20 U.S.C. § 1018 (EDUCATION)
§ 1018. Performance-Based Organization for delivery of Federal student financial assistance
(a) Establishment and purpose
(1) Establishment
There is established in the Department a Performance-Based Organization (hereafter referred to as the “PBO”) which shall be a discrete management unit responsible for managing the administrative and oversight functions supporting the programs authorized under subchapter IV of this chapter, as specified in subsection (b).
(2) Purposes
The purposes of the PBO are—
(A) to improve service to students and other participants in the student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV, including making those programs more understandable to students and their parents;
(B) to reduce the costs of administering those programs;
(C) to increase the accountability of the officials responsible for administering the operational aspects of these programs;
(D) to provide greater flexibility in the management and administration of the Federal student financial assistance programs;
(E) to integrate the information systems supporting the Federal student financial assistance programs;
(F) to implement an open, common, integrated system for the delivery of student financial assistance under subchapter IV; and
(G) to develop and maintain a student financial assistance system that contains complete, accurate, and timely data to ensure program integrity.
(b) General authority
(1) Authority of Secretary
Notwithstanding any other provision of this part, the Secretary shall maintain responsibility for the development and promulgation of policy and regulations relating to the programs of student financial assistance under subchapter IV. In the exercise of its functions, the PBO shall be subject to the direction of the Secretary. The Secretary shall—
(A) request the advice of, and work in cooperation with, the Chief Operating Officer in developing regulations, policies, administrative guidance, or procedures affecting the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV;
(B) request cost estimates from the Chief Operating Officer for system changes required by specific policies proposed by the Secretary; and
(C) assist the Chief Operating Officer in identifying goals for—
(i) the administration of the systems used to administer the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV; and
(ii) the updating of such systems to current technology.
(2) PBO functions
Subject to paragraph (1), the PBO shall be responsible for the administration of Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV, excluding the development of policy relating to such programs but including the following:
(A) The administrative, accounting, and financial management functions for the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV, including—
(i) the collection, processing, and transmission of data to students, institutions, lenders, State agencies, and other authorized parties;
(ii) the design and technical specifications for software development and procurement for systems supporting the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV;
(iii) all software and hardware acquisitions and all information technology contracts related to the administration and management of student financial assistance under subchapter IV;
(iv) all aspects of contracting for the information and financial systems supporting the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV;
(v) providing all customer service, training, and user support related to the administration of the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV; and
(vi) ensuring the integrity of the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV.
(B) Annual development of a budget for the activities and functions of the PBO, in consultation with the Secretary, and for consideration and inclusion in the Department’s annual budget submission.
(C) Taking action to prevent and address the improper use of access devices, as described in section 1092b(d)(7) of this title, including by—
(i) detecting common patterns of improper use of any system that processes payments on Federal Direct Loans or other Department information technology systems;
(ii) maintaining a reporting system for contractors involved in the processing of payments on Federal Direct Loans in order to allow those contractors to alert the Secretary of potentially improper use of Department information technology systems;
(iii) proactively contacting Federal student loan borrowers whose Federal student loan accounts demonstrate a likelihood of improper use in order to warn those borrowers of suspicious activity or potential fraud regarding their Federal student loan accounts; and
(iv) providing clear and simple disclosures in communications with borrowers who are applying for or requesting assistance with Federal Direct Loan programs (including assistance or applications regarding income-driven repayment, forbearance, deferment, consolidation, rehabilitation, cancellation, and forgiveness) to ensure that borrowers are aware that the Department will never require borrowers to pay for such assistance or applications.
(3) Additional functions
The Secretary may allocate to the PBO such additional functions as the Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer determine are necessary or appropriate to achieve the purposes of the PBO.
(4) Independence
Subject to paragraph (1), in carrying out its functions, the PBO shall exercise independent control of its budget allocations and expenditures, personnel decisions and processes, procurements, and other administrative and management functions.
(5) Audits and review
The PBO shall be subject to the usual and customary Federal audit procedures and to review by the Inspector General of the Department.
(6) Changes
(A) In general
The Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer shall consult concerning the effects of policy, market, or other changes on the ability of the PBO to achieve the goals and objectives established in the performance plan described in subsection (c).
(B) Revisions to agreement
The Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer may revise the annual performance agreement described in subsection (d)(4) in light of policy, market, or other changes that occur after the Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer enter into the agreement.
(c) Performance plan, report, and briefing
(1) Performance plan
(A) In general
Each year, the Secretary and Chief Operating Officer shall agree on, and make available to the public, a performance plan for the PBO for the succeeding 5 years that establishes measurable goals and objectives for the organization.
