dreamproit/uscode huggingface dataset:
15 U.S.C. § 3607 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3607. Termination of self-dealing contracts
(a) Operation, maintenance, and management contracts; penalty
Any contract or portion thereof which is entered into after October 8, 1980, and which—
(1) provides for operation, maintenance, or management of a condominium or cooperative association in a conversion project, or of property serving the condominium or cooperative unit owners in such project;
(2) is between such unit owners or such association and the developer or an affiliate of the developer;
(3) was entered into while such association was controlled by the developer through special developer control or because the developer held a majority of the votes in such association; and
(4) is for a period of more than three years, including any automatic renewal provisions which are exercisable at the sole option of the developer or an affiliate of the developer,
may be terminated without penalty by such unit owners or such association.
(b) Time of termination
Any termination under this section may occur only during the two-year period beginning on the date on which—
(1) special developer control over the association is terminated; or
(2) the developer owns 25 per centum or less of the units in the conversion project,
whichever occurs first.
(c) Vote of owners of units
A termination under this section shall be by a vote of owners of not less than two-thirds of the units other than the units owned by the developer or an affiliate of the developer.
(d) Effective date of termination
Following the unit owners’ vote, the termination shall be effective ninety days after hand delivering notice or mailing notice by prepaid United States mail to the parties to the contract.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 608, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1676.)
heading: Codification
text: In subsec. (a), “October 8, 1980” was substituted for “the effective date of this title”. See Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title.
15 U.S.C. § 3609 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3609. Void lease or contract provisions
Any provision in any lease or contract requiring unit owners or the owners’ association, in any conversion project involving a contract meeting the requirements of section 3607 of this title of in any project involving a lease meeting the requirements of section 3608 of this title, to reimburse, regardless of outcome, the developer, his successor, or affiliate of the developer for attorneys’ fees or money judgments, in a suit between unit owners or the owners’ association and the developer arising under the lease or agreement, is against public policy and void.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 610, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1678.)
heading: Effective Date
text: Section effective Oct. 8, 1980, except that prohibition included in this section as it relates to a lease with respect to which a cause of action may be established under section 3608 of this title, shall be effective one year after Oct. 8, 1980, see section 618 of Pub. L. 96–399, set out as a note under section 3601 of this title.
15 U.S.C. § 3610 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3610. Relationship of statutory provisions to State and local laws
Nothing in this chapter may be construed to prevent or limit the authority of any State or local government to enact and enforce any law, ordinance, or code with regard to any condominium, cooperative, or conversion project, if such law, ordinance, or code does not abridge, deny, or contravene any standard for consumer protection established under this chapter. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the provisions of this chapter, except for the application of section 3608 of this title and the prohibition included in section 3609 of this title as it relates to a lease with respect to which a cause of action may be established under section 3608 of this title, shall not apply in the case of any State or local government which has the authority to enact and enforce such a law, ordinance, or code, if, during the three-year period following October 8, 1980, such State or local government enacts a law, ordinance, or code, or amendments thereto, stating in substance that such provisions of this chapter shall not apply in that State or local government jurisdiction.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 611, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1679.)
15 U.S.C. § 3611 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3611. Additional remedies
(a) Suits at law or equity
Unless otherwise limited as in section 3607 or 3608 of this title, any person aggrieved by a violation of this chapter may sue at law or in equity.
(b) Recovery of actual damages
In any action authorized by this section for a violation of section 3607 or 3609 of this title where actual damages have been suffered, such damages may be awarded or such other relief granted as deemed fair, just, and equitable.
(c) Contribution
Every person who becomes liable to make any payment under this section may recover contributions from any person who if sued separately, would have been liable to make the same payment.
(d) Amounts recoverable; defendant’s attorneys’ fees
The amounts recoverable under this section may include interest paid, reasonable attorneys’ fees, independent engineer and appraisers’ fees, and court costs. A defendant may recover reasonable attorneys’ fees if the court determines that the cause of action filed by the plaintiff is frivolous, malicious, or lacking in substantial merit.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 612, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1679.)
