dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
49 U.S.C. § 44112 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44112. Limitation of liability
(a) Definitions.—
In this section—
(1) “lessor” means a person leasing for at least 30 days a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.
(2) “owner” means a person that owns a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.
(3) “secured party” means a person having a security interest in, or security title to, a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller under a conditional sales contract, equipment trust contract, chattel or corporate mortgage, or similar instrument.
(b) Liability.—
A lessor, owner, or secured party is liable for personal injury, death, or property loss or damage on land or water only when a civil aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller is in the actual possession or control of the lessor, owner, or secured party, and the personal injury, death, or property loss or damage occurs because of—
(1) the aircraft, engine, or propeller; or
(2) the flight of, or an object falling from, the aircraft, engine, or propeller.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1167.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44112
49 App.:1404.
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 504, 72 Stat. 774; restated July 8, 1959, Pub. L. 86–81, § 2, 73 Stat. 180.
In subsection (a), clauses (1) and (3) are derived from 49 App.:1404 (2d–57th words). Clause (2) is added for clarity. In clause (1), the words “bona fide” are omitted as surplus. In clause (3), the word “nature” is omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), before clause (1), the words “personal injury, death” are substituted for “any injury to or death of persons”, and the words “on land or water” are substituted for “on the surface of the earth (whether on land or water)”, to eliminate unnecessary words. In clause (2), the words “ascent, descent, or” and “dropping or” are omitted as surplus.
49 U.S.C. § 44113 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44113. Definitions
In this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1) Cape town treaty.—
The term “Cape Town Treaty” means the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, as modified by the Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment, signed at Rome on May 9, 2003.
(2) United states entry point.—
The term “United States Entry Point” means the Federal Aviation Administration Civil Aviation Registry.
(3) International registry.—
The term “International Registry” means the registry established under the Cape Town Treaty.
(Added Pub. L. 108–297, § 6(a), Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1097.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Mar. 1, 2006, and not applicable to any registration or recordation that was made before such date under this chapter or any legal rights relating to such registration or recordation, see section 7 of Pub. L. 108–297, set out as an Effective Date of 2004 Amendment note under section 44101 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44301 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44301. Definitions
In this chapter—
(1) “aircraft manufacturer” means any company or other business entity, the majority ownership and control of which is by United States citizens, that manufactures aircraft or aircraft engines.
(2) “American aircraft” means—
(A) a civil aircraft of the United States; and
(B) an aircraft owned or chartered by, or made available to—
(i) the United States Government; or
(ii) a State, the District of Columbia, a territory or possession of the United States, or a political subdivision of the State, territory, or possession.
(3) “insurance carrier” means a person authorized to do aviation insurance business in a State, including a mutual or stock insurance company and a reciprocal insurance association.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1168; Pub. L. 108–176, title I, § 106(a)(2), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2498.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44301
49 App.:1531.
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 1301, 72 Stat. 800; restated Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, § 1(a), 91 Stat. 1278.
In this section, the text of 49 App.:1531(3) is omitted as surplus because the complete name of the Secretary of Transportation is used the first time the term appears in a section.
In clause (1)(B)(i), the words “United States Government” are substituted for “United States or any department or agency thereof” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
In clause (1)(B)(ii), the words “the government of” are omitted for consistency in the revised title.
In clause (2), the words “insurance company” are omitted as being included in “insurance carrier”. The words “means a person” are added because they are inclusive. The words “group or association” are omitted as being included in “person”. The word “State” is substituted for “State of the United States” to eliminate unnecessary words.
heading: Amendments
text: 2003—Pub. L. 108–176 added par. (1) and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively.
heading: Effective Date of 2003 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 108–176 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 2003, except as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 108–176, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44304 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44304. Reinsurance
To the extent the Secretary of Transportation is authorized to provide insurance under this chapter, the Secretary may reinsure any part of the insurance provided by an insurance carrier. The Secretary may reinsure with, transfer to, or transfer back to, any insurance carrier any insurance or reinsurance provided by the Secretary under this chapter.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1169; Pub. L. 107–42, title II, § 201(c), Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 112–95, title VII, § 703, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 118.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44304(a)
49 App.:1535(a).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 1305, 72 Stat. 802; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, § 4(a), 91 Stat. 1279.
