dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
42 U.S.C. § 18312 (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 18312. Goals and objectives
(a) Long-term goals
The long-term goals of the human space flight and exploration efforts of NASA shall be—
(1) to expand permanent human presence beyond low-Earth orbit and to do so, where practical, in a manner involving international, academic, and industry partners;
(2) crewed missions and progress toward achieving the goal in paragraph (1) to enable the potential for subsequent human exploration and the extension of human presence throughout the solar system; and
(3) to enable a capability to extend human presence, including potential human habitation on another celestial body and a thriving space economy in the 21st Century.1
(b) Key objectives
The key objectives of the United States for human expansion into space shall be—
(1) to sustain the capability for long-duration presence in low-Earth orbit, initially through continuation of the ISS and full utilization of the United States segment of the ISS as a National Laboratory, and through assisting and enabling an expanded commercial presence in, and access to, low-Earth orbit, as elements of a low-Earth orbit infrastructure;
(2) to determine if humans can live in an extended manner in space with decreasing reliance on Earth, starting with utilization of low-Earth orbit infrastructure, to identify potential roles that space resources such as energy and materials may play, to meet national and global needs and challenges, such as potential cataclysmic threats, and to explore the viability of and lay the foundation for sustainable economic activities in space;
(3) to maximize the role that human exploration of space can play in advancing overall knowledge of the universe, supporting United States national and economic security and the United States global competitive posture, and inspiring young people in their educational pursuits;
(4) to build upon the cooperative and mutually beneficial framework established by the ISS partnership agreements and experience in developing and undertaking programs and meeting objectives designed to realize the goal of human space flight set forth in subsection (a); and
(5) to achieve human exploration of Mars and beyond through the prioritization of those technologies and capabilities best suited for such a mission in accordance with the stepping stone approach to exploration under section 70504 of title 51.
(Pub. L. 111–267, title II, § 202, Oct. 11, 2010, 124 Stat. 2812; Pub. L. 115–10, title IV, §§ 411, 412, Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 33.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–10, § 411, amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The long term goal of the human space flight and exploration efforts of NASA shall be to expand permanent human presence beyond low-Earth orbit and to do so, where practical, in a manner involving international partners.”
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 115–10, § 412, added par. (5).
42 U.S.C. § 18341 (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 18341. Commercial Cargo Development program
The Administrator shall continue to support the existing Commercial Resupply Services program, aimed at enabling the commercial space industry in support of NASA to develop reliable means of launching cargo and supplies to the ISS throughout the duration of the facility’s operation. The Administrator may apply funds towards the reduction of risk to the timely start of these services, specifically—
(1) efforts to conduct a flight test;
(2) accelerate development; and
(3) develop the ground infrastructure needed for commercial cargo capability.
(Pub. L. 111–267, title IV, § 401, Oct. 11, 2010, 124 Stat. 2820; Pub. L. 115–10, title III, § 302(f), Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 26.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Pub. L. 115–10 substituted “Commercial Resupply Services” for “Commercial Orbital Transportation Services” in introductory provisions.
42 U.S.C. § 18351 (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 18351. Continuation of the International Space Station
(a) Policy of the United States
It shall be the policy of the United States, in consultation with its international partners in the ISS program, to support full and complete utilization of the ISS through at least 2024.
(b) NASA action
In furtherance of the policy set forth in subsection (a), NASA shall—
(1) pursue international, commercial, and intragovernmental means to maximize ISS logistics supply, maintenance, and operational capabilities, reduce risks to ISS systems sustainability, and offset and minimize United States operations costs relating to the ISS;
(2) utilize, to the extent practicable, the ISS for the development of capabilities and technologies needed for the future of human space exploration beyond low-Earth orbit; and
(3) utilize, if practical and cost effective, the ISS for Science Mission Directorate missions in low-Earth orbit.
(Pub. L. 111–267, title V, § 501, Oct. 11, 2010, 124 Stat. 2822; Pub. L. 114–90, title I, § 114(b)(1), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 715; Pub. L. 115–10, title III, § 301(c), Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 23.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Pub. L. 115–10 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows:
“(a) Policy of the United States.—It shall be the policy of the United States, in consultation with its international partners in the ISS program, to support full and complete utilization of the ISS through at least 2024.