15 U.S.C. § 3612 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3612. Concurrent State and Federal jurisdiction; venue; removal of cases
The district courts of the United States, the United States courts of any territory, and the United States District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction under this chapter and, concurrent with State courts, of actions at law or in equity brought under this chapter without regard to the amount in controversy. Any such action may be brought in the district wherein the defendant is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business, or in the district where the sale took place, and process in such cases may be served in other districts of which the defendant is an inhabitant or wherever the defendant may be found. No case arising under this chapter and brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed to any court of the United States, except where any officer or employee of the United States in his official capacity is a party.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 613, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1679.)
15 U.S.C. § 3613 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3613. Limitation of actions
No action shall be maintained to enforce any right or liability created by this chapter unless brought within six years after such cause of action accrued, except that an action pursuant to section 3608 of this title must be brought within four years after October 8, 1980.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 614, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1680.)
15 U.S.C. § 3615 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3615. Nonexclusion of other statutory rights and remedies
The rights and remedies provided by this chapter shall be in addition to any and all other rights and remedies that may exist under Federal or State law.
(Pub. L. 96–399, title VI, § 616, Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1680.)
15 U.S.C. § 3702 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3702. Purpose
It is the purpose of this chapter to improve the economic, environmental, and social well-being of the United States by—
(1) establishing organizations in the executive branch to study and stimulate technology;
(2) promoting technology development through the establishment of cooperative research centers;
(3) stimulating improved utilization of federally funded technology developments, including inventions, software, and training technologies, by State and local governments and the private sector;
(4) providing encouragement for the development of technology through the recognition of individuals and companies which have made outstanding contributions in technology; and
(5) encouraging the exchange of scientific and technical personnel among academia, industry, and Federal laboratories.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 3, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2312; Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(b)(1), (f)(2), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1795, 1797.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1986—Par. (2). Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(b)(1), substituted “cooperative research centers” for “centers for industrial technology”.
Par. (3). Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(f)(2), inserted “, including inventions, software, and training technologies,”.
15 U.S.C. § 3704b–1 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3704b–1. Recovery of operating costs through fee collections
Operating costs for the National Technical Information Service associated with the acquisition, processing, storage, bibliographic control, and archiving of information and documents shall be recovered primarily through the collection of fees.
(Pub. L. 102–245, title I, § 103(c), Feb. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 8.)
heading: Codification
text: Section was enacted as part of the American Technology Preeminence Act of 1991, and not as part of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 which comprises this chapter.
15 U.S.C. § 3704b–2 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3704b–2. Transfer of Federal scientific and technical information
(a) Transfer
The head of each Federal executive department or agency shall transfer in a timely manner to the National Technical Information Service unclassified scientific, technical, and engineering information which results from federally funded research and development activities for dissemination to the private sector, academia, State and local governments, and Federal agencies. Only information which would otherwise be available for public dissemination shall be transferred under this subsection. Such information shall include technical reports and information, computer software, application assessments generated pursuant to section 3710(c) of this title, and information regarding training technology and other federally owned or originated technologies. The Secretary shall issue regulations within one year after February 14, 1992, outlining procedures for the ongoing transfer of such information to the National Technical Information Service.
(b) Omitted
(Pub. L. 102–245, title I, § 108, Feb. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 13.)
heading: Codification
text: Subsec. (b) of this section, which required the Secretary, as part of the annual report required under section 3704b(f)(3) of this title, to report to Congress on the status of efforts under this section to ensure access to Federal scientific and technical information by the public, was omitted because of termination of the annual report. See Codification note set out after section 3704b of this title.
Section was enacted as part of the American Technology Preeminence Act of 1991, and not as part of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 which comprises this chapter.
15 U.S.C. § 3706 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3706. Grants and cooperative agreements
(a) In general
The Secretary may make grants and enter into cooperative agreements according to the provisions of this section in order to assist any activity consistent with this chapter, including activities performed by individuals. The total amount of any such grant or cooperative agreement may not exceed 75 percent of the total cost of the program.
(b) Eligibility and procedure
Any person or institution may apply to the Secretary for a grant or cooperative agreement available under this section. Application shall be made in such form and manner, and with such content and other submissions, as the Assistant Secretary shall prescribe. The Secretary shall act upon each such application within 90 days after the date on which all required information is received.
