42 U.S.C. § 19281 (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 19281. Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation
(a) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Board
The term “Board” means the Board of Directors described in subsection (b)(2)(A).
(2) Department
The term “Department” means the Department of Energy.
(3) Executive Director
The term “Executive Director” means the Executive Director described in subsection (b)(5)(A).
(4) Foundation
The term “Foundation” means the Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation established under subsection (b)(1).
(5) Historically Black college or university
The term “historically Black college or university” has the meaning given the term “part B institution” in section 1061 of title 20.
(6) Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation
The term “Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation” means a Laboratory Foundation established by an operating contractor of a National Laboratory.
(7) Minority-serving institution
The term “minority serving institution” means a Hispanic-serving institution as defined in section 1101a of title 20, an Alaska Native-serving institution and a Native Hawaiian-serving institution as defined in section in 1 1059d of title 20, or a Predominantly Black Institution, Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-serving institution, or a Native American-serving nontribal institution as defined in section 1067q of title 20.
(8) National Laboratory
The term “National Laboratory” has the meaning given the term in section 15801 of this title.
(9) Secretary
The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy.
(10) Tribal College or University
The term “Tribal College or University” has the meaning given in section 1059c of title 20.
(b) Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation
(1) Establishment
(A) In general
Not later than 180 days after August 9, 2022, the Secretary shall establish a nonprofit corporation to be known as the “Foundation for Energy Security and Innovation”.
(B) Mission
The mission of the Foundation shall be—
(i) to support the mission of the Department; and
(ii) to advance collaboration with energy researchers, institutions of higher education, industry, and nonprofit and philanthropic organizations to accelerate the commercialization of energy technologies.
(C) Limitation
The Foundation shall not be an agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government.
(D) Tax-exempt status
The Board shall take all necessary and appropriate steps to ensure that the Foundation is an organization that is described in section 501(c) of title 26 and exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of title 26.
(E) Collaboration with existing organizations
The Secretary may collaborate with 1 or more organizations to establish the Foundation and carry out the activities of the Foundation.
(2) Board of Directors
(A) Establishment
The Foundation shall be governed by a Board of Directors.
(B) Composition
(i) In general
The Board shall be composed of the ex officio nonvoting members described in clause (ii) and the appointed voting members described in clause (iii).
(ii) Ex officio members
The ex officio members of the Board shall be the following individuals or designees of those individuals:
(I) The Secretary.
(II) The Under Secretary for Science.
(III) The Under Secretary for Nuclear Security.
(IV) The Chief Commercialization Officer.
(iii) Appointed members
(I) Initial members
The Secretary and the other ex officio members of the Board shall—
(aa) seek to enter into an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to develop a list of individuals to serve as members of the Board who are well-qualified and will meet the requirements of subclauses (II) and (III); and
(bb) appoint the initial members of the Board from that list, if applicable, in consultation with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
(II) Representation
The appointed members of the Board shall reflect a broad cross-section of stakeholders from academia, National Laboratories, industry, nonprofit organizations, State or local governments, the investment community, and the philanthropic community.
(III) Experience
The Secretary shall ensure that a majority of the appointed members of the Board—
(aa)
(AA) has experience in the energy sector;
(BB) has research experience in the energy field; or
(CC) has experience in technology commercialization or foundation operations; and
(bb) to the extent practicable, represents diverse regions, sectors, and communities.
(C) Chair and Vice Chair
(i) In general
The Board shall designate from among the members of the Board—
(I) an individual to serve as Chair of the Board; and
(II) an individual to serve as Vice Chair of the Board.
(ii) Terms
The term of service of the Chair and Vice Chair of the Board shall end on the earlier of—
(I) the date that is 3 years after the date on which the Chair or Vice Chair of the Board, as applicable, is designated for the position; and
(II) the last day of the term of service of the member, as determined under subparagraph (D)(i), who is designated to be Chair or Vice Chair of the Board, as applicable.
