dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
20 U.S.C. § 1475 (EDUCATION)
§ 1475. Authorization of appropriations
There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this part such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2010.
(Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 675, as added Pub. L. 108–446, title I, § 101, Dec. 3, 2004, 118 Stat. 2795.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: Prior sections 1475 to 1480 were repealed by Pub. L. 105–17, title II, § 203(b), June 4, 1997, 111 Stat. 157, effective July 1, 1998.
Section 1475, Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 675, as added Pub. L. 99–457, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1147; amended Pub. L. 100–630, title I, § 108(c), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3301; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(b)(165), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1150; Pub. L. 102–52, § 10, June 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 102–119, §§ 19(c), 25(b), Oct. 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 601, 607, related to continuing eligibility.
Section 1476, Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 675, as added Pub. L. 99–457, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1147; amended Pub. L. 100–630, title I, § 108(c), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3301; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(b)(165), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1150; Pub. L. 102–52, § 10, June 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 102–119, §§ 19(c), 25(b), Oct. 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 601, 607, related to the minimum components for a statewide system providing early intervention services to infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families.
Section 1477, Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 677, as added Pub. L. 99–457, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1149; amended Pub. L. 100–630, title I, § 108(f), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3301; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(b)(174)–(176), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1150; Pub. L. 102–119, §§ 14, 25(b), Oct. 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 597, 607, related to the individualized family service plan.
Section 1478, Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 678, as added Pub. L. 99–457, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1150; amended Pub. L. 100–630, title I, § 108(g), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3302; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(b)(177), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1150; Pub. L. 102–119, §§ 15, 25(b), Oct. 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 597, 607, related to contents of State application, statement of assurances, and approval process.
Section 1479, Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 679, as added Pub. L. 99–457, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1151; amended Pub. L. 100–630, title I, § 108(h), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3302; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(b)(178), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1150; Pub. L. 102–119, §§ 16, 25(b), Oct. 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 598, 607, related to permissible uses of funds.
Section 1480, Pub. L. 91–230, title VI, § 680, as added Pub. L. 99–457, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1152; amended Pub. L. 100–630, title I, § 108(i), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3302; Pub. L. 101–476, title IX, § 901(b)(179), (180), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1150; Pub. L. 102–119, §§ 17, 25(b), Oct. 7, 1991, 105 Stat. 598, 607, related to procedural safeguards.
20 U.S.C. § 1501 to 1506 (EDUCATION)
§§ 1501 to 1506. Repealed. Pub. L. 111–340, title IV, § 401(a), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3604
text: Section 1501, Pub. L. 91–345, § 2, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 440, related to Congressional statement of policy.
text: Section 1502, Pub. L. 91–345, § 3, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 102–95, § 2, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 479, related to establishment of National Commission on Libraries and Information Science.
text: Section 1503, Pub. L. 91–345, § 4, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 441; Pub. L. 102–95, § 3, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 479; Pub. L. 108–81, title IV, § 401, Sept. 25, 2003, 117 Stat. 1002, related to contributions.
text: Section 1504, Pub. L. 91–345, § 5, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 441; Pub. L. 93–29, title VIII, § 802(a), May 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 102–95, § 4, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 479; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(e) [title VII, § 703(a)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–233, 3009–306; Pub. L. 108–81, title V, § 505(a), Sept. 25, 2003, 117 Stat. 1004, related to functions and powers.
text: Section 1505, Pub. L. 91–345, § 6, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 442; Pub. L. 93–29, title VIII, § 802(b), May 3, 1973, 87 Stat. 59; Pub. L. 102–95, § 5, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 479; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(e) [title VII, § 703(b)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–233, 3009–307; Pub. L. 108–81, title IV, § 402, Sept. 25, 2003, 117 Stat. 1002, related to membership.
text: Section 1506, Pub. L. 91–345, § 7, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 442; Pub. L. 102–95, § 6, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 479, related to authorization of appropriations.
heading: Transfer of Functions
text: For provisions relating to the transfer of functions, personnel, and property of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, and treatment of references thereto, see section 401(b), (c), (d) of Pub. L. 111–340 set out as notes under section 9102 of this title.
heading: Short Title of 1991 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 102–95, § 1, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 479, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 1502 to 1506 of this title] may be cited as the ‘National Commission on Libraries and Information Science Act Amendments of 1991’.”
