42 U.S.C. § 5601 (THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE)
§ 5601. Findings
(a) The Congress finds the following:
(1) Although the juvenile violent crime arrest rate in 1999 was the lowest in the decade, there remains a consensus that the number of crimes and the rate of offending by juveniles nationwide is still too high.
(2) According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, allowing 1 youth to leave school for a life of crime and of drug abuse costs society $1,700,000 to $2,300,000 annually.
(3) One in every 6 individuals (16.2 percent) arrested for committing violent crime in 1999 was less than 18 years of age. In 1999, juveniles accounted for 9 percent of murder arrests, 17 percent of forcible rape arrests, 25 percent of robbery arrest, 14 percent of aggravated assault arrests, and 24 percent of weapons arrests.
(4) More than ½ of juvenile murder victims are killed with firearms. Of the nearly 1,800 murder victims less than 18 years of age, 17 percent of the victims less than 13 years of age were murdered with a firearm, and 81 percent of the victims 13 years of age or older were killed with a firearm.
(5) Juveniles accounted for 13 percent of all drug abuse violation arrests in 1999. Between 1990 and 1999, juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations rose 132 percent.
(6) Over the last 3 decades, youth gang problems have increased nationwide. In the 1970’s, 19 States reported youth gang problems. By the late 1990’s, all 50 States and the District of Columbia reported gang problems. For the same period, the number of cities reporting youth gang problems grew 843 percent, and the number of counties reporting gang problems increased more than 1,000 percent.
(7) According to a national crime survey of individuals 12 years of age or older during 1999, those 12 to 19 years old are victims of violent crime at higher rates than individuals in all other age groups. Only 30.8 percent of these violent victimizations were reported by youth to police in 1999.
(8) One-fifth of juveniles 16 years of age who had been arrested were first arrested before attaining 12 years of age. Juveniles who are known to the juvenile justice system before attaining 13 years of age are responsible for a disproportionate share of serious crimes and violence.
(9) The increase in the arrest rates for girls and young juvenile offenders has changed the composition of violent offenders entering the juvenile justice system.
(10) These problems should be addressed through a 2-track common sense approach that addresses the needs of individual juveniles and society at large by promoting—
(A) quality prevention programs that—
(i) work with juveniles, their families, local public agencies, and community-based organizations, and take into consideration such factors as whether or not juveniles have been the victims of family violence (including child abuse and neglect); and
(ii) are designed to reduce risks and develop competencies in at-risk juveniles that will prevent, and reduce the rate of, violent delinquent behavior; and
(B) programs that assist in holding juveniles accountable for their actions and in developing the competencies necessary to become responsible and productive members of their communities, including a system of graduated sanctions to respond to each delinquent act, requiring juveniles to make restitution, or perform community service, for the damage caused by their delinquent acts, and methods for increasing victim satisfaction with respect to the penalties imposed on juveniles for their acts.
(11) Coordinated juvenile justice and delinquency prevention projects that meet the needs of juveniles through the collaboration of the many local service systems juveniles encounter can help prevent juveniles from becoming delinquent and help delinquent youth return to a productive life.
(b) Congress must act now to reform this program by focusing on juvenile delinquency prevention programs, as well as programs that hold juveniles accountable for their acts and which provide opportunities for competency development. Without true reform, the juvenile justice system will not be able to overcome the challenges it will face in the coming years when the number of juveniles is expected to increase by 18 percent between 2000 and 2030.
