49 U.S.C. § 44506 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44506. Air traffic controllers
(a) Research on Effect of Automation on Performance.—
To develop the means necessary to establish appropriate selection criteria and training methodologies for the next generation of air traffic controllers, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall conduct research to study the effect of automation on the performance of the next generation of air traffic controllers and the air traffic control system. The research shall include investigating—
(1) methods for improving and accelerating future air traffic controller training through the application of advanced training techniques, including the use of simulation technology;
(2) the role of automation in the air traffic control system and its physical and psychological effects on air traffic controllers;
(3) the attributes and aptitudes needed to function well in a highly automated air traffic control system and the development of appropriate testing methods for identifying individuals with those attributes and aptitudes;
(4) innovative methods for training potential air traffic controllers to enhance the benefits of automation and maximize the effectiveness of the air traffic control system; and
(5) new technologies and procedures for exploiting automated communication systems, including Mode S Transponders, to improve information transfers between air traffic controllers and aircraft pilots.
(b) Research on Human Factor Aspects of Automation.—
The Administrators of the Federal Aviation Administration and National Aeronautics and Space Administration may make an agreement for the use of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s unique human factor facilities and expertise in conducting research activities to study the human factor aspects of the highly automated environment for the next generation of air traffic controllers. The research activities shall include investigating—
(1) human perceptual capabilities and the effect of computer-aided decision making on the workload and performance of air traffic controllers;
(2) information management techniques for advanced air traffic control display systems; and
(3) air traffic controller workload and performance measures, including the development of predictive models.
(c) Collegiate Training Initiative.—
(1) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may maintain the Collegiate Training Initiative program by making new agreements and continuing existing agreements with institutions of higher education (as defined by the Administrator) under which the institutions prepare students for the position of air traffic controller with the Department of Transportation (as defined in section 2109 of title 5). The Administrator may establish standards for the entry of institutions into the program and for their continued participation.
(2)
(A) The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may appoint an individual who has successfully completed a course of training in a program described in paragraph (1) of this subsection to the position of air traffic controller noncompetitively in the excepted service (as defined in section 2103 of title 5). An individual appointed under this paragraph serves at the pleasure of the Administrator, subject to section 7511 of title 5. However, an appointment under this paragraph may be converted from one in the excepted service to a career conditional or career appointment in the competitive civil service (as defined in section 2102 of title 5) when the individual achieves full performance level air traffic controller status, as decided by the Administrator.
(B) The authority under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph to make appointments in the excepted service expires on October 6, 1997, except that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may extend the authority for one or more successive one-year periods.
(d) Air Traffic Control Specialist Qualification Training.—
(1) Appointment of air traffic control specialists.—
The Administrator is authorized to appoint a qualified air traffic control specialist candidate for placement in an airport traffic control facility if the candidate has—
(A) received a control tower operator certification (referred to in this subsection as a “CTO” certificate); and
(B) satisfied all other applicable qualification requirements for an air traffic control specialist position, including successful completion of orientation training at the Federal Aviation Administration Academy.
(2) Compensation and benefits.—
An individual appointed under paragraph (1) shall receive the same compensation and benefits, and be treated in the same manner as, any other individual appointed as a developmental air traffic controller.
(3) Report.—
Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, the Administrator shall submit to Congress a report that evaluates the effectiveness of the air traffic control specialist qualification training provided pursuant to this section, including the graduation rates of candidates who received a CTO certificate and are working in airport traffic control facilities.
(4) Additional appointments.—
If the Administrator determines that air traffic control specialists appointed pursuant to this subsection are more successful in carrying out the duties of an air traffic controller than air traffic control specialists hired from the general public without any such certification, the Administrator shall increase, to the maximum extent practicable, the number of appointments of candidates who possess such certification.