“(b) NASA actions.—In furtherance of the policy set forth in subsection (a), NASA shall pursue international, commercial, and intragovernmental means to maximize ISS logistics supply, maintenance, and operational capabilities, reduce risks to ISS systems sustainability, and offset and minimize United States operations costs relating to the ISS.”
2015—Pub. L. 114–90, § 114(b)(1)(A), struck out “through 2020” after “Station” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 114–90, § 114(b)(1)(B), substituted “through at least 2024” for “through at least 2020”.
51 U.S.C. § 30307 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
§ 30307. Requirement for independent cost analysis
(a) Definition of Implementation.—
In this section, the term “implementation” means all activity in the life cycle of a project after preliminary design, independent assessment of the preliminary design, and approval to proceed into implementation, including critical design, development, certification, launch, operations, disposal of assets, and, for technology programs, development, testing, analysis, and communication of the results.
(b) Requirement.—
Before any funds may be obligated for implementation of a project that is projected to cost more than $250,000,000 in total project costs, the Administrator shall conduct and consider an independent life-cycle cost analysis of the project and shall report the results to Congress. In developing cost accounting and reporting standards for carrying out this section, the Administrator shall, to the extent practicable and consistent with other laws, solicit the advice of experts outside of the Administration.
(Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3365.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
30307
42 U.S.C. 2459g.
Pub. L. 106–391, title III, § 301, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1591; Pub. L. 109–155, title VII, § 704, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2936.
In subsection (b), in the first sentence, the words “the Administrator shall conduct” are substituted for “the Administrator for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall conduct” to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), in the last sentence, the word “experts” is substituted for “expertise” for clarity.
heading: Cost Estimation
text: Pub. L. 115–10, title VIII, § 836, Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 69, provided that:
“(a) Sense of Congress.—
It is the sense of Congress that—
“(1) realistic cost estimating is critically important to the ultimate success of major space development projects; and
“(2) the [National Aeronautics and Space] Administration has devoted significant efforts over the past 5 years to improving its cost estimating capabilities, but it is important that the Administration continue its efforts to develop and implement guidance in establishing realistic cost estimates.
“(b) Guidance and Criteria.—
The Administrator [of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration] shall provide to its acquisition programs and projects, in a manner consistent with the Administration’s Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements—
“(1) guidance on when to use an Independent Cost Estimate and Independent Cost Assessment; and
“(2) criteria to use to make a determination under paragraph (1).”
51 U.S.C. § 30504 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
§ 30504. Assessment of science mission extensions
(a) Assessments.—
(1) In general.—
The Administrator shall carry out triennial reviews within each of the Science divisions to assess the cost and benefits of extending the date of the termination of data collection for those missions that exceed their planned missions’ lifetime.
(2) Considerations.—
In conducting an assessment under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consider whether and how extending missions impacts the start of future missions.
(b) Consultation and Consideration of Potential Benefits of Instruments on Missions.—
When deciding whether to extend a mission that has an operational component, the Administrator shall—
(1) consult with any affected Federal agency; and
(2) take into account the potential benefits of instruments on missions that are beyond their planned mission lifetime.
(c) Reports.—
The Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, at the same time as the submission to Congress of the Administration’s annual budget request for each fiscal year, a report detailing any assessment under subsection (a) that was carried out during the previous year.
(Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3369; Pub. L. 115–10, title V, § 513, Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 52.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
30504(a)
42 U.S.C. 16654(a) (matter before par. (1)).
Pub. L. 109–155, title III, § 304(a) (matter before par. (1)), (2), Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2918.
30504(b)
42 U.S.C. 16654(a)(2).
In subsection (a), the words “In addition—” are omitted as unnecessary.
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Pub. L. 115–10 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
“(a) Assessment.—The Administrator shall carry out biennial reviews within each of the Science divisions to assess the cost and benefits of extending the date of the termination of data collection for those missions that have exceeded their planned mission lifetime.
“(b) Consultation and Consideration of Potential Benefits of Instruments on Missions.—For those missions that have an operational component, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or any other affected agency shall be consulted and the potential benefits of instruments on missions that are beyond their planned mission lifetime taken into account.”
51 U.S.C. § 50116 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
§ 50116. Commercial technology transfer program
(a) In General.—
The Administrator shall execute a commercial technology transfer program with the goal of facilitating the exchange of services, products, and intellectual property between the Administration and the private sector. This program shall place at least as much emphasis on encouraging the transfer of Administration technology to the private sector (“spinning out”) as on encouraging use of private sector technology by the Administration. This program shall be maintained in a manner that provides clear benefits for the Administration, the domestic economy, and the research community, while protecting national security.