(iii) Representation
The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board—
(I) shall not be representatives of the same area of subject matter expertise, or entity, as applicable, under subparagraph (B)(iii)(II); and
(II) shall not be representatives of any area of subject matter expertise, or entity, as applicable, represented by the immediately preceding Chair and Vice Chair of the Board.
(D) Terms and vacancies
(i) Terms
(I) In general
The term of service of each appointed member of the Board shall be not more than 5 years.
(II) Initial appointed members
Of the initial members of the Board appointed under subparagraph (B)(iii)(I), half of the members shall serve for 4 years and half of the members shall serve for 5 years, as determined by the Chair of the Board.
(ii) Vacancies
Any vacancy in the membership of the appointed members of the Board—
(I) shall be filled in accordance with the bylaws of the Foundation by an individual capable of representing the same area or entity, as applicable, as represented by the vacating board member under subparagraph (B)(iii)(II);
(II) shall not affect the power of the remaining appointed members to execute the duties of the Board; and
(III) shall be filled by an individual selected by the Board.
(E) Meetings; quorum
(i) Initial meeting
Not later than 60 days after the Board is established, the Secretary shall convene a meeting of the ex officio and appointed members of the Board to incorporate the Foundation.
(ii) Quorum
A majority of the appointed members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for purposes of conducting the business of the Board.
(F) Duties
The Board shall—
(i) establish bylaws for the Foundation in accordance with subparagraph (G);
(ii) provide overall direction for the activities of the Foundation and establish priority activities;
(iii) carry out any other necessary activities of the Foundation;
(iv) evaluate the performance of the Executive Director; and
(v) actively solicit and accept funds, gifts, grants, devises, or bequests of real or personal property to the Foundation, including from private entities.
(G) Bylaws
(i) In general
The bylaws established under subparagraph (F)(i) may include—
(I) policies for the selection of Board members, officers, employees, agents, and contractors of the Foundation;
(II) policies, including ethical standards, for—
(aa) the acceptance, solicitation, and disposition of donations and grants to the Foundation, including appropriate limits on the ability of donors to designate, by stipulation or restriction, the use or recipient of donated funds; and
(bb) the disposition of assets of the Foundation;
(III) policies that subject all employees, fellows, trainees, and other agents of the Foundation (including ex officio and appointed members of the Board) to conflict of interest standards; and
(IV) the specific duties of the Executive Director.
(ii) Requirements
The Board shall ensure that the bylaws of the Foundation and the activities carried out under those bylaws shall not—
(I) reflect unfavorably on the ability of the Foundation to carry out activities in a fair and objective manner; or
(II) compromise, or appear to compromise, the integrity of any governmental agency or program, or any officer or employee employed by, or involved in, a governmental agency or program.
(H) Compensation
(i) In general
No member of the Board shall receive compensation for serving on the Board.
(ii) Certain expenses
In accordance with the bylaws of the Foundation, members of the Board may be reimbursed for travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred in carrying out the duties of the Board.
(I) Restriction on membership
No employee of the Department shall be appointed as a member of the Board of Directors.
(3) Purposes
The purposes of the Foundation are—
(A) to support the Department in carrying out the mission of the Department to ensure the security and prosperity of the United States by addressing energy and environmental challenges through transformative science and technology solutions; and
(B) to increase private and philanthropic sector investments that support efforts to create, characterize, develop, test, validate, and deploy or commercialize innovative technologies that address crosscutting national energy challenges, including those affecting minority, rural, and other underserved communities, by methods that include—
(i) fostering collaboration and partnerships with researchers from the Federal Government, State governments, institutions of higher education, including historically Black colleges or universities, Tribal Colleges or Universities, and minority-serving institutions, federally funded research and development centers, industry, and nonprofit organizations for the research, development, or commercialization of transformative energy and associated technologies;
(ii) strengthening and sharing best practices relating to regional economic development through scientific and energy innovation, including in partnership with an Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation;
(iii) promoting new product development that supports job creation;
(iv) administering prize competitions—
(I) to accelerate private sector competition and investment; and
(II) that complement the use of prize authority by the Department;
(v) supporting programs that advance technology maturation, especially where there may be gaps in Federal or private funding in advancing a technology to deployment or commercialization from the prototype stage to a commercial stage;
(vi) supporting efforts to broaden participation in energy technology development among individuals from historically underrepresented groups or regions; and
(vii) facilitating access to Department facilities, equipment, and expertise to assist in tackling national challenges.
