38 U.S.C. § 7253 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 7253. Composition
(a) Composition.—
The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims is composed of at least three and not more than seven judges, one of whom shall serve as chief judge in accordance with subsection (d).
(b) Appointment.—
The judges of the Court shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, solely on the grounds of fitness to perform the duties of the office. A person may not be appointed to the Court who is not a member in good standing of the bar of a Federal court or of the highest court of a State. Not more than the number equal to the next whole number greater than one-half of the number of judges of the Court may be members of the same political party.
(c) Term of Office.—
The term of office of the judges of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims shall be 15 years. A judge who is nominated by the President for appointment to an additional term on the Court without a break in service and whose term of office expires while that nomination is pending before the Senate may continue in office for up to 1 year while that nomination is pending.
(d) Chief Judge.—
(1) The chief judge of the Court is the head of the Court. The chief judge of the Court shall be the judge of the Court in regular active service who is senior in commission among the judges of the Court who—
(A) have served for one or more years as judges of the Court;
(B) have at least 3 years remaining in term of office; and
(C) have not previously served as chief judge.
(2)
(A) In any case in which there is no judge of the Court in regular active service who meets the requirements under paragraph (1), the judge of the Court in regular active service who is senior in commission and meets subparagraph (A) or (B) and subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1) shall act as the chief judge.
(B) In any case under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph in which there is no judge of the Court in regular active service who meets subparagraph (A) or (B) and subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1), the judge of the Court in regular active service who is senior in commission and meets subparagraph (C) shall act as the chief judge.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), a judge of the Court shall serve as the chief judge under paragraph (1) for a term of five years or until the judge becomes age 70, whichever occurs first. If no other judge is eligible under paragraph (1) to serve as chief judge upon the expiration of that term, that judge shall continue to serve as chief judge until another judge becomes eligible under that paragraph to serve as chief judge.
(4)
(A) The term of a chief judge shall be terminated before the end of the term prescribed by paragraph (3) if—
(i) the chief judge leaves regular active service as a judge of the Court; or
(ii) the chief judge notifies the other judges of the Court in writing that such judge desires to be relieved of the duties of chief judge.
(B) The effective date of a termination of the term under subparagraph (A) shall be the date on which the chief judge leaves regular active service or the date of the notification under subparagraph (A)(ii), as the case may be.
(5) If a chief judge is temporarily unable to perform the duties of chief judge, those duties shall be performed by the judge of the Court in active service who is present, able and qualified to act, and is next in precedence.
(6) Judges who have the same seniority in commission shall be eligible for service as chief judge in accordance with their relative precedence.
(e) Salary.—
Each judge of the Court shall receive a salary at the same rate as is received by judges of the United States district courts.
(f) Removal.—
(1) A judge of the Court may be removed from office by the President on grounds of misconduct, neglect of duty, engaging in the practice of law, or violating section 7255(c) of this title. A judge of the Court may not be removed from office by the President on any other ground.
(2) Before a judge may be removed from office under this subsection, the judge shall be provided with a full specification of the reasons for the removal and an opportunity to be heard.
(g) Rules.—
(1) The Court shall prescribe rules, consistent with the provisions of chapter 16 of title 28, establishing procedures for the filing of complaints with respect to the conduct of any judge of the Court and for the investigation and resolution of such complaints. In investigating and taking action with respect to any such complaint, the Court shall have the powers granted to a judicial council under such chapter.
(2) The provisions of sections 354(b) through 360 of title 28, regarding referral or certification to, and petition for review in, the Judicial Conference of the United States and action thereon, shall apply to the exercise by the Court of the powers of a judicial council under paragraph (1) of this subsection. The grounds for removal from office specified in subsection (f)(1) shall provide a basis for a determination pursuant to section 354(b) or 355 of title 28, and certification and transmittal by the Conference shall be made to the President for consideration under subsection (f).
(3)
(A) In conducting hearings pursuant to paragraph (1), the Court may exercise the authority provided under section 1821 of title 28 to pay the fees and allowances described in that section.
(B) The Court shall have the power provided under section 361 of title 28 to award reimbursement for the reasonable expenses described in that section. Reimbursements under this subparagraph shall be made from funds appropriated to the Court.
(h) Temporary Expansion of Court.—
(1) During the period from January 1, 2002, through August 15, 2005, the authorized number of judges of the Court specified in subsection (a) is increased by two.
