dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
22 U.S.C. § 5091 to 5099 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§§ 5091 to 5099. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(1), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1504
text: Section 5091, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 501, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1108; Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(a)(26), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3518, related to imposition of additional measures against Government of South Africa.
text: Section 5092, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 502, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(a)(27), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3518, related to lifting of prohibitions contained in this chapter.
text: Section 5093, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 503, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1109, related to study of health conditions in “homelands” areas of South Africa.
text: Section 5094, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 504, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1109, related to report on imports of strategic and critical materials from South Africa.
text: Section 5095, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 505, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(a)(28), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3518, related to study and report on economy of southern Africa.
text: Section 5096, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 506, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1110, related to report on relations between other industrialized democracies and South Africa.
text: Section 5097, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 507, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1110, related to study and report on deposit accounts of South African nationals in United States banks.
text: Section 5098, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 508, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1110, related to study and report on violation of international embargo on sale and export of military articles to South Africa.
text: Section 5099, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 509, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1111, related to report on Communist activities in South Africa.
22 U.S.C. § 5100 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5100. Repealed. Pub. L. 102–182, § 4, Dec. 4, 1991, 105 Stat. 1234
text: Section, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 510, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1111; Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(a)(29), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3518, prohibited importation of Soviet gold coins.
22 U.S.C. § 5101 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5101. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(1), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1504
text: Section, Pub. L. 99–440, title V, § 512, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1112; Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(a)(30), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3519, related to report on African National Congress.
22 U.S.C. § 5111 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5111. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(2), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1505
text: Section, Pub. L. 99–440, title VI, § 601, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1112, authorized President to issue rules, regulations, licenses, and orders as necessary to carry out this chapter.
heading: Effective Date of Repeal
text: Repeal effective June 8, 1994, date on which President certified to Congress that interim government, elected on nonracial basis through free and fair elections, had taken office in South Africa, see section 4(a)(2) of Pub. L. 103–149, set out in a Repeal of Chapter; South African Democratic Transition Support note under section 5001 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 5112 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5112. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(1), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1504
text: Section, Pub. L. 99–440, title VI, § 602, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1112; Pub. L. 99–631, § 1(a)(31), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3519, related to congressional priority procedures for consideration of certain joint resolutions under this chapter.
22 U.S.C. § 5113, 5114 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§§ 5113, 5114. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(2), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1505
text: Section 5113, Pub. L. 99–440, title VI, § 603, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1114, related to enforcement of this chapter and penalties for noncompliance.
text: Section 5114, Pub. L. 99–440, title VI, § 604, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1115, provided that this chapter applied to persons undertaking transactions or activities with intent to evade this chapter.
heading: Effective Date of Repeal
text: Repeal effective June 8, 1994, date on which President certified to Congress that interim government, elected on nonracial basis through free and fair elections, had taken office in South Africa, see section 4(a)(2) of Pub. L. 103–149, set out in a Repeal of Chapter; South African Democratic Transition Support note under section 5001 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 5115, 5116 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§§ 5115, 5116. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(1), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1504
text: Section 5115, Pub. L. 99–440, title VI, § 605, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1115, related to construction of this chapter.
text: Section 5116, Pub. L. 99–440, title VI, § 606, Oct. 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 1115, related to penalties for application of State and local anti-apartheid laws to certain State and local government contracts.
22 U.S.C. § 5117 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5117. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(c)(2)(A), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1506
text: Section, Pub. L. 101–45, title I, June 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 110, related to State and local anti-apartheid policies.
heading: Effective Date of Repeal
text: Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1995, see section § 4(c)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 103–149, set out in a Repeal of Chapter; South African Democratic Transition Support note under section 5001 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 5201 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5201. Findings; determinations
(a) Findings
The Congress finds that—
(1) Middle East terrorism accounted for 60 percent of total international terrorism in 1985;
(2) the Palestine Liberation Organization (hereafter in this chapter referred to as the “PLO”) was directly responsible for the murder of an American citizen on the Achille Lauro cruise liner in 1985, and a member of the PLO’s Executive Committee is under indictment in the United States for the murder of that American citizen;
(3) the head of the PLO has been implicated in the murder of a United States Ambassador overseas;
(4) the PLO and its constituent groups have taken credit for, and been implicated in, the murders of dozens of American citizens abroad;
(5) the PLO covenant specifically states that “armed struggle is the only way to liberate Palestine, thus it is an overall strategy, not merely a tactical phase”;
(6) the PLO rededicated itself to the “continuing struggle in all its armed forms” at the Palestine National Council meeting in April 1987; and
(7) the Attorney General has stated that “various elements of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its allies and affiliates are in the thick of international terror”.