(4) Activities
(A) Studies, competitions, and projects
The Foundation may conduct and support studies, competitions, projects, and other activities that further the purposes of the Foundation described in paragraph (3).
(B) Fellowships and grants
(i) In general
The Foundation may award fellowships and grants for activities relating to research, development, demonstration, maturation, or commercialization of energy and other Department-supported technologies.
(ii) Form of award
A fellowship or grant under clause (i) may consist of a stipend, health insurance benefits, funds for travel, and funds for other appropriate expenses.
(iii) Selection
In selecting a recipient for a fellowship or grant under clause (i), the Foundation—
(I) shall make the selection based on the technical and commercialization merits of the proposed project of the potential recipient; and
(II) may consult with a potential recipient regarding the ability of the potential recipient to carry out various projects that would further the purposes of the Foundation described in paragraph (3).
(iv) National Laboratories
A National Laboratory that applies for or accepts an award under clause (i) shall not be considered to be engaging in a competitive process.
(C) Accessing facilities and expertise
The Foundation may work with the Department—
(i) to leverage the capabilities and facilities of National Laboratories to commercialize technology; and
(ii) to assist with resources, including by providing information on the assets of each National Laboratory that may enable the deployment and commercialization of technology.
(D) Training and education
The Foundation may support programs that provide training to researchers, scientists, other relevant personnel at National Laboratories and institutions of higher education, and previous or current recipients of or applicants for Department funding to help research, develop, demonstrate, deploy, and commercialize federally funded technology.
(E) Maturation funding
The Foundation shall support programs that provide maturation funding to researchers to advance the technology of those researchers for the purpose of moving products from a prototype stage to a commercial stage.
(F) Stakeholder engagement
The Foundation shall convene, and may consult with, representatives from the Department, institutions of higher education, National Laboratories, the private sector, and commercialization organizations to develop programs for the purposes of the Foundation described in paragraph (3) and to advance the activities of the Foundation.
(G) Individual and Federal Laboratory-Associated Foundations
(i) Definition of covered foundation
In this subparagraph, the term “covered foundation” means each of the following:
(I) An Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation.
(II) A Federal Laboratory-Associated Foundation established pursuant to subsection (c)(1).
(ii) Support
The Foundation shall provide support to and collaborate with covered foundations.
(iii) Guidelines and templates
For the purpose of providing support under clause (ii), the Secretary shall establish suggested guidelines and templates for covered foundations, including—
(I) a standard adaptable organizational design for responsible management;
(II) standard and legally tenable bylaws and money-handling procedures; and
(III) a standard training curriculum to orient and expand the operating expertise of personnel employed by covered foundations.
(iv) Affiliations
Nothing in this subparagraph requires—
(I) an existing Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation to modify current practices or affiliate with the Foundation; or
(II) a covered foundation to be bound by charter or corporate bylaws as permanently affiliated with the Foundation.
(H) Supplemental programs
The Foundation may carry out supplemental programs—
(i) to conduct and support forums, meetings, conferences, courses, and training workshops consistent with the purposes of the Foundation described in paragraph (3);
(ii) to support and encourage the understanding and development of data that promotes the translation of technologies from the research stage, through the development and maturation stage, and ending in the market stage;
(iii) for writing, editing, printing, publishing, and vending books and other materials relating to research carried out under the Foundation and the Department; and
(iv) to conduct other activities to carry out and support the purposes of the Foundation described in paragraph (3).
(I) Evaluations
The Foundation shall support the development of an evaluation methodology, to be used as part of any program supported by the Foundation, that shall—
(i) consist of qualitative and quantitative metrics; and
(ii) include periodic third party evaluation of those programs and other activities of the Foundation.
