Clinical trial NCT04070573
Conditions: Preeclampsia
Keywords: Preterm preeclampsia Preeclampsia with severe features High risk pregnancy Low dose aspirin Cell free RNA Compliance
Sponsor: Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Start date: 2019-10-21; Completion date: 2025-01-23
Enrollment: 400 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
Preeclampsia (PE) is a morbid and potentially lethal complication of pregnancy and is more common in women with specific risk factors. Aspirin (ASA) is currently the only prophylactic therapy for preeclampsia in high-risk women to be recognized by the US Preventive Task Force and should be initiated early in the second trimester of pregnancy, before 16 weeks of gestation. However, currently there is no literature comparing various low-dose ASA formulations in the risk reduction of PE. In the United States, the currently available low-dose ASA is over the counter and is found in 81mg tablets. Therefore, when clinicians initiate therapy with low dose ASA, they may prescribe 1 or 2 tablets of 81mg aspirin per day depending on personal preference and cannot be assisted by evidence to guide their decision.This study aims to determine the incidence of preterm PE or PE with severe features in women taking either 81mg or 162mg in a randomized setting, from a single center. The investigators hypothesize that the information gained from this trial will permit a more accurate sample size calculation for a larger clinical trial powered to accept or reject our testing hypothesis. If our hypothesis is rejected and 162mg of daily ASA is not associated with a lower incidence of severe or preterm PE compared to 81mg, this may be due to lack of power to detect a smaller effect. The investigators would then evaluate the feasibility and results and determine whether a larger trial is reasonable.

Detailed description:
Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious and potentially fatal complication of pregnancy. It is a placental disease characterized by an elevated blood pressure in the 3rd trimester with multisystem involvement (proteinuria, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count and/or neurologic symptoms). PE can cause pulmonary edema, seizures, or stroke and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. The pregnancy outcomes are further worsened if PE develops before term. Women who have a history of PE in a prior pregnancy, diabetes, preexisting hypertension, kidney disease, multifetal gestation or autoimmune diseases are at an increased risk to develop PE in a subsequent pregnancy.

Clinical trials evaluating the benefits of low-dose aspirin (ASA) have used a wide range of doses from 60mg to 150mg orally daily with low-dose being defined as less than 325mg per day. Taking ASA (as opposed to placebo) is thought to reduce the risk of preeclampsia by 17%, without increasing the risk of major obstetric bleeding. The number needed to treat is only 19 women. ASA is currently the only prophylactic therapy for PE in high-risk women to be recognized by the US Preventive Task Force and should be initiated early in the second trimester of pregnancy, before 16 weeks of gestation.

There has also been more awareness that the efficacy of ASA in preventing preeclampsia is limited by the poor adherence of patients to this therapy. Indeed, a cross-sectional study has estimated that up to 46% of women (n=42) on ASA therapy may not be compliant to it, as determined by a validated Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). Adherence is essential to the efficacy of ASA in preventing preterm preeclampsia. It would therefore be of interest to obtain more information about adherence to ASA in women who need this therapy.

Assessing molecular pathways in the development of PE may allow opportunity for earlier diagnosis, specific triaging of patients to closer monitoring and further development of preventative or curative treatment strategies. Samples will be biobanked for biomarker discovery in the future.

The current literature is lacking in evidence to recommend a specific daily dose of ASA. Recent meta-analyses have suggested that there may be a dose response in the protective effect of ASA for PE. As compared to 60mg per day, an ASA dose of 100mg per day was associated with a lower relative risk of PE (0.44 vs 0.57, p=0.36). A large study of 1776 women has compared a slightly higher dose of ASA (150mg per day) to placebo and found a decrease in preterm delivery (before 37 weeks) due to PE (OR 0.38, p=0.004). Meta-analyses have shown that any dose of ASA above 60mg per day is protective and should be used to prevent PE in high risk pregnancies.

To date, there has not been any studies comparing lower doses of ASA (such as 81mg, the traditional "baby aspirin" dose sold in the US) to higher "low-dose" ASA regimens (such as 162mg) in their ability to prevent preterm or severe PE in women who are at a high risk for this devastating disease.

Arms: arm 1: Patients in Arm 1, will be instructed to take one tablet of 81mg aspirin per day. arm 2: Patients in Arm 2, will be instructed to take two tablets simultaneously orally once per day.
Interventions: intervention 1: acetylsalicylic acid
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: High risk pregnant women will be treated with daily aspirin during pregnancy.

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
Study Protocol and Analysis Plan 
 
Clinicaltrials.gov: Low Doses of Aspirin in the Prevention of 
Preeclampsia - NCT04070573 
 
Official Title: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Low 
Doses Of Aspirin In The Prevention Of Preeclampsia (ASAPP) 
 
Primary Investigator:  
Line Malha, MD, MS 
Weill Cornell Medicine 
 
 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
ii 
 
TITLE: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Low Doses Of Aspirin In The Prevention Of 
Preeclampsia (ASAPP) 
 
IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
Version Date: 01/29/2025 
 
Principal Investigator: Line Malha, MD 
Queen’s Site PI: Amrin Khander, MD 
 
Co-Investigators: Phyllis August, MD; Stephen T. Chasen, MD; Rosemerie Marion, ANP and 
Laura Riley, MD. 
 
Statistician: 
Paul Christos- pac2001@med.cornell.edu 
Charlene Thomas- cht2028@med.cornell.edu  
Study Coordinator: 
Ananda Kimm-Drapeau (study coordinator)  
Diksha Deshmukh (Research Assistant) 
424 East 70th Street 
New York, NY 10021 
Telephone: 212-746-6112 
 
Responsible Data Manager:  
Diksha Deshmukh  
525 East 68th Street 
New York, NY 10065 
Telephone: 212-746-3225 
Fax: 212-746-8008 
E-mail address: kcm9013@med.cornell.edu 
 
Participating Sites:  Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital 
New York Presbyterian Hospital/Queens 
 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
iii 
 
 
Confidentiality Statement 
This document is confidential and is to be distributed for review only to investigators, potential 
investigators, consultants, study staff, and applicable independent ethics committees or 
institutional review boards. The contents of this document shall not be disclosed to others without 
written authorization from WCMC. 
 