(B) Consultation
In developing the 5-year performance plan and any revision to the plan, the Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer shall consult with students, institutions of higher education, Congress, lenders, the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, and other interested parties not less than 30 days prior to the implementation of the performance plan or revision.
(C) Areas
The plan shall include a concise statement of the goals for a modernized system for the delivery of student financial assistance under subchapter IV and identify action steps necessary to achieve such goals. The plan shall address the PBO’s responsibilities in the following areas:
(i) Improving service
Improving service to students and other participants in student financial aid programs authorized under under 1 subchapter IV, including making those programs more understandable to students and their parents.
(ii) Reducing costs
Reducing the costs of administering those programs.
(iii) Improvement and integration of support systems
Improving and integrating the systems that support those programs.
(iv) Delivery and information system
Developing open, common, and integrated systems for programs authorized under under 1 subchapter IV.
(v) Other areas
Any other areas identified by the Secretary.
(2) Annual report
Each year, the Chief Operating Officer shall prepare and submit to Congress, through the Secretary, an annual report on the performance of the PBO, including an evaluation of the extent to which the PBO met the goals and objectives contained in the 5-year performance plan described in paragraph (1) for the preceding year. The annual report shall include the following:
(A) An independent financial audit of the expenditures of both the PBO and the programs administered by the PBO.
(B) Financial and performance requirements applicable to the PBO under the Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 and the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993.
(C) The results achieved by the PBO during the year relative to the goals established in the organization’s performance plan.
(D) The evaluation rating of the performance of the Chief Operating Officer and senior managers under subsections (d)(4) and (e)(2), including the amounts of bonus compensation awarded to these individuals.
(E) Recommendations for legislative and regulatory changes to improve service to students and their families, and to improve program efficiency and integrity.
(F) Other such information as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall prescribe for performance based organizations.
(3) Consultation with stakeholders
The Chief Operating Officer, in preparing the report described in paragraph (2), shall establish appropriate means to consult with students, borrowers, institutions, lenders, guaranty agencies, secondary markets, and others involved in the delivery system of student aid under subchapter IV—
(A) regarding the degree of satisfaction with the delivery system; and
(B) to seek suggestions on means to improve the delivery system.
(4) Briefing on enforcement of student loan provisions
The Secretary shall, upon request, provide a briefing to the members of the authorizing committees on the steps the Department has taken to ensure—
(A) the integrity of the student loan programs; and
(B) that lenders and guaranty agencies are adhering to the requirements of subchapter IV.
(d) Chief Operating Officer
(1) Appointment
The management of the PBO shall be vested in a Chief Operating Officer who shall be appointed by the Secretary to a term of not less than 3 and not more than 5 years, and compensated without regard to chapters 33, 51, and 53 of title 5. The appointment shall be made on the basis of demonstrated management ability and expertise in information technology, including experience with financial systems, and without regard to political affiliation or activity.
(2) Reappointment
The Secretary may reappoint the Chief Operating Officer to subsequent terms of not less than 3 and not more than 5 years, so long as the performance of the Chief Operating Officer, as set forth in the performance agreement described in paragraph (4), is satisfactory.
(3) Removal
The Chief Operating Officer may be removed by—
(A) the President; or
(B) the Secretary, for misconduct or failure to meet performance goals set forth in the performance agreement in paragraph (4).
The President or Secretary shall communicate the reasons for any such removal to the authorizing committees.
(4) Performance agreement
(A) In general
Each year, the Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer shall enter into an annual performance agreement, that shall set forth measurable organization and individual goals for the Chief Operating Officer.
(B) Transmittal
The final agreement, and any revision to the final agreement, shall be transmitted to the authorizing committees, and made publicly available.
(5) Compensation
(A) In general
The Chief Operating Officer is authorized to be paid at an annual rate of basic pay not to exceed the maximum rate of basic pay for the Senior Executive Service under section 5382 of title 5, including any applicable locality-based comparability payment that may be authorized under section 5304(h)(2)(B) of such title. The compensation of the Chief Operating Officer shall be considered for purposes of section 207(c)(2)(A) of title 18 to be the equivalent of that described under clause (ii) of section 207(c)(2)(A) of such title.
(B) Bonus
In addition, the Chief Operating Officer may receive a bonus in an amount that does not exceed 50 percent of such annual rate of basic pay, based upon the Secretary’s evaluation of the Chief Operating Officer’s performance in relation to the goals set forth in the performance agreement described in paragraph (4).
