42 U.S.C. § 1395ll (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 1395ll. Studies and recommendations
(a) Health care of the aged and disabled
The Secretary shall carry on studies and develop recommendations to be submitted from time to time to the Congress relating to health care of the aged and the disabled, including studies and recommendations concerning (1) the adequacy of existing personnel and facilities for health care for purposes of the programs under parts A and B of this subchapter; (2) methods for encouraging the further development of efficient and economical forms of health care which are a constructive alternative to inpatient hospital care; and (3) the effects of the deductibles and coinsurance provisions upon beneficiaries, persons who provide health services, and the financing of the program.
(b) Operation and administration of insurance programs
The Secretary shall make a continuing study of the operation and administration of this subchapter (including a validation of the accreditation process of national accreditation bodies under section 1395bb(a) of this title 1 the operation and administration of health maintenance organizations authorized by section 226 of the Social Security Amendments of 1972 [42 U.S.C. 1395mm], the experiments and demonstration projects authorized by section 402 of the Social Security Amendments of 1967 [42 U.S.C. 1395b–1] and the experiments and demonstration projects authorized by section 222(a) of the Social Security Amendments of 1972 [42 U.S.C. 1395b–1 note]), and shall transmit to the Congress annually a report concerning the operation of such programs.
(Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, title XVIII, § 1875, as added Pub. L. 89–97, title I, § 102(a), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 332; amended Pub. L. 90–248, title IV, § 402(c), Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 931; Pub. L. 92–603, title II, §§ 201(c)(7), 222(c), 226(d), 244(d), Oct. 30, 1972, 86 Stat. 1373, 1393, 1404, 1423; Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title III, § 2354(b)(17), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1101; Pub. L. 99–509, title IX, § 9316(a), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2006; Pub. L. 100–203, title IV, § 4085(i)(20), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–133; Pub. L. 100–647, title VIII, § 8413, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3801; Pub. L. 101–234, title III, § 301(b)(5), (d)(2), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1985, 1986; Pub. L. 101–239, title VI, § 6103(b)(3)(A), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2199; Pub. L. 108–173, title I, § 101(e)(7), Dec. 8, 2003, 117 Stat. 2152; Pub. L. 110–275, title I, § 125(b)(4), July 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 2519.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 226 of the Social Security Amendments of 1972, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 226 of Pub. L. 92–603, which enacted section 1395mm of this title and provisions set out as notes under that section and amended this section and sections 1395f, 1395l, and 1396b of this title.
Section 402 of the Social Security Amendments of 1967, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 402 of Pub. L. 90–248, which enacted section 1395b–1 of this title and amended this section.
Section 222(a) of the Social Security Amendments of 1972, referred to in subsec. (b), is section 222(a) of Pub. L. 92–603, which enacted provisions set out as note under section 1395b–1 of this title.
heading: Amendments
text: 2008—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–275 substituted “national accreditation bodies under section 1395bb(a) of this title” for “the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals,”.
2003—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–173 substituted “this subchapter” for “the insurance programs under parts A and B of this subchapter”.
1989—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–239 struck out subsec. (c) which related to patient outcome assessment research program.
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 101–234, § 301(b)(5), (d)(2), amended par. (7) identically, substituting “date of the enactment of this section” for “date of the enactment of this Act”.
1988—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647 amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “For purposes of carrying out the research program, there are authorized to be appropriated—
“(A) from the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund $4,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 and $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1988 and 1989, and
“(B) from the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 and $2,500,000 for each of fiscal years 1988 and 1989.”
1987—Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 100–203 substituted “fiscal year 1987” for “fiscal years 1987”.
1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–509 added subsec. (c).
1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369 struck out “the” after “Joint Commission on”.
1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–603, § 201(c)(7), inserted “and the disabled” after “aged”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–603, §§ 222(c), 226(d)(1), 244(d), substituted “(including a validation of the accreditation process of the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals, the operation and administration of health maintenance organizations authorized by section 226 of the Social Security Amendments of 1972, the experiments and demonstration projects authorized by section 402 of the Social Security Amendments of 1967 and the experiments and demonstration projects authorized by section 222(a) of the Social Security Amendments of 1972)” for “(including the experimentation authorized by section 402 of the Social Security Amendments of 1967)”. Pub. L. 92–603, § 226(d)(2), which directed the substitution of “1972” for “1971”, could not be executed because “1971” did not appear.
