dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
15 U.S.C. § 3712 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3712. Personnel exchanges
The Secretary, the Secretary of Energy, and the Director of the National Science Foundation, jointly, shall establish a program to foster the exchange of scientific and technical personnel among academia, industry, and Federal laboratories. Such program shall include both (1) federally supported exchanges and (2) efforts to stimulate exchanges without Federal funding.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 20, formerly § 13, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2320; renumbered § 17, Pub. L. 99–502, § 2, Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1785; renumbered § 16, Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(e)(1), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1797; renumbered § 17, Pub. L. 100–107, § 3(a), Aug. 20, 1987, 101 Stat. 725; renumbered § 18, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; renumbered § 20, Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6019, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2183; Pub. L. 109–58, title X, § 1009(c), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 936.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2005—Pub. L. 109–58 substituted “, the Secretary of Energy, and the Director of the National Science Foundation” for “and the National Science Foundation”.
15 U.S.C. § 3714 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3714. Spending authority
No payments shall be made or contracts shall be entered into pursuant to the provisions of this chapter (other than sections 3710a, 3710b, and 3710c of this title) except to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 22, formerly § 15, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2320; renumbered § 19, Pub. L. 99–502, § 2, Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1785; renumbered § 18, and amended Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(b)(13), (e)(1), (4), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1796, 1797; renumbered § 19, Pub. L. 100–107, § 3(a), Aug. 20, 1987, 101 Stat. 725; renumbered § 20, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; renumbered § 22, Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6019, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2183; Pub. L. 106–404, § 7(8), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1746.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2000—Pub. L. 106–404 made technical amendments to references in original act which appear in text as references to sections 3710a, 3710b, and 3710c of this title.
1986—Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(e)(4), made technical amendment to references to sections 3710a, 3710b, and 3710c of this title to reflect renumbering of corresponding sections of original act.
Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(b)(13), inserted exception relating to sections 3710a, 3710b, and 3710c of this title.
15 U.S.C. § 3716 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3716. Critical industries
(a) Identification of industries and development of plan
The Secretary shall—
(1) identify those civilian industries in the United States that are necessary to support a robust manufacturing infrastructure and critical to the economic security of the United States; and
(2) list the major research and development initiatives being undertaken, and the substantial investments being made, by the Federal Government, including its research laboratories, in each of the critical industries identified under paragraph (1).
(b) Initial report
The Secretary shall submit a report to the Congress within 1 year after February 14, 1992, on the actions taken under subsection (a) of this section.
(Pub. L. 102–245, title V, § 504, Feb. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 24.)
heading: Codification
text: Subsec. (c) of this section, which required the Secretary to annually submit to Congress an update of the report submitted under subsec. (b) of this section, terminated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, page 52 of House Document No. 103–7.
Section was enacted as part of the American Technology Preeminence Act of 1991, and not as part of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 which comprises this chapter.
15 U.S.C. § 3720 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3720. Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
(a) In general
The Secretary shall establish an Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship to foster innovation and the commercialization of new technologies, products, processes, and services with the goal of promoting productivity and economic growth in the United States.
(b) Duties
The Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship shall be responsible for—
(1) developing policies to accelerate innovation and advance the commercialization of research and development, including federally funded research and development;
(2) identifying existing barriers to innovation and commercialization, including access to capital and other resources, and ways to overcome those barriers, particularly in States participating in the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research;
(3) providing access to relevant data, research, and technical assistance on innovation and commercialization;
(4) strengthening collaboration on and coordination of policies relating to innovation and commercialization, including those focused on the needs of small businesses and rural communities, within the Department of Commerce, between the Department of Commerce and other Federal agencies, and between the Department of Commerce and appropriate State government agencies and institutions, as appropriate; and
(5) any other duties as determined by the Secretary.
(c) Advisory committee
The Secretary shall establish an Advisory Council on Innovation and Entrepreneurship to provide advice to the Secretary on carrying out subsection (b).
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 25, as added Pub. L. 111–358, title VI, § 601, Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 4026.)