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 91–345, § 1, July 20, 1970, 84 Stat. 440, which provided that Pub. L. 91–345, enacting this chapter, could be cited as the “National Commission on Libraries and Information Science Act”, was repealed by Pub. L. 111–340, title IV, § 401(a), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3604.
20 U.S.C. § 1531 to 1536 (EDUCATION)
§§ 1531 to 1536. Omitted
heading: Codification
text: Section 1531, Pub. L. 91–516, § 2, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1312; Pub. L. 93–278, § 4, May 10, 1974, 88 Stat. 121, set forth Congressional declaration of findings and purpose of Environmental Education Act.
Section 1532, Pub. L. 91–516, § 3, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1312; Pub. L. 93–278, §§ 2, 5, 6, May 10, 1974, 88 Stat. 121; Pub. L. 94–273, § 3(15), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 376, established an office of environmental education, authorized grants and contracts, and established an Advisory Council on Environmental Education.
Section 1533, Pub. L. 91–516, § 4, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1315, related to technical assistance to eligible agencies and organizations.
Section 1534, Pub. L. 91–516, § 5, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1315, authorized grants to nonprofit organizations.
Section 1535, Pub. L. 91–516, § 6, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1315, related to administration of the Act.
Section 1536, Pub. L. 91–516, § 7, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1315; Pub. L. 93–278, § 3, May 10, 1974, 88 Stat. 121, authorized appropriations to carry out the purposes of the Act.
20 U.S.C. § 1651 (EDUCATION)
§ 1651. Prohibition against assignment or transportation of students to overcome racial imbalance
No provision of this Act shall be construed to require the assignment or transportation of students or teachers in order to overcome racial imbalance.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 801, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 371.)
heading: References in Text
text: This Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 92–318, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 235, as amended, known as the Education Amendments of 1972. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of this title and Tables.
20 U.S.C. § 1653 (EDUCATION)
§ 1653. Omitted
heading: Codification
text: Section, Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 803, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 372, provided that the effectiveness of orders of district courts requiring transfer or transportation of students for purposes of achieving a balance among students with respect to race, sex, religion, or socioeconomic status, be postponed until all appeals in connection with such orders have been exhausted or until expiration of the time for such appeals, expired at midnight on Jan. 1, 1974.
20 U.S.C. § 1654 (EDUCATION)
§ 1654. Intervention authorization in implementation of court orders
A parent or guardian of a child, or parents or guardians of children similarly situated, transported to a public school in accordance with a court order, may seek to reopen or intervene in the further implementation of such court order, currently in effect, if the time or distance of travel is so great as to risk the health of the student or significantly impinge on his or her educational process.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 804, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 372.)
20 U.S.C. § 1656 (EDUCATION)
§ 1656. Prohibition against official or court orders to achieve racial balance or insure compliance with constitutional standards applicable to entire United States
The proviso of section 407(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000c–6(a)] providing in substance that no court or official of the United States shall be empowered to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards shall apply to all public school pupils and to every public school system, public school and public school board, as defined by title IV [42 U.S.C. 2000c et seq.], under all circumstances and conditions and at all times in every State, district, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States regardless of whether the residence of such public school pupils or the principal offices of such public school system, public school or public school board is situated in the northern, eastern, western, or southern part of the United States.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 806, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 373.)
heading: References in Text
text: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241, as amended. Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is classified generally to subchapter IV (§ 2000c et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of Title 42 and Tables.
