dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
22 U.S.C. § 6436 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6436. Termination
The Commission shall terminate on September 30, 2014.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title II, § 209, formerly § 206, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2800; renumbered § 209 and amended Pub. L. 106–55, § 1(b)(2), (c), Aug. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 401, 405; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, § 681(g), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1409; Pub. L. 112–75, § 6, Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1273.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2011—Pub. L. 112–75 substituted “September 30, 2014” for “September 30, 2011”.
2002—Pub. L. 107–228 substituted “September 30, 2011” for “May 14, 2003”.
1999—Pub. L. 106–55, § 1(c), which directed substitution of “on May 14, 2003” for “4 years after the initial appointment of all the Commissioners”, was executed by making the substitution for “4 years after the initial appointment of all of the Commissioners”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
heading: Extension of Termination Date
text: Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title I, Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1173, provided in part: “That section 209 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6436) shall be applied by substituting ‘September 30, 2012’ for ‘September 30, 2011’ ”.
22 U.S.C. § 6443 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6443. Consultations
(a) In general
As soon as practicable after the President decides to take action under section 6441 of this title in response to violations of religious freedom and the President decides to take action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 6445(a) of this title (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to that country, or not later than 90 days after the President designates a country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under section 6442 of this title, as the case may be, the President shall carry out the consultations required in this section.
(b) Duty to consult with foreign governments prior to taking Presidential actions
(1) In general
The President shall—
(A) request consultation with the government of such country regarding the violations giving rise to designation of that country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom or to Presidential action under section 6441 of this title; and
(B) if agreed to, enter into such consultations, privately or publicly.
(2) Use of multilateral fora
If the President determines it to be appropriate, such consultations may be sought and may occur in a multilateral forum, but, in any event, the President shall consult with appropriate foreign governments for the purposes of achieving a coordinated international policy on actions that may be taken with respect to a country described in subsection (a) of this section, prior to implementing any such action.
(3) Election of nondisclosure of negotiations to public
If negotiations are undertaken or an agreement is concluded with a foreign government regarding steps to cease the pattern of violations by that government, and if public disclosure of such negotiations or agreement would jeopardize the negotiations or the implementation of such agreement, as the case may be, the President may refrain from disclosing such negotiations and such agreement to the public, except that the President shall inform the appropriate congressional committees of the nature and extent of such negotiations and any agreement reached.
(c) Duty to consult with humanitarian organizations
The President should consult with appropriate humanitarian and religious organizations concerning the potential impact of United States policies to promote freedom of religion in countries described in subsection (a) of this section.
(d) Duty to consult with United States interested parties
The President shall, as appropriate, consult with United States interested parties as to the potential impact of intended Presidential action or actions in countries described in subsection (a) of this section on economic or other interests of the United States.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 403, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2804.)
22 U.S.C. § 6444 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6444. Report to Congress
(a) In general
Subject to subsection (b) of this section, not later than 90 days after the President decides to take action under section 6441 of this title in response to violations of religious freedom and the President decides to take action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 6445(a) of this title (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to that country, or not later than 90 days after the President designates a country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under section 6442 of this title, as the case may be, the President shall submit a report to Congress containing the following:
(1) Identification of Presidential actions
An identification of the Presidential action or actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 6445(a) of this title (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) to be taken with respect to the foreign country.
(2) Description of violations
A description of the violations giving rise to the Presidential action or actions to be taken.
(3) Purpose of Presidential actions
A description of the purpose of the Presidential action or actions.
(4) Evaluation
(A) Description
An evaluation, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Ambassador at Large, the Commission, the Special Adviser, the parties described in section 6443(c) and (d) of this title, and whoever else the President deems appropriate, of—
(i) the impact upon the foreign government;
(ii) the impact upon the population of the country; and
(iii) the impact upon the United States economy and other interested parties.
(B) Authority to withhold disclosure
The President may withhold part or all of such evaluation from the public but shall provide the entire evaluation to Congress.
(5) Statement of policy options
A statement that noneconomic policy options designed to bring about cessation of the particularly severe violations of religious freedom have reasonably been exhausted, including the consultations required in section 6443 of this title.
(6) Description of multilateral negotiations
A description of multilateral negotiations sought or carried out, if appropriate and applicable.
(b) Delay in transmittal of report
If, on or before the date that the President is required (but for this subsection) to submit a report under subsection (a) of this section to Congress, the President determines and certifies to Congress that a single, additional period of time not to exceed 90 days is necessary pursuant to section 6441(b)(3) or 6442(c)(3) of this title, then the President shall not be required to submit the report to Congress until the expiration of that period of time.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 404, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2805.)
