42 U.S.C. § 9843 (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 9843. Technical assistance and training
(a) Secretarial training and technical assistance
(1) Authority
From the funds provided under section 9835(a)(2)(C)(i) of this title, the Secretary shall provide, directly or through grants, contracts, or other agreements or arrangements as the Secretary considers appropriate, technical assistance and training for Head Start programs for the purposes of improving program quality and helping prepare children to succeed in school.
(2) Process
The process for determining the technical assistance and training activities to be carried out under this section shall—
(A) ensure that the needs of local Head Start agencies and programs relating to improving program quality and to program expansion are addressed to the maximum extent practicable; and
(B) incorporate mechanisms to ensure responsiveness to local needs, including an ongoing procedure for obtaining input from the individuals and agencies carrying out Head Start programs.
(3) Activities
In providing training and technical assistance and for allocating resources for such assistance under this section, the Secretary shall—
(A) give priority consideration to—
(i) activities to correct program and management deficiencies identified through reviews carried out pursuant to section 9836a(c) of this title (including the provision of assistance to local programs in the development of quality improvement plans under section 9836a(d)(2) of this title);
(ii) assisting Head Start agencies in ensuring the school readiness of children; and
(iii) activities that supplement those funded with amounts provided under section 9835(a)(5)(B) of this title to address the training and career development needs of classroom staff (including instruction for providing services to children with disabilities 1 and non-classroom staff, including home visitors and other staff working directly with families, including training relating to increasing parent involvement and services designed to increase family literacy and improve parenting skills; and
(B) to the maximum extent practicable—
(i) assist Head Start agencies in the development of collaborative initiatives with States and other entities within the States, to foster effective professional development systems for early childhood education and development services;
(ii) provide technical assistance and training, either directly or through a grant, contract, or cooperative agreement with an entity that has experience in the development and operation of successful family literacy services programs, for the purpose of—
(I) assisting Head Start agencies providing family literacy services, in order to improve the quality of such family literacy services; and
(II) enabling those Head Start agencies that demonstrate effective provision of family literacy services, based on improved outcomes for children and their parents, to provide technical assistance and training to other Head Start agencies and to service providers that work in collaboration with such agencies to provide family literacy services;
(iii) assist Head Start agencies and programs in conducting and participating in communitywide strategic planning and needs assessments, including the needs of homeless children and their families, and in conducting self-assessments;
(iv) assist Head Start agencies and programs in developing and implementing full-working-day and full calendar year programs where community need is clearly identified and making the transition to such programs, with particular attention to involving parents and programming for children throughout the day, and assist the agencies and programs in expediting the sharing of information about innovative models for providing full-working-day, full calendar year services for children;
(v) assist Head Start agencies in better serving the needs of families with very young children, including providing support and program planning and implementation assistance for Head Start agencies that apply to serve or are serving additional infants and toddlers, in accordance with section 9840(a)(5) of this title;
(vi) assist Head Start agencies and programs in the development of sound management practices, including financial management procedures;
(vii) assist in efforts to secure and maintain adequate facilities for Head Start programs;
(viii) assist Head Start agencies in developing innovative program models, including mobile and home-based programs;
(ix) provide support for Head Start agencies (including policy councils and policy committees) that meet the standards described in section 9836a(a) of this title but that have, as documented by the Secretary through reviews conducted pursuant to section 9836a(c) of this title, programmatic, quality, and fiscal issues to address;
(x) assist Head Start agencies and programs in improving outreach to, increasing program participation of, and improving the quality of services available to meet the unique needs of—
(I) homeless children;
(II) limited English proficient children and their families, particularly in communities that have experienced a large percentage increase in the population of limited English proficient individuals, as measured by the Bureau of the Census; and
(III) children with disabilities, particularly if such program’s enrollment opportunities or funded enrollment for children with disabilities is less than 10 percent;
(xi) assist Head Start agencies and programs to increase the capacity of classroom staff to meet the needs of eligible children in Head Start classrooms that are serving both children with disabilities and children without disabilities;
(xii) assist Head Start agencies and programs to address the unique needs of programs located in rural communities, including—
(I) removing barriers related to the recruitment and retention of Head Start teachers in rural communities;
(II) developing innovative and effective models of professional development for improving staff qualifications and skills for staff living in rural communities;
(III) removing barriers related to outreach efforts to eligible families in rural communities;
(IV) removing barriers to parent involvement in Head Start programs in rural communities;
(V) removing barriers to providing home visiting services in rural communities; and
(VI) removing barriers to obtaining health screenings for Head Start participants in rural communities;
(xiii) provide training and technical assistance to members of governing bodies, policy councils, and, as appropriate, policy committees, to ensure that the members can fulfill their functions;
(xiv) provide activities that help ensure that Head Start programs have qualified staff who can promote prevention of childhood obesity by integrating developmentally appropriate research-based initiatives that stress the importance of physical activity and healthy, nutritional choices in daily classroom and family routines;
(xv) assist Indian Head Start agencies to provide on-site and off-site training to staff, using approaches that identify and enhance the positive resources and strengths of Indian children and families, to improve parent and family engagement and staff development, particularly with regard to child and family development; and
(xvi) assisting Head Start agencies in selecting and using the measures described in section 9836a(b) of this title.
