dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
26 U.S.C. § 7435 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7435. Civil damages for unauthorized enticement of information disclosure
(a) In general
If any officer or employee of the United States intentionally compromises the determination or collection of any tax due from an attorney, certified public accountant, or enrolled agent representing a taxpayer in exchange for information conveyed by the taxpayer to the attorney, certified public accountant, or enrolled agent for purposes of obtaining advice concerning the taxpayer’s tax liability, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States. Such civil action shall be the exclusive remedy for recovering damages resulting from such actions.
(b) Damages
In any action brought under subsection (a), upon a finding of liability on the part of the defendant, the defendant shall be liable to the plaintiff in an amount equal to the lesser of $500,000 or the sum of—
(1) actual, direct economic damages sustained by the plaintiff as a proximate result of the information disclosure, and
(2) the costs of the action.
Damages shall not include the taxpayer’s liability for any civil or criminal penalties, or other losses attributable to incarceration or the imposition of other criminal sanctions.
(c) Payment authority
Claims pursuant to this section shall be payable out of funds appropriated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code.
(d) Period for bringing action
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an action to enforce liability created under this section may be brought without regard to the amount in controversy and may be brought only within 2 years after the date the actions creating such liability would have been discovered by exercise of reasonable care.
(e) Mandatory stay
Upon a certification by the Commissioner or the Commissioner’s delegate that there is an ongoing investigation or prosecution of the taxpayer, the district court before which an action under this section is pending shall stay all proceedings with respect to such action pending the conclusion of the investigation or prosecution.
(f) Crime-fraud exception
Subsection (a) shall not apply to information conveyed to an attorney, certified public accountant, or enrolled agent for the purpose of perpetrating a fraud or crime.
(Added Pub. L. 104–168, title XII, § 1203(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1470.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 7435 was renumbered 7437 of this title.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 104–168, title XII, § 1203(c), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1471, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and renumbering former section 7435 as 7436 of this title] shall apply to actions after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 30, 1996].”
26 U.S.C. § 7441 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7441. Status
There is hereby established, under article I of the Constitution of the United States, a court of record to be known as the United States Tax Court. The members of the Tax Court shall be the chief judge and the judges of the Tax Court. The Tax Court is not an agency of, and shall be independent of, the executive branch of the Government.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 879; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 951, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 441, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3126.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2015—Pub. L. 114–113 inserted at end “The Tax Court is not an agency of, and shall be independent of, the executive branch of the Government.”
1969—Pub. L. 91–172 substituted provisions establishing Tax Court as a Constitutional court, and enumerating the members that comprise its bench, for provisions continuing the Board of Tax Appeals, known as the Tax Court, as an independent agency in the Executive Branch of Government and enumerating the members that comprise its bench.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1969 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 962(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 736, provided that: “The amendments made by sections 951, 953, 954(c) and (e), 955, 956, 958, and 960(c), (d), (e), (g), and (j) [amending this section and sections 7443, 7447, 7448, 7456, 7471, and 7701 of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969].”
heading: Report on Inventory of Cases in Tax Court
text: Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1552(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2753, provided that: “The Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate and the Tax Court shall each prepare a report for 1987 and for each 2-calendar year period thereafter on the inventory of cases in the Tax Court and the measures to close cases more efficiently. Such reports shall be submitted to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the Senate.”
heading: Continuation of Status
text: Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 961, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 735, provided that: “The United States Tax Court established under the amendment made by section 951 [amending this section] is a continuation of the Tax Court of the United States as it existed prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969], the judges of the Tax Court of the United States immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969] shall become the judges of the United States Tax Court upon the enactment of this Act, and no loss of rights or powers, interruption of jurisdiction, or prejudice to matters pending in the Tax Court of the United States before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 30, 1969] shall result from the enactment of this Act.”
26 U.S.C. § 7442 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7442. Jurisdiction
The Tax Court and its divisions shall have such jurisdiction as is conferred on them by this title, by chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, by title II and title III of the Revenue Act of 1926 (44 Stat. 10–87), or by laws enacted subsequent to February 26, 1926.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 879.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in text, were comprised of sections 1 to 482, 500 to 706, 800 to 939, and 1000 to 1031 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Chapters 1 and 2 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 were repealed by section 7851(a)(1)(A) of this title, and chapters 3 and 4 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 were repealed by section 7851(a)(2)(A) of this title. For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of this title. See also section 7851(e) of this title for provision that references in the 1986 Code to a provision of the 1939 Code, not then applicable, shall be deemed a reference to the corresponding provision of the 1986 Code, which is then applicable.
The Revenue Act of 1926, referred to in text, is act Feb. 26, 1926, ch. 27, 44 Stat. 9. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
26 U.S.C. § 7443B (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
[§ 7443B. Repealed. Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 108(l), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5110]
text: Section, added Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 856(a), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1019, related to the recall of retired special trial judges of the Tax Court.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of Repeal
text: Repeal effective as if included in the provisions of Pub. L. 109–280 to which the repeal relates, except as otherwise provided, see section 112 of Pub. L. 110–458, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 72 of this title.
heading: Construction of Amendment by Pub. L. 109–280
text: Pub. L. 110–458, title I, § 108(l), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5110, provided that: “Section 856 of the 2006 Act [Pub. L. 109–280, enacting this section], and the amendments made by such section, are hereby repealed, and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be applied and administered as if such sections and amendments had not been enacted.”
