10 U.S.C. § 10101 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 10101. Reserve components named
The reserve components of the armed forces are:
(1) The Army National Guard of the United States.
(2) The Army Reserve.
(3) The Navy Reserve.
(4) The Marine Corps Reserve.
(5) The Air National Guard of the United States.
(6) The Air Force Reserve.
(7) The Coast Guard Reserve.
(Added Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, § 1661(a)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2970; amended Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, § 515(b)(1)(Z), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3233.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Prior Provisions
text: Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 261(a) of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–337, § 1661(a)(2)(A).
heading: Amendments
text: 2006—Par. (3). Pub. L. 109–163 substituted “Navy Reserve” for “Naval Reserve”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Change of Name
text: Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, § 515(a)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3233, provided that: “The reserve component of the Armed Forces known as the Naval Reserve is redesignated as the Navy Reserve.”
Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, § 515(h), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3237, as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(h)(1), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4377, provided that: “Any reference in any law, regulation, document, record, or other paper of the United States to the Naval Reserve, other than a reference to the Naval Reserve regarding the United States Naval Reserve Retired List, shall be considered to be a reference to the Navy Reserve.”
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 517, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1884, which authorized the Secretary of the Navy, with the President’s approval, to redesignate the Naval Reserve as the “Navy Reserve”, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, § 515(a)(2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3233.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Dec. 1, 1994, except as otherwise provided, see section 1691 of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as a note under section 10001 of this title.
heading: Transfer of Functions
text: For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
heading: Direct Employment Pilot Program for Certain Members of the Reserve Components
text: Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title V, § 518, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3590, provided that:
“(a) In General.—
The Secretary of Defense may carry out a pilot program to enhance the efforts of the Department of Defense to provide job placement assistance and related employment services directly to members of the National Guard and Reserves in reserve active-status.
“(b) Administration.—
Any such pilot program shall be offered to, and administered by, the adjutants general appointed under section 314 of title 32, United States Code, or other officials in the States concerned designated by the Secretary for purposes of the pilot program.
“(c) Cost-Sharing Requirement.—
As a condition on the provision of funds under this section to a State to support the operation of the pilot program in that State, the State must agree to contribute funds, derived from non-Federal sources, in an amount equal to at least 50 percent of the funds necessary for the operation of the pilot program in that State.
“(d) Development.—
In developing any such pilot program, the Secretary shall—
“(1) incorporate elements of State direct employment programs for members of the reserve components; and
“(2) use resources provided to members of the Armed Forces with civilian training opportunities through the SkillBridge transition training program administered by the Department of Defense.
“(e) Direct Employment Program Model.—
Any such pilot program shall use a job placement program model that focuses on working one-on-one with eligible members to cost-effectively provide job placement services, including—
“(1) identifying unemployed and underemployed individuals;
“(2) job matching services;
“(3) resume editing;
“(4) interview preparation; and
“(5) post-employment follow up.
“(f) Evaluation.—
The Secretary shall develop outcome metrics to evaluate the success of any such pilot program.
“(g) Reporting.—
“(1) Report required.—
If the Secretary carries out the pilot Program, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report describing the results of the pilot program not later than March 1, 2022. The Secretary shall prepare the report in coordination with the Chief of the National Guard Bureau.
“(2) Elements.—
A report under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
“(A) A description and assessment of the effectiveness and achievements of the pilot program, including the number of members of the reserve components of the Armed Forces hired and the cost-per-placement of participating members.
“(B) An assessment of the effects of the pilot program and increased reserve component employment on the readiness of members of the reserve components and on the retention of members.
“(C) A comparison of the pilot program to other programs conducted by the Department of Defense to provide unemployment or underemployment support to members of the reserve components of the Armed Forces, including the best practices developed through and used in such programs.
“(D) Any other matters the Secretary of Defense determines appropriate.
“(h) Duration; Extension.—
“(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the authority to carry out the pilot program expires on September 30, 2024.