(Pub. L. 93–415, title I, § 101, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 96–509, § 3, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2750; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 611, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107; Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4982; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, § 12202, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1869.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2002—Pub. L. 107–273 amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:
“(a) The Congress hereby finds that—
“(1) juveniles accounted for almost half the arrests for serious crimes in the United States in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983;
“(2) recent trends show an upsurge in arrests of adolescents for murder, assault, and weapon use;
“(3) the small number of youth who commit the most serious and violent offenses are becoming more violent;
“(4) understaffed, overcrowded juvenile courts, prosecutorial and public defender offices, probation services, and correctional facilities and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities are not able to provide individualized justice or effective help;
“(5) present juvenile courts, foster and protective care programs, and shelter facilities are inadequate to meet the needs of children, who, because of this failure to provide effective services, may become delinquents;
“(6) existing programs have not adequately responded to the particular problems of the increasing numbers of young people who are addicted to or who abuse alcohol and other drugs, particularly nonopiate or polydrug abusers;
“(7) juvenile delinquency can be reduced through programs designed to keep students in elementary and secondary schools through the prevention of unwarranted and arbitrary suspensions and expulsions;
“(8) States and local communities which experience directly the devastating failures of the juvenile justice system do not presently have sufficient technical expertise or adequate resources to deal comprehensively with the problems of juvenile delinquency;
“(9) existing Federal programs have not provided the direction, coordination, resources, and leadership required to meet the crisis of delinquency;
“(10) the juvenile justice system should give additional attention to the problem of juveniles who commit serious crimes, with particular attention given to the areas of sentencing, providing resources necessary for informed dispositions, and rehabilitation;
“(11) emphasis should be placed on preventing youth from entering the juvenile justice system to begin with; and
“(12) the incidence of juvenile delinquency can be reduced through public recreation programs and activities designed to provide youth with social skills, enhance self esteem, and encourage the constructive use of discretionary time.
“(b) Congress finds further that the high incidence of delinquency in the United States today results in enormous annual cost and immeasurable loss of human life, personal security, and wasted human resources and that juvenile delinquency constitutes a growing threat to the national welfare requiring immediate and comprehensive action by the Federal Government to reduce and prevent delinquency.”
1992—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(2), added pars. (2) and (3). Former pars. (2) and (3) redesignated (4) and (5), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(1), (3), redesignated par. (2) as (4) and inserted “prosecutorial and public defender offices,”. Former par. (4) redesignated (6).
Subsec. (a)(5) to (10). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(1), redesignated pars. (3) to (8) as (5) to (10), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(11), (12). Pub. L. 102–586, § 1(a)(4)–(6), added pars. (11) and (12).
1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(1), substituted “accounted” for “account” and “in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983” for “today”.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(2), inserted “and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities”.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(3), struck out “the countless, abandoned, and dependent” before “children, who”.
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 98–473, § 611(4), substituted “reduced” for “prevented”.
1980—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 96–509, § 3(1), inserted reference to alcohol abuse.
Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, § 3(2)–(4), added par. (8).
heading: Effective Date of 2002 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, § 12223, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1896, as amended by Pub. L. 108–7, div. B, title I, § 110(2), (3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 67, provided that:
“(a) Effective Date.—
Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 12201–12223) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, see Short Title of 2002 Amendment note below] and the amendments made by this subtitle shall take effect on the effective date provided in section 12102(b) [set out as a note under section 3796ee of this title].
“(b) Application of Amendments.—
The amendments made by this subtitle shall apply only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the effective date provided in subsection (a).”
heading: Effective Date of 1988 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7296, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4463, as amended by Pub. L. 101–204, title X, § 1001(d), Dec. 7, 1989, 103 Stat. 1827, provided that:
“(a) Effective Date.—
Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle F (§§ 7250–7296) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note below] and the amendments made by this Act [probably should be subtitle] shall take effect on October 1, 1988.
“(b) Application of Amendments.—
(1) The amendments made by section 7258(a) [amending section 5633 of this title] shall not apply to a State with respect to a fiscal year beginning before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988] if the State plan is approved before such date by the Administrator for such fiscal year.
“(2) The amendments made by section 7253(b)(1) [amending section 5614 of this title] and section 7278 [enacting section 5732 of this title] shall not apply with respect to fiscal year 1989.
