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26 U.S.C. § 1354 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1354. Alternative tax election; revocation; termination
(a) In general
A qualifying vessel operator may elect the application of this subchapter.
(b) Time and manner; years for which effective
An election under this subchapter—
(1) shall be made in such form as prescribed by the Secretary, and
(2) shall be effective for the taxable year for which made and all succeeding taxable years until terminated under subsection (d).
Such election may be effective for any taxable year only if made on or before the due date (including extensions) for filing the corporation’s return for such taxable year.
(c) Consistent elections by members of controlled groups
An election under subsection (a) by a member of a controlled group shall apply to all qualifying vessel operators that are members of such group.
(d) Termination
(1) By revocation
(A) In general
An election under subsection (a) may be terminated by revocation.
(B) When effective
Except as provided in subparagraph (C)—
(i) a revocation made during the taxable year and on or before the 15th day of the 3d month thereof shall be effective on the 1st day of such taxable year, and
(ii) a revocation made during the taxable year but after such 15th day shall be effective on the 1st day of the following taxable year.
(C) Revocation may specify prospective date
If the revocation specifies a date for revocation which is on or after the day on which the revocation is made, the revocation shall be effective for taxable years beginning on and after the date so specified.
(2) By person ceasing to be qualifying vessel operator
(A) In general
An election under subsection (a) shall be terminated whenever (at any time on or after the 1st day of the 1st taxable year for which the corporation is an electing corporation) such corporation ceases to be a qualifying vessel operator.
(B) When effective
Any termination under this paragraph shall be effective on and after the date of cessation.
(C) Annualization
The Secretary shall prescribe such annualization and other rules as are appropriate in the case of a termination under this paragraph.
(e) Election after termination
If a qualifying vessel operator has made an election under subsection (a) and if such election has been terminated under subsection (d), such operator (and any successor operator) shall not be eligible to make an election under subsection (a) for any taxable year before its 5th taxable year which begins after the 1st taxable year for which such termination is effective, unless the Secretary consents to such election.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title II, § 248(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1451; amended Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 403(g)(4), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2624.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2005—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–135 inserted “on or” after “only if made” in concluding provisions.
heading: Effective Date of 2005 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 109–135 effective as if included in the provision of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–357, to which such amendment relates, see section 403(nn) of Pub. L. 109–135, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1357 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1357. Items not subject to regular tax; depreciation; interest
(a) Exclusion from gross income
Gross income of an electing corporation shall not include its income from qualifying shipping activities.
(b) Electing group member
Gross income of a corporation (other than an electing corporation) which is a member of an electing group shall not include its income from qualifying shipping activities conducted by such member.
(c) Denial of losses, deductions, and credits
(1) General rule
Subject to paragraph (2), each item of loss, deduction (other than for interest expense), or credit of any taxpayer with respect to any activity the income from which is excluded from gross income under this section shall be disallowed.
(2) Depreciation
(A) In general
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the adjusted basis (for purposes of determining gain) of any qualifying vessel shall be determined as if the deduction for depreciation had been allowed.
(B) Method
(i) In general
Except as provided in clause (ii), the straight-line method of depreciation shall apply to qualifying vessels the income from operation of which is excluded from gross income under this section.
(ii) Exception
Clause (i) shall not apply to any qualifying vessel which is subject to a charter entered into before the date of the enactment of this subchapter.
(3) Interest
(A) In general
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the interest expense of an electing corporation shall be disallowed in the ratio that the fair market value of such corporation’s qualifying vessels bears to the fair market value of such corporation’s total assets.
(B) Electing group
In the case of a corporation which is a member of an electing group, the interest expense of such corporation shall be disallowed in the ratio that the fair market value of such corporation’s qualifying vessels bears to the fair market value of the electing groups total assets.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title II, § 248(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1455.)
heading: References in Text
text: The date of the enactment of this subchapter, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(B)(ii), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–357, which was approved Oct. 22, 2004.
26 U.S.C. § 1358 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1358. Allocation of credits, income, and deductions
(a) Qualifying shipping activities
For purposes of this chapter, the qualifying shipping activities of an electing corporation shall be treated as a separate trade or business activity distinct from all other activities conducted by such corporation.