(b) Additional support
The Secretary shall provide, either directly or through grants, contracts or other arrangements, funds from section 9835(a)(2)(C)(i)(II)(cc) of this title to—
(1) support an organization to administer a centralized child development and national assessment program leading to recognized credentials for personnel working in early childhood education and development programs; and
(2) support training for personnel—
(A) providing services to limited English proficient children and their families (including services to promote the acquisition of the English language);
(B) providing services to children determined to be abused or neglected or children referred by or receiving child welfare services;
(C) in helping children cope with community violence;
(D) to recognize common health, including mental health, problems in children for appropriate referral;
(E) to address the needs of children with disabilities and their families;
(F) to address the needs of migrant and seasonal farmworker families; and
(G) to address the needs of homeless families.
(c) Outreach
The Secretary shall develop and implement a program of outreach to recruit and train professionals from diverse backgrounds to become Head Start teachers in order to reflect the communities in which Head Start children live and to increase the provision of quality services and instruction to children with diverse backgrounds.
(d) Funds to agencies
Funds made available under section 9835(a)(2)(C)(i)(II)(aa) of this title shall be used by a Head Start agency to provide high-quality, sustained, and intensive training and technical assistance as follows:
(1) For 1 or more of the following:
(A) Activities that ensure that Head Start programs meet or exceed the standards described in section 9836a(a)(1) of this title.
(B) Activities that ensure that Head Start programs have adequate numbers of trained, qualified staff who have skills in working with children and families, including children and families who are limited English proficient and children with disabilities and their families.
(C) Activities to improve the management and implementation of Head Start services and systems, including direct training for expert consultants working with staff.
(D) Activities that help ensure that Head Start programs have qualified staff who can promote language skills and literacy growth of children and who can provide children with a variety of skills that have been identified as predictive of later reading achievement, school success, and the skills, knowledge, abilities, development, and progress described in section 9836a(a)(1)(B)(ii) of this title.
(E) Activities to improve staff qualifications and to assist with the implementation of career development programs and to encourage the staff to continually improve their skills and expertise, including developing partnerships with programs that recruit, train, place, and support college students in Head Start centers to deliver an innovative early learning program to preschool children.
(F) Activities that help local programs ensure that the arrangement, condition, and implementation of the learning environments in Head Start programs are conducive to providing effective program services to children and families.
(G) Activities to provide training necessary to improve the qualifications of Head Start staff and to support staff training, child counseling, health services, and other services necessary to address the needs of children enrolled in Head Start programs, including children from families in crises, children who experience chronic violence or homelessness, children who experience substance abuse in their families, and children under 3 years of age, where applicable.
(H) Activities to provide classes or in-service-type programs to improve or enhance parenting skills, job skills, and adult and family literacy, including financial literacy, or training to become a classroom aide or bus driver in a Head Start program.
(I) Additional activities deemed appropriate to the improvement of Head Start programs, as determined by the technical assistance and training plans of the Head Start agencies.
