dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
7 U.S.C. § 3336 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3336. Authorization of appropriations; allocation of funds
(a) There are authorized to be appropriated, to implement the provisions of this subchapter—
(1) $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1991 through 2013; and
(2) $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2014 through 2018.
(b) Funds appropriated under this section shall be allocated by the Secretary to eligible institutions for work to be done as mutually agreed upon between the Secretary and the eligible institution or institutions.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XIV, § 1483, as added Pub. L. 97–98, title XIV, § 1440(a), Dec. 22, 1981, 95 Stat. 1319; amended Pub. L. 99–198, title XIV, § 1430(b), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1556; Pub. L. 101–624, title XVI, § 1601(b)(7), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3703; Pub. L. 104–127, title VIII, § 821, Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1168; Pub. L. 105–185, title III, § 301(a)(16), title VI, § 606(e), June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 562, 604; Pub. L. 107–171, title VII, § 7117, May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 110–234, title VII, § 7141, May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1232; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title VII, § 7141, June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1993; Pub. L. 113–79, title VII, § 7125, Feb. 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 877.)
heading: Codification
text: Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246.
heading: Amendments
text: 2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–79 substituted “subchapter—” for “subchapter, such sums not to exceed $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1991 through 2012.” and added pars. (1) and (2).
2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–246, § 7141, substituted “2012” for “2007”.
2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–171 substituted “2007” for “2002”.
1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–185, § 301(a)(16), substituted “2002” for “1997”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–185, § 606(e), which directed that the second sentence of subsec. (b) be amended by striking out the last sentence, was executed by striking out “The Secretary shall, whenever possible, consult with the Board in developing plans for the use of these funds.”, which is both the second and last sentence of subsec. (b), to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–127 substituted “1997” for “1995”.
1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–624 substituted “for each of the fiscal years 1991 through 1995” for “annually for the period beginning October 1, 1981, and ending September 30, 1990”.
1985—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–198 substituted “1990” for “1985, and thereafter such sums as may after the date of enactment of this subchapter be authorized by law for any subsequent fiscal year”.
heading: Effective Date of 2008 Amendment
text: Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of this title.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Dec. 22, 1981, see section 1801 of Pub. L. 97–98, set out as a note under section 4301 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3401 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3401. Congressional findings and declaration of policy
(a) Wheat is basic to the American diet and the American economy. It is grown by thousands of farmers and consumed, in various forms, by millions of people in the United States.
(b) The size of the American wheat crop and how it is marketed and ultimately consumed determines whether many Americans receive adequate nourishment. Wheat has a strong impact on the Nation’s well-being. Additional research on the optimal use of wheat products can improve the American diet. Consumer education about the nutritional value and economic use of wheat products can enhance the national welfare.
(c) It has long been recognized that it is in the national interest to have a regular, adequate, and high quality wheat supply. It would be extremely difficult, without an effective coordinated research and nutrition education effort, to accomplish this objective. A programed effort of research and nutrition education is of great importance to wheat producers, processors, end product manufacturers, and consumers.
(d) It is the purpose of this chapter and in the public interest to authorize and enable the creation of an orderly procedure, adequately financed through an assessment, for the development and initiation of an effective and continuous coordinated program of research and nutrition education, designed to improve and enhance the quality, and make the most efficient use, of American wheat, processed wheat, and wheat end products to ensure an adequate diet for the people of the United States. The maximum rate of assessment authorized hereunder represents an infinitesimal proportion of the overall cost of manufacturing wheat end products. Therefore, such assessment will not significantly affect the retail prices of those products. Furthermore, any price effect will be more than offset by the increased efficiency in end product manufacture and increased consumer acceptance, due to nutritional improvements in wheat products, which may be expected to follow from adoption of a plan under this chapter. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to provide for control of production or otherwise limit the right of individual wheat producers to produce wheat.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1702, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1031.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1701, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1031, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Wheat and Wheat Foods Research and Nutrition Education Act’.”
heading: Separability
text: Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1718, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1040, provided that: “If any provision of this title [this chapter] or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the title and of the application of such provision to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby.”
7 U.S.C. § 3402 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3402. Definitions
For the purposes of this chapter:
(a) The term “wheat” means all classes of wheat grains grown in the United States.
(b) The term “processed wheat” means the wheat-derived content of any substance (such as cake mix or flour) produced for use as an ingredient of an end product by changing wheat grown within the United States in form or character by any mechanical, chemical, or other means.
(c) The term “end product” means any product which contains processed wheat as an ingredient and which is intended, as produced, for consumption as human food, notwithstanding any additional incidental preparation which may be necessary by the ultimate consumer.
(d) The term “wheat producer” means any person who grows wheat within the United States for market.