(b) Exclusion of credits or deductions
(1) No deduction shall be allowed against the notional shipping income of an electing corporation, and no credit shall be allowed against the tax imposed by section 1352(a)(2).1
(2) No deduction shall be allowed for any net operating loss attributable to the qualifying shipping activities of any person to the extent that such loss is carried forward by such person from a taxable year preceding the first taxable year for which such person was an electing corporation.
(c) Transactions not at arm’s length
Section 482 applies in accordance with this subsection to a transaction or series of transactions—
(1) as between an electing corporation and another person, or
(2) as between an 2 person’s qualifying shipping activities and other activities carried on by it.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title II, § 248(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1456.)
26 U.S.C. § 1359 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1359. Disposition of qualifying vessels
(a) In general
If any qualifying vessel operator sells or disposes of any qualifying vessel in an otherwise taxable transaction, at the election of such operator, no gain shall be recognized if any replacement qualifying vessel is acquired during the period specified in subsection (b), except to the extent that the amount realized upon such sale or disposition exceeds the cost of the replacement qualifying vessel.
(b) Period within which property must be replaced
The period referred to in subsection (a) shall be the period beginning one year prior to the disposition of the qualifying vessel and ending—
(1) 3 years after the close of the first taxable year in which the gain is realized, or
(2) subject to such terms and conditions as may be specified by the Secretary, on such later date as the Secretary may designate on application by the taxpayer.
Such application shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe.
(c) Application of section to noncorporate operators
For purposes of this section, the term “qualifying vessel operator” includes any person who would be a qualifying vessel operator were such person a corporation.
(d) Time for assessment of deficiency attributable to gain
If a qualifying vessel operator has made the election provided in subsection (a), then—
(1) the statutory period for the assessment of any deficiency, for any taxable year in which any part of the gain is realized, attributable to such gain shall not expire prior to the expiration of 3 years from the date the Secretary is notified by such operator (in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe) of the replacement qualifying vessel or of an intention not to replace, and
(2) such deficiency may be assessed before the expiration of such 3-year period notwithstanding the provisions of section 6212(c) or the provisions of any other law or rule of law which would otherwise prevent such assessment.
(e) Basis of replacement qualifying vessel
In the case of any replacement qualifying vessel purchased by the qualifying vessel operator which resulted in the nonrecognition of any part of the gain realized as the result of a sale or other disposition of a qualifying vessel, the basis shall be the cost of the replacement qualifying vessel decreased in the amount of the gain not so recognized; and if the property purchased consists of more than one piece of property, the basis determined under this sentence shall be allocated to the purchased properties in proportion to their respective costs.
(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title II, § 248(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1456.)
26 U.S.C. § 1372 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1372. Partnership rules to apply for fringe benefit purposes
(a) General rule
For purposes of applying the provisions of this subtitle which relate to employee fringe benefits—
(1) the S corporation shall be treated as a partnership, and
(2) any 2-percent shareholder of the S corporation shall be treated as a partner of such partnership.
(b) 2-percent shareholder defined
For purposes of this section, the term “2-percent shareholder” means any person who owns (or is considered as owning within the meaning of section 318) on any day during the taxable year of the S corporation more than 2 percent of the outstanding stock of such corporation or stock possessing more than 2 percent of the total combined voting power of all stock of such corporation.
(Added Pub. L. 97–354, § 2, Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1682.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 1372, added Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 64(a), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1650; amended Pub. L. 87–29, § 2, May 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 64; Pub. L. 89–389, §§ 2(b)(2), 3(a), Apr. 14, 1966, 80 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 91–683, § 1(a), Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2067; Pub. L. 94–455, title IX, § 902(c)(3), title XIX, §§ 1901(a)(149), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1609, 1788, 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title III, § 343, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2843; Pub. L. 95–628, § 5(a), (b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3628, related to manner, effect, termination, etc., of an election not to be subject to taxes imposed under this chapter, prior to the general revision of this subchapter by section 2 of Pub. L. 97–354.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, except that in the case of a taxable year beginning during 1982, sections 1362(d)(3), 1366(f)(3), and 1375 of this title shall apply and subsec. (e)(5) of this section as in effect on the day before Oct. 19, 1982, shall not apply, see section 6(a), (b)(3), of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title. For additional provisions relating to the treatment of existing fringe benefit plans and the application of this section, see section 6(d) of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1373 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1373. Foreign income
(a) S corporation treated as partnership, etc.
