dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
50 U.S.C. § 2316 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2316. Actions to increase civilian expertise
(a) to (c) Omitted
(d) Civilian expertise
The President shall take reasonable measures to reduce the reliance of civilian law enforcement officials on Department of Defense resources to counter the threat posed by the use or potential use of biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction within the United States. The measures shall include—
(1) actions to increase civilian law enforcement expertise to counter such a threat; and
(2) actions to improve coordination between civilian law enforcement officials and other civilian sources of expertise, within and outside the Federal Government, to counter such a threat.
(e) Reports
The President shall submit to Congress the following reports:
(1) Not later than 90 days after September 23, 1996, a report describing the respective policy functions and operational roles of Federal agencies in countering the threat posed by the use or potential use of biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction within the United States.
(2) Not later than one year after September 23, 1996, a report describing—
(A) the actions planned to be taken to carry out subsection (d) of this section; and
(B) the costs of such actions.
(3) Not later than three years after September 23, 1996, a report updating the information provided in the reports submitted pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2), including the measures taken pursuant to subsection (d) of this section.
(Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, § 1416, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2721.)
heading: Codification
text: Section is comprised of subsecs. (d) and (e) of section 1416 of Pub. L. 104–201. Subsecs. (a) to (c) of section 1416 enacted section 382 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and sections 175a and 2332d of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and amended section 372 of Title 10.
50 U.S.C. § 2331 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2331. Procurement of detection equipment for United States border security
Of the amount authorized to be appropriated by section 301,1 $15,000,000 is available for the procurement of—
(1) equipment capable of detecting the movement of weapons of mass destruction and related materials into the United States;
(2) equipment capable of interdicting the movement of weapons of mass destruction and related materials into the United States; and
(3) materials and technologies related to use of equipment described in paragraph (1) or (2).
(Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, § 1421, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2725.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 301, referred to in text, is section 301 of Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title III, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2475, which is not classified to the Code.
50 U.S.C. § 2332 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2332. Sense of Congress concerning criminal penalties
(a) Sense of Congress concerning inadequacy of sentencing guidelines
It is the sense of Congress that the sentencing guidelines prescribed by the United States Sentencing Commission for the offenses of importation, attempted importation, exportation, and attempted exportation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons materials constitute inadequate punishment for such offenses.
(b) Urging of revision to guidelines
Congress urges the United States Sentencing Commission to revise the relevant sentencing guidelines to provide for increased penalties for offenses relating to importation, attempted importation, exportation, and attempted exportation of nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons or related materials or technologies under the following provisions of law:
(1) Section 2410 of the Appendix to this title.
(2) Sections 2778 and 2780 of title 22.
(3) The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).
(4) Section 2139a(c) of title 42.
(Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, § 1423, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2725; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, § 1069(c)(1), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2136.)
heading: References in Text
text: The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1701 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of this title and Tables.
heading: Codification
text: Section is comprised of section 1423 of Pub. L. 104–201 which also enacted provisions listed in a table of sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–261 made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 2139a(c) of title 42.
50 U.S.C. § 2334 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2334. Training program
The Secretary of Defense may participate in a training program carried out jointly by the Secretary of Defense and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in order to expand and improve United States efforts to deter the possible proliferation and acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by organized crime organizations in Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries, states of the former Soviet Union, and in other countries in which, as determined by the Secretary of Defense, there exists a significant threat of such proliferation and acquisition.
(Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XV, § 1504(e)(3)(A), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2918; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title XII, § 1211(b), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2087.)
heading: Codification
text: Section was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, and not as part of the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996 which comprises this chapter.
heading: Amendments
text: 2004—Pub. L. 108–375 substituted “The Secretary of Defense may participate in a” for “The training program referred to in paragraph (1)(B) is a”, inserted “of” after “acquisition”, struck out “and” after “countries,”, and inserted before period at end “, and in other countries in which, as determined by the Secretary of Defense, there exists a significant threat of such proliferation and acquisition”.
50 U.S.C. § 2341 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2341. Elimination of plutonium production
(a) Replacement program
The Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall develop a cooperative program with the Government of Russia to eliminate the production of weapons grade plutonium by modifying or replacing the reactor cores at Tomsk–7 and Krasnoyarsk–26 with reactor cores that are less suitable for the production of weapons-grade plutonium.
(b) Program requirements
(1) The program shall be designed to achieve completion of the modifications or replacements of the reactor cores within three years after the modification or replacement activities under the program are begun.
(2) The plan for the program shall—
(A) specify—
(i) successive steps for the modification or replacement of the reactor cores; and
(ii) clearly defined milestones to be achieved; and
(B) include estimates of the costs of the program.
(c) Submission of program plan to Congress
Not later than 180 days after September 23, 1996, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress—
(1) a plan for the program under subsection (a) of this section;
(2) an estimate of the United States funding that is necessary for carrying out the activities under the program for each fiscal year covered by the program; and
(3) a comparison of the benefits of the program with the benefits of other nonproliferation programs.
(Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, § 1432, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2726.)