15 U.S.C. § 3801 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3801. Congressional statement of findings and declaration of policy
(a) The Congress finds and declares that—
(1) gasoline and diesel fuel for vehicular use are in short supply and constitute a sizable portion of domestic petroleum consumption;
(2) methane use in fleet-operated vehicles would result in substantial reduction in oil imports;
(3) methane is in more abundant domestic supply than petroleum products, is the primary component of natural gas and can be derived in increased quantities from coal, biomass, waste products, and other renewable resources;
(4) recoverable methane presently available in the United States is not fully utilized;
(5) test results to date indicate that methane use as a substitute for gasoline as a motor fuel can result in emission reductions;
(6) experience to date has shown methane to be a safe motor fuel in properly modified vehicles and is therefore particularly suitable as fuel for fleet vehicles; and
(7) the introduction into commerce of methane-fueled vehicles would be expedited and facilitated by the establishment of a Federal program of research, development, and demonstration to explore and refine technologies related to methane use as a vehicular fuel.
(b) It is therefore declared to be the policy of the Congress in this chapter to—
(1) provide for and support advanced and accelerated research into, and development of, methane vehicle design, and related technologies;
(2) demonstrate the economic and technological practicalities of methane-fueled vehicles for fleet use and of methane-fueled farm equipment;
(3) facilitate, and remove barriers to, the use of methane-fueled vehicles in lieu of gasoline- or diesel-powered motor vehicles where practicable;
(4) promote the substitution of methane-fueled vehicles for gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles currently used on farms and in fleet operations, particularly in areas where such substitution would facilitate plans to meet air quality standards set under the Clean Air Act, as amended [42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.]; and
(5) supplement, but neither supplant nor duplicate, the automotive propulsion system research and development efforts of private industry.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 2, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2827.)
heading: References in Text
text: The Clean Air Act, as amended, referred to in subsec. (b)(4), is act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 85 (§ 7401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7401 of Title 42 and Tables.
heading: Short Title
text: Pub. L. 96–512, § 1, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2827, provided: “That this Act [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Methane Transportation Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1980’.”
15 U.S.C. § 3802 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3802. Definitions
For purposes of this chapter—
(a) the term “methane” means either natural gas (as defined in section 3301(1) of this title), gas derived from coal, liquefied natural gas, or any gaseous transportation fuel produced from biomass, waste products, and other renewable resources;
(b) the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy;
(c) the term “public entities” means any unit or units of State and/or local governments;
(d) the term “private entities” means any person, such as any organization incorporated under State law, for profit or not-for-profit, or a consortium of such organizations, but does not include public entities;
(e) the term “vehicle” means any truck, van, station wagon, bus, or car used on public roads or highways as well as off-road agricultural equipment, such as tractors, harvesters, and so forth, which presently burn gasoline or diesel fuel; and
(f) the terms “facilities for the transmission and storage of methane”, “methane transmission, storage and dispensing facilities”, and any variant thereof means such facilities which are (1) directly necessary for the conduct of a demonstration, (2) for the exclusive use of a demonstration and (3) reasonably incidental to a demonstration.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 3, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2828.)
15 U.S.C. § 3804 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3804. Coordination with other Federal departments and agencies
(a) Related responsibilities and regulatory activities
In carrying out the programs established under sections 3803 and 3806 of this title, the Secretary shall assure, to the maximum extent practicable, that the functions of this program are coordinated with related regulatory activities and other responsibilities of the Department of Energy and any other Federal departments of agencies.
(b) Scope of assistance
Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the executive branch of the Federal Government shall carefully consider any written request from the Secretary, the head of any organizational entity designated by the Secretary pursuant to section 3803(a) of this title, or the head of any agency which is party to an agreement or arrangement pursuant to section 3803(b) of this title, to furnish such assistance, on a reimbursable basis, as the Secretary or such head deems necessary to carry out the program and to achieve the purposes of this chapter. Such assistance may include transfer of personnel with their consent and without prejudice to their position and rating.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 5, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2830.)