(e) The term “processor” means any person who commercially produces processed wheat within the United States.
(f) The term “end product manufacturer” means any person who commercially produces an end product within the United States, but such term shall not include such persons to the extent that they produce end products on the premises where such end products are to be consumed by an ultimate consumer, including, but not limited to, hotels, restaurants, and institutions, nor shall such term include persons who produce end products for their own personal, family, or household use.
(g) The term “research” means any type of research to advance the nutritional quality, marketability, production, or other qualities of wheat, processed wheat, or end products.
(h) The term “nutrition education” means any action to disseminate to the public information resulting from research concerning the economic value or nutritional benefits of wheat, processed wheat, and end products.
(i) The term “Council” means the Wheat Industry Council established pursuant to section 3405 of this title.
(j) The term “Department” means the United States Department of Agriculture.
(k) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States.
(l) The term “person” means any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other entity.
(m) The term “United States” means the several States and the District of Columbia, including any territory or possession.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1703, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1032.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3403 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3403. Issuance of orders
(a) Notice and hearing
Whenever the Secretary has reason to believe that the issuance of an order will tend to effectuate the declared policy of this chapter, the Secretary shall give due notice and opportunity for hearing upon a proposed order. Such hearing may be requested and proposal for an order submitted by an organization certified pursuant to section 3413 of this title, or by any interested person affected by the provisions of this chapter, including the Secretary.
(b) Effectuation of Congressional policy
After notice and opportunity for hearing as provided in subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall issue an order if the Secretary finds, and sets forth in such order, upon the evidence introduced at such hearing that the issuance of such order and all the terms and conditions thereof will tend to effectuate the declared policy of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1704, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1033.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3406 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3406. Exemption for retail bakers
Any end product manufacturer who is a retail baker shall be exempt from the provisions of this chapter. For the purposes of this section, the term “retail baker” shall be deemed to include all end product manufacturers who sell end products directly to the ultimate consumer: Provided, That such term shall not include any end product manufacturer who derives less than 10 per centum of gross end product sales revenues from sales to ultimate consumers or who derives 10 per centum or more of gross food or food products sales revenues from the sale of such products manufactured or produced by others.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1707, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1036.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3407 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3407. Referendum
The Secretary shall conduct a referendum as soon as practicable among end product manufacturers not exempt hereunder who, during a representative period preceding the date of the referendum, as determined by the Secretary, have been engaged in the manufacture of end products, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the issuance of an order is approved or favored by such manufacturers. Qualified end product manufacturers may register with the Secretary by mail to vote in such referendum during a period ending not less than thirty days prior to the date of the referendum. Within ten days thereafter, the Secretary shall determine which end product manufacturers are eligible to vote in such referendum and cause to be published the list of such eligible voters. The Secretary shall issue ballots to all such persons who have so registered and been declared eligible to vote. No order issued pursuant to this chapter shall be effective unless the Secretary determines (1) that votes were cast by at least 50 per centum of such registered end product manufacturers, and (2) that the issuance of such order is approved or favored by not less than two-thirds of the end product manufacturers voting in such referendum or by a majority of the end product manufacturers voting in such referendum if such majority manufactured end products containing not less than two-thirds of the total processed wheat contained in all end products manufactured by those voting in the referendum, during the representative period defined by the Secretary: Provided, That at the time of the registration provided under this section each end product manufacturer so registering shall certify to the Secretary the amount of processed wheat contained in the end products manufactured by such end product manufacturer during such representative period. The Secretary shall be reimbursed from assessments collected by the Council for any expenses incurred for the conduct of the referendum. Eligible voter lists and ballots cast in the referendum shall be retained by the Secretary for a period of not less than twelve months after they are cast for audit and recount in the event the results of the referendum are challenged and either the Secretary or the courts determine a recount and retabulation of results is appropriate.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1708, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1036.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3408 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3408. Refund of processed wheat assessment
(a) Election of end product manufacturers to seek refunds
Subsequent to the approval by the Secretary of the annual budget of the Council or amendments thereto, a summary of such budget or amendments thereto, including a brief general description of the proposed research and nutrition education programs contemplated therein, shall be published in the Federal Register. All end product manufacturers not exempt hereunder shall have sixty days from the date of such publication within which to elect, under such conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, by so indicating to the Council in writing, by registered or certified mail, to reserve the right to seek refunds under subsection (b) of this section. Only those end product manufacturers who make such an election, under the described procedure, shall be eligible for refunds of assessments paid during the one-year period immediately following the expiration of such sixty-day period.
