31 U.S.C. § 731 (MONEY AND FINANCE)
§ 731. General
(a) The Comptroller General may appoint, pay, assign, and remove officers (except the Deputy Comptroller General) and employees the Comptroller General decides are necessary to carry out the duties and powers of the Government Accountability Office.
(b) The Comptroller General may establish for appropriate officers and employees a merit pay system consistent with section 5401 of title 5, as in effect on October 31, 1993.
(c) The annual rate of basic pay of the General Counsel of the Government Accountability Office is equal to the rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule.
[(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 110–323, § 9(a)(1), Sept. 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 3548.]
(e) The Comptroller General may procure the services of experts and consultants under section 3109 of title 5 at rates not in excess of the daily rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule, except that the services of not more than 20 experts and consultants may be procured for terms of not more than 3 years, but which shall be renewable.
(f) The Comptroller General shall prescribe regulations under which officers and employees of the Office may, in appropriate circumstances, be reimbursed for any relocation expenses under subchapter II of chapter 57 of title 5 for which they would not otherwise be eligible, but only if the Comptroller General determines that the transfer giving rise to such relocation is of sufficient benefit or value to the Office to justify such reimbursement.
(g) The Comptroller General shall prescribe regulations under which key officers and employees of the Office who have less than 3 years of service may accrue leave in accordance with section 6303(a)(2) of title 5, in those circumstances in which the Comptroller General has determined such increased annual leave is appropriate for the recruitment or retention of such officers and employees. Such regulations shall define key officers and employees and set forth the factors in determining which officers and employees should be allowed to accrue leave in accordance with this subsection.
(h) The Comptroller General may by regulation establish an executive exchange program under which officers and employees of the Office may be assigned to private sector organizations, and employees of private sector organizations may be assigned to the Office, to further the institutional interests of the Office or Congress, including for the purpose of providing training to officers and employees of the Office. Regulations to carry out any such program—
(1) shall include provisions (consistent with sections 3702 through 3704 of title 5) as to matters concerning—
(A) the duration and termination of assignments;
(B) reimbursements; and
(C) status, entitlements, benefits, and obligations of program participants;
(2) shall limit—
(A) the number of officers and employees who are assigned to private sector organizations at any one time to not more than 15; and
(B) the number of employees from private sector organizations who are assigned to the Office at any one time to not more than 30;
(3) shall require that an employee of a private sector organization assigned to the Office may not have access to any trade secrets or to any other nonpublic information which is of commercial value to the private sector organization from which such employee is assigned;
(4) shall require that, before approving the assignment of an officer or employee to a private sector organization, the Comptroller General shall determine that the assignment is an effective use of the Office’s funds, taking into account the best interests of the Office and the costs and benefits of alternative methods of achieving the same results and objectives; and
(5) shall not allow any assignment under this subsection to commence after the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this subsection.
(i) An employee of a private sector organization assigned to the Office under the executive exchange program shall be considered to be an employee of the Office for purposes of—
(1) chapter 73 of title 5;
(2) sections 201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 603, 606, 607, 643, 654, 1905, and 1913 of title 18;
(3) sections 1343, 1344, and 1349(b) of this title;
(4) chapter 171 of title 28 (commonly referred to as the “Federal Tort Claims Act”) and any other Federal tort liability statute;
(5) chapter 131 of title 5;
(6) section 1043 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and
(7) chapter 21 of title 41.
(j) Funds appropriated to the Government Accountability Office for salaries and expenses are available for meals and other related reasonable expenses incurred in connection with recruitment.
(k) Federal Government Details.—
The activities of the Government Accountability Office may, in the reasonable discretion of the Comptroller General, be carried out by receiving details of personnel from other offices of the Federal Government on a reimbursable, partially-reimbursable, or nonreimbursable basis.
(Pub. L. 97–258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 896; Pub. L. 98–326, § 1(a), June 22, 1984, 98 Stat. 269; Pub. L. 98–615, title II, § 204(b), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3216; Pub. L. 103–89, § 3(b)(4), Sept. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 983; Pub. L. 106–303, § 5, Oct. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 1069; Pub. L. 108–271, §§ 5–7, 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 813, 814; Pub. L. 110–323, § 9(a), Sept. 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 3548; Pub. L. 111–350, § 5(h)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3849; Pub. L. 114–113, div. I, title I, § 1301(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2671; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(c)(35), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4358.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
731(a)
31:44(1st sentence).
June 10, 1921, ch. 18, § 304(1st par. 1st sentence), 42 Stat. 24.
31:52(a), (b).
June 10, 1921, ch. 18, § 311(a), (b), 42 Stat. 25; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–191, § 8(e)(3), 94 Stat. 33.
31:52–1(related to appointment, pay, and assignment).
Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–191, §§ 2(related to appointment, pay, and assignment), 5(b), 94 Stat. 27, 32.
31:56.
Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 297, § 1(proviso on p. 866), 35 Stat 866; May 29, 1920, ch. 214, § 1(last par. under heading “Office of Comptroller of the Treasury”), 41 Stat. 647.
731(b)
31:52–4(b).
731(c)
31:51a.
Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–426, § 203(c)(5th–14th words), 78 Stat. 415; Dec. 16, 1967, Pub. L. 90–206, § 219(2), 81 Stat. 639; restated Aug. 9, 1975, Pub. L. 94–82, § 204(b), 89 Stat. 421.
731(d)
31:52b.
Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–426, 78 Stat. 400, § 203(i); added Dec. 15, 1971, Pub. L. 92–190, 85 Stat. 646.
731(e)
31:52c.
Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–604, § 401, 88 Stat. 1962.
31:1154(d)(last sentence).