15 U.S.C. § 3805 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3805. Research and development activities
The Secretary, acting through appropriate agencies and contractors, shall initiate and provide for the conduct of research and development in areas relating to methane-fueled vehicles, including but not limited to—
(1) flammability and combustibility of methane under conditions likely to develop in storage or during vehicular use;
(2) handling, storage, and distribution of methane for vehicular propulsion purposes;
(3) comprehensive assessment of the relative hazards under identical circumstances of methane, propane, gasoline, and diesel fuel;
(4) feasibility, economy, and efficiency of technologies for the production and recovery of methane from unconventional and supplemental sources, as provided for in other authorization Acts;
(5) engine and fuel tank design including, but not limited to, optimum design for dual fuel capacity vehicles;
(6) total vehicle construction and design;
(7) the nature and quantities of emissions, and alterations in or alternatives to emission control systems presently in use; and
(8) overcoming institutional barriers to widespread use including but not limited to restrictions on the transportation of methane for vehicular use through tunnels, and the potential expansion of the distribution of methane for vehicular purposes.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 6, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2830.)
15 U.S.C. § 3807 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3807. Use of methane-fueled vehicles by Federal agencies and departments
The Secretary shall consult with the Postmaster General of the United States Postal Service, the Administrator of the General Services Administration, the Secretary of Defense, and the heads of other Federal agencies where appropriate to—
(a) determine the practicability of using methane vehicles in the performance of certain or all of the functions of their agencies based in counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas in which demonstrations under section 3806 of this title are being conducted; and
(b) arrange for appropriate use of methane-fueled vehicles at the earliest practicable date.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 8, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2832.)
15 U.S.C. § 3808 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3808. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1051(p), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 717
text: Section, Pub. L. 96–512, § 9, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2833, directed Secretary of Energy to submit such reports to Congress as Secretary deemed appropriate, including annual report on all activities under this chapter.
15 U.S.C. § 3809 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3809. Authorization of appropriations; required funding
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for purposes of carrying out this chapter, not to exceed $3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, not less than one-half of which shall be for the purpose of making loans under section 3806(b) of this title; not to exceed $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983, not less than one-half of which shall be for the purpose of making loans under section 3806(b) of this title; not to exceed $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984, not less than one-half of which shall be for the purpose of making loans under section 3806(b) of this title; and such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal years ending September 30, 1985, and September 30, 1986. Any amount appropriated pursuant to this section shall remain available until expended.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 10, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2833.)
15 U.S.C. § 3810 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3810. Relationship to other laws
(a) Modification or waiver
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as authorizing the Secretary or any other official with respect to any activity pursuant to this chapter to modify or waive the application of any Federal, State or local laws dealing with the production, transportation, storage, safety, use or pricing of methane.
(b) Promulgation of rules
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as granting the Secretary or any other Federal official any authority to promulgate rules of general application to regulate the production, transportation, storage, safety, use or pricing of methane as a transportation fuel or vehicles which use methane as a transportation fuel.
(Pub. L. 96–512, § 11, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2833.)
15 U.S.C. § 3904 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3904. Securities laws
(a) Ownership interest of members in risk retention groups
The ownership interests of members in a risk retention group shall be—
(1) considered to be exempted securities for purposes of section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77e] and for purposes of section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78l]; and
(2) considered to be securities for purposes of the provisions of section 17 of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77q] and the provisions of section 10 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78j].
(b) Investment companies
A risk retention group shall not be considered to be an investment company for purposes of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a–1 et seq.).
(c) State blue sky laws
The ownership interests of members in a risk retention group shall not be considered securities for purposes of any State blue sky law.
(Pub. L. 97–45, § 5, Sept. 25, 1981, 95 Stat. 952.)
heading: References in Text
text: The Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (b), is title I of act Aug. 22, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 789, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 80a–1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80a–51 of this title and Tables.
15 U.S.C. § 3905 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3905. Clarification concerning permissible State authority
(a) No exemption from State motor vehicle no-fault and motor vehicle financial responsibility laws
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to exempt a risk retention group or purchasing group authorized under this chapter from the policy form or coverage requirements of any State motor vehicle no-fault or motor vehicle financial responsibility insurance law.