(5) Reimbursement for travel expenses associated with certifications.—
(A) In general.—
Subject to subparagraph (B), the Administrator may accept reimbursement from an educational entity that provides training to an air traffic control specialist candidate to cover reasonable travel expenses of the Administrator associated with issuing certifications to such candidates.
(B) Treatment of reimbursements.—
Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, any reimbursement authorized to be collected under subparagraph (A) shall—
(i) be credited as offsetting collections to the account that finances the activities and services for which the reimbursement is accepted;
(ii) be available for expenditure only to pay the costs of activities and services for which the reimbursement is accepted, including all costs associated with collecting such reimbursement; and
(iii) remain available until expended.
(e) Staffing Report.—
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall submit annually to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report containing—
(1) the staffing standards used to determine the number of air traffic controllers needed to operate the air traffic control system of the United States;
(2) a 3-year projection of the number of controllers needed to be employed to operate the system to meet the standards; and
(3) a detailed plan for employing the controllers, including projected budget requests.
(f) Hiring of Certain Air Traffic Control Specialists.—
(1) Consideration of applicants.—
(A) Ensuring selection of most qualified applicants.—
In appointing individuals to the position of air traffic controller, the Administrator shall give preferential consideration to qualified individuals maintaining 52 consecutive weeks of air traffic control experience involving the full-time active separation of air traffic after receipt of an air traffic certification or air traffic control facility rating within 5 years of application while serving at—
(i) a Federal Aviation Administration air traffic control facility;
(ii) a civilian or military air traffic control facility of the Department of Defense (including a facility of the National Guard); or
(iii) a tower operating under contract with the Federal Aviation Administration under section 47124.
(B) Consideration of additional applicants.—
(i) In general.—
After giving preferential consideration to applicants under subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall consider additional applicants for the position of air traffic controller by giving further preferential consideration, within each qualification category based upon pre-employment testing results (including application of veterans’ preference as required under section 40122(g)(2)(B)), to pool 1 applicants described in clause (ii) before pool 2 applicants described in clause (iii).
(ii) Pool 1.—
Pool 1 applicants are individuals who—
(I) have successfully completed air traffic controller training and graduated from an institution participating in the Collegiate Training Initiative program maintained under subsection (c)(1) and who have received from the institution—
(aa) an appropriate recommendation; or
(bb) an endorsement certifying that the individual would have met the requirements in effect as of December 31, 2013, for an appropriate recommendation;
(II) are eligible for a veterans recruitment appointment pursuant to section 4214 of title 38 and provide a Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty within 120 days of the announcement closing;
(III) are eligible veterans (as defined in section 4211 of title 38) maintaining aviation experience obtained in the course of the individual’s military experience; or
(IV) are preference eligible veterans (as defined in section 2108 of title 5).
(iii) Pool 2.—
Pool 2 applicants are individuals who apply under a vacancy announcement recruiting from all United States citizens.
(C) Special rule.—
(i) In general.—
Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), after giving preferential consideration to applicants under subparagraph (A) and if, after consulting with the labor organization recognized as the exclusive representative of air traffic controllers under section 7111 of title 5, the Administrator determines there are unique circumstances affecting a covered facility that warrant a vacancy announcement with a limited area of consideration, the Administrator may consider applicants for the position of air traffic controller who apply under a vacancy announcement recruiting from the local commuting area for that covered facility.
(ii) Biographical assessments.—
The Administrator shall not use any biographical assessment with respect to an applicant under this subparagraph who would otherwise qualify as a Pool 1 applicant under subparagraph (B)(ii).
(iii) Covered facility defined.—
In this subparagraph the term “covered facility” means a radar facility with at least 1,000,000 operations annually that is located in a metropolitan statistical area (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget) with a population estimate by the Bureau of the Census of more than 15,000,000 (as of July 1, 2016).
(2) Use of biographical assessments.—
(A) Biographical assessments.—
The Administrator shall not use any biographical assessment when hiring under paragraph (1)(A) or paragraph (1)(B)(ii).