(c) Terms and conditions
(1) Any grant made, or cooperative agreement entered into, under this section shall be subject to the limitations and provisions set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection, and to such other terms, conditions, and requirements as the Secretary deems necessary or appropriate.
(2) Any person who receives or utilizes any proceeds of any grant made or cooperative agreement entered into under this section shall keep such records as the Secretary shall by regulation prescribe as being necessary and appropriate to facilitate effective audit and evaluation, including records which fully disclose the amount and disposition by such recipient of such proceeds, the total cost of the program or project in connection with which such proceeds were used, and the amount, if any, of such costs which was provided through other sources.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 8, formerly § 7, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2315; renumbered § 8 and amended Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §§ 5115(b)(1), 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1433, 1438.)
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 8 of Pub. L. 96–480 was renumbered section 9 and is classified to section 3707 of this title.
heading: Amendments
text: 1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–418, § 5115(b)(1), substituted “Assistant Secretary” for “Director”.
15 U.S.C. § 3707 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3707. National Science Foundation Cooperative Research Centers
(a) Establishment and provisions
The National Science Foundation shall provide assistance for the establishment of Cooperative Research Centers. Such Centers shall be affiliated with a university, or other nonprofit institution, or a group thereof. The objective of the Centers is to enhance technological innovation as provided in section 3705(a) of this title through the conduct of activities as provided in section 3705(b) of this title.
(b) Planning grants
The National Science Foundation is authorized to make available nonrenewable planning grants to universities of nonprofit institutions for the purpose of developing the plan, as described under section 3705(c)(3) of this title.
(c) Terms and conditions
Grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements entered into by the National Science Foundation in execution of the powers and duties of the National Science Foundation under this chapter shall be governed by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 [42 U.S.C. 1861 et seq.] and other pertinent Acts.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 9, formerly § 8, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2316; Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(b)(11), (12), (e)(2)(B), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1796, 1797; renumbered § 9, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; Pub. L. 106–404, § 7(4), Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1745.)
heading: References in Text
text: The National Science Foundation Act of 1950, referred to in subsec. (c), is act May 10, 1950, ch. 171, 64 Stat. 149, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§ 1861 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1861 of Title 42 and Tables.
heading: Prior Provisions
text: A prior section 9 of Pub. L. 96–480 was renumbered section 10 and is classified to section 3708 of this title.
heading: Amendments
text: 2000—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 106–404 made technical amendments to references in original act which appear in text as references to section 3705 of this title.
1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–502 substituted “Cooperative Research Centers” for “Centers for Industrial Technology” and struck out last sentence which read as follows: “The provisions of sections 3705(e) and 3705(f) of this title shall apply to Centers established under this section.”
15 U.S.C. § 3709 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3709. Repealed. Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(a), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1795
text: Section, Pub. L. 96–480, § 10, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2317, related to establishment, duties, membership, and terms of National Industrial Technology Board.
15 U.S.C. § 3710b (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3710b. Rewards for scientific, engineering, and technical personnel of Federal agencies
The head of each Federal agency that is making expenditures at a rate of more than $50,000,000 per fiscal year for research and development in its Government-operated laboratories shall use the appropriate statutory authority to develop and implement a cash awards program to reward its scientific, engineering, and technical personnel for—
(1) inventions, innovations, computer software, or other outstanding scientific or technological contributions of value to the United States due to commercial application or due to contributions to missions of the Federal agency or the Federal government,1 or
(2) exemplary activities that promote the domestic transfer of science and technology development within the Federal Government and result in utilization of such science and technology by American industry or business, universities, State or local governments, or other non-Federal parties.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 13, as added and renumbered § 12, Pub. L. 99–502, §§ 6, 9(e)(1), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1792, 1797; renumbered § 13, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; amended Pub. L. 100–519, title III, § 302, Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2597.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1988—Par. (1). Pub. L. 100–519 inserted “computer software,” after “inventions, innovations,”.
15 U.S.C. § 3710d (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3710d. Employee activities
(a) In general
If a Federal agency which has ownership of or the right of ownership to an invention made by a Federal employee does not intend to file for a patent application or otherwise to promote commercialization of such invention, the agency shall allow the inventor, if the inventor is a Government employee or former employee who made the invention during the course of employment with the Government, to obtain or retain title to the invention (subject to reservation by the Government of a nonexclusive, nontransferrable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice the invention or have the invention practiced throughout the world by or on behalf of the Government). In addition, the agency may condition the inventor’s right to title on the timely filing of a patent application in cases when the Government determines that it has or may have a need to practice the invention.
