dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
22 U.S.C. § 6044 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6044. News bureaus in Cuba
(a) Establishment of news bureaus
The President is authorized to establish and implement an exchange of news bureaus between the United States and Cuba, if the exchange meets the following conditions:
(1) The exchange is fully reciprocal.
(2) The Cuban Government agrees not to interfere with the establishment of news bureaus or with the movement in Cuba of journalists of any United States-based news organizations, including Radio Marti and Television Marti.
(3) The Cuban Government agrees not to interfere with decisions of United States-based news organizations with respect to individuals assigned to work as journalists in their news bureaus in Cuba.
(4) The Department of the Treasury is able to ensure that only accredited journalists regularly employed with a news gathering organization travel to Cuba under this subsection.
(5) The Cuban Government agrees not to interfere with the transmission of telecommunications signals of news bureaus or with the distribution within Cuba of publications of any United States-based news organization that has a news bureau in Cuba.
(b) Assurance against espionage
In implementing this section, the President shall take all necessary steps to ensure the safety and security of the United States against espionage by Cuban journalists it believes to be working for the intelligence agencies of the Cuban Government.
(c) Fully reciprocal
As used in subsection (a)(1) of this section, the term “fully reciprocal” means that all news services, news organizations, and broadcasting services, including such services or organizations that receive financing, assistance, or other support from a governmental or official source, are permitted to establish and operate a news bureau in the United States and Cuba.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title I, § 114, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 803.)
22 U.S.C. § 6045 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6045. Effect of chapter on lawful United States Government activities
Nothing in this chapter prohibits any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement agency, or of an intelligence agency, of the United States.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title I, § 115, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 803.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 104–114, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 785, known as the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6021 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 6066 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6066. Requirements for determining democratically elected government
For purposes of this chapter, a democratically elected government in Cuba, in addition to meeting the requirements of section 6065(a) of this title, is a government which—
(1) results from free and fair elections—
(A) conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers; and
(B) in which—
(i) opposition parties were permitted ample time to organize and campaign for such elections; and
(ii) all candidates were permitted full access to the media;
(2) is showing respect for the basic civil liberties and human rights of the citizens of Cuba;
(3) is substantially moving toward a market-oriented economic system based on the right to own and enjoy property;
(4) is committed to making constitutional changes that would ensure regular free and fair elections and the full enjoyment of basic civil liberties and human rights by the citizens of Cuba;
(5) has made demonstrable progress in establishing an independent judiciary; and
(6) has made demonstrable progress in returning to United States citizens (and entities which are 50 percent or more beneficially owned by United States citizens) property taken by the Cuban Government from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, or providing full compensation for such property in accordance with international law standards and practice.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, § 206, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 812.)
22 U.S.C. § 6067 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6067. Settlement of outstanding United States claims to confiscated property in Cuba
(a) Report to Congress
Not later than 180 days after March 12, 1996, the Secretary of State shall provide a report to the appropriate congressional committees containing an assessment of the property dispute question in Cuba, including—
(1) an estimate of the number and amount of claims to property confiscated by the Cuban Government that are held by United States nationals in addition to those claims certified under section 1643f of this title;
(2) an assessment of the significance of promptly resolving confiscated property claims to the revitalization of the Cuban economy;
(3) a review and evaluation of technical and other assistance that the United States could provide to help either a transition government in Cuba or a democratically elected government in Cuba establish mechanisms to resolve property questions;
(4) an assessment of the role and types of support the United States could provide to help resolve claims to property confiscated by the Cuban Government that are held by United States nationals who did not receive or qualify for certification under section 1643f of this title; and
(5) an assessment of any areas requiring legislative review or action regarding the resolution of property claims in Cuba prior to a change of government in Cuba.
(d) 1 Sense of Congress
It is the sense of the Congress that the satisfactory resolution of property claims by a Cuban Government recognized by the United States remains an essential condition for the full resumption of economic and diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title II, § 207, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 813.)