For purposes of subparts A and F of part III, and part V, of subchapter N (relating to income from sources without the United States)—
(1) an S corporation shall be treated as a partnership, and
(2) the shareholders of such corporation shall be treated as partners of such partnership.
(b) Recapture of overall foreign loss
For purposes of section 904(f) (relating to recapture of overall foreign loss), the making or termination of an election to be treated as an S corporation shall be treated as a disposition of the business.
(Added Pub. L. 97–354, § 2, Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1682.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 1373, added Pub. L. 85–866, title I, § 64(a), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1652; amended Pub. L. 89–389, § 2(b)(3), Apr. 14, 1966, 80 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 91–172, title III, § 301(b)(10), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 586, related to taxation of corporation undistributed taxable income to shareholders, prior to the general revision of this subchapter by section 2 of Pub. L. 97–354.
heading: Effective Date
text: Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1381 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1381. Organizations to which part applies
(a) In general
This part shall apply to—
(1) any organization exempt from tax under section 521 (relating to exemption of farmers’ cooperatives from tax), and
(2) any corporation operating on a cooperative basis other than an organization—
(A) which is exempt from tax under this chapter,
(B) which is subject to the provisions of—
(i) part II of subchapter H (relating to mutual savings banks, etc.), or
(ii) subchapter L (relating to insurance companies), or
(C) which is engaged in furnishing electric energy, or providing telephone service, to persons in rural areas.
(b) Tax on certain farmers’ cooperatives
An organization described in subsection (a)(1) shall be subject to the taxes imposed by section 11 or 1201.
(c) Cross reference
For treatment of income from load loss transactions of organizations described in subsection (a)(2)(C), see section 501(c)(12)(H).
(Added Pub. L. 87–834, § 17(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1045; amended Pub. L. 108–357, title III, § 319(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1472.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–357 added subsec. (c).
heading: Effective Date of 2004 Amendment
text: Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to taxable years beginning after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 319(e) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 501 of this title.
heading: Effective Date
text: Pub. L. 87–834, § 17(c), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1051, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
“(1) For the cooperatives.—
Except as provided in paragraph (3), the amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [enacting this subchapter, amending sections 521 and 6072 of this title, and repealing section 522 of this title] shall apply to taxable years of organizations described in section 1381(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by subsection (a)) beginning after December 31, 1962.
“(2) For the patrons.—
Except as provided in paragraph (3), section 1385 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by subsection (a)) shall apply with respect to any amount received from any organization described in section 1381(a) of such Code, to the extent that such amount is paid by such organization in a taxable year of such organization beginning after December 31, 1962.
“(3) Application of existing law.—
In the case of any money, written notice of allocation, or other property paid by any organization described in section 1381(a)—
“(A) before the first day of the first taxable year of such organization beginning after December 31, 1962, or
“(B) on or after such first day with respect to patronage occurring before such first day,
the tax treatment of such money, written notice of allocation, or other property (including the tax treatment of gain or loss on the redemption, sale, or other disposition of such written notice of allocation) by any person shall be made under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 without regard to subchapter T of chapter 1 of such Code [this subchapter].”
26 U.S.C. § 1393 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1393. Definitions and special rules
(a) In general
For purposes of this subchapter—
(1) Appropriate Secretary
The term “appropriate Secretary” means—
(A) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the case of any nominated area which is located in an urban area, and
(B) the Secretary of Agriculture in the case of any nominated area which is located in a rural area.
(2) Rural area
The term “rural area” means any area which is—
(A) outside of a metropolitan statistical area (within the meaning of section 143(k)(2)(B)), or
(B) determined by the Secretary of Agriculture, after consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, to be a rural area.
(3) Urban area
The term “urban area” means an area which is not a rural area.
