22 U.S.C. § 5952 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5952. Authority for programs to facilitate cooperative threat reduction
(a) In general
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President may conduct programs described in subsection (b) of this section to assist the independent states of the former Soviet Union in the demilitarization of the former Soviet Union. Any such program may be carried out only to the extent that the President determines that the program will directly contribute to the national security interests of the United States.
(b) Authorized programs
The programs referred to in subsection (a) of this section are the following:
(1) Programs to facilitate the elimination, and the safe and secure transportation and storage, of nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and their delivery vehicles.
(2) Programs to facilitate the safe and secure storage of fissile materials derived from the elimination of nuclear weapons.
(3) Programs to prevent the proliferation of weapons, weapons components, and weapons-related technology and expertise.
(4) Programs to expand military-to-military and defense contacts.
(5) Programs to facilitate the demilitarization of defense industries and the conversion of military technologies and capabilities into civilian activities.
(6) Programs to assist in the environmental restoration of former military sites and installations when such restoration is necessary to the demilitarization or conversion programs authorized in paragraph (5).
(7) Programs to provide housing for former military personnel of the former Soviet Union released from military service in connection with the dismantlement of strategic nuclear weapons, when provision of such housing is necessary for dismantlement of strategic nuclear weapons and when no other funds are available for such housing.
(8) Other programs as described in section 212(b) of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 (title II of Public Law 102–228; 22 U.S.C. 2551 note) and section 5902(b) of this title.
(c) United States participation
The programs described in subsection (b) of this section should, to the extent feasible, draw upon United States technology and expertise, especially from the private sector of the United States.
(Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XII, § 1203, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1778; Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, § 1306(c), formerly § 1306(e), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2673, renumbered § 1306(c), Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XIII, § 1303(2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3474; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVIII, § 1811(2), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1304(a)(2), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 412.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–181 made amendment identical to that made by Pub. L. 110–53. See 2007 Amendment note below.
2007—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–53 struck out subsec. (d) which prohibited assistance unless the President had certified to Congress that the proposed recipient state was committed to meeting specified conditions relating to elimination of weapons of mass destruction, compliance with arms control agreements, and observation of internationally recognized human rights.
2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–314, § 1306(c), formerly § 1306(e), as renumbered by Pub. L. 109–163, in introductory provisions, substituted “any fiscal year” for “any year” and “such fiscal year” for “that year”.
heading: Congressional Notification
text: Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1246(c)(3), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 924, provided that: “If the Secretary of Defense intends to provide the Russian Federation with any sensitive missile defense information that the Secretary determines will not compromise United States national security, the Secretary shall notify the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] of the Secretary’s intent to provide such information not less than 7 days prior to the provision of such information, including an explanation of the reasons for providing the information and the reasons why providing the information will not compromise United States national security.”
heading: Briefing
text: Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1251(b), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 926, provided that: “Prior to signing an executive agreement with the Russian Federation relating to ballistic missile defense, the President, or the President’s designee, shall brief the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on the objectives and contents of the executive agreement.”
heading: Sharing of Classified United States Ballistic Missile Defense Information With the Russian Federation
text: Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, § 1244, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1646, provided that:
“(a) Notification.—
No classified United States ballistic missile defense information may be made available to the Russian Federation unless, 60 days prior to any instance in which the United States Government plans to provide such information to the Russian Federation, the President provides notification thereof to the appropriate congressional committees.
“(b) Elements of Notification.—
Each notification provided pursuant to subsection (a) shall include the following:
“(1) A detailed description of the classified United States ballistic missile defense information to be provided.
“(2) An explanation of the national security interest in providing the information to the Russian Federation and any provisions for reciprocal sharing by the Russian Federation with the United States on its defensive systems.
“(3) A certification that providing the information is consistent with United States national disclosure policy as of the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2011] and that the decision to provide the information was made pursuant to a national disclosure policy review.
“(4) If applicable, a detailed explanation of whether any exceptions to national disclosure policy were required in order to provide the information to the Russian Federation and why such exceptions were required.
“(5) A certification that adequate measures are in place to protect the information from unauthorized disclosure. The certification shall include a description of the manner in which the information will be protected from unauthorized sharing or transfer to third parties as well as an analysis of the risks to the capabilities of the United States ballistic missile defense system if the information is shared or transferred to an unauthorized third party.
“(c) Form.—
Each notification provided pursuant to subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
“(d) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—
For the purposes of this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means—
“(1) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and
“(2) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.
“(e) Classified United States Ballistic Missile Defense Information Defined.—
For the purposes of this section, the term ‘classified United States ballistic missile defense information’ means information related to United States ballistic missile defenses that is classified as of, or after, the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2011].”
heading: Utilization of Contributions to the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
text: Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XIII, § 1303, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2557, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XIII, § 1303, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 931, provided that:
“(a) In General.—
The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, may enter into one or more agreements with any person (including a foreign government, international organization, multinational entity, or any other entity) that the Secretary of Defense considers appropriate under which the person contributes funds for activities conducted under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense.
“(b) Retention and Use of Amounts.—
Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, United States Code, and subject to subsections (c) and (d), the Secretary of Defense may retain and obligate or expend amounts contributed pursuant to subsection (a) for purposes of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense. Amounts so contributed shall be retained in a separate fund established in the Treasury for such purposes and shall be available to be obligated or expended without further appropriation.
“(c) Return of Amounts Not Obligated or Expended Within Three Years.—
If the Secretary of Defense does not obligate or expend an amount contributed pursuant to subsection (a) by the date that is three years after the date on which the contribution was made, the Secretary shall return the amount to the person who made the contribution.
“(d) Notice to Congressional Defense Committees.—
“(1) In general.—
Not later than 30 days after receiving an amount contributed pursuant to subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a notice—
“(A) specifying the value of the contribution and the purpose for which the contribution was made; and
“(B) identifying the person who made the contribution.
“(2) Limitation on use of amounts.—
The Secretary may not obligate or expend an amount contributed pursuant to subsection (a) until the date that is 15 days after the date on which the Secretary submits the notice required by paragraph (1).
“(e) Annual Report.—
Not later than October 31 each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on amounts contributed pursuant to subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal year. Each such report shall include, for the fiscal year covered by the report, the following:
“(1) A statement of any amounts contributed pursuant to subsection (a), including, for each such amount, the value of the contribution and the identity of the person who made the contribution.
“(2) A statement of any amounts so contributed that were obligated or expended by the Secretary, including, for each such amount, the purposes for which the amount was obligated or expended.
“(3) A statement of any amounts so contributed that were retained but not obligated or expended, including, for each such amount, the purposes (if known) for which the Secretary intends to obligate or expend the amount.
“(f) Implementation Plan.—
The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an implementation plan for the authority provided under this section prior to obligating or expending any amounts contributed pursuant to subsection (a). The Secretary shall submit updates to such plan as needed.
“(g) Termination.—
The authority provided under this section shall terminate on December 31, 2018.
“(h) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—
In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means—
“(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and
“(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.”