(2) To support enhanced early language and literacy development of children in Head Start programs, and to provide the children with high-quality oral language skills and with environments that are rich in literature in which to acquire language and early literacy skills. Each Head Start agency, in consultation with the State-based training and technical assistance system, as appropriate, shall ensure that—
(A) all of the agency’s Head Start teachers receive ongoing training in language and emergent literacy (referred to in this subsection as “literacy training”), including appropriate curricula and assessment to improve instruction and learning;
(B) such literacy training shall include training in methods to promote vocabulary development and phonological awareness (including phonemic awareness) in a developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate manner and support children’s development in their native language;
(C) the literacy training shall include training in how to work with parents to enhance positive language and early literacy development at home;
(D) the literacy training shall include specific methods to best address the needs of children who are limited English proficient;
(E) the literacy training shall include training on how to best address the language and literacy needs of children with disabilities, including training on how to work with specialists in language development; and
(F) the literacy training shall be tailored to the early childhood literacy background and experience of the teachers involved;
except that funds made available under section 9835(a)(2)(C)(i) of this title shall not be used for long-distance travel expenses for training activities available locally or regionally or for training activities substantially similar to locally or regionally available training activities.
(e) State-based training and technical assistance system
For the purposes of delivering a State-based training and technical assistance system (which may include a consortium of 2 or more States within a region) or a national system in the case of migrant or seasonal Head Start and Indian Head Start programs, as described in section 9835(a)(2)(C)(i)(II)(bb) of this title, that will meet the needs of local grantees, as determined by such grantees, and provide high-quality, sustained, and intensive training and technical assistance to Head Start agencies and programs in order to improve their capacity to deliver services that meet or exceed the standards described in section 9836a(a)(1) of this title, the Secretary shall—
(1) enter into contracts in each State with 1 or more entities that have a demonstrated expertise in supporting the delivery of high-quality early childhood education and development programs, except that contracts for a consortium of 2 or more States within a geographic region may be entered into if such a system is more appropriate to better meet the needs of local grantees within a region, as determined by such grantees;
(2) ensure that the entities described in subparagraph (1) determine the types of services to be provided through consultation with—
(A) local Head Start agencies (including Indian Head Start agencies and migrant or seasonal Head Start agencies, as appropriate);
(B) the State Head Start collaboration office; and
(C) the State Head Start Association;
(3) encourage States to supplement the funds authorized in section 9835(a)(2)(C)(i)(II)(bb) of this title with Federal, State, or local funds other than funds made available under this subchapter, to expand training and technical assistance activities beyond Head Start agencies to include other providers of other early childhood education and development programs within a State;
(4) provide a report to the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, not later than 90 days after the end of the fiscal year, summarizing the funding for such contracts and the activities carried out thereunder;
(5) periodically evaluate the effectiveness of the delivery of services in each State in promoting program quality; and
(6) ensure that in entering into such contracts as described in paragraph (1), such entities will address the needs of grantees in both urban and rural communities.
(f) Indoor air quality
The Secretary shall consult with appropriate Federal agencies and other experts, as appropriate, on issues of air quality related to children’s health and inform Head Start agencies of existing programs or combination of programs that provide methods for improving indoor air quality.
