Clinical trial NCT04624672
Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Keywords: Bariatric Surgery Semaglutide
Sponsor: Geisinger Clinic
Start date: 2021-08-25; Completion date: 2022-08-17
Enrollment: 3 participants; Allocation: RANDOMIZED; Intervention model: PARALLEL

Brief summary:
This study is for patients that are diabetic, and require insulin for glycemic control, and going through the bariatric surgery process. This is a prospective study that is trying to determine if the introduction of a semaglutide increases the remission rates of diabetes post-operatively.

Detailed description:
The evidence to date supporting the association between treatment with GLP-1 agonists and diabetes remission after metabolic surgery is based on retrospective studies. This study is a 2:1 randomized, blinded, parallel, prospective placebo-controlled trial with a standardized treatment approach in order to establish the role of GLP-1 in remission of diabetes after metabolic surgery. This study will enroll 126 patients, with the goal of 100 patients completing the clinical trial (33 in the Placebo/Control Group and 67 in the Test Group).

The preoperative program for Metabolic Surgery involves multidisciplinary health evaluation and care, as well as patient education lasting approximately 6 months. Patients that consent to the clinical trial, will receive study drug on top of the standard care that is provided for 4 months prior to bariatric surgery. During this time, glycemic control will be monitored carefully through points of contact with the study team and additional lab assessments for the clinical trial. After bariatric surgery, patients will continue in the study for 2 years and glycemic control will be managed according to the current standard of care for perioperative glucose control. During this time, patients will continue to meet with the study team and collect lab assessments

All study patients will be followed for two years after metabolic surgery. Efficacy and outcomes will be evaluated by comparative analysis of laboratory results (Labs 1-6) which monitor longitudinal glycemic control. Outcomes will then be compared between Test and Control groups. The major study outcomes will be diabetes remission as defined by the American Diabetes Association. Secondary outcomes will include measures of improvement in glycemic control and beta cell function (change in fasting glucose levels, HbA1C, and C- peptide). All study labs and chemistry analysis will be performed at the Geisinger Medical Laboratory which is accredited by the College of American Pathologists and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid - Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of Health Division of Laboratories. Evaluation of the continued need for medications for diabetes treatment will be the responsibility of the study team. Longitudinal information relating to medication use will be derived from direct patient contact at study visits, and review of standard of care medicine reconciliations from the Electronic Health Record.

Arms: arm 1: Once weekly injection of placebo 4-6 months at prescribed dose arm 2: Once weekly injection of 1.0mg Semaglutide 4-6 months at prescribed dose
Interventions: intervention 1: Semaglutide (1 Mg Dose) intervention 2: Placebo
Intervention descriptions: intervention 1: Weekly injection of study drug for 4-6 months prior to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery intervention 2: Weekly injection of placebo for 4-6 months prior to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