“(3) Notwithstanding the 180-day period provided in—
“(A) section 207 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5611 et seq.) [42 U.S.C. 5617], as added by section 7255;
“(B) section 361 of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act (42 U.S.C. 5701 et seq.) [42 U.S.C. 5715], as redesignated by section 7273(e)(2) and amended by section 7274; and
“(C) section 404(a)(5) [now 404(a)(6)] of the Missing Children’s Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5773(a)(5) [now 5773(a)(6)]), as amended by section 7285(a)(3);
the reports required by such sections to be submitted with respect to fiscal year 1988 shall be submitted not later than August 1, 1989.”
heading: Effective Date of 1984 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 670, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2129, provided that:
“(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this division [division II (§§ 610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Short Title of 1984 Amendment note below] and the amendments made by this division shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984] or October 1, 1984, whichever occurs later.
“(b) Paragraph (2) of section 331(c) of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act [42 U.S.C. 5751(c)(2)], as added by section 657(d) of this division , shall not apply with respect to any grant or payment made before the effective date of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984].”
heading: Effective Date of 1977 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 93–415, title II, § 263(c), as added by Pub. L. 95–115, § 6(d)(2), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that except as otherwise provided by the Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977 (see Short Title of 1977 Amendments note below), the amendments made by the Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977 were to take effect on Oct. 1, 1977, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 93–415, title II, § 263(a), (b), Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1129, as amended by Pub. L. 94–273, § 32(a), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 95–115, § 6(d)(1), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that (a) except as provided by subsections (b) and (c) (set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note above), the foregoing provisions of such Act (enacting subchapters I and II of this chapter and amending section 5108 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees) were to take effect on Sept. 7, 1974, and that (b) section 5614(b)(5) and 5614(b)(6) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirty-first day of the twelfth calendar month of 1974 and section 5614(l) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirtieth day of the eleventh month of 1976, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.
heading: Short Title of 2013 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 113–38, § 1, Sept. 30, 2013, 127 Stat. 527, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 5776a of this title and amending sections 5771, 5773, 5775, and 5777 of this title] may be cited as the ‘E. Clay Shaw, Jr. Missing Children’s Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2013’.”
heading: Short Title of 2008 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 110–378, § 1, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4068, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 5714–25 and 5732–1 of this title and amending sections 5701, 5711, 5712, 5714–2, 5714–23, 5714–41, 5732a, and 5751 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Reconnecting Homeless Youth Act of 2008’.”
Pub. L. 110–240, § 1, June 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 1560, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 5771, 5773, and 5777 of this title and repealing section 5776a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Protecting Our Children Comes First Act of 2007’.”
heading: Short Title of 2003 Amendments
text: Pub. L. 108–96, § 1, Oct. 10, 2003, 117 Stat. 1167, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 5752 of this title, amending sections 5701, 5711, 5712, 5714–2, 5714–21, 5714–23, 5714–24, 5732a, 5751, 5771, 5773, and 5777 of this title, repealing section 5714–25 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 5701 and 5714–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Runaway, Homeless, and Missing Children Protection Act’.”
heading: Short Title of 2002 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, § 12201, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1869, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 12201–12223) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, enacting subchapter V of this chapter, parts C to E of subchapter II of this chapter, and sections 5677 to 5681 of this title, redesignating part J of subchapter II of this chapter as part F of subchapter II of this chapter, amending this section and sections 5602, 5603, 5612, 5614, 5616, 5617, 5631 to 5633, 5671, 5672, 5674, 5675, 5773, 13002, 13003, 13013, and 13023 of this title, repealing parts C to I of subchapter II of this chapter, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2002’.”
heading: Short Title of 1999 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 106–71, § 1, Oct. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1032, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 5714–25, 5714–41, 5731a, and 5732a of this title, amending sections 5701, 5711, 5712, 5713, 5714–1 to 5714–21, 5714–23, 5714–24, 5714a to 5731, 5732, 5751 to 5773, 5775, and 5777 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 7101 of Title 20, Education] may be cited as the ‘Missing, Exploited, and Runaway Children Protection Act’.”
heading: Short Title of 1994 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 103–322, title XVII, § 170301, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2043, provided that subtitle C (§§ 170301–170303) of title XVII of Pub. L. 103–322, which enacted section 5776a of this title, amended sections 5777 and 5778 of this title, and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 5776a of this title, could be cited as the “Morgan P. Hardiman Task Force on Missing and Exploited Children Act”, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–314, title VII, § 703(g), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2989.
