dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
10 U.S.C. § 7023 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7023. Chief of Legislative Liaison
(a) There is a Chief of Legislative Liaison in the Department of the Army.
(b) The Chief of Legislative Liaison shall perform legislative affairs functions as specified for the Office of the Secretary of the Army by section 7014(c)(1)(F) of this title.
(Added Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title V, § 504(c)(1)(A), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2531, § 3023; amended Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, § 502(j), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2103; renumbered § 7023 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§ 808(a), 809(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838, 1840.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232, § 808(a), renumbered section 3023 of this title as this section.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–232, § 809(a), substituted “section 7014(c)(1)(F)” for “section 3014(c)(1)(F)”.
2016—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–328 struck out second sentence which read as follows: “An officer assigned to that position shall be an officer in the grade of major general.”
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7024 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7024. Director of Small Business Programs
(a) Director.—
There is a Director of Small Business Programs in the Department of the Army. The Director is appointed by the Secretary of the Army.
(b) Office of Small Business Programs.—
The Office of Small Business Programs of the Department of the Army is the office that is established within the Department of the Army under section 15(k) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 644(k)). The Director of Small Business Programs is the head of such office.
(c) Duties and Powers.—
(1) The Director of Small Business Programs shall, subject to paragraph (2), perform such duties regarding small business programs of the Department of the Army, and shall exercise such powers regarding those programs, as the Secretary of the Army may prescribe.
(2) Section 15(k) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 644(k)), except for the designations of the Director and the Office, applies to the Director of Small Business Programs.
(Added Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title IX, § 904(c)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3400, § 3024; renumbered § 7024, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3024 of this title as this section.
heading: Change of Name
text: The Director of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization of the Department of the Army and the Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization of the Department of the Army were redesignated the Director of Small Business Programs of the Department of the Army and the Office of Small Business Programs of the Department of the Army, respectively, by Pub. L. 109–163, which also provided that references to the former were deemed to refer to the latter. See section 904(a) of Pub. L. 109–163, set out as a note under section 144 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7035 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7035. Deputy Chiefs of Staff and Assistant Chiefs of Staff
(a) The Deputy Chiefs of Staff and the Assistant Chiefs of Staff shall be general officers detailed to those positions.
(b) The Secretary of the Army shall prescribe the number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff and Assistant Chiefs of Staff, for a total of not more than eight positions.
(Added Pub. L. 99–433, title V, § 502(e), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1042, § 3035; amended Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title IX, § 902(a), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 272; renumbered § 7035, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3035 of this title as this section.
2008—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–181, amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: “The number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff and Assistant Chiefs of Staff shall be prescribed by the Secretary, except that—
“(1) there may not be more than five Deputy Chiefs of Staff; and
“(2) there may not be more than three Assistant Chiefs of Staff.”
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7061 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7061. Regulations
The President may prescribe regulations for the government of the Army.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 165, § 3061; renumbered § 7061, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3061
10:16.
July 15, 1870, ch. 294, § 20, 16 Stat. 319; Mar. 1, 1875, ch. 115, 18 Stat. 337.
The word “prescribe” is substituted for the words “make and publish”. 10:16 (last 35 words) is omitted as surplusage.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3061 of this title as this section.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7067 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7067. Army Medical Department
There is an Army Medical Department in the Army. The Army Medical Department consists of—
(1) the Surgeon General;
(2) the Assistant Surgeons General;
(3) the Medical Corps;
(4) the Dental Corps;
(5) the Veterinary Corps;
(6) the Medical Service Corps;
(7) the Army Nurse Corps; and
(8) the Army Medical Specialist Corps.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 168, § 3067; Pub. L. 85–861, § 1(60), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1462; Pub. L. 90–329, June 4, 1968, 82 Stat. 170; renumbered § 7067, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
1956 Act
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3067
10:81–1 (less last sentence).
June 28, 1950, ch. 383, § 307 (less last sentence), 64 Stat. 270.
The words “authorized by sections 21f and 21h, respectively, of this title” are omitted as surplusage. 10:81–1 (2d sentence) is omitted as covered by section 3064 of this title.
text: 1958 Act
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3067(8)
10 App.:81–1.
Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 654, § 3(a), 69 Stat. 579.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3067 of this title as this section.
1968—Pub. L. 90–329 substituted “Army Medical Department” for “Army Medical Service”.
1958—Pub. L. 85–861 substituted “Army Medical Specialist Corps” for “Women’s Medical Specialist Corps” in cl. (8).
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
heading: Augmentation of Army Medical Department by Detailing Reserve Officers of Public Health Service
text: Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title VII, § 755(a), (b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–197, provided that:
“(a) Authority.—
The Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Health and Human Services may jointly conduct a program to augment the Army Medical Department by exercising any authorities provided to those officials in law for the detailing of reserve commissioned officers of the Public Health Service not in an active status to the Army Medical Department for that purpose.