(C) Payment
Payment of a bonus under subparagraph (B) may be made to the Chief Operating Officer only to the extent that such payment does not cause the Chief Operating Officer’s total aggregate compensation in a calendar year to equal or exceed the amount of the President’s salary under section 102 of title 3.
(e) Senior management
(1) Appointment
(A) In general
The Chief Operating Officer may appoint such senior managers as that officer determines necessary without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service.
(B) Compensation
The senior managers described in subparagraph (A) may be paid without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates.
(2) Performance agreement
Each year, the Chief Operating Officer and each senior manager appointed under this subsection shall enter into an annual performance agreement that sets forth measurable organization and individual goals. The agreement shall be subject to review and renegotiation at the end of each term.
(3) Compensation
(A) In general
A senior manager appointed under this subsection may be paid at an annual rate of basic pay of not more than the maximum rate of basic pay for the Senior Executive Service under section 5382 of title 5, including any applicable locality-based comparability payment that may be authorized under section 5304(h)(2)(C) of such title. The compensation of a senior manager shall be considered for purposes of section 207(c)(2)(A) of title 18 to be the equivalent of that described under clause (ii) of section 207(c)(2)(A) of such title.
(B) Bonus
In addition, a senior manager may receive a bonus in an amount such that the manager’s total annual compensation does not exceed 125 percent of the maximum rate of basic pay for the Senior Executive Service, including any applicable locality-based comparability payment, based upon the Chief Operating Officer’s evaluation of the manager’s performance in relation to the goals set forth in the performance agreement described in paragraph (2).
(4) Removal
A senior manager shall be removable by the Chief Operating Officer, or by the Secretary if the position of Chief Operating Officer is vacant.
(f) Student Loan Ombudsman
(1) Appointment
The Chief Operating Officer, in consultation with the Secretary, shall appoint a Student Loan Ombudsman to provide timely assistance to borrowers of loans made, insured, or guaranteed under subchapter IV by performing the functions described in paragraph (3).
(2) Public information
The Chief Operating Officer shall disseminate information about the availability and functions of the Ombudsman to students, borrowers, and potential borrowers, as well as institutions of higher education, lenders, guaranty agencies, loan servicers, and other participants in those student loan programs.
(3) Functions of Ombudsman
The Ombudsman shall—
(A) in accordance with regulations of the Secretary, receive, review, and attempt to resolve informally complaints from borrowers of loans described in paragraph (1), including, as appropriate, attempts to resolve such complaints within the Department of Education and with institutions of higher education, lenders, guaranty agencies, loan servicers, and other participants in the loan programs described in paragraph (1); and
(B) compile and analyze data on borrower complaints and make appropriate recommendations.
(4) Report
Each year, the Ombudsman shall submit a report to the Chief Operating Officer, for inclusion in the annual report under subsection (c)(2), that describes the activities, and evaluates the effectiveness of the Ombudsman during the preceding year.
(g) Personnel flexibility
(1) Personnel ceilings
The PBO shall not be subject to any ceiling relating to the number or grade of employees.
(2) Administrative flexibility
The Chief Operating Officer shall work with the Office of Personnel Management to develop and implement personnel flexibilities in staffing, classification, and pay that meet the needs of the PBO, subject to compliance with title 5.
(3) Excepted service
The Chief Operating Officer may appoint, without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service, technical and professional employees to administer the functions of the PBO. These employees may be paid without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates.
(h) Establishment of fair and equitable system for measuring staff performance
The PBO shall establish an annual performance management system, subject to compliance with title 5, and consistent with applicable provisions of law and regulations, which strengthens the effectiveness of the PBO by providing for establishing goals or objectives for individual, group, or organizational performance (or any combination thereof), consistent with the performance plan of the PBO and its performance planning procedures, including those established under the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, and communicating such goals or objectives to employees.
(i) Authorization of appropriations
The Secretary shall allocate from funds made available under section 1087h of this title such funds as are appropriate to the functions assumed by the PBO. In addition, there are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this part.
(Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 141, as added Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1604; amended Pub. L. 110–315, title I, §§ 103(b)(2), 117, Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3088, 3114; Pub. L. 111–39, title I, § 101(b)(5), July 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 1935; Pub. L. 116–251, § 5, Dec. 22, 2020, 134 Stat. 1131.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 101–576, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2838. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note set out under section 501 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and Tables.
The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, referred to in subsecs. (c)(2)(B) and (h), is Pub. L. 103–62, Aug. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 285, which enacted section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 1115 to 1119, 9703, and 9704 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 2801 to 2805 of Title 39, Postal Service, amended section 1105 of Title 31, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1101 and 1115 of Title 31. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1993 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of Title 31 and Tables.