(4) Special rules for Indian reservations
(A) In general
No empowerment zone or enterprise community may include any area within an Indian reservation.
(B) Indian reservation defined
The term “Indian reservation” has the meaning given such term by section 168(j)(6).
(5) Local government
The term “local government” means—
(A) any county, city, town, township, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State, and
(B) any combination of political subdivisions described in subparagraph (A) recognized by the appropriate Secretary.
(6) Nominated area
The term “nominated area” means an area which is nominated by 1 or more local governments and the State or States in which it is located for designation under section 1391.
(7) Governments
If more than 1 State or local government seeks to nominate an area under this part, any reference to, or requirement of, this subchapter shall apply to all such governments.
(8) Special rule
An area shall be treated as nominated by a State and a local government if it is nominated by an economic development corporation chartered by the State.
(9) Use of census data
Population and poverty rate shall be determined by the most recent decennial census data available.
(b) Empowerment zone; enterprise community
For purposes of this title, the terms “empowerment zone” and “enterprise community” mean areas designated as such under section 1391.
(Added Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13301(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 547.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 1393, added Pub. L. 95–600, title VI, § 601(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2894; amended Pub. L. 96–595, § 3(a)(5), (6), (8), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3465, related to taxation of general stock ownership corporation taxable income to shareholders, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, § 1303(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2658.
26 U.S.C. § 1397 (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1397. Other definitions and special rules
(a) Wages
For purposes of this subpart—
(1) In general
The term “wages” has the same meaning as when used in section 51.
(2) Certain training and educational benefits
(A) In general
The following amounts shall be treated as wages paid to an employee:
(i) Any amount paid or incurred by an employer which is excludable from the gross income of an employee under section 127, but only to the extent paid or incurred to a person not related to the employer.
(ii) In the case of an employee who has not attained the age of 19, any amount paid or incurred by an employer for any youth training program operated by such employer in conjunction with local education officials.
(B) Related person
A person is related to any other person if the person bears a relationship to such other person specified in section 267(b) or 707(b)(1), or such person and such other person are engaged in trades or businesses under common control (within the meaning of subsections (a) and (b) of section 52). For purposes of the preceding sentence, in applying section 267(b) or 707(b)(1), “10 percent” shall be substituted for “50 percent”.
(b) Controlled groups
For purposes of this subpart—
(1) all employers treated as a single employer under subsection (a) or (b) of section 52 shall be treated as a single employer for purposes of this subpart, and
(2) the credit (if any) determined under section 1396 with respect to each such employer shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit.
(c) Certain other rules made applicable
For purposes of this subpart, rules similar to the rules of section 51(k) and subsections (c), (d), and (e) of section 52 shall apply.
(Added Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13301(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 551.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 1397, added Pub. L. 95–600, title VI, § 601(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2895, related to special rules applicable to an electing general stock ownership corporation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, § 1303(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2658.
26 U.S.C. § 1397A (INTERNAL REVENUE CODE)
§ 1397A. Increase in expensing under section 179
(a) General rule
In the case of an enterprise zone business, for purposes of section 179—
(1) the limitation under section 179(b)(1) shall be increased by the lesser of—
(A) $35,000, or
(B) the cost of section 179 property which is qualified zone property placed in service during the taxable year, and
(2) the amount taken into account under section 179(b)(2) with respect to any section 179 property which is qualified zone property shall be 50 percent of the cost thereof.
(b) Recapture
Rules similar to the rules under section 179(d)(10) shall apply with respect to any qualified zone property which ceases to be used in an empowerment zone by an enterprise zone business.
(Added Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13301(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 552; amended Pub. L. 105–34, title IX, § 952(c), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 887; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 114(a), (b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–601.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2000—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 114(a)], substituted “$35,000” for “$20,000”.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 114(b)], struck out heading and text of subsec. (c). Text read as follows: “For purposes of this section, qualified zone property shall not include any property substantially all of the use of which is in any parcel described in section 1391(g)(3)(A)(iii).”
1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34 added subsec. (c).
heading: Effective Date of 2000 Amendment
text: Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 114(c)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–601, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2001.”