(B) Reconsideration of applicants disqualified on basis of biographical assessments.—
(i) In general.—
If an individual described in paragraph (1)(A) or paragraph (1)(B)(ii), who applied for the position of air traffic controller with the Administration in response to Vacancy Announcement FAA–AMC–14–ALLSRCE–33537 (issued on February 10, 2014), was disqualified from the position as the result of a biographical assessment, the Administrator shall provide the applicant an opportunity to reapply for the position as soon as practicable under the revised hiring practices.
(ii) Waiver of age restriction.—
The Administrator shall waive any maximum age restriction for the position of air traffic controller with the Administration that would otherwise disqualify an individual from the position if the individual—
(I) is reapplying for the position pursuant to clause (i) on or before December 31, 2017; and
(II) met the maximum age requirement on the date of the individual’s previous application for the position during the interim hiring process.
(3) Maximum entry age for experienced controllers.—
Notwithstanding section 3307 of title 5, except for individuals covered by the program described in paragraph (4), the maximum limit of age for an original appointment to a position as an air traffic controller shall be 35 years of age for those maintaining 52 weeks of air traffic control experience involving the full-time active separation of air traffic after receipt of an air traffic certification or air traffic control facility rating in a civilian or military air traffic control facility.
(4) Retired military controllers.—
The Administrator may establish a program to provide an original appointment to a position as an air traffic controller for individuals who—
(A) are on terminal leave pending retirement from active duty military service or have retired from active duty military service within 5 years of applying for the appointment; and
(B) have held either an air traffic certification or air traffic control facility rating according to Administration standards within 5 years of applying for the appointment.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1178; Pub. L. 104–287, § 5(9), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3389; Pub. L. 112–95, title VI, § 607, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 114–190, title II, § 2106(a), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 620; Pub. L. 115–141, div. M, title I, § 108, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XI, §§ 1132, 1133, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1615, 1616.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44506(a), (b)
49 App.:1353 (note).
Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, § 8(a)–(c), 102 Stat. 3015; Nov. 17, 1988, Pub. L. 100–685, §§ 601–603, 102 Stat. 4102.
44506(c)
49 App.:1348a.
Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, § 362, 106 Stat. 1560.
44506(d)
49 App.:1348 (note).
Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, § 120, 106 Stat. 4884.
In subsections (a) and (b), the text of section 8(a) and (b)(3) of the Aviation Safety Research Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–581, 102 Stat. 3015, 3016) and sections 601 and 602(3) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1989 (Public Law 100–685, 102 Stat. 4102, 4103) is omitted as executed.
In subsection (c), the words “institutions of higher education” are substituted for “post-secondary educational institutions” for consistency in the revised title.
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 112–95, which was approved Feb. 14, 2012.
heading: Amendments
text: 2019—Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 116–92, § 1133, inserted “(including a facility of the National Guard)” after “Department of Defense”.
Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 116–92, § 1132, substituted “giving further preferential consideration, within each qualification category based upon pre-employment testing results (including application of veterans’ preference as required under section 40122(g)(2)(B)), to pool 1 applicants described in clause (ii) before pool 2 applicants described in clause (iii).” for “referring an approximately equal number of individuals for appointment among the 2 applicant pools described in this subparagraph. The number of individuals referred for consideration from each group shall not differ by more than 10 percent.”
2018—Subsec. (f)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–141, § 108(1), added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 115–141, § 108(2)(A), inserted “except for individuals covered by the program described in paragraph (4),” after “section 3307 of title 5,”.
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 115–141, § 108(2)(B), added par. (4).
2016—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 114–190 added subsec. (f).
2012—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e).