Protocol documents:
Prot_SAP_000.pdf: 
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GLP-1 Agonists as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Surgical Treatment of Type 2 
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Diabetes:  A Randomized Controlled Trial 
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INVESIGATOR-SPONSORED STUDY PROPOSAL 
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UNIVERSAL TRIAL NUMBER (UTN):   
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U1111-1242-4068 
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NCT04624672 
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Geisinger Obesity Institute 
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Geisinger Clinic 
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100 N Academy Drive 
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Danville, PA 17822 
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USA 
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Principal investigator:   
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Christopher Still, DO   
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Director, Geisinger Obesity Institute 
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Peter Benotti, MD 
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Senior Clinical Investigator, Obesity Institute 
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Correspondence to: 
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Peter N Benotti, MD 
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Senior Clinical Investigator 
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Geisinger Obesity Institute 
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100 N Academy Drive 
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Danville, PA 17822-2607 
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Phone: 570-214-2215 
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Facsimile: 570-271-5021 
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Email: pnbenotti@geisinger.edu 
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pbenotti64@gmail.com 
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BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE 
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Metabolic surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and has been part of the standard of 
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care since 1991.  Even before metabolic surgery became an accepted therapy for obesity, anecdotal reports of 
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rapid post-operative remission of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) appeared.  In the first large published surgical series Pories 
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et al in 1995 reported 608 patients with severe obesity with 93% follow-up at 14 years documenting substantial 
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long-term weight loss and a high percentage of normoglycemia among 146 diabetics in the series.1  These 
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observations of apparent resolution of T2D have subsequently been confirmed in numerous large series involving 
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hundreds of patients,2,3 prospective long-term observational studies,4 and numerous prospective randomized 
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controlled trials (RCT) comparing rates of diabetes remission in subjects undergoing metabolic surgery vs 
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conventional treatment for T2D.5-11  In RCTs, long-term remission rates have averaged approximately 40-50% of 
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participants, as compared to the higher values reported in early observational studies.  The high level of evidence 
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accumulated in the multiple prospective controlled randomized trials has led to consensus guidelines supporting 
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metabolic surgery as a primary treatment option for patients with T2D and BMI > 35 kg/m2, and a secondary 
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option for patients with T2D and BMI 30-35 kg/m2 who do not respond to conventional treatment.12,13  
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As part of our patient-centered approach to improve surgical outcomes, we developed the first predictive 
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algorithm, the DiaRem Score for diabetes remission after metabolic surgery.14  This scoring system has been 
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validated by many investigators, and is the most widely used scoring system currently for predicting remission of 
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T2D. The scoring system is a surrogate for the severity of diabetes and allows identification of patients with a high 
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(>80-90%), intermediate, or low (<20%) probability of achieving remission of diabetes after surgery.  The overall 
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one-year rates of diabetes remission after metabolic surgery is 60-63%.15   The longer-term rate of remission needs 
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additional study, but preliminary data suggest that at 5 years, the remission rate falls to 45% or less as significant 
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numbers of patients do relapse.16,17  Mechanisms of relapse after surgery are unclear, but may be related to weight 
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regain.  
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The rapid improvement in glycemia parameters and insulin resistance, independent of weight loss after 
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metabolic surgery has provided a window for investigators to study mechanisms underlying this metabolic 
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improvement.  One of the most exciting areas of study relates to the gastrointestinal hormone Glucagon-ilike-
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peptide-1 (GLP-1), produced by L cells in the small intestine.  GLP-1, for which post prandial blood levels are 
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increased after metabolic surgery18 has numerous effects that appear to be beneficial to the restoration of normal 
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metabolism including stimulation of insulin release in response to nutrients, reduced glucagon secretion, 
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preservation and expansion of beta cell mass, and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in liver.19,20  Experimental 
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evidence suggests that the elevated levels of GLP-1 may contribute to these beneficial effects after surgery.  Of 
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additional interest is the remarkable overlap between the expanding list of suggested effects of GLP-1 and the 
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health benefits of metabolic surgery.21. (Figure 1) 
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Figure 1.  Taken from Manning et al.  GLP-1:  A mediator of the Beneficial Effects 
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 of Bariatric Surgery. Physiology 2015; 30:50-62.21 (orange:  likely mediated by GLP-1; blue:  unlikely mediated 
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byGLP-1).  
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Recognition of the beneficial metabolic effects have led to the development and study of GLP-1 agonists 
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which have emerged as effective treatments for T2D.  Semaglutide, a recently approved long-acting GLP-1 agonist 
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has been extensively validated in well-designed prospective clinical trials and has been shown to be superior to 
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many comparative oral agents for glycemic control and weight loss.22,23  In addition, longer-term trials have 
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confirmed that Semaglutide is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular events.24  It is now widely utilized as a 
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second-line agent for treatment of T2D.25 
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In our original Geisinger Obesity Institute study cohort of metabolic surgery patients, those with T2D and 
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a minimum of 1-year follow-up after metabolic surgery for weight management were studied. We found that pre-
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operative insulin treatment was associated with a low rate of diabetes remission after metabolic surgery (<20%). 
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Due to the poor prognosis for these patients on pre-operative insulin, we looked for patient factors that were 
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different in those on insulin that had remission versus those on insulin and didn’t have remission and found that 
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the use of a GLP-1 agonist in association with insulin was associated with a statistically significant increase in 
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diabetes remission.26  Preliminary unpublished data from our updated analysis of this cohort (N=1296 patients with 
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T2D who underwent metabolic surgery) demonstrates that for patients taking insulin for Type 2 Diabetes prior to 
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surgery, the simultaneous use of a GLP-1 agonist is an independent predictor of diabetes remission after surgery. 
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(Figure 2) 
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Additional data supporting the important 
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role of GLP-1 in diabetes remission after 
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metabolic surgery comes from a recent clinical 
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study in which GLP-1 levels were measured 
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before and after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass 
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(RYGB, N=77) and in obese and non-obese 
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volunteers with and without diabetes (N-93). 
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Findings included decreased baseline levels of 
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GLP-1 in patients with obesity and diabetes, 
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and an increase in GLP-1 levels after RYGB.  In 
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addition, the pre surgical levels of GLP-1 in the 
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study patients whose diabetes remitted after 
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surgery were significantly higher than the pre 
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op levels in those who did not remit.27  Further 
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evidence supporting adjuvant use of GLP-1 
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agonists comes from the recently published 
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GRAVITAS Trial, a randomized double-blind, 
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placebo controlled multicentered trial wherein 
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patients with persistent or recurrent diabetes 
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(HbA1C levels > 6.5%) following RYGB or 
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Sleeve Gastrectomy were treated with 
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Liraglutide vs placebo.  A significant improvement in glycemic control as measured by a change in HbA1C was 
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found in the cohort receiving liraglutide.28 
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Despite the growing body of evidence, the association of GLP-1 with remission of diabetes after bariatric 
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surgery remains unclear. The evidence of existing research, including our own, is dampened by potential for 
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confounding resulting from the lack of randomization.  In addition, our preliminary data suggesting an association 
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between the preoperative use of GLP-1 analogues and rates of diabetes remission after surgery is unadjusted for 
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the specific medication used, the duration of treatment and the medication dosage.  Therefore, we propose a 
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randomized, blinded, prospective placebo-controlled trial with a standardized treatment approach in order to 
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establish the role of GLP-1 in remission of diabetes after bariatric surgery. 
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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE   
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We propose to conduct a randomized prospective blinded placebo-controlled study of once-weekly  
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semaglutide 1.34 mg/ml in candidates for metabolic surgery with T2D and pre-operative use of insulin.  
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STUDY HYPOTHESIS: 
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The neoadjuvant use of once-weekly semaglutide 1.34 mg/ml in patients with severe obesity and Type 2D 
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will increase the rate of diabetes remission in those patients with more severe diabetes whose likelihood of 
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surgically-induced diabetes remission is low. 
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Figure 2: Among insulin users, those receiving GLP-1 analogs 
prior to surgery (n=50) had a significantly higher remission 
rate compared to those not on GLP-1 (n=426).  For non 
insulin users, GLP-1 analogues did not result in a statistically 
significant difference in remission rates. 
 


