dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
38 U.S.C. § 1104 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1104. Cost-of-living adjustments
(a) In the computation of cost-of-living adjustments for fiscal years 1998 through 2013 in the rates of, and dollar limitations applicable to, compensation payable under this chapter, such adjustments shall be made by a uniform percentage that is no more than the percentage equal to the social security increase for that fiscal year, with all increased monthly rates and limitations (other than increased rates or limitations equal to a whole dollar amount) rounded down to the next lower whole dollar amount.
(b) For purposes of this section, the term “social security increase” means the percentage by which benefit amounts payable under title II of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.) are increased for any fiscal year as a result of a determination under section 215(i) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 415(i)).
(Added Pub. L. 105–33, title VIII, § 8031(a)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 668, § 1103; renumbered § 1104, Pub. L. 105–368, title X, § 1005(a), Nov. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 3364; amended Pub. L. 107–103, title II, § 205, Dec. 27, 2001, 115 Stat. 990; Pub. L. 108–183, title VII, § 706, Dec. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 2672.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: References in Text
text: The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended. Title II of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.
heading: Amendments
text: 2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–183 substituted “2013” for “2011”.
2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–103 substituted “2011” for “2002”.
1998—Pub. L. 105–368 renumbered section 1103 of this title as this section.
38 U.S.C. § 1110 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1110. Basic entitlement
For disability resulting from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, or for aggravation of a preexisting injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, in the active military, naval, or air service, during a period of war, the United States will pay to any veteran thus disabled and who was discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable from the period of service in which said injury or disease was incurred, or preexisting injury or disease was aggravated, compensation as provided in this subchapter, but no compensation shall be paid if the disability is a result of the veteran’s own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1119, § 310; Pub. L. 101–508, title VIII, § 8052(a)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–351; renumbered § 1110, Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406; Pub. L. 105–178, title VIII, § 8202(a), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9014(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 865.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Pub. L. 105–178, which directed the substitution of “, abuse of alcohol or drugs, or use of tobacco products” for “or abuse of alcohol or drugs” before the period at end, was amended generally by Pub. L. 105–206, which provided that the amendments made by that section as originally enacted shall be treated for all purposes as not having been made. See Effective Date of 1998 Amendment note below.
1991—Pub. L. 102–83 renumbered section 310 of this title as this section.
1990—Pub. L. 101–508 substituted “a result of the veteran’s own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs” for “the result of the veteran’s own willful misconduct”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1998 Amendment
text: Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178 as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
heading: Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 effective with respect to claims filed after Oct. 31, 1990, see section 8052(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 105 of this title.
heading: Construction of 1998 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9014(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 865, provided that section 8202 of Pub. L. 105–178 is amended generally and that the amendments made by that section as originally enacted shall be treated for all purposes as not having been made.
38 U.S.C. § 1111 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1111. Presumption of sound condition
For the purposes of section 1110 of this title, every veteran shall be taken to have been in sound condition when examined, accepted, and enrolled for service, except as to defects, infirmities, or disorders noted at the time of the examination, acceptance, and enrollment, or where clear and unmistakable evidence demonstrates that the injury or disease existed before acceptance and enrollment and was not aggravated by such service.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1119, § 311; renumbered § 1111 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 311 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1110” for “310”.
38 U.S.C. § 1113 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1113. Presumptions rebuttable
(a) Where there is affirmative evidence to the contrary, or evidence to establish that an intercurrent injury or disease which is a recognized cause of any of the diseases or disabilities within the purview of section 1112, 1116, 1117, or 1118 of this title, has been suffered between the date of separation from service and the onset of any such diseases or disabilities, or the disability is due to the veteran’s own willful misconduct, service-connection pursuant to section 1112, 1116, or 1118 of this title, or payments of compensation pursuant to section 1117 of this title, will not be in order.