(b) Determinations
Therefore, the Congress determines that the PLO and its affiliates are a terrorist organization and a threat to the interests of the United States, its allies, and to international law and should not benefit from operating in the United States.
(Pub. L. 100–204, title X, § 1002, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1406.)
heading: Effective Date and Termination
text: Pub. L. 100–204, title X, § 1005, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1407, provided that:
“(a) Effective Date.—
Provisions of this title [enacting this chapter] shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 1987].
“(b) Termination.—
The provisions of this title shall cease to have effect if the President certifies in writing to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House that the Palestine Liberation Organization, its agents, or constituent groups thereof no longer practice or support terrorist actions anywhere in the world.”
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 100–204, title X, § 1001, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1406, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987’.”
22 U.S.C. § 5202 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5202. Prohibitions regarding PLO
It shall be unlawful, if the purpose be to further the interests of the Palestine Liberation Organization or any of its constituent groups, any successor to any of those, or any agents thereof, on or after the effective date of this chapter—
(1) to receive anything of value except informational material from the PLO or any of its constituent groups, any successor thereto, or any agents thereof;
(2) to expend funds from the PLO or any of its constituent groups, any successor thereto, or any agents thereof; or
(3) notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, to establish or maintain an office, headquarters, premises, or other facilities or establishments within the jurisdiction of the United States at the behest or direction of, or with funds provided by the Palestine Liberation Organization or any of its constituent groups, any successor to any of those, or any agents thereof.
(Pub. L. 100–204, title X, § 1003, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1407.)
heading: References in Text
text: For the effective date of this chapter, referred to in text, as being 90 days after Dec. 22, 1987, see section 1005 of Pub. L. 100–204, set out as an Effective Date note under section 5201 of this title.
heading: Delegation of Certain Functions and Authorities
text: Memorandum of President of the United States, July 21, 2010, 75 F.R. 43795, provided:
Memorandum for the Secretary of State
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to you the following functions and authorities:
• The function to make the specified reports to the Congress under 22 U.S.C. 2291–4(c).
• The function and authority to waive the provisions of section 1003 of Public Law 100–204 (22 U.S.C. 5202) upon making certain determinations and certifications under section 7034(b) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 (Public Law 111–117) and any subsequently enacted provision of law that is the same or substantially the same.
You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
Barack Obama.
22 U.S.C. § 5203 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5203. Enforcement
(a) Attorney General
The Attorney General shall take the necessary steps and institute the necessary legal action to effectuate the policies and provisions of this chapter.
(b) Relief
Any district court of the United States for a district in which a violation of this chapter occurs shall have authority, upon petition of relief by the Attorney General, to grant injunctive and such other equitable relief as it shall deem necessary to enforce the provisions of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 100–204, title X, § 1004, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1407.)
22 U.S.C. § 5301 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5301. Short title
This subchapter may be cited as the “Exchange Rates and International Economic Policy Coordination Act of 1988”.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3001, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1372.)
