26 U.S.C. § 45X (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 45X. Advanced manufacturing production credit
(a) In general
(1) Allowance of credit
For purposes of section 38, the advanced manufacturing production credit for any taxable year is an amount equal to the sum of the credit amounts determined under subsection (b) with respect to each eligible component which is—
(A) produced by the taxpayer, and
(B) during the taxable year, sold by such taxpayer to an unrelated person.
(2) Production and sale must be in trade or business
Any eligible component produced and sold by the taxpayer shall be taken into account only if the production and sale described in paragraph (1) is in a trade or business of the taxpayer.
(3) Unrelated person
(A) In general
For purposes of this subsection, a taxpayer shall be treated as selling components to an unrelated person if such component is sold to such person by a person related to the taxpayer.
(B) Election
(i) In general
At the election of the taxpayer (in such form and manner as the Secretary may prescribe), a sale of components by such taxpayer to a related person shall be deemed to have been made to an unrelated person.
(ii) Requirement
As a condition of, and prior to, any election described in clause (i), the Secretary may require such information or registration as the Secretary deems necessary for purposes of preventing duplication, fraud, or any improper or excessive amount determined under paragraph (1).
(b) Credit amount
(1) In general
Subject to paragraph (3), the amount determined under this subsection with respect to any eligible component, including any eligible component it incorporates, shall be equal to—
(A) in the case of a thin film photovoltaic cell or a crystalline photovoltaic cell, an amount equal to the product of—
(i) 4 cents, multiplied by
(ii) the capacity of such cell (expressed on a per direct current watt basis),
(B) in the case of a photovoltaic wafer, $12 per square meter,
(C) in the case of solar grade polysilicon, $3 per kilogram,
(D) in the case of a polymeric backsheet, 40 cents per square meter,
(E) in the case of a solar module, an amount equal to the product of—
(i) 7 cents, multiplied by
(ii) the capacity of such module (expressed on a per direct current watt basis),
(F) in the case of a wind energy component—
(i) if such component is a related offshore wind vessel, an amount equal to 10 percent of the sales price of such vessel, and
(ii) if such component is not described in clause (i), an amount equal to the product of—
(I) the applicable amount with respect to such component (as determined under paragraph (2)(A)), multiplied by
(II) the total rated capacity (expressed on a per watt basis) of the completed wind turbine for which such component is designed,
(G) in the case of a torque tube, 87 cents per kilogram,
(H) in the case of a structural fastener, $2.28 per kilogram,
(I) in the case of an inverter, an amount equal to the product of—
(i) the applicable amount with respect to such inverter (as determined under paragraph (2)(B)), multiplied by
(ii) the capacity of such inverter (expressed on a per alternating current watt basis),
(J) in the case of electrode active materials, an amount equal to 10 percent of the costs incurred by the taxpayer with respect to production of such materials,
(K) in the case of a battery cell, an amount equal to the product of—
(i) $35, multiplied by
(ii) subject to paragraph (4), the capacity of such battery cell (expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis),
(L) in the case of a battery module, an amount equal to the product of—
(i) $10 (or, in the case of a battery module which does not use battery cells, $45), multiplied by
(ii) subject to paragraph (4), the capacity of such battery module (expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis), and
(M) in the case of any applicable critical mineral, an amount equal to 10 percent of the costs incurred by the taxpayer with respect to production of such mineral.
(2) Applicable amounts
(A) Wind energy components
For purposes of paragraph (1)(F)(ii), the applicable amount with respect to any wind energy component shall be—
(i) in the case of a blade, 2 cents,
(ii) in the case of a nacelle, 5 cents,
(iii) in the case of a tower, 3 cents, and
(iv) in the case of an offshore wind foundation—
(I) which uses a fixed platform, 2 cents, or
(II) which uses a floating platform, 4 cents.
(B) Inverters
For purposes of paragraph (1)(I), the applicable amount with respect to any inverter shall be—
(i) in the case of a central inverter, 0.25 cents,
(ii) in the case of a utility inverter, 1.5 cents,
(iii) in the case of a commercial inverter, 2 cents,
(iv) in the case of a residential inverter, 6.5 cents, and
(v) in the case of a microinverter or a distributed wind inverter, 11 cents.
(3) Phase out
(A) In general
Subject to subparagraph (C), in the case of any eligible component sold after December 31, 2029, the amount determined under this subsection with respect to such component shall be equal to the product of—
(i) the amount determined under paragraph (1) with respect to such component, as determined without regard to this paragraph, multiplied by
(ii) the phase out percentage under subparagraph (B).