“(2) The Secretary may elect to extend the pilot program for not more than two additional fiscal years.”
heading: Pilot Program on Enhancements of Department of Defense Efforts on Mental Health in the National Guard and Reserves Through Community Partnerships
text: Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VII, § 706, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1800, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title V, § 511(b), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 751, provided that:
“(a) Program Authority.—
The Secretary of Defense may carry out a pilot program to enhance the efforts of the Department of Defense in research, treatment, education, and outreach on mental health, substance use disorders, traumatic brain injury, and suicide prevention in members of the National Guard and Reserves, their family members, and their caregivers through community partners.
“(b) Agreements With Community Partners.—
In carrying out the pilot program authorized by subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into partnership agreements with community partners described in subsection (c) using a competitive and merit-based award process.
“(c) Community Partner Described.—
A community partner described in this subsection is a private non-profit organization or institution that meets such qualifications as the Secretary shall establish for purposes of the pilot program and engages in one or more of the following:
“(1) Research on the causes, development, and innovative treatment of mental health and substance use disorders and traumatic brain injury in members of the National Guard and Reserves, their family members, and their caregivers.
“(2) Identifying and disseminating evidence-based treatments of mental health and substance use disorders and traumatic brain injury described in paragraph (1).
“(3) Outreach and education to such members, their families and caregivers, and the public about mental health, substance use disorders, traumatic brain injury, and suicide prevention.
“(d) Duration.—
The duration of the pilot program may not exceed three years.
“(e) Report.—
Not later than 180 days before the completion of the pilot program, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report on the results of the pilot program, including the number of members of the National Guard and Reserves provided treatment or services by community partners, and a description and assessment of the effectiveness and achievements of the pilot program with respect to research, treatment, education, and outreach on mental health, substance use disorders, traumatic brain injury, and suicide prevention.”
heading: Behavioral Health Support
text: Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VII, § 703(b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1471, provided that:
“(1) In general.—
Each member of a reserve component of the Armed Forces participating in annual training or individual duty training shall have access, while so participating, to the behavioral health support programs for members of the reserve components described in paragraph (2).
“(2) Behavioral health support programs.—
The behavioral health support programs for members of the reserve components described in this paragraph shall include one or any combination of the following:
“(A) Programs providing access to licensed mental health providers in armories, reserve centers, or other places for scheduled unit training assemblies.
“(B) Programs providing training on suicide prevention and post-suicide response.
“(C) Psychological health programs.
“(D) Such other programs as the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Surgeon General for the National Guard of the State in which the members concerned reside, the Director of Psychological Health of the State in which the members concerned reside, the Department of Mental Health or the equivalent agency of the State in which the members concerned reside, or the Director of the Psychological Health Program of the National Guard Bureau, considers appropriate.
“(3) Funding.—
Behavioral health support programs provided to members of the reserve components under this subsection shall be provided using amounts made available for operation and maintenance for the reserve components.
“(4) State defined.—
In this subsection, the term ‘State’ has the meaning given that term in section 10001 of title 10, United States Code.”
heading: Limitation on Scheduling of Mobilization or Pre-Mobilization Training for Reserve Units When Certain Suspension of Training is Likely
text: Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 514, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2282, provided that:
“(a) Limitation.—
“(1) In general.—
Subject to paragraph (2), the Secretary of a military department shall avoid scheduling mobilization training or pre-mobilization training for a unit of a reserve component of the Armed Forces at a temporary duty location that is outside the normal commuting distance of the unit (as determined pursuant to the regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (c)) if a suspension of training at such temporary duty location of at least five days is anticipated to occur during any portion of such mobilization or pre-mobilization training.
“(2) Waiver.—
The Secretary of a military department may waive the applicability of the limitation in paragraph (1) to a unit of a reserve component if the Secretary determines that the waiver is in the national security interests of the United States.
“(3) Notice to congress.—
Until December 31, 2014, the Secretary of the military department concerned shall submit written notice of each waiver issued under paragraph (2) to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives]. Notice of such waiver shall be so submitted at the time of the issuance of such waiver.