22 U.S.C. § 6084 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6084. Limitation of actions
An action under section 6082 of this title may not be brought more than 2 years after the trafficking giving rise to the action has ceased to occur.
(Pub. L. 104–114, title III, § 305, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 821.)
22 U.S.C. § 6103 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6103. Separation of Government personnel during fellowships
(a) Separation
Under such terms and conditions as the agency head may direct, any agency of the United States Government may separate from Government service for a specified period any officer or employee of that agency who accepts a fellowship under the program established by this chapter and is not detailed under section 6104 of this title.
(b) Reemployment
Any fellow who is not a detailee, at the end of the fellowship, is entitled to be reemployed in the same manner as if covered by section 3582 of title 5.
(c) Rights and benefits
Notwithstanding section 8347(o), 8713, or 8914 of title 5 and in accordance with regulations of the Office of Personnel Management, an employee, while serving as a fellow who is not a detailee, is entitled to the same rights and benefits as if covered by section 3582 of title 5. The Center shall reimburse the employing agency for any costs incurred under section 3582 of title 5.
(d) Compliance with Budget Act
Funds are available under this section to the extent and in the amounts provided in appropriation Acts.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 254, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 430.)
22 U.S.C. § 6104 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6104. Mansfield Fellows on detail from Government service
(a) In general
(1) An agency head may detail, for a period of not more than 2 years, an employee of the agency who has been awarded a Mansfield Fellowship, to the Center.
(2) Each fellow who is detailed under this section shall enter into a written agreement with the Federal Government before receiving a fellowship that the fellow will—
(A) continue in the service of the fellow’s agency at the end of the fellowship for a period of at least 2 years unless the fellow is involuntarily separated from the service of such agency; and
(B) pay to the United States Information Agency any additional expenses incurred by the Federal Government in connection with the fellowship if the fellow is voluntarily separated from service with the fellow’s agency before the end of the period for which the fellow has agreed to continue in the service of such agency.
(3) The payment agreed to under paragraph (2)(B) may not be required of a fellow who leaves the service of such agency to enter into the service of another agency in any branch of the United States Government unless the head of the agency that authorized the fellowship notifies the employee before the effective date of entry into the service of the other agency that payment will be required under this section.
(b) Status as Government employee
A fellow detailed under subsection (a) of this section is deemed, for the purpose of preserving allowances, privileges, rights, seniority, and other benefits, an employee of the agency from which detailed, and is entitled to pay, allowances, and benefits from funds available to that agency. The authorization and payment of such allowances and other benefits from appropriations available therefore is deemed to comply with section 5536 of title 5.
(c) Reimbursement
Fellows may be detailed under subsection (a) of this section without reimbursement to the United States by the Center.
(d) Allowances and benefits
A fellow detailed under subsection (a) of this section may be paid by the Center for allowances and benefits listed in section 6102(4)(B) of this title.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 255, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 431.)
heading: Transfer of Functions
text: United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6105 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6105. Liability for repayments
If any fellow fails to fulfill the fellow’s agreement to pay the United States Information Agency for the expenses incurred by the United States Information Agency in connection with the fellowship, a sum equal to the amount of the expenses of the fellowship shall be recoverable by the United States Information Agency from the fellow (or a legal representative) by—
(1) setoff against accrued pay, compensation, amount of retirement credit, or other amount due the fellow from the Federal Government; and
(2) such other method as is provided by law for the recovery of amounts owing to the Federal Government.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 256, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 432.)
heading: Transfer of Functions
text: United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6106 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6106. Definitions
For purposes of this chapter—
(1) the term “agency of the United States Government” includes any agency of the legislative branch and any court of the judicial branch as well as any agency of the executive branch;
(2) the term “agency head” means—
(A) in the case of the executive branch of Government or an agency of the legislative branch other than the House of Representatives or the Senate, the head of the respective agency;
(B) in the case of the judicial branch of Government, the chief judge of the respective court;
(C) in the case of the Senate, the President pro tempore, in consultation with the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the Senate; and
(D) in the case of the House of Representatives, the Speaker of the House, in consultation with the Majority Leader and Minority Leader of the House;
(3) the term “Center” means the Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs; and
(4) the term “detailee” means an employee of an agency of the United States Government on assignment or loan to the Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs without a change of position from the agency by which he or she is employed.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 257, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 432.)