(B) Phase out percentage
The phase out percentage under this subparagraph is equal to—
(i) in the case of an eligible component sold during calendar year 2030, 75 percent,
(ii) in the case of an eligible component sold during calendar year 2031, 50 percent,
(iii) in the case of an eligible component sold during calendar year 2032, 25 percent,
(iv) in the case of an eligible component sold after December 31, 2032, 0 percent.
(C) Exception
For purposes of determining the amount under this subsection with respect to any applicable critical mineral, this paragraph shall not apply.
(4) Limitation on capacity of battery cells and battery modules
(A) In general
For purposes of subparagraph (K)(ii) or (L)(ii) of paragraph (1), the capacity determined under either subparagraph with respect to a battery cell or battery module shall not exceed a capacity-to-power ratio of 100:1.
(B) Capacity-to-power ratio
For purposes of this paragraph, the term “capacity-to-power ratio” means, with respect to a battery cell or battery module, the ratio of the capacity of such cell or module to the maximum discharge amount of such cell or module.
(c) Definitions
For purposes of this section—
(1) Eligible component
(A) In general
The term “eligible component” means—
(i) any solar energy component,
(ii) any wind energy component,
(iii) any inverter described in subparagraphs (B) through (G) of paragraph (2),
(iv) any qualifying battery component, and
(v) any applicable critical mineral.
(B) Application with other credits
The term “eligible component” shall not include any property which is produced at a facility if the basis of any property which is part of such facility is taken into account for purposes of the credit allowed under section 48C after the date of the enactment of this section.
(2) Inverters
(A) In general
The term “inverter” means an end product which is suitable to convert direct current electricity from 1 or more solar modules or certified distributed wind energy systems into alternating current electricity.
(B) Central inverter
The term “central inverter” means an inverter which is suitable for large utility-scale systems and has a capacity which is greater than 1,000 kilowatts (expressed on a per alternating current watt basis).
(C) Commercial inverter
The term “commercial inverter” means an inverter which—
(i) is suitable for commercial or utility-scale applications,
(ii) has a rated output of 208, 480, 600, or 800 volt three-phase power, and
(iii) has a capacity which is not less than 20 kilowatts and not greater than 125 kilowatts (expressed on a per alternating current watt basis).
(D) Distributed wind inverter
(i) In general
The term “distributed wind inverter” means an inverter which—
(I) is used in a residential or non-residential system which utilizes 1 or more certified distributed wind energy systems, and
(II) has a rated output of not greater than 150 kilowatts.
(ii) Certified distributed wind energy system
The term “certified distributed wind energy system” means a wind energy system which is certified by an accredited certification agency to meet Standard 9.1-2009 of the American Wind Energy Association (including any subsequent revisions to or modifications of such Standard which have been approved by the American National Standards Institute).
(E) Microinverter
The term “microinverter” means an inverter which—
(i) is suitable to connect with one solar module,
(ii) has a rated output of—
(I) 120 or 240 volt single-phase power, or
(II) 208 or 480 volt three-phase power, and
(iii) has a capacity which is not greater than 650 watts (expressed on a per alternating current watt basis).
(F) Residential inverter
The term “residential inverter” means an inverter which—
(i) is suitable for a residence,
(ii) has a rated output of 120 or 240 volt single-phase power, and
(iii) has a capacity which is not greater than 20 kilowatts (expressed on a per alternating current watt basis).
(G) Utility inverter
The term “utility inverter” means an inverter which—
(i) is suitable for commercial or utility-scale systems,
(ii) has a rated output of not less than 600 volt three-phase power, and
(iii) has a capacity which is greater than 125 kilowatts and not greater than 1000 kilowatts (expressed on a per alternating current watt basis) 1
(3) Solar energy component
(A) In general
The term “solar energy component” means any of the following:
(i) Solar modules.
(ii) Photovoltaic cells.
(iii) Photovoltaic wafers.
(iv) Solar grade polysilicon.
(v) Torque tubes or structural fasteners.
(vi) Polymeric backsheets.
(B) Associated definitions
(i) Photovoltaic cell
The term “photovoltaic cell” means the smallest semiconductor element of a solar module which performs the immediate conversion of light into electricity.
(ii) Photovoltaic wafer
The term “photovoltaic wafer” means a thin slice, sheet, or layer of semiconductor material of at least 240 square centimeters—
(I) produced by a single manufacturer either—
(aa) directly from molten or evaporated solar grade polysilicon or deposition of solar grade thin film semiconductor photon absorber layer, or
(bb) through formation of an ingot from molten polysilicon and subsequent slicing, and
(II) which comprises the substrate or absorber layer of one or more photovoltaic cells.