(b) Nothing in section 1112, 1116, 1117, or 1118 of this title, subsection (a) of this section, or section 5 of Public Law 98–542 (38 U.S.C. 1154 note) shall be construed to prevent the granting of service-connection for any disease or disorder otherwise shown by sound judgment to have been incurred in or aggravated by active military, naval, or air service.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1120, § 313; Pub. L. 102–4, § 2(b), Feb. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 13; renumbered § 1113 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406; Pub. L. 103–446, title I, § 106(b), title V, § 501(b)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4651, 4663; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XVI, § 1602(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–744.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted “1117, or 1118” for “or 1117” and “, 1116, or 1118” for “or 1116”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, § 1602(b)(1), substituted “1117, or 1118” for “or 1117”.
1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–446, § 106(b), inserted “or disabilities” after “diseases” in two places, substituted “purview of section 1112, 1116, or 1117” for “purview of section 1112 or 1116”, and inserted “, or payments of compensation pursuant to section 1117 of this title,” before “will not”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–446, § 501(b)(1), substituted “title,” for “title or” and inserted “, or section 5 of Public Law 98–542 (38 U.S.C. 1154 note)” after “of this section”.
Pub. L. 103–446, § 106(b)(1), substituted “section 1112, 1116, or 1117” for “section 1112 or 1116”.
1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 313 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1112 or 1116” for “312 or 316” wherever appearing.
Pub. L. 102–4 inserted “or 316” after “section 312” wherever appearing.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 103–446, title V, § 501(b)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4663, provided that: “The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to applications for veterans benefits that are submitted to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 2, 1994].”
38 U.S.C. § 1121 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1121. Basic entitlement
The surviving spouse, child or children, and dependent parent or parents of any veteran who died before January 1, 1957 as the result of injury or disease incurred in or aggravated by active military, naval, or air service, in line of duty, during a period of war, shall be entitled to receive compensation at the monthly rates specified in section 1122 of this title.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1122, § 321; Pub. L. 92–197, § 6, Dec. 15, 1971, 85 Stat. 662; Pub. L. 94–433, title IV, § 404(12), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1378; renumbered § 1121 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 321 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1122” for “322”.
1976—Pub. L. 94–433 substituted “spouse” for “widow”.
1971—Pub. L. 92–197 struck out eligibility clause when the veteran died after April 30, 1957, under circumstances described in section 417(a) of this title.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 94–433 effective Oct. 1, 1976, see section 406 of Pub. L. 94–433, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1971 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 92–197 effective Jan. 1, 1972, see section 10 of Pub. L. 92–197, set out as a note under section 1311 of this title.
38 U.S.C. § 1131 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1131. Basic entitlement
For disability resulting from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, or for aggravation of a preexisting injury suffered or disease contracted in line of duty, in the active military, naval, or air service, during other than a period of war, the United States will pay to any veteran thus disabled and who was discharged or released under conditions other than dishonorable from the period of service in which said injury or disease was incurred, or preexisting injury or disease was aggravated, compensation as provided in this subchapter, but no compensation shall be paid if the disability is a result of the veteran’s own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1122, § 331; Pub. L. 101–508, title VIII, § 8052(a)(3), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–351; renumbered § 1131, Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406; Pub. L. 105–178, title VIII, § 8202(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9014(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 865.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Pub. L. 105–178, which directed the substitution of “, abuse of alcohol or drugs, or use of tobacco products” for “or abuse of alcohol or drugs” before the period at end, was amended generally by Pub. L. 105–206, which provided that the amendments made by that section as originally enacted shall be treated for all purposes as not having been made. See Effective Date of 1998 Amendment note below.
1991—Pub. L. 102–83 renumbered section 331 of this title as this section.
1990—Pub. L. 101–508 substituted “a result of the veteran’s own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs” for “the result of the veteran’s own willful misconduct”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1998 Amendment
text: Title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 effective simultaneously with enactment of Pub. L. 105–178 and to be treated as included in Pub. L. 105–178 at time of enactment, and provisions of Pub. L. 105–178, as in effect on day before July 22, 1998, that are amended by title IX of Pub. L. 105–206 to be treated as not enacted, see section 9016 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 23, Highways.
heading: Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 effective with respect to claims filed after Oct. 31, 1990, see section 8052(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 105 of this title.
heading: Construction of 1998 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9014(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 865, provided that section 8202 of Pub. L. 105–178 is amended generally and that the amendments made by that section as originally enacted shall be treated for all purposes as not having been made.