44304(b)
49 App.:1535(b).
In subsection (a), the words “may reinsure any part of the insurance provided by an insurance carrier” are substituted for “may reinsure, in whole or in part, any company authorized to do an insurance business” for clarity and consistency with source provisions restated in this subchapter and the definition of “insurance carrier” in section 44301 of the revised title. The words “transfer to, or transfer back to” are substituted for “cede or retrocede to” for clarity.
In subsection (b), the word “same” is omitted as being included in “similar”. The words “on account of the cost of” are omitted as surplus. The word “providing” is substituted for “rendered” and “furnished” because it is inclusive. The words “except for” are substituted for “but such allowance to the carrier shall not provide for” to eliminate unnecessary words.
heading: Amendments
text: 2012—Pub. L. 112–95 substituted “any insurance carrier” for “the carrier”.
2001—Pub. L. 107–42 struck out subsec. (a) designation and heading “General Authority” and struck out subsec. (b) which read as follows:
“(b) Premium Levels.—The Secretary may provide reinsurance at premiums not less than, or obtain reinsurance at premiums not higher than, the premiums the Secretary establishes on similar risks or the premiums the insurance carrier charges for the insurance to be reinsured by the Secretary, whichever is most advantageous to the Secretary. However, the Secretary may make allowances to the insurance carrier for expenses incurred in providing services and facilities that the Secretary considers good business practice, except for payments by the carrier for the stimulation or solicitation of insurance business.”
49 U.S.C. § 44503 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44503. Reducing nonessential expenditures
The Secretary of Transportation shall attempt to reduce the capital, operating, maintenance, and administrative costs of the national airport and airway system to the maximum extent practicable consistent with the highest degree of aviation safety. At least annually, the Secretary shall consult with and consider the recommendations of users of the system on ways to reduce nonessential expenditures of the United States Government for aviation. The Secretary shall give particular attention to a recommendation that may reduce, with no adverse effect on safety, future personnel requirements and costs to the Government required to be recovered from user charges.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1176.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44503
49 App.:1704.
July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–353, § 25, 90 Stat. 885.
The words “in accordance with this section” and “due” are omitted as surplus. The word “personnel” is substituted for “manpower” for consistency in the revised title.
49 U.S.C. § 44507 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44507. Civil aeromedical research
The Civil Aeromedical Institute established by section 106(j) of this title may—
(1) conduct civil aeromedical research, including research related to—
(A) the protection and survival of aircraft occupants;
(B) medical accident investigation and airman medical certification;
(C) toxicology and the effects of drugs on human performance;
(D) the impact of disease and disability on human performance;
(E) vision and its relationship to human performance and equipment design;
(F) human factors of flight crews, air traffic controllers, mechanics, inspectors, airway facility technicians, and other individuals involved in operating and maintaining aircraft and air traffic control equipment; and
(G) agency work force optimization, including training, equipment design, reduction of errors, and identification of candidate tasks for automation;
(2) make comments to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration on human factors aspects of proposed air safety regulations;
(3) make comments to the Administrator on human factors aspects of proposed training programs, equipment requirements, standards, and procedures for aviation personnel;
(4) advise, assist, and represent the Federal Aviation Administration in the human factors aspects of joint projects between the Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, industry, and governments of foreign countries; and
(5) provide medical consultation services to the Administrator about medical certification of airmen.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1179.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44507
49 App.:1353(e).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 312(e); added Nov. 3, 1988, Pub. L. 100–591, § 5(b), 102 Stat. 3013.
In clause (4), the words “departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government” are substituted for “Government agencies” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
49 U.S.C. § 44509 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44509. Demonstration projects
The Secretary of Transportation may carry out under this chapter demonstration projects that the Secretary considers necessary for research and development activities under this chapter.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1181.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44509
49 App.:2205(b)(1).
Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, § 506(b)(1), 96 Stat. 678; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, § 105(b)(1), 101 Stat. 1490.