(J) Communications
The Foundation shall develop an expertise in communications to promote the work of grant and fellowship recipients under subparagraph (B), the commercialization successes of the Foundation, opportunities for partnership with the Foundation, and other activities.
(K) Solicitation and use of funds
The Foundation may solicit and accept gifts, grants, and other donations, establish accounts, and invest and expend funds in support of the activities and programs of the Foundation.
(L) Authority of the foundation
The Foundation shall be the sole entity responsible for carrying out the activities described in this paragraph.
(5) Administration
(A) Executive Director
The Board shall hire an Executive Director of the Foundation, who shall serve at the pleasure of the Board. Subject to the compliance with the policies and bylaws established pursuant to paragraph (2)(G), the Executive Director shall be responsible for the daily operations of the Foundation in carrying the activities described in paragraph (4).
(B) Compensation
The rate of compensation of the Executive Director shall be fixed by the Board.
(C) Administrative control
No member of the Board, officer or employee of the Foundation or of any program established by the Foundation, or participant in a program established by the Foundation, shall exercise administrative control over any Federal employee.
(D) Strategic plan
Not later than 1 year after August 9, 2022, the Foundation shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a strategic plan that contains—
(i) a plan for the Foundation to become financially self-sustaining in fiscal year 2023 and thereafter (except for the amounts provided each fiscal year under paragraph (11)(A)(iii));
(ii) a forecast of major crosscutting energy challenge opportunities, including short- and long-term objectives, identified by the Board, with input from communities representing the entities and areas of subject matter expertise, as applicable, described in paragraph (2)(B)(iii)(II);
(iii) a description of the efforts that the Foundation will take to be transparent in the processes of the Foundation, including processes relating to—
(I) grant awards, including selection, review, and notification;
(II) communication of past, current, and future research priorities; and
(III) solicitation of and response to public input on the opportunities identified under clause (ii);
(iv) a description of the financial goals and benchmarks of the Foundation for the following 10 years;
(v) a description of the efforts undertaken by the Foundation to engage historically underrepresented groups or regions, including through collaborations with historically Black colleges and universities, Tribal Colleges or Universities, minority-serving institutions, and minority-owned and women-owned business, and; 2
(vi) a description of the efforts undertaken by the Foundation to ensure maximum complementarity and minimum redundancy with investments made by the Department.
(E) Annual report
Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Foundation is established, and every years 3 thereafter, the Foundation shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, and the Secretary a report that, for the year covered by the report—
(i) describes the activities of the Foundation and the progress of the Foundation in furthering the purposes of the Foundation described in paragraph (3);
(ii) provides a specific accounting of the source and use of all funds made available to the Foundation to carry out those activities to ensure transparency in the alignment of Department missions and policies with national security;
(iii) describes how the results of the activities of the Foundation could be incorporated into the procurement processes of the General Services Administration; and
(iv) includes a summary of each evaluation conducted using the evaluation methodology described in paragraph (4)(I).
(F) Evaluation by Comptroller General
Not later than 5 years after the date on which the Foundation is established, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives—
(i) an evaluation of—
(I) the extent to which the Foundation is achieving the mission of the Foundation; and
(II) the operation of the Foundation; and
(ii) any recommendations on how the Foundation may be improved.
(G) Audits
The Foundation shall—
(i) provide for annual audits of the financial condition of the Foundation; and
(ii) make the audits, and all other records, documents, and papers of the Foundation, available to the Secretary and the Comptroller General of the United States for examination or audit.
(H) Separate fund accounts
The Board shall ensure that any funds received under paragraph (11)(A) are held in a separate account from any other funds received by the Foundation.
(I) Integrity
(i) In general
To ensure integrity in the operations of the Foundation, the Board shall develop and enforce procedures relating to standards of conduct, financial disclosure statements, conflicts of interest (including recusal and waiver rules), audits, and any other matters determined appropriate by the Board.