[For definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for purposes of section 1303 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above, see section 1301(a) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 5964 of this title.]
heading: Cooperative Threat Reduction Defense and Military Contacts Program
text: Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XIII, § 1306(a), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2560, provided that:
“The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the Defense and Military Contacts Program under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense—
“(1) is executed pursuant to a well-developed strategy for advancing the mission of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program;
“(2) is focused and expanded to support specific relationship-building opportunities, which could lead to Cooperative Threat Reduction Program development in new geographic areas and achieve other Cooperative Threat Reduction Program benefits;
“(3) is directly administered as part of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program; and
“(4) includes cooperation and coordination with—
“(A) the unified combatant commands that operate in areas in which Cooperative Threat Reduction activities are carried out; and
“(B) related diplomatic efforts.”
[For definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for purposes of section 1306(a) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above, see section 1301(a) of Pub. L. 111–84, set out as a note under section 5964 of this title.]
heading: Study and Report Relating to Weapons-grade Uranium and Plutonium of the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union
text: Pub. L. 108–136, div. C, title XXXI, § 3123, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1747, provided that:
“(a) Study Required.—
The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a study on the feasibility, costs, and benefits of—
“(1) purchasing, from the independent states of the former Soviet Union, weapons-grade uranium and plutonium excess to the defense needs of those states; and
“(2) safeguarding the uranium and plutonium so purchased until rendered unusable for nuclear weapons.
“(b) Report.—
Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 24, 2003], the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the results of the study required by subsection (a).”
heading: Report Requirement Regarding Russian Proliferation to Iran and Other Countries of Proliferation Concern
text: Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XII, § 1206, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2665, provided that:
“(a) Report Requirement.—
Not later than March 15 of 2003 through 2009, the President shall submit to Congress a report (in unclassified and classified form as necessary) describing in detail Russian proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile goods, technology, expertise, and information, and of dual-use items that may contribute to the development of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles, to Iran and to other countries of proliferation concern during the year preceding the year in which the report is submitted. The report shall include a detailed description of the following, for the year covered by the report:
“(1) The number, type, and quality of direct and dual-use weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile goods, technology, expertise, and information transferred.
“(2) The form, location, and manner in which such transfers took place.
“(3) The contribution that such transfers could make to the recipient countries’ weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile programs, and an estimate of how soon such countries will test, possess, and deploy weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles.
“(4) The impact and consequences that such transfers have, and could have over the next 10 years—
“(A) on United States national security;
“(B) on United States military forces deployed in the region to which such transfers are being made;
“(C) on United States allies, friends, and interests in that region; and
“(D) on the military capabilities of the country receiving such transfers from Russia.
“(5) The policy and strategy that the President intends to employ to halt Russian proliferation, the policy tools that the President intends to use to carry out that policy and strategy, the rationale for employing such tools, and the timeline by which the President expects to see material progress in ending Russian proliferation of direct and dual-use weapons of mass destruction and missile goods, technology, expertise, and information.
“(b) Definition.—
In this section, the term ‘country of proliferation concern’ means any country identified by the Director of Central Intelligence as having engaged in the acquisition of dual-use and other technology useful for the development or production of weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, and biological weapons) or advanced conventional munitions—
“(1) in the most recent report under section 721 of the Combatting Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996 (title VII of Public Law 104–293; former 50 U.S.C. 2366); or
“(2) in any successor report on the acquisition by foreign countries of dual-use and other technology useful for the development or production of weapons of mass destruction.”
[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
[Functions of President under section 1206 of Pub. L. 107–314, set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by section 1 of Ex. Ord. No. 13313, July 31, 2003, 68 F.R. 46074, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.]
heading: Limited Waiver of Restrictions on Use of Funds for Threat Reduction in States of the Former Soviet Union
text: Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, § 1306(a)–(d), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2673, as amended by Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XIII, § 1303(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3474, provided that:
“(a) Authority To Waive Restrictions and Eligibility Requirements.—
If the President submits the certification and report described in subsection (b) with respect to an independent state of the former Soviet Union for a fiscal year—
“(1) the restrictions in subsection (d) of section 1203 of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (22 U.S.C. 5952) shall cease to apply, and funds may be obligated and expended under that section for assistance, to that state during that fiscal year; and
“(2) funds may be obligated and expended during that fiscal year under section 502 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5852) for assistance or other programs and activities for that state even if that state has not met one or more of the requirements for eligibility under paragraphs (1) through (4) of that section.
“(b) Certification and Report.—
(1) The certification and report referred to in subsection (a) are a written certification submitted by the President to Congress that the waiver of the restrictions and requirements described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of that subsection during such fiscal year is important to the national security interests of the United States, together with a report containing the following:
“(A) A description of the activity or activities that prevent the President from certifying that the state is committed to the matters set forth in the provisions of law specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) in such fiscal year.
“(B) An explanation of why the waiver is important to the national security interests of the United States.
“(C) A description of the strategy, plan, or policy of the President for promoting the commitment of the state to, and compliance by the state with, such matters, notwithstanding the waiver.
“(2) The matter included in the report under paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
“[(c) , (d) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XIII, § 1303(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3474.]”
[Functions of President under section 1306(a), (b) of Pub. L. 107–314, set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 15, 2005, 71 F.R. 1467.]
heading: Transfer to National Nuclear Security Administration of Department of Defense’s Cooperative Threat Reduction Program Relating to Elimination of Weapons Grade Plutonium Production in Russia
text: Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3151, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2736, as amended by Pub. L. 108–375, div. C, title XXXI, § 3135, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2170, provided that:
“(a) Transfer of Program.—
There are hereby transferred to the Administrator for Nuclear Security the following:
“(1) The program, within the Cooperative Threat Reduction program of the Department of Defense, relating to the elimination of weapons grade plutonium production in Russia.
“(2) All functions, powers, duties, and activities of that program performed before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 2, 2002] by the Department of Defense.
“(b) Transfer of Assets.—
(1) Notwithstanding any restriction or limitation in law on the availability of Cooperative Threat Reduction funds specified in paragraph (2), so much of the property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations, and other funds employed, used, held, available, or to be made available in connection with the program transferred by subsection (a) are transferred to the Administrator for use in connection with the program transferred.
“(2) The Cooperative Threat Reduction funds specified in this paragraph are the following:
“(A) Fiscal year 2002 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds, as specified in section 1301(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (Public Law 107–107; 115 Stat. 1254; 22 U.S.C. 5952 note).
“(B) Fiscal year 2001 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds, as specified in section 1301(b) of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (as enacted into law by Public Law 106–398; 114 Stat. 1654A–339; 22 U.S.C. 5959 note).
“(C) Fiscal year 2000 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds, as specified in section 1301(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106–65; 113 Stat. 792; 22 U.S.C. 5952 note).
“(c) Availability of Transferred Funds.—
(1) Notwithstanding any restriction or limitation in law on the availability of Cooperative Threat Reduction funds specified in subsection (b)(2), the Cooperative Threat Reduction funds transferred under subsection (b) for the program referred to in subsection (a) shall be available for activities as follows:
“(A) To design and construct, refurbish, or both, fossil fuel energy plants in Russia that provide alternative sources of energy to the energy plants in Russia that produce weapons grade plutonium.
