49 U.S.C. § 1136 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 1136. Assistance to passengers involved in aircraft accidents and families of such passengers
(a) In General.—
As soon as practicable after being notified of an aircraft accident within United States airspace or airspace delegated to the United States involving an air carrier or foreign air carrier, resulting in any loss of life, and for which the National Transportation Safety Board will serve as the lead investigative agency, the Chairman of the Board shall—
(1) designate and publicize the name and phone number of a director of family support services who shall be an employee of the Board and shall be responsible for acting as a point of contact within the Federal Government for the families of passengers involved in the accident and a liaison between the air carrier or foreign air carrier and the families; and
(2) designate an independent nonprofit organization, with experience in disasters and posttrauma communication with families, which shall have primary responsibility for coordinating the emotional care, psychological care, and family support services of passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers.
(b) Responsibilities of the Board.—
The Board shall have primary Federal responsibility for facilitating the recovery and identification of fatally-injured passengers involved in an accident described in subsection (a).
(c) Responsibilities of Designated Organization.—
The organization designated for an accident under subsection (a)(2) shall have the following responsibilities with respect to passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers:
(1) To provide emotional care, psychological care, and family support services, in coordination with the disaster response team of the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved.
(2) To take such actions as may be necessary to provide an environment in which the families may grieve in private.
(3) To meet with passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers who have traveled to the location of the accident, to contact the families unable to travel to such location, and to contact all passengers and affected families regularly thereafter until such time as the organization, in consultation with the director of family support services designated for the accident under subsection (a)(1), determines that further assistance is no longer needed.
(4) To communicate with the passengers and families as to the roles of the organization, government agencies, and the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved with respect to the accident and the post-accident activities.
(5) To arrange a suitable memorial service, in consultation with the families.
(d) Passenger Lists.—
(1) Requests for passenger lists by the director of family services.—
(A) Requests by director of family support services.—
It shall be the responsibility of the director of family support services designated for an accident under subsection (a)(1) to request, as soon as practicable, from the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved in the accident a passenger list, which is based on the best available information at the time of the request.
(B) Use of information.—
The director of family support services may not release to any person information on a list obtained under subparagraph (A), except that the director may, to the extent the director considers appropriate, provide information on the list about a passenger to—
(i) the family of the passenger; or
(ii) a local, Tribal, State, or Federal agency responsible for determining the whereabouts or welfare of a passenger.
(C) Limitation.—
A local, Tribal, State, or Federal agency may not release to any person any information obtained under subparagraph (B)(ii), except if given express authority from the director of family support services.
(D) Rule of construction.—
Nothing in subparagraph (C) shall be construed to preclude a local, Tribal, State, or Federal agency from releasing information that is lawfully obtained through other means independent of releases made by the director of family support services under subparagraph (B).
(2) Requests for passenger lists by designated organization.—
(A) Requests by designated organization.—
The organization designated for an accident under subsection (a)(2) may request from the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved in the accident a passenger list.
(B) Use of information.—
The designated organization may not release to any person information on a passenger list but may provide information on the list about a passenger to the family of the passenger to the extent the organization considers appropriate.
(e) Continuing Responsibilities of the Board.—
In the course of its investigation of an accident described in subsection (a), the Board shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the families of passengers involved in the accident—
(1) are briefed, prior to any public briefing, about the accident, its causes, and any other findings from the investigation; and
(2) are individually informed of and allowed to attend any public hearings and meetings of the Board about the accident.
(f) Use of Air Carrier Resources.—
To the extent practicable, the organization designated for an accident under subsection (a)(2) shall coordinate its activities with the air carrier or foreign air carrier involved in the accident so that the resources of the carrier can be used to the greatest extent possible to carry out the organization’s responsibilities under this section.
(g) Prohibited Actions.—
(1) Actions to impede the board.—
No person (including a State or political subdivision) may impede the ability of the Board (including the director of family support services designated for an accident under subsection (a)(1)), or an organization designated for an accident under subsection (a)(2), to carry out its responsibilities under this section or the ability of passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers to have contact with one another.
(2) Unsolicited communications.—
In the event of an accident involving an air carrier providing interstate or foreign air transportation and in the event of an accident involving a foreign air carrier that occurs within the United States, no unsolicited communication concerning a potential action for personal injury or wrongful death may be made by an attorney (including any associate, agent, employee, or other representative of an attorney) or any potential party to the litigation to an individual injured in the accident, or to a relative of an individual involved in the accident, before the 45th day following the date of the accident.