“(b) Notice of Other Suspensions of Training.—
Until December 31, 2014, in the event of a suspension of training (other than an anticipated suspension of training described in subsection (a)(1)) of at least five days at a temporary duty location at which one or more units of the reserve components on active duty are engaged in mobilization training or pre-mobilization training, the Secretary of the military department having jurisdiction over such unit or units shall submit written notice of the suspension to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives]. Notice of such suspension of training shall be so submitted at the time of such suspension of training.
“(c) Regulations.—
The Secretaries of the military departments shall administer this section in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. Such regulations shall apply uniformly among the military departments.”
heading: Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program
text: Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 597(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2344, which related to annual reports on the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, § 1072(d)(2), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 995.
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title V, § 582, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 122, as amended by Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title V, § 595, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2338; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title V, § 583, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4228; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, § 590, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1438; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title V, § 581(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1766; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title V, § 551, title X, § 1072(d)(1), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 820, 995, provided that:
“(a) Establishment of Program.—
The Secretary of Defense shall establish a national reintegration program to provide eligible individuals with sufficient information, services, referral, and proactive outreach opportunities. This program shall be known as the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program.
“(b) Purpose of Program.—
The Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program shall consist of informational events and activities (including programs of outreach) for eligible individuals and community members to facilitate access to services supporting their health and well-being.
“(c) Executive Agent.—
The Secretary shall designate the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness as the Department of Defense executive agent for the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program.
“(d) Office for Reintegration Programs.—
“(1) Establishment.—
“(A) In general.—
The Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness shall establish the Office for Reintegration Programs within the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The office shall administer all reintegration programs in coordination with State National Guard organizations. The office shall be responsible for coordination with existing National Guard and Reserve family and support programs. The Directors of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard and the Chiefs of the Army Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, Navy Reserve, and Air Force Reserve may appoint liaison officers to coordinate with the permanent office staff.
“(B) Partnerships and access.—
The office may enter into partnerships with other public entities, including the Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Department of Veterans Affairs, for access to necessary substance abuse, mental health treatment, and other quality of life services from local State-licensed service providers. Service and State-based programs may provide access to curriculum, training, and support for services to members and families from all components.
“(2) Center for excellence in reintegration.—
The Office for Reintegration Programs shall establish a Center for Excellence in Reintegration within the office. The Center shall have the following functions:
“(A) To collect and analyze ‘lessons learned’ and suggestions from State National Guard and Reserve organizations with existing or developing reintegration programs.
“(B) To assist in developing training aids and briefing materials and training representatives from State National Guard and Reserve organizations.
“(C) To develop and implement a process for evaluating the effectiveness of the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program in supporting the health and well-being of eligible individuals.
“(D) To develop and implement a process for identifying best practices in the delivery of information and services in programs of outreach as described in subsection (j).
“(3) Grants.—
The Office for Reintegration Programs may make grants to conduct data collection, trend analysis, and curriculum development and to prepare reports in support of activities under this section.
“(e) Advisory Board.—
“(1) Appointment.—
The Secretary of Defense shall appoint an advisory board to analyze the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program and report on areas of success and areas for necessary improvements. The advisory board shall include the Director of the Army National Guard, the Director of the Air National Guard, Chiefs of the Army Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, Navy Reserve, and Air Force Reserve, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs [now Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs], an Adjutant General on a rotational basis as determined by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, and any other Department of Defense, Federal Government agency, or outside organization as determined by the Secretary of Defense. The members of the advisory board may designate representatives in their stead.
“(2) Schedule.—
The advisory board shall meet on a schedule determined by the Secretary of Defense.
“(3) Initial reporting requirement.—
The advisory board shall issue internal reports as necessary and shall submit an initial report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives not later than 180 days after the end of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the establishment of the Office for Reintegration Programs. The report shall contain—
“(A) an evaluation of the implementation of the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program by State National Guard and Reserve organizations;
“(B) an assessment of any unmet resource requirements; and
“(C) recommendations regarding closer coordination between the Office of Reintegration Programs and State National Guard and Reserve organizations.