(b) “Special Government employees” defined
For purposes of this section, Federal employees include “special Government employees” as defined in section 202 of title 18.
(c) Relationship to other laws
Nothing in this section is intended to limit or diminish existing authorities of any agency.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 15, as added and renumbered § 14, Pub. L. 99–502, §§ 8, 9(e)(1), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1794, 1797; renumbered § 15, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; amended Pub. L. 104–113, § 6, Mar. 7, 1996, 110 Stat. 779.)
heading: Amendments
text: 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–113 substituted “ownership of or the right of ownership to an invention made by a Federal employee” for “the right of ownership to an invention under this chapter” and inserted “obtain or” before “retain title to the invention”.
15 U.S.C. § 3711 (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3711. National Technology and Innovation Medal
(a) Establishment
There is hereby established a National Technology and Innovation Medal, which shall be of such design and materials and bear such inscriptions as the President, on the basis of recommendations submitted by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, may prescribe.
(b) Award
The President shall periodically award the medal, on the basis of recommendations received from the Secretary or on the basis of such other information and evidence as he deems appropriate, to individuals or companies, which in his judgment are deserving of special recognition by reason of their outstanding contributions to the promotion of technology or technological manpower for the improvement of the economic, environmental, or social well-being of the United States.
(c) Presentation
The presentation of the award shall be made by the President with such ceremonies as he may deem proper.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 16, formerly § 12, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2319; renumbered § 16, Pub. L. 99–502, § 2, Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1785; renumbered § 15, Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(e)(1), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1797; renumbered § 16, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; Pub. L. 110–69, title I, § 1003, Aug. 9, 2007, 121 Stat. 576.)
heading: Amendments
text: 2007—Pub. L. 110–69, § 1003(1), which directed substitution of “National Technology and Innovation Medal” for “National Medal” in section catchline, was executed by making the substitution for “National Technology Medal” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–69, § 1003(2), substituted “Technology and Innovation Medal” for “Technology Medal”.
heading: National Technology Medal for Environmental Technology
text: Pub. L. 105–309, § 10, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2939, provided that: “In the administration of section 16 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3711), Environmental Technology shall be established as a separate nomination category with appropriate unique criteria for that category.”
15 U.S.C. § 3711b (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3711b. Conference on advanced automotive technologies
Not later than 180 days after December 18, 1991, the Secretary of Commerce, through the Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology, in consultation with other appropriate officials, shall convene a conference of domestic motor vehicle manufacturers, parts suppliers, Federal laboratories, and motor vehicle users to explore ways in which cooperatively they can improve the competitiveness of the United States motor vehicle industry by developing new technologies which will enhance the safety and energy savings, and lessen the environmental impact of domestic motor vehicles, and the results of such conference shall be published and then submitted to the President and to the Committees on Science, Space, and Technology and Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 18, as added Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6019, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2183.)
heading: Change of Name
text: Committee on Public Works and Transportation of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2.
15 U.S.C. § 3711c (COMMERCE AND TRADE)
§ 3711c. Advanced motor vehicle research award
(a) Establishment
There is established a National Award for the Advancement of Motor Vehicle Research and Development. The award shall consist of a medal, and a cash prize if funding is available for the prize under subsection (c) of this section. The medal shall be of such design and materials and bear inscriptions as is determined by the Secretary of Transportation.
(b) Making and presenting award
The Secretary of Transportation shall periodically make and present the award to domestic motor vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, or Federal laboratory personnel who, in the opinion of the Secretary of Transportation, have substantially improved domestic motor vehicle research and development in safety, energy savings, or environmental impact. No person may receive the award more than once every 5 years.
(c) Funding for award
The Secretary of Transportation may seek and accept gifts of money from private sources for the purpose of making cash prize awards under this section. Such money may be used only for that purpose, and only such money may be used for that purpose.
(Pub. L. 96–480, § 19, as added Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6019, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2184.)