(ii) Financial conflicts of interest
To mitigate conflicts of interest and risks from malign foreign influence, any individual who is an officer, employee, or member of the Board is prohibited from any participation in deliberations by the Foundation of a matter that would directly or predictably affect any financial interest of—
(I) the individual;
(II) a relative (as defined in section 109 of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. App.)) of that individual; or
(III) a business organization or other entity in which the individual has an interest, including an organization or other entity with which the individual is negotiating employment.
(J) Intellectual property
The Board shall adopt written standards to govern the ownership and licensing of any intellectual property rights developed by the Foundation or derived from the collaborative efforts of the Foundation.
(K) Liability
(i) In general
The United States shall not be liable for any debts, defaults, acts, or omissions of—
(I) the Foundation;
(II) a Federal entity with respect to an agreement of that Federal entity with the Foundation; or
(III) an Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation with respect to an agreement of that Federal entity with the Foundation.
(ii) Full faith and credit
The full faith and credit of the United States shall not extend to any obligations of the Foundation.
(L) Nonapplicability of FACA
The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Foundation or an Individual Laboratory-Associated Foundation.
(6) Department collaboration
(A) National Laboratories
The Secretary shall collaborate with the Foundation to develop a process to ensure collaboration and coordination between the Department, the Foundation, and National Laboratories—
(i) to streamline contracting processes between National Laboratories and the Foundation, including by—
(I) streamlining the ability of the Foundation to transfer equipment and funds to National Laboratories;
(II) standardizing contract mechanisms to be used by the Foundation in engaging with National Laboratories; and
(III) streamlining the ability of the Foundation to fund endowed positions at National Laboratories;
(ii) to allow a National Laboratory or site of a National Laboratory—
(I) to accept and perform work for the Foundation, consistent with provided resources, notwithstanding any other provision of law governing the administration, mission, use, or operations of the National Laboratory or site, as applicable; and
(II) to perform that work on a basis equal to other missions at the National Laboratory; and
(iii) to permit the director of any National Laboratory or site of a National Laboratory to enter into a cooperative research and development agreement or negotiate a licensing agreement with the Foundation pursuant to section 3710a of title 15.
(B) Department liaisons
The Secretary shall appoint liaisons from across the Department to collaborate and coordinate with the Foundation, including not less than 1 liaison from the Office of Technology Transitions, who shall ensure that the Foundation works in conjunction with and does not duplicate existing activities and programs carried out by the Department, including the Technology Commercialization Fund of the Department.
(C) Administration
The Secretary shall leverage appropriate arrangements, contracts, and directives to carry out the process developed under subparagraph (A).
(7) National security
Nothing in this subsection exempts the Foundation from any national security policy of the Department.
(8) Support services
The Secretary may provide facilities, utilities, and support services to the Foundation if it is determined by the Secretary to be advantageous to the research programs of the Department.
(9) Preemption of authority
This subsection shall not preempt any authority or responsibility of the Secretary under any other provision of law.
(10) Transfer funds
The Foundation may transfer funds to the Department, which shall be subject to all applicable Federal limitations relating to federally funded research.
(11) Authorization of appropriations
(A) In general
There is authorized to be appropriated—
(i) not less than $1,500,000 shall be for the Secretary for fiscal year 2023 to establish the Foundation;
(ii) not less than $30,000,000 shall be for the Foundation for fiscal year 2024 to carry out the activities of the Foundation; and
(iii) not less than $3,000,000 shall be for the Foundation for each of the fiscal years 2025 through 2027 for administrative and operational costs.
(B) Limitation
None of the funds authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary by subparagraph (A)(i) of this paragraph shall be used for construction.
(C) Cost share
Funds made available under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be required to be cost-shared by a partner of the Foundation other than the Department or a National Laboratory.
(c) National Energy Technology Laboratory-Associated Foundation
(1) Establishment
(A) In general
The National Energy Technology Laboratory may establish, or enter into an agreement with a nonprofit organization to establish, a Federal Laboratory-Associated Foundation (referred to in this subsection as a “Laboratory Foundation”) to support the mission of the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
(B) Not agency or instrumentality
A Laboratory Foundation shall not be an agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government.
