dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
20 U.S.C. § 4703 (EDUCATION)
§ 4703. Establishment of Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation
(a) Establishment
There is established, as an independent establishment of the executive branch of the United States Government, the Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation.
(b) Board of Trustees
The Foundation shall be subject to the supervision and direction of the Board of Trustees. The Board shall be composed of 13 members, as follows:
(1) Two members from the Senate, one appointed by the majority leader and one appointed by the minority leader of the Senate.
(2) Two members from the House of Representatives, one appointed by the majority leader and one appointed by the minority leader of the House of Representatives.
(3) Eight members, not more than four of whom shall be of the same political party, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(4) The Secretary of Education, or his designee, who shall serve ex officio as a member of the Board but shall not be eligible to serve as Chairman.
(c) Term of office
(1) The term of office of each member of the Board shall be six years, except that—
(A) the members first taking office shall serve as designated by the President, four for terms of two years, five for terms of four years, and four for terms of six years;
(B) a member appointed to fill a vacancy shall serve for the remainder of the term for which his predecessor was appointed and shall be appointed in the same manner as the original appointment for that vacancy was made; and
(C) notwithstanding the term limitation provided for under this paragraph, a member appointed under subsection (b) of this section may continue to serve under such appointment until the successor to the member is appointed.
(2) A Member of Congress appointed to the Board under clause (1) or (2) of subsection (b) of this section may not serve as a member of the Board for more than a total of six years.
(d) Travel and subsistence pay
Members of the Board shall serve without pay, but shall be entitled to reimbursement for travel, subsistence, and other necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1404, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4008; Pub. L. 100–26, § 3(10), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 274; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, § 1089(1), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1485; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, § 1179(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1770.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1993—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 103–160 added subpar. (C).
1991—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 102–190 struck out before period at end “, at least one of whom shall be a representative of the aerospace industry and at least one of whom shall be a representative of a private foundation concerned with aerospace education”.
1987—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100–26 substituted “clause (1) or (2)” for “clause (2) or (3)”.
heading: Effective Date of 1987 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 100–26 applicable as if included in Pub. L. 99–661 when enacted on Nov. 14, 1986, see section 12(a) of Pub. L. 100–26, set out as a note under section 776 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
20 U.S.C. § 4704 (EDUCATION)
§ 4704. Barry Goldwater scholarship and excellence in education awards
(a) Award of scholarships and fellowships
(1) The Foundation may award scholarships and fellowships to eligible persons for study in the fields of science and mathematics. Such scholarships and fellowships shall be awarded to persons as provided in this chapter who meet the minimum criteria established by the Foundation.
(2) Scholarships shall be awarded to outstanding undergraduate students who intend to pursue careers in mathematics and the natural sciences.
(3) Fellowships shall be awarded to outstanding graduate students who intend to pursue advanced degrees in mathematics and the natural sciences.
(4) The Foundation may provide, directly or by contract, for the conduct of nationwide competition for the purpose of selecting recipients of scholarships and fellowships awarded under this chapter.
(b) Barry Goldwater Scholars
Recipients of scholarships and fellowships under this chapter shall be known as “Barry Goldwater Scholars”.
(c) Award of honoraria to volunteers
(1) The Foundation may award honoraria to outstanding educators, teachers, and persons who have volunteered to assist in secondary schools who have made significant contributions to improve the quality of instruction in mathematics and sciences in the secondary school. To the extent the Board determines such action practicable, honoraria awarded under this subsection shall be awarded annually to persons described in the preceding sentence as follows:
(A) To two persons selected at large from each State.
(B) To one person selected from each county in each State.
(C) To persons affiliated with secondary schools on military reservations.
(D) To persons affiliated with the dependent overseas school system.
(2) The Board shall establish a schedule of honoraria to be awarded under paragraph (1).
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1405, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4009.)