26 U.S.C. § 7451 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7451. Fee for filing petition
The Tax Court is authorized to impose a fee in an amount not in excess of $60 to be fixed by the Tax Court for the filing of any petition.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 93–406, title II, § 1041(b)(1), Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIII, § 1306(b)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1719; Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, § 751(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 349; Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, § 402(c)(12), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 859(a), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 2006—Pub. L. 109–280 struck out “for the redetermination of a deficiency or for a declaratory judgment under part IV of this subchapter or under section 7428 or for judicial review under section 6226 or section 6228(a)” after “petition”.
1982—Pub. L. 97–248 inserted provision relating to judicial review under section 6226 or section 6228(a).
1981—Pub. L. 97–34 increased limitation on amount of fee to $60 from $10.
1976—Pub. L. 94–455 inserted “or under section 7428” after “part IV of this subchapter”.
1974—Pub. L. 93–406 inserted reference to a declaratory judgment under part IV of this subchapter.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2006 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 109–280, title VIII, § 859(b), Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1020, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 17, 2006].”
heading: Effective Date of 1982 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to partnership taxable years beginning after Sept. 3, 1982, with provision for the applicability of the amendment to any partnership taxable year ending after Sept. 3, 1982, if the partnership, each partner, and each indirect partner requests such application and the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate consents to such application, see section 407(a)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 702 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1981 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, § 751(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 349, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to petitions filed after December 31, 1981.”
heading: Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to pleadings filed with the United States Tax Court, the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia, or the United States Court of Claims more than 6 months after Oct. 4, 1976, but only with respect to determinations (or requests for determinations) made after Jan. 1, 1976, see section 1306(c) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7428 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1974 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 93–406 applicable to pleadings filed more than one year after Sept. 2, 1974, see section 1041(d) of Pub. L. 93–406, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7476 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 7452 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7452. Representation of parties
The Secretary shall be represented by the Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service or his delegate in the same manner before the Tax Court as he has heretofore been represented in proceedings before such Court. The taxpayer shall continue to be represented in accordance with the rules of practice prescribed by the Court. No qualified person shall be denied admission to practice before the Tax Court because of his failure to be a member of any profession or calling.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 86–368, § 2(a), Sept. 22, 1959, 73 Stat. 648; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.
1959—Pub. L. 86–368 substituted “Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service or his delegate” for “Assistant General Counsel of the Treasury Department serving as Chief Counsel of the Internal Revenue Service, or the delegate of such Chief Counsel,”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1959 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 86–368 effective when Chief Counsel for Internal Revenue Service first appointed pursuant to amendment of section 7801 of this title by Pub. L. 86–368 qualifies and takes office, see section 3 of Pub. L. 86–368, set out as a note under section 7801 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 7453 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7453. Rules of practice, procedure, and evidence
Except in the case of proceedings conducted under section 7436(c) or 7463, the proceedings of the Tax Court and its divisions shall be conducted in accordance with such rules of practice and procedure (other than rules of evidence) as the Tax Court may prescribe and in accordance with the Federal Rules of Evidence.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(f), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 734; Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1454(b)(3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1057; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 425(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The Federal Rules of Evidence, referred to in text, are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
heading: Amendments
text: 2015—Pub. L. 114–113 substituted “the Federal Rules of Evidence” for “the rules of evidence applicable in trials without a jury in the United States District Court of the District of Columbia”.
1997—Pub. L. 105–34 substituted “section 7436(c) or 7463” for “section 7463”.
1969—Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to the exception in the case of proceedings conducted under section 7463 of this title.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 2015 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 425(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to proceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015] and, to the extent that it is just and practicable, to all proceedings pending on such date.”
heading: Effective Date of 1969 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective one year after Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(e) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7463 of this title.
heading: Tax Court Rule Making Not Affected
text: Authority of Tax Court to prescribe rules under this section unaffected by amendments of title IV of Pub. L. 100–702, see section 405 of Pub. L. 100–702, set out as a note under section 2071 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
26 U.S.C. § 7455 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7455. Service of process
The mailing by certified mail or registered mail of any pleading, decision, order, notice, or process in respect of proceedings before the Tax Court shall be held sufficient service of such pleading, decision, order, notice, or process.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 89(b), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1665.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1958—Pub. L. 85–866 inserted “certified mail or” before “registered mail”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1958 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 85–866 applicable only if mailing occurs after Sept. 2, 1958, see section 89(d) of Pub. L. 85–866, set out as a note under section 7502 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 7457 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7457. Witness fees
(a) Amount
Any witness summoned or whose deposition is taken under section 7456 shall receive the same fees and mileage as witnesses in courts of the United States.
