42 U.S.C. § 1437n (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 1437n. Eligibility for assisted housing
(a) Income eligibility for public housing
(1) Income mix within projects
A public housing agency may establish and utilize income-mix criteria for the selection of residents for dwelling units in public housing projects, subject to the requirements of this section.
(2) PHA income mix
(A) 1 Targeting.—
Except as provided in paragraph (4), of the public housing dwelling units of a public housing agency made available for occupancy in any fiscal year by eligible families, not less than 40 percent shall be occupied by extremely low-income families.
(3) Prohibition of concentration of low-income families
(A) Prohibition
A public housing agency may not, in complying with the requirements under paragraph (2), concentrate very low-income families (or other families with relatively low incomes) in public housing dwelling units in certain public housing projects or certain buildings within projects. The Secretary shall review the income and occupancy characteristics of the public housing projects and the buildings of such projects of such agencies to ensure compliance with the provisions of this paragraph and paragraph (2).
(B) Deconcentration
(i) In general
A public housing agency shall submit with its annual public housing agency plan under section 1437c–1 of this title an admissions policy designed to provide for deconcentration of poverty and income-mixing by bringing higher income tenants into lower income projects and lower income tenants into higher income projects. This clause may not be construed to impose or require any specific income or racial quotas for any project or projects.
(ii) Incentives
In implementing the policy under clause (i), a public housing agency may offer incentives for eligible families having higher incomes to occupy dwelling unit in projects predominantly occupied by eligible families having lower incomes, and provide for occupancy of eligible families having lower incomes in projects predominantly occupied by eligible families having higher incomes.
(iii) Family choice
Incentives referred to in clause (ii) may be made available by a public housing agency only in a manner that allows for the eligible family to have the sole discretion in determining whether to accept the incentive and an agency may not take any adverse action toward any eligible family for choosing not to accept an incentive and occupancy of a project described in clause (i)(II),2 Provided, That the skipping of a family on a waiting list to reach another family to implement the policy under clause (i) shall not be considered an adverse action. An agency implementing an admissions policy under this subparagraph shall implement the policy in a manner that does not prevent or interfere with the use of site-based waiting lists authorized under section 1437d(s) 3 of this title.
(4) Fungibility with tenant-based assistance
(A) Authority
Except as provided under subparagraph (D), the number of public housing dwelling units that a public housing agency shall otherwise make available in accordance with paragraph (2)(A) to comply with the percentage requirement under such paragraph for a fiscal year shall be reduced by the credit number for the agency under subparagraph (B).
(B) Credit for exceeding tenant-based assistance targeting requirement
Subject to subparagraph (C), the credit number under this subparagraph for a public housing agency for a fiscal year shall be the number by which—
(i) the aggregate number of qualified families who, in such fiscal year, are initially provided tenant-based assistance under section 1437f of this title by the agency; exceeds
(ii) the number of qualified families that is required for the agency to comply with the percentage requirement under subsection (b)(1) of this section for such fiscal year.
(C) Limitations on credit number
The credit number under subparagraph (B) for a public housing agency for a fiscal year may not in any case exceed the lesser of—
(i) the number of dwelling units that is equivalent to 10 percent of the aggregate number of families initially provided tenant-based assistance under section 1437f of this title by the agency in such fiscal year; or
(ii) the number of public housing dwelling units of the agency that—
(I) are in projects that are located in census tracts having a poverty rate of 30 percent or more; and
(II) are made available for occupancy during such fiscal year and are actually filled only by families whose incomes at the time of commencement of such occupancy exceed 30 percent of the area median income, as determined by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller and larger families.
(D) Fungibility floor
Notwithstanding any authority under subparagraph (A), of the public housing dwelling units of a public housing agency made available for occupancy in any fiscal year by eligible families, not less than 30 percent shall be occupied by families whose incomes at the time of commencement of occupancy do not exceed 30 percent of the area median income, as determined by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller and larger families.
(E) Qualified family
For purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified family” means a family having an income described in subsection (b)(1) of this section.
(b) Income eligibility for tenant-based section 1437f assistance
(1) In general
Of the families initially provided tenant-based assistance under section 1437f of this title by a public housing agency in any fiscal year, not less than 75 percent shall be extremely low-income families.