heading: References in Text
text: This subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subtitle”, meaning subtitle A (§§ 3001–3006) of title III of Pub. L. 100–418, which enacted this subchapter and amended section 225a of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of subtitle A to the Code, see Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 5302 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5302. Findings
The Congress finds that—
(1) the macroeconomic policies, including the exchange rate policies, of the leading industrialized nations require improved coordination and are not consistent with long-term economic growth and financial stability;
(2) currency values have a major role in determining the patterns of production and trade in the world economy;
(3) the rise in the value of the dollar in the early 1980’s contributed substantially to our current trade deficit;
(4) exchange rates among major trading nations have become increasingly volatile and a pattern of exchange rates has at times developed which contribute to substantial and persistent imbalances in the flow of goods and services between nations, imposing serious strains on the world trading system and frustrating both business and government planning;
(5) capital flows between nations have become very large compared to trade flows, respond at times quickly and dramatically to policy and economic changes, and, for these reasons, contribute significantly to uncertainty in financial markets, the volatility of exchange rates, and the development of exchange rates which produce imbalances in the flow of goods and services between nations;
(6) policy initiatives by some major trading nations that manipulate the value of their currencies in relation to the United States dollar to gain competitive advantage continue to create serious competitive problems for United States industries;
(7) a more stable exchange rate for the dollar at a level consistent with a more appropriate and sustainable balance in the United States current account should be a major focus of national economic policy;
(8) procedures for improving the coordination of macroeconomic policy need to be strengthened considerably; and
(9) under appropriate circumstances, intervention by the United States in foreign exchange markets as part of a coordinated international strategic intervention effort could produce more orderly adjustment of foreign exchange markets and, in combination with necessary macroeconomic policy changes, assist adjustment toward a more appropriate and sustainable balance in current accounts.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3002, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1372.)
22 U.S.C. § 5303 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5303. Statement of policy
It is the policy of the United States that—
(1) the United States and the other major industrialized countries should take steps to continue the process of coordinating monetary, fiscal, and structural policies initiated in the Plaza Agreement of September 1985;
(2) the goal of the United States in international economic negotiations should be to achieve macroeconomic policies and exchange rates consistent with more appropriate and sustainable balances in trade and capital flows and to foster price stability in conjunction with economic growth;
(3) the United States, in close coordination with the other major industrialized countries should, where appropriate, participate in international currency markets with the objective of producing more orderly adjustment of foreign exchange markets and, in combination with necessary macroeconomic policy changes, assisting adjustment toward a more appropriate and sustainable balance in current accounts; and
(4) the accountability of the President for the impact of economic policies and exchange rates on trade competitiveness should be increased.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3003, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1373.)
22 U.S.C. § 5306 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5306. Definitions
As used in this subchapter:
(1) Secretary
The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury.
(2) Board
The term “Board” means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3006, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1375.)
22 U.S.C. § 5321 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5321. Short title
This subchapter may be cited as the “International Debt Management Act of 1988”.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3101, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1375.)
heading: References in Text
text: This subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subtitle”, meaning subtitle B (§§ 3101–3123) of title III of Pub. L. 100–418, which enacted this subchapter and amended section 3912 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of subtitle B to the Code, see Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 5322 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5322. Findings
The Congress finds that—
(1) the international debt problem threatens the safety and soundness of the international financial system, the stability of the international trading system, and the economic development of the debtor countries;
(2) orderly reduction of international trade imbalances requires very substantial growth in all parts of the world economy, particularly in the developing countries;
(3) growth in developing countries with substantial external debts has been significantly constrained over the last several years by a combination of high debt service obligations and insufficient new flows of financial resources to these countries;
(4) substantial interest payment outflows from debtor countries, combined with inadequate net new capital inflows, have produced a significant net transfer of financial resources from debtor to creditor countries;
(5) negative resource transfers at present levels severely depress both investment and growth in the debtor countries, and force debtor countries to reduce imports and expand exports in order to meet their debt service obligations;
(6) current adjustment policies in debtor countries, which depress domestic demand and increase production for export, help to depress world commodity prices and limit the growth of export markets for United States industries;
(7) the United States has borne a disproportionate share of the burden of absorbing increased exports from debtor countries, while other industrialized countries have increased their imports from developing countries only slightly;
(8) current approaches to the debt problem should not rely solely on new lending as a solution to the debt problem, and should focus on other financing alternatives including a reduction in current debt service obligations;
(9) new international mechanisms to improve the management of the debt problem and to expand the range of financing options available to developing countries should be explored; and
(10) industrial countries with strong current account surpluses have a disproportionate share of the world’s capital resources, and bear an additional responsibility for contributing to a viable long-term solution to the debt problem.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3102, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1375.)