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STUDY ENDPOINTS: 
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      PRIMARY OUTCOME:  
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PARTIAL REMISSION OF DIABETES (to be defined according to 2 recent guidelines) 
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BUSE CONSENSUS GUIDELINES:29 
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HbA1C < 6.5% 
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Fasting Glucose <125 mg/dl 
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No medications or active treatment for one year 
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At least one-year duration 
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ADA GUIDELINES:30 
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HbA1c < 6.5% 
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No medications or active treatment for one year 
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At least one-year duration 
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We will record the rates of diabetes remission using both definitions, but will report the data  
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using the ADA Guidelines30 
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       SECONDARY OUTCOME 
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 COMPLETE REMISSION OF DIABETES 
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BUSE CONSENSUS GUIDELINES:29 
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HbA1C < 6.0% 
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Fasting Glucose <100 mg/dl 
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No medications or active treatment for one year 
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At least one-year duration 
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ADA GUIDELINES:30 
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HbA1c < 5.7% 
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No medications or active treatment for one year 
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At least one-year duration 
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STUDY TYPE: 
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This will be a prospective randomized single-center double-blinded placebo-controlled study. 
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RATIONALE FOR STUDY DESIGN: 
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The evidence to date supporting the association between treatment with GLP-1 agonists and diabetes remission 
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after metabolic surgery is based on retrospective studies and systematic approaches to this important research 
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questions are needed.  Therefore, we propose a 2:1 randomized, blinded, parallel, prospective placebo-controlled 
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trial with a standardized treatment approach in order to establish the role of GLP-1 in remission of diabetes after 
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metabolic surgery.  Please also refer to the paragraph below entitled Rationale for Study Population (page 5). 
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STUDY POPULATION: 
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Number of subjects to complete the study: 100 total (33 in the Placebo/Control Group and 67 in the Test Group) 
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Planned number of subjects to be screened: 168 
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Planned number of subjects to be randomized/started on study medication(s): 126.  This will reflect those patients 
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who are screened, but eliminated from consideration because of exclusion criteria.  In addition, some screened 
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patients will not have surgery because of insurance and other issues and will be withdrawn from the study.   The 
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Geisinger Medical Center is a larger regional referral center for metabolic surgery which will provide a continuous 
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pool of potential replacement study subjects. 
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Inclusion Criteria 
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1. Candidates for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery with an established diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes 
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requiring insulin treatment for glycemic control 
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2. Ability to provide informed consent before any trial-related activities  
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Exclusion Criteria 
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1. Prior metabolic surgery procedure  
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2. Use of GLP-1 analogues for diabetes treatment at the time of recruitment 
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3. Known or suspected allergy to semaglutide or the excipients in semaglutide, or related products 
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4. Contraindications to semaglutide which include a personal or first degree relative(s) history of medullary 
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carcinoma of the thyroid or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome-2 (MEN-2) 
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5. Previously randomized for participation in this trial  
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6. Pregnant, breast-feeding or the intention of becoming pregnant or not using highly effective 
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contraceptive measures 
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7. Type 1 diabetes   
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8. Malignant neoplasms other than basal and squamous cell skin cancer in the last 5 years 
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Withdrawal Criteria 
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The subject may withdraw at will at any time.  Patients may be asked to withdrawal from the study for the 
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following reasons: 
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Pregnancy or intention of becoming pregnant 
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Surgical conversion to a vertical sleeve gastrectomy or other metabolic surgical procedure 
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The development of refractory gastrointestinal side effects while taking study drugs 
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Endoscopic modification of the gastric bypass procedure (i.e. plication of an enlarged gastric reservoir or 
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gastrojejunal anastomosis) 
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• 
study patients who do not complete the preoperative program and do not have surgery 
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Subject Replacement: 
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Additional study patients will be recruited from eligible candidates for metabolic surgery as needed to replace 
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study subjects who either withdraw or become ineligible for the study.  
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Rationale for Study Population: 
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Despite the growing body of evidence, the association of GLP-1 with remission of diabetes after bariatric 
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surgery remains unclear. The evidence of existing research, including our own, is dampened by potential for 
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confounding resulting from the lack of randomization.  In addition, our preliminary data suggesting an association 
224 
between the preoperative use of GLP-1 analogues and rates of diabetes remission after surgery is unadjusted for 
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the specific medication used, the duration of treatment and the medication dosage.  Therefore, we propose a 
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randomized, blinded, parallel, prospective placebo-controlled trial with a standardized treatment approach in 
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order to establish the role of GLP-1 in remission of diabetes after bariatric surgery.  The primary and secondary 
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outcomes of diabetes remission will be determined by the two current definitions for diabetes remission,29,30  but 
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the priority definition for the primary aim will be the ADA Guidelines.30   Assessment of outcomes according to both 
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definitions will allow greater options for publication of the findings, and will add to the small number of studies 
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which have compared remission rates using both of these definitions.31.  In addition, we will measure C-peptide 
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levels in order to further study the impact of an extended course of semaglutide 1.34 mg/ml on beta cell 
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function.32,33 
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Study Design: 
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This study will be conducted at Geisinger Medical Center Weight Management Center where 
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approximately 35% of candidates for metabolic surgery have T2D.  The preoperative program for Metabolic 
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Surgery involves multidisciplinary health evaluation and care as well as patient education lasting approximately 6 
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months.  Surgery Candidates with T2D who require insulin for treatment of T2D will be identified early in the 
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program and offered participation in the clinical trial.  The current volume of metabolic surgery procedures at the 
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Geisinger Medical Center is 400 procedures per year and 14% of surgical candidates are taking insulin for 
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treatment of T2D.  We estimate that the pool of patients who are eligible will approximate 56 per year.   
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VISIT PROCEDURES 
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 Patients will be consented at a standard of care clinic visit by appropriately trained study personnel.  
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Study participants may withdraw from the study at any time by contacting the Principal Investigator in writing.   
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Consenting study participants will undergo baseline study laboratory assessment (LAB 1) to include, complete 
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metabolic profile (blood urea nitrogen sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, creatinine, albumin, ALT, AST, alkaline 
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phosphatase, bilirubin calcium, total protein, CO2, and estimated GFR), Hemoglobin A1C, and C-peptide.  Study 
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subjects will then be allocated to two groups by blinded randomization:  a test and a control group.   During the 
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neoadjuvant treatment phase of this trial, the Test Group will receive once-weekly semaglutide 1.34 mg/ml for a 
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minimum of 4 months, at the titrated dose, prior to surgery in addition to their current treatment regimen for T2D.   
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For the small number of study patients whose surgery may be delayed, the neoadjuvant phase will be extended, 
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and these patients can remain in the trial unless the delay exceeds 2 months.  If this occurs, they will be withdrawn 
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from the study.   Semaglutide 1.34 mg/ml will be administered subcutaneously in accordance with the dose 
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escalation according to prescribing information, with the final dose reaching 1 mg by injection per week.  The 
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Control Group will receive matched placebo to supplement their treatment regimen for T2D (Figure 3).  During the 
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neoadjuvant phase of the study, glycemic control will be carefully monitored and extra study visits during this 
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phase will be implemented for the purpose of adjusting dosage of insulin and other medications as glycemic 
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control changes.  Compliance with study drug and dosage will be assessed at each study visit. 
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After completing the preoperative treatment, study subjects will undergo laboratory assessment at 
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surgery (LAB 2) to include Hemoglobin A1C and C-peptide followed by metabolic surgery which will be limited to 
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Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.  Following metabolic surgery, during the post-operative phase of the trial, glycemic 
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control will be managed according to the current standard of care for perioperative glucose control (The care plan 
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for the management of diabetes in the Geisinger Health system is enclosed as a separate document).  Both Test 
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and, Control patients will be managed according to the standard of care.  For all study patients, glycemic control 