(2) Jurisdictions served by multiple PHAs
In the case of any 2 or more public housing agencies that administer tenant-based assistance under section 1437f of this title with respect solely to identical geographical areas, such agencies shall be treated as a single public housing agency for purposes of paragraph (1).
(c) Income eligibility for project-based section 1437f assistance
(1) Pre-1981 act projects
Not more than 25 percent of the dwelling units that were available for occupancy under section 8 [42 U.S.C. 1437f] housing assistance payments contracts under this chapter before October 1, 1981, and which will be leased on or after October 1, 1981, shall be available for leasing by low-income families other than very low-income families.
(2) Post-1981 act projects
Not more than 15 percent of the dwelling units which become available for occupancy under section 8 [42 U.S.C. 1437f] housing assistance payments contracts under this chapter on or after October 1, 1981, shall be available for leasing by low-income families other than very low-income families.
(3) Targeting
For each project assisted under a contract for project-based assistance, of the dwelling units that become available for occupancy in any fiscal year that are assisted under the contract, not less than 40 percent shall be available for leasing only by extremely low-income families.
(4) Prohibition of skipping
In developing admission procedures implementing paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), the Secretary shall prohibit project owners from selecting families for residence in an order different from the order on the waiting list for the purpose of selecting relatively higher income families for residence. Nothing in this paragraph or this subsection may be construed to prevent an owner of housing assisted under a contract for project-based assistance from establishing a preference for occupancy in such housing for families containing a member who is employed.
(5) Exception
The limitations established in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) shall not apply to dwelling units made available under project-based contracts under section 1437f of this title for the purpose of preventing displacement, or ameliorating the effects of displacement.
(6) Definition
For purposes of this subsection, the term “project-based assistance” means assistance under any of the following programs:
(A) The new construction or substantial rehabilitation program under section 1437f(b)(2) of this title (as in effect before October 1, 1983).
(B) The property disposition program under section 1437f(b) of this title (as in effect before the effective date under section 503(a) of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998).
(C) The loan management set-aside program under subsections (b) and (v) of section 1437f of this title.
(D) The project-based certificate program under section 1437f(d)(2) of this title.
(E) The moderate rehabilitation program under section 1437f(e)(2) of this title (as in effect before October 1, 1991).
(F) The low-income housing preservation program under Low-Income Housing Preservation and Resident Homeownership Act of 1990 [12 U.S.C. 4101 et seq.] or the provisions of the Emergency Low Income Housing Preservation Act of 1987 (as in effect before November 28, 1990).
(G) Section 1437f of this title (as in effect before the effective date under section 503(a) of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998), following conversion from assistance under section 1701s of title 12 or section 1715z–1(f)(2) of title 12.
(d) Establishment of different standards
Notwithstanding subsection (a)(2) or (b)(1) of this section, if approved by the Secretary, a public housing agency may for good cause establish and implement, in accordance with the public housing agency plan, an admission standard other than the standard under such subsection.
(e) Repealed. Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 576(d)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2640
(f) Ineligibility of individuals convicted of manufacturing or producing methamphetamine on the premises
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a public housing agency shall establish standards for occupancy in public housing dwelling units and assistance under section 1437f of this title that—
(1) permanently prohibit occupancy in any public housing dwelling unit by, and assistance under section 1437f of this title for, any person who has been convicted of manufacturing or otherwise producing methamphetamine on the premises in violation of any Federal or State law; and
(2) immediately and permanently terminate the tenancy in any public housing unit of, and the assistance under section 1437f of this title for, any person who is convicted of manufacturing or otherwise producing methamphetamine on the premises in violation of any Federal or State law.