1968—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–248 inserted “(including the experimentation authorized by section 402 of the Social Security Amendments of 1967” after “under parts A and B of this subchapter”.
heading: Effective Date of 2008 Amendment; Transition Rule
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 110–275 applicable with respect to accreditations of hospitals granted on or after the date that is 24 months after July 15, 2008, with transition rule, see section 125(d) of Pub. L. 110–275, set out as a note under section 1395bb of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1989 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 101–239, title VI, § 6103(b)(3)(A), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2199, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective for fiscal years beginning after fiscal year 1990.
heading: Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective July 18, 1984, but not to be construed as changing or affecting any right, liability, status, or interpretation which existed (under the provisions of law involved) before that date, see section 2354(e)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 1320a–1 of this title.
heading: Effective Date of 1972 Amendment
text: Amendment by section 226(d) of Pub. L. 92–603 effective with respect to services provided on or after July 1, 1973, see section 226(f) of Pub. L. 92–603, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1395mm of this title.
heading: Institute of Medicine Evaluation and Report on Health Care Performance Measures
text: Pub. L. 108–173, title II, § 238, Dec. 8, 2003, 117 Stat. 2213, provided that:
“(a) Evaluation.—
“(1) In general.—
Not later than the date that is 2 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 8, 2003], the Secretary [of Health and Human Services] shall enter into an arrangement under which the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (in this section referred to as the ‘Institute’) shall conduct an evaluation of leading health care performance measures in the public and private sectors and options to implement policies that align performance with payment under the medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.).
“(2) Specific matters evaluated.—
In conducting the evaluation under paragraph (1), the Institute shall—
“(A) catalogue, review, and evaluate the validity of leading health care performance measures;
“(B) catalogue and evaluate the success and utility of alternative performance incentive programs in public or private sector settings; and
“(C) identify and prioritize options to implement policies that align performance with payment under the medicare program that indicate—
“(i) the performance measurement set to be used and how that measurement set will be updated;
“(ii) the payment policy that will reward performance; and
“(iii) the key implementation issues (such as data and information technology requirements) that must be addressed.
“(3) Scope of health care performance measures.—
The health care performance measures described in paragraph (2)(A) shall encompass a variety of perspectives, including physicians, hospitals, other health care providers, health plans, purchasers, and patients.
“(4) Consultation with medpac.—
In evaluating the matters described in paragraph (2)(C), the Institute shall consult with the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission established under section 1805 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395b–6).
“(b) Report.—
Not later than the date that is 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 8, 2003], the Institute shall submit to the Secretary and appropriate committees of jurisdiction of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the evaluation conducted under subsection (a)(1) describing the findings of such evaluation and recommendations for an overall strategy and approach for aligning payment with performance, including options for updating performance measures, in the original medicare fee-for-service program under parts A and B of title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1395c et seq., 1395j et seq.], the Medicare Advantage program under part C of such title [42 U.S.C. 1395w–21 et seq.], and any other programs under such title XVIII [42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.].
“(c) Authorization of Appropriations.—
There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for purposes of conducting the evaluation and preparing the report required by this section.”
heading: GAO Study on Access to Physicians’ Services
text: Pub. L. 108–173, title VI, § 604, Dec. 8, 2003, 117 Stat. 2301, provided that:
“(a) Study.—
The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a study on access of medicare beneficiaries to physicians’ services under the medicare program. The study shall include—
“(1) an assessment of the use by beneficiaries of such services through an analysis of claims submitted by physicians for such services under part B of the medicare program [42 U.S.C. 1395j et seq.];
“(2) an examination of changes in the use by beneficiaries of physicians’ services over time; and
“(3) an examination of the extent to which physicians are not accepting new medicare beneficiaries as patients.
“(b) Report.—
Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 8, 2003], the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress a report on the study conducted under subsection (a). The report shall include a determination whether—
“(1) data from claims submitted by physicians under part B of the medicare program [42 U.S.C. 1395j et seq.] indicate potential access problems for medicare beneficiaries in certain geographic areas; and
“(2) access by medicare beneficiaries to physicians’ services may have improved, remained constant, or deteriorated over time.”
heading: Study on Enrollment Procedures for Groups That Retain Independent Contractor Physicians
text: Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(6) [title IV, § 413], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–515, provided that:
“(a) In General.—
The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a study of the current medicare enrollment process for groups that retain independent contractor physicians with particular emphasis on hospital-based physicians, such as emergency department staffing groups. In conducting the evaluation, the Comptroller General shall consult with groups that retain independent contractor physicians and shall—
“(1) review the issuance of individual medicare provider numbers and the possible medicare program integrity vulnerabilities of the current process;
“(2) review direct and indirect costs associated with the current process incurred by the medicare program and groups that retain independent contractor physicians;
“(3) assess the effect on program integrity by the enrollment of groups that retain independent contractor hospital-based physicians; and
“(4) develop suggested procedures for the enrollment of these groups.