(iii) Polymeric backsheet
The term “polymeric backsheet” means a sheet on the back of a solar module which acts as an electric insulator and protects the inner components of such module from the surrounding environment.
(iv) Solar grade polysilicon
The term “solar grade polysilicon” means silicon which is—
(I) suitable for use in photovoltaic manufacturing, and
(II) purified to a minimum purity of 99.999999 percent silicon by mass.
(v) Solar module
The term “solar module” means the connection and lamination of photovoltaic cells into an environmentally protected final assembly which is—
(I) suitable to generate electricity when exposed to sunlight, and
(II) ready for installation without an additional manufacturing process.
(vi) Solar tracker
The term “solar tracker” means a mechanical system that moves solar modules according to the position of the sun and to increase energy output.
(vii) Solar tracker components
(I) Torque tube
The term “torque tube” means a structural steel support element (including longitudinal purlins) which—
(aa) is part of a solar tracker,
(bb) is of any cross-sectional shape,
(cc) may be assembled from individually manufactured segments,
(dd) spans longitudinally between foundation posts,
(ee) supports solar panels and is connected to a mounting attachment for solar panels (with or without separate module interface rails), and
(ff) is rotated by means of a drive system.
(II) Structural fastener
The term “structural fastener” means a component which is used—
(aa) to connect the mechanical and drive system components of a solar tracker to the foundation of such solar tracker,
(bb) to connect torque tubes to drive assemblies, or
(cc) to connect segments of torque tubes to one another.
(4) Wind energy component
(A) In general
The term “wind energy component” means any of the following:
(i) Blades.
(ii) Nacelles.
(iii) Towers.
(iv) Offshore wind foundations.
(v) Related offshore wind vessels.
(B) Associated definitions
(i) Blade
The term “blade” means an airfoil-shaped blade which is responsible for converting wind energy to low-speed rotational energy.
(ii) Offshore wind foundation
The term “offshore wind foundation” means the component (including transition piece) which secures an offshore wind tower and any above-water turbine components to the seafloor using—
(I) fixed platforms, such as offshore wind monopiles, jackets, or gravity-based foundations, or
(II) floating platforms and associated mooring systems.
(iii) Nacelle
The term “nacelle” means the assembly of the drivetrain and other tower-top components of a wind turbine (with the exception of the blades and the hub) within their cover housing.
(iv) Related offshore wind vessel
The term “related offshore wind vessel” means any vessel which is purpose-built or retrofitted for purposes of the development, transport, installation, operation, or maintenance of offshore wind energy components.
(v) Tower
The term “tower” means a tubular or lattice structure which supports the nacelle and rotor of a wind turbine.
(5) Qualifying battery component
(A) In general
The term “qualifying battery component” means any of the following:
(i) Electrode active materials.
(ii) Battery cells.
(iii) Battery modules.
(B) Associated definitions
(i) Electrode active material
The term “electrode active material” means cathode materials, anode materials, anode foils, and electrochemically active materials, including solvents, additives, and electrolyte salts that contribute to the electrochemical processes necessary for energy storage.
(ii) Battery cell
The term “battery cell” means an electrochemical cell—
(I) comprised of 1 or more positive electrodes and 1 or more negative electrodes,
(II) with an energy density of not less than 100 watt-hours per liter, and
(III) capable of storing at least 12 watt-hours of energy.
(iii) Battery module
The term “battery module” means a module—
(I)
(aa) in the case of a module using battery cells, with 2 or more battery cells which are configured electrically, in series or parallel, to create voltage or current, as appropriate, to a specified end use, or
(bb) with no battery cells, and
(II) with an aggregate capacity of not less than 7 kilowatt-hours (or, in the case of a module for a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, not less than 1 kilowatt-hour).
(6) Applicable critical minerals
The term “applicable critical mineral” means any of the following:
(A) Aluminum
Aluminum which is—
(i) converted from bauxite to a minimum purity of 99 percent alumina by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent aluminum by mass.
(B) Antimony
Antimony which is—
(i) converted to antimony trisulfide concentrate with a minimum purity of 90 percent antimony trisulfide by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.65 percent antimony by mass.
(C) Barite
Barite which is barium sulfate purified to a minimum purity of 80 percent barite by mass.
(D) Beryllium
Beryllium which is—
(i) converted to copper-beryllium master alloy, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent beryllium by mass.
