be possible after the study is completed.  
 
When the study is completed, access to study data and/or samples will be provided by joint review and 
decision of the study PIs at Mayo Clinic and Ohio State University. 
 
 
10.1.5 KEY ROLES AND STUDY GOVERNANCE 
 
PI – Mayo Clinic 
PI – Ohio State University 
Santhi Vege, M.D. 
Samuel Han, M.D. 
200 First St SW, Rochester, 
MN 55901 
Room 201, 395 W. 12th Ave., 
Second FL, Columbus, OH, 43210 
 
507-774-2175 
614-366-6819 
Vege.santhi@mayo.edu 
Samuel.Han@osumc.edu 
 


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Project Leadership Plan: 
Dr. Vege at Mayo Clinic will be responsible for the oversight and coordination of the project, 
including subject recruitment, enrollment, and conduct of the protocol at Mayo Clinic as well as 
communication with IRB, FDA, and NIH. Dr. Han at Ohio State University (OSU) will be 
responsible for all aspects of the project at OSU. Each PI will be responsible for his own fiscal 
and research administration, and for supervising the research team at their respective 
institutions.  
The PIs will communicate bi-weekly, either by phone, e-mail, or in person, to discuss 
recruitment, enrollment, biospecimen collection, processing, and storage, data analysis, and all 
administrative responsibilities. They will share their respective research results and insights with 
each other. They will work together to discuss any changes in the direction of the research 
project and the reprogramming of funds, if necessary. They will agree together on a publication 
policy. 
Dr. Vege will serve as contact PI and be responsible for submission of progress reports to NIH 
and all communication.  
Intellectual Property  
The Technology Transfer Offices at Mayo Clinic and OSU will be responsible for preparing and 
negotiating an agreement for the conduct of the research, including any intellectual property. An 
Intellectual Property Committee composed of representatives from each institution that is part of 
the grant award, will be formed to work together to ensure the intellectually property developed 
by the PIs is protected according to the policies established in the agreement.  
Conflict Resolution  
If a potential conflict develops, the PIs shall meet and attempt to resolve the dispute. If they fail 
to resolve the dispute, the disagreement shall be referred to an arbitration committee consisting 
of one impartial senior executive from each PI’s institution and a third impartial senior executive 
mutually agreed upon by both PIs. No members of the arbitration committee will be directly 
involved in the research grant or disagreement.  
Change in PI Location  
If a PI moves to a new institution, attempts will be made to transfer the relevant portion of the 
grant to the new institution. In the event that a PI cannot carry out his/her duties, a new PI will 
be recruited as a replacement at one of the participating institutions.  
 
 
10.1.6 SAFETY OVERSIGHT 
 
Safety oversight will be under the direction of a Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) composed of 
individuals with the appropriate expertise, including one gastroenterologist at Mayo Clinic and one 
gastroenterologist at Ohio State University. Members of the DSMB will be independent from the study 
conduct and free of conflict of interest.  The DSMB will meet (by telephone or video conference) at least 
quarterly to assess safety and efficacy data of the study, and will meet as needed when informed of 
study SAEs or UPs. The DSMB will provide its input to the study PIs and IRB, and generate a quarterly 
DSMB report.   
 
The charter of the DSMB is to: 
1) Review all SAEs and UPs in a timely fashion, as detailed in sections 8.3 and 8.4 of this protocol. 
2) To halt study activities (including drug administration and endoscopic procedures) pending IRB 
and FDA review if 2 or more SAEs have occurred that, in the opinion of the DSMB, are definitely 
or probably related to study participation. 


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3) To advise the study PIs regarding changes to the study protocol and/or ICF in response to AEs, 
SAEs and UPs. 
4) Generate a quarterly report based on data provided by study staff. 
 
The quarterly DSMB report will be sent to the study staff including the PIs, and will be included in 
reports to IRB, FDA and NIH.  The quarterly report will include:  
a. A summary of study recruitment, enrollment, and participant completion 
b. A summary of all AEs, SAEs and UPs that have occurred since the last quarterly report 
and in total for the study 
c. Recommendations regarding study protocol or ICF modification, study suspension or 
discontinuation. 
 
10.1.7 CLINICAL MONITORING 
Site monitoring is conducted to ensure that the rights and well-being of trial participants are 
protected, that the reported trial data are accurate, complete, and verifiable, and that the conduct of 
the trial is in compliance with the currently approved protocol/amendment(s), with ICH GCP, and with 
applicable regulatory requirement(s).   
 
This section should give a general description of how monitoring of the conduct and progress of the 
clinical investigation will be conducted (i.e., who will conduct the monitoring, the type, frequency, and 
extent of monitoring, who will be provided reports of monitoring, if independent audits of the 
monitoring will be conducted).  This section may refer to a separate detailed clinical monitoring plan.   
 