Oct. 26, 1970, Pub. L. 91–510, § 204(d)(last sentence), 84 Stat. 1168; restated July 12, 1974, Pub. L. 93–344, § 702(a), 88 Stat. 326.
In subsection (a), the text of 31:52(a) and (b) and 31:56 is omitted as superseded by the other source provisions restated in this subchapter and subchapter IV of this chapter. The word “remove” is added for consistency with other provisions of the subchapter. The words “officers (except the Deputy Comptroller General) and employees” are substituted for “personnel” in 31:52–1, and the word “powers” is substituted for “functions”, for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
Subsection (b) is substituted for 31:52–4(b) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words “officers and” are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
In subsections (c) and (d), the words “basic pay” are substituted for “compensation” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.
In subsection (c), the words “United States” and “positions at” are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (d), the words “in the General Accounting Office”, “prescribed . . . under section 5315 of title 5”, and “of the Office” are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words “procure the services of” are substituted for “employ” for consistency with 5:3109. The words “at rates not in excess of the maximum daily rate prescribed for GS–18 under section 5332 of title 5 for persons in the Government service employed intermittently” are omitted as unnecessary because of 5:3109. In clause (1), the word “periods” is omitted as surplus. Clause (2) is substituted for 31:1154(d)(last sentence) to eliminate unnecessary words. The words “and consultants” are added because of 5:3109.
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: Section 5401 of title 5, referred to in subsec. (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–89, § 3(a)(1), Sept. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 981.
Level IV of the Executive Schedule, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (e), is set out in section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (h)(5), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–271, which was approved July 7, 2004.
Section 1043 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (i)(6), is classified to section 1043 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
heading: Amendments
text: 2022—Subsec. (i)(5). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted “chapter 131 of title 5;” for “the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.);”.
2015—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–113 added subsec. (k).
2011—Subsec. (i)(7). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted “chapter 21 of title 41” for “section 27 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 423)”.
2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–323, § 9(a)(1), struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows: “When a change in organization, management responsibility, or workload makes it necessary, the Comptroller General may fix the rate of basic pay of 5 positions at rates not more than the rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule.”
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 110–323, § 9(a)(2), substituted “daily rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule” for “maximum daily rate for GS–18 under section 5332 of such title” and “more than 20 experts and consultants may be procured for terms of not more than 3 years, but which shall be renewable.” for “more than—
“(1) 15 experts and consultants may be procured for terms of not more than 3 years, but which shall be renewable; and
“(2) 10 experts and consultants may be procured permanently, temporarily, or intermittently to carry out sections 717(b)–(d) and 719(b)(1)(A) of this title at rates that are not more than the rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule.”
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 110–323, § 9(a)(3), added subsec. (j).
2004—Subsecs. (a), (c). Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office”.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–271, § 5, added subsec. (f).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–271, § 6, added subsec. (g).
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 108–271, § 7, added subsecs. (h) and (i).
2000—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 106–303, § 5(1), substituted “terms of not more than 3 years, but which shall be renewable” for “not more than 3 years”.
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 106–303, § 5(2), substituted “level IV” for “level V”.
1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–89 inserted before period at end “, as in effect on October 31, 1993”.
1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–615 substituted “section 5401 of title 5” for “section 5401(a) of title 5”.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–236 substituted “title 5 at rates not in excess of the maximum daily rate for GS–18 under section 5332 of such title” for “title 5” in provisions preceding par. (1) and “15” for “10” in par. (1).
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2015 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 114–113, div. I, title I, § 1301(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2671, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to fiscal year 2016 and each succeeding fiscal year.”
heading: Effective Date of 2004 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 108–271, § 13, July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 816, provided that:
“(a) In General.—
Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [July 7, 2004].
“(b) Pay Adjustments.—
“(1) In general.—
Section 3 of this Act [amending sections 732 and 733 of this title] and the amendments made by that section shall take effect on October 1, 2005, and shall apply in the case of any annual pay adjustment taking effect on or after that date.
“(2) Interim authorities.—
In connection with any pay adjustment taking effect under section 732(c)(3) or 733(a)(3)(B) of title 31, United States Code, before October 1, 2005, the Comptroller General may by regulation—
“(A) provide that such adjustment not be applied in the case of any officer or employee whose performance is not at a satisfactory level, as determined by the Comptroller General for purposes of such adjustment; and
“(B) provide that such adjustment be reduced if and to the extent necessary because of extraordinary economic conditions or serious budget constraints.
“(3) Additional authority.—
“(A) In general.—
The Comptroller General may by regulation delay the effective date of section 3 of this Act and the amendments made by that section for groups of officers and employees that the Comptroller General considers appropriate.
“(B) Interim authorities.—
If the Comptroller General provides for a delayed effective date under subparagraph (A) with respect to any group of officers or employees, paragraph (2) shall, for purposes of such group, be applied by substituting such date for ‘October 1, 2005’.”
heading: Effective Date of 1993 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 103–89 effective Nov. 1, 1993, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 103–89, set out as a note under section 3372 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
heading: Effective Date of 1984 Amendments
text: Pub. L. 98–615, title II, § 205, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3217, provided that amendment by Pub. L. 98–615 was effective Oct. 1, 1984, and applicable with respect to pay periods commencing on or after that date, with certain exceptions and qualifications.
Pub. L. 98–326, § 2, June 22, 1984, 98 Stat. 269, provided that: “The amendments made by this Act [amending this section and sections 732 and 733 of this title] shall take effect beginning on October 1, 1984.”
heading: Consultation
text: Pub. L. 108–271, § 10, July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 815, provided that: “Before the implementation of any changes authorized under this Act [see Tables for classification], the Comptroller General shall consult with any interested groups or associations representing officers and employees of the General Accounting Office [now Government Accountability Office].”