20 U.S.C. § 4705 (EDUCATION)
§ 4705. Stipends
Each person awarded a scholarship or fellowship under this chapter shall receive a stipend which shall not exceed the cost to such person for tuition, fees, books, room and board, or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the Board.
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1406, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4010.)
20 U.S.C. § 4706 (EDUCATION)
§ 4706. Scholarship conditions
(a) In general
A person awarded a scholarship under this chapter may receive payments authorized under this chapter only during such periods as the Foundation finds that the person is maintaining satisfactory proficiency and devoting full time to study or research and is not engaging in gainful employment other than employment approved by the Foundation pursuant to regulations of the Board.
(b) Reports
The Foundation may require reports containing such information in such form and to be filed at such times as the Foundation determines to be necessary from any person awarded a scholarship under this chapter. Such reports shall be accompanied by a certificate from an appropriate official at the institution of higher education, approved by the Foundation, stating that such person is making satisfactory progress in, and is devoting essentially full time to study or research, except as otherwise provided in subsection (a) of this section.
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1407, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4010.)
20 U.S.C. § 4708 (EDUCATION)
§ 4708. Expenditures from fund
(a) In general
The Secretary of the Treasury may pay to the Foundation from the interest and earnings of the fund such sums as the Board determines are necessary and appropriate to enable the Foundation to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
(b) Audits by GAO
The activities of the Foundation under this chapter may be audited by the Government Accountability Office under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States. Representatives of the Government Accountability Office shall have access to all books, accounts, records, reports, and files and all other papers, things, or property belonging to or in use by the Foundation pertaining to such activities and necessary to facilitate the audit.
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1409, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4011; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2004—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted “Government Accountability Office” for “General Accounting Office” in two places.
20 U.S.C. § 4709 (EDUCATION)
§ 4709. Executive Secretary
(a) Appointment by Board
There shall be an Executive Secretary of the Foundation who shall be appointed by the Board. The Executive Secretary shall be the chief executive officer of the Foundation and shall carry out the functions of the Foundation subject to the supervision and direction of the Board. The Executive Secretary shall carry out such other functions consistent with the provisions of this chapter as the Board shall prescribe.
(b) Compensation
The Executive Secretary of the Foundation shall serve as a noncareer appointee of the Senior Executive Service and shall be compensated at a rate determined by the Board in accordance with section 5383 of title 5.
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1410, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4011; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, § 1089(3), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1485.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1991—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–190 substituted “serve as a noncareer appointee of the Senior Executive Service and shall be compensated at a rate determined by the Board in accordance with section 5383” for “be compensated at the rate specified for employees in grade GS–18 of the General Schedule under section 5332”.
20 U.S.C. § 4710 (EDUCATION)
§ 4710. Administrative provisions
(a) In general
In order to carry out this chapter, the Foundation may—
(1) appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter, except that in no case may an employee other than the Executive Secretary be compensated at a rate to exceed the maximum rate provided for employees in grade GS–15 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5;
(2) procure temporary and intermittent services of experts and consultants as are necessary to the extent authorized by section 3109 of title 5, but at rates not to exceed the rate specified at the time of such service for grade GS–18 under section 5332 of such title;
(3) prescribe such regulations as it considers necessary governing the manner in which its functions shall be carried out;
(4) receive money and other property donated, bequeathed, or devised, without condition or restriction other than it be used for the purposes of the Foundation, and to use, sell, or otherwise dispose of such property for the purpose of carrying out its functions;
(5) accept and use the services of voluntary and noncompensated personnel and for travel expenses, including per diem, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5;
(6) enter into contracts or other arrangements, or make grants, to carry out the provisions of this chapter, and enter into such contracts or other arrangements, or make such grants, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the Board, without performance or other bonds and without regard to section 6101 of title 41;
(7) rent office space in the Washington, District of Columbia, metropolitan area; and
(8) make other necessary expenditures.
(b) Annual report
The Foundation shall submit to the President and to Congress an annual report of its operations under this chapter.
(Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIV, § 1411, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4011; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, § 1179(b), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1770.)
heading: Codification
text: In subsec. (a)(6), “section 6101 of title 41” substituted for “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)” on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.
heading: Amendments
text: 1993—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 103–160 substituted “the Washington, District of Columbia, metropolitan area” for “the District of Columbia”.
heading: References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates
text: References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, § 101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5.
20 U.S.C. § 4801 (EDUCATION)
§ 4801. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 365, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975
text: Section, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3202, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 338, established Fund for the Improvement and Reform of Schools and Teaching.
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3201, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 338, provided that part B of title III of Pub. L. 100–297 (enacting this chapter) could be cited as the “Fund for the Improvement and Reform of Schools and Teaching Act”, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 365, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975.
20 U.S.C. § 4811, 4812 (EDUCATION)
§§ 4811, 4812. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 365, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975
text: Section 4811, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3211, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 338, authorized grants and contracts to improve educational opportunities for, and the performance of, elementary and secondary school students and teachers.
text: Section 4812, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3212, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 339, related to applications for grants.
20 U.S.C. § 4821 to 4823 (EDUCATION)
§§ 4821 to 4823. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 365, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975
text: Section 4821, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3221, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 339, stated findings of Congress and purposes of this subchapter.
text: Section 4822, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3222, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 340, related to local educational agencies eligible for grants.
text: Section 4823, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3223, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 340, authorized demonstration grants for development of innovative and promising family-school educational partnership activities.
20 U.S.C. § 4831 to 4833 (EDUCATION)
§§ 4831 to 4833. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 365, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975
text: Section 4831, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3231, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 341, established Fund for the Improvement and Reform of Schools and Teaching Board.
text: Section 4832, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3232, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 343, related to dissemination and reporting of exemplary projects and required reports.
text: Section 4833, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3233, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 343, related to coordination with Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education.
20 U.S.C. § 4841 to 4843 (EDUCATION)
§§ 4841 to 4843. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 365, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975
text: Section 4841, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3241, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 343, related to special grant rules.
text: Section 4842, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3242, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 343, authorized appropriations.
text: Section 4843, Pub. L. 100–297, title III, § 3243, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 344, defined terms used in this chapter.
20 U.S.C. § 4901 to 4909 (EDUCATION)
§§ 4901 to 4909. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 363, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3975
text: Section 4901, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4001, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 358, stated findings of Congress relating to education of Native Hawaiians.
text: Section 4902, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4002, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 358, stated purpose of this chapter.
text: Section 4903, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4003, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 359, authorized grants to implement Kemehameha Elementary Education Program model curriculum.
text: Section 4904, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4004, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 359, authorized grants to develop and operate Family-Based Education Centers in Hawaiian Islands.
text: Section 4905, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4005, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 360, related to Native Hawaiian higher education demonstration program.
text: Section 4906, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4006, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 361, related to Native Hawaiian gifted and talented demonstration program.
text: Section 4907, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4007, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 362; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(a)(3), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1142, related to Native Hawaiian special education program.
text: Section 4908, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4008, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 362, contained administrative provisions.
text: Section 4909, Pub. L. 100–297, title IV, § 4009, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 362, defined terms used in this chapter.
text: For similar provisions, see section 7901 et seq. of this title.
20 U.S.C. § 5001 to 5004 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5001 to 5004. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5001, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6001, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1469, provided that this chapter could be cited as the “Education and Training for a Competitive America Act of 1988”.
text: Section 5002, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6002, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1469, stated findings of Congress and purpose.
text: Section 5003, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6003, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1470, defined terms used in this chapter.
text: Section 5004, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6004, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1470, contained general restrictions relating to grants and contracts under this chapter.