A separate clinical monitoring plan (CMP) should describe in detail who will conduct the monitoring, 
at what frequency monitoring will be done, at what level of detail monitoring will be performed, and 
the distribution of monitoring reports.  A CMP ordinarily should focus on preventing or mitigating 
important and likely risks, identified by a risk assessment, to critical data and processes. The types 
(e.g., on-site, centralized), frequency (e.g., early, for initial assessment and training versus throughout 
the study), and extent (e.g., comprehensive (100% data verification) versus targeted or random 
review of certain data (less than 100% data verification)) of monitoring activities will depend on a 
range of factors, considered during the risk assessment, including the complexity of the study design, 
types of study endpoints, clinical complexity of the study population, geography, relative experience 
of the PI and of the sponsor with the PI, electronic data capture, relative safety of the study 
intervention, stage of the study, and quantity of data. 
 
If a separate CMP is not used, include all the details noted above in this section of the protocol. 
 
Example text when a separate CMP is being used is provided as a guide, customize as needed: 
 
[Clinical site monitoring is conducted to ensure that the rights and well-being of trial participants are 
protected, that the reported trial data are accurate, complete, and verifiable, and that the conduct of 
the trial is in compliance with the currently approved protocol/amendment(s), with International 
Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP), and with applicable regulatory 
requirement(s).  
 
• 
Monitoring for this study will be performed by <insert text>.  
• 
<Insert brief description of type of monitoring (e.g., on-site, centralized), frequency (e.g., early, 
for initial assessment and training versus throughout the study), and extent (e.g., 


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comprehensive (100% data verification) versus targeted or random review of certain data (less 
than 100% data verification or targeted data verification of endpoint, safety and other key data 
variables)>. 
• 
<Insert text> will be provided copies of monitoring reports within <x> days of visit. 
• 
Details of clinical site monitoring are documented in a Clinical Monitoring Plan (CMP). The CMP 
describes in detail who will conduct the monitoring, at what frequency monitoring will be done, 
at what level of detail monitoring will be performed, and the distribution of monitoring reports. 
• 
Independent audits <will/will not> be conducted by <insert text> to ensure monitoring practices 
are performed consistently across all participating sites and that monitors are following the 
CMP.] 
OR 
 
 
 
 
Example text when a separate CMP is not being used is provided as a guide, customize as needed: 
 
[Clinical site monitoring is conducted to ensure that the rights and well-being of trial participants are 
protected, that the reported trial data are accurate, complete, and verifiable, and that the conduct of 
the trial is in compliance with the currently approved protocol/amendment(s), with International 
Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP), and with applicable regulatory 
requirement(s).  
 
• 
<Insert detailed description of who will conduct the monitoring, the type of monitoring (e.g., 
on-site, centralized), frequency (e.g., early, for initial assessment and training versus throughout 
the study), and extent (e.g., comprehensive (100% data verification) versus targeted or random 
review of certain data (less than 100% data verification or targeted data verification of 
endpoint, safety and other key data variables)), and the distribution of monitoring reports> 
• 
Independent audits <will/will not> be conducted by <insert text> to ensure monitoring practices 
are performed consistently across all participating sites.] 
 
<Insert text> 
 
10.1.8 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL: 
 
Each clinical site will perform internal quality management of study conduct, data and biological 
specimen collection, documentation and completion.  An individualized quality management plan will be 
developed to describe a site’s quality management. 
 
Quality control (QC) procedures will be implemented beginning with the data entry system and data QC 
checks that will be run on the database will be generated. Any missing data or data anomalies will be 
communicated to the site(s) for clarification/resolution. 
 
Following written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), the monitors will verify that the clinical trial is 
conducted and data are generated and biological specimens are collected, documented (recorded), and 
reported in compliance with the protocol, International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical 
Practice (ICH GCP), and applicable regulatory requirements (e.g., Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), Good 
Manufacturing Practices (GMP)).  


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The investigational site will provide direct access to all trial related sites, source data/documents, and 
reports for the purpose of monitoring and auditing by the sponsor, and inspection by local and 
regulatory authorities. 
 
10.1.9 DATA HANDLING AND RECORD KEEPING  
 
10.1.9.1 DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES  
 
Data forms and telephone interview scripts are attached to the protocol and IRB application. 
 
Data collection is the responsibility of the clinical trial staff at the site under the supervision of the site 
investigator. The investigator is responsible for ensuring the accuracy, completeness, legibility, and 
timeliness of the data reported. 
 
All source documents should be completed in a neat, legible manner to ensure accurate interpretation 
of data.   
 
Hardcopies of the study visit worksheets will be provided for use as source document worksheets for 
recording data for each participant enrolled in the study.  Data recorded in the electronic case report 
form (eCRF) derived from source documents should be consistent with the data recorded on the source 
documents.  
 
