dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
49 U.S.C. § 44304 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44304. Reinsurance
To the extent the Secretary of Transportation is authorized to provide insurance under this chapter, the Secretary may reinsure any part of the insurance provided by an insurance carrier. The Secretary may reinsure with, transfer to, or transfer back to, any insurance carrier any insurance or reinsurance provided by the Secretary under this chapter.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, § 201(c), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 112–95, title VII, § 703, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44304(a)
49 App.:1535(a).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 1305, 72 Stat. 802; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, § 4(a), 91 Stat. 1279.
44304(b)
49 App.:1535(b).
In subsection (a), the words “may reinsure any part of the insurance provided by an insurance carrier” are substituted for “may reinsure, in whole or in part, any company authorized to do an insurance business” for clarity and consistency with source provisions restated in this subchapter and the definition of “insurance carrier” in section 44301 of the revised title. The words “transfer to, or transfer back to” are substituted for “cede or retrocede to” for clarity.
In subsection (b), the word “same” is omitted as being included in “similar”. The words “on account of the cost of” are omitted as surplus. The word “providing” is substituted for “rendered” and “furnished” because it is inclusive. The words “except for” are substituted for “but such allowance to the carrier shall not provide for” to eliminate unnecessary words.
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2012—Pub. L. 112–95 substituted “any insurance carrier” for “the carrier”.
2001—Pub. L. 107–42 struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading “General Authority” and struck out subsec. (b) which read as follows:
“(b) Premium Levels.—The Secretary may provide reinsurance at premiums not less than, or obtain reinsurance at premiums not higher than, the premiums the Secretary establishes on similar risks or the premiums the insurance carrier charges for the insurance to be reinsured by the Secretary, whichever is most advantageous to the Secretary. However, the Secretary may make allowances to the insurance carrier for expenses incurred in providing services and facilities that the Secretary considers good business practice, except for payments by the carrier for the stimulation or solicitation of insurance business.”
49 U.S.C. § 44507 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44507. Regions and centers
(a) Civil Aeromedical Institute.—
The Civil Aeromedical Institute established by section 106(j) of this title may—
(1) conduct civil aeromedical research, including research related to—
(A) the protection and survival of aircraft occupants;
(B) medical accident investigation and airman medical certification;
(C) toxicology and the effects of drugs on human performance;
(D) the impact of disease and disability on human performance;
(E) vision and its relationship to human performance and equipment design;
(F) human factors of flight crews, air traffic controllers, mechanics, inspectors, airway facility technicians, and other individuals involved in operating and maintaining aircraft and air traffic control equipment; and
(G) agency work force optimization, including training, equipment design, reduction of errors, and identification of candidate tasks for automation;
(2) make comments to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration on human factors aspects of proposed air safety regulations;
(3) make comments to the Administrator on human factors aspects of proposed training programs, equipment requirements, standards, and procedures for aviation personnel;
(4) advise, assist, and represent the Federal Aviation Administration in the human factors aspects of joint projects between the Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, industry, and governments of foreign countries; and
(5) provide medical consultation services to the Administrator about medical certification of airmen.
(b) William J. Hughes Technical Center.—
The Secretary of Transportation shall define the roles and responsibilities of the William J. Hughes Technical Center in a manner that is consistent with the defined roles and responsibilities of the Civil Aeromedical Institute under subsection (a).
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1179; Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, § 524(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3363.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44507
49 App.:1353(e).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 312(e); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, § 5(b), 102 Stat. 3013.
In clause (4), the words “departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government” are substituted for “Government agencies” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–254 substituted “Regions and centers” for “Civil aeromedical research” in section catchline, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).
49 U.S.C. § 44714 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44714. Aviation fuel standards
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe—
(1) standards for the composition or chemical or physical properties of an aircraft fuel or fuel additive to control or eliminate aircraft emissions the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency decides under section 231 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7571) endanger the public health or welfare; and
(2) regulations providing for carrying out and enforcing those standards.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1195.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44714
49 App.:1421(e).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 601(e); added Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, § 11(b)(1), 84 Stat. 1705; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, § 15(b)(1), 91 Stat. 1283.
In this section, before clause (1), the words “and from time to time revise” are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words “establishing” and “the purpose of” are omitted as surplus.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Aviation Fuel
text: Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title V, § 565, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3385, provided that:
“(a) Use of Unleaded Aviation Gasoline.—
The Administrator [of the Federal Aviation Administration] shall allow the use of an unleaded aviation gasoline in an aircraft as a replacement for a leaded gasoline if the Administrator—
“(1) determines that the unleaded aviation gasoline qualifies as a replacement for an approved leaded gasoline;
“(2) identifies the aircraft and engines that are eligible to use the qualified replacement unleaded gasoline; and
“(3) adopts a process (other than the traditional means of certification) to allow eligible aircraft and engines to operate using qualified replacement unleaded gasoline in a manner that ensures safety.