1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–287 substituted “Transportation and Infrastructure” for “Public Works and Transportation”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Notification of Vacancies
text: Pub. L. 114–190, title II, § 2106(b), July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 622, provided that: “The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall consider directly notifying secondary schools and institutions of higher learning, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, Minority Institutions, and Tribal Colleges and Universities, of a vacancy announcement under section 44506(f)(1)(B)(iii) of title 49, United States Code.”
heading: Air Traffic Controller Staffing Initiatives and Analysis
text: Pub. L. 112–95, title II, § 224, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 55, provided that:
“As soon as practicable, and not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall—
“(1) ensure, to the extent practicable, a sufficient number of contract instructors, classroom space (including off-site locations as needed), and simulators to allow for an increase in the number of air traffic controllers at air traffic control facilities;
“(2) distribute, to the extent practicable, the placement of certified professional air traffic controllers-in-training and developmental air traffic controllers at facilities evenly across the calendar year in order to avoid training bottlenecks;
“(3) initiate an analysis, to be conducted in consultation with the exclusive bargaining representative of air traffic controllers certified under section 7111 of title 5, United States Code, of scheduling processes and practices, including overtime scheduling practices at those facilities;
“(4) provide, to the extent practicable and where appropriate, priority to certified professional air traffic controllers-in-training when filling staffing vacancies at facilities;
“(5) assess training programs at air traffic control facilities with below-average success rates to determine if training is being carried out in accordance with Administration standards, and conduct exit interview analyses with all candidates to determine potential weaknesses in training protocols, or in the execution of such training protocols; and
“(6) prioritize, to the extent practicable, such efforts to address the recommendations for the facilities identified in the Department of Transportation’s Office of the Inspector General Report Number: AV-2009-047.”
heading: Facility Training Program
text: Pub. L. 112–95, title VI, § 609(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 116, provided that:
“Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall conduct a comprehensive review and evaluation of its Academy and facility training efforts. The Administrator shall—
“(1) clarify responsibility for oversight and direction of the Academy’s facility training program at the national level;
“(2) communicate information concerning that responsibility to facility managers; and
“(3) establish standards to identify the number of developmental air traffic controllers that can be accommodated at each facility, based on—
“(A) the number of available on-the-job training instructors;
“(B) available classroom space;
“(C) the number of available simulators;
“(D) training requirements; and
“(E) the number of recently placed new personnel already in training.”
heading: Controller Staffing
text: Pub. L. 116–6, div. G, title I, Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 401, provided in part: “That not later than March 31 of each fiscal year hereafter, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall transmit to Congress an annual update to the report submitted to Congress in December 2004 pursuant to section 221 of Public Law 108–176 [set out below]”.
Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 117–103, div. L, title I, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 691.
Pub. L. 116–260, div. L, title I, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1830.
Pub. L. 116–94, div. H, title I, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2940.
Pub. L. 115–141, div. L, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 977.
Pub. L. 115–31, div. K, title I, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 730.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. L, title I, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2839.
Pub. L. 113–235, div. K, title I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2700.
Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title I, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 578.
Pub. L. 112–55, div. C, title I, Nov. 18, 2011, 125 Stat. 645.
Pub. L. 111–117, div. A, title I, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3039.
Pub. L. 111–8, div. I, title I, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 918.
Pub. L. 110–161, div. K, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2378.
Pub. L. 108–176, title II, § 221, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2526, provided that:
“(a) Annual Report.—
Beginning with the submission of the Budget of the United States to the Congress for fiscal year 2005, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall transmit a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure that describes the overall air traffic controller staffing plan, including strategies to address anticipated retirement and replacement of air traffic controllers.
“(b) Human Capital Workforce Strategy.—
“(1) Development.—
The Administrator shall develop a comprehensive human capital workforce strategy to determine the most effective method for addressing the need for more air traffic controllers that is identified in the June 2002 report of the General Accounting Office [now Government Accountability Office].
“(2) Completion date.—
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003], the Administrator shall complete development of the strategy.
“(3) Report.—
Not later than 30 days after the date on which the strategy is completed, the Administrator shall transmit to Congress a report describing the strategy.”