20 U.S.C. § 1682 (EDUCATION)
§ 1682. Federal administrative enforcement; report to Congressional committees
Each Federal department and agency which is empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any education program or activity, by way of grant, loan, or contract other than a contract of insurance or guaranty, is authorized and directed to effectuate the provisions of section 1681 of this title with respect to such program or activity by issuing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability which shall be consistent with achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the financial assistance in connection with which the action is taken. No such rule, regulation, or order shall become effective unless and until approved by the President. Compliance with any requirement adopted pursuant to this section may be effected (1) by the termination of or refusal to grant or to continue assistance under such program or activity to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding on the record, after opportunity for hearing, of a failure to comply with such requirement, but such termination or refusal shall be limited to the particular political entity, or part thereof, or other recipient as to whom such a finding has been made, and shall be limited in its effect to the particular program, or part thereof, in which such noncompliance has been so found, or (2) by any other means authorized by law: Provided, however, That no such action shall be taken until the department or agency concerned has advised the appropriate person or persons of the failure to comply with the requirement and has determined that compliance cannot be secured by voluntary means. In the case of any action terminating, or refusing to grant or continue, assistance because of failure to comply with a requirement imposed pursuant to this section, the head of the Federal department or agency shall file with the committees of the House and Senate having legislative jurisdiction over the program or activity involved a full written report of the circumstances and the grounds for such action. No such action shall become effective until thirty days have elapsed after the filing of such report.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 902, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 374.)
heading: Delegation of Functions
text: Functions of President relating to approval of rules, regulations, and orders of general applicability under this section, delegated to Attorney General, see section 1–102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12250, Nov. 2, 1980, 45 F.R. 72995, set out under section 2000d–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
20 U.S.C. § 1683 (EDUCATION)
§ 1683. Judicial review
Any department or agency action taken pursuant to section 1682 of this title shall be subject to such judicial review as may otherwise be provided by law for similar action taken by such department or agency on other grounds. In the case of action, not otherwise subject to judicial review, terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance upon a finding of failure to comply with any requirement imposed pursuant to section 1682 of this title, any person aggrieved (including any State or political subdivision thereof and any agency of either) may obtain judicial review of such action in accordance with chapter 7 of title 5, and such action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 701 of that title.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 903, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 374.)
heading: Codification
text: “Section 1682 of this title”, where first appearing, substituted in text for “section 1002” as conforming to intent of Congress as Pub. L. 92–318 was enacted without any section 1002 and subsequent text refers to “section 902”, which is classified to section 1682 of this title.
20 U.S.C. § 1684 (EDUCATION)
§ 1684. Blindness or visual impairment; prohibition against discrimination
No person in the United States shall, on the ground of blindness or severely impaired vision, be denied admission in any course of study by a recipient of Federal financial assistance for any education program or activity, but nothing herein shall be construed to require any such institution to provide any special services to such person because of his blindness or visual impairment.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 904, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 375.)
20 U.S.C. § 1685 (EDUCATION)
§ 1685. Authority under other laws unaffected
Nothing in this chapter shall add to or detract from any existing authority with respect to any program or activity under which Federal financial assistance is extended by way of a contract of insurance or guaranty.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 905, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 375.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this title”, meaning title IX of Pub. L. 92–318 which enacted this chapter and amended sections 203 and 213 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 2000c, 2000c–6, 2000c–9, and 2000h–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of title IX to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1681 of this title and Tables.
20 U.S.C. § 1686 (EDUCATION)
§ 1686. Interpretation with respect to living facilities
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this chapter, nothing contained herein shall be construed to prohibit any educational institution receiving funds under this Act, from maintaining separate living facilities for the different sexes.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 907, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 375.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this title”, meaning title IX of Pub. L. 92–318 which enacted this chapter and amended sections 203 and 213 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 2000c, 2000c–6, 2000c–9, and 2000h–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of title IX to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1681 of this title and Tables.
This Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 92–318, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 235, as amended, known as the Education Amendments of 1972. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of this title and Tables.
20 U.S.C. § 1688 (EDUCATION)
§ 1688. Neutrality with respect to abortion
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require or prohibit any person, or public or private entity, to provide or pay for any benefit or service, including the use of facilities, related to an abortion. Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit a penalty to be imposed on any person or individual because such person or individual is seeking or has received any benefit or service related to a legal abortion.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 909, as added Pub. L. 100–259, § 3(b), Mar. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 29.)
heading: References in Text
text: This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this title”, meaning title IX of Pub. L. 92–318 which enacted this chapter and amended sections 203 and 213 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 2000c, 2000c–6, 2000c–9, and 2000h–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of title IX to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1681 of this title and Tables.
heading: Construction
text: This section not to be construed to extend application of Education Amendments of 1972, Pub. L. 92–318, to ultimate beneficiaries of Federal financial assistance excluded from coverage before Mar. 22, 1988, see section 7 of Pub. L. 100–259, set out as a note under section 1687 of this title.
heading: Abortion Neutrality
text: Pub. L. 100–259, § 8, Mar. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 31, provided that: “No provision of this Act or any amendment made by this Act [see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note under section 1681 of this title] shall be construed to force or require any individual or hospital or any other institution, program, or activity receiving Federal Funds [sic] to perform or pay for an abortion.”