49 U.S.C. § 44510 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44510. Airway science curriculum grants
(a) General Authority.—
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may make competitive grant agreements with institutions of higher education having airway science curricula for the United States Government’s share of the allowable direct costs of the following categories of items to the extent that the items are in support of airway science curricula:
(1) the construction, purchase, or lease with an option to purchase, of buildings and associated facilities.
(2) instructional material and equipment.
(b) Cost Guidelines.—
The Administrator shall establish guidelines to determine the direct costs allowable under a grant to be made under this section. The Government’s share of the allowable cost of a project assisted by a grant under this section may not be more than 65 percent.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1181.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44510(a)
49 App.:1354a (1st sentence).
Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, (1st sentence last proviso, 3d, last sentences in par. under heading “Facilities and Equipment”), 104 Stat. 2160.
Oct. 28, 1991, Pub. L. 102–143, (1st sentence last proviso, 3d, last sentences in par. under heading “Facilities and Equipment”), 105 Stat. 922.
Oct. 6, 1992, Pub. L. 102–388, (1st sentence last proviso, 3d, last sentences in par. under heading “Facilities and Equipment”), 106 Stat. 1525.
44510(b)
49 App.:1354a (3d, last sentences).
In subsection (a), before clause (1), the words “With appropriations made for the Airway Science Program, as authorized below in this section” are omitted as unnecessary because of section 48106 of the revised title.
In subsection (b), the proviso is omitted as executed.
49 U.S.C. § 44512 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44512. Catastrophic failure prevention research grants
(a) General Authority.—
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may make grants to institutions of higher education and nonprofit research organizations—
(1) to conduct aviation research related to the development of technologies and methods to assess the risk of, and prevent, defects, failures, and malfunctions of products, parts, processes, and articles manufactured for use in aircraft, aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances that could result in a catastrophic failure of an aircraft; and
(2) to establish centers of excellence for continuing the research.
(b) Solicitation, Application, Review, and Evaluation Process.—
The Administrator shall establish a solicitation, application, review, and evaluation process that ensures providing grants under this section for proposals having adequate merit and relevancy to the research described in subsection (a) of this section.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1182.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44512
49 App.:1353(h).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 312(h); added Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, § 9208(b), 104 Stat. 1388–376.
In this section, the words “institutions of higher education” are substituted for “colleges, universities” for consistency in the revised title.
In subsection (b), the words “providing grants” are substituted for “the funding” for consistency in the revised title.
49 U.S.C. § 44514 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44514. Flight service stations
(a) Hours of Operation.—
(1) The Secretary of Transportation may close, or reduce the hours of operation of, a flight service station in an area only if the service provided in the area after the closing or during the hours the station is not in operation is provided by an automated flight service station with at least model 1 equipment.
(2) The Secretary shall reopen a flight service station closed after March 24, 1987, but before July 15, 1987, as soon as practicable if the service in the area in which the station is located has not been provided since the closing by an automatic flight service station with at least model 1 equipment. The hours of operation for the reopened station shall be the same as were the hours of operation for the station on March 25, 1987. After reopening the station, the Secretary may close, or reduce the hours of operation of, the station only as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(b) Manned Auxiliary Stations.—
The Secretary and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall establish a system of manned auxiliary flight service stations. The manned auxiliary flight service stations shall supplement the services of the planned consolidation to 61 automated flight service stations under the flight service station modernization program. A manned auxiliary flight service station shall be located in an area of unique weather or operational conditions that are critical to the safety of flight.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1183.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44514(a)
49 App.:2224.
Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, § 528, 96 Stat. 699; restated Dec. 30, 1987, Pub. L. 100–223, § 113, 101 Stat. 1505.
44514(b)
49 App.:1348 (notes).
Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–508, § 9115, 104 Stat. 1388–364.
Nov. 5, 1990, Pub. L. 101–516, § 330(a), 104 Stat. 2184.
In subsection (a)(1), the words “On or after July 15, 1987” are omitted as obsolete.
In subsection (a)(2), the words “after December 30, 1987” are omitted as obsolete. The words “the date of” are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (b), the text of section 9115(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–508, 104 Stat. 1388–364) and section 330(a) (last sentence) of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101–516, 104 Stat. 2184) is omitted as obsolete.