“(b) Agreement.—
The Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall enter into an agreement governing any program conducted under subsection (a).”
10 U.S.C. § 7072 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7072. Judge Advocate General’s Corps
There is a Judge Advocate General’s Corps in the Army. The Judge Advocate General’s Corps consists of—
(1) the Judge Advocate General;
(2) the Assistant Judge Advocate General;
(3) commissioned officers of the Regular Army appointed therein; and
(4) other members of the Army assigned thereto by the Secretary of the Army.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 169, § 3072; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, § 502(q), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2104; renumbered § 7072, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3072
10:61–1 (1st sentence, less applicability to strength).
June 28, 1950, ch. 383, § 308 (1st sentence, less applicability to strength), 64 Stat. 270.
The words “authorized by sections 21f and 21h, respectively, of this title” are omitted as surplusage. The word “grade” is substituted for the word “rank”. The words “but the Secretary shall not assign to the Judge Advocate General’s Corps any officer who has been appointed and commissioned in some other special branch or in the Regular Army without specification of branch” are omitted as covered by section 3064 of this title.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3072 of this title as this section.
2016—Pars. (3) to (5). Pub. L. 114–328 redesignated pars. (4) and (5) as (3) and (4), respectively, and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “three officers in the grade of brigadier general;”.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7073 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7073. Chaplains
(a) There are chaplains in the Army. The Chaplains include—
(1) the Chief of Chaplains;
(2) commissioned officers of the Regular Army appointed as chaplains; and
(3) other officers of the Army appointed as chaplains in the Army.
(b) The Chief of Chaplains, while so serving, holds the grade of major general.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 170, § 3073; renumbered § 7073 and amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title V, § 510(a), title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1751, 1838.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3073
10:231a.
June 28, 1950, ch. 383, § 309, 64 Stat. 270.
The words “authorized by section 21f of this title”, “as now or hereafter provided by law”, and “and commissioned * * * or in any component thereof” are omitted as surplusage.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232, § 808(a), renumbered section 3073 of this title as this section.
Pub. L. 115–232, § 510(a), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7074 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7074. Commands: territorial organization; engineer tactical units
(a) Except as otherwise prescribed by law or by the Secretary of Defense, the Army shall be divided into such commands, forces, and organizations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Army.
(b) For Army purposes, the United States, the Commonwealths and possessions, and other places in which the Army is stationed or is operating may be divided into such areas as may be directed by the Secretary. Officers of the Army may be assigned to command Army activities, installations, and personnel in those areas. In the discharge of the Army’s functions or other functions authorized by law, officers so assigned have the duties and powers prescribed by the Secretary.
(c) Such part of the Corps of Engineers as the President directs shall be formed into tactical units organized as he prescribes.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 170, § 3074; Pub. L. 99–433, title V, § 503, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1042; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, § 1057(a)(6), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3441; renumbered § 7074, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3074(a)
3074(b)
3074(c)
10:1d.
10:1e.
10:181 (less 1st 39 words).
June 28, 1950, ch. 383, §§ 303, 304, 64 Stat. 268.
June 3, 1916, ch. 134, § 11 (less 1st 41 words); restated June 4, 1920, ch. 227, subch. I, § 11 (less 1st 41 words), 41 Stat. 768.
In subsection (b), the words “have the duties and powers” are substituted for the words “shall perform such duties and exercise such powers”. The words “of America”, “other provisions”, and “so assigned” are omitted as surplusage. The word “Commonwealths” is inserted to reflect the present status of Puerto Rico.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3074 of this title as this section.
2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–163 substituted “Commonwealths and possessions” for “Territories, Commonwealths, and possessions”.
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–433 inserted reference to Secretary of Defense.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7075 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7075. Regular Army: composition
(a) The Regular Army is the component of the Army that consists of persons whose continuous service on active duty in both peace and war is contemplated by law, and of retired members of the Regular Army.
(b) The Regular Army includes—
(1) the officers and enlisted members of the Regular Army;
(2) the professors, director of admissions, and cadets of the United States Military Academy; and
(3) the retired officers and enlisted members of the Regular Army.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 170, § 3075; Pub. L. 85–600, § 1(1), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 522; Pub. L. 95–551, § 2, Oct. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 2069; Pub. L. 97–295, § 1(39), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1297; renumbered § 7075, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
3075(a)
3075(b)
10:1c(a).
10:1c (less (a)).
June 28, 1950, ch. 383, § 302, 64 Stat. 268.
In subsection (b), the words “holding appointments or enlisted in the Regular Army as now or hereafter provided by law”, “and such other persons as are now or may hereafter be specified by law”, and “commissioned * * * warrant officers” are omitted as surplusage, since the revised section lists all persons in the Regular Army. 10:1c (last sentence) is omitted as executed.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3075 of this title as this section.
1982—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 97–295 inserted a comma after “professors”.
1978—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95–551 substituted “director of admissions” for “registrar”.