 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
iv 
 
List of Abbreviations 
 
All abbreviations used throughout the protocol must be defined.  
 
AE 
Adverse Event 
AUC 
Area Under the Curve 
cfRNA 
Cell free RNA 
BMI 
Body Mass Index 
CFR 
Code of Federal Regulations 
Cr 
Creatinine 
CrCl 
Creatinine Clearance 
CRF 
Case Report Form 
DBP 
Diastolic Blood Pressure 
DSMB 
Data Safety Monitoring Board 
DSMP 
Data Safety Monitoring Plan 
FDA 
Food and Drug Administration 
FE 
Fractional excretion  
GA 
Gestational Age 
GCP 
Good Clinical Practice 
GFR 
Glomerular filtration rate 
HIPAA 
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 
HRBFA 
Human Research Billing Analysis Form 
ICF 
Informed Consent Form 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
v 
 
IND 
Investigational New Drug 
IRB 
Institutional Review Board 
NIH 
National Institutes of Health 
NMR 
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 
PE 
Preeclampsia 
PHI 
Protected Health Information 
PRA 
Plasma Renin Activity 
PTH 
Parathyroid Hormone 
PI 
Principal Investigator 
REDCap Research Electronic Data Capture 
ROC 
Receiver Operating Characteristic 
SAE 
Serious Adverse Event 
SAS 
Statistical Analysis Software 
SBP 
Systolic Blood Pressure 
SPE 
Superimposed preeclampsia 
SUSAR 
Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction 
UAP 
Unanticipated Problem 
WCMC 
Weill Cornell Medical College 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
6 
 
Protocol Summary 
Full Title: 
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Low Doses Of Aspirin In The 
Prevention Of Preeclampsia (ASAPP) 
Short Title: 
 
 
 
ASAPP 
Clinical Phase: 
 
 
III 
Principal Investigator:  
Line Malha, MD 
Sample Size: 
 
N= 400 which may be modified after the first stage of our study 
Accrual Ceiling: 
 
400 
Study Population: 
 
Pregnant women < 16 weeks of gestation at high risk of PE 
(preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy, multifetal gestation, chronic 
hypertension, Type 1 or 2 diabetes, renal disease, autoimmune disease).  
Accrual Period: 
 
5 years 
Study Design: 
 
Open-label, randomized clinical trial. First stage: pilot to determine 
feasibility and sample size and second stage: completing the clinical trial 
Study Duration: 
 
9 months for each patient (from recruitment until 6 weeks postpartum) 
Intervention Description: 
Randomized to 81mg vs. 162mg of aspirin per day 
Primary Objectives:   
To compare the incidence of preterm PE and PE with severe features in 
women treated with 81mg to those treated with 162mg of aspirin per day. 
Secondary Objectives: 
• 
Evaluate and compare the adherence of pregnant women to 81 
mg and 162 mg of daily low-dose aspirin using a validated, Simplified 
Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). 
• 
Compare maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women at a 
high risk for preeclampsia who are treated with either 81 mg or 162 mg of 
daily aspirin during pregnancy, including preeclampsia ≥  37 weeks, 
severe maternal hypertension, preterm delivery,  fetal growth restriction, 
placental abruption and maternal/fetal mortality. 
• 
To compare the time-to-event for developing PE for women 
treated with 81mg vs. 162mg of aspirin per day. 
• 
To assess the adherence to low dose aspirin in pregnant women 
that are a high risk for preeclampsia and compare adherence rates for 
women on 81mg vs 162mg of aspirin per day. 
Exploratory Objectives: 
To assess the impact of specific co-morbidities (diabetes, chronic 
hypertension, renal disease and autoimmune disease), blood pressure 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
7 
 
control, age and race on the relationship between treatment group and PE 
incidence.   
To compare cfRNA profiles of the 2 treatment groups (81mg vs. 162mg 
aspirin per day) and of pre-treatment samples in order to better understand 
how ASA initiation and dosing affect the transcriptome of pregnancy in 
women who develop PE and in those who do not 
 
Endpoints: 
 
Incidence of PE, gestational age at onset of PE 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
8 
 
SCHEMA 
 
Subjects screened for eligibiliy from the New York Presbyterian 
– Weill Cornell/Queens affiliated Obstetric Clinics and The 
Hypertension Center
Patient consented for participation
Randomization to either:
Arm 1: Subjects will be given 81mg ASA daily.
Arm 2: Subjects will be given 162mg ASA daily.
Evaluation at:
Baseline visit (<16 weeks)
18-22 weeks
24-28 weeks 
34-38 weeks
Delivery
Postpartum
Determination of pregnancy outcomes and of study 
endpoint for each patient
Upon completion of the study: data anlysis and 
interpretation of study results


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
9 
 
1. STUDY OBJECTIVES 
1.1. 
Primary Objective  
Compare the incidence of preterm (<37 weeks) preeclampsia and preeclampsia with severe features 
(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG] 2019 definition (1)) in high risk pregnant 
women treated with either 81 mg or 162 mg of daily aspirin during pregnancy 
 
1.2. 
Secondary Objectives  
• Evaluate and compare the adherence of pregnant women to 81 mg and 162 mg of daily low-dose 
aspirin using a validated, Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). 
• Compare maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women at a high risk for preeclampsia who are 
treated with either 81 mg or 162 mg of daily aspirin during pregnancy, including preeclampsia ≥  37 
weeks, severe maternal hypertension, preterm delivery,  fetal growth restriction, placental abruption 
and maternal/fetal mortality. 
• To compare the time-to-event for developing PE for women treated with 81mg vs. 162mg of aspirin 
per day. 
• To assess the adherence to low dose aspirin in pregnant women that are a high risk for preeclampsia 
and compare adherence rates for women on 81mg vs 162mg of aspirin per day. 
Exploratory Objective:  
• 
To assess the impact of specific co-morbidities (diabetes, chronic hypertension, renal disease and 
autoimmune disease), blood pressure control, age and race on the relationship between treatment 
group and PE incidence.   
• To compare cfRNA profiles of the 2 treatment groups (81mg vs. 162mg aspirin per day) and of pre-
treatment samples in order to better understand how ASA initiation and dosing affect the 
transcriptome of pregnancy in women who develop PE and in those who do not  
 