Clinical data (including adverse events (AEs), concomitant medications, and expected adverse reactions 
data) and clinical laboratory data will be entered into study electronic databases. Clinical data will be 
entered directly from the source documents. 
 
10.1.9.2 STUDY RECORDS RETENTION  
 
Study documents will be retained for a minimum of 2 years after the all study interventions have been 
completed and the study is closed. These documents should be retained for a longer period, however, if 
required by local regulations. No records will be destroyed without the written consent of the sponsor, if 
applicable. It is the responsibility of the sponsor to inform the investigator when these documents no 
longer need to be retained. 
 
 
10.1.10 
PROTOCOL DEVIATIONS  
 
A protocol deviation is any noncompliance with the clinical trial protocol, International Conference on 
Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP), or Manual of Procedures (MOP) requirements. The 
noncompliance may be either on the part of the participant, the investigator, or the study site staff. As a 
result of deviations, corrective actions are to be developed by the site and implemented promptly.  
 
These practices are consistent with ICH GCP:  
• 
4.5 Compliance with Protocol, sections 4.5.1, 4.5.2, and 4.5.3  
• 
5.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control, section 5.1.1  
• 
5.20 Noncompliance, sections 5.20.1, and 5.20.2.  


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It is the responsibility of the site investigator to use continuous vigilance to identify and report 
deviations within 5 working days of identification of the protocol deviation, or within 5 working days of 
the scheduled protocol-required activity.  All deviations must be addressed in study source documents, 
and reported to the study DSMB in quarterly reports.  Protocol deviations must be sent to the reviewing 
Institutional Review Board (IRB) per their policies. The site investigator is responsible for knowing and 
adhering to the reviewing IRB requirements.  
 
10.1.11 
PUBLICATION AND DATA SHARING POLICY 
 
This study will be conducted in accordance with the following publication and data sharing policies and 
regulations: 
 
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Public Access Policy, which ensures that the public has access to the 
published results of NIH funded research. It requires scientists to submit final peer-reviewed journal 
manuscripts that arise from NIH funds to the digital archive PubMed Central upon acceptance for 
publication. 
 
This study will comply with the NIH Data Sharing Policy and Policy on the Dissemination of NIH-Funded 
Clinical Trial Information and the Clinical Trials Registration and Results Information Submission rule. As 
such, this trial will be registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, and results information from this trial will be 
submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov. In addition, every attempt will be made to publish results in peer-
reviewed journals.  Data from this study may be requested from other researchers 5 years after the 
completion of the primary endpoint by contacting Drs Vege and Han. 
 
In addition, this study will comply with the NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy, which applies to all NIH-
funded research that generates large-scale human or non-human genomic data, as well as the use of these 
data for subsequent research. Large-scale data include genome-wide association studies (GWAS), single 
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) arrays, and genome sequence, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and gene 
expression data. 
 
10.1.12 
CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY 
 
The independence of this study from any actual or perceived influence, such as by the pharmaceutical 
industry, is critical.  Therefore, any actual conflict of interest of persons who have a role in the design, 
conduct, analysis, publication, or any aspect of this trial will be disclosed and managed. Furthermore, 
persons who have a perceived conflict of interest will be required to have such conflicts managed in a 
way that is appropriate to their participation in the design and conduct of this trial.   
 
10.2 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
Not applicable. 
 
 
 


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10.3 ABBREVIATIONS 
The list below includes abbreviations utilized in this template.  However, this list should be customized for 
each protocol (i.e., abbreviations not used should be removed and new abbreviations used should be 
added to this list). 
 
AE 
Adverse Event 
ANCOVA 
Analysis of Covariance 
CFR 
Code of Federal Regulations 
CLIA 
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments 
CMP 
Clinical Monitoring Plan 
COC 
Certificate of Confidentiality 
CONSORT 
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials 
CRF 
Case Report Form 
DCC 
Data Coordinating Center 
DHHS 
Department of Health and Human Services 
DSMB 
Data Safety Monitoring Board 
DRE 
Disease-Related Event 
EC 
Ethics Committee 
eCRF 
Electronic Case Report Forms 
FDA 
Food and Drug Administration 
FDAAA 
Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 
FFR 
Federal Financial Report 
GCP 
Good Clinical Practice 
GLP 
Good Laboratory Practices 
GMP 
Good Manufacturing Practices 
GWAS 
Genome-Wide Association Studies 
HIPAA 
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act  
IB 
Investigator’s Brochure 
ICH 
International Conference on Harmonisation  
ICMJE 
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors 
IDE 
Investigational Device Exemption 
IND 
Investigational New Drug Application 
IRB 
Institutional Review Board 
ISM 
Independent Safety Monitor 
ISO 
International Organization for Standardization 
ITT 
Intention-To-Treat 
LSMEANS 
Least-squares Means 
MedDRA 
Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities 
MOP 
Manual of Procedures 
MSDS 
Material Safety Data Sheet 
NCT 
National Clinical Trial 
NIH  
National Institutes of Health 
NIH IC 
NIH Institute or Center 
OHRP 
Office for Human Research Protections 
PI 
Principal Investigator 
QA 
Quality Assurance 
QC 
Quality Control 
SAE 
Serious Adverse Event 
SAP 
Statistical Analysis Plan 
SMC 
Safety Monitoring Committee 