1958—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 85–600 included the registrar of the Military Academy.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7081 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7081. Dental Corps: Chief, functions
(a) The Chief of the Dental Corps shall be an officer of that corps appointed as prescribed in section 3039 1 of this title.
(b) Under such regulations as the Secretary of the Army may prescribe, all dental functions of the Army shall be under the direction of the Chief of the Dental Corps. All matters relating to dentistry shall be referred to the Chief of the Dental Corps.
(c) The Chief of the Dental Corps shall—
(1) establish professional standards and policies for dental practice;
(2) initiate and recommend action pertaining to organization requirements and utilization of the Dental Corps and dental auxiliary strength, appointments, advancement, training assignments, and transfer of dental personnel; and
(3) serve as the adviser to the Office of the Surgeon General on all matters relating directly to dentistry.
(d) Under such regulations as the Secretary of the Army may prescribe, dental and dental auxiliary personnel throughout the Army shall be organized into units commanded by a designated Dental Corps Officer. Such officer will be directly responsible to the commander of installations, organizations, and activities for all professional and technical matters and such administrative matters as may be prescribed by regulation.
(Added Pub. L. 95–485, title VIII, § 805(b)(1), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1621, § 3081; amended Pub. L. 99–433, title V, § 502(f)(3), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1042; renumbered § 7081, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 3039 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, § 502(n)(1), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2103.
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 7081 was renumbered section 8581 of this title.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3081 of this title as this section.
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–433 substituted “section 3039” for “section 3040”.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7083 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7083. Public Affairs Specialty
There is a career field in the Army known as the Public Affairs Specialty. Members of the Army with the Public Affairs Specialty are—
(1) the Chief of Public Affairs;
(2) commissioned officers of the Army in the grade of major or above who are selected and specifically educated, trained, and experienced to perform as professional public affairs officers for the remainder of their careers; and
(3) other members of the Army assigned to public affairs positions by the Secretary of the Army.
(Added Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, § 596(a), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1765, § 3083; renumbered § 7083, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 7083 was renumbered section 8583 of this title.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3083 of this title as this section.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
10 U.S.C. § 7084 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7084. Chief of Veterinary Corps
The Chief of the Veterinary Corps of the Army shall be appointed from among officers of the Veterinary Corps.
(Added Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title V, § 504(b)(1), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2531, § 3084; amended Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, § 502(a), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1456; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, § 1056(c)(11), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3440; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, § 502(r)(1), (2), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2104; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title V, § 506(b), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1374; renumbered § 7084, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: Prior sections 7084 to 7088 were renumbered sections 8584 to 8588 of this title, respectively.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3084 of this title as this section.
2017—Pub. L. 115–91 struck out at end “An officer appointed to that position who holds a lower grade shall be appointed in the grade of brigadier general.”
2016—Pub. L. 114–328 amended section catchline generally, substituting “Chief of Veterinary Corps” for “Chief of Veterinary Corps: grade”, and struck out second sentence of text which read as follows: “The Chief of the Veterinary Corps serves in the grade of brigadier general.”
2006—Pub. L. 109–163 substituted colon for semicolon in section catchline.
2003—Pub. L. 108–136 inserted “shall be appointed from among officers of the Veterinary Corps. The Chief of the Veterinary Corps” after “Army”.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 2003 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, § 502(b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1456, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to appointments of the Chief of the Veterinary Corps of the Army that are made on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 24, 2003].”
10 U.S.C. § 7101 (ARMED FORCES)
§ 7101. Officers on active duty: minimum strength based on requirements
(a) The Secretary of the Army shall ensure that the strength at the end of each fiscal year of officers on active duty is sufficient to enable the Army to meet at least that percentage of the programmed manpower structure for officers for the active component of the Army that is provided for in the most recent Defense Planning Guidance issued by the Secretary of Defense.
(b) The number of officers on active duty shall be counted for purposes of this section in the same manner as applies under section 115(a)(1) of this title.
(c) In this section:
(1) The term “programmed manpower structure” means the aggregation of billets describing the full manpower requirements for units and organizations in the programmed force structure.
(2) The term “programmed force structure” means the set of units and organizations that exist in the current year and that is planned to exist in each future year under the then-current Future-Years Defense Program.
(Added Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title V, § 505(a)(1), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 295, § 3201; amended Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(f)(37), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1954; renumbered § 7101, Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 808(b)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1838.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: Prior sections 7101 to 7104 were renumbered sections 8591 to 8594 of this title, respectively.
heading: Amendments
text: 2018—Pub. L. 115–232 renumbered section 3201 of this title as this section.
2013—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–239 struck out “(beginning with fiscal year 1999)” after “shall ensure that”.
heading: Effective Date of 2018 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.
heading: Assistance in Accomplishing Requirement
text: Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title V, § 505(b), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 296, as amended by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 809(b)(5), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1840, provided that: “The Secretary of Defense shall provide to the Army sufficient personnel and financial resources to enable the Army to meet the requirement specified in section 7101 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a).”