“(B) To carry out limited safety upgrades of not more than three energy plants in Russia that produce weapons grade plutonium, provided that such upgrades do not extend the life of those plants.
“(2) Amounts available under paragraph (1) for activities referred to in that paragraph shall remain available for obligation for three fiscal years.
“(d) Limitation.—
(1) Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated by this title or any other Act for the program referred to in subsection (a), the Administrator for Nuclear Security may not obligate any funds for construction, or obligate or expend more than $100,000,000 for that program, until 30 days after the later of—
“(A) the date on which the Administrator submits to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives], the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, a copy of an agreement or agreements entered into between the United States Government and the Government of the Russian Federation to shut down the three plutonium-producing reactors in Russia as specified under paragraph (2); and
“(B) the date on which the Administrator submits to the committees specified in subparagraph (A) a report on a plan to achieve international participation in the program referred to in subsection (a), including cost sharing.
“(2) The agreement (or agreements) under paragraph (1)(A) shall contain—
“(A) a commitment to shut down the three plutonium-producing reactors;
“(B) the date on which each such reactor will be shut down;
“(C) a schedule and milestones for each such reactor to complete the shutdown of such reactor by the date specified under subparagraph (B);
“(D) a schedule and milestones for refurbishment or construction of fossil fuel energy plants to be undertaken by the Government of the Russian Federation in support of the program;
“(E) an arrangement for access to sites and facilities necessary to meet such schedules and milestones;
“(F) an arrangement for audit and examination procedures in order to evaluate progress in meeting such schedules and milestones; and
“(G) any cost sharing arrangements between the United States Government and the Government of the Russian Federation in undertaking activities under such agreement (or agreements).
“(e) International Participation in Program.—
(1) In order to achieve international participation in the program referred to in subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy may, in consultation with the Secretary of State, enter into one or more agreements with any person, foreign government, or other international organization that the Secretary considers appropriate for the contribution of funds by such person, government, or organization for purposes of the program.
“(2) Notwithstanding section 3302 of title 31, United States Code, and subject to paragraphs (3) and (4), the Secretary may retain and utilize any amounts contributed by a person, government, or organization under an agreement under paragraph (1) for purposes of the program without further appropriation and without fiscal year limitation.
“(3) The Secretary may not utilize under paragraph (2) any amount contributed under an agreement under paragraph (1) until 30 days after the date on which the Secretary notifies the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] of the intent to utilize such amount, including the source of such amount and the proposed purpose for which such amount will be utilized.
“(4) If any amount contributed under paragraph (1) has not been utilized within five years of receipt under that paragraph, the Secretary shall return such amount to the person, government, or organization contributing such amount under that paragraph.
“(5) Not later than 30 days after the receipt of any amount contributed under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees a notice of the receipt of such amount.
“(6) Not later than October 31 each year, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees a report on the receipt and utilization of amounts under this subsection during the preceding fiscal year. Each report for a fiscal year shall set forth—
“(A) a statement of any amounts received under this subsection, including the source of each such amount; and
“(B) a statement of any amounts utilized under this subsection, including the purpose for which such amounts were utilized.
“(7) The authority of the Secretary to accept and utilize amounts under this subsection shall expire on December 31, 2011.”
heading: Accelerated Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium
text: Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3157, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2740, provided that:
“(a) Program on Accelerated Disposition of HEU Authorized.—
(1) The Secretary of Energy may carry out a program to pursue with the Russian Federation options for blending highly enriched uranium so that the concentration of U–235 in such uranium is below 20 percent.
“(2) The options pursued under paragraph (1) shall include expansion of the Material Consolidation and Conversion program of the Department of Energy to include—
“(A) additional facilities for the blending of highly enriched uranium; and
“(B) additional centralized secure storage facilities for highly enriched uranium designated for blending.
“(3) Any site selected for the storage of uranium or blended material under paragraph (2)(B) shall undergo complete materials protection, control, and accounting upgrades before the commencement of the storage of uranium or blended material at such site under the program.
“(b) Construction With HEU Disposition Agreement.—
Nothing in this section may be construed as terminating, modifying, or otherwise affecting requirements for the disposition of highly enriched uranium under the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted from Nuclear Weapons, signed at Washington on February 18, 1993.
“(c) Limitation on Release for Sale of Blended Uranium.—
Uranium blended under this section may not be released for sale until the earlier of—
“(1) January 1, 2014; or
“(2) the date on which the Secretary certifies that such uranium can be absorbed into the global market without undue disruption to the uranium mining, conversion, and enrichment industry in the United States.
“(d) Amount for Activities.—
Of the amount to be appropriated by section 3101(a)(2) [116 Stat. 2729] for the Department of Energy for the National Nuclear Security Administration for defense nuclear nonproliferation, up to $10,000,000 may be available for carrying out this section.”
heading: Plan for Accelerated Return of Weapons-Usable Nuclear Materials
text: Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3160, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2742, provided that:
“(a) Plan for Accelerated Return.—
The Secretary of Energy shall work with the Russian Federation to develop a plan to accelerate the return to Russia of all weapons-usable nuclear materials located in research reactors and other facilities outside Russia that were supplied by the former Soviet Union.
“(b) Funding and Schedules.—
As part of the plan under subsection (a), the Secretary shall identify the funding and schedules required to assist the research reactors and facilities referred to in that subsection in—
“(1) transferring highly enriched uranium to Russia; and
“(2) upgrading the materials protection, control, and accounting procedures at such research reactors and facilities until the weapons-usable nuclear materials in such reactors and facilities are returned in accordance with that subsection.
“(c) Coordination.—
The provision of assistance under subsection (b) shall be closely coordinated with the International Atomic Energy Agency.”
heading: Russian Federation Debt Reduction for Nonproliferation
text: Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XIII, subtitle B, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1442, as amended by Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217, provided that:
“SEC. 1311. SHORT TITLE.
“This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Russian Federation Debt for Nonproliferation Act of 2002’.
“SEC. 1312. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.
“(a) Findings.—
Congress finds the following:
“(1) It is in the vital security interests of the United States to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction to additional states or to terrorist organizations, and to ensure that other nations’ obligations to modify their stockpiles of such arms in accordance with treaties, executive agreements, or political commitments are fulfilled.
“(2) In particular, it is in the vital national security interests of the United States to ensure that—
“(A) all stocks of nuclear weapons and weapons-usable nuclear material in the Russian Federation are secure and accounted for;
“(B) stocks of nuclear weapons and weapons-usable nuclear material that are excess to military needs in the Russian Federation are monitored and reduced;
“(C) any chemical or biological weapons, related materials, and facilities in the Russian Federation are destroyed;
“(D) the Russian Federation’s nuclear weapons complex is reduced to a size appropriate to its post-Cold War missions, and its experts in weapons of mass destruction technologies are shifted to gainful and sustainable civilian employment;
“(E) the Russian Federation’s export control system blocks any proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the means of delivering such weapons, and materials, equipment, know-how, or technology that would be used to develop, produce, or deliver such weapons; and
“(F) these objectives are accomplished with sufficient monitoring and transparency to provide confidence that they have in fact been accomplished and that the funds provided to accomplish these objectives have been spent efficiently and effectively.