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will be closely monitored during surgical weight loss and medications will be reduced and/or adjusted as glycemic 
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control improves.  Because of the importance of maintaining safe glycemic control in this trial and the awareness 
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that the addition of semaglutide 1.34 mg/ml will necessitate prompt adjustment of diabetes treatment, additional 
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study visits for patient education and glycemic monitoring are included in both the neoadjuvant and postoperative 
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phases of this trial.  Study patients in both groups will undergo follow-up lab assessments to include Hemoglobin 
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A1C and C-peptide  at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months during the first year of the postoperative phase after surgery (Labs 3-
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6), and again at 18 and 24 months after surgery during the second year of the postoperative phase of the study 
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(Labs 7,8, Figure 3).  Complete metabolic profile will be added to lab tests for study patients at LAB 4 (6 months 
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after surgery), LAB 6 (12 months after surgery), and LAB 8 (24 months after surgery).  All study subjects will have 
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an additional tube of blood drawn for biobank storage at LABS 1,2,4,6 and 8.   When normoglycemia is achieved, 
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medications will be withdrawn according to the standard of care.  
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Assessment of efficacy 
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All study patients will be followed for two years after metabolic surgery.  Efficacy and outcomes will be evaluated 
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by comparative analysis of laboratory results (Labs 1-6) which monitor longitudinal glycemic control.  Outcomes 
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will then be compared between Test and Control groups (Table 1). The major study outcomes will be diabetes 
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remission as defined by the American Diabetes Association.29   Secondary outcomes will include measures of 
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improvement in glycemic control and beta cell function (change in fasting glucose levels, HbA1C, and C- peptide).  
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All study labs and chemistry analysis will be performed at the Geisinger Medical Laboratory which is accredited by 
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the College of American Pathologists and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid – Clinical Laboratory 
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Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of Health Division of Laboratories.  
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Other research we have performed in the support of this proposal14,26 has utilized the Geisinger Medical 
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Laboratory.  Evaluation of the continued need for medications for diabetes treatment will be the responsibility of 
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the study team.  Longitudinal information relating to medication use will be derived from direct patient contact at 
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study visits, and review of standard of care medicine reconciliations from the Electronic Health Record. 
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Figure 3:  Study Flow Diagram 
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Schedule of Events   
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STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 
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Analysis Plan: Statistical analysis will be based on intention-to-treat using all randomized patients.  Although the 
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major study outcomes will focus on diabetes remission, additional secondary outcomes will include the change in 
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HbA1C, change in fasting glucose level, percent weight loss, removal of insulin medication, and change in beta cell 
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function.     The final analyses will be conducted at conclusion of the follow-up for all study patients.   
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Sample Size and Statistical Power: 
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The anticipated surgical volume is 420 RYGB procedures per year of which approximately 14% are receiving 
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insulin for treatment of their type 2 diabetes. With a goal consent rate of 70%, we expect that about 20% will not 
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undergo surgery (for insurance or other reasons) or be lost to follow-up within the first year.  We expect to have 
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about 33 patients per year that complete the study (420 * 0.14 * 0.70 * 0.80 = 33).  
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A sample size of 100 patients (67 in the test group and 33 in the control group) was selected in order to 
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balance feasibility and cost, as well as to provide reasonable statistical power for detection of clinically relevant 
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differences in in the primary endpoint of partial diabetes remission as well as sub endpoint markers of glycemic 
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improvement and beta cell function.  This will result in a 5-year study with a 3-year enrollment period.  
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 The power calculations were developed using preliminary data from the Geisinger bariatric cohort. The 
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odds ratio for T2D remission in those with pre-operative insulin and GLP-1 versus those with pre-operative insulin 
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and without GLP-1 was 2.56 (Figure 2 above).  However, when adjusting for factors related to remission of diabetes 
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such as pre-operative HbA1c and age, the odds ratio increased to 3.11. Assuming an overall Type 1 error of 5% and 
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a loss to follow-up rate of 10%, a sample size of 96 per group (192 total) would be needed in order to achieve 80% 
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power the primary outcome of T2D remission.  We feel that the observed effect size may be conservative because 
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it was based on preliminary data which included a variety of GLP-1 agonists with varying durations of use and 
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inconsistent dosing.  The currently proposed study addresses these limitations and may result in effect sizes that are 
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larger than those observed in the preliminary data and the capability to detect clinically relevant differences in 
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outcomes in a more cost and time-efficient study 
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We acknowledge that the current study may be underpowered to detect significant changes in rates of 
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diabetes remission as defined here but feel confident that the study will provide meaningful results in regard to post-
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operative markers of glycemic control and beta cell function.  In addition, we expect that the data from this study 
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will enhance the accuracy of our DiaRem predictor tool. 
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Statistical Analysis: All statistical tests will be two-sided and p-values <0.05 will be considered significant. 
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Assumptions of underlying statistical procedures will be evaluated, and transformations or nonparametric tests will 
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be incorporated as needed. SAS version 9.4 will be used for data management and statistical analysis. The 
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demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the two randomized groups will be described using percentages 
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and means with standard deviations.  These descriptive measures will be compared between groups using chi-square 
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tests, two-sample t-tests, or comparable nonparametric tests.  All differences will be noted for consideration within 
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statistical analyses of the primary outcomes.  The primary outcome of early partial T2D remission which will be 
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measured according to the two current definitions will be compared between groups using logistic regression.  
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Assuming the randomization results in balanced treatment groups, the primary analysis will include indicator 
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variables for each intervention group.  Subsequent multiple logistic regression models will be used as supplementary 
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analyses to evaluate the effect of potential confounding variables including any unbalanced patient characteristics 
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revealed in primary analyses. The pattern and amount of missing data due to loss of follow-up will be evaluated for 
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appropriate imputation strategy. For example, if the missing data appear to be missing at random, then we will use 
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multiple imputation. Due to the prospective design and prior experience with research of the Geisinger bariatric 
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cohort, we expect the rate of missing data will be low and have little impact on the study outcomes. The secondary 
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outcomes of complete remission measured by the two current definitions and the percent without insulin treatment 
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will be evaluated using similar methods as described above for the primary endpoint.  Since the secondary outcomes 
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of change in HbA1c and weight loss are continuous data types, this endpoint will be compared between groups using 
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longitudinal mixed effect linear regression models. Other endpoints for exploratory analysis may include: mean and 
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change from baseline in levels of C peptide and blood glucose, fasting homeostasis model of assessment of insulin 
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resistance (HOMA-IR), and percentage of patients meeting different HbA1c targets.   
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DATA HANDLING AND RECORD KEEPING 
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Study data will be collected and managed using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) and stored on the 
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Geisinger secure network.  This network has a high level of security, controlled access, daily back-up, and long-
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term retention of back-up files.  All members of the research group will have individual computers that are part of 
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the institution network with institutional oversight of security.  Field and range checks will be used to minimize 
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data entry errors.  Data distribution will be checked periodically, and outliers verified; missing data will be tracked 
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and checked. Only the minimal amount of data necessary will be shared with Novo Nordisk, such as a limited data 
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set including dates of visits.  All patient information will be identified using a study ID number.  Before delivery to 
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Novo Nordisk, a Geisinger Clinic Data Broker will review the data and ensure that it does not include unapproved 
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PHI. 
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ETHICS 
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This study will be reviewed and approved by the Geisinger IRB before study activities commence.  Each patient will 
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meet one of the investigators or study staff members who will explain the scientific rationale of the study, the 
367 
procedures and potential risks involved, as well as the rights of the participant in the study.  The Geisinger IRB will 
368 
approve the consent form prior to use.  Before any procedures specified in this protocol are performed, a 
369 
participant must: 
370 
• 
Be informed of all pertinent aspects of the study and all elements of informed consent.  
371 
• 
Be given time to ask questions, take time to consider the decision to participate, and demonstrate 
372 
understanding of the study. 
373 
• 
Voluntarily agree to participate in the study.  
374 
• 
Sign and date an IRB-approved informed consent form. 
375 
The study team will comply with all applicable regulatory and legal requirements, ICH GCP guidelines and the 
376 
Declaration of Helsinki in obtaining and documenting the informed consent. 
377 
 