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SOA 
Schedule of Activities 
SOC 
System Organ Class 
SOP 
Standard Operating Procedure 
UP 
Unanticipated Problem 
US 
United States 
 
 
 


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10.4 PROTOCOL AMENDMENT HISTORY 
The table below is intended to capture changes of IRB-approved versions of the protocol, including a 
description of the change and rationale. A Summary of Changes table for the current amendment is 
located in the Protocol Title Page.  
 
Version 
Date 
Description of Change  
Brief Rationale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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11 REFERENCES  
 
1. 
Sun LK, Reding T, Bain M, et al. Prostaglandin E2 modulates TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 synthesis in 
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liver physiology 2007;293:G1196-204. 
2. 
Charo C, Holla V, Arumugam T, et al. Prostaglandin E2 Regulates Pancreatic Stellate Cell Activity Via the 
EP4 Receptor. Pancreas 2012. 
3. 
Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. 
Gastroenterology 2001;120:682-707. 
4. 
Machicado JD, Yadav D. Epidemiology of Recurrent Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis: Similarities and 
Differences. Dig Dis Sci 2017. 
5. 
Machicado JD, Amann ST, Anderson MA, et al. Quality of Life in Chronic Pancreatitis is Determined by 
Constant Pain, Disability/Unemployment, Current Smoking, and Associated Co-Morbidities. Am J 
Gastroenterol 2017;112:633-642. 
6. 
Koliopanos A, Friess H, Kleeff J, et al. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in chronic pancreatitis: correlation with 
stage of the disease and diabetes mellitus. Digestion 2001;64:240-7. 
7. 
Schlosser W, Schlosser S, Ramadani M, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 is overexpressed in chronic pancreatitis. 
Pancreas 2002;25:26-30. 
8. 
Seo SW, Jung WS, Piao TG, et al. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor ameliorates cholecystokinin-
octapeptide-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG 2007;13:2298-
304. 
9. 
Reding T, Bimmler D, Perren A, et al. A selective COX-2 inhibitor suppresses chronic pancreatitis in an 
animal model (WBN/Kob rats): significant reduction of macrophage infiltration and fibrosis. Gut 
2006;55:1165-73. 
10. 
Silva A, Weber A, Bain M, et al. COX-2 is not required for the development of murine chronic pancreatitis. 
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2011;300:G968-75. 
11. 
Bai H, Chen X, Zhang L, et al. The effect of sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, attenuates 
inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:115. 
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Aoki H, Ohnishi H, Hama K, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 is required for activated pancreatic stellate cells to 
respond to proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007;292:C259-68. 
13. 
de-Madaria E, Abad-Gonzalez A, Aparicio JR, et al. The Spanish Pancreatic Club's recommendations for the 
diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis: part 2 (treatment). Pancreatology 2013;13:18-28. 
14. 
Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-
ERCP pancreatitis. The New England journal of medicine 2012;366:1414-22. 
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Helleberg L. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of indomethacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1981;6:245-58. 


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16. 
Seppala E, Laitinen O, Vapaatalo H. Comparative study on the effects of acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin 
and paracetamol on metabolites of arachidonic acid in plasma, serum and urine in man. Int J Clin 
Pharmacol Res 1983;3:265-9. 
17. 
Stevens T, Dumot JA, Zuccaro G, Jr., et al. Evaluation of duct-cell and acinar-cell function and 
endosonographic abnormalities in patients with suspected chronic pancreatitis. Clinical gastroenterology 
and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 
2009;7:114-9. 
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Zhong N, Saenger AK, Topazian M, et al. An automated analyzer provides clinically concordant results to 
manual back titration for quantitation of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice. Pancreas 2011;40:422-5. 
19. 
Verbecke G, Molenberghs G. Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data. New York: Springer, 2009. 
20. 
Abu Dayyeh BK, Conwell D, Buttar NS, et al. Pancreatic juice prostaglandin e2 concentrations are elevated 
in chronic pancreatitis and improve detection of early disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015;6:e72. 
 

ICF_000.pdf: 
 
 
Phase 1/2 Trial of Indomethacin in Chronic 
Pancreatitis (The PAIR Trial)   
 
NCT04207060 
 
August 26, 2022