“(3) United States programs should be designed to accomplish these vital objectives in the Russian Federation as rapidly as possible, and the President should develop and present to Congress a plan for doing so.
“(4) Substantial progress has been made in United States-Russian Federation cooperative programs to achieve these objectives, but much more remains to be done to reduce the urgent risks to United States national security posed by the current state of the Russian Federation’s weapons of mass destruction stockpiles and complexes.
“(5) The threats posed by inadequate management of weapons of mass destruction stockpiles and complexes in the Russian Federation remain urgent. Incidents in years immediately preceding 2001, which have been cited by the Russia Task Force of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, include—
“(A) a conspiracy at one of the Russian Federation’s largest nuclear weapons facilities to steal nearly enough highly enriched uranium for a nuclear bomb;
“(B) an attempt by an employee of the Russian Federation’s premier nuclear weapons facility to sell nuclear weapons designs to agents of Iraq and Afghanistan; and
“(C) the theft of radioactive material from a Russian Federation submarine base.
“(6) Addressing these threats to United States and world security will ultimately consume billions of dollars, a burden that will have to be shared by the Russian Federation, the United States, and other governments, if these threats are to be neutralized.
“(7) The creation of new funding streams could accelerate progress in reducing these threats to United States security and help the government of the Russian Federation to fulfill its responsibility for secure management of its weapons stockpiles and complexes as United States assistance phases out.
“(8) The Russian Federation has a significant foreign debt, a substantial proportion of which it inherited from the Soviet Union.
“(9) Past debt-for-environment exchanges, in which a portion of a country’s foreign debt is canceled in return for certain environmental commitments or payments by that country, suggest that a debt-for-nonproliferation exchange with the Russian Federation could be designed to provide additional funding for nonproliferation and arms reduction initiatives.
“(10) Most of the Russian Federation’s official bilateral debt is held by United States allies that are advanced industrial democracies. Since the issues described pose threats to United States allies as well, United States leadership that results in a larger contribution from United States allies to cooperative threat reduction activities will be needed.
“(11) At the June 2002 meeting of the G–8 countries, agreement was achieved on a G–8 Global Partnership against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, under which the advanced industrial democracies committed to contribute $20,000,000,000 to nonproliferation programs in the Russian Federation during a 10-year period, with each contributing country having the option to fund some or all of its contribution through reduction in the Russian Federation’s official debt to that country.
“(12) The Russian Federation’s Soviet-era official debt to the United States is estimated to be $480,000,000 in Lend-Lease debt and $2,250,000,000 in debt as a result of credits extended under title I of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 [now Food for Peace Act] (7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).
“(b) Purposes.—
The purposes of this subtitle are—
“(1) to facilitate the accomplishment of the United States objectives described in the findings set forth in subsection (a) by providing for the use of a portion of the Russian Federation’s foreign debt to fund nonproliferation programs, thus allowing the use of additional resources for these purposes; and
“(2) to help ensure that the resources made available to the Russian Federation are targeted to the accomplishment of the United States objectives described in the findings set forth in subsection (a).
“SEC. 1313. DEFINITIONS.
“In this subtitle:
“(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—
The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means—
“(A) the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and
“(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.
“(2) Cost.—
The term ‘cost’ has the meaning given that term in section 502(5) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 661a(5)).
“(3) Russian federation nonproliferation investment agreement or agreement.—
The term ‘Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement’ or ‘Agreement’ means the agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation entered into under section 1315(a).
“(4) Soviet-era debt.—
The term ‘Soviet-era debt’ means debt owed as a result of loans or credits provided by the United States (or any agency of the United States) to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under the Lend Lease Act of 1941 [former 22 U.S.C. 411 et seq.] or the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act [15 U.S.C. 714 et seq.].
“(5) State sponsor of international terrorism.—
The term ‘state sponsor of international terrorism’ means those countries that have been determined by the Secretary of State, for the purposes of section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2780], section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2371], or section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 [50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)], to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.
“SEC. 1314. AUTHORITY TO REDUCE THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION’S SOVIET-ERA DEBT OBLIGATIONS TO THE UNITED STATES.
“(a) Authority To Reduce Debt.—
“(1) In general.—
Upon the entry into force of a Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement, the President may reduce amounts of Soviet-era debt owed by the Russian Federation to the United States (or any agency or instrumentality of the United States) that are outstanding as of the last day of the fiscal year preceding the fiscal year for which appropriations are available for the reduction of debt, in accordance with this subtitle.
“(2) Limitation.—
The authority provided by paragraph (1) shall be available only to the extent that appropriations for the cost (as defined in section 502(5) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 [2 U.S.C. 661a(5)]) of reducing any debt pursuant to such subsection are made in advance.
“(3) Supersedes existing law.—
The authority provided by paragraph (1) may be exercised notwithstanding section 620(r) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2370(r)) or section 321 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975 [Pub. L. 94–161, set out as a note under section 2220a of this title].
“(b) Implementation.—
“(1) Delegation of authority.—
The President may delegate any authority conferred upon the President in this subtitle to the Secretary of State.
“(2) Establishment of terms and conditions.—
Consistent with this subtitle, the President shall establish the terms and conditions under which loans and credits may be reduced pursuant to subsection (a).
“(3) Implementation.—
In exercising the authority of subsection (a), the President—
“(A) shall notify—
“(i) the Department of State, with respect to obligations of the former Soviet Union under the Lend Lease Act of 1941 [former 22 U.S.C. 411 et seq.]; and
“(ii) the Commodity Credit Corporation, with respect to obligations of the former Soviet Union under the Commodity Credit Corporation Act [15 U.S.C. 713a et seq.];
“(B) shall direct the cancellation of old obligations and the substitution of new obligations consistent with the Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement; and
“(C) shall direct the appropriate agency to make an adjustment in the relevant accounts to reflect the new debt treatment.
“(4) Deposit of repayments.—
All repayments of outstanding loan amounts under subsection (a) that are not designated under a Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement shall be deposited in the United States Government accounts established for repayments of the original obligations.
“(5) Not treated as foreign assistance.—
Any reduction of Soviet-era debt pursuant to this subtitle shall not be considered assistance for the purposes of any provision of law limiting assistance to a country.
“(c) Authorization of Appropriation.—
“(1) In general.—
For the cost (as defined in section 502(5) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 [2 U.S.C. 661a(5)]) of modifying any Soviet-era debt obligation pursuant to subsection (a), there are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary.
“(2) Availability of funds.—
Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.
“SEC. 1315. RUSSIAN FEDERATION NONPROLIFERATION INVESTMENT AGREEMENT.