378 
The key personnel identified in this proposal report having completed the required education on the protection of 
379 
human research participants.  The Geisinger Clinic has a formal program entitled the “Collaborative Institutional 
380 
Training Initiative (CITI)”.  CITI is a web based educational course designed to provide formal training in human 
381 
subjects’ research for all personnel involved in human subject research.   
382 
 
383 
The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH Good Clinical Practice 
384 
guidelines.   
385 
 
386 
Confidentiality of all medical records is strictly maintained by established procedures.  The privacy of study 
387 
participants is very important to our study team, and it will be protected as much as possible.  In compliance with 
388 
HIPAA requirements, the names, addresses, phone numbers, social security numbers, or any other identifying 
389 
information on our study participants will not be released.  If study data are sent outside of the study team for 
390 
further analysis, these data will be sent with a study ID number and/or a limited data set which may include dates 
391 
of visits.  Similarly, any publications generated from the data collected from the proposed studies will exclude 
392 
identifiers.   
393 
 
394 
STUDY SCHEDULE: (ACTUAL DATES TO BE MODIFIED PER REVIEW AND APPROVAL TIMELINE) 
395 
Study Activation: March 2020 
396 
Recruitment Period: April 2020 – Jan 2023 
397 
Start of Study or FPFV: June 2020 
398 
Last Patient First Visit: Feb 2023 
399 
End of Study or LPLV: Feb 2025 
400 
Final Report:  Feb 2025 
401 
 
402 


Page 11 of 17 
 
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11 
 
STUDY DRUGS AND MATERIALS: 
403 
Study medication(s) / devices(s) 
404 
Semaglutide solution for subcutaneous injection:  2mg/1.5 ml (1.34 mg/ml), prefilled pen -injector for subcutaneous 
405 
injection    
406 
Placebo solution for subcutaneous injection:  1.5 ml, prefilled pen-injector for subcutaneous injection  
407 
 
408 
Packaging and Labelling of Study Medication(s) 
409 
Ozempic® is marketed in different pen variants for different intended dosing regimens; push button and cartridge 
410 
holder are light grey, and the pen can be found in a 1.5 ml variant.  For this trial, semaglutide and matched placebo 
411 
solution for injection will be provided by Novo Nordisk in a 1.5 ml pre-filled pen-injector for subcutaneous injection.  
412 
The clinical pen for this trial can be found in one variant to support 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg doses in a single 1.5 
413 
ml variant.  The push button and cartridge holder are light brown.  Neither closure cap nor the pen is in contact with 
414 
the product, and differences in colors have no impact on the stability of the product.  The investigator will provide 
415 
each subject with directions for use for the pen-injector at first dispensing visit and when considered needed. 
416 
All trial products will be packed and labelled by Novo Nordisk and provided in non-subject specific boxes. Trial 
417 
products will be dispensed to each subject as required according to the treatment group assigned. Un-blinded trial 
418 
staff will be available to use the un-blinded lists to dispense trial product to the subjects. 
419 
The investigator will ensure availability of proper storage conditions and record and evaluate the temperature at 
420 
least every working day. A log to document the temperature must be kept. Storage of the study medication will be 
421 
done according to the label.   
422 
The semaglutide/placebo pen-injector must be protected from all sources of light, and the pen cap should be kept 
423 
on when the pen is not in use. The semaglutide/placebo should not be used if it does not appear clear and colorless. 
424 
Subjects will be instructed to use a new needle for each injection.  
425 
In case of incorrect storage, the Investigator or site staff will not dispense trial drug to subjects. 
426 
 
427 
AUXILLARY SUPPLIES 
428 
Subjects will continue to use blood glucose meters, test strips and control solutions prescribed prior to trial 
429 
participation. These will not be supplied by the site.  
430 
 
431 
Administration: After randomization, semaglutide or placebo will be introduced at a dose of 0.25 mg/weekly. A fixed 
432 
dose-escalation procedure will be used, with a starting dose of 0.25 mg for 1 month that is escalated to 0.5 mg as 
433 
per protocol in SUSTAIN-6.  After an additional 4 weeks, the dosage will be increased to 1 mg once weekly. Dose 
434 
increase period can be extended based on the subject’s tolerance to the trial product. If the maximum dose of 1 mg 
435 
once weekly is not tolerated or otherwise associated with unacceptable adverse events, reduction in the dose is 
436 
allowed at the investigator’s discretion.   Subjects unable to tolerate 0.5 mg/week will be taken off drug but will 
437 
remain in study.  Injection can be done at any time of the day and irrespective of meals. It will be recommended that 
438 
the time of injection is consistent from one injection to another.  
439 
 
440 
If a subject misses a dose of investigational product during the trial, they will be instructed to take it as soon as 
441 
possible within 5 days after the missed dose.  If more than 5 days have passed, they will be instructed to skip the 
442 
missed dose and administer the next dose on the regularly scheduled day. In each case, patients can then resume 
443 
their regular once weekly dosing schedule. Subjects should be instructed not to “make-up” for the missed dose by 
444 
taking a double dose at the same time. The day of weekly administration can be changed if necessary, as long as the 
445 
time between two doses is at least 2 days (> 48 hours).  
446 
 
447 
Storage and Drug Accountability of Study Medication(s) 
448 
Geisinger’s Investigational Drug Service is a division of Geisinger Enterprise Pharmacy responsible for protecting 
449 
the safety of patients participating in investigational or clinical medication studies by providing a process for the 
450 
safe and appropriate use of investigational drugs within the Geisinger Clinic.  The sponsor-investigator, in 
451 
collaboration with the Geisinger Investigational Drug Service, will ensure the availability of proper storage 
452 