“(f) Support Teams.—
The Office for Reintegration Programs may employ personnel to administer the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program at the State level. The primary function of team members shall be—
“(1) to implement the reintegration curriculum through the deployment cycle described in subsection (g);
“(2) to obtain necessary service providers; and
“(3) to educate service providers and community-based organizations regarding the unique military nature of the reintegration program.
“(g) Operation of Program.—
“(1) In general.—
The Office for Reintegration Programs shall assist State National Guard and Reserve organizations with the development and provision of information, events, and activities to support the health and well-being of eligible individuals before, during, and after periods of activation, mobilization, or deployment.
“(2) Focus of information, events, and activities.—
“(A) Before activation, mobilization, or deployment.—
Before a period of activation, mobilization, or deployment, the information, events, and activities described in paragraph (1) should focus on preparing eligible individuals and affected communities for the rigors of activation, mobilization, and deployment.
“(B) During activation, mobilization, or deployment.—
During such a period, the information, events, and activities described in paragraph (1) should focus on—
“(i) helping eligible individuals cope with the challenges and stress associated with such period;
“(ii) decreasing the isolation of eligible individuals during such period; and
“(iii) preparing eligible individuals for the challenges associated with reintegration.
“(C) After activation, mobilization, or deployment.—
After such a period, but no earlier than 30 days after demobilization, the information, events, and activities described in paragraph (1) should focus on—
“(i) reconnecting the member with their families, friends, and communities;
“(ii) providing information on employment opportunities;
“(iii) helping eligible individuals deal with the challenges of reintegration;
“(iv) ensuring that eligible individuals understand what benefits they are entitled to and what resources are available to help them overcome the challenges of reintegration; and
“(v) providing a forum for addressing negative behaviors related to operational stress and reintegration.
“(3) Member pay.—
Members shall receive appropriate pay for days spent attending such events and activities.
“(4) Minimum number of events and activities.—
The State National Guard and Reserve Organizations shall provide to eligible individuals—
“(A) one event or activity before a period of activation, mobilization, or deployment;
“(B) one event or activity during a period of activation, mobilization, or deployment; and
“(C) two events or activities after a period of activation, mobilization, or deployment.
“(h) Outreach Services.—
As part of the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program, the Office for Reintegration Programs may develop programs of outreach to eligible individuals to educate such eligible individuals about the assistance and services available to them under the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program. Such assistance and services may include the following:
“(1) Marriage counseling.
“(2) Services for children.
“(3) Substance abuse awareness and treatment.
“(4) Mental health awareness and treatment.
“(5) Financial counseling.
“(6) Anger management counseling.
“(7) Domestic violence awareness and prevention.
“(8) Employment assistance.
“(9) Preparing and updating family care plans.
“(10) Development of strategies for living with a member of the Armed Forces with post-traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury.
“(11) Other services that may be appropriate to address the unique needs of members of the Armed Forces and their families who live in rural or remote areas with respect to family readiness and servicemember reintegration.
“(12) Assisting members of the Armed Forces and their families find and receive assistance with military family readiness and servicemember reintegration, including referral services.
“(13) Development of strategies and programs that recognize the need for long-term follow-up services for reintegrating members of the Armed Forces and their families for extended periods following deployments, including between deployments.
“(14) Assisting members of the Armed Forces and their families in receiving services and assistance from the Department of Veterans Affairs, including referral services.
“(15) Resiliency training to promote comprehensive programs for members of the Armed Forces to build mental and emotional resiliency for successfully meeting the demands of the deployment cycle.
“(16) Stress management and positive coping skills.
“(i) Support of Suicide Prevention Efforts.—
The Office for Reintegration Programs shall assist the Defense Suicide Prevention Office and the Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury to collect and analyze information, suggestions, and best practices from State National Guard and Reserve organizations with suicide prevention and community response programs.
“(j) State-led Programs of Outreach.—
The Office for Reintegration Programs may work with the States, whether acting through or in coordination with their National Guard and Reserve organizations, to assist the States and such organizations in developing and carrying out programs of outreach for eligible individuals to inform and educate them on the assistance and services available to them under the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program, including the assistance and services described in subsection (h).