(b) Applicability of exemptions
The exemptions provided under this chapter shall apply only to the provision of liability insurance by a risk retention group or the purchase of liability insurance by a purchasing group, and nothing in this chapter shall be construed to permit the provision or purchase of any other line of insurance by any such group.
(c) Prohibited insurance policy coverage
The terms of any insurance policy provided by a risk retention group or purchased by a purchasing group shall not provide or be construed to provide insurance policy coverage prohibited generally by State statute or declared unlawful by the highest court of the State whose law applies to such policy.
(d) State authority to specify acceptable means of demonstrating financial responsibility
Subject to the provisions of section 3902(a)(4) of this title relating to discrimination, nothing in this chapter shall be construed to preempt the authority of a State to specify acceptable means of demonstrating financial responsibility where the State has required a demonstration of financial responsibility as a condition for obtaining a license or permit to undertake specified activities. Such means may include or exclude insurance coverage obtained from an admitted insurance company, an excess lines company, a risk retention group, or any other source regardless of whether coverage is obtained directly from an insurance company or through a broker, agent, purchasing group, or any other person.
(Pub. L. 97–45, § 6, as added Pub. L. 99–563, § 8(c), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3175.)
15 U.S.C. § 3906 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3906. Injunctive orders issued by United States district courts
Any district court of the United States may issue an order enjoining a risk retention group from soliciting or selling insurance, or operating, in any State (or in all States) or in any territory or possession of the United States upon a finding of such court that such group is in hazardous financial condition. Such order shall be binding on such group, its officers, agents, and employees, and on any other person acting in active concert with any such officer, agent, or employee, if such other person has actual notice of such order.
(Pub. L. 97–45, § 7, as added Pub. L. 99–563, § 9, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3176.)
15 U.S.C. § 4002 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 4002. Definitions
(a) For purposes of this subchapter—
(1) the term “export trade” means trade or commerce in goods or services produced in the United States which are exported, or in the course of being exported, from the United States to any other country;
(2) the term “services” includes, but is not limited to, accounting, amusement, architectural, automatic data processing, business, communications, construction franchising and licensing, consulting, engineering, financial, insurance, legal, management, repair, tourism, training, and transportation services;
(3) the term “export trade services” includes, but is not limited to, consulting, international market research, advertising, marketing, insurance, product research and design, legal assistance, transportation, including trade documentation and freight forwarding, communication and processing of foreign orders to and for exporters and foreign purchasers, warehousing, foreign exchange, financing, and taking title to goods, when provided in order to facilitate the export of goods or services produced in the United States;
(4) the term “export trading company” means a person, partnership, association, or similar organization, whether operated for profit or as a nonprofit organization, which does business under the laws of the United States or any State and which is organized and operated principally for purposes of—
(A) exporting goods or services produced in the United States; or
(B) facilitating the exportation of goods or services produced in the United States by unaffiliated persons by providing one or more export trade services;
(5) the term “State” means any of the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands;
(6) the term “United States” means the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; and
(7) the term “antitrust laws” means the antitrust laws as defined in section 12(a) of this title, section 45 of this title to the extent that section 45 of this title applies to unfair methods of competition, and any State antitrust or unfair competition law.
(b) The Secretary of Commerce may by regulation further define any term defined in subsection (a) of this section, in order to carry out this subchapter.
(Pub. L. 97–290, title I, § 103, Oct. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 1234.)
heading: Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
text: For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.
15 U.S.C. § 4003 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 4003. Office of Export Trade in Department of Commerce
The Secretary of Commerce shall establish within the Department of Commerce an office to promote and encourage to the greatest extent feasible the formation of export trade associations and export trading companies. Such office shall provide information and advice to interested persons and shall provide a referral service to facilitate contact between producers of exportable goods and services and firms offering export trade services. The office shall establish a program to encourage and assist the operation of other export intermediaries, including existing and newly formed export management companies.
(Pub. L. 97–290, title I, § 104, Oct. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 1235; Pub. L. 100–418, title II, § 2310, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1346.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1988—Pub. L. 100–418 inserted requirement that the office establish a program to encourage and assist operation of other export intermediaries, including existing and newly formed export management companies.