50 U.S.C. § 4560 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 4560. Employment of personnel; appointment policies; nucleus executive reserve; use of confidential information by employees; printing and distribution of reports
(a) Repealed. June 28, 1955, ch. 189, § 12(c)(1), 69 Stat. 180
(b) Presidential appointments
(1) The President is further authorized, to the extent he deems it necessary and appropriate in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter and subject to such regulations as he may issue, to employ persons of outstanding experience and ability without compensation;
(2) The President shall be guided in the exercise of the authority provided in this subsection by the following policies:
(i) So far as possible, operations under this chapter shall be carried on by full-time, salaried employees of the Government, and appointments under this authority shall be to advisory or consultative positions only.
(ii) Appointments to positions other than advisory or consultative may be made under this authority only when the requirements of the position are such that the incumbent must personally possess outstanding experience and ability not obtainable on a full-time, salaried basis.
(3) Appointees under this subsection shall, when policy matters are involved, be limited to advising appropriate full-time salaried Government officials who are responsible for making policy decisions.
(4) Appointments under this subsection shall be supported by written certification by the head of the employing department or agency—
(i) that the appointment is necessary and appropriate in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter;
(ii) that the duties of the position to which the appointment is being made require outstanding experience and ability;
(iii) that the appointee has the outstanding experience and ability required by the position; and
(iv) that the department or agency head has been unable to obtain a person with the qualifications necessary for the position on a full-time, salaried basis.
(5) Notice and financial disclosure requirements.—
(A) Public notice of appointment.—
The head of any department or agency who appoints any individual under this subsection shall publish a notice of such appointment in the Federal Register, including the name of the appointee, the employing department or agency, the title of the appointee’s position, and the name of the appointee’s private employer.
(B) Financial disclosure.—
Any individual appointed under this subsection who is not required to file a financial disclosure report pursuant to section 13103 of title 5, shall file a confidential financial disclosure report pursuant to section 13109 of title 5 with the appointing department or agency.
(6) The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall carry out a biennial survey of appointments made under this subsection and shall report his or her findings to the President and make such recommendations as he or she may deem proper.
(7) Persons appointed under the authority of this subsection may be allowed reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred by them in carrying out the functions for which they were appointed in the same manner as persons employed intermittently in the Federal Government are allowed expenses under section 5703 of title 5.
(c) Employment of experts and consultants
The President is authorized, to the extent he deems it necessary and appropriate in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter to employ experts and consultants or organizations thereof, as authorized by section 3109 of title 5. Individuals so employed may be compensated at rates not in excess of $50 per diem and while away from their homes or regular places of business they may be allowed transportation and not to exceed $15 per diem in lieu of subsistence and other expenses while so employed.
(d) Utilization of other services
The President may utilize the services of Federal, State, and local agencies and may utilize and establish such regional, local, or other agencies, and utilize such voluntary and uncompensated services, as may from time to time be needed.
(e) Nucleus executive reserve
The President is further authorized to provide for the establishment and training of a nucleus executive reserve for employment in executive positions in Government during periods of national defense emergency, as determined by the President. Members of this executive reserve who are not full-time Government employees may be allowed transportation and per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with title 5 (with respect to individuals serving without pay, while away from their homes or regular places of business), for the purpose of participating in the executive reserve training program.
(f) Use of confidential information for speculation
Whoever, being an officer or employee of the United States or any department or agency thereof (including any Member of the Senate or House of Representatives), receives, by virtue of his office or employment, confidential information, and (1) uses such information in speculating directly or indirectly on any commodity exchange, or (2) discloses such information for the purpose of aiding any other person so to speculate, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. As used in this section, the term “speculate” shall not include a legitimate hedging transaction, or a purchase or sale which is accompanied by actual delivery of the commodity.
(g) Printing and distribution of reports
The President, when he deems such action necessary, may make provision for the printing and distribution of reports, in such number and in such manner as he deems appropriate, concerning the actions taken to carry out the objectives of this chapter.
(Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, title VII, § 710, 64 Stat. 819; July 31, 1951, ch. 275, title I, § 109(f), 65 Stat. 139; June 28, 1955, ch. 189, § 12(c)(1), 69 Stat. 180; Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 655, §§ 7, 8, 69 Stat. 582, 583; Pub. L. 94–152, § 5, Dec. 16, 1975, 89 Stat. 820; Pub. L. 102–558, title I, § 143, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4217; Pub. L. 111–67, § 10, Sept. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 2019; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(c)(47), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4359.)
heading: Termination of Section
text: For termination of section, see section 4564(a) of this title.
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b), (c), and (g), was in the original “this Act” or “the Act”, meaning act Sept. 8, 1950, ch. 932, 64 Stat. 798, known as the Defense Production Act of 1950, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 4501 of this title and Tables.
heading: Codification
text: Section was formerly classified to section 2160 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
In subsec. (c), “section 3109 of title 5” substituted for “section 55a of title 5 of the United States Code” as if it had been a reference to section 15 of act Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, 60 Stat. 810, on which section 55a of title 5 was based, on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, § 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
heading: Amendments
text: 2022—Subsec. (b)(5)(B). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted “section 13103 of title 5,” for “section 101 of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978,” and “section 13109 of title 5” for “section 107 of that Act”.
2009—Subsec. (b)(2)(iii). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(1)(A), struck out cl. (iii), which read as follows: “In the appointment of personnel and in assignment of their duties, the head of the department or agency involved shall take steps to avoid, to as great an extent as possible, any conflict between the governmental duties and the private interests of such personnel.”
Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(1)(B), (C), redesignated pars. (5) and (6) as (4) and (5), respectively, and struck out former par. (4), which exempted persons employed under subsec. (b) from certain provisions restricting activities of and payments to retired military officers and public officials, with specific exceptions.
Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(1)(D), substituted “The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall carry out a biennial survey of” for “At least once every three months the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall survey”.
Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(1)(C), redesignated par. (7) as (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (5).
Subsec. (b)(7), (8). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(1)(C), redesignated par. (8) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (6).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(2), struck out at end “The President is authorized to provide by regulation for the exemption of such persons from the operation of sections 281, 283, 284, 434, and 1914 of title 18 and section 99 of title 5.”
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(3), substituted “needed.” for “needed; and he is authorized to provide by regulation for the exemption of persons whose services are utilized under this subsection from the operation of sections 281, 283, 284, 434, and 1914 of title 18 and section 99 of title 5.”
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 111–67, § 10(4), substituted “national defense emergency, as determined by the President” for “emergency” and struck out at end “The President is authorized to provide by regulation for the exemption of such persons who are not full-time Government employees from the operation of sections 281, 283, 284, 434, and 1914 of title 18 and section 99 of title 5.”
1992—Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 102–558, § 143(a), amended par. (6) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: “The heads of the departments or agencies making appointments under this subsection shall file with the Division of the Federal Register for publication in the Federal Register a statement including the name of the appointee, the employing department or agency, the title of his position, and the name of his private employer, and the appointee shall file with such Division for publication in the Federal Register a statement listing the names of any corporations of which he is an officer or director or within sixty days preceding his appointment has been an officer or director, or in which he owns, or within sixty days preceding his appointment has owned, any stocks, bonds, or other financial interests, and the names of any partnerships in which he is, or was within sixty days preceding his appointment, a partner, and the names of any other businesses in which he owns, or within such sixty-day period has owned, any similar interest. At the end of each succeeding six-month period, the appointee shall file with such Division for publication in the Federal Register a statement showing any changes in such interests during such period.”
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 102–558, § 143(b)(1), substituted “Director of the Office of Personnel Management” for “Chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission” and “his or her findings” for “his findings”, struck out “and the Joint Committee on Defense Production” after “to the President”, and substituted “he or she may” for “he may”.
Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 102–558, § 143(b)(2), substituted “reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred by them in carrying out the functions for which they were appointed in the same manner as persons employed intermittently in the Federal Government are allowed expenses under section 5703 of title 5” for “transportation and not to exceed $15 per diem in lieu of subsistence while away from their homes or regular places of business pursuant to such appointment”.
1975—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–152 substituted provisions authorizing per diem in lieu of subsistence in accordance with provisions of title 5 with respect to individuals serving without pay while away from their homes or regular places of business, for provisions authorizing $15 per diem in lieu of subsistence.
1955—Subsec. (a). Act June 28, 1955, repealed subsec. (a) which authorized President to place positions and employ persons temporarily in grades 16, 17, and 18 of the General Schedule established by Classification Act of 1949.
Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 9, 1955, § 7, imposed additional restrictions on employment of persons without compensation by establishing guides to be used by President, requiring written certification, publication of statements, and a survey of appointments.
Subsecs. (e) to (g). Act Aug. 9, 1955, § 8, added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsecs. (e) and (f) as (f) and (g), respectively.
1951—Subsec. (f). Act July 31, 1951, added subsec. (f).
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 102–558 deemed to have become effective Mar. 1, 1992, see section 304 of Pub. L. 102–558, set out as a note under section 4502 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1975 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 94–152 effective at close of Nov. 30, 1975, see section 9 of Pub. L. 94–152, as amended, set out as a note under section 4558 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1955 Amendments
text: Amendment by act Aug. 9, 1955, effective as of close of July 31, 1955, see section 11 of act Aug. 9, 1955, set out as a note under section 4502 of this title.
heading: Executive Documents
heading: Delegation of Functions
text: Authority of President to implement the Defense Production Act of 1950 (this chapter) in this subchapter—
(1) with respect to hoarding of health and medical resources necessary to respond to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services, see section 2(a)(ii) of Ex. Ord. 13910, Mar. 23, 2020, 85 F.R. 17001, set out as a note under section 4512 of this title;
(2) with respect to responding to the spread of COVID–19 within the United States delegated to Secretary of Health and Human Services and Secretary of Homeland Security, see section 2(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 13911, Mar. 27, 2020, 85 F.R. 18403, set out as a note under section 4511 of this title;
(3) in addition to the delegation of authority in Ex. Ord. No. 13911, delegated to Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 13922, May 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 30583, set out as a note under section 4532 of this title; and
(4) with respect to addressing the national energy emergency declared under Ex. Ord. No. 14156, Jan. 20, 2025, 90 F.R. 8433, set out as a note under section 1621 of this title, delegated to the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, see section 6(d) of Ex. Ord. No. 14241, Mar. 20, 2025, 90 F.R. 13673, set out as a note under section 1601 of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining.
Functions of President under this chapter relating to production, conservation, use, control, distribution, and allocation of energy, delegated to Secretary of Energy, see section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 11790, June 25, 1974, 39 F.R. 23185, set out under section 761 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
For delegation of authority of President under subsecs. (b), (c), and (e) of this section, see sections 501(b) and 502 of Ex. Ord. No. 13603, Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16656, set out as a note under section 4553 of this title.