50 U.S.C. § 2342 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2342. Cooperative program on research, development, and demonstration of technology regarding nuclear or radiological terrorism
(a) Program required
The Administrator for Nuclear Security shall carry out with the Russian Federation a cooperative program on the research, development, and demonstration of technologies for protection from and response to nuclear or radiological terrorism.
(b) Program elements
In carrying out the program required by subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall—
(1) conduct research and development of technology for protection from nuclear or radiological terrorism, including technology for the detection, identification, assessment, control, and disposition of radiological materials that could be used for nuclear terrorism; and
(2) provide, where feasible, for the demonstration to other countries of technologies or methodologies on matters relating to nuclear or radiological terrorism, including—
(A) the demonstration of technologies developed under the program to respond to nuclear or radiological terrorism;
(B) the demonstration of technologies developed under the program for the disposal of radioactive materials;
(C) the demonstration of methodologies developed under the program for use in evaluating the radiological threat of radiological sources identified as not under current accounting programs in the audit report of the Inspector General of the Department of Energy titled “Accounting for Sealed Sources of Nuclear Material Provided to Foreign Countries” (DOE/IG–0546);
(D) in coordination with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the demonstration of methodologies developed under the program to facilitate the development of a regulatory framework for licensing and controlling radioactive sources; and
(E) in coordination with the Office of Environment, Safety, and Health of the Department of Energy, the demonstration of methodologies developed under the program to facilitate development of consistent criteria for screening international transfers of radiological materials.
(c) Consultation
In carrying out activities in accordance with subsection (b)(2) of this section, the Administrator shall consult with—
(1) the Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Commerce; and
(2) the International Atomic Energy Agency.
(d) Amount for activities
Of the amount authorized to be appropriated by section 3101(a)(2) 1 for the Department of Energy for the National Nuclear Security Administration for defense nuclear nonproliferation, up to $15,000,000 may be available for carrying out this section.
(Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3155, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2739.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 3101(a)(2), referred to in subsec. (d), is section 3101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2729, which is not classified to the Code.
heading: Codification
text: Section was enacted as part of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, and not as part of the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996 which comprises this chapter.
50 U.S.C. § 2343 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2343. Matters relating to the international materials protection, control, and accounting program of the Department of Energy
(a) Radiological dispersal device materials protection, control, and accounting
The Secretary of Energy may establish within the International Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting program of the Department of Energy a program on the protection, control, and accounting of materials usable in radiological dispersal devices. In establishing such program, the Secretary shall—
(1) identify the sites and radiological materials to be covered by such program;
(2) carry out a risk assessment of such radiological materials; and
(3) identify and establish the costs of and schedules for such program.
(b) Revised focus for materials protection, control, and accounting program of Russian Federation
(1) The Secretary of Energy shall work cooperatively with the Russian Federation to develop, as soon as practicable but not later than January 1, 2018, a sustainable nuclear materials protection, control, and accounting system for the nuclear materials of the Russian Federation that is supported solely by the Russian Federation.
(2) The Secretary shall work with the Russian Federation to identify various alternatives to provide the United States adequate transparency in the nuclear materials protection, control, and accounting program of the Russian Federation to assure that such program is meeting applicable goals for nuclear materials protection, control, and accounting.
(c) Amount for activities
Of the amount authorized to be appropriated by section 3101(a)(2) 1 for the Department of Energy for the National Nuclear Security Administration for defense nuclear nonproliferation, up to $5,000,000 may be available for carrying out this section.
(Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3156, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2739; Pub. L. 111–383, div. C, title XXXI, § 3119, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4514.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 3101(a)(2), referred to in subsec. (c), is section 3101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2729, which is not classified to the Code.
heading: Codification
text: Section was enacted as part of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, and not as part of the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996 which comprises this chapter.
heading: Amendments
text: 2011—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–383 substituted “January 1, 2018” for “January 1, 2013”.
50 U.S.C. § 2344 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2344. Strengthened international security for nuclear materials and security of nuclear operations
(a) Report on options for international program to strengthen security
(1) Not later than 270 days after December 2, 2002, the Secretary of Energy shall submit to Congress a report on options for an international program to develop strengthened security for nuclear reactors and associated materials outside the United States.
(2) In evaluating options for purposes of the report, the Secretary shall consult with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency on the feasibility and advisability of actions to reduce the risks associated with terrorist attacks on nuclear reactors outside the United States.
(b) Joint programs with Russia on proliferation-resistant nuclear energy technologies
(1) The Secretary shall pursue with the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation joint programs between the United States and the Russian Federation on the development of proliferation-resistant nuclear energy technologies, including advanced fuel cycles.
(2) Of the amount authorized to be appropriated by section 3101(a)(2) 1 for the Department of Energy for the National Nuclear Security Administration for defense nuclear nonproliferation, up to $10,000,000 may be available for carrying out the joint programs referred to in paragraph (1).
(c) Assistance regarding hostile insiders
The Secretary may, utilizing appropriate expertise of the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, provide technical assistance to nuclear reactor facilities outside the United States with respect to the interdiction of hostile insiders at such facilities in order to prevent incidents arising from the disablement of the vital systems of such facilities.
(Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3158, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2741.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 3101(a)(2), referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 3101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2729, which is not classified to the Code.
heading: Codification
text: Section was enacted as part of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, and not as part of the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996 which comprises this chapter.
50 U.S.C. § 2345 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2345. Export control programs
(a) Authority to pursue options for strengthening export control programs
The Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the Secretary of State, may pursue in the region of the former Soviet Union and other regions of concern options for accelerating programs that assist the countries in such regions in improving their domestic export control programs for materials, technologies, and expertise relevant to the construction or use of a nuclear or radiological dispersal device.
(b) Amount for activities
Of the amount authorized to be appropriated by section 3101(a)(2) 1 for the Department of Energy for the National Nuclear Security Administration for defense nuclear nonproliferation, up to $5,000,000 may be available for carrying out this section.
(Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, § 3159, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2741.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 3101(a)(2), referred to in subsec. (b), is section 3101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 107–314, div. C, title XXXI, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2729, which is not classified to the Code.
heading: Codification
text: Section was enacted as part of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, and not as part of the Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996 which comprises this chapter.
50 U.S.C. § 2351 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2351. National coordinator on nonproliferation
(a) Designation of position
The President shall designate an individual to serve in the Executive Office of the President as the National Coordinator for Nonproliferation Matters.
(b) Duties
The Coordinator, under the direction of the National Security Council, shall advise and assist the President by—
(1) advising the President on nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including issues related to terrorism, arms control, and international organized crime;
(2) chairing the Committee on Nonproliferation of the National Security Council; and
(3) taking such actions as are necessary to ensure that there is appropriate emphasis in, cooperation on, and coordination of, nonproliferation research efforts of the United States, including activities of Federal agencies as well as activities of contractors funded by the Federal Government.
(c) Allocation of funds
Of the total amount authorized to be appropriated under section 301,1 $2,000,000 is available to the Department of Defense for carrying out research referred to in subsection (b)(3) of this section.
(Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, § 1441, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2727; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, § 1069(c)(2), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2136.)
heading: References in Text
text: Section 301, referred to in subsec. (c), is section 301 of Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title III, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2475, which is not classified to the Code.
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 105–261 substituted “of the National Security Council” for “established under section 1342”.
heading: Commission To Assess Organization of Federal Government To Combat Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
text: Pub. L. 104–293, title VII, subtitle A, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3470, as amended by Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(f) [title VII, § 708], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–337, 2681–390, established the Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, directed the Commission to carry out a thorough study of the organization of the Federal Government, including the elements of the intelligence community, with respect to combatting the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and, not later than 18 months after Jan. 18, 1998, to submit to Congress a report containing a detailed statement of its findings and conclusions, and provided that the Commission terminate 60 days after the date on which it submitted such report.
50 U.S.C. § 2354 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2354. Termination
After September 30, 1999, the President—
(1) is not required to maintain a National Coordinator for Nonproliferation Matters under section 2351 of this title; and
(2) may terminate the Committee on Nonproliferation established under section 2352 of this title.
(Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIV, § 1444, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2730; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, § 1069(c)(3), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2136.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Pub. L. 105–261 made technical amendments to references in original act which appear in par. (1) as reference to section 2351 of this title and in par. (2) as reference to section 2352 of this title.
50 U.S.C. § 2357 (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2357. Findings
Congress finds that—
(1) United States nonproliferation efforts in the independent states of the former Soviet Union have achieved important results in ensuring that weapons of mass destruction, weapons-usable material and technology, and weapons-related knowledge remain beyond the reach of terrorists and weapons-proliferating states;
(2) although these efforts are in the United States national security interest, the effectiveness of these efforts has suffered from a lack of coordination within and among United States Government agencies;
(3) increased spending and investment by the United States private sector on nonproliferation efforts in the independent states of the former Soviet Union, specifically, spending and investment by the United States private sector in job creation initiatives and proposals for unemployed Russian Federation weapons scientists and technicians, are making an important contribution in ensuring that knowledge related to weapons of mass destruction remains beyond the reach of terrorists and weapons-proliferating states; and
(4) increased spending and investment by the United States private sector on nonproliferation efforts in the independent states of the former Soviet Union make advisable the establishment of a coordinating body to ensure that United States public and private efforts are not in conflict, and to ensure that public spending on efforts by the independent states of the former Soviet Union is maximized to ensure efficiency and further United States national security interests.
(Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XIII, § 1332, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1448.)
heading: Short Title
text: For short title of subtitle C (§§ 1331–1339) of title XIII of div. B of Pub. L. 107–228, which enacted this subchapter, as the “Nonproliferation Assistance Coordination Act of 2002”, see section 1331 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2301 of this title.
50 U.S.C. § 2357a (WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE)
§ 2357a. Definitions
(a) Independent states of the former Soviet Union
In this subchapter, the term “independent states of the former Soviet Union” has the meaning given the term in section 5801 of title 22.
(b) Appropriate committees of Congress
In this subchapter, the term “the appropriate committees of Congress” means the Committees on Foreign Relations, Armed Services, and Appropriations of the Senate and the Committees on International Relations, Armed Services, and Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
(Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XIII, § 1333, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1449.)
heading: Change of Name
text: Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.