“(b) Timing.—
The Administrator shall adopt the process described in subsection (a)(3) not later than 180 days after the later of—
“(1) the date on which the [Federal Aviation] Administration completes the Piston Aviation Fuels Initiative; or
“(2) the date on which the American Society for Testing and Materials publishes a production specification for an unleaded aviation gasoline.
“(c) Type Certification.—
Existing regulatory mechanisms by which an unleaded aviation gasoline can be approved for use in an engine or aircraft by Type or Supplemental Type Certificate for individual aircraft and engine types or by Approved Model List Supplemental Type Certificate providing coverage for a broad range of applicable types of aircraft or engines identified in the application shall continue to be fully available as a means of approving and bringing an unleaded aviation gasoline into general use in the United States. Such approvals shall be issued when the Administrator finds that the aircraft or engine performs properly and meets the applicable regulations and minimum standards under the normal certification process.”
49 U.S.C. § 44724 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44724. Manipulation of flight controls
(a) Prohibition.—
No pilot in command of an aircraft may allow an individual who does not hold—
(1) a valid private pilots certificate issued by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and
(2) the appropriate medical certificate issued by the Administrator under part 67 of such title,
to manipulate the controls of an aircraft if the pilot knows or should have known that the individual is attempting to set a record or engage in an aeronautical competition or aeronautical feat, as defined by the Administrator.
(b) Revocation of Airmen Certificates.—
The Administrator shall issue an order revoking a certificate issued to an airman under section 44703 of this title if the Administrator finds that while acting as a pilot in command of an aircraft, the airman has permitted another individual to manipulate the controls of the aircraft in violation of subsection (a).
(c) Pilot in Command Defined.—
In this section, the term “pilot in command” has the meaning given such term by section 1.1 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.
(Added Pub. L. 104–264, title VI, § 602(a)(1), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263.)
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Except as otherwise specifically provided, section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44725 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44725. Life-limited aircraft parts
(a) In General.—
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall conduct a rulemaking proceeding to require the safe disposition of life-limited parts removed from an aircraft. The rulemaking proceeding shall ensure that the disposition deter installation on an aircraft of a life-limited part that has reached or exceeded its life limits.
(b) Safe Disposition.—
For the purposes of this section, safe disposition includes any of the following methods:
(1) The part may be segregated under circumstances that preclude its installation on an aircraft.
(2) The part may be permanently marked to indicate its used life status.
(3) The part may be destroyed in any manner calculated to prevent reinstallation in an aircraft.
(4) The part may be marked, if practicable, to include the recordation of hours, cycles, or other airworthiness information. If the parts are marked with cycles or hours of usage, that information must be updated every time the part is removed from service or when the part is retired from service.
(5) Any other method approved by the Administrator.
(c) Deadlines.—
In conducting the rulemaking proceeding under subsection (a), the Administrator shall—
(1) not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this section, issue a notice of proposed rulemaking; and
(2) not later than 180 days after the close of the comment period on the proposed rule, issue a final rule.
(d) Prior-Removed Life-Limited Parts.—
No rule issued under subsection (a) shall require the marking of parts removed from aircraft before the effective date of the rules issued under subsection (a), nor shall any such rule forbid the installation of an otherwise airworthy life-limited part.
(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title V, § 504(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 134.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44727 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44727. Runway safety areas
(a) Airports in Alaska.—
An airport owner or operator in the State of Alaska shall not be required to reduce the length of a runway or declare the length of a runway to be less than the actual pavement length in order to meet standards of the Federal Aviation Administration applicable to runway safety areas.
(b) Study.—
(1) In general.—
The Secretary shall conduct a study of runways at airports in States other than Alaska to determine which airports are affected by standards of the Federal Aviation Administration applicable to runway safety areas and to assess how operations at those airports would be affected if the owner or operator of the airport is required to reduce the length of a runway or declare the length of a runway to be less than the actual pavement length in order to meet such standards.
(2) Report.—
Not later than 9 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report containing the results of the study.
(Added Pub. L. 108–176, title V, § 502(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2557.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–176, which was approved Dec. 12, 2003.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as an Effective Date of 2003 Amendment note under section 106 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44732 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44732. Prohibition on personal use of electronic devices on flight deck
(a) In General.—
It is unlawful for a flight crewmember of an aircraft used to provide air transportation under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to use a personal wireless communications device or laptop computer while at the flight crewmember’s duty station on the flight deck of such an aircraft while the aircraft is being operated.
(b) Exceptions.—
Subsection (a) shall not apply to the use of a personal wireless communications device or laptop computer for a purpose directly related to operation of the aircraft, or for emergency, safety-related, or employment-related communications, in accordance with procedures established by the air carrier and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
(c) Enforcement.—
In addition to the penalties provided under section 46301 applicable to any violation of this section, the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may enforce compliance with this section under section 44709 by amending, modifying, suspending, or revoking a certificate under this chapter.