2. BACKGROUND 
2.1.  
 
Preeclampsia  
2.1.1 Preeclampsia, risk reduction with low-dose aspirin  
Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious and potentially fatal complication of pregnancy. It is a placental disease 
characterized by an elevated blood pressure in the 3rd trimester with multisystem involvement 
(proteinuria, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count and/or neurologic symptoms). PE can cause 
pulmonary edema, seizures, or stroke and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. The pregnancy 
outcomes are further worsened if PE develops before term (2, 3). Women who have a history of PE in a 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
10 
 
prior pregnancy, diabetes, preexisting hypertension, kidney disease, multifetal gestation or autoimmune 
diseases are at an increased risk to develop PE in a subsequent pregnancy (4).  
Clinical trials evaluating the benefits of low-dose aspirin (ASA) have used a wide range of doses from 
60mg to 150mg orally daily with low-dose being defined as less than 325mg per day. Taking ASA (as 
opposed to placebo) is thought to reduce the risk of preeclampsia by 17%, without increasing the risk of 
major obstetric bleeding. The number needed to treat is only 19 women (1). ASA is currently the only 
prophylactic therapy for PE in high-risk women to be recognized by the US Preventive Task Force and 
should be initiated early in the second trimester of pregnancy, before 16 weeks of gestation (4). 
There has also been more awareness that the efficacy of ASA in preventing preeclampsia is limited by 
the poor adherence of patients to this therapy. Indeed, a cross-sectional study has estimated that up to 
46% of women (n=42) on ASA therapy may not be compliant to it, as determined by a validated 
Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) (5). Adherence is essential to the efficacy of 
ASA in preventing preterm preeclampsia (6). It would therefore be of interest to obtain more information 
about adherence to ASA in women who need this therapy.  
 
2.1.1 Molecular basis of aspirin in preeclampsia risk reduction  
The molecular basis for the protective effect of ASA in pregnancy is still a matter of debate (7). Cell free 
RNAs (cfRNAs) have recently been identified as promising biomarkers for preterm birth in pregnant 
women. Indeed, a panel of 9 placental cfRNAs (CGA, CAPN6, CGB, ALPP, CSHL1, PLAC4, PSG7, 
PAPPA and LGSALS14) were found to accurately predict gestational age at delivery in a cohort of 38 
women (8). CfRNA profiling enables the detection of placenta-specific cfRNA in the maternal peripheral 
blood and can therefore give us a unique, non-invasive, insight into placental health (9). Presently, the 
molecular effect of ASA on cfRNA profiles in pregnancy has not been described. It is also unknown if 
ASA dosing or the development of PE affect cfRNA profiles.  
In addition to testing our hypothesis that 162mg of ASA daily may be associated with lower incidence of 
PE than 81mg; our study would serve as a platform to collect and biobank samples (urine and blood). 
These samples would be invaluable in determining the molecular basis of PE development and the 
differential effects of ASA doses in PE prevention. Biobanked samples will be used (funding permitting) 
for cfRNA profiling but may also be used for proteomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic or cell-typing 
analysis if future promising hypotheses emerge.     
2.1.3 What don’t we know? 
The current literature is lacking in evidence to recommend a specific daily dose of ASA. Recent meta-
analyses (10, 11) have suggested that there may be a dose response in the protective effect of ASA for 
PE. As compared to 60mg per day, an ASA dose of 100mg per day was associated with a lower 
relative risk of PE (0.44 vs 0.57, p=0.36) (10). A large study of 1776 women has compared a slightly 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
11 
 
higher dose of ASA (150mg per day) to placebo and found a decrease in preterm delivery (before 37 
weeks) due to PE (OR 0.38, p=0.004) (12). Meta-analyses have shown that any dose of ASA above 
60mg per day is protective and should be used to prevent PE in high risk pregnancies (3, 4).  
To date, there has not been any studies comparing lower doses of ASA (such as 81mg, the traditional 
“baby aspirin” dose sold in the US) to higher “low-dose” ASA regimens (such as 162mg) in their ability 
to prevent preterm or severe PE in women who are at a high risk for this devastating disease.  
2.2 
 
Rationale 
PE is a morbid and potentially lethal complication of pregnancy and is more common in women with 
specific risk factors. ASA is currently the only prophylactic therapy for PE in high-risk women to be 
recognized by the US Preventive Task Force and should be initiated early in the second trimester of 
pregnancy, before 16 weeks of gestation (4). However, currently there is no literature comparing 
various low-dose aspirin formulations in the risk reduction of PE. In the United States, the currently 
available low-dose aspirin is over the counter and is found in 81mg tablets. Therefore, when clinicians 
initiate therapy with low dose ASA, they may prescribe 1 or 2 tablets of 81mg ASA per day depending 
on personal preference cannot be assisted by evidence to guide their decision. 
The proposed study would determine the incidence of preterm PE or preeclampsia with severe features 
in women taking either 81mg or 162mg in a randomized setting, from two centers (Weill Cornell/New 
York Presbyterian and New York Presbyterian Queens).   We hypothesize that the information gained 
from this trial will permit a more accurate sample size calculation for a larger clinical trial powered to 
accept or reject our testing hypothesis. 
If our hypothesis is rejected and 162mg of daily ASA is not associated with a lower incidence of severe 
or preterm PE in pregnancy compared to 81mg, this may be due to lack of power to detect a smaller 
effect.  We would then evaluate the feasibility and results and determine whether a larger trial is 
reasonable.   
 
cfRNAs may provide further insight into the pathophysiology of the protective effect of ASA on the 
development of PE in high risk women. Assessing molecular pathways in the development of PE may 
allow opportunity for earlier diagnosis, specific triaging of patients to closer monitoring and further 
development of preventative or curative treatment strategies.   
2.3 
 
Risk/Benefit Assessment  
There will be no direct benefit to the participants of this study, given the equipoise about which low 
dose of aspirin would be associate with better outcomes. We hope the information learned from this 
study will benefit other patients at risk for developing preeclampsia in the future.  
Both our study arms are doses that are currently included in the standard of care. We do not therefore 
anticipate any added risk to routine care by being enrolled in the study. The risks that have been 
associated with aspirin in routine clinical care include a slight increase in minor bleeding but no 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
12 
 
increase in major bleeding (requiring intervention) (3, 4). 
 