(C) Governance structure
A Laboratory Foundation established under subparagraph (A) shall have a separate governance structure from, and shall be managed independently of, the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
(2) Activities
Activities of a Laboratory Foundation may include—
(A) conducting support studies, competitions, projects, research, and other activities that further the purpose of the Laboratory Foundation;
(B) carrying out programs to foster collaboration and partnership among researchers from the Federal Government, State governments, institutions of higher education, federally funded research and development centers, and industry and nonprofit organizations relating to the research, development, and commercialization of federally supported technologies;
(C) carrying out programs to leverage technologies to support new product development that supports regional economic development;
(D) administering prize competitions—
(i) to accelerate private sector competition and investment; and
(ii) that complement the use of prize authority by the Department;
(E) providing fellowships and grants to research and development personnel at, or affiliated with, federally funded centers, in accordance with paragraph (3);
(F) carrying out programs—
(i) that allow scientists from foreign countries to serve in research capacities in the United States or other countries in association with the National Energy Technology Laboratory;
(ii) that provide opportunities for employees of the National Energy Technology Laboratory to serve in research capacities in foreign countries;
(iii) to conduct studies, projects, or research in collaboration with national and international nonprofit and for-profit organizations, which may include the provision of stipends, travel, and other support for personnel;
(iv)
(I) to hold forums, meetings, conferences, courses, and training workshops that may include undergraduate, graduate, post-graduate, and post-doctoral accredited courses; and
(II) for the accreditation of those courses by the Laboratory Foundation at the State and national level for college degrees or continuing education credits;
(v) to support and encourage teachers and students of science at all levels of education;
(vi) to promote an understanding of science amongst the general public;
(vii) for writing, editing, printing, publishing, and vending of relevant books and other materials; and
(viii) for the conduct of other activities to carry out and support the purpose of the Laboratory Foundation; and
(G) receiving, administering, soliciting, accepting, and using funds, gifts, devises, or bequests, either absolutely or in trust of real or personal property or any income therefrom, or other interest or equity therein for the benefit of, or in connection with, the mission of the applicable Federal laboratory, in accordance with paragraph (4).
(3) Fellowships and grants
(A) Selection
Recipients of fellowships and grants described in paragraph (2)(E) shall be selected—
(i) by a Laboratory Foundation and the donors to a Laboratory Foundation;
(ii) subject to the agreement of the head of the agency the mission of which is supported by a Laboratory Foundation; and
(iii) in the case of a fellowship, based on the recommendation of the employees of the National Energy Technology Laboratory at which the fellow would serve.
(B) Expenses
Fellowships and grants described in paragraph (2)(E) may include stipends, travel, health insurance, benefits, and other appropriate expenses.
(4) Gifts
An amount of funds, a gift, a devise, or a bequest described in paragraph (2)(G) may be accepted by a Laboratory Foundation regardless of whether it is encumbered, restricted, or subject to a beneficial interest of a private person if any current or future interest of the funds, gift, devise, or bequest is for the benefit of the research and development activities of the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
(5) Ownership by Federal Government
A contribution, gift, or any other transfer made to or for the use of a Laboratory Foundation shall be regarded as a contribution, gift, or transfer to or for the use of the Federal Government.
(6) Liability
The United States shall not be liable for any debts, defaults, acts, or omissions of a Laboratory Foundation.
(7) Transfer of funds
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a Laboratory Foundation may transfer funds to the National Energy Technology Laboratory and the National Energy Technology Laboratory may accept that transfer of funds.
(8) Other laws
This subsection shall not alter or supersede any other provision of law governing the authority, scope, establishment, or use of nonprofit organizations by a Federal agency.
(Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title VI, § 10691, Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1688.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: Section 109 of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (b)(5)(I)(ii)(II), is section 109 of Pub. L. 95–521, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in (b)(5)(L), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.