“(b) Report.—
Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2000], the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress a report on the study conducted under subsection (a).”
heading: GAO Studies and Reports on Medicare Payments
text: Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(6) [title IV, § 437], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–527, provided that:
“(a) GAO Study on HCFA Post-Payment Audit Process.—
“(1) Study.—
The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a study on the post-payment audit process under the medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.] as such process applies to physicians, including the proper level of resources that the Health Care Financing Administration should devote to educating physicians regarding—
“(A) coding and billing;
“(B) documentation requirements; and
“(C) the calculation of overpayments.
“(2) Report.—
Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2000], the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress a report on the study conducted under paragraph (1) together with specific recommendations for changes or improvements in the post-payment audit process described in such paragraph.
“(b) GAO Study on Administration and Oversight.—
“(1) Study.—
The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a study on the aggregate effects of regulatory, audit, oversight, and paperwork burdens on physicians and other health care providers participating in the medicare program under title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.].
“(2) Report.—
Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2000], the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress a report on the study conducted under paragraph (1) together with recommendations regarding any area in which—
“(A) a reduction in paperwork, an ease of administration, or an appropriate change in oversight and review may be accomplished; or
“(B) additional payments or education are needed to assist physicians and other health care providers in understanding and complying with any legal or regulatory requirements.”
heading: Study and Report Regarding Utilization of Physicians’ Services by Medicare Beneficiaries
text: Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(6) [title II, § 211(c)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–349, provided that:
“(1) Study by secretary.—
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, acting through the Administrator of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, shall conduct a study of the issues specified in paragraph (2).
“(2) Issues to be studied.—
The issues specified in this paragraph are the following:
“(A) The various methods for accurately estimating the economic impact on expenditures for physicians’ services under the original medicare fee-for-service program under parts A and B of title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.) [42 U.S.C. 1395c et seq., 1395j et seq.] resulting from—
“(i) improvements in medical capabilities;
“(ii) advancements in scientific technology;
“(iii) demographic changes in the types of medicare beneficiaries that receive benefits under such program; and
“(iv) geographic changes in locations where medicare beneficiaries receive benefits under such program.
“(B) The rate of usage of physicians’ services under the original medicare fee-for-service program under parts A and B of title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.) among beneficiaries between ages 65 and 74, 75 and 84, 85 and over, and disabled beneficiaries under age 65.
“(C) Other factors that may be reliable predictors of beneficiary utilization of physicians’ services under the original medicare fee-for-service program under parts A and B of title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.).
“(3) Report to congress.—
Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999], the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall submit a report to Congress setting forth the results of the study conducted pursuant to paragraph (1), together with any recommendations the Secretary determines are appropriate.
“(4) Medpac report to congress.—
Not later than 180 days after the date of submission of the report under paragraph (3), the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission shall submit a report to Congress that includes—
“(A) an analysis and evaluation of the report submitted under paragraph (3); and
“(B) such recommendations as it determines are appropriate.”
heading: Study of Adult Day Care Services
text: Pub. L. 100–360, title II, § 208, July 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 732, as amended by Pub. L. 100–485, title VI, § 608(d)(8), Oct. 13, 1988, 102 Stat. 2415, directed Secretary of Health and Human Services to conduct a survey of adult day care services in United States and to report to Congress, by not later than 1 year after July 1, 1988, on the information collected in the survey, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–234, title II, § 201(a), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1981.
heading: Study To Develop a Strategy for Quality Review and Assurance
text: Pub. L. 99–509, title IX, § 9313(d), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 2004, as amended by Pub. L. 100–203, title IV, § 4085(i)(21)(A), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–133, directed Secretary of Health and Human Services to arrange, with the National Academy of Sciences or other appropriate nonprofit private entity, for a study to design a strategy for reviewing and assuring the quality of care for which payment may be made under this subchapter, specified items to be included in the study, and directed Secretary to submit to Congress, not later than Jan. 1, 1990, a report on the study with recommendations with respect to strengthening quality assurances and review activities for services furnished under the medicare program.
heading: Special Treatment of States Formerly Under Waiver
text: For treatment of hospitals in States which have had a waiver approved under this section, upon termination of waiver, see section 9202(j) of Pub. L. 99–272, as amended, set out as a note under section 1395ww of this title.