Patients may experience discomfort and bruising at the site of the needle stick. Lab work will be drawn at 
the initial screening visit and at 18-22 weeks, 24-28 weeks and 34-38 weeks gestation.  
 
Another potential risk to participating in the study would include loss of confidentiality and will be avoided as 
described in following sections (i.e. section 11. Data reporting/regulatory considerations and, section 13. Data 
and safety monitoring plan). 
3. SUBJECT SELECTION 
3.1 
 
Study Population 
Our study population will include pregnant adult women, less than 16 weeks pregnant that are seen ata 
New York Presbyterian – Weill Cornell affiliated Obstetric or Hypertension Clinic and are at a high risk 
for preeclampsia (see section 3.2. for inclusion criteria) who thus meet criteria for low dose aspirin 
therapy. Subjects will be screened for eligibility from the New York Presbyterian – Weill Cornell and 
Queens campuses’ affiliated Obstetric Clinics and The Hypertension Center by reviewing the list of 
patients scheduled to be seen at that clinic. Eligible patients will be approached by research staff if 
deemed acceptable by their clinical provider. Patients who consent to being in the study will be 
enrolled. 
Clinical data in addition to urine and venous peripheral blood will be collected from pregnant women, 
≥18 years old, with at least one of the following risk factors for developing PE.  
3.2 
 
Inclusion Criteria 
Major Inclusion Criteria: 
Pregnant patients, ≥18 years old, at less than 16 weeks’ gestation (as documented by ultrasound) with 
at least one of the following risk factors for developing PE:  
• 
PE in a prior pregnancy 
• 
Chronic hypertension (prior to pregnancy or before 20 weeks’ gestation) 
• 
Type 1 or 2 diabetes 
• 
Renal disease (proteinuria ≥300mg/day or estimated GFR<90mL/min/1.73 m2) 
• 
Multifetal gestation  
• 
Autoimmune disease (e.g. systemic lupus erythematous, antiphospholipid syndrome) 
3.3  
Exclusion Criteria  
Major Exclusion Criteria: 
• 
Patient with known intention to terminate pregnancy 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
13 
 
• 
Major fetal malformation seen on ultrasound 
• 
Contraindication to ASA therapy (including but not limited to allergy and high bleeding risk) 
 
4. REGISTRATION PROCEDURES 
4.1  
 
Patient Registration 
Screening will take place at the Women’s Health Practice, located at 505 East 70th Street, 5th Floor, 
New York, NY 10021, New York Presbyterian Queens (56-45 Main St, Flushing, NY 11355) and its 
affiliated high risk clinics, Weill Cornell Maternal Fetal Medicine, located at 525 East 68th Street, Suite J-
130, New York, NY 10065 and The Hypertension Center, located at 424 E 70th St, New York, NY 
10021. Patient will be registered with Weill Research Gateway as per IRB/JCTO protocol. 
 
5. STUDY PROCEDURES 
Study visits will take place at the Women’s Health Practice, located at 505 East 70th Street, 5th Floor, 
New York, NY 10021, Weill Cornell Maternal Fetal Medicine, located at 525 East 68th Street, Suite J-
130, New York, NY 10065, New York Presbyterian Queens (56-45 Main St, Flushing, NY 11355) and 
its affiliated high risk clinics,  and The Hypertension Center, located at 424 E 70th St, New York, NY 
10021.  
During the study, as a part of standard prenatal care, participants will be requested to have their 
blood pressure checked at each visit. In addition, lab work will be drawn at the initial screening visit and 
at 18-22 weeks, 24-28 weeks and 34-38 weeks gestation. If patients are scheduled to have their blood 
drawn for clinical purposes on that day, we will not perform an additional needle stick.  
Data collection will be done through a secure RedCap database. Bio samples will be stored in a de-
identified manner in the Nephrology research lab (Dr Suthanthiran’s lab) in 1300 York Ave, 5th floor A 
building Lab A571. 
 
 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
14 
 
5.1 
 
Schedule of Evaluations 
 
Baseline 
Visit  
(<16 weeks) 
Week 
18-22 
Visit 
Week 
24-28 
Visit 
Week 
34-38 
Visit 
Study 
outcome 
Delivery 
Postpartum 
Visit 
Performed by study personnel at study visits 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Randomization 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Physical exam 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
Vital signs 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
Medication list 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
Adherence Questionnaire 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
 
Obtained from chart review of information collected as part of standard clinical care 
Medical history 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vital signs 
X 
 
 
 
X 
X 
 
Physical exam 
X 
 
 
 
X 
X 
 
CBC w/diff, platelets 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Serum chemistry a 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Urine studies b 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Fetal testing results 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
Placental pathology report 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Operative and birth reports 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Neonatal records 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Outcome Evaluation (PEC)    
X-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------X 
Adverse event evaluation 
X--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X 
a: Albumin, bicarbonate, BUN, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, AST, ALT, sodium, uric acid 
and lactate dehydrogenase 
b: Urinalysis, urine chemistry, urine protein, urine creatinine, urine albumin. 
5.2.  
 
