15 U.S.C. § 9461 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 9461. Department of Energy artificial intelligence research program
(a) In general
The Secretary shall carry out a cross-cutting research and development program to advance artificial intelligence tools, systems, capabilities, and workforce needs and to improve the reliability of artificial intelligence methods and solutions relevant to the mission of the Department. In carrying out this program, the Secretary shall coordinate across all relevant offices and programs at the Department, including the Office of Science, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, the Office of Nuclear Energy, the Office of Fossil Energy, the Office of Electricity, the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, and any other relevant office determined by the Secretary.
(b) Research areas
In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Secretary shall award financial assistance to eligible entities to carry out research projects on topics including—
(1) the application of artificial intelligence systems to improve large-scale simulations of natural and other phenomena;
(2) the study of applied mathematics, computer science, and statistics, including foundations of methods and systems of artificial intelligence, causal and statistical inference, and the development of algorithms for artificial intelligence systems;
(3) the analysis of existing large-scale datasets from science and engineering experiments and simulations, including energy simulations and other priorities at the Department as determined by the Secretary using artificial intelligence tools and techniques;
(4) the development of operation and control systems that enhance automated, intelligent decisionmaking capabilities;
(5) the development of advanced computing hardware and computer architecture tailored to artificial intelligence systems, including the codesign of networks and computational hardware;
(6) the development of standardized datasets for emerging artificial intelligence research fields and applications, including methods for addressing data scarcity; and
(7) the development of trustworthy artificial intelligence systems, including—
(A) algorithmic explainability;
(B) analytical methods for identifying and mitigating bias in artificial intelligence systems; and
(C) safety and robustness, including assurance, verification, validation, security, and control.
(c) Technology transfer
In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Secretary shall support technology transfer of artificial intelligence systems for the benefit of society and United States economic competitiveness.
(d) Facility use and upgrades
In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Secretary shall—
(1) make available high-performance computing infrastructure at national laboratories;
(2) make any upgrades necessary to enhance the use of existing computing facilities for artificial intelligence systems, including upgrades to hardware;
(3) establish new computing capabilities necessary to manage data and conduct high performance computing that enables the use of artificial intelligence systems; and
(4) maintain and improve, as needed, networking infrastructure, data input and output mechanisms, and data analysis, storage, and service capabilities.
(e) Report on ethics statements
Not later than 6 months after publication of the study described in section 9451(d)(1)(C) of this title, the Secretary shall report to Congress on options for requiring an ethics or risk statement as part of all or a subset of applications for research activities funded by the Department of Energy and performed at Department of Energy national laboratories and user facilities.
(f) Risk management
The Secretary shall review agency policies for risk management in artificial intelligence related projects and issue as necessary policies and principles that are consistent with the framework developed under section 278h–1(c) of this title (as added by section 5301 of this division).
(g) Data privacy and sharing
The Secretary shall review agency policies for data sharing with other public and private sector organizations and issue as necessary policies and principles that are consistent with the standards and guidelines submitted under section 278h–1(e) of this title (as added by section 5301 of this division). In addition, the Secretary shall establish a streamlined mechanism for approving research projects or partnerships that require sharing sensitive public or private data with the Department.
(h) Partnerships with other Federal agencies
The Secretary may request, accept, and provide funds from other Federal departments and agencies, State, United States territory, local, or Tribal government agencies, private sector for-profit entities, and nonprofit entities, to be available to the extent provided by appropriations Acts, to support a research project or partnership carried out under this section. The Secretary may not give any special consideration to any agency or entity in return for a donation.
(i) Stakeholder engagement
In carrying out the activities authorized in this section, the Secretary shall—
(1) collaborate with a range of stakeholders including small businesses, institutes of higher education, industry, and the National Laboratories;
(2) leverage the collective body of knowledge from existing artificial intelligence and machine learning research; and
(3) engage with other Federal agencies, research communities, and potential users of information produced under this section.
(j) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Secretary
The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy.
(2) Department
The term “Department” means the Department of Energy.
(3) National laboratory
The term “national laboratory” has the meaning given such term in section 15801 of title 42.
(4) Eligible entities
The term “eligible entities” means—
(A) an institution of higher education;
(B) a National Laboratory;
(C) a Federal research agency;
(D) a State research agency;
(E) a nonprofit research organization;
(F) a private sector entity; or
(G) a consortium of 2 or more entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (F).
(k) Authorization of appropriations
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Department to carry out this section—
(1) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2021;
(2) $214,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
(3) $228,980,000 for fiscal year 2023;
(4) $245,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and
(5) $262,160,000 for fiscal year 2025.
(Pub. L. 116–283, div. E, title LV, § 5501, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4545.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: Section 5301 of this division, referred to in subsecs. (f) and (g), means section 5301 of div. E of Pub. L. 116–283, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4536.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Transformational Artificial Intelligence Models
text: Pub. L. 119–21, title V, § 50404, July 4, 2025, 139 Stat. 153, provided that:
“(a) Definitions.—
In this section:
“(1) American science cloud.—
The term ‘American science cloud’ means a system of United States government, academic, and private sector programs and infrastructures utilizing cloud computing technologies to facilitate and support scientific research, data sharing, and computational analysis across various disciplines while ensuring compliance with applicable legal, regulatory, and privacy standards.
“(2) Artificial intelligence.—
The term ‘artificial intelligence’ has the meaning given the term in section 5002 of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 9401).
“(b) Transformational Models.—
The Secretary of Energy shall—
“(1) mobilize National Laboratories to partner with industry sectors within the United States to curate the scientific data of the Department of Energy across the National Laboratory complex so that the data is structured, cleaned, and preprocessed in a way that makes it suitable for use in artificial intelligence and machine learning models; and
“(2) initiate seed efforts for self-improving artificial intelligence models for science and engineering powered by the data described in paragraph (1).
“(c) Uses.—
“(1) Microelectronics.—
The curated data described in subsection (b)(1) may be used to rapidly develop next-generation microelectronics that have greater capabilities beyond Moore’s law while requiring lower energy consumption.
“(2) New energy technologies.—
The artificial intelligence models developed under subsection (b)(2) shall be provided to the scientific community through the American science cloud to accelerate innovation in discovery science and engineering for new energy technologies.
“(d) Appropriations.—
There is appropriated, out of any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, $150,000,000, to remain available through September 30, 2026, to carry out this section.”