heading: Drug Detoxification Medicare Coverage and Facility Incentives
text: Pub. L. 96–499, title IX, § 931(f), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2634, which related to a study of medicare coverage of certain additional detoxification-related services, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–35, title XXI, § 2121(h), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 796.
heading: Legislative Recommendations Regarding Reimbursement for Optometrists’ Services
text: Pub. L. 96–499, title IX, § 937(b), Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2640, provided that the Secretary of Health and Human Services submit to the Congress by Jan. 1, 1982, legislative recommendations with respect to reimbursement under title XVIII of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq.] for services furnished by optometrists in connection with cataracts and such other services which they are legally authorized to perform.
heading: Demonstration Projects, Studies, and Reports: Nutritional Therapy, Second Opinion Cost-Sharing, Services of Registered Dietitians, Services of Clinical Social Workers, Orthopedic Shoes, Respiratory Therapy Services, and Foot Conditions; Grants, Payments, and Expenditures
text: Pub. L. 96–499, title IX, § 958, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2648, directed Secretary of Health and Human Services to carry out certain demonstration projects and conduct certain studies as follows: (a) a demonstration project to determine extent to which nutritional therapy in early renal failure could retard the disease with resultant substantive deferment of dialysis, and aspects of making such therapy available under this subchapter, report to Congress to be submitted within twenty-four months of Dec. 5, 1980; (b) demonstration projects with respect to waiving the applicable cost sharing amounts which beneficiaries under this subchapter had to pay for obtaining a second opinion on having surgery, report to be submitted within one year after Dec. 5, 1980; (c) a study of conditions under which services of registered dietitians could be covered as a home health benefit under this subchapter, report to be submitted within twenty-four months of Dec. 5, 1980; (d) demonstration projects to determine aspects of making services of clinical social workers more generally available under this subchapter, report to be submitted within twenty-four months of Dec. 5, 1980; (e) a study of methods for providing coverage under part B of this subchapter for orthopedic shoes for individuals with disabling or deforming conditions requiring special fitting considerations, or requiring special shoes in conjunction with the use of an orthosis or foot support, report to be submitted no later than July 1, 1981; (f) a study of conditions under which services with respect to respiratory therapy could be covered as a home health benefit under this subchapter, report to be submitted within twenty-four months of Dec. 5, 1980; and (g) a study analyzing cost effects of alternative approaches to improving coverage under this subchapter for treatment of various types of foot conditions, report to be submitted within twenty-four months of Dec. 5, 1980. Payments and expenditures for such studies and projects were to be made in appropriate part from the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund established by section 1395i of this title, and the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund established by section 1395t of this title.
heading: Demonstration Project Relating to the Terminally Ill
text: Pub. L. 96–265, title V, § 506, June 9, 1980, 94 Stat. 475, authorized Secretary of Health and Human Services to provide for participation, by Social Security Administration, in a demonstration project relating to the terminally ill then being conducted within the Department of Health and Human Services, the purpose of such participation to be to study impact on terminally ill of provisions of disability programs administered by Social Security Administration and to determine how best to provide services needed by persons who were terminally ill through programs over which the Social Security Administration had administrative responsibility, and authorized to be appropriated necessary sums not in excess of $2,000,000 for any fiscal year.
heading: Report to Congress With Respect to Urban or Rural Comprehensive Mental Health Centers and Centers for Treatment of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse; Submission No Later Than June 13, 1978
text: Pub. L. 95–210, § 4, Dec. 13, 1977, 91 Stat. 1490, directed Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to submit to Congress, no later than six months after Dec. 13, 1977, a report on the advantages and disadvantages of extending coverage under this subchapter to urban or rural comprehensive mental health centers and to centers for treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse.
heading: Study and Review by Comptroller General of Administrative Structure for Processing Medicare Claims; Report to Congress
text: Pub. L. 95–142, § 12, Oct. 25, 1977, 91 Stat. 1197, directed Comptroller General to conduct a comprehensive study and review of administrative structure established for processing of claims under this subchapter for purpose of determining whether and to what extent more efficient claims administration under this subchapter could be achieved and directed Comptroller General to submit to Congress no later than July 1, 1979, a complete report with respect to such study and review.
heading: Report by Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare on Delivery of Home Health and Other In-Home Services; Contents; Consultation Requirements; Submission to Congress
text: Pub. L. 95–142, § 18, Oct. 25, 1977, 91 Stat. 1202, directed Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, not later than one year after Oct. 25, 1977, to submit to appropriate committees of Congress a report analyzing, evaluating, and making recommendations with respect to all aspects of delivery of home health and other in-home services authorized to be provided under subchapters XVIII, XIX, and XX of this chapter.