Treatment groups 
At the initial visit, participants will be consented then randomized using the RedCap software to either 
Arm 1: 81mg ASA per day or Arm 2: 162mg ASA per day.  
Adherence will be ascertained by questionnaire including a validated questionnaire: the simplified 
medication adherence questionnaire (SMAQ) (5).  
Once funding can be obtained, we may further evaluate adherence by quantifying Thromboxane 
metabolite excretion in the collected and stored urine samples (urine samples will be stored in our 
BioBank at the Nephrology lab [Dr Suthanthiran’s lab, 1300 York Avenue, 5th floor, A-571]). This method has 
previously been used in pregnancy to determine ASA activity/adherence (13, 14). 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
15 
 
The patients will then be monitored throughout pregnancy for side effects, study endpoints and clinical 
data will be collected as described in section 5.1. Delivery records and postpartum course will also be 
considered to rule out delivery/postpartum complications including obstetric hemorrhage and 
postpartum PE. 
5.3. Outcome Allocation 
The major clinical outcome of PE will be determined by agreement of two co-investigators after the 
participant’s chart is reviewed and adjudicated as: preterm PE (PE<37 weeks) or PE with severe 
features (Aim 1). If the two co-investigators do not agree, a third co-investigator will be asked to 
contribute to the adjudication of the case. The adjudicators will be blinded about the treatment groups in 
which the participants are.  
Participants who do not have a documented pregnancy progressing beyond 20 weeks, cannot be 
adjudicated and will hence be excluded from analysis. 
We will use the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) definition of PE to guide 
ascertainment of the outcome (1).  PE will be diagnosed in women with new onset: 
Hypertension documented before 20 weeks of gestation and defined as: 
• 
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic ≥  90 mm Hg at least 4 hours apart  
• 
Systolic blood pressure ≥  160 mm Hg or  diastolic ≥  110 mmHg confirmed within a short 
interval 
• 
In addition to one of the following criteria: 
• 
Proteinuria: ≥300 mg per 24-hour urine, Protein/creatinine ratio of 0.3 mg/dl or Protein on 
Dipstick ≥ 2+ 
• 
Thrombocytopenia: platelet count less than 100,000 X109/L 
• 
Renal Insufficiency: serum creatinine > 1.1 mg/dl or doubling of serum creatinine 
• 
Impaired liver function: elevated transaminases to twice normal 
• 
Pulmonary edema 
• 
Neurologic findings: New onset headache that does not respond to medication and that cannot 
be attributed to another etiology, seizure (which will prompt the diagnosis of Eclampsia). 
 
In accordance with ACOG practice recommendations, superimposed PE can be diagnosed in women 
with underlying or preexisting hypertension, as a sudden increase in blood pressure in addition to the 
new onset of the criteria mentioned above (15).  In women with a history of protein in their urine, the 
criterion of proteinuria for PE would be met if there is a significant change in the quantity of their 
proteinuria (15).  
 
Severe features of preeclampsia are defined (as per ACOG 2019 guidelines) as follows (1):  
• 
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mm Hg or a diastolic≥ 110mmHg, measured ≥ twice in ≥ 4 hours 
(unless the patient is on anti-hypertensive medication) 
• 
Thrombocytopenia: platelet count less than 100,000 X109/L 
• 
Renal Insufficiency: serum creatinine > 1.1 mg/dl or doubling of serum creatinine 
• 
Impaired liver function: elevated transaminases to twice normal 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
16 
 
• 
Pulmonary edema 
• 
New onset headache that does not respond to medication and that cannot be attributed to 
another etiology 
• 
Changes in vision 
Adverse event monitoring will be conducted throughout the course of the study and will be assessed at 
each visit. Adverse events will be reported to the IRB as indicated by their regulations. 
5.4. Biobanking and cfRNA profiling 
Blood and urine collected as per section 5.1 will be stored in our BioBank at the Nephrology lab (Dr 
Suthanthiran’s lab, 1300 York Avenue, 5th floor, A-571). These samples would be used for future 
investigations of biomarkers of PE and for changes associated with different doses of ASA.  
Once funding can be obtained, we will proceed with profiling of cell free mRNA in the collected plasma 
samples in order to investigate whether, in pregnant women at a high risk for PE, cfRNA profiles can 
anticipate PE or predict the ability of bASA to prevent (or not) this disease. The profiling of cfRNA will be 
done in collaboration with Dr Iwijn De Vlaminck (Cornell Ithaca). 
Next generation sequencing.  
cfRNA will be isolated from 1ml plasma according to a published protocol (8). We will use a Plasma/Plasma 
Circulating RNA and Exosomal Purification kit (Norgen, cat 42800) for RNA extraction. DNA contamination 
will be removed by Baseline-ZERO DNase (Epicentre) followed by RNA Clean and Concentrator-5 kit 
(Zymo). Library preparation will be performed using SMARTer Stranded Total RNAseq-Pico Input 
Mammalian kit (Clontech). cfRNA sequencing will be done using an Illumina based platform. Sequencing 
output will be processed through an in-house pipeline. cfRNA indicative of PE will be identified using the 
edgeR software by performing an exact test, a likelihood ratio test, and quasi-likelihood F-test.  
Absolute quantification of cell-free RNAs using real time quantitative PCR assays (QPCR).  
We will reverse transcribe the RNA isolated from the plasma samples to cDNA using the CellsDirect One-
Step RT-qPCR kit (Thermo-Fisher) together with a pool of 96 primer pairs. If an informative cfRNA 
discovered by deep sequencing is not included in the standard primer/probe pool, we will design a specific 
primer/probe for the reverse transcription and preamplification of that cfRNA. A 20-cycle preamplification will 
then be done in Veriti® thermal cyclers. We will use Applied Biosystems’ QuantStudio™ 7 Flex Real-Time 
PCR System for the absolute quantification of the cfRNAs discovered to be prognostic of PE at a false 
discovery adjusted p-value <0.01. The PCR reaction for each sample will be set up in duplicate.  
Statistical analysis for cfRNA profiling:  
Standard descriptive statistics (such as mean or median, range and percentage) will be computed for patient 
characteristics. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of levels of cfRNAs will be performed 
and used to determine area under the curve (AUC) as the discrimination statistic, and the cutoff point that 
yields the highest combined sensitivity and specificity (Youden’s index) for predicting PE vs. no PE. Logistic 
regression analysis with stepwise backward elimination will be used to develop parsimonious prognostic 
signatures based on linear combinations of cell-free RNAs and to compute the resulting AUC. Models will be 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
17 
 
compared with likelihood ratio test (for nested models) and internally validated by 10-fold cross validation. 
Genes with an effect size threshold of 0.8 between the PE and No PE groups, and with false discovery rate 
(FDR) of 0.05 will be considered significantly different (8). 
 