20 U.S.C. § 1701 (EDUCATION)
§ 1701. Congressional declaration of policy
(a) Entitlement to equal educational opportunity; neighborhood as appropriate basis
The Congress declares it to be the policy of the United States that—
(1) all children enrolled in public schools are entitled to equal educational opportunity without regard to race, color, sex, or national origin; and
(2) the neighborhood is the appropriate basis for determining public school assignments.
(b) Purpose
In order to carry out this policy, it is the purpose of this subchapter to specify appropriate remedies for the orderly removal of the vestiges of the dual school system.
(Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 202, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 514.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Chapter effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title.
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 201, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 514, provided that: “This title [enacting this chapter and section 1228 of this title and amending section 1608 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974’.”
20 U.S.C. § 1702 (EDUCATION)
§ 1702. Congressional findings
(a) Dual school systems as denial of equal protection; depletion of financial resources of local educational agencies; transportation of students; inadequacy of guidelines
The Congress finds that—
(1) the maintenance of dual school systems in which students are assigned to schools solely on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin denies to those students the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment;
(2) for the purpose of abolishing dual school systems and eliminating the vestiges thereof, many local educational agencies have been required to reorganize their school systems, to reassign students, and to engage in the extensive transportation of students;
(3) the implementation of desegregation plans that require extensive student transportation has, in many cases, required local educational agencies to expend large amounts of funds, thereby depleting their financial resources available for the maintenance or improvement of the quality of educational facilities and instruction provided;
(4) transportation of students which creates serious risks to their health and safety, disrupts the educational process carried out with respect to such students, and impinges significantly on their educational opportunity, is excessive;
(5) the risks and harms created by excessive transportation are particularly great for children enrolled in the first six grades; and
(6) the guidelines provided by the courts for fashioning remedies to dismantle dual school systems have been, as the Supreme Court of the United States has said, “incomplete and imperfect,” and have not established, a clear, rational, and uniform standard for determining the extent to which a local educational agency is required to reassign and transport its students in order to eliminate the vestiges of a dual school system.
(b) Necessity of Congress to specify appropriate remedies for elimination of dual school systems
For the foregoing reasons, it is necessary and proper that the Congress, pursuant to the powers granted to it by the Constitution of the United States, specify appropriate remedies for the elimination of the vestiges of dual school systems, except that the provisions of this chapter are not intended to modify or diminish the authority of the courts of the United States to enforce fully the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution of the United States.
(Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 203, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 514.)
20 U.S.C. § 1703 (EDUCATION)
§ 1703. Denial of equal educational opportunity prohibited
No State shall deny equal educational opportunity to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, by—
(a) the deliberate segregation by an educational agency of students on the basis of race, color, or national origin among or within schools;
(b) the failure of an educational agency which has formerly practiced such deliberate segregation to take affirmative steps, consistent with part 4 of this subchapter, to remove the vestiges of a dual school system;
(c) the assignment by an educational agency of a student to a school, other than the one closest to his or her place of residence within the school district in which he or she resides, if the assignment results in a greater degree of segregation of students on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin among the schools of such agency than would result if such student were assigned to the school closest to his or her place of residence within the school district of such agency providing the appropriate grade level and type of education for such student;
(d) discrimination by an educational agency on the basis of race, color, or national origin in the employment, employment conditions, or assignment to schools of its faculty or staff, except to fulfill the purposes of subsection (f) below;
(e) the transfer by an educational agency, whether voluntary or otherwise, of a student from one school to another if the purpose and effect of such transfer is to increase segregation of students on the basis of race, color, or national origin among the schools of such agency; or
(f) the failure by an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs.
(Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 204, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 515.)
20 U.S.C. § 1704 (EDUCATION)
§ 1704. Balance not required
The failure of an educational agency to attain a balance, on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin, of students among its schools shall not constitute a denial of equal educational opportunity, or equal protection of the laws.
(Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 205, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 515.)