38 U.S.C. § 1132 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1132. Presumption of sound condition
For the purposes of section 1131 of this title, every person employed in the active military, naval, or air service for six months or more shall be taken to have been in sound condition when examined, accepted and enrolled for service, except as to defects, infirmities, or disorders noted at the time of the examination, acceptance and enrollment, or where evidence or medical judgment is such as to warrant a finding that the disease or injury existed before acceptance and enrollment.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1122, § 332; renumbered § 1132 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 332 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1131” for “331”.
38 U.S.C. § 1133 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1133. Presumptions relating to certain diseases
(a) For the purposes of section 1131 of this title, and subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, any veteran who served for six months or more and contracts a tropical disease or a resultant disorder or disease originating because of therapy administered in connection with a tropical disease, or as a preventative thereof, shall be deemed to have incurred such disability in the active military, naval, or air service when it is shown to exist within one year after separation from active service, or at a time when standard and accepted treatises indicate that the incubation period thereof commenced during active service.
(b) Service-connection shall not be granted pursuant to subsection (a), in any case where the disease or disorder is shown by clear and unmistakable evidence to have had its inception before or after active military, naval, or air service.
(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the granting of service-connection for any disease or disorder otherwise shown by sound judgment to have been incurred in or aggravated by active military, naval, or air service.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1123, § 333; renumbered § 1133 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 333 of this title as this section.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1131” for “331”.
38 U.S.C. § 1134 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1134. Rates of peacetime disability compensation
For the purposes of section 1131 of this title, the compensation payable for the disability shall be that specified in section 1114 of this title.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1123, § 334; Pub. L. 92–328, title I, § 108(a), June 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 396; renumbered § 1134 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 334 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1131” for “331” and “1114” for “314”.
1972—Pub. L. 92–328 substituted provisions that compensation payable for the disability be that specified in section 314 of this title, for provisions that compensation payable for the disability be equal to 80% of the compensation payable for such disability under section 314 of this title, adjusted upward or downward to the nearest dollar.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1972 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 92–328, title III, § 301(b), June 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 398, provided that: “Section 108 [repealing section 336 of this title and amending this section and section 335 [now 1135] of this title] shall take effect on July 1, 1973.”
38 U.S.C. § 1135 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1135. Additional compensation for dependents
Any veteran entitled to compensation at the rates provided in section 1134 of this title, and whose disability is rated not less than 30 percent, shall be entitled to additional monthly compensation for dependents as provided in section 1115 of this title.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1123, § 335; Pub. L. 92–328, title I, § 108(b), June 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 396; Pub. L. 98–543, title I, § 112(a), Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2740; renumbered § 1135 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 335 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1134” for “334” and “1115” for “315”.
1984—Pub. L. 98–543 substituted “30 percent” for “50 per centum”.
1972—Pub. L. 92–328 substituted provisions that the veteran be entitled to additional monthly compensation for dependents as provided in section 315 of this title, for provisions that the veteran be entitled to additional monthly compensation for dependents equal to 80% of the additional compensation for dependents provided in section 315 of this title, and subject to the limitations thereof, and adjusted upward or downward to the nearest dollar.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 98–543, title I, § 112(b), Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2740, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect as of October 1, 1978.”
heading: Effective Date of 1972 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 92–328 effective July 1, 1973, see section 301(b) of Pub. L. 92–328, set out as a note under section 1134 of this title.