(d) Personal Wireless Communications Device Defined.—
In this section, the term “personal wireless communications device” means a device through which personal wireless services (as defined in section 332(c)(7)(C)(i) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 332(c)(7)(C)(i))) are transmitted.
(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, § 307(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 61.)
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Regulations
text: Pub. L. 112–95, title III, § 307(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 62, provided that: “Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall initiate a rulemaking procedure for regulations to carry out section 44732 of title 49, United States Code (as added by this section), and shall issue a final rule thereunder not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act.”
49 U.S.C. § 44734 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44734. Training of flight attendants
(a) Training Required.—
In addition to other training required under this chapter, each air carrier shall provide to flight attendants employed or contracted by such air carrier initial and annual training regarding—
(1) serving alcohol to passengers;
(2) recognizing intoxicated passengers;
(3) dealing with disruptive passengers; and
(4) recognizing and responding to potential human trafficking victims.
(b) Situational Training.—
In carrying out the training required under subsection (a), each air carrier shall provide to flight attendants situational training on the proper method for dealing with intoxicated passengers who act in a belligerent manner.
(c) Definitions.—
In this section, the following definitions apply:
(1) Air carrier.—
The term “air carrier” means a person, including a commercial enterprise, that has been issued an air carrier operating certificate under section 44705.
(2) Flight attendant.—
The term “flight attendant” has the meaning given that term in section 44728(g).
(Added Pub. L. 112–95, title III, § 309(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 64; amended Pub. L. 114–190, title II, § 2113, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 628.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2016—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 114–190 added par. (4).
49 U.S.C. § 44737 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44737. Helicopter fuel system safety
(a) Prohibition.—
(1) In general.—
A person may not operate a covered rotorcraft in United States airspace unless the design of the rotorcraft is certified by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to—
(A) comply with the requirements applicable to the category of the rotorcraft under paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (5), and (6) of section 27.952(a), section 27.952(c), section 27.952(f), section 27.952(g), section 27.963(g) (but allowing for a minimum puncture force of 250 pounds if successfully drop tested in-structure), and section 27.975(b) or paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (5), and (6) of section 29.952(a), section 29.952(c), section 29.952(f), section 29.952(g), section 29.963(b) (but allowing for a minimum puncture force of 250 pounds if successfully drop tested in-structure), and 29.975(a)(7) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of enactment of this section; or
(B) employ other means acceptable to the Administrator to provide an equivalent level of fuel system crash resistance.
(2) Covered rotorcraft defined.—
In this subsection, the term “covered rotorcraft” means a rotorcraft not otherwise required to comply with section 27.952, section 27.963, and section 27.975, or section 29.952, section 29.963, and section 29.975 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations as in effect on the date of enactment of this section for which manufacture was completed, as determined by the Administrator, on or after the date that is 18 months after the date of enactment of this section.
(b) Administrative Provisions.—
The Administrator shall—
(1) expedite the certification and validation of United States and foreign type designs and retrofit kits that improve fuel system crashworthiness; and
(2) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this section, and periodically thereafter, issue a bulletin to—
(A) inform rotorcraft owners and operators of available modifications to improve fuel system crashworthiness; and
(B) urge that such modifications be installed as soon as practicable.
(c) Rule of Construction.—
Nothing in this section may be construed to affect the operation of a rotorcraft by the Department of Defense.
(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, § 317(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3268.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The date of enactment of this section, referred to in text, is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 115–254, which was approved Oct. 5, 2018.
heading: Codification
text: Another section 44737 was renumbered section 44740 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44804 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44804. Small unmanned aircraft in the Arctic
(a) In General.—
The Secretary of Transportation shall develop a plan and initiate a process to work with relevant Federal agencies and national and international communities to designate permanent areas in the Arctic where small unmanned aircraft may operate 24 hours per day for research and commercial purposes.
(b) Plan Contents.—
The plan under subsection (a) shall include the development of processes to facilitate the safe operation of small unmanned aircraft beyond the visual line of sight.
(c) Requirements.—
Each permanent area designated under subsection (a) shall enable over-water flights from the surface to at least 2,000 feet in altitude, with ingress and egress routes from selected coastal launch sites.
(d) Agreements.—
To implement the plan under subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into an agreement with relevant national and international communities.
(e) Aircraft Approval.—
(1) In general.—
Subject to paragraph (2), not later than 1 year after the entry into force of an agreement necessary to effectuate the purposes of this section, the Secretary shall work with relevant national and international communities to establish and implement a process for approving the use of a small unmanned aircraft in the designated permanent areas in the Arctic without regard to whether the small unmanned aircraft is used as a public aircraft, a civil aircraft, or a model aircraft.
(2) Existing process.—
The Secretary may implement an existing process to meet the requirements under paragraph (1).
(Added Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, § 344(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3290.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Prior Provisions
text: Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 332(d) of Pub. L. 112–95, which was set out in a note under section 40101 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, § 341(b)(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3287. The remainder of the note comprised of subtitle B of title III of Pub. L. 112–95 was transferred and is set out under section 44802 of this title.