“(k) Scope of Activities Under Programs of Outreach.—
For purposes of this section, the activities and services provided under programs of outreach may include personalized and substantive care coordination services targeted specifically to eligible individuals.
“(l) Eligible Individuals Defined.—
For the purposes of this section, the term ‘eligible individual’ means a member of a reserve component, a member of their family, or a designated representative who the Secretary of Defense determines to be eligible for the Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program.”
heading: Pilot Program on Enhanced Quality of Life for Members of the Army Reserve and Their Families
text: Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, § 520, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3238, directed the Secretary of the Army to carry out a pilot program in two States to assess the feasibility and advisability of using a coalition of military and civilian community personnel to enhance the quality of life for members of the Army Reserve and their families and, not later than Apr. 1, 2007, submit to the appropriate Senate and House committees a report on the pilot program with appropriate assessments and recommendations.
heading: Annual Review
text: Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, § 513(h), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1882, as amended by Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, § 1079(g), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 999, provided that:
“(1) The Secretary of Defense shall annually review the reserve components of the Armed Forces with regard to—
“(A) the roles and missions of the reserve components; and
“(B) the compensation and other benefits, including health care benefits, that are provided for members of the reserve components under the laws of the United States.
“(2) The first review under paragraph (1) shall take place during fiscal year 2006.”
heading: Pay of Administration, Training, and Supply Maintenance Technicians for Army Reserve Contingent Upon Reserve Status
text: Pub. L. 104–61, title VIII, § 8016, Dec. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 654, provided that none of the funds appropriated for Department of Defense during and after fiscal year 1996 were to be obligated for pay of any individual who was initially employed after Dec. 1, 1995, as technician in administration and training of Army Reserve and maintenance and repair of supplies issued to Army Reserve unless such individual was also military member of Army Reserve troop program unit that he or she was employed to support, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, § 522(e), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1735.
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 103–335, title VIII, § 8015, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2620.
Pub. L. 103–139, title VIII, § 8016, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1440.
Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, § 9019, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1904.
Pub. L. 102–172, title VIII, § 8018, Nov. 26, 1991, 105 Stat. 1175.
Pub. L. 101–511, title VIII, § 8018, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1878.
Pub. L. 101–165, title IX, § 9027, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1135.
Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, § 8045, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–25.
Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(b) [title VIII, § 8055], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–43, 1329–72.
Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(c) [title IX, § 9054], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–111, and Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(c) [title IX, § 9054], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–111.
Pub. L. 99–190, § 101(b) [title VIII, § 8059], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1185, 1212.
Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(h) [title VIII, § 8076], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1904, 1938.
Pub. L. 98–212, title VII, § 783, Dec. 8, 1983, 97 Stat. 1453.
heading: Retention in Active Status of National Guard or Reserve Technicians Until Age Sixty
text: Pub. L. 104–61, title VIII, § 8017, Dec. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 655, provided that: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, during the current fiscal year and hereafter, the Secretaries of the Army and Air Force may authorize the retention in an active status until age sixty of any person who would otherwise be removed from an active status and who is employed as a National Guard or Reserve technician in a position in which active status in a reserve component of the Army or Air Force is required as a condition of that employment.”
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 103–335, title VIII, § 8016, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2620.
Pub. L. 103–139, title VIII, § 8018, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1441.
Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, § 9022, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1905.
Pub. L. 102–172, title VIII, § 8022, Nov. 26, 1991, 105 Stat. 1176.
Pub. L. 101–511, title VIII, § 8022, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1879.
Pub. L. 101–165, title IX, § 9032, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1136.
Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, § 8052, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–26.
Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(b) [title VIII, § 8064], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–43, 1329–73.
Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(c) [title IX, § 9063], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–112, and Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(c) [title IX, § 9063], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–112.
Pub. L. 99–190, § 101(b) [title VIII, § 8073], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1185, 1214.
Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(h) [title VIII, § 8106], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1904, 1943.