22 U.S.C. § 6201 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6201. Congressional findings and declaration of purposes
The Congress makes the following findings and declarations:
(1) It is the policy of the United States to promote the right of freedom of opinion and expression, including the freedom “to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,” in accordance with Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
(2) Open communication of information and ideas among the peoples of the world contributes to international peace and stability and the promotion of such communication is in the interests of the United States.
(3) It is in the interest of the United States to support broadcasting to other nations consistent with the requirements of this chapter.
(4) The continuation of existing United States international broadcasting, and the creation of a new broadcasting service to the people of the People’s Republic of China and other countries of Asia which lack adequate sources of free information, would enhance the promotion of information and ideas, while advancing the goals of United States foreign policy.
(5) The reorganization and consolidation of United States international broadcasting will achieve important economies and strengthen the capability of the United States to use broadcasting to support freedom and democracy in a rapidly changing international environment.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 302, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 432.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in par. (3), was in the original “this title”, meaning title III of Pub. L. 103–236, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 432, as amended, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables.
heading: Short Title of 2009 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XII, § 1261, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2553, as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, § 1075(d)(19), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4374, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle D (§§ 1261–1266) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 111–84, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 6204 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Victims of Iranian Censorship Act’ or the ‘VOICE Act’.”
heading: Short Title of 2002 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 107–148, § 1, Mar. 11, 2002, 116 Stat. 64, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 6215 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Radio Free Afghanistan Act’.”
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 301, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 432, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter, amending sections 1465b, 1465c, and 2873 of this title and section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and repealing sections 1463, 2871 to 2877, and 2878 to 2883 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 2871 of this title] may be cited as the ‘United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994’.”
22 U.S.C. § 6205 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6205. Role of Secretary of State
(a) Foreign policy guidance
To assist the Board in carrying out its functions, the Secretary of State shall provide information and guidance on foreign policy issues to the Board, as the Secretary may deem appropriate.
(b) Certain Worldnet programming
The Secretary of State is authorized to use Worldnet broadcasts for the purposes of continuing interactive dialogues with foreign media and other similar overseas public diplomacy programs sponsored by the Department of State. The Chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors shall provide access to Worldnet for this purpose on a nonreimbursable basis.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 306, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 436; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, § 1323(j), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–780.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1998—Pub. L. 105–277, § 1323(j)(1), substituted “Role of Secretary of State” for “Foreign policy guidance” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, § 1323(j)(2)–(4), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, substituted “State” for “State, acting through the Director of the United States Information Agency,”, and inserted before period at end “, as the Secretary may deem appropriate”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, § 1323(j)(5), added subsec. (b).
heading: Effective Date of 1998 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6209 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6209. Repealed. Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, § 1323(l)(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–780
text: Section, Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 310, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 442, related to transition of transfer of functions from Board for International Broadcasting to United States Information Agency, Board, or Bureau.
heading: Effective Date of Repeal
text: Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6210 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6210. Preservation of American jobs
It is the sense of the Congress that the Director of the United States Information Agency and the Chairman of the Board for International Broadcasting should, in developing the plan for consolidation and reorganization of overseas international broadcasting services, limit, to the maximum extent feasible, consistent with the purposes of the consolidation, elimination of any United States-based positions and should affirmatively seek to transfer as many positions as possible to the United States.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 311, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 444.)
heading: Transfer of Functions
text: United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6211 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6211. The continuing mission of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty broadcasts
It is the sense of Congress that Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty should continue to broadcast to the peoples of Central Europe, Eurasia, and the Persian Gulf until such time as—
(1) a particular nation has clearly demonstrated the successful establishment and consolidation of democratic rule; and
(2) its domestic media which provide balanced, accurate, and comprehensive news and information, is firmly established and widely accessible to the national audience, thus making redundant broadcasts by Radio Free Europe or Radio Liberty.