49 U.S.C. § 44516 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44516. Human factors program
(a) Human Factors Training.—
(1) Air traffic controllers.—
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall—
(A) address the problems and concerns raised by the National Research Council in its report “The Future of Air Traffic Control” on air traffic control automation; and
(B) respond to the recommendations made by the National Research Council.
(2) Pilots and flight crews.—
The Administrator shall work with representatives of the aviation industry and appropriate aviation programs associated with universities to develop specific training curricula to address critical safety problems, including problems of pilots—
(A) in recovering from loss of control of an aircraft, including handling unusual attitudes and mechanical malfunctions;
(B) in deviating from standard operating procedures, including inappropriate responses to emergencies and hazardous weather;
(C) in awareness of altitude and location relative to terrain to prevent controlled flight into terrain; and
(D) in landing and approaches, including nonprecision approaches and go-around procedures.
(b) Test Program.—
The Administrator shall establish a test program in cooperation with air carriers to use model Jeppesen approach plates or other similar tools to improve precision-like landing approaches for aircraft.
(c) Report.—
Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this section, the Administrator shall transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report on the status of the Administration’s efforts to encourage the adoption and implementation of advanced qualification programs for air carriers under this section.
(d) Advanced Qualification Program Defined.—
In this section, the term “advanced qualification program” means an alternative method for qualifying, training, certifying, and ensuring the competency of flight crews and other commercial aviation operations personnel subject to the training and evaluation requirements of parts 121 and 135 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.
(Added Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, § 713(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 160.)
heading: References in Text
text: The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–181, which was approved Apr. 5, 2000.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendments note under section 106 of this title.
49 U.S.C. § 44705 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44705. Air carrier operating certificates
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall issue an air carrier operating certificate to a person desiring to operate as an air carrier when the Administrator finds, after investigation, that the person properly and adequately is equipped and able to operate safely under this part and regulations and standards prescribed under this part. An air carrier operating certificate shall—
(1) contain terms necessary to ensure safety in air transportation; and
(2) specify the places to and from which, and the airways of the United States over which, a person may operate as an air carrier.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1189.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44705
49 App.:1424(b).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 604(b), 72 Stat. 778.
49 App.:1655(c)(1).
Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, § 7(b), 96 Stat. 2444.
In this section, the word “Administrator” in section 604(b) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 778) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). Before clause (1), the words “may file with the Secretary of Transportation an application for an air carrier operating certificate” and “the requirements of” are omitted as surplus. The word “rules” is omitted as being synonymous with “regulations”. In clause (1), the words “conditions, and limitations . . . reasonably” are omitted as surplus. In clause (2), the word “places” is substituted for “points” for consistency in the revised title. The words “under an air carrier operating certificate” are omitted as surplus.
49 U.S.C. § 44708 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44708. Inspecting and rating air navigation facilities
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may inspect, classify, and rate an air navigation facility available for the use of civil aircraft on the suitability of the facility for that use.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1190.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44708
49 App.:1426 (1st sentence).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, § 606 (1st sentence), 72 Stat. 779.
49 App.:1655(c)(1).
Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, § 7(b), 96 Stat. 2444.
The word “Administrator” in section 606 (1st sentence) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 779) is retained on authority of 49:106(g).
49 U.S.C. § 44714 (TRANSPORTATION)
§ 44714. Aviation fuel standards
The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall prescribe—
(1) standards for the composition or chemical or physical properties of an aircraft fuel or fuel additive to control or eliminate aircraft emissions the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency decides under section 231 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7571) endanger the public health or welfare; and
(2) regulations providing for carrying out and enforcing those standards.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1195.)
text: Historical and Revision Notes
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
44714
49 App.:1421(e).
Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, § 601(e); added Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, § 11(b)(1), 84 Stat. 1705; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, § 15(b)(1), 91 Stat. 1283.
In this section, before clause (1), the words “and from time to time revise” are omitted as surplus. In clause (1), the words “establishing” and “the purpose of” are omitted as surplus.