22 U.S.C. § 5323 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5323. Purposes
The purposes of this subchapter are—
(1) to expand the world trading system and raise the level of exports from the United States to the developing countries in order to reduce the United States trade deficit and foster economic expansion and an increase in the standard of living throughout the world;
(2) to alleviate the current international debt problem in order to make the debt situation of developing countries more manageable and permit the resumption of sustained growth in those countries; and
(3) to increase the stability of the world financial system and ensure the safety and soundness of United States depository institutions.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3103, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1376.)
22 U.S.C. § 5324 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5324. Statement of policy
It is the policy of the United States that—
(1) increasing growth in the developing world is a major goal of international economic policy;
(2) it is necessary to broaden the range of options in dealing with the debt problem to include improved mechanisms to restructure existing debt;
(3) active consideration of a new multilateral authority to improve the management of the debt problem and to share the burdens of adjustment more equitably must be undertaken; and
(4) countries with strong current account surpluses bear a major responsibility for providing the financial resources needed for growth in the developing world.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3104, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1376.)
22 U.S.C. § 5332 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5332. Actions to facilitate creation of Authority
(a) In general
No funds, appropriations, contributions, callable capital, financial guarantee, or any other financial support or obligation or contingent support or obligation on the part of the United States Government may be used for the creation, operation, or support of the International Debt Management Authority specified in section 5331 of this title, without the express approval of the Congress through subsequent law, nor shall any expenses associated with such authority, either directly or indirectly, accrue to any United States person without the consent of such person. Except as restricted in the preceding sentence, the Secretary of the Treasury shall review all potential resources available to the multilateral financial institutions which could be used to support the creation of the International Debt Management Authority. In the course of this review, the Secretary shall direct—
(1) the United States Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund to determine the amount of, and alternative methods by which, gold stock of the Fund which, subject to action by its Board of Governors, could be pledged as collateral to obtain financing for the activities of the authority specified in section 5331 of this title; and
(2) the United States Executive Director to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to determine the amount of, and alternative methods by which, liquid assets controlled by such Bank and not currently committed to any loan program which, subject to action by its Board of Governors, could be pledged as collateral for obtaining financing for the activities of the authority specified in section 5331 of this title.
The Secretary of the Treasury shall include a report on the results of the review in the first report submitted under section 5331(c) of this title.
(b) Construction of section
Subsection (a) of this section shall not be construed to affect any provision of the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund or of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or any agreement entered into under either of such Agreements.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3112, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1378.)
22 U.S.C. § 5333 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5333. IMF-World Bank review
(a) IMF review
The United States Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund shall request the management of the International Monetary Fund to prepare a review and analysis of the debt burden of the developing countries, with particular attention to alternatives for dealing with the debt problem including new lending instruments, rescheduling and refinancing of existing debt, securitization and debt conversion techniques, discounted debt repurchases, and the International Debt Management Authority described in section 5331 of this title no later than 1 year after August 23, 1988.
(b) World Bank review
The United States Executive Director to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development shall request the management of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to prepare a review and analysis of the debt burden of the developing countries, with particular attention to alternatives for dealing with the debt problem including new lending instruments, rescheduling and refinancing of existing debt, securitization and debt conversion techniques, discounted debt repurchases, and the International Debt Management Authority described in section 5331 of this title no later than 1 year after August 23, 1988.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3113, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1378.)
22 U.S.C. § 5341 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5341. Short title
This subchapter may be cited as the “Primary Dealers Act of 1988”.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3501, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1386.)
heading: References in Text
text: This subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subtitle”, meaning subtitle F (§§ 3501, 3502) of title III of Pub. L. 100–418, which enacted this subchapter.
22 U.S.C. § 5351 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 5351. Short title
This subchapter may be cited as the “Financial Reports Act of 1988”.
(Pub. L. 100–418, title III, § 3601, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1387.)
heading: References in Text
text: This subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subtitle”, meaning subtitle G (§§ 3601–3604) of title III of Pub. L. 100–418, which enacted this subchapter.