“(a) In General.—
“(1) In general.—
The President is authorized to enter into an agreement with the Russian Federation under which an amount equal to the value of the debt reduced pursuant to section 1314 will be used to promote the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the means of delivering such weapons. An agreement entered into under this section may be referred to as the ‘Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement’.
“(2) Congressional notification.—
The President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees at least 15 days in advance of the United States entering into a Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement.
“(b) Content of the Agreement.—
The Russian Federation Nonproliferation Investment Agreement shall ensure that—
“(1) an amount equal to the value of the debt reduced pursuant to this subtitle will be made available by the Russian Federation for agreed nonproliferation programs and projects;
“(2) each program or project funded pursuant to the Agreement will be approved by the President;
“(3) the administration and oversight of nonproliferation programs and projects will incorporate best practices from established threat reduction and nonproliferation assistance programs;
“(4) each program or project funded pursuant to the Agreement will be subject to monitoring and audits conducted by or for the United States Government to confirm that agreed funds are expended on agreed projects and meet agreed targets and benchmarks;
“(5) unobligated funds for investments pursuant to the Agreement will not be diverted to other purposes;
“(6) funds allocated to programs and projects pursuant to the Agreement will not be subject to any taxation by the Russian Federation;
“(7) all matters relating to the intellectual property rights and legal liabilities of United States firms in any project will be agreed upon before the expenditure of funds would be authorized for that project; and
“(8) not less than 75 percent of the funds made available for each nonproliferation program or project under the Agreement will be spent in the Russian Federation.
“(c) Use of Existing Mechanisms.—
It is the sense of Congress that, to the extent practicable, the boards and administrative mechanisms of existing threat reduction and nonproliferation programs should be used in the administration and oversight of programs and projects under the Agreement.
“(d) Joint Auditing.—
It is the sense of Congress that the United States and the Russian Federation should consider commissioning the United States Government Accountability Office and the Russian Chamber of Accounts to conduct joint audits to ensure that the funds saved by the Russian Federation as a result of any debt reduction are used exclusively, efficiently, and effectively to implement agreed programs or projects pursuant to the Agreement.
“(e) Structure of the Agreement.—
It is the sense of Congress that the Agreement should provide for significant penalties—
“(1) if funds obligated for approved programs or projects are determined to have been misappropriated; and
“(2) if the President is unable to make the certification required by section 1317(a) for two consecutive years.
“SEC. 1316. INDEPENDENT MEDIA AND THE RULE OF LAW.
“Notwithstanding section 1315 (a)(1) and (b)(1), up to 10 percent of the amount equal to the value of the debt reduced pursuant to this subtitle may be used to promote a vibrant, independent media sector and the rule of law in the Russian Federation through an endowment to support the establishment of a ‘Center for an Independent Press and the Rule of Law’ in the Russian Federation, which shall be directed by a joint United States-Russian Board of Directors in which the majority of members, including the chairman, shall be United States personnel, and which shall be responsible for management of the endowment, its funds, and the Center’s programs.
“SEC. 1317. RESTRICTION ON DEBT REDUCTION AUTHORITY.
“(a) Proliferation to State Sponsors of Terrorism.—
Subject to the provisions of subsection (c), the debt reduction authority provided by section 1314 may not be exercised unless and until the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the Russian Federation has made material progress in stemming the flow of sensitive goods, technologies, material, and know-how related to the design, development, and production of weapons of mass destruction and the means to deliver them to state sponsors of international terrorism.
“(b) Annual Determination.—
If, in any annual report to Congress submitted pursuant to [former] section 1321, the President cannot certify that the Russian Federation continues to meet the condition required in subsection (a), then, subject to the provisions of subsection (c), the debt reduction authority provided by section 1314 may not be exercised unless and until such certification is made to the appropriate congressional committees.
“(c) Presidential Waiver.—
The President may waive the requirements of subsection (a) or (b) for a fiscal year if the President—
“(1) determines that application of the subsection for a fiscal year would be counter to the national interest of the United States; and
“(2) so reports to the appropriate congressional committees.
“SEC. 1318. DISCUSSION OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION DEBT REDUCTION FOR NONPROLIFERATION WITH OTHER CREDITOR STATES.
“It is the sense of Congress that the President and such other appropriate officials as the President may designate should pursue discussions with other creditor states with the objectives of—
“(1) ensuring that other advanced industrial democracies, especially the largest holders of Soviet-era Russian debt, dedicate significant proportions of their bilateral official debt with the Russian Federation or equivalent amounts of direct assistance to the G–8 Global Partnership against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, as agreed upon in the Statement by G–8 Leaders on June 27, 2002; and
“(2) reaching agreement, as appropriate, to establish a unified Russian Federation official debt reduction fund to manage and provide financial transparency for the resources provided by creditor states through debt reductions.
“SEC. 1319. IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED STATES POLICY.
“It is the sense of Congress that implementation of debt-for-nonproliferation programs with the Russian Federation should be overseen by the coordinating mechanism established pursuant to section 1334 of this Act [50 U.S.C. 2357b].
“SEC. 1320. CONSULTATIONS WITH CONGRESS.
“The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees on a periodic basis to review the implementation of this subtitle and the Russian Federation’s eligibility for debt reduction pursuant to this subtitle.
“[SEC. 1321. Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217.]”
heading: Plan for Securing Nuclear Weapons, Material, and Expertise of the States of the Former Soviet Union
text: Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XII, § 1205, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1247, as amended by Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XII, § 1205, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2664, provided that:
“(a) Plan Required.—
Not later than June 15, 2002, the President shall submit to Congress a plan, that has been developed in coordination with all relevant Federal agencies—
“(1) for cooperating with Russia on disposing, as soon as practicable, of nuclear weapons and weapons-usable nuclear material in Russia that Russia does not retain in its nuclear arsenals;
“(2) for assisting Russia in downsizing its nuclear weapons research and production complex;
“(3) for cooperating with the other states of the former Soviet Union on disposing, as soon as practicable, of all nuclear weapons and weapons-usable nuclear material in such states; and
“(4) for preventing the outflow from the states of the former Soviet Union of scientific expertise that could be used for developing nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction, and delivery systems for such weapons.
“(b) Content of Plan.—
The plan required by subsection (a) shall include the following:
“(1) Specific goals and measurable objectives for programs that are designed to carry out the objectives described in subsection (a).
“(2) Criteria for success for such programs, and a strategy for eventual termination of United States contributions to such programs and assumption of the ongoing support of those programs by others.
“(3) A description of any administrative and organizational changes necessary to improve the coordination and effectiveness of such programs. In particular, the plan shall include consideration of the creation of an interagency committee that would have primary responsibilities within the executive branch for—
“(A) monitoring United States nonproliferation efforts in the states of the former Soviet Union;
“(B) coordinating the implementation of United States policy with respect to such efforts; and
“(C) recommending to the President integrated policies, budget options, and private sector and international contributions for such programs.
“(4) An estimate of the cost of carrying out such programs.