(E) Cerium
Cerium which is—
(i) converted to cerium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent cerium oxide by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent cerium by mass.
(F) Cesium
Cesium which is—
(i) converted to cesium formate or cesium carbonate, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent cesium by mass.
(G) Chromium
Chromium which is—
(i) converted to ferrochromium consisting of not less than 60 percent chromium by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent chromium by mass.
(H) Cobalt
Cobalt which is—
(i) converted to cobalt sulfate, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.6 percent cobalt by mass.
(I) Dysprosium
Dysprosium which is—
(i) converted to not less than 99 percent pure dysprosium iron alloy by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent dysprosium by mass.
(J) Europium
Europium which is—
(i) converted to europium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent europium oxide by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent by mass.
(K) Fluorspar
Fluorspar which is—
(i) converted to fluorspar which is purified to a minimum purity of 97 percent calcium fluoride by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent fluorspar by mass.
(L) Gadolinium
Gadolinium which is—
(i) converted to gadolinium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent gadolinium oxide by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent gadolinium by mass.
(M) Germanium
Germanium which is—
(i) converted to germanium tetrachloride, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.99 percent germanium by mass.
(N) Graphite
Graphite which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent graphitic carbon by mass.
(O) Indium
Indium which is—
(i) converted to—
(I) indium tin oxide, or
(II) indium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent indium oxide by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent indium by mass.
(P) Lithium
Lithium which is—
(i) converted to lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent lithium by mass.
(Q) Manganese
Manganese which is—
(i) converted to manganese sulphate, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.7 percent manganese by mass.
(R) Neodymium
Neodymium which is—
(i) converted to neodymium-praseodymium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent neodymium-praseodymium oxide by mass,
(ii) converted to neodymium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.5 percent neodymium oxide by mass 2
(iii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent neodymium by mass.
(S) Nickel
Nickel which is—
(i) converted to nickel sulphate, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent nickel by mass.
(T) Niobium
Niobium which is—
(i) converted to ferronibium, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent niobium by mass.
(U) Tellurium
Tellurium which is—
(i) converted to cadmium telluride, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent tellurium by mass.
(V) Tin
Tin which is purified to low alpha emitting tin which—
(i) has a purity of greater than 99.99 percent by mass, and
(ii) possesses an alpha emission rate of not greater than 0.01 counts per hour per centimeter square.
(W) Tungsten
Tungsten which is converted to ammonium paratungstate or ferrotungsten.
(X) Vanadium
Vanadium which is converted to ferrovanadium or vanadium pentoxide.
(Y) Yttrium
Yttrium which is—
(i) converted to yttrium oxide which is purified to a minimum purity of 99.999 percent yttrium oxide by mass, or
(ii) purified to a minimum purity of 99.9 percent yttrium by mass.
(Z) Other minerals
Any of the following minerals, provided that such mineral is purified to a minimum purity of 99 percent by mass:
(i) Arsenic.
(ii) Bismuth.
(iii) Erbium.
(iv) Gallium.
(v) Hafnium.
(vi) Holmium.
(vii) Iridium.
(viii) Lanthanum.
(ix) Lutetium.
(x) Magnesium.
(xi) Palladium.
(xii) Platinum.
(xiii) Praseodymium.
(xiv) Rhodium.
(xv) Rubidium.
(xvi) Ruthenium.
(xvii) Samarium.
(xviii) Scandium.
(xix) Tantalum.
(xx) Terbium.
(xxi) Thulium.
(xxii) Titanium.
(xxiii) Ytterbium.
(xxiv) Zinc.
(xxv) Zirconium.
(d) Special rules
In this section—
(1) Related persons
Persons shall be treated as related to each other if such persons would be treated as a single employer under the regulations prescribed under section 52(b).
(2) Only production in the United States taken into account
Sales shall be taken into account under this section only with respect to eligible components the production of which is within—
(A) the United States (within the meaning of section 638(1)), or
(B) a possession of the United States (within the meaning of section 638(2)).
(3) Pass-thru in the case of estates and trusts
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of subsection (d) of section 52 shall apply.
(4) Sale of integrated components
For purposes of this section, a person shall be treated as having sold an eligible component to an unrelated person if such component is integrated, incorporated, or assembled into another eligible component which is sold to an unrelated person.
(Added Pub. L. 117–169, title I, § 13502(a), Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1971.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 117–169, which was approved Aug. 16, 2022.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 117–169, title I, § 13502(c), Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1981, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 38 of this title] shall apply to components produced and sold after December 31, 2022.”