(Sept. 1, 1937, ch. 896, title I, § 16, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title III, § 323, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 404; amended Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title II, § 213], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1184; Pub. L. 100–242, title I, §§ 103, 112(b)(8), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1822, 1824; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 100–358, § 5, June 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 100–628, title X, § 1001(a), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3263; Pub. L. 101–625, title V, §§ 511, 572(1), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4194, 4236; Pub. L. 102–550, title I, § 105, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3684; Pub. L. 104–99, title IV, § 402(d)(6)(A)(v), Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 42; Pub. L. 104–120, § 9(d), Mar. 28, 1996, 110 Stat. 837; Pub. L. 104–330, title V, § 501(b)(7), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4042; Pub. L. 105–276, title IV, § 428, title V, §§ 513(a), 576(d)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2511, 2543, 2640; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 123, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–546; Pub. L. 106–74, title II, § 205, Oct. 20, 1999, 113 Stat. 1069; Pub. L. 113–76, div. L, title II, § 238(b), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 635.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 1437d(s) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(B)(iii), probably should be a reference to section 1437d(r) of this title. Pub. L. 105–276, title V, §§ 525, 575(d), 576(d)(1)(B), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2568, 2637, 2640, amended section 1437d by adding a subsec. (s) relating to site-based waiting lists and a subsec. (t) relating to authority to require access to criminal records and then redesignated those subsecs. (s) and (t) as (r) and (s), respectively.
Section 503(a) of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (c)(6)(B), (G), is section 503(a) of Pub. L. 105–276, which is set out as an Effective Date of 1998 Amendment note under section 1437 of this title.
The Low-Income Housing Preservation and Resident Homeownership Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (c)(6)(F), is title II of Pub. L. 100–242, Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1877, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 42 (§ 4101 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4101 of Title 12 and Tables.
The Emergency Low Income Housing Preservation Act of 1987, referred to in subsec. (c)(6)(F), is title II of Pub. L. 100–242, Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1877, which, as amended by Pub. L. 101–625, is known as the Low-Income Housing Preservation and Resident Homeownership Act of 1990. Subtitles A and B of title II, which were formerly set out as a note under section 1715l of Title 12, Banks and Banking, and which amended section 1715z–6 of Title 12, were amended generally by Pub. L. 101–625 and are classified to subchapter I (§ 4101 et seq.) of chapter 42 of Title 12. Subtitles C and D of title II amended section 1715z–15 of Title 12 and sections 1437f, 1472, 1485, and 1487 of this title. Another subtitle C of title II of Pub. L. 100–242, as added by Pub. L. 102–550, is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 4141 et seq.) of chapter 42 of Title 12. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4101 of Title 12 and Tables.
heading: Codification
text: October 1, 1981, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), (2), was in the original “the effective date of the Housing and Community Development Amendments of 1981” and “such effective date”, meaning the effective date of subtitle A of title III of Pub. L. 97–35, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 384, which was generally effective Oct. 1, 1981. See Effective Date note below.
heading: Amendments
text: 2014—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 113–76, § 238(b)(1), substituted “extremely low-income families” for “families whose incomes at the time of commencement of occupancy do not exceed 30 percent of the area median income, as determined by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller and larger families; except that the Secretary may establish income ceilings higher or lower than 30 percent of the area median income on the basis of the Secretary’s findings that such variations are necessary because of unusually high or low family incomes”.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 113–76, § 238(b)(2), substituted “extremely low-income families” for “families whose incomes do not exceed 30 percent of the area median income, as determined by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller and larger families; except that the Secretary may establish income ceilings higher or lower than 30 percent of the area median income on the basis of the Secretary’s findings that such variations are necessary because of unusually high or low family incomes”.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 113–76, § 238(b)(3), substituted “extremely low-income families” for “families whose incomes at the time of commencement of occupancy do not exceed 30 percent of the area median income, as determined by the Secretary with adjustments for smaller and larger families; except that the Secretary may establish income ceilings higher or lower than 30 percent of the area median income on the basis of the Secretary’s findings that such variations are necessary because of unusually high or low family incomes”.
1999—Subsecs. (a)(2)(A), (c)(3). Pub. L. 106–74, § 205(1), inserted before the period at end “; except that the Secretary may establish income ceilings higher or lower than 30 percent of the area median income on the basis of the Secretary’s findings that such variations are necessary because of unusually high or low family incomes”.
1998—Subsecs. (a) to (d). Pub. L. 105–276, § 513(a), as amended by Pub. L. 105–277, § 123, added subsecs. (a) to (d) and struck out former subsecs. (a) to (d). Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) related to percentage availability under contracts prior to Oct. 1, 1981, subsec. (b) related to percentage availability under contracts on or after Oct. 1, 1981, subsec. (c) related to admission procedures implementing subsec. (b), and subsec. (d) related to applicability of admission procedures limitations.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–276, § 576(d)(2), struck out heading and text of subsec. (e), which directed public housing agency to establish standards to prohibit occupancy by and terminate tenancy of any person illegally using controlled substance or whose use of controlled substance or abuse of alcohol might interfere with peaceful enjoyment of premises by other residents, and authorized agency to consider rehabilitation of person in making determination to deny occupancy.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–276, § 428, added subsec. (f).