22 U.S.C. § 6446 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6446. Effects on existing contracts
The President shall not be required to apply or maintain any Presidential action under this part—
(1) in the case of procurement of defense articles or defense services—
(A) under existing contracts or subcontracts, including the exercise of options for production quantities, to satisfy requirements essential to the national security of the United States;
(B) if the President determines in writing and so reports to Congress that the person or other entity to which the Presidential action would otherwise be applied is a sole source supplier of the defense articles or services, that the defense articles or services are essential, and that alternative sources are not readily or reasonably available; or
(C) if the President determines in writing and so reports to Congress that such articles or services are essential to the national security under defense coproduction agreements; or
(2) to products or services provided under contracts entered into before the date on which the President publishes his intention to take the Presidential action.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 406, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2808.)
22 U.S.C. § 6447 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6447. Presidential waiver
(a) In general
Subject to subsection (b) of this section, the President may waive the application of any of the actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 6445(a) of this title (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to a country, if the President determines and so reports to the appropriate congressional committees that—
(1) the respective foreign government has ceased the violations giving rise to the Presidential action;
(2) the exercise of such waiver authority would further the purposes of this chapter; or
(3) the important national interest of the United States requires the exercise of such waiver authority.
(b) Congressional notification
Not later than the date of the exercise of a waiver under subsection (a) of this section, the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the waiver or the intention to exercise the waiver, together with a detailed justification thereof.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 407, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2808.)
22 U.S.C. § 6448 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6448. Publication in Federal Register
(a) In general
Subject to subsection (b) of this section, the President shall cause to be published in the Federal Register the following:
(1) Determinations of governments, officials, and entities of particular concern
Any designation of a country of particular concern for religious freedom under section 6442(b)(1) of this title, together with, when applicable and to the extent practicable, the identities of the officials or entities determined to be responsible for the violations under section 6442(b)(2) of this title.
(2) Presidential actions
A description of any Presidential action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 6445(a) of this title (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) and the effective date of the Presidential action.
(3) Delays in transmittal of Presidential action reports
Any delay in transmittal of a Presidential action report, as described in section 6444(b) of this title.
(4) Waivers
Any waiver under section 6447 of this title.
(b) Limited disclosure of information
The President may limit publication of information under this section in the same manner and to the same extent as the President may limit the publication of findings and determinations described in section 2414(c) of this title, if the President determines that the publication of information under this section—
(1) would be harmful to the national security of the United States; or
(2) would not further the purposes of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 408, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2808.)
22 U.S.C. § 6449 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6449. Termination of Presidential actions
Any Presidential action taken under this chapter with respect to a foreign country shall terminate on the earlier of the following dates:
(1) Termination date
Within 2 years of the effective date of the Presidential action unless expressly reauthorized by law.
(2) Foreign government actions
Upon the determination by the President, in consultation with the Commission, and certification to Congress that the foreign government has ceased or taken substantial and verifiable steps to cease the particularly severe violations of religious freedom.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 409, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2809.)
22 U.S.C. § 6450 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6450. Preclusion of judicial review
No court shall have jurisdiction to review any Presidential determination or agency action under this chapter or any amendment made by this chapter.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 410, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2809.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 105–292, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2787, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6401 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 6461 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6461. Exports of certain items used in particularly severe violations of religious freedom
(a) Mandatory licensing
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Commerce, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, shall include on the list of crime control and detection instruments or equipment controlled for export and reexport under section 2405(n) of title 50, Appendix, or under any other provision of law, items being exported or reexported to countries of particular concern for religious freedom that the Secretary of Commerce, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, and in consultation with appropriate officials including the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor and the Ambassador at Large, determines are being used or are intended for use directly and in significant measure to carry out particularly severe violations of religious freedom.
(b) Licensing ban
The prohibition on the issuance of a license for export of crime control and detection instruments or equipment under section 2304(a)(2) of this title shall apply to the export and reexport of any item included pursuant to subsection (a) of this section on the list of crime control instruments.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, § 423, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2810.)
22 U.S.C. § 6471 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6471. Use of Annual Report
The Annual Report, together with other relevant documentation, shall serve as a resource for immigration judges and consular, refugee, and asylum officers in cases involving claims of persecution on the grounds of religion. Absence of reference by the Annual Report to conditions described by the alien shall not constitute the sole grounds for a denial of the alien’s claim.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title VI, § 601, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2812.)
heading: Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions
text: For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
22 U.S.C. § 6473 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6473. Reform of asylum policy
(a) Guidelines
The Attorney General and the Secretary of State shall develop guidelines to ensure that persons with potential biases against individuals on the grounds of religion, race, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, including interpreters and personnel of airlines owned by governments known to be involved in practices which would meet the definition of persecution under international refugee law, shall not in any manner be used to interpret conversations between aliens and inspection or asylum officers.
(b) Training for asylum and immigration officers
The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Ambassador at Large, and other relevant officials such as the Director of the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, shall provide training to all officers adjudicating asylum cases, and to immigration officers performing duties under section 1225(b) of title 8, on the nature of religious persecution abroad, including country-specific conditions, instruction on the internationally recognized right to freedom of religion, instruction on methods of religious persecution practiced in foreign countries, and applicable distinctions within a country in the treatment of various religious practices and believers.