20 U.S.C. § 5011 to 5016 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5011 to 5016. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5011, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6021, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1476, provided that this subpart could be cited as the “Foreign Language Assistance Act of 1988”.
text: Section 5012, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6022, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1476, stated findings of Congress.
text: Section 5013, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6023, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1477, authorized grants for model programs for commencement, improvement, and expansion of foreign language study.
text: Section 5014, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6024, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1478, related to allotment of funds.
text: Section 5015, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6025, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1478, defined terms used in this subpart.
text: Section 5016, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6026, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1478, authorized appropriations.
text: For similar provisions, see section 7511 et seq. of this title.
20 U.S.C. § 5021 to 5023 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5021 to 5023. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5021, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6027, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1478, authorized Presidential Awards for Teaching Excellence in Foreign Languages.
text: Section 5022, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6028, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1479, contained administrative provisions.
text: Section 5023, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6029, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1479, authorized appropriations.
20 U.S.C. § 5031 to 5039 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5031 to 5039. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), (j), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5031, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6041, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1483, provided that this part could be cited as the “Educational Partnerships Act of 1988”.
text: Section 5032, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6042, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1483, stated purpose of this part.
text: Section 5033, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6043, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1483, authorized grants to eligible partnerships to use public and private resources for various educational purposes.
text: Section 5034, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6044, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1483, related to authorized activities by eligible partnerships receiving payments.
text: Section 5035, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6045, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1484, related to applications for grants.
text: Section 5036, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6046, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1485, related to approval of applications.
text: Section 5037, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6047, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1485, related to computation of grant amounts.
text: Section 5038, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6048, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1485, related to evaluation by Secretary of grants and dissemination of information relating to assisted activities.
text: Section 5039, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6049, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1486, defined terms used in this part.
20 U.S.C. § 5051 to 5057 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5051 to 5057. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5051, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6061, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1491, provided that this subpart could be cited as the “School Dropout Demonstration Assistance Act of 1988”.
text: Section 5052, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6062, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1491, stated purpose of this subpart.
text: Section 5053, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6063, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1491, authorized appropriations.
text: Section 5054, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6064, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1491, related to allotment of grants to local educational agencies.
text: Section 5055, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6065, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1493, related to applications for grants.
text: Section 5056, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6066, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1494, related to activities for which grants could be used.
text: Section 5057, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6067, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1495, related to distribution of assistance and limitation on costs.
text: For similar provisions, see section 7261 et seq. of this title.
20 U.S.C. § 5061 to 5066 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5061 to 5066. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), (k), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5061, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6071, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1496, provided that this subpart could be cited as the “Secondary Schools Basic Skills Demonstration Assistance Act of 1988”.
text: Section 5062, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6072, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1496, stated purpose of this subpart.
text: Section 5063, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6073, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1496, authorized appropriations.
text: Section 5064, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6074, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1496, authorized grants to local educational agencies.
text: Section 5065, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6075, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1496, related to activities for which grants could be used.
text: Section 5066, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6076, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1497, related to applications for grants.
20 U.S.C. § 5071, 5072 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5071, 5072. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5071, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6081, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1498, contained general administrative provisions.
text: Section 5072, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6082, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1499, defined terms used in this chapter.
20 U.S.C. § 5091 to 5097 (EDUCATION)
§§ 5091 to 5097. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 391(i), Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4023
text: Section 5091, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6101, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1500, provided that this part could be cited as the “Training Technology Transfer Act of 1988”.
text: Section 5092, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6102, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1500; Pub. L. 101–600, § 6, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3046, stated findings of Congress and purposes of this part.
text: Section 5093, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6103, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1500; Pub. L. 103–227, title II, § 236(a)(2), Mar. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 156, established an Office of Training Technology Transfer.
text: Section 5094, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6104, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1500, related to functions of Office of Training Technology Transfer.
text: Section 5095, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6105, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1503, contained administrative provisions.
text: Section 5096, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6106, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1503, related to coordination with Federal agencies.
text: Section 5097, Pub. L. 100–418, title VI, § 6107, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1504, defined terms used in this part.