Page 12 of 17 
 
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12 
 
conditions and record and evaluate the temperature.  The Investigational Drug Service will store drug within 
453 
temperature range and storage conditions indicated on package directions.  Temperature is tracked every 15 
454 
minutes via TempTrack with daily summary reports available.  No trial medication(s) will be dispensed to any 
455 
person not enrolled in the study.  Unused medication(s) will be stored separately from used trial medication(s).  
456 
Drug accountability is tracked electronically using the Investigational Drug Accountability System (IDAS) (Vestigo). 
457 
Unused trial product(s) are returned to the Investigational Drug Service for return to sponsor or destruction as 
458 
indicated by sponsor.   
459 
 
460 
Randomization and Blinding 
461 
Pen-injectors will be blinded regarding the pen-injector itself, the label and the box. On the box, a unique 
462 
Dispensing Unit Number (DUN) is stated, which together with the Total DUN List (TDL) provided by CS HQ can 
463 
identify the treatment administered.  Only dedicated unblinded site staff can access the TDL and can allocate the 
464 
trial product according to the treatment that a subject has been randomized to.  Both study investigators and 
465 
participants will be blinded to treatment versus placebo.  The study biostatistician will use a random number 
466 
generator to create randomization schedules for the study participants.  Block randomization will be used to 
467 
ensure equal representation into the two groups at a 2:1 ratio.  Participants will be randomized according to order 
468 
that consent was received.  Randomization sequences will be computer-generated by the study statistician.     
469 
 
470 
Breaking of Blinded Codes 
471 
The code for a particular subject may be broken in a medical emergency if knowing the identity of the treatment 
472 
allocation would influence the treatment of the subject or if demanded by the subject.  Whenever a code is 
473 
broken, the person breaking the code will record the time, date and reason as well as his/her initials in the source 
474 
documents.  All codes (whether broken or not) will be kept throughout the trial period.   Accountability of all 
475 
broken or unbroken codes (hard copy or electronic) will be performed at or after trial closure. 
476 
 
477 
CONCOMITANT ILLNESSES AND MEDICATIONS: 
478 
Definitions: 
479 
Concomitant illness: any illness that is present at the start of the trial (i.e. at the first visit). 
480 
Concomitant medication: any medication other than the trial product(s) that is taken during the trial, including the 
481 
screening and run-in periods.  
482 
A subset of  concomitant medications will be collected in the eCRF for this study. Only those medications used for 
483 
the treatment of (a) diabetes or diabetic complications, (b) obesity, (c) or medications taken to treat an SAE or AE 
484 
of interest will be captured. These will be recorded at trial entry (i.e. at the first visit). Any changes in these specific 
485 
concomitant medications must be recorded at each visit. If the change influences the subject’s eligibility to 
486 
continue in the trial, the PI must be informed. 
487 
The information collected for each concomitant medication includes, at a minimum, trade name or generic name, 
488 
indication, dates of administration, and dose. 
489 
For each concomitant illness, date of onset, date of resolution or continuing, at a minimum, should be recorded. 
490 
 
491 
ADVERSE EVENTS: 
492 
Definitions 
493 
The current version of the FDA approved Prescribing Information or any updates thereof will be used for 
494 
assessment of expectedness. 
495 
 
496 
Adverse Event (AE): 
497 
An AE is any undesirable medical event occurring to a subject in a clinical trial, whether or not related to the trial 
498 
product(s). This includes events reported from the first trial related activity after the subject has signed the 
499 
informed consent and until 30 days after the last study drug  treatment . 
500 
Only the following AEs should be recorded in the eCRF: 
501 
• serious adverse events (SAE), suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions (SUSARs), or serious adverse drug 
502 
reactions (SADRs) 
503 


Page 13 of 17 
 
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13 
 
• AEs leading to discontinuation of trial product 
504 
• The following AEs of clinical interest  
505 
 
pancreatitis 
506 
 
nephropathy or acute renal failure 
507 
 
gallbladder disease 
508 
 
malignant neoplasms 
509 
 
diabetic retinopathy 
510 
 
medication errors or misuse/abuse of trial product 
511 
 
512 
The following should not be recorded as AEs: 
513 
• Pre-planned procedures, unless the condition for which the procedure was planned has worsened from the first 
514 
trial related activity after the subject has signed the informed consent. This includes the RYGB metabolic surgery 
515 
planned in this study. 
516 
• Pre-existing conditions found as a result of screening procedures 
517 
• Any AE occurring after 30-days post final dose of study drug 
518 
 
519 
Clinical Laboratory Adverse Event: 
520 
A clinical laboratory AE is any clinical laboratory abnormality. For this study, only those lab results deemed by an 
521 
investigator to be clinically significant will be reported in the eCRF  (i.e. requiring change of medication dose, 
522 
discontinuation of trial product, more frequent follow-up or diagnostic investigation). Every attempt should be 
523 
made to consolidate symptoms into a comprehensive diagnosis term for reporting. 
524 
 
525 
Serious Adverse Event (SAE): 
526 
A serious AE is an experience that at any dose results in any of the following: 
527 
• Death 
528 
• A life-threatening* experience 
529 
• In-patient hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalization 
530 
• A persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
531 
• A congenital anomaly/birth defect 
532 
• Important medical events that may not result in death, be life-threatening*, or require 
533 
  hospitalisation may be considered an SAE when, based upon appropriate medical judgement, they may 
534 
jeopardise the subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed in 
535 
this definition 
536 
• Suspicion of transmission of infectious agents  
537 
*The term life-threatening in the definition of SAE refers to an event in which the subject was at risk of death at 
538 
the time of the event. It does not refer to an event which hypothetically might have caused death if it was more 
539 
severe. 
540 
 
541 
Serious Adverse Drug Reaction (SADR):  
542 
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an adverse event (AE) for which a causal relationship to the trial product is at 
543 
least possible i.e. causal relationship is conceivable and cannot be dismissed. Serious adverse reaction (SAR): 
544 
Adverse event which fulfils both the criteria for a Serious Adverse Event and the criteria for an Adverse Reaction. 
545 
 
546 
Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction (SUSAR):  
547 
An SAE which is unexpected and regarded as possibly or probably related to the trial/study product by the 
548 
investigator.  
549 
 
550 
Medical Events of Special Interest (MESI): A MESI is (1) a medication error (e.g. wrong drug administration or 
551 
wrong route of administration) or (2) a suspected transmission of an infectious agent via the product 
552 
 