(2)
(A) Of the two additional judges authorized by this subsection—
(i) only one may be appointed pursuant to a nomination made in 2002; and
(ii) only one may be appointed pursuant to a nomination made in 2003.
(B) If a judge is not appointed under this subsection pursuant to a nomination made in 2002, a judge may be appointed under this subsection pursuant to a nomination made in 2004. If a judge is not appointed under this subsection pursuant to a nomination made in 2003, a judge may be appointed under this subsection pursuant to a nomination made in 2004. In either case, such an appointment may be made only pursuant to a nomination made before October 1, 2004.
(3) The term of office and the eligibility for retirement of a judge appointed under this subsection, other than a judge described in paragraph (4), are governed by the provisions of section 1012 of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims Amendments of 1999 (title X of Public Law 106–117; 113 Stat. 1590; 38 U.S.C. 7296 note) if the judge is one of the first two judges appointed to the Court after November 30, 1999.
(4) A judge of the Court as of December 27, 2001, who was appointed to the Court before January 1, 1991, may accept appointment as a judge of the Court under this subsection notwithstanding that the term of office of the judge on the Court has not yet expired under this section. The term of office of an incumbent judge who receives an appointment as described in the preceding sentence shall be 15 years, which includes any period remaining in the unexpired term of the judge. Any service following an appointment under this subsection shall be treated as though served as part of the original term of office of that judge on the Court.
(5) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), an appointment may not be made to the Court if the appointment would result in there being more than seven judges on the Court who were appointed after January 1, 1997. For the purposes of this paragraph, a judge serving in recall status under section 7257 of this title shall be disregarded in counting the number of judges appointed to the Court after such date.
(i) Additional Temporary Expansion of Court.—
(1)
(A) Subject to paragraph (2), effective during the period beginning on December 31, 2009, and ending on the date of the enactment of the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2024, the authorized number of judges of the Court specified in subsection (a) is increased by two.
(B) Subject to paragraph (2), effective as of the date of the enactment of the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2024, the authorized number of judges of the Court specified in subsection (a) is increased by three.
(2) Effective as of January 1, 2028, an appointment may not be made to the Court if the appointment would result in there being more judges of the Court than the authorized number of judges of the Court specified in subsection (a).
(Added Pub. L. 100–687, div. A, title III, § 301(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4114, § 4053; amended Pub. L. 101–94, title I, § 102(c), Aug. 16, 1989, 103 Stat. 626; renumbered § 7253, Pub. L. 102–40, title IV, § 402(b)(1), May 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 238; Pub. L. 102–82, § 3, Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 375; Pub. L. 102–585, title VIII, § 801, Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4980; Pub. L. 105–368, title V, §§ 501, 512(a)(1), Nov. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 3340, 3341; Pub. L. 106–117, title X, §§ 1031, 1032(a), 1033, Nov. 30, 1999, 113 Stat. 1594, 1595; Pub. L. 107–103, title VI, § 601, Dec. 27, 2001, 115 Stat. 998; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title I, § 11043(f), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1856; Pub. L. 108–454, title VIII, § 802, Dec. 10, 2004, 118 Stat. 3625; Pub. L. 109–233, title V, § 503(15), June 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 417; Pub. L. 110–389, title VI, § 601, Oct. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 4176; Pub. L. 112–260, title III, § 302(b), Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2425; Pub. L. 114–315, title II, §§ 201(a), 204(a), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1548, 1549; Pub. L. 116–159, div. E, title II, § 5205, Oct. 1, 2020, 134 Stat. 750; Pub. L. 118–196, § 7, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2675.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The date of the enactment of the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2024, referred to in subsec. (i)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 118–196, which was approved Dec. 23, 2024.
heading: Amendments
text: 2024—Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 118–196, § 7(1), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted “Subject to paragraph (2), effective during the period beginning on December 31, 2009, and ending on the date of the enactment of the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2024” for “Subject to paragraph (2), effective as of December 31, 2009”, and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 118–196, § 7(2), substituted “January 1, 2028” for “January 1, 2026”.
2020—Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 116–159 substituted “January 1, 2026” for “January 1, 2021”.
2016—Subsec. (d)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 114–315, § 204(a)(1), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 114–315, § 204(a)(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “In any case in which there is no judge of the Court in regular active service who has served as a judge of the Court for at least one year, the judge of the court in regular active service who is senior in commission and has not served previously as chief judge shall act as the chief judge.”
Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 114–315, § 201(a), substituted “January 1, 2021” for “January 1, 2013”.
2013—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 112–260, which directed substitution of “engaging in the practice of law, or violating section 7255(c) of this title” for “or engaging in the practice of law” in section 7253(f)(1), without specifying the Code title to be amended, was executed to subsec. (f)(1) of this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2008—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–389 added subsec. (i).
2006—Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 109–233 substituted “Court” for “court”.
2004—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 108–454, § 802(a), inserted “The chief judge of the Court is the head of the Court.” after “(1)”.
Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub. L. 108–454, § 802(b), substituted “Court” for “court” in cls. (i) and (ii).
Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 108–454, § 802(c), substituted “December 27, 2001,” for “the date of the enactment of this subsection”.
2002—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(f)(1), substituted “chapter 16” for “section 372(c)” and “such chapter” for “such section”.
Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(f)(2), substituted “sections 354(b) through 360” for “paragraphs (7) through (15) of section 372(c)” and “section 354(b) or 355” for “paragraph (7) or (8) of section 372(c)”.
Subsec. (g)(3)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(f)(3), substituted “361” for “372(c)(16)”.
2001—Subsecs. (b), (c), (f), (g). Pub. L. 107–103, § 601(b), inserted subsec. headings.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–103, § 601(a), added subsec. (h).
1999—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–117, § 1031, inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims shall be composed of a chief judge and at least two and not more than six associate judges.”
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–117, § 1032(a), inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The chief judge is the head of the Court”.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–117, § 1033, inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
“(e)(1) The chief judge of the Court shall receive a salary at the same rate as is received by judges of the United States Courts of Appeals.
“(2) Each judge of the Court, other than the chief judge, shall receive a salary at the same rate as is received by judges of the United States district courts.”
1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–368, § 512(a)(1), substituted “Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims” for “Court of Veterans Appeals”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–368, § 512(a)(1), substituted “Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims” for “Court of Veterans Appeals”.
Pub. L. 105–368, § 501, inserted at end “A judge who is nominated by the President for appointment to an additional term on the Court without a break in service and whose term of office expires while that nomination is pending before the Senate may continue in office for up to 1 year while that nomination is pending.”
1992—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–585 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added pars. (2) and (3).
1991—Pub. L. 102–40 renumbered section 4053 of this title as this section.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 102–82 added subsec. (g).
1989—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–94 inserted “or” before “engaging” and substituted “law” for “law, or physical or mental disability which, in the opinion of the President, prevents the proper execution of the judge’s duties”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2016 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 114–315, title II, § 204(b), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1550, provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to the selection of a chief judge occurring on or after January 1, 2020.”
heading: Effective Date of 2013 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 112–260 effective on the date that is 180 days after Jan. 10, 2013, see section 302(c)(1) of Pub. L. 112–260, set out as a note under section 7255 of this title.
Pub. L. 112–260, title III, § 302(c)(2), Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2426, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to judges confirmed on or after January 1, 2012.”
heading: Effective Date of 1999 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 106–117, title X, § 1036, Nov. 30, 1999, 113 Stat. 1595, provided that:
“(a) Effective Date.—
The amendments made by this subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 1031–1036) of title X of Pub. L. 106–117, amending this section and sections 7254, 7281, 7296, and 7297 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 1999].
“(b) Savings Provision for Incumbent Chief Judge.—
The amendments made by this subtitle shall not apply while the individual who is chief judge of the Court [United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims] on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 1999] continues to serve as chief judge. If that individual, upon termination of service as chief judge, provides notice under section 7257 of title 38, United States Code, of availability for service in a recalled status, the rate of pay applicable to that individual under section 7296(c)(1)(A) of such title while serving in a recalled status shall be at the rate of pay applicable to that individual at the time of retirement, if greater than the rate otherwise applicable under that section.”
heading: Effective Date of 1998 Amendment
text: Amendment by section 512(a)(1) of Pub. L. 105–368 effective on first day of first month beginning more than 90 days after Nov. 11, 1998, see section 513 of Pub. L. 105–368, set out as a note under section 7251 of this title.
heading: Initial Appointment of Judges to Court of Veterans Appeals
text: Section 302 of Pub. L. 100–687 prohibited President from appointing associate judges of the United States Court of Veterans Appeals under subsec. (b) of this section, until the chief judge of such Court has been appointed and that judges could be appointed after Feb. 1, 1989.