“(c) Consultation.—
In developing the plan required by subsection (a), the President—
“(1) is encouraged to consult with the relevant states of the former Soviet Union regarding the practicality of various options; and
“(2) shall consult with the majority and minority leadership of the appropriate committees of Congress.
“(d) Annual Report on Implementation of Plan.—
(1) Not later than January 31, 2003, and each year thereafter, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the implementation of the plan required by subsection (a) during the preceding year.
“(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall include—
“(A) a discussion of progress made during the year covered by such report in the matters of the plan required by subsection (a);
“(B) a discussion of consultations with foreign nations, and in particular the Russian Federation, during such year on joint programs to implement the plan;
“(C) a discussion of cooperation, coordination, and integration during such year in the implementation of the plan among the various departments and agencies of the United States Government, as well as private entities that share objectives similar to the objectives of the plan; and
“(D) any recommendations that the President considers appropriate regarding modifications to law or regulations, or to the administration or organization of any Federal department or agency, in order to improve the effectiveness of any programs carried out during such year in the implementation of the plan.”
[Functions of President under section 1205(d) of Pub. L. 107–107, set out above, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, Nov. 2, 2005, 70 F.R. 72055.]
heading: Requirement To Consider Use of Revenue Generated by Activities Carried Out Under Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs
text: Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, § 1304, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1255, provided that: “The Secretary of Defense shall consider the use of revenue generated by activities carried out under Cooperative Threat Reduction programs in negotiating and executing contracts with Russia to carry out such programs.”
heading: Prohibition Against Use of Funds for Second Wing of Fissile Material Storage Facility
text: Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, § 1305(a), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1255, provided that: “No fiscal year 2002 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds and no funds authorized to be appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for any prior fiscal year may be used for the construction of a second wing for a storage facility for Russian fissile material.”
heading: Annual Report on Status of Nuclear Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting Program
text: Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [div. C, title XXXI, § 3171], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–475, as amended by Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3153, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2738, which was formerly set out as a note under this section, was renumbered section 4303 of Pub. L. 107–314, the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, by Pub. L. 108–136, div. C, title XXXI, § 3141(f)(4)(A)–(C), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1763, and is classified to section 2563 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
heading: Limitation on Use of Funds for Certain Purposes
text: Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title XIII, § 1303, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2093, as amended by Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title XIII, § 1303, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2432, which provided that section 1305 of Pub. L. 106–65 (repealed, see below), would not apply for a calendar year to the chemical weapons destruction facility that was as of 2006 under construction at Shchuch’ye in the Russian Federation if the President submitted to Congress a written certification stating that certain conditions would be met for waiver, and also provided that such presidential waiver authority would not exist for calendar years after calendar year 2011, was repealed by Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1304(a)(4), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 413.
Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, § 1305, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2673, provided that: “No funds authorized to be appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for any fiscal year may be used for the design, planning, or construction of a second wing for a storage facility for Russian fissile material.”
Pub. L. 107–248, title VIII, § 8144, Oct. 23, 2002, 116 Stat. 1571, as amended by Pub. L. 108–84, § 130, formerly § 135, Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1048, renumbered Pub. L. 108–104, § 2(3), Oct. 31, 2003, 117 Stat. 1200; Pub. L. 108–104, § 3, Oct. 31, 2003, 117 Stat. 1200; Pub. L. 108–107, § 2, Nov. 7, 2003, 117 Stat. 1240; Pub. L. 108–135, § 2, Nov. 22, 2003, 117 Stat. 1391, provided that:
“(a) The conditions described in section 1305 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106–65; 22 U.S.C. 5952 note) shall not apply to the obligation and expenditure of funds for fiscal years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 for the planning, design, or construction of a chemical weapons destruction facility in Russia if the President submits to Congress a written certification that includes—
“(1) a statement as to why waiving the conditions is important to the national security interests of the United States;
“(2) a full and complete justification for exercising this waiver; and
“(3) a plan to promote a full and accurate disclosure by Russia regarding the size, content, status, and location of its chemical weapons stockpile.
“(b) Expiration of Authority.—
The authority under paragraph (a) shall expire January 31, 2004.”
Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title XIII, § 1303], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–340, provided that: “No fiscal year 2001 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds and no funds appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for any other fiscal year, may be obligated or expended for elimination of conventional weapons or the delivery vehicles primarily intended to deliver such weapons.”
[For definitions, see section 1 [[div. A], title XIII, § 1301(a)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 5959 of this title.]
Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title XIII, § 1304], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–340, as amended by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, § 1305(b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1255, provided that: “Out of funds authorized to be appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs [for definition, see section 1 [[div. A], title XIII, § 1301(a)] of Pub. L. 106–398, set out as a note under section 5959 of this title] for fiscal year 2001 or any other fiscal year, not more than $412,600,000 may be used for planning, design, or construction of the first wing for the storage facility for Russian fissile material referred to in section 1302(a)(5) [114 Stat. 1654–339] other than planning, design, or construction to improve security at such first wing.”
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title XIII, §§ 1303–1305, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 793, 794, as amended by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, § 1308, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1256; Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title X, § 1062(j)(2), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2651; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVIII, § 1811(3), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1304(a)(3), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 412, provided that:
“SEC. 1303. PROHIBITION ON USE OF FUNDS FOR SPECIFIED PURPOSES
“(a) In General.—
No fiscal year 2000 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds, and no funds appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1999], may be obligated or expended for any of the following purposes:
“(1) Conducting with Russia any peacekeeping exercise or other peacekeeping-related activity.
“(2) Provision of housing.
“(3) Provision of assistance to promote environmental restoration.
“(4) Provision of assistance to promote job retraining.
“(b) Limitation With Respect to Defense Conversion Assistance.—
None of the funds appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in section 301 of this Act [113 Stat. 556], and no funds appropriated to the Department of Defense in any other Act enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1999], may be obligated or expended for the provision of assistance to Russia or any other state of the former Soviet Union to promote defense conversion.
“(c) Limitation With Respect to Conventional Weapons.—
No fiscal year 2000 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds may be obligated or expended for elimination of conventional weapons or the delivery vehicles primarily intended to deliver such weapons.
“SEC. 1304. LIMITATIONS ON USE OF FUNDS FOR FISSILE MATERIAL STORAGE FACILITY
“(a) Limitations on Use of Fiscal Year 2000 Funds.—
No fiscal year 2000 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds may be used—
“(1) for construction of a second wing for the storage facility for Russian fissile material referred to in section 1302(a)(6) [113 Stat. 793]; or
“(2) for design or planning with respect to such facility until 15 days after the date that the Secretary of Defense submits to Congress notification that Russia and the United States have signed a verifiable written transparency agreement that ensures that material stored at the facility is of weapons origin.
“(b) Limitation on Construction.—
No funds authorized to be appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs may be used for construction of the storage facility referred to in subsection (a) until the Secretary of Defense submits to Congress the following:
“(1) A certification that additional capacity is necessary at such facility for storage of Russian weapons-origin fissile material.
“(2) A detailed cost estimate for a second wing for the facility.