553 
Non-Serious Adverse Event: 
554 
A non-serious AE is any AE which does not fulfil the definition of an SAE. 
555 
 
556 


Page 14 of 17 
 
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14 
 
Severity Assessment Definitions: 
557 
• Mild: Transient symptoms, no interference with the subject’s daily activities 
558 
• Moderate: Marked symptoms, moderate interference with the subject’s daily activities 
559 
• Severe: Considerable interference with the subject’s daily activities, unacceptable 
560 
 
561 
Relationship to study medication Assessment Definitions: 
562 
• Probable: Good reasons and sufficient documentation to assume a causal relationship 
563 
• Possible: A causal relationship is conceivable and cannot be dismissed 
564 
• Unlikely: The event is most likely related to an etiology other than the trial product 
565 
FDA approved Prescribing Information will be used to evaluate all unexpected events and adverse reactions.  
566 
US Prescribing Information or any updates hereof will be used for assessment of expectedness. 
567 
 
568 
Outcome Categories and Definitions: 
569 
• Recovered: Fully recovered or by medical or surgical treatment the condition has returned to the level observed 
570 
at the first trial related activity after the subject signed the informed consent 
571 
• Recovering: The condition is improving and the subject is expected to recover from the event. This term should 
572 
only be used when the subject has completed the trial 
573 
• Recovered with sequelae: As a result of the AE, the subject suffered persistent and     significant 
574 
disability/incapacity (e.g. became blind, deaf, paralysed). Any AE recovered with sequelae should be rated as an 
575 
SAE 
576 
• Not recovered 
577 
• Fatal 
578 
• Unknown 
579 
 
580 
Collection, Recording and Reporting of Adverse Events 
581 
Adverse events reporting will comply with all local legal, regulatory, and IRB requirements. 
582 
 
583 
The study team will be responsible for reporting serious adverse events (SAE), suspected unexpected serious 
584 
adverse reactions (SUSARs), serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) and adverse events of interest to the 
585 
competent authority and independent ethics committee/institutional review boards based upon federal 
586 
regulations and local/IRB policies. 
587 
 
588 
The study team will report to Novo Nordisk all SAEs, SUSARs, and SADRs at the same time such events are reported 
589 
to regulatory authorities or within 15 days from the sponsor-investigator becoming aware of such adverse events, 
590 
whichever comes first. 
591 
 
592 
The study team will collect the following information at minimum for each of these events: 
593 
 
594 
 
 
 
 
Study name 
595 
 
 
 
 
Subject identifier 
596 
Patient identification (sex, age) 
597 
 
Event term (Preferably diagnosis) 
598 
Event description including pertinent medical history, concomitant medications 
599 
and assessments  
600 
Trial drug 
601 
Reporter identification (Name and date reported) 
602 
Causality 
603 
Outcome 
604 
The investigator will copy Novo Nordisk when expediting SARs to Health Authorities and will report all SARs related 
605 
to Novo Nordisk Product to the local Novo Nordisk affiliate safety department. The submission to Novo Nordisk 
606 
must be within day 15 from the investigator’s first knowledge about a valid case. The investigator will also expedite 
607 
SARs to Independent Ethics Committee (IEC)/Institutional Review Board (IRB). 
608 


Page 15 of 17 
 
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15 
 
 
609 
Follow-up of Adverse Events 
610 
During and following a subject’s participation in a clinical trial, the sponsor-investigator and institution will provide 
611 
adequate medical care to the study subject for any study-related adverse events specified above. This medical care 
612 
for study subjects will be provided regardless of their insurance status.  
613 
 
614 
All adverse events of interest classified as serious or severe or possibly/probably related to the trial product must 
615 
be followed for 30 days post last dose of study drug or until final outcome of the event is known or subject lost to 
616 
further follow-up. US Prescribing Information or any updates hereof will be used for assessment of expectedness.   
617 
 
618 
 
619 
Pregnancy 
620 
Study subjects will be instructed to notify the sponsor-investigator immediately if they become pregnant.  
621 
 
622 
The study team will report to Novo Nordisk any pregnancy occurring during the trial period. Reporting of 
623 
pregnancy by sponsor-investigator should occur within the same timelines described above for reporting of 
624 
Adverse Events.  
625 
  
626 
Pregnancy complications should be recorded as adverse event(s). If the infant has a congenital anomaly/birth 
627 
defect this must be reported and followed up as a serious adverse event. 
628 
 
629 
Precautions/Over-dosage 
630 
In the event of study drug overdosage, supportive care and treatment will be provided to address clinical signs and 
631 
symptoms.  Because of the prolonged half-life of the study drug, an extended period of observation and treatment 
632 
will be necessary.  Overdose will be managed by the clinicians affiliated with the Geisinger Weight Management 
633 
Center. 
634 
 
635 
LIABILITY AND SUBJECT INSURANCE: 
636 
During and following a subject’s participation in trial, the sponsor-investigator and his/her institution will provide 
637 
adequate medical care to the study subject for any study-related adverse events, including clinically significant 
638 
laboratory values related to the study. This medical care for study subjects will be provided regardless of their 
639 
insurance status. 
640 
 
641 
The sponsor-investigator will be responsible for the conduct of the study.  Liability language will be addressed in 
642 
the contract.   
643 
 
644 
EVALUABILITY OF SUBJECTS        
645 
The principal investigator will be responsible for excluding subjects or observations from the analysis. The subjects 
646 
or observations to be excluded, and the reasons for their exclusion will be documented and signed by those 
647 
responsible prior to database release. The documentation will be stored together with the remaining trial 
648 
documentation. 
649 
 
650 
PREMATURE TERMINATION OF STUDY 
651 
Premature termination of the study will be decided by a Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). As described 
652 
above in the statistical considerations section, interim analyses will be used to decide if stopping the trial early is 
653 
warranted based on higher than anticipated effect size or for futility. In addition, the DSMB will evaluate adverse 
654 
event reports. Any serious adverse events that are definitely or probably related to the protocol and any deaths 
655 
(regardless of relationship to the study) will be reported to the full DSMB and corresponding IRBs within 5 days.  -  
656 
For all serious adverse events determined by either IRB to be definitely, probably, or possibly related to the study 
657 
or interventions, the corresponding IRB will take whatever action(s) it deems appropriate, including but not limited 
658 
to:  
659 