At such time as a particular nation meets both of these conditions, RFE/RL should phase out broadcasting to that nation.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 312, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 444; Pub. L. 106–113, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title V, § 503], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–451.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1999—Pub. L. 106–113 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting present provisions for provisions which set forth sense of Congress that funding of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty be privatized not later than Dec. 31, 1999, directed President to submit analysis and recommendation for achieving this objective with his annual budget submission, and directed Board for International Broadcasting to submit to appropriate congressional committees not later than 120 days after Apr. 30, 1994, report on steps being taken to transfer RFE/RL Research Institute, and periodic progress reports until such transfer would be achieved.
22 U.S.C. § 6212 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6212. Requirement for authorization of appropriations
(a) Limitation on obligation and expenditure of funds
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the fiscal year 1994 and for each subsequent fiscal year, any funds appropriated for the purposes of broadcasting subject to supervision of the Board shall not be available for obligation or expenditure—
(1) unless such funds are appropriated pursuant to an authorization of appropriations; or
(2) in excess of the authorized level of appropriations.
(b) Subsequent authorization
The limitation under subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to the extent that an authorization of appropriations is enacted after such funds are appropriated.
(c) Application
The provisions of this section—
(1) may not be superseded, except by a provision of law which specifically repeals, modifies, or supersedes the provisions of this section; and
(2) shall not apply to, or affect in any manner, permanent appropriations, trust funds, and other similar accounts which are authorized by law and administered under or pursuant to this chapter.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 313, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 444; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title V, § 507(2), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1394.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–228 struck out “the direction and” after “broadcasting subject to” in introductory provisions.
heading: Continued Availability of Funds Following Repeal of Board for International Broadcasting Act of 1973
text: Pub. L. 103–317, title V, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1771, provided in part: “That on the date upon which the Board for International Broadcasting Act of 1973 (22 U.S.C. 2871, et seq.) is repealed, as provided for by section 310(e) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, fiscal years 1994 and 1995 (Public Law 103–236; 108 Stat. 442) [22 U.S.C. 6209(e)], funds made available for expenses of the Board for International Broadcasting shall be made available until expended only for expenses necessary to enable the Broadcasting Board of Governors to carry out the authorities provided in section 305(a) of Public Law 103–236 [22 U.S.C. 6204(a)], including the appointment of staff personnel as authorized by section 305(a)(11) of Public Law 103–236: Provided further, That such amounts appropriated to the Board for International Broadcasting in fiscal year 1994 as are certified by the Office of Management and Budget to the Congress as gains due to the fluctuation of foreign currency, may be used in fiscal year 1995 and thereafter either to offset foreign currency losses or to offset unfunded RFE/RL costs associated with the implementation of Public Law 103–236 [see Tables for classification]: Provided further, That obligated but unexpended balances appropriated in fiscal year 1990 to fund planned transmitter modernization expenses may be expended in fiscal year 1995 for unfunded RFE/RL costs associated with the implementation of Public Law 103–236”.
22 U.S.C. § 6213 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6213. Definitions
For the purposes of this chapter—
(1) the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives;
(2) the term “RFE/RL, Incorporated” includes—
(A) the corporation having the corporate title described in section 6206(b)(3) 1 of this title; and
(B) any alternative grantee described in section 6206(e) 2 of this title; and
(3) the term “salary or other compensation” includes any deferred compensation or pension payments, any payments for expenses for which the recipient is not obligated to itemize, and any payments for personnel services provided to an employee of RFE/RL, Incorporated.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 314, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 445.)
22 U.S.C. § 6214 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6214. Relocation costs
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, funds derived from the sale of real property assets of RFE/RL in Munich, Germany, may be retained, obligated, and expended to meet one-time costs associated with the consolidation of United States Government broadcasting activities in accordance with this chapter, including the costs of relocating RFE/RL offices and operations.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, § 315(d), as added Pub. L. 103–415, § 1(ll), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4303.)