6. DOSING DELAYS/DOSE MODIFICATIONS 
Patients will obtain their medications from their respective pharmacies. Women randomized to Arm 1, 
will be instructed to take one tablet of baby ASA 81mg per day while those in Arm 2, will be asked to 
simultaneously take 2 tablets per day for a total of 162mg.  
Therapy will be prescribed at the baseline visit to be initiated before 16 weeks of gestation. Aspirin 
therapy will continue until a week prior to planned delivery or upon admission for unplanned/imminent 
delivery as per routine clinical care.  
Aspirin is an over the counter medication and comes in very large pill containers thus rendering pill 
counts unpractical. Adherence will be assessed using a validated questionnaire. 
Dose modifications are not planned. If for a clinical reason, the participant or their healthcare providers 
have a concern or issue with the randomized dose; then that participant can be taken off the study dose 
and, with their permission, would be observationally monitored in an intention to treat analysis.  
7. ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING REQUIREMENTS  
AE monitoring will be conducted throughout the course of the study and will be assessed at each visit. 
AEs will be reported to the IRB as indicated by their regulations. 
8.  PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION 
Clinical trials evaluating the benefits of low-dose ASA have used a wide range of doses from 60mg to 
150mg orally daily with low-dose being defined as less than 325mg per day. ASA is currently the only 
prophylactic therapy for PE in high-risk women to be recognized by the US Preventive Task Force (in 
accordance with the World Health Organization) and should be initiated early in the second trimester of 
pregnancy, before 16 weeks of gestation (4).  
9.  CORRELATIVE/SPECIAL STUDIES 
There are no planned correlative or special studies. 
10. MEASUREMENT OF EFFECT 
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of ASA on the risk reduction of 
preterm PE and PE with severe features, and measure whether a dose-effect exists.  


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
18 
 
The secondary objectives of our study include to: 
- 
Evaluate and compare the adherence of pregnant women to 81 mg and 162 mg of daily low-
dose aspirin using a validated, Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). 
- 
Compare maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women at a high risk for preeclampsia who 
are treated with either 81 mg or 162 mg of daily aspirin during pregnancy, including 
preeclampsia ≥  37 weeks, severe maternal hypertension, preterm delivery,  fetal growth 
restriction, placental abruption and maternal/fetal mortality.  
- 
Compare the time-to-event for developing PE across the 2 treatment groups. 
11. DATA REPORTING / REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 
11.1 
 
Data Collection 
Data collection will be done through a secure RedCap database. Data collected is described in section 
“5. Study Procedures”. Data will only be exported without protected health identifiers for data analysis. 
The name and identifiers (date of birth and medical record number) of patients who were screened for 
the study but were not eligible or did not consent to being in the study will be stored in a secure 
RedCap database until the end of the study and then, deleted. These identifiers will only be accessible 
to the study personnel in order to prevent re-screening and approaching again patients that are 
ineligible or unwilling to participate in our study. Laboratory personnel and other research personnel 
that is not involved in participant recruitment or follow up will not have access to identifiers. 
Bio samples will be stored in a de-identified manner in the Nephrology research lab (Dr Suthanthiran’s 
lab) in 1300 York Ave, 5th floor, A building Lab A571. 
11.2 
 
Regulatory Considerations 
IRB approval will be obtained prior to the initiation of the study. IRB approval renewals will be sought as 
per routine for the duration of the study. All protocol amendments will be made by the Principal 
Investigator.   
12. STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 
12.1 
 
Study Design/Endpoints 
Subjects will be recruited from the New York Presbyterian – Weill Cornell and Queens campuses’ 
affiliated Obstetric Clinics and The Hypertension Center. Patients will be screened for eligibility and if 
eligible and consented, will be randomized to one of 2 arms: ASA 81mg daily vs ASA 162mg daily, to 
be started before 16 weeks’ gestation. Randomization will be electronically performed though the 
RedCap study portal. This will be an open label pilot study. Those patients who are randomized to the 
162mg group, will be instructed to take two 81mg tablets simultaneously. Patients will be instructed to 
continue ASA until delivery.  


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
19 
 
Subjects will be seen (as per routine clinical care) monthly in the second trimester and at least every 2 
weeks thereafter. They will then be evaluated for antepartum complications and PEC. Study 
participants will be assessed by study personnel in synchrony with their routine obstetric appointments 
at baseline (<16 weeks), 18-22 weeks, 24-28 weeks, 34-38 weeks, delivery and postpartum (1-6 weeks 
after delivery). The schedule of evaluations is described in section “5.1. Schedule of Evaluations”.  
Blood pressure, medication reconciliation with questionnaire, and chart review will be performed at 
each visit. Records will be reviewed to document laboratory tests and fetal testing. If the patient is 
diagnosed with PE at a time point other than the pre-set time points, we would collect the information 
as part of a “study outcome” visit. Delivery records will also be collected to include: blood pressure, 
medication regimen, laboratory tests, physical exam, imaging, placental pathology reports, operative 
records, birth and neonatal outcomes. Diagnosis of PE will be made by clinical chart review and 
ascertained by 2 independent adjudicators (co-investigators) (as detailed in section “5.3. Outcome 
Allocation”). If there is a disagreement, a 3rd adjudicator will be asked to review the chart. 
The study will be done in 2 stages. The first stage will aim to recruit 50-100 patients within the first 6 
months to a year in order to evaluate feasibility, safety and determine the incidence of preterm PE and 
PE with severe features in order to calculate/verify the adequate sample size needed for this study’s 
completion. The stages are further detailed in section “12.3 Sample Size/Accrual Rate”. 
12.2 
Treatment Regimens 
Arm 1: 81mg oral ASA daily. 
Arm 2: 162mg oral ASA daily. 
Patients will obtain their prescriptions from their respective pharmacies. Women in Arm 1, will be 
instructed to take one table of 81mg aspirin per day; those in Arm 2, will be asked to take two tablets 
simultaneously orally once per day. Therapy will be initiated at the baseline visit and continue until 1 
week before planned delivery or upon admission for unplanned/imminent delivery as per clinical 
routine. 
12.3 
Sample Size/Accrual Rate 
A sample size of 394 participants (197 for each group) will allow us to detect at 7.1% difference in the 
incidence of PE between the 2 groups. This is based on prior data reporting an incidence of PE of 8.6% 
and 1.5% for 81mg and 150mg of ASA respectively (10, 12) with a target 85% power and a Type 1 
error rate (alpha) of 5% (two-tailed). Assuming a response rate of 50%, we will aim to screen 788 
women. 
The above calculation is however only theoretical and very approximate. The incidence of PE in women 
on 162mg of ASA is not known and the incidence of PE in the 81mg of daily ASA that has been 
reported in the above-mentioned literature (10) appears to be far below the incidence of PE of 33.6% in 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
20 
 