Page 16 of 17 
 
Version 7, July 29, 2021 
 
16 
 
i. 
Modification of the protocol 
660 
ii. 
Modification of the consent form document 
661 
iii. 
Modification to the timetable for continuing review requirements 
662 
iv. 
Suspension of new enrollment into the study 
663 
v. 
Suspension or termination of the study.  
664 
Any unanticipated adverse events that are definitely or probably related to the protocol will be reported to the 
665 
DSMB and corresponding IRBs within 5 days.  Other adverse events will be reviewed at each DSMB meeting, 
666 
documented by standard procedures and will be reported at the annual IRB protocol review.  
667 
 
668 
PUBLICATION PLAN 
669 
 
670 
The study findings will be reviewed in accordance with the scheduled interim and final analyses.  Important clinical 
671 
findings related to the study aims will be discussed among study personnel and shared with the study sponsor. A 
672 
mutually agreeable plan for presentation of the findings at national meetings and/or submission to peer-review 
673 
journals will be carried out.  Preparation of abstracts and manuscripts will take place during the final year of the 
674 
trial.  The study team will register the trial with clinicaltrials.gov. 
675 
 
676 
REFERENCES 
677 
 
678 
1. Pories W, Swanson M, MacDonald K,  et al. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most 
679 
effective therapy for adult-onset Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Surg 1995;    222:339–350; discussion 350–332. 
680 
2. Schauer P, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, et al. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 
681 
diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 2003; 238:467–484; discussion 484–465.  
682 
3. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review 
683 
and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2009;122:248–256.e5.  
684 
4. Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom C et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N 
685 
Engl J Med 2007;  357:741–752.  
686 
5. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients 
687 
with diabetes. N Engl JMed 2012;366:1567–1576. 
688 
6. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al.; STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical 
689 
therapy for diabetes–3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2002–2013. 
690 
7. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al.  Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 
691 
2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1577–1585. 
692 
8. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al.  Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus conventional medical 
693 
treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single centre, 
694 
randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;  386:964–973. 
695 
9. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee W-J, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the 
696 
control of type 2 diabetes hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: the Diabetes Surgery Study randomized clinical 
697 
trial. JAMA2013; 309:2240–2249. 
698 
10.  Halperin F, Ding SA, Simonson DC, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery or lifestyle with intensive medical 
699 
management in Patients with type 2 diabetes: feasibility and 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial. 
700 
JAMA Surg. 2014;149:716–726. 
701 
11. Courcoulas AP, Goodpaster BH, Eagleton JK, et al. Surgical vs medical treatments for type 2diabetes 
702 
mellitus: a randomized clinical trial.  JAMA Surg 2014;149:707–715 
703 
12. Garber A, Abrahamson J, Barzilay L et al.  Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical 
704 
Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes 
705 
Management Algorithm- 2018 Executive Summary.  Endocr Pract, 2018; 24(1):91-120. 
706 
13. Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden G, Brunberger G et al. American Association of clinical Endocrinologists and 
707 
American College of Endocrinology- Clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus 
708 
comprehensive care plan- 2015.  Endocr Pract.2015; 21(Suppl1):1-87. 
709 
14. Still C, Wood C, Benotti P, et al.  Preoperative Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Remission following RYBP 
710 
Surgery. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2014; 2(1):38-45. 
711 


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15. Huang X, Liu T, Zhong M et al.  Predictors of Glycemic Control after Sleeve Gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y 
712 
Gastric Bypass:  A Meta-analysis, Meta-regression and Systemic Review.  Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2018; 14:1822-
713 
1831. 
714 
16. Arteburn D, Bogart A, Sherwood N et al.  A Multisite Study of Long-term Remission and Relapse of Type 2 
715 
Diabetes Following Gastric Bypass.  Obes Surg.  2013; 23:93-102. 
716 
17. Azagury D, Papasavas P, Hamdallah I et al.  ASMBS Position Statement on Medium- and Long-term Durability 
717 
of Weight Loss and Diabetic Outcomes after Conventional Stapled Bariatric Procedures.  Surg Obes Rel Dis.  
718 
2018; 14:1425-1441. 
719 
18. Alamuddin N, Vetter M, Ahima R et al.  Changes in Fasting and Prandial Gut and Adiposity Hormones 
720 
Following Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass:  an 18-Month Prospective Study.  Obes 
721 
Surg. 2017; 27:1563-1572. 
722 
19. Andersen A, Lund A, Knop F et al.  Glucagon-like peptide 1 in Health and Disease.  Nature Rev Endocrinol. 
723 
2018; 14:390-403. 
724 
20. Salehi M, Aulinger B, D’Alessio D.  Targeting  ß-Cell Mass in Type 2 Diabetes:  Promise and Limitations of 
725 
New Drugs Based on Incretins.  Endocr Rev 2008; 29(3):367-379. 
726 
21. Manning S, Pucci A, Batterjam R.  GLP-1:  A Mediator of the Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery?  
727 
Physiology 2015; 30:50-62. 
728 
22. Sorli C, Harashima S, Tsoukas G et al.  Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus 
729 
placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, 
730 
parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial.  Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.  2017; 5(4):251-260. 
731 
23. Rodbard H, Lingvay I, Reed J et al.  Semaglutide added to basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): A 
732 
randomized, controlled trial.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 103(6):2291-2301. 
733 
24. Marso S, Bain S, Consoli A et al.  Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. 
734 
N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1834–44. 
735 
25. Goldenberg R, Steen O.  Semaglutide:  Review and Place in Therapy for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.  
736 
Canadian J Diabetes. 2019; 43:136-145. 
737 
26. Wood G, Gerhard G, Benotti P et al. Preoperative Use of Incretins is Associated with Increased Diabetes 
738 
Remission after RYGB Surgery Among Patients Taking Insulin:  A retrospective cohort analysis.  Ann Surg.  
739 
2015; 261(1)125-128. 
740 
27. Izaguirre M, Ambrosi J, Rodriguez A et al.  GLP-1 Limits Adipocyte Inflammation and Its Low Circulating 
741 
Concentrations Predict Worse Type 2 Diabetes Remission after Bariatric Surgery in Obese Adults.  J Clin 
742 
Med. 2019; 8: pii: E479. doi: 10.3390/jcm8040479. 
743 
28. Miras A, Perez-Pevida B, Aldhawayan M et al.  Adjunctive Liraglutide Treatment in Patients with Persistent 
744 
or Recurrent Type 2 Diabetes after Metabolic Surgery (GRAVITAS): A Randomized, double-blind, Placebo-
745 
controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2019; DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-
746 
8587(19)30157-3. 
747 
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