34 U.S.C. § 12451 (CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT)
§ 12451. Creating hope through outreach, options, services, and education for children and youth (“CHOOSE Children & Youth”)
(a) Grants authorized
The Attorney General, working in collaboration with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Education, shall award grants to enhance the safety of youth and children who are victims of, or exposed to, domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking and prevent future violence.
(b) Program purposes
Funds provided under this section may be used for the following program purpose areas:
(1) Services to advocate for and respond to youth
To develop, expand, and strengthen victim-centered interventions and services that target youth, including youth in underserved populations, who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking. Services may include victim services, counseling, advocacy, mentoring, educational support, transportation, legal assistance in civil, criminal and administrative matters, such as family law cases, housing cases, child welfare proceedings, campus administrative proceedings, and civil protection order proceedings, population-specific services, and other activities that support youth in finding safety, stability, and justice and in addressing the emotional, cognitive, and physical effects of trauma. Funds may be used to—
(A) assess and analyze currently available services for youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking, determining relevant barriers to such services in a particular locality, and developing a community protocol to address such problems collaboratively;
(B) develop and implement policies, practices, and procedures to effectively respond to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking against youth;
(C) provide technical assistance and training to enhance the ability of school personnel, victim service providers, child protective service workers, staff of law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, court personnel, individuals who work in after school programs, medical personnel, social workers, mental health personnel, and workers in other programs that serve children and youth to improve their ability to appropriately respond to the needs of children and youth who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking, and to properly refer such children, youth, and their families to appropriate services;
(D) clarify State or local mandatory reporting policies and practices regarding peer-on-peer dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking; or
(E) develop, enlarge, or strengthen culturally specific victim services and responses related to, and prevention of, female genital mutilation or cutting.
(2) Supporting youth through education and protection
To enable middle schools, high schools, and institutions of higher education to—
(A) provide training to school personnel, including healthcare providers and security personnel, on the needs of students who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, sex trafficking, or female genital mutilation or cutting;
(B) develop and implement prevention and intervention policies in middle and high schools, including appropriate responses to, and identification and referral procedures for, students who are experiencing or perpetrating domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking, and procedures for handling the requirements of court protective orders issued to or against students;
(C) provide confidential support services for student victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking, such as a resource person who is either on-site or on-call;
(D) implement developmentally appropriate educational programming for students regarding domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking and the impact of such violence on youth; or
(E) develop strategies to increase identification, support, referrals, and prevention programming for youth, including youth in underserved populations, who are at high risk of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking.
(3) Children exposed to violence and abuse
To develop, maintain, or enhance programs designed to prevent future incidents of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking by preventing, reducing and responding to children’s exposure to violence in the home, including by—
(A) providing services for children exposed to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault or stalking, including—
(i) direct counseling or advocacy; and
(ii) support for the non-abusing parent; and
(B) training and coordination for educational, after-school, and childcare programs on how to—
(i) safely and confidentially identity children and families experiencing domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking; and
(ii) properly refer children exposed and their families to services and violence prevention programs.
(4) Teen dating violence awareness and prevention
To develop, maintain, or enhance programs that change attitudes and behaviors around the acceptability of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking and provide education and skills training to young individuals and individuals who influence young individuals, which—
(A) may include the use evidenced-based, evidence-informed, or innovative strategies and practices focused on youth; and
(B) shall include—
(i) age and developmentally-appropriate education on—
(I) domestic violence;
(II) dating violence;
(III) sexual assault;
(IV) stalking;
(V) sexual coercion; and
(VI) healthy relationship skills, in school, in the community, or in health care settings;
(ii) community-based collaboration and training for individuals with influence on youth, such as parents, teachers, coaches, healthcare providers, faith leaders, older teens, and mentors;
(iii) education and outreach to change environmental factors contributing to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking; and
(iv) policy development targeted to prevention, including school-based policies and protocols.
(c) Eligible applicants
(1) In general
To be eligible to receive a grant under this section, an entity shall be—
(A) a victim service provider, tribal nonprofit organization, Native Hawaiian organization, urban Indian organization, or population-specific or community-based organization with a demonstrated history of effective work addressing the needs of youth who are, including runaway or homeless youth affected by, victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking;
(B) a victim service provider that is partnered with an entity that has a demonstrated history of effective work addressing the needs of youth; or
(C) a public, charter, tribal, or nationally accredited private middle or high school, a school administered by the Department of Defense under section 2164 of title 10 or section 921 of title 20, a group of schools, a school district, or an institution of higher education.