our patient population (16). Our elevated rate of PE likely stems from referral bias and from the fact 
that, at the time of this study, aspirin was still not widely prescribed as it was not standard of care yet.  
The study will therefore be done in two stages:  
 
Stage 1: Pilot stage to assess feasibility and ensure feasibility and safety with the randomization of 50-
100 patients. The incidence of PE in the 2 groups will be evaluated and serve to calculate a sample 
size with a power of 85% to detect the observed difference between the two groups (adjusting for the 
interim analysis effect).  
We will recruit 50-100 patients in the initial stage of this trial. We have obtained an approximate 
estimation for the number of patients we see in the Women’s Health Practice and in J130 that would 
meet eligibility criteria for our study at <16 weeks gestation with USPTF high risk factors for the 
development of pre-eclampsia. We have sampled 3 separate months of the year so as to account for 
holidays, change in faculty coverage, and seasonality. In the month of January, there were 9 eligible 
patients; in October, there were 32 eligible patients; and in June, there were 29 eligible patients. Given 
the variability from month to month, and assuming a 50% response rate, 11 patients a month could 
potentially be randomized. Assuming a 75% adherence rate, we anticipate having approximately 50 
patients for initial assessment of feasibility and safety by the end of 6-12 months, after which we would 
perform a more accurate power analysis and continue with the second stage of our study.   
 
Stage 2: Larger, powered, clinical trial. Proceed with randomization of the remaining patients to the 
accrual ceiling as determined by Stage 1. The interim analysis that was used to establish an accurate 
sample size calculation will be taken into account.     
12.4 
Stratification Factors 
A secondary objective of this study is to assess the impact of specific co-morbidities (diabetes, chronic 
hypertension, renal disease and autoimmune disease), blood pressure control, age and race on the 
relationship between treatment group and PE incidence.  
12.5 
Analysis of Secondary Endpoints 
Standard descriptive statistics (such as mean or median, range and percentage) will be computed for 
patient characteristics. Baseline characteristics will be compared across treatment arms using Mann-
Whitney U (for non-parametric variables), student’s t-test (for normally distributed variables) or Chi-
square tests (for categorical variables). Group differences in the incidence of preterm PE (<37 weeks) 
and PE with severe features (our primary outcome) will be tested using Chi-square. 
As secondary analyses, multivariate logistic regression will be used to further assess the impact of co-
morbidities (diabetes, chronic hypertension, renal disease and autoimmune disease), blood pressure, 
age and race on the relationship between treatment group and PE incidence. An exploratory analysis 
will be made to compare the time-to-event for PE across the 2 treatment groups using a log-rank test 
and a cox-regression model to adjust for the above-mentioned possible confounders. We will use Stata 
15 (StataCorp. College Station, TX) for data analysis.  


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
21 
 
12.6 
Reporting and Exclusions 
12.6.1 Evaluation of toxicity.  
Evaluation of toxicity will be monitored throughout the study period. AE will be assessed at each study 
visit. 
12.6.2 Evaluation of response.  
Evaluation of response will be monitored at each visit and the presence/absence of PE will be 
ascertained at the completion of the study.  
13.  
DATA AND SAFETY MONITORING PLAN (DSMP) 
Data and Safety Monitoring Plan (DSMP) is not applicable since both the intervention arms are 
considered standard of care. 
The data will be stored in a secure RedCap database. The only other research personnel with access 
to the database will be the PI (Dr. Line Malha) and the study coordinator (Dr. Kathy Matthews). 
Laboratory personnel and other research personnel will not have access to identifiers.  
HUMAN SUBJECTS CONCERNS 
Patients will be recruited from New York Presbyterian – Weill Cornell and Queens campuses’ affiliated 
Obstetric Clinics and The Hypertension Center. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for the Weill 
Cornell campus will be obtained before initiation of the trial. In accordance with IRB regulations, 
informed consent will be obtained at the enrollment visit, prior to randomization. We do not expect more 
than minimal risk to our subjects since both strategies tested are part of the current standard of care. 
Despite the absence of evidence for increased major bleeding associated with ASA (3, 4), we will 
inform participants of the risk of non-major bleeding associated with ASA in pregnancy and discomfort 
for additional time spent at each visit for research purposes. Risk for loss of confidentiality will be 
discussed and minimized by storing all identifiers in a password secured Redcap database. RedCap 
access will be limited to necessary research personnel. Data exported for analysis will be done in a de-
identified manner. The potential benefit of this study to its participants include risk reduction of PEC. 
Consistently with the current equipoise, this benefit is considered to be similar for both groups and not 
distinct from standard of care.   
NEW AND/OR UNIQUE ASSAY/TECHNOLOGY: Not applicable. 
EXTERNAL SUPPORT/COLLABORATION/FUNDING: We will seek the support of the Preeclampsia 
foundation and the American Heart Association.   
 