(b) Payment
Such fees and mileage and the expenses of taking any such deposition shall be paid as follows:
(1) Witnesses for Secretary
In the case of witnesses for the Secretary, such payments shall be made by the Secretary out of any moneys appropriated for the collection of internal revenue taxes, and may be made in advance.
(2) Other Witnesses
In the case of any other witnesses, such payments shall be made, subject to rules prescribed by the Tax Court, by the party at whose instance the witness appears or the deposition is taken.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 886; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1976—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.
26 U.S.C. § 7458 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7458. Hearings
Notice and opportunity to be heard upon any proceeding instituted before the Tax Court shall be given to the taxpayer and the Secretary. If an opportunity to be heard upon the proceeding is given before a division of the Tax Court, neither the taxpayer nor the Secretary shall be entitled to notice and opportunity to be heard before the Tax Court upon review, except upon a specific order of the chief judge. Hearings before the Tax Court and its divisions shall be open to the public, and the testimony, and, if the Tax Court so requires, the argument, shall be stenographically reported. The Tax Court is authorized to contract (by renewal of contract or otherwise) for the reporting of such hearings, and in such contract to fix the terms and conditions under which transcripts will be supplied by the contractor to the Tax Court and to other persons and agencies.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 886; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), (L), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834, 1835.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” and struck out “nor his delegate” after “nor the Secretary”.
26 U.S.C. § 7461 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7461. Publicity of proceedings
(a) General rule
Except as provided in subsection (b), all reports of the Tax Court and all evidence received by the Tax Court and its divisions, including a transcript of the stenographic report of the hearings, shall be public records open to the inspection of the public.
(b) Exceptions
(1) Trade secrets or other confidential information
The Tax Court may make any provision which is necessary to prevent the disclosure of trade secrets or other confidential information, including a provision that any document or information be placed under seal to be opened only as directed by the court.
(2) Evidence, etc.
After the decision of the Tax Court in any proceeding has become final, the Tax Court may, upon motion of the taxpayer or the Secretary, permit the withdrawal by the party entitled thereto of originals of books, documents, and records, and of models, diagrams, and other exhibits, introduced in evidence before the Tax Court or any division; or the Tax Court may, on its own motion, make such other disposition thereof as it deems advisable.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 887; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 465(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1984—Pub. L. 98–369, in amending section generally, designated existing provisions as subsecs. (a) and (b)(2), added subsec. (b)(1), and in subsec. (b)(2), as so designated, struck out reference to the Secretary’s delegate.
1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 465(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 825, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 18, 1984].”
26 U.S.C. § 7462 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7462. Publication of reports
The Tax Court shall provide for the publication of its reports at the Government Publishing Office in such form and manner as may be best adapted for public information and use, and such authorized publication shall be competent evidence of the reports of the Tax Court therein contained in all courts of the United States and of the several States without any further proof or authentication thereof. Such reports shall be subject to sale in the same manner and upon the same terms as other public documents.
(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 887; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Change of Name
text: “Government Publishing Office” substituted for “Government Printing Office” in text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents.
26 U.S.C. § 7464 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7464. Intervention by trustee of debtor’s estate
The trustee of the debtor’s estate in any case under title 11 of the United States Code may intervene, on behalf of the debtor’s estate, in any proceeding before the Tax Court to which the debtor is a party.
(Added Pub. L. 96–589, § 6(c)(1), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3407.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 7464 was renumbered section 7465 of this title.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1979, but not applicable to proceedings under Title 11, Bankruptcy, commenced before Oct. 1, 1979, see section 7(e) of Pub. L. 96–589, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 108 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 7466 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 7466. Judicial conduct and disability procedures
(a) In general
The Tax Court shall prescribe rules, consistent with the provisions of chapter 16 of title 28, United States Code, establishing procedures for the filing of complaints with respect to the conduct of any judge or special trial judge of the Tax Court and for the investigation and resolution of such complaints. In investigating and taking action with respect to any such complaint, the Tax Court shall have the powers granted to a judicial council under such chapter.
(b) Judicial council
The provisions of sections 354(b) through 360 of title 28, United States Code, regarding referral or certification to, and petition for review in the Judicial Conference of the United States, and action thereon, shall apply to the exercise by the Tax Court of the powers of a judicial council under subsection (a). The determination pursuant to section 354(b) or 355 of title 28, United States Code, shall be made based on the grounds for removal of a judge from office under section 7443(f), and certification and transmittal by the Conference of any complaint shall be made to the President for consideration under section 7443(f).
(c) Hearings
(1) In general
In conducting hearings pursuant to subsection (a), the Tax Court may exercise the authority provided under section 1821 of title 28, United States Code, to pay the fees and allowances described in that section.
(2) Reimbursement for expenses
The Tax Court shall have the power provided under section 361 of such title 28 to award reimbursement for the reasonable expenses described in that section. Reimbursements under this paragraph shall be made out of any funds appropriated for purposes of the Tax Court.
(Added Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 431(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125.)
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 431(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to proceedings commenced after the date which is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015] and, to the extent just and practicable, all proceedings pending on such date.”