(3) Prohibition on actions to prevent certain care and support services.—
No State or political subdivision thereof may prevent the employees, agents, or volunteers of an organization designated for an accident under subsection (a)(2) from providing emotional care, psychological care, and family support services under subsection (c)(1) in the 30-day period beginning on the date of the accident. The director of family support services designated for the accident under subsection (a)(1) may extend such period for not to exceed an additional 30 days if the director determines that the extension is necessary to meet the needs of the passengers and families and if State and local authorities are notified of the determination.
(h) Definitions.—
In this section, the following definitions apply:
(1) Aircraft accident.—
The term “aircraft accident” means any aviation disaster, regardless of its cause or suspected cause, for which the Board is the lead investigative agency.
(2) Passenger.—
The term “passenger” includes—
(A) an employee of an air carrier or foreign air carrier aboard an aircraft;
(B) any other person aboard the aircraft without regard to whether the person paid for the transportation, occupied a seat, or held a reservation for the flight; and
(C) any other person injured or killed in the aircraft accident, as determined appropriate by the Board.
(3) Passenger list.—
The term “passenger list” means a list based on the best available information at the time of a request, of the name of each passenger aboard the aircraft involved in the accident.
(i) Statutory Construction.—
Nothing in this section may be construed as limiting the actions that an air carrier may take, or the obligations that an air carrier may have, in providing assistance to passengers involved in the aircraft accident and the families of such passengers.
(j) Relinquishment of Investigative Priority.—
(1) General rule.—
This section (other than subsection (g)) shall not apply to an aircraft accident if the Board has relinquished investigative priority under section 1131(a)(2)(B) and the Federal agency to which the Board relinquished investigative priority is willing and able to provide assistance to the victims and families of the passengers involved in the accident.
(2) Board assistance.—
If this section does not apply to an aircraft accident because the Board has relinquished investigative priority with respect to the accident, the Board shall assist, to the maximum extent possible, the agency to which the Board has relinquished investigative priority in assisting families with respect to the accident.
(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, § 702(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3265; amended Pub. L. 106–181, title IV, § 401(a)(1), (b)–(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 129; Pub. L. 108–168, § 3(a), Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2033; Pub. L. 115–254, div. C, § 1109(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3434; Pub. L. 118–63, title XII, § 1215(a), May 16, 2024, 138 Stat. 1427.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2024—Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(1), substituted “to passengers involved in aircraft accidents and families of such passengers” for “to families of passengers involved in aircraft accidents” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(2)(A), (B), in introductory provisions, inserted “within United States airspace or airspace delegated to the United States” after “aircraft accident” and substituted “Board shall” for “National Transportation Safety Board shall”.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(2)(C), substituted “emotional care, psychological care, and family support services” for “emotional care and support” and “passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers” for “the families of passengers involved in the accident”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(3)(A), substituted “passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers” for “the families of passengers involved in the accident” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(3)(B), substituted “emotional care, psychological care, and family support services” for “mental health and counseling services”.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(3)(C), substituted “passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers who have traveled to the location of the accident” for “the families who have traveled to the location of the accident” and “regularly” for “periodically”, and inserted “passengers and” after “contact all”.
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(3)(D), inserted “passengers and” before “families”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(4), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) related to requests for passenger lists and use of such information.
Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(5), substituted “passengers involved in the accident and the families of such passengers” for “the families of passengers involved in the accident”.
Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(6), in heading, substituted “prevent certain care and support” for “prevent mental health and counseling”, and, in text, substituted “providing emotional care, psychological care, and family support services” for “providing mental health and counseling services” and inserted “passengers and” before “families”.
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(7)(A), struck out “National Transportation Safety” before “Board”.
Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(7)(B), added par. (3).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 118–63, § 1215(a)(8), substituted “passengers involved in the aircraft accident and the families of such passengers” for “the families of passengers involved in an aircraft accident”.
2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1109(c)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted “aircraft accident involving an air carrier or foreign air carrier, resulting in any loss of life, and for which the National Transportation Safety Board will serve as the lead investigative agency” for “aircraft accident within the United States involving an air carrier or foreign air carrier and resulting in a major loss of life”.
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1109(c)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘aircraft accident’ means any aviation disaster regardless of its cause or suspected cause.”
Subsec. (h)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, § 1109(c)(2)(B), added subpar. (C).
2003—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 108–168 added subsec. (j).
2000—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, § 401(a)(1), substituted “transportation and in the event of an accident involving a foreign air carrier that occurs within the United States,” for “transportation,”, inserted “(including any associate, agent, employee, or other representative of an attorney)” after “attorney”, and substituted “45th day” for “30th day”.
Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 106–181, § 401(b), added par. (3).
Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 106–181, § 401(c), amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘passenger’ includes an employee of an air carrier aboard an aircraft.”
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 106–181, § 401(d), added subsec. (i).
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2000 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
heading: Effective Date
text: Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.