(2) Partnerships
(A) Education
To be eligible to receive a grant for the purposes described in subsection (b)(2), an entity described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) shall be partnered with a public, charter, tribal, or nationally accredited private middle or high school, a school administered by the Department of Defense under section 2164 of title 10 or section 921 of title 20, a group of schools, a school district, or an institution of higher education.
(B) Other partnerships
All applicants under this section are encouraged to work in partnership with organizations and agencies that work with the relevant population. Such entities may include—
(i) a State, tribe, unit of local government, or territory;
(ii) a population specific or community-based organization;
(iii) batterer intervention programs or sex offender treatment programs with specialized knowledge and experience working with youth offenders; or
(iv) any other agencies or nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations with the capacity to provide effective assistance to the adult, youth, and child victims served by the partnership.
(d) Grantee requirements
Applicants for grants under this section shall establish and implement policies, practices, and procedures that—
(1) require and include appropriate referral systems for child and youth victims;
(2) protect the confidentiality and privacy of child and youth victim information, particularly in the context of parental or third party involvement and consent, mandatory reporting duties, and working with other service providers all with priority on victim safety and autonomy; and
(3) ensure that all individuals providing intervention or prevention programming to children or youth through a program funded under this section have completed, or will complete, sufficient training in connection with domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking, including training on working with youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or sex trafficking in underserved populations, if such youth are among those being served.
(e) Definitions and grant conditions
In this section, the definitions and grant conditions provided for in section 12291 of this title shall apply.
(f) Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.
(g) Allotment
(1) In general
Not less than 50 percent of the total amount appropriated under this section for each fiscal year shall be used for the purposes described in subsection (b)(1).
(2) Indian tribes
Not less than 10 percent of the total amount appropriated under this section for each fiscal year shall be made available for grants under the program authorized by section 10452 of this title. The requirements of this section shall not apply to funds allocated under this paragraph.
(h) Priority
The Attorney General shall prioritize grant applications under this section that coordinate with prevention programs in the community.
(Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, § 41201, as added Pub. L. 113–4, title III, § 302, Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 84; amended Pub. L. 115–393, title I, § 102, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5266; Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title III, § 302, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 865.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Codification
text: Section was formerly classified to section 14043c of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 41201 of title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, as added Pub. L. 109–162, title III, § 303, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3004, related to services to advocate for and respond to youth, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 113–4, title III, § 302, Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 84.
heading: Amendments
text: 2022—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(1)(A)(i), substituted “target youth, including youth in underserved populations, who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking” for “target youth who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(1)(A)(ii)–(iv), added subpars. (D) and (E).
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(1)(B)(i), substituted “stalking, sex trafficking, or female genital mutilation or cutting” for “stalking, or sex trafficking”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(1)(B)(ii), inserted “confidential” before “support services”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(1)(B)(iii), inserted “, including youth in underserved populations,” after “programming for youth”.
Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(1)(C), added pars. (3) and (4).
Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(2)(A)(ii), which directed insertion of “Native Hawaiian organization, urban Indian organization,” before “or population-specific community-based organization”, was executed by making the insertion before “or population-specific or community-based organization”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(2)(A)(i), inserted “organization” after “tribal nonprofit”.
Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(2)(B), substituted “subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1)” for “paragraph (1)”.
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(3), substituted “, including training on working with youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or sex trafficking in underserved populations, if such youth are among those being served.” for period at end.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–103, § 302(4), which directed substitution of “$30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027” for “$15,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2014 through 2018”, was executed by making the substitution for “$15,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2022”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2018—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–393 substituted “2019 through 2022” for “2014 through 2018”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2022 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 117–103 not effective until Oct. 1 of the first fiscal year beginning after Mar. 15, 2022, see section 4(a) of div. W of Pub. L. 117–103, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6851 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section not effective until the beginning of the fiscal year following Mar. 7, 2013, see section 4 of Pub. L. 113–4, set out as an Effective Date of 2013 Amendment note under section 2261 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.