“(3) A certification that Russia and the United States have signed a verifiable written transparency agreement that ensures that material stored at the facility is of weapons origin.
“[SEC. 1305. Repealed. Pub. L. 110–53, title XVIII, § 1811(3), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 492, and Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, § 1304(a)(3), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 412.]”
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization acts:
Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XIII, § 1303, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2162.
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title XIV, §§ 1403, 1405, 1407, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1960, 1962.
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XV, § 1503, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2732.
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XII, § 1203, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 470.
heading: Limitation on Use of Funds for Chemical Weapons Destruction Activities in Russia
text: Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XIII, § 1304, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2163, provided that:
“(a) Limitation.—
Subject to the limitation in section 1405(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105–85; 111 Stat. 1961), no funds authorized to be appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs under this Act [see Tables for classification] or any other Act may be obligated or expended for chemical weapons destruction activities in Russia (including activities for the planning, design, or construction of a chemical weapons destruction facility or for the dismantlement of an existing chemical weapons production facility) until the President submits to Congress a written certification described in subsection (b).
“(b) Presidential Certification.—
A certification under this subsection is either of the following certifications by the President:
“(1) A certification that—
“(A) Russia is making reasonable progress toward the implementation of the Bilateral Destruction Agreement;
“(B) the United States and Russia have made substantial progress toward the resolution, to the satisfaction of the United States, of outstanding compliance issues under the Wyoming Memorandum of Understanding and the Bilateral Destruction Agreement; and
“(C) Russia has fully and accurately declared all information regarding its unitary and binary chemical weapons, chemical weapons facilities, and other facilities associated with chemical weapons.
“(2) A certification that the national security interests of the United States could be undermined by a policy of the United States not to carry out chemical weapons destruction activities under Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for which funds are authorized to be appropriated under this Act or any other Act for fiscal year 1999.
“(c) Definitions.—
In this section:
“(1) The term ‘Bilateral Destruction Agreement’ means the Agreement Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Destruction and Non-production of Chemical Weapons and on Measures to Facilitate the Multilateral Convention on Banning Chemical Weapons signed on June 1, 1990.
“(2) The term ‘Wyoming Memorandum of Understanding’ means the Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Regarding a Bilateral Verification Experiment and Data Exchange Related to Prohibition on Chemical Weapons, signed at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on September 23, 1989.”
[Memorandum of President of the United States, July 16, 1999, 64 F.R. 40503, delegated to Secretary of Defense authority of President under section 1304(b)(2) of Public Law 105–261, set out above.]
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization acts:
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title XIV, § 1406, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1961.
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XII, § 1209, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 472.
heading: Requirement To Submit Summary of Amounts Requested by Project Category
text: Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XIII, § 1307, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2165, as amended by Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title XIII, § 1304, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2094, provided that:
“(a) Summary Required.—
The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress in the materials and manner specified in subsection (c)—
“(1) a descriptive summary, with respect to the appropriations requested for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for the fiscal year after the fiscal year in which the summary is submitted, of the amounts requested for each project category under each Cooperative Threat Reduction program element; and
“(2) a descriptive summary, with respect to appropriations for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for the fiscal year in which the list is submitted and the previous fiscal year, of the amounts obligated or expended, or planned to be obligated or expended, for each project category under each Cooperative Threat Reduction program element.
“(b) Description of Purpose and Intent.—
The descriptive summary required under subsection (a) shall include a narrative description of each program and project category under each Cooperative Threat Reduction program element that explains the purpose and intent of the funds requested.
“(c) Inclusion in Certain Materials Submitted to Congress.—
The summary required to be submitted to Congress in a fiscal year under subsection (a) shall be set forth by project category, and by amounts specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) of that subsection in connection with such project category, in each of the following:
“(1) The annual report on activities and assistance under Cooperative Threat Reduction programs required in such fiscal year under section 1308 of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (as enacted into law by Public Law 106–398) [22 U.S.C. 5959].
“(2) The budget justification materials submitted to Congress in support of the Department of Defense budget for the fiscal year succeeding such fiscal year (as submitted with the budget of the President under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code).”
heading: Authority To Conduct Program Relating to Fissile Materials
text: Pub. L. 104–106, div. C, title XXXI, § 3131, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 617, as amended by Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3152, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2738, which was formerly set out as a note under this section, was renumbered section 4305 of Pub. L. 107–314, the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, by Pub. L. 108–136, div. C, title XXXI, § 3141(f)(6), Nov. 24, 2004, 117 Stat. 1763, and is classified to section 2565 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
heading: Multiyear Planning and Allied Support
text: Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XII, § 1205(a)–(c), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2883, which required the Secretary of Defense to submit to Congress a report on funding for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs with states of the former Soviet Union at the time of the transmission to Congress of the budget justification materials for the funding request in the fiscal year 1996 budget for such Cooperative Threat Reduction programs and to submit an updated version of the report for any fiscal year after fiscal year 1996 for which the budget of the President proposed that funds be appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title XIII, § 1308(g)(2)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–343, effective on the date [Aug. 30, 2000] the Secretary of Defense submitted to Congress an updated version of the multiyear plan for fiscal year 2001 as described in section 5959(h) of this title.
heading: Condition on Assistance to Russia for Construction of Plutonium Storage Facility
text: Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XVI, § 1612, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1850, provided:
“(a) Limitation.—
Until a certification under subsection (b) is made, no funds may be obligated or expended by the United States for the purpose of assisting the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia to construct a storage facility for surplus plutonium from dismantled weapons.
“(b) Certification of Russia’s Commitment to Halt Chemical Separation of Weapon-Grade Plutonium.—
The prohibition in subsection (a) shall cease to apply upon a certification by the President to Congress that Russia—
“(1) is committed to halting the chemical separation of weapon-grade plutonium from spent nuclear fuel; and
“(2) is taking all practical steps to halt such separation at the earliest possible date.
“(c) Sense of Congress on Plutonium Policy.—
It is the sense of Congress that a key objective of the United States with respect to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons should be to obtain a clear and unequivocal commitment from the Government of Russia that it will (1) cease all production and separation of weapon-grade plutonium, and (2) halt chemical separation of plutonium produced in civil nuclear power reactors.
“(d) Report.—
Not later than June 1, 1994, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the status of efforts by the United States to secure the commitments and achieve the objective described in subsections (b) and (c). The President shall include in the report a discussion of the status of joint efforts by the United States and Russia to replace any remaining Russian plutonium production reactors with alternative power sources or to convert such reactors to operation with alternative fuels that would permit their operation without generating weapon-grade plutonium.”
[Memorandum of President of the United States, Mar. 10, 1994, 59 F.R. 14079, delegated to Secretary of State authority and duty of President under section 1612(b) and (d) of Public Law 103–160 set out above.]
heading: Presidential Determination on Waiver of Conditions on Obligations and Expenditure of Funds for Planning, Design, and Construction of a Chemical Weapons Destruction Facility in Russia for Calendar Year 2007
text: Determination of President of the United States, No. 2007–6, Dec. 6, 2006, 71 F.R. 77581, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
Consistent with the authority vested in me by section 1303 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 (Public Law 108–375) (the “Act”), I hereby certify that waiving the conditions described in section 1305 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106–65), as amended, is important to the national security interests of the United States, and include herein, for submission to the Congress, the statement, justification, and plan described in section 1303 of the Act. This waiver shall apply for calendar year 2007.