(b) Refund demand; rules and regulations
Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, any end product manufacturer who has been subject to and has paid an assessment, but who has reserved the right, under subsection (a) of this section, to seek a refund, and who is not in favor of supporting the programs as provided for herein, shall have the right to demand and receive from the Council a refund of such assessment: Provided, That such demand shall be made by such end product manufacturer in accordance with regulations, and on a form and within a time period, prescribed by the Council and approved by the Secretary and upon submission of proof satisfactory to the Council that the end product manufacturer paid the assessment for which refund is sought, and any such refund shall be made within sixty days after demand is received therefor.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1709, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1037.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3409 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3409. Petition and review
(a) Petition; hearing; ruling
Any person subject to any order may file a written petition with the Secretary, stating that any such order or any provision of such order or any obligation imposed in connection therewith is not in accordance with law and praying for a modification thereof or for an exemption therefrom. The petitioner shall thereupon be given an opportunity for a hearing upon such petition, in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary. After such hearing, the Secretary shall make a ruling upon the prayer of such petition which shall be final, if in accordance with law.
(b) Judicial review; jurisdiction; process; remand
The district courts of the United States in any district in which such person is an inhabitant, or has his principal place of business, are hereby vested with jurisdiction to review such ruling, provided a complaint for that purpose is filed within twenty days from the date of the entry of such ruling. Service of process in such proceedings may be had upon the Secretary by delivering a copy of the complaint to the Secretary. If the court determines that such ruling is not in accordance with law, it shall remand such proceedings to the Secretary with directions either (1) to make such ruling as the court shall determine to be in accordance with law, or (2) to take such further proceedings as, in its opinion, the law requires.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1710, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1037.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3410 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3410. Enforcement of orders and regulations
(a) Jurisdiction; reference of civil actions to Attorney General
The several district courts of the United States are vested with jurisdiction specifically to enforce, and to prevent and restrain any person from violating any order or regulation made or issued pursuant to this chapter. Any civil action authorized to be brought under this chapter shall be referred to the Attorney General for appropriate action: Provided, That nothing in this chapter shall be construed as requiring the Secretary to refer to the Attorney General minor violations of this chapter whenever the Secretary believes that the administration and enforcement of the program would be adequately served by suitable written notice or warning to any person committing such violation.
(b) Penalties
Any end product manufacturer or other person who willfully violates any provision of any order issued by the Secretary under this chapter, or who willfully fails or refuses to remit any assessment or fee duly required thereunder, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than $1,000 for each such offense which shall accrue to the United States and may be recovered in a civil suit brought by the United States.
(c) Other remedies
The remedies provided in subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall be in addition to, and not exclusive of, the remedies otherwise provided at law or in equity.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1711, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1038.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3411 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3411. Suspension and termination of orders
(a) Authority and responsibility of Secretary
The Secretary shall, whenever he finds that any order issued under this chapter, or any provision thereof, obstructs or does not tend to effectuate the declared policy of this chapter, terminate or suspend the operation of such order or such provision thereof.
(b) Referendum
The Secretary may conduct a referendum at any time, and shall hold a referendum on request of 10 per centum or more of the number of end product manufacturers subject to the order, to determine whether such manufacturers favor the termination or suspension of the order, and the Secretary shall suspend or terminate such order within six months after the Secretary determines that suspension or termination of the order is approved or favored by a majority of the end product manufacturers voting in such referendum who, during a representative period determined by the Secretary, have been engaged in the manufacture of end products or by end product manufacturers who produced end products containing more than 50 per centum of the total processed wheat contained in all end products manufactured during such period by the end product manufacturers voting in the referendum.
(c) Suspension or termination of order not to be considered an order
The termination or suspension of any order, or any provision thereof, shall not be considered an order within the meaning of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1712, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1038.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.
7 U.S.C. § 3412 (AGRICULTURE)
§ 3412. Investigations; power to subpena and take oaths and affirmations; aid of courts
The Secretary may make such investigations as the Secretary deems necessary for the effective administration of this chapter or to determine whether any person subject to the provisions of this chapter has engaged or is about to engage in any acts or practices which constitute or will constitute a violation of any provisions of this chapter, or of any order, or rule or regulation issued under this chapter. For the purpose of such investigation, the Secretary is empowered to administer oaths and affirmations, subpena witnesses, compel their attendance, take evidence and require the production of any books, papers, and documents which are relevant to the inquiry. Such attendance of witnesses and the production of any such records may be required from any place in the United States. In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpena to, any person, the Secretary may invoke the aid of any court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which such investigation or proceeding is carried on, or where such person resides or carries on business, in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and documents; and such court may issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Secretary, there to produce records, if so ordered, or to give testimony touching the matter under investigation. Any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof. All process in any such case may be served in the judicial district whereof such person is an inhabitant or wherever such person may be found.
(Pub. L. 95–113, title XVII, § 1713, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1039.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 1901 of Pub. L. 95–113, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 1307 of this title.