(c) Training for immigration judges
The Executive Office of Immigration Review of the Department of Justice shall incorporate into its initial and ongoing training of immigration judges training on the extent and nature of religious persecution internationally, including country-specific conditions, and including use of the Annual Report. Such training shall include governmental and nongovernmental methods of persecution employed, and differences in the treatment of religious groups by such persecuting entities.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title VI, § 603, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2813; Pub. L. 107–132, § 1(b), Jan. 16, 2002, 115 Stat. 2412.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2002—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–132 substituted “George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center” for “National Foreign Affairs Training Center”.
heading: Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions
text: For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
22 U.S.C. § 6481 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6481. Business codes of conduct
(a) Congressional finding
Congress recognizes the increasing importance of transnational corporations as global actors, and their potential for providing positive leadership in their host countries in the area of human rights.
(b) Sense of Congress
It is the sense of the Congress that transnational corporations operating overseas, particularly those corporations operating in countries the governments of which have engaged in or tolerated violations of religious freedom, as identified in the Annual Report, should adopt codes of conduct—
(1) upholding the right to freedom of religion of their employees; and
(2) ensuring that a worker’s religious views and peaceful practices of belief in no way affect, or be allowed to affect, the status or terms of his or her employment.
(Pub. L. 105–292, title VII, § 701, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2815.)
22 U.S.C. § 6501 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6501. Purposes
The purposes of this chapter are—
(1) to strengthen—
(A) the coordination of United States foreign policy; and
(B) the leading role of the Secretary of State in the formulation and articulation of United States foreign policy;
(2) to consolidate and reinvigorate the foreign affairs functions of the United States within the Department of State by—
(A) abolishing the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the United States Information Agency, and the United States International Development Cooperation Agency, and transferring the functions of these agencies to the Department of State while preserving the special missions and skills of these agencies;
(B) transferring certain functions of the Agency for International Development to the Department of State; and
(C) providing for the reorganization of the Department of State to maximize the efficient use of resources, which may lead to budget savings, eliminated redundancy in functions, and improvement in the management of the Department of State;
(3) to ensure that programs critical to the promotion of United States national interests be maintained;
(4) to assist congressional efforts to balance the Federal budget and reduce the Federal debt;
(5) to ensure that the United States maintains effective representation abroad within budgetary restraints; and
(6) to encourage United States foreign affairs agencies to maintain a high percentage of the best qualified, most competent United States citizens serving in the United States Government.
(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XI, § 1102, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–765.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subdivision”, meaning subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–765, known as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998. For complete classification of this subdivision to the Code, see Short Title note below and Tables.
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, § 1001, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–761, provided that: “This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998’.”
Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XI, § 1101, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–765, provided that: “This subdivision [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998’.”
22 U.S.C. § 6502 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6502. Definitions
In this chapter:
(1) ACDA
The term “ACDA” means the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
(2) AID
The term “AID” means the United States Agency for International Development.
(3) Agency; Federal agency
The term “agency” or “Federal agency” means an Executive agency as defined in section 105 of title 5.
(4) Appropriate congressional committees
The term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.
(5) Covered agency
The term “covered agency” means any of the following agencies: ACDA, USIA, IDCA, and AID.
(6) Department
The term “Department” means the Department of State.
(7) Function
The term “function” means any duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, activity, or program.
(8) IDCA
The term “IDCA” means the United States International Development Cooperation Agency.
(9) Office
The term “office” includes any office, administration, agency, institute, unit, organizational entity, or component thereof.
(10) Secretary
The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of State.
(11) USIA
The term “USIA” means the United States Information Agency.
(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XI, § 1103, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–766.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subdivision”, meaning subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–765, known as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998. For complete classification of this subdivision to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6501 of this title and Tables.
heading: Change of Name
text: Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.
22 U.S.C. § 6503 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6503. Report on budgetary cost savings resulting from reorganization
The Secretary of State shall submit a report, together with the congressional presentation document for the budget of the Department of State for each of the fiscal years 2000 and 2001, to the appropriate congressional committees describing the total anticipated and achieved cost savings in budget outlays and budget authority related to the reorganization implemented under this chapter, including cost savings by each of the following categories:
(1) Reductions in personnel.
(2) Administrative consolidation, including procurement.
(3) Program consolidation.
(4) Consolidation of real properties and leases.
(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XI, § 1104, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–767.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this subdivision”, meaning subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–765, known as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998. For complete classification of this subdivision to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6501 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 6511 (FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE)
§ 6511. Abolition of United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
The United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency is abolished.
(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, § 1211, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–767.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, § 1201, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–767, provided that:
“This title [see Tables for classification], and the amendments made by this title, shall take effect on the earlier of—
“(1) April 1, 1999; or
“(2) the date of abolition [Apr. 1, 1999] of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency pursuant to the reorganization plan described in section 1601 [22 U.S.C. 6601].”