(b) Program Structure.—
In carrying out the program described in subsection (a), the Administrator shall provide program participants with at least 45 days notice of any proposed changes to the structure of the Administration’s technology transfer and commercialization organizations that is in effect as of December 30, 2005.
(Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3399; Pub. L. 115–10, title VIII, § 829, Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 66.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
50116
42 U.S.C. 16811.
Pub. L. 109–155, title VI, § 621, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2935.
This section restates provisions originally enacted as part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–155, 119 Stat. 2895), and not as part of the Commercial Space Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–303, 112 Stat. 2843), which is generally restated in this chapter.
In subsection (a), in the last sentence, the word “Administration” is substituted for “agency” for clarity and because of the definition of “Administration” added by section 10101 of title 51.
In subsection (b), the date “December 30, 2005” is substituted for “the date of enactment of this Act” to reflect the date of enactment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–155, 119 Stat. 2895).
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–10 inserted “, while protecting national security” after “research community”.
51 U.S.C. § 50133 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
[§ 50133. Repealed. Pub. L. 115–10, title IV, § 416(c), Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 35]
text: Section, Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3400, related to shuttle privatization.
51 U.S.C. § 70301...70304 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
[§§ 70301 to 70304. Repealed. Pub. L. 115–10, title IV, § 416(b), Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 35]
text: Section 70301, Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3428, set out Congressional findings.
text: Section 70302, Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3429, related to purpose, policy, and goals of chapter.
text: Section 70303, Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3429, defined “additive cost”.
text: Section 70304, Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3429, related to duties of Administrator.
51 U.S.C. § 70502 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
§ 70502. Exploration plan and programs
The Administrator shall—
(1) construct an architecture and implementation plan for the Administration’s human exploration program that is not critically dependent on the achievement of milestones by fixed dates;
(2) implement an exploration research and technology development program to enable human and robotic operations consistent with section 20302(b) of this title;
(3) conduct an in-situ resource utilization technology program to develop the capability to use space resources to increase independence from Earth, and sustain exploration beyond low-Earth orbit; and
(4) pursue aggressively automated rendezvous and docking capabilities that can support the International Space Station and other mission requirements.
(Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3430; Pub. L. 115–10, title IV, § 415, Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 34.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
70502
42 U.S.C. 16763.
Pub. L. 109–155, title V, § 503, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2929.
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Par. (2). Pub. L. 115–10 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: “implement an exploration technology development program to enable lunar human and robotic operations consistent with section 20302(b) of this title, including surface power to use on the Moon and other locations;”.
51 U.S.C. § 70702 (NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS)
§ 70702. Establishment of Commission
(a) Establishment.—
The President shall establish an independent, nonpartisan Commission within the executive branch to investigate any incident that results in the loss of—
(1) a space shuttle;
(2) the International Space Station or its operational viability;
(3) any other orbital or suborbital space vehicle carrying humans that is—
(A) owned by the Federal Government; or
(B) being used pursuant to a contract or Space Act Agreement with the Federal Government for carrying a government astronaut or a researcher funded by the Federal Government; or
(4) a crew member or passenger of any space vehicle described in this subsection.
(b) Deadline for Establishment.—
The President shall establish a Commission within 7 days after an incident specified in subsection (a).
(c) Definitions.—
In this section:
(1) Government astronaut.—
The term “government astronaut” has the meaning given the term in section 50902.
(2) Space act agreement.—
The term “Space Act Agreement” means an agreement entered into by the Administration pursuant to its other transactions authority under section 20113(e).
(Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3432; Pub. L. 115–10, title VIII, § 838, Mar. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 71.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
70702
42 U.S.C. 16842.
Pub. L. 109–155, title VIII, § 822, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2941.
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 115–10, § 838(1), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “any other United States space vehicle carrying humans that is owned by the Federal Government or that is being used pursuant to a contract with the Federal Government; or”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–10, § 838(2), added subsec. (c).
4 U.S.C. § 6 (FLAG AND SEAL, SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE STATES)
§ 6. Time and occasions for display
(a) It is the universal custom to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open. However, when a patriotic effect is desired, the flag may be displayed 24 hours a day if properly illuminated during the hours of darkness.
(b) The flag should be hoisted briskly and lowered ceremoniously.