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 1018, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 141, as added Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6201, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1514, set out purpose of former part D of this subchapter as being the development of student literacy corps programs, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 102–325.
Another prior section 1018, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 118, as added Pub. L. 96–374, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1382, defined terms used in former part D of this subchapter, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 99–498.
heading: Amendments
text: 2020—Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 116–251 added subpar. (C).
2009—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 111–39, § 101(b)(5)(A), substituted “under subchapter IV” for “under this subchapter” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 111–39, § 101(b)(5)(B), substituted “authorizing committees” for “appropriate committees of Congress” in concluding provisions.
2008—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(1)(A), substituted “administrative and oversight” for “operational”.
Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(1)(B), substituted “and administration” for “of the operational functions”.
Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(A)(i), substituted “the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV” for “the information systems administered by the PBO, and other functions performed by the PBO”.
Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(A)(ii), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “assist the Chief Operating Officer in identifying goals for the administration and modernization of the delivery system for student financial assistance under subchapter IV.”
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(i), in introductory provisions, substituted “the administration of Federal” for “administration of the information and financial systems that support” and “subchapter IV” for “this subchapter”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(ii)(I), substituted “for the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV” for “of the delivery system for Federal student assistance” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(ii)(II), added cls. (i) and (ii) and struck out former cls. (i) and (ii) which read as follows:
“(i) the collection, processing and transmission of applicant data to students, institutions and authorized third parties, as provided for in section 1090 of this title;
“(ii) design and technical specifications for software development and systems supporting the delivery of student financial assistance under subchapter IV;”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(ii)(III), substituted “administration” for “delivery”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(ii)(IV), inserted “the Federal” after “supporting”, substituted “authorized under subchapter IV” for “under this subchapter”, and struck out “and” after the semicolon.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(v). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(ii)(V), substituted “the administration of the Federal student financial assistance programs authorized under subchapter IV; and” for “systems that support those programs.”
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(ii)(VI), added cl. (vi).
Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(2)(B)(iii), substituted “activities and functions” for “operations and services”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(A), substituted “Performance plan, report, and briefing” for “Performance plan and report” in heading.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C)(i). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(B)(i), substituted “under subchapter IV” for “this subchapter”.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(B)(ii), struck out “information and delivery” after “integrating the”.
Subsec. (c)(1)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(B)(i), (iii), substituted “Developing” for “Developing an”, “systems” for “delivery and information system”, and “under subchapter IV” for “this subchapter”.
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(C)(i), inserted “the” after “PBO and”.
Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(C)(ii), substituted “Officers” for “Officer”.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(D), inserted “students,” after “consult with” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(3)(E), added par. (4).
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(4)(A), struck out after first sentence “The Secretary shall appoint the Chief Operating Officer within 6 months after October 7, 1998.”
Subsec. (d)(4)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 103(b)(2), substituted “authorizing committees” for “Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate”.
Subsec. (d)(5)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(4)(B)(i), substituted “paragraph (4)” for “paragraph (2)”.
Subsec. (d)(5)(C). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(4)(B)(ii), struck out “this” before “subparagraph (B)”.
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(5)(A), substituted “to students, borrowers,” for “to borrowers”.
Subsec. (f)(3)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(5)(B), substituted “paragraph (1);” for “paragraph (1)(A);”.
Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(6), struck out “not more than 25” before “technical and professional employees”.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(7), substituted “effectiveness” for “organizational effectiveness”.
Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 110–315, § 117(8)–(10), redesignated subsec. (j) as (i), struck out “, including transition costs” before period at end, and struck out former subsec. (i). Text of former subsec. (i) read as follows: “The Secretary and the Chief Operating Officer, not later than 180 days after October 7, 1998, shall report to Congress on the proposed budget and sources of funding for the operation of the PBO.”
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2020 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 116–251, § 6, Dec. 22, 2020, 134 Stat. 1132, provided that: “This Act [see Short Title of 2020 Amendment note set out under section 1001 of this title], and the amendments made by this Act, shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2020].”
heading: Effective Date of 2009 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 111–39 effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–315 (Aug. 14, 2008), see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–39, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.
heading: Study of Market Mechanisms in Federal Student Loan Programs
text: Pub. L. 105–244, title VIII, § 801, Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1803, which directed the Comptroller General and Secretary of Education, in consultation with a study group, to design and conduct a study to identify and evaluate means of establishing a market mechanism for the delivery of certain student loans made pursuant to title IV of the Higher Education Act (20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.) and to transmit a final report to congressional committees not later than May 15, 2001, was repealed by Pub. L. 110–315, title IX, § 931(1), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3456.