1996—Pub. L. 104–120, § 9(d)(1), substituted “Eligibility” for “Income eligibility” in section catchline.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–99 temporarily substituted “the written system of preferences for selection established by the public housing agency pursuant to section 1437d(c)(4)(A)” for “the system of preferences established by the agency pursuant to section 1437d(c)(4)(A)(ii)”. See Effective and Termination Dates of 1996 Amendments note below.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(7)(A), redesignated par. (1) as entire subsec. and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: “The limitations established in subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall not apply to dwelling units assisted by Indian public housing agencies, to scattered site public housing dwelling units sold or intended to be sold to public housing tenants under section 1437c(h) of this title..”
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–120, § 9(d)(2), added subsec. (e).
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 104–330, § 501(b)(7)(B), struck out heading and text of par. (3). Text read as follows: “This subsection does not apply to any dwelling unit assisted by an Indian housing authority.”
1992—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–550, § 105(a), substituted “very low-income families and shall” for “very low-income families, shall” and “. In developing such admission procedures, the Secretary shall” for “, and shall” and inserted “; except that such prohibition shall not apply with respect to families selected for occupancy in public housing under the system of preferences established by the agency pursuant to section 1437d(c)(4)(A)(ii) of this title” after “higher income families for residence”.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 102–550, § 105(b), inserted before period at end “, to scattered site public housing dwelling units sold or intended to be sold to public housing tenants under section 1437c(h) of this title.”
1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–625, § 572(1), substituted “low-income families” for “lower income families”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–625, § 572(1), substituted “low-income families” for “lower income families” in par. (1).
Pub. L. 101–625, § 511, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “15 percent” for “5 per centum”, and added par. (2).
Subsecs. (c), (d)(1). Pub. L. 101–625, § 572(1), substituted “low-income families” for “lower income families” wherever appearing.
1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–242, § 112(b)(8), struck out “annual” before “contributions”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–628 substituted “shall establish an appropriate specific percentage of lower income families other than very-low income families that may be assisted in each assisted housing program” for “and shall establish, as appropriate, differing percentage limitations on admission of lower income families in separate assisted housing programs” and inserted before period at end of first sentence “, and shall prohibit project owners from selecting families for residence in an order different from the order on the waiting list for the purpose of selecting relatively higher income families for residence”.
Pub. L. 100–242, § 103, added subsec. (c).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–242, § 103, added subsec. (d).
1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–181 increased to 25 from 10 the percentage of dwelling units available for leasing.
heading: Effective Date of 1998 Amendments
text: Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 123, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–546, provided that the amendment made by section 123 of Pub. L. 105–277 is effective upon enactment of Pub. L. 105–276.
Amendment by title V of Pub. L. 105–276 effective and applicable beginning upon Oct. 1, 1999, except as otherwise provided, with provision that Secretary may implement amendment before such date, except to extent that such amendment provides otherwise, and with savings provision, see section 503 of Pub. L. 105–276, set out as a note under section 1437 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–276, title V, § 513(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2547, provided that: “This section [amending this section] shall take effect on, and the amendments under this section are made on, and shall apply beginning upon, the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998].”
heading: Effective and Termination Dates of 1996 Amendments
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 104–330 effective Oct. 1, 1997, except as otherwise expressly provided, see section 107 of Pub. L. 104–330, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4101 of Title 25, Indians.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–120 to be construed to have become effective Oct. 1, 1995, notwithstanding the effective date of any regulations issued by Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to implement amendments by sections 9 and 10 of Pub. L. 104–120 or any failure by Secretary to issue any such regulations, see section 13 of Pub. L. 104–120, set out as a note under section 1437d of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–99 effective Jan. 26, 1996, only for fiscal years 1996, 1997, and 1998, and to cease to be effective Oct. 21, 1998, see section 402(f) of Pub. L. 104–99, as amended, and section 514(f) of Pub. L. 105–276, set out as notes under section 1437a of this title.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 1, 1981, see section 371 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as a note under section 3701 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.