heading: Short Title of 1988 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7250(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4434, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle F (§§ 7250–7296) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, enacting sections 5617, 5662, 5665, 5665a, 5667, 5673 to 5676, 5712a to 5712c, 5714–1, 5714–2, 5732, 5733, and 5778 of this title, amending sections 5603, 5611, 5614, 5616, 5631 to 5633, 5651 to 5654, 5659 to 5661, 5671, 5672, 5711 to 5714, 5714a, 5714b, 5715, 5716, 5731, 5751, 5773, 5775, 5776, and 5777 of this title and sections 5315 and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, repealing sections 5634 to 5639, 5656, 5657, and 5774 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 5617 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Amendments of 1988’.”
heading: Short Title of 1984 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 610, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107, provided that: “This Division [division II (§§ 610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, enacting sections 5714a, 5714b, and 5771 to 5777 of this title, amending this section and sections 5602, 5603, 5611, 5612, 5614, 5616, 5632 to 5635, 5637, 5638, 5651, 5653, 5654, 5657, 5659, 5661, 5671, 5672, 5702, 5711 to 5714, and 5751 of this title, repealing sections 5617, 5655, and 5741 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Juvenile Justice, Runaway Youth, and Missing Children’s Act Amendments of 1984’.”
heading: Short Title of 1980 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 96–509, § 1, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2750, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 5617 of this title, amending this section and sections 5602, 5603, 5611, 5612, 5614 to 5616, 5632 to 5634, 5637, 5638, 5651, 5654 to 5656, 5659 to 5661, 5671, 5672, 5711 to 5713, 5715, and 5751 of this title, repealing former section 5617 and sections 5618 and 5619 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 5633 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1980’.”
heading: Short Title of 1977 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 95–115, § 1, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 5741 of this title, amending section 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 4351 and 5038 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and sections 3723, 3767, 3811 to 3814, 3821, 3882, 3883, 3888, 3889, 5603, 5611, 5612, 5614 to 5618, 5631 to 5635, 5637 to 5639, 5651, 5653 to 5657, 5659 to 5661, 5671, 5672, 5711 to 5713, 5731, and 5751 of this title, repealing sections 3821, 5658, and 5732 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 5632, 5633, and 5638 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977’.”
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 93–415, § 1, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, provided: “That this Act [enacting this chapter, sections 3772 to 3774, and 3821 of this title, and sections 4351 to 4353, 5038 to 5042 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 3701, 3723, 3733, 3768, 3811 to 3814, 3882, 3883 and 3888 of this title, section 5108 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 5031 to 5037 of Title 18, and repealing section 3889 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974’.”
Pub. L. 93–415, title III, § 301, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1129, as amended by Pub. L. 96–509, § 18(b), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2762, provided that: “This title [enacting subchapter III of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Runaway and Homeless Youth Act’.”
Pub. L. 93–415, title IV, § 401, as added by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 660, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2125, as amended by Pub. L. 101–204, title X, § 1004(1), Dec. 7, 1990, 103 Stat. 1828, provided that: “This title [enacting subchapter IV of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Missing Children’s Assistance Act’.”
Pub. L. 93–415, title V, § 501, as added by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, § 12222(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1894, provided that: “This title [enacting subchapter V of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Programs Act of 2002’.”
A prior section 501 of title V of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 102–586, § 5(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5027, provided that title V (enacting subchapter V of this chapter) could be cited as the “Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Programs Act”, prior to the general amendment of title V of Pub. L. 93–415 by Pub. L. 107–273, § 12222(a).
Another section 501 of Pub. L. 93–415, title V, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1133, amended section 5031 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Pub. L. 108–21, title III, § 361, Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 665, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle D (§§ 361–363) of title III of Pub. L. 108–21, enacting part B of subchapter VI of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Code Adam Act of 2003’.”