(c) The flag should not be displayed on days when the weather is inclement, except when an all weather flag is displayed.
(d) The flag should be displayed on all days, especially on New Year’s Day, January 1; Inauguration Day, January 20; Martin Luther King Jr.’s birthday, third Monday in January; Lincoln’s Birthday, February 12; Washington’s Birthday, third Monday in February; National Vietnam War Veterans Day, March 29; Easter Sunday (variable); Mother’s Day, second Sunday in May; Armed Forces Day, third Saturday in May; Memorial Day (half-staff until noon), the last Monday in May; Flag Day, June 14; Father’s Day, third Sunday in June; Independence Day, July 4; National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, July 27; Labor Day, first Monday in September; Constitution Day, September 17; Columbus Day, second Monday in October; Navy Day, October 27; Veterans Day, November 11; Thanksgiving Day, fourth Thursday in November; Christmas Day, December 25; and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States; the birthdays of States (date of admission); and on State holidays.
(e) The flag should be displayed daily on or near the main administration building of every public institution.
(f) The flag should be displayed in or near every polling place on election days.
(g) The flag should be displayed during school days in or near every schoolhouse.
(Added Pub. L. 105–225, § 2(a), Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1494; amended Pub. L. 106–80, § 1, Oct. 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 1285; Pub. L. 110–239, § 1, June 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 1559; Pub. L. 111–41, § 2, July 27, 2009, 123 Stat. 1962; Pub. L. 115–15, § 2, Mar. 28, 2017, 131 Stat. 79.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
6
36:174.
June 22, 1942, ch. 435, § 2, 56 Stat. 378; Dec. 22, 1942, ch. 806, § 2, 56 Stat. 1074; July 7, 1976, Pub. L. 94–344, (2)–(5), 90 Stat. 810.
In subsection (d), the words “Veterans Day” are substituted for “Armistice Day” because of the Act of June 1, 1954 (ch. 250, 68 Stat. 168).
heading: Amendments
text: 2017—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–15 inserted “National Vietnam War Veterans Day, March 29;” after “third Monday in February;”.
2009—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 111–41 inserted “National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day, July 27;” after “July 4;”.
2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–239 inserted “Father’s Day, third Sunday in June;” after “Flag Day, June 14;”.
1999—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–80 inserted “Martin Luther King Jr.’s birthday, third Monday in January;” after “January 20;”.
2 U.S.C. § 351 (THE CONGRESS)
§ 351. Establishment
There is hereby established a commission to be known as the Citizens’ Commission on Public Service and Compensation (hereinafter referred to as the “Commission”).
(Pub. L. 90–206, title II, § 225(a), Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 642; Pub. L. 101–194, title VII, § 701(a), Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1763.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1989—Pub. L. 101–194 substituted “Citizens’ Commission on Public Service and Compensation” for “Commission on Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salaries”.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Dec. 16, 1967, see section 220(a)(1) of Pub. L. 90–206, set out as a note under section 3110 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
2 U.S.C. § 1511 (THE CONGRESS)
§ 1511. Cost of regulations
(a) Sense of Congress
It is the sense of the Congress that Federal agencies should review and evaluate planned regulations to ensure that the cost estimates provided by the Congressional Budget Office will be carefully considered as regulations are promulgated.
(b) Statement of cost
At the request of a committee chairman or ranking minority member, the Director shall, to the extent practicable, prepare a comparison between—
(1) an estimate by the relevant agency, prepared under section 1532 of this title, of the costs of regulations implementing an Act containing a Federal mandate; and
(2) the cost estimate prepared by the Congressional Budget Office for such Act when it was enacted by the Congress.
(c) Cooperation of Office of Management and Budget
At the request of the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall provide data and cost estimates for regulations implementing an Act containing a Federal mandate covered by part B of title IV of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 658 et seq.].
(Pub. L. 104–4, title I, § 103, Mar. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 62.)
heading: References in Text
text: The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 93–344, July 12, 1974, 88 Stat. 297, as amended. Part B of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part B (§ 658 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 17A of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 621 of this title and Tables.
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 104–4, title I, § 110, Mar. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 64, provided that: “This title [enacting this subchapter and sections 658 to 658g of this title and amending sections 602, 632, and 653 of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1996 or on the date 90 days after appropriations are made available as authorized under section 109 [2 U.S.C. 1516], whichever is earlier and shall apply to legislation considered on and after such date.”