(g) Career advancement partnership program
(1) Authority
From amounts allocated under section 9835(a)(2)(C) of this title the Secretary is authorized to award demonstration grants, for a period of not less than 5 years, to historically Black colleges and universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, and Tribal Colleges and Universities—
(A) to implement education programs that increase the number of associate, baccalaureate, and graduate degrees in early childhood education and related fields that are earned by Head Start agency staff members, parents of children served by such agencies, and members of the communities involved;
(B) to provide assistance for stipends and costs related to tuition, fees, and books for enrolling Head Start agency staff members, parents of children served by such an agency, and members of the communities involved in courses required to complete the degree and certification requirement to become teachers in early childhood education and related fields;
(C) to develop program curricula to promote high-quality services and instruction to children with diverse backgrounds, including—
(i) in the case of historically Black colleges and universities, to help Head Start Agency staff members develop skills and expertise needed to teach in programs serving large numbers of African American children;
(ii) in the case of Hispanic-serving institutions, programs to help Head Start Agency staff members develop skills and expertise needed to teach in programs serving large numbers of Hispanic children, including programs to develop the linguistic skills and expertise needed to teach in programs serving a large number of children with limited English proficiency; and
(iii) in the case of Tribal Colleges and Universities, to help Head Start Agency staff members develop skills and expertise needed to teach in programs serving large numbers of Indian children, including programs concerning tribal culture and language;
(D) to provide other activities to upgrade the skills and qualifications of educational personnel to meet the professional standards in subsection (a) to better promote high-quality services and instruction to children and parents from populations served by historically Black colleges and universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, or Tribal Colleges and Universities;
(E) to provide technology literacy programs for Indian Head Start agency staff members and families of children served by such agency; and
(F) to develop and implement the programs described under subparagraph (A) in technology-mediated formats, including through such means as distance learning and use of advanced technology, as appropriate.
(2) Other assistance
The Secretary shall, using resources within the Department of Health and Human Services—
(A) provide appropriate technical assistance to historically Black colleges and universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, and Tribal Colleges and Universities receiving grants under this section, including coordinating with the White House Initiative on historically Black colleges and universities; and
(B) ensure that the American Indian Programs Branch of the Office of Head Start of the Administration for Children and Families of the Department of Health and Human Services can effectively administer the programs under this section and provide appropriate technical assistance to Tribal Colleges and Universities under this section.
(3) Application
Each historically Black college or university, Hispanic-serving institution, or Tribal College or University desiring a grant under this section shall submit an application, in partnership with at least 1 Head Start agency enrolling large numbers of students from the populations served by historically Black colleges and universities, Hispanic-serving institutions, or Tribal Colleges and Universities, to the Secretary, at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require, including a certification that the institution of higher education has established a formal partnership with 1 or more Head Start agencies for the purposes of conducting the activities described in paragraph (1).
(4) Definitions
In this subsection:
(A) The term “Hispanic-serving institution” has the meaning given such term in section 1101a of title 20.
(B) The term “historically Black college or university” has the meaning given the term “part B institution” in section 1061(2) of title 20.
(C) The term “Tribal College or University” has the meaning given such term in section 1059c(b) of title 20.
(5) Teaching requirement
A student at an institution receiving a grant under this subsection who receives assistance under a program funded under this subsection shall teach in a center-based Head Start program for a period of time equivalent to the period for which they received assistance or shall repay such assistance.
(Pub. L. 97–35, title VI, § 648, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 505; Pub. L. 98–558, title I, § 106, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2879; Pub. L. 101–501, title I, § 116(a), Nov. 3, 1990, 104 Stat. 1232; Pub. L. 102–586, § 7(b), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5035; Pub. L. 103–252, title I, § 114, May 18, 1994, 108 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 105–285, title I, § 114, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2721; Pub. L. 110–134, § 18, Dec. 12, 2007, 121 Stat. 1423; Pub. L. 114–95, title IX, § 9215(nn)(5), Dec. 10, 2015, 129 Stat. 2177.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2015—Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 114–95 struck out “, and for activities described in section 6372(d) of title 20),” after “children with disabilities”.
2007—Pub. L. 110–134 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to, in subsec. (a), technical assistance and personnel training, in subsec. (b), consideration of local needs, in subsec. (c), prioritization of resource allocation, in subsec. (d), training in performing and visual arts and electronic media, and, in subsec. (e), child development and assessment program.
1998—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(1), added par. (3).
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “give priority consideration to activities to correct program and management deficiencies identified through reviews pursuant to section 9836a(c) of this title (including the provision of assistance to local programs in the development of quality improvement plans under section 9836a(d)(2) of this title);”.
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(B), inserted “supplement amounts provided under section 9835(a)(3)(C)(ii) of this title in order to” after “(2)”.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(G), added par. (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (5).
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(G), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (6).
Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(C), inserted “and implementing” after “developing” and substituted “the day, and assist the agencies and programs in expediting the sharing of information about innovative models for providing full-working-day, full calendar year services for children” for “a longer day” before semicolon.
Subsec. (c)(5), (6). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(F), redesignated pars. (3) and (4) as (5) and (6), respectively. Former pars. (5) and (6) redesignated (7) and (8), respectively.
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(F), redesignated par. (5) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (9).
Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(D), struck out “and” at end.
Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(F), redesignated par. (6) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (10).
Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(E), substituted “; and” for period at end.
Subsec. (c)(9), (10). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(F), redesignated pars. (7) and (8) as (9) and (10), respectively.
Subsec. (c)(11). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(a)(2)(H), added par. (11).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–285, § 114(b), inserted “(including services to promote the acquisition of the English language)” after “non-English language background children”.
1994—Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(1), substituted “Technical assistance and training” for “Technical assistance, training, and staff qualifications” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(3)(A), redesignated as subsec. (e) the last sentence which read as follows: “The Secretary shall provide, either directly or through grants or other arrangements, funds from programs authorized under this subchapter to support an organization to administer a centralized child development and national assessment program leading to recognized credentials for personnel working in early childhood development and child care programs, training for personnel providing services to non-English language background children, training for personnel in helping children cope with community violence, and resource access projects for personnel working with disabled children.”
Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(2), substituted “(2) training for specialized or other personnel needed in connection with Head Start programs, in accordance with the process, and the provisions for allocating resources, set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of this section. The Secretary shall provide, either directly or through grants or other arrangements,” for “(2) training for specialized or other personnel needed in connection with Head Start programs, including”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(4), (5), added subsec. (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to teacher qualifications and waiver of same.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(4), (5), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which related to Secretary developing systematic approach to training Head Start personnel and reporting on such approach to Congress.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(6), inserted at end “Special consideration shall be given to entities that have demonstrated effectiveness in educational programming for preschool children that includes components for parental involvement, care provider training, and developmentally appropriate related activities.”
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–252, § 114(3), redesignated last sentence of subsec. (a) as (e).
1992—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–586, § 7(b)(1), substituted “funds from programs authorized under this subchapter to support an organization to administer a centralized child development and national assessment program leading to recognized credentials for personnel working in early childhood development and child care programs, training for personnel providing services to non-English language background children, training for personnel in helping children cope with community violence, and resource access projects for personnel working with disabled” for “a centralized child development training and national assessment program which may be administered at the State or local level leading to recognized credentials for such personnel, training for personnel providing services to non-English language background children, and resource access projects for personnel of handicapped”.
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 102–586, § 7(b)(2), added subsecs. (c) and (d).
1990—Pub. L. 101–501 substituted “Technical assistance, training, and staff qualifications” for “Technical assistance and training” in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted “training for personnel providing services to non-English language background children,” after “such personnel,” in cl. (2), and added subsec. (b).
1984—Pub. L. 98–558 substituted “shall” for “may” and inserted provision including a centralized child development training and national assessment program.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2015 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 114–95 effective Dec. 10, 2015, except with respect to certain noncompetitive programs and competitive programs, see section 5 of Pub. L. 114–95, set out as a note under section 6301 of Title 20, Education.
heading: Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 103–252 effective May 18, 1994, but not applicable to Head Start agencies and other recipients of financial assistance under the Head Start Act (42 U.S.C. 9831 et seq.) until Oct. 1, 1994, see section 127 of Pub. L. 103–252, set out as a note under section 9832 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 101–501 effective Oct. 1, 1990, see section 1001(a) of Pub. L. 101–501, set out as a note under section 8621 of this title.
heading: Head Start Training Improvement
text: Pub. L. 102–586, § 7(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5034, provided that:
“It is the purpose of this section—
“(1) to promote continued access for Head Start and other early childhood staff to the Child Development Associate credential;
“(2) to increase the ability of Head Start staff to address the problems facing Head Start families;
“(3) to create a systematic approach to training, thereby improving the quality of Head Start instruction and using training funds more efficiently and effectively; and
“(4) to allow the use of training funds for creative approaches to learning for children.”