 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
22 
 
REFERENCES 
1. 
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Obstetrics and 
gynecology. 2019;133(1):e1-e25. Epub 2018/12/24. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003018. PubMed 
PMID: 30575675. 
2. 
Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: risk factors and outcomes associated with 
early- versus late-onset disease. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2013;209(6):544.e1-
.e12. Epub 2013/08/27. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.019. PubMed PMID: 23973398. 
3. 
Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Meher S, King JF. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-
eclampsia and its complications. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2007(2):Cd004659. 
Epub 2007/04/20. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub2. PubMed PMID: 17443552. 
4. 
Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Conner E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG. U.S. 
Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews.  Low-
Dose Aspirin for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality From Preeclampsia: A Systematic Evidence 
Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research 
and Quality (US); 2014. 
5. 
Abheiden CN, van Reuler AV, Fuijkschot WW, de Vries JI, Thijs A, de Boer MA. Aspirin 
adherence during high-risk pregnancies, a questionnaire study. Pregnancy hypertension. 2016;6(4):350-
5. Epub 2016/12/13. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.08.232. PubMed PMID: 27939481. 
6. 
Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, Delgado JL, Vojtassakova D, de Alvarado M, 
Kapeti E, Rehal A, Pazos A, Carbone IF, Dutemeyer V, Plasencia W, Papantoniou N, Nicolaides KH. 
Aspirin for Evidence-Based Preeclampsia Prevention trial: influence of adherence on beneficial effect of 
aspirin in prevention of preterm preeclampsia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 
2017;217(6):685.e1-.e5. Epub 2017/09/11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.110. PubMed PMID: 28888591. 
7. 
Shanmugalingam R, Hennessy A, Makris A. Aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia: the 
conundrum of how, who and when. Journal of human hypertension. 2018. Epub 2018/09/21. doi: 
10.1038/s41371-018-0113-7. PubMed PMID: 30232399. 
8. 
Ngo TTM, Moufarrej MN, Rasmussen MH, Camunas-Soler J, Pan W, Okamoto J, Neff NF, Liu 
K, Wong RJ, Downes K, Tibshirani R, Shaw GM, Skotte L, Stevenson DK, Biggio JR, Elovitz MA, 
Melbye M, Quake SR. Noninvasive blood tests for fetal development predict gestational age and 
preterm delivery. Science (New York, NY). 2018;360(6393):1133-6. Epub 2018/06/09. doi: 
10.1126/science.aar3819. PubMed PMID: 29880692. 
9. 
Koh W, Pan W, Gawad C, Fan HC, Kerchner GA, Wyss-Coray T, Blumenfeld YJ, El-Sayed YY, 
Quake SR. Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of tissue-specific global gene expression in humans. 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014;111(20):7361-
6. Epub 2014/05/07. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1405528111. PubMed PMID: 24799715; PMCID: 
PMC4034220. 
10. 
Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E. The role of aspirin dose on 
the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis. 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
23 
 
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2017;216(2):110-20.e6. Epub 2016/09/20. doi: 
10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.076. PubMed PMID: 27640943. 
11. 
Seidler AL, Askie L, Ray JG. Optimal aspirin dosing for preeclampsia prevention. American 
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.018. 
12. 
Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, O'Gorman N, Syngelaki A, de Paco Matallana C, Akolekar R, 
Cicero S, Janga D, Singh M, Molina FS, Persico N, Jani JC, Plasencia W, Papaioannou G, Tenenbaum-
Gavish K, Meiri H, Gizurarson S, Maclagan K, Nicolaides KH. Aspirin versus Placebo in Pregnancies at 
High Risk for Preterm Preeclampsia. The New England journal of medicine. 2017;377(7):613-22. Epub 
2017/06/29. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1704559. PubMed PMID: 28657417. 
13. 
Perneby C, Vahter M, Akesson A, Bremme K, Hjemdahl P. Thromboxane metabolite excretion 
during pregnancy--influence of preeclampsia and aspirin treatment. Thrombosis research. 
2011;127(6):605-6. Epub 2011/02/15. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.01.005. PubMed PMID: 21316743. 
14. 
Vainio M, Riutta A, Koivisto AM, Maenpaa J. Prostacyclin, thromboxane A and the effect of 
low-dose ASA in pregnancies at high risk for hypertensive disorders. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica 
Scandinavica. 2004;83(12):1119-23. Epub 2004/11/19. doi: 10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00396.x. 
PubMed PMID: 15548142. 
15. 
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstetrics and 
gynecology. 2019;133(1):e26-e50. Epub 2018/12/24. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003020. PubMed 
PMID: 30575676. 
16. 
Perni U, Sison C, Sharma V, Helseth G, Hawfield A, Suthanthiran M, August P. Angiogenic 
factors in superimposed preeclampsia: a longitudinal study of women with chronic hypertension during 
pregnancy. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2012;59(3):740-6. Epub 2012/02/09. doi: 
10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.181735. PubMed PMID: 22311907. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


WCM IRB Protocol #: 1809019585 
NYP-Q IRB Protocol : #14540722 
Version Date: 01/29/2025  
 
24 
 
Appendix 
Validated Aspirin Adherence Questionnaire 
 
Simplified medication adherence questionnaire (SMAQ) 
 
1 
Do you ever forget to take your aspirin?  
 
Yes 
 
  
 
No 
2 
Are you careless at times about taking your aspirin? 
 
Yes 
 
  
 
No 
3 
Sometimes if you feel worse, do you stop taking your aspirin? 
 
Yes 
 
  
 
No 
4 
Did you not take any of your aspirin over the past weekend? 
 
Yes 
 
  
 
No 
5 
Thinking about the last week, how often have you not taken your aspirin? 
 
Never  
1x 
 
2-3x   
4-5x   
6-7x 
6 
Over the past 3 months, how many days have you not taken any aspirin at all? 
 
≤2 days  
 
 
>2 days