You are authorized and directed to transmit this certification, including the statement, justification, and plan, to the Congress and to arrange for the publication of this certification in the Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
Prior determinations and certifications for Russia were contained in the following:
Determination of President of the United States, No. 2006–6, Dec. 22, 2005, 71 F.R. 1469.
Determination of President of the United States, No. 2005–07, Nov. 29, 2004, 69 F.R. 72109.
Determination of President of the United States, No. 03–10, Jan. 10, 2003, 68 F.R. 2411.
heading: Waiver of Restrictions on Assistance to Russia Under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 and Title V of the FREEDOM Support Act
text: Determination of President of the United States, No. 2005–09, Dec. 6, 2004, 69 F.R. 74933, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
Consistent with the authority vested in me by section 1306 of the [Bob Stump] national [National] Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107–314) [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note above], I hereby certify that waiving the restrictions contained in subsection (d) of section 1203 of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (22 U.S.C. 5952), as amended, and the requirements contained in section 502 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5852) during Fiscal Year 2005 with respect to the Russian Federation is important to the national security interests of the United States.
You are authorized and directed to transmit to the Congress this certification and the associated report (including its classified annex) [not set out in the Code] that has been prepared by my Administration consistent with section 1306(b) of Public Law 107–314. You are further authorized and directed to arrange for the publication of this certification in the Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
Prior determinations and certifications for Russia were contained in the following:
Determination of President of the United States, No. 2004–08, Nov. 7, 2003, 68 F.R. 65383.
Determination of President of the United States, No. 03–11, Jan. 10, 2003, 68 F.R. 2419.
heading: Waiver of Restrictions on Assistance to the Republic of Uzbekistan Under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 and Title V of the FREEDOM Support Act
text: Determination of President of the United States, No. 2005–13, Dec. 14, 2004, 70 F.R. 1, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
Consistent with the authority vested in me by section 1306 of the [Bob Stump] National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107–314) [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note above], I hereby certify that waiving the restrictions contained in subsection (d) of section 1203 of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (22 U.S.C. 5952), as amended, and the requirements contained in section 502 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5852) during Fiscal Year 2005 with respect to the Republic of Uzbekistan is important to the national security interests of the United States.
You are authorized and directed to transmit to the Congress this certification and the associated report (including its classified annex) [not set out in the Code] that has been prepared by my Administration consistent with section 1306(b) of Public Law 107–314. You are further authorized and directed to arrange for the publication of this certification in the Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
Prior determinations and certifications for Uzbekistan were contained in the following:
Determination of President of the United States, No. 2004–19, Dec. 30, 2003, 69 F.R. 2479.
heading: Delegation of Responsibilities Under Sections 1203–1207 of Title XII of Public Law 103–160
text: Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 29, 1994, 59 F.R. 5929, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, [and] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget
By the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, I hereby delegate:
1. to the Secretary of State the authority and duty vested in the President under section 1203(d) of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993, Title XII of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (Public Law 103–160) [22 U.S.C. 5952(d)];
2. to the Secretary of Defense the authorities and duties vested in the President under sections 1203(a), 1204, 1206, and 1207 of Public Law 103–160 [22 U.S.C. 5952(a), 5953, 5955, former 5956].
The Secretary of Defense shall not exercise authority delegated by number 2 hereof with respect to any former Soviet republic unless the Secretary of State has exercised his authority and performed the duty delegated by number 1 hereof, as applicable, with respect to that former Soviet republic. The Secretary of Defense shall not obligate funds in exercise of authority delegated by number 2 hereof unless the Director of the Office of Management and Budget has made the determination that expenditures are to be counted as discretionary spending in the national defense function (050), as applicable to the funds to be transferred.
The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
William J. Clinton.
heading: Assignment of Certain Functions Related to the Use of Cooperative Threat Reduction Funds for States Outside the Former Soviet Union
text: Memorandum of President of the United States, May 26, 2006, 71 F.R. 36435, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Secretary of Energy[, and] the Director of National Intelligence
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby assign to the Secretary of State the functions of the President under:
(1) subsection 1203(d) of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (22 U.S.C. 5952(d)), as it relates to section 1308(e) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (22 U.S.C. 5963);
(2) subsections 1306(a) and (b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107–314), as amended (22 U.S.C. 5952 note), as they relate to section 1308(e); and
(3) section 1304 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109–163).
The Secretary of State shall consult the Secretary of Defense prior to making a determination specified in section 1308(a)(2).
The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
George W. Bush.
heading: Definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs for Purposes of Pub. L. 107–314
text: Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, § 1301(a), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2670, provided that: “For purposes of section 301 [116 Stat. 2505] and other provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification], Cooperative Threat Reduction programs are the programs specified in section 1501(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2731; 50 U.S.C. 2362 note).”
heading: Definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs and Funds for Purposes of Pub. L. 107–107
text: Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, § 1301(a), (b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1254, provided that:
“(a) Specification of CTR Programs.—
For purposes of section 301 [115 Stat. 1046] and other provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification], Cooperative Threat Reduction programs are the programs specified in section 1501(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2731; 50 U.S.C. 2362 note).
“(b) Fiscal Year 2002 Cooperative Threat Reduction Funds Defined.—
As used in this title [amending section 5959 of this title and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under this section], the term ‘fiscal year 2002 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds’ means the funds appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in section 301 for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs.”
heading: Definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs and Funds for Purposes of Pub. L. 106–65
text: Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title XIII, § 1301(a), (b), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 792, provided that:
“(a) Specification of CTR Programs.—
For purposes of section 301 [113 Stat. 556] and other provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification], Cooperative Threat Reduction programs are the programs specified in section 1501(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2731; 50 U.S.C. 2362 note).
“(b) Fiscal Year 2000 Cooperative Threat Reduction Funds Defined.—
As used in this title [enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 5955 of this title], the term ‘fiscal year 2000 Cooperative Threat Reduction funds’ means the funds appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in section 301 for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs.”
heading: Definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs for Purposes of Pub. L. 105–261
text: Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XIII, § 1301(a)(1), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2161, provided that: “For purposes of section 301 [112 Stat. 1960] and other provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification], Cooperative Threat Reduction programs are the programs specified in section 1501(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2731; 50 U.S.C. 2362 note) (as amended by paragraph (2)).”
heading: Definition of Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs for Purposes of Pub. L. 103–337
text: Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XII, § 1201, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2882, provided that: “For purposes of section 301 [108 Stat. 2706] and other provisions of this Act [see Tables for classification], Cooperative Threat Reduction programs are the programs described in section 1203(b) of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (title XII of Public Law 103–160; 107 Stat. 1778; 22 U.S.C. 5952(b)).”