38 U.S.C. § 1136 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
[§ 1136. Vacant]
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Codification
text: Prior to renumbering of sections 301 to 363 of this chapter as sections 1101 to 1163 by Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406, section 336 of this chapter, Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1123, which set forth the conditions under which wartime rates were payable to any veteran otherwise entitled to compensation under the provisions of this subchapter, was repealed by Pub. L. 92–328, title I, § 108(c), title III, § 301(b), June 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 396, 398, effective July 1, 1973.
38 U.S.C. § 1137 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1137. Wartime presumptions for certain veterans
For the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter V of this chapter and notwithstanding the provisions of sections 1132 and 1133 of this subchapter, the provisions of sections 1111, 1112, and 1113 of this chapter shall be applicable in the case of any veteran who served in the active military, naval, or air service after December 31, 1946.
(Added Pub. L. 89–358, § 7(a), Mar. 3, 1966, 80 Stat. 27, § 337; amended Pub. L. 93–295, title II, § 205, May 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 183; renumbered § 1137 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 337 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1132 and 1133” for “332 and 333” and “1111, 1112, and 1113” for “311, 312, and 313”.
1974—Pub. L. 93–295 substituted “December 31, 1946” for “January 31, 1955”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1974 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 93–295 effective May 1, 1974, see section 401 of Pub. L. 93–295, set out as a note under section 1114 of this title.
38 U.S.C. § 1141 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1141. Basic entitlement
The surviving spouse, child or children, and dependent parent or parents of any veteran who died before January 1, 1957, as the result of injury or disease incurred in or aggravated by active military, naval, or air service, in line of duty, during other than a period of war, shall be entitled to receive compensation as hereinafter provided in this subchapter.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1123, § 341; Pub. L. 92–197, § 6, Dec. 15, 1971, 85 Stat. 662; Pub. L. 94–433, title IV, § 404(18), Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1379; renumbered § 1141, Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83 renumbered section 341 of this title as this section.
1976—Pub. L. 94–433 substituted “spouse” for “widow”.
1971—Pub. L. 92–197 struck out eligibility clause when the veteran died after April 30, 1957, under circumstances described in section 417(a) of this title.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 94–433 effective Oct. 1, 1976, see section 406 of Pub. L. 94–433, set out as a note under section 1101 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1971 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 92–197 effective Jan. 1, 1972, see section 10 of Pub. L. 92–197, set out as a note under section 1311 of this title.
38 U.S.C. § 1142 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1142. Rates of peacetime death compensation
For the purposes of section 1141 of this title, the monthly rates of death compensation payable shall be those specified in section 1122 of this title.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1124, § 342; Pub. L. 93–295, title II, § 206(a), May 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 183; renumbered § 1142 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), renumbered section 342 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(c)(1), substituted “1141” for “341” and “1122” for “322”.
1974—Pub. L. 93–295 substituted “those specified in section 322 of this title” for “equal to 80 per centum of the rates prescribed by section 322 of this title, adjusted upward or downward to the nearest dollar, counting fifty cents and over as a whole dollar”.
heading: Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
heading: Effective Date of 1974 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 93–295 effective May 1, 1974, see section 401 of Pub. L. 93–295, set out as a note under section 1114 of this title.
38 U.S.C. § 1143 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
[§ 1143. Vacant]
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Codification
text: Prior to renumbering of sections 301 to 363 of this chapter as sections 1101 to 1163 by Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406, section 343 of this chapter, Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1124, which prescribed conditions under which wartime rates of compensation were payable, was repealed by Pub. L. 93–295, title II, § 206(b), title IV, § 401, May 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 183, 184, effective May 1, 1974.
38 U.S.C. § 1152 (VETERANS’ BENEFITS)
§ 1152. Persons heretofore having a compensable status
The death and disability benefits of this chapter shall, notwithstanding the service requirements thereof, be granted to persons heretofore recognized by law as having a compensable status, including persons whose claims are based on war or peacetime service rendered before April 21, 1898.
(Pub. L. 85–857, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1124, § 352; renumbered § 1152, Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406.)
heading: Editorial Notes
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Pub. L. 102–83 renumbered section 352 of this title as this section.