Resolution adopted by the General Assembly  on 18 December 2019          [on the report of the Third Committee (A/74/399/Add.2)]       74/152. The right to development        The General Assembly,    Guided by the Charter of the United Nations, which expresses, in particular, the  determination to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom  and, to that end, to employ international mechanisms for the promotion of the  economic and social advancement of all peoples,    Recalling the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1  as well as the  International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2  and the  International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 2    Recalling also the outcomes of all the major United Nations conferences and  summits in the economic and social fields,    Recalling further the Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted by the  General Assembly in its resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986, which confirmed that  the right to development is an inalienable human right and that equality of opportunity  for development is a prerogative both of nations and of individuals who make up  nations, and that the individual is the central subject and beneficiary of development,    Emphasizing the urgent need to make the right to development a reality for  everyone,     Stressing the importance of the World Conference on Human Rights, held in  Vienna in 1993, and that the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 3  __________________    1  Resolution 217 A (III).    2  See resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex.    3  A/CONF.157/24 (Part I), chap. III.   A/RES/74/152  The right to development   19-22263 2/10    reaffirmed the right to development as a universal and inalienable right and an integral  part of fundamental human rights and the individual as the central subject and  beneficiary of development,    Reaffirming the objective of making the right to development a reality for  everyone, as set out in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, adopted by the  General Assembly on 8 September 2000,4     Recognizing the importance of the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable  Development, 5  reaffirming that the Declaration on the Right to Development  informed the 2030 Agenda, along with other relevant international instruments, and  underlining the fact that the Sustainable Development Goals can be realized only  through a credible, effective and universal commitment to the means of  implementation by all stakeholders,    Recognizing also the successful conclusion of the United Nations Conference  on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), held in Quito from  17 to 20 October 2016, that recognizes that the New Urban Agenda 6 is grounded in  the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, international human rights treaties, the  Millennium Declaration and the 2005 World Summit Outcome7 and is informed by  other instruments such as the Declaration on the Right to Development,    Recalling the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on  Sustainable Development, entitled “The future we want”,8     Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interrelatedness, interdependence  and mutually reinforcing nature of all civil, cultural, economic, political and social  rights, including the right to development,     Recalling the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly known as the  World Conference on Indigenous Peoples and its outcome document, 9     Deeply concerned that the majority of indigenous peoples in the world live in  conditions of poverty, and recognizing the critical need to address the negative impact  of poverty and inequity on indigenous peoples by ensuring their full and effective  inclusion in development and poverty eradication programmes,    Reaffirming that democracy, development and respect for human rights and  fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing and that  democracy is based on the freely expressed will of the people to determine their own  political, economic, social and cultural systems and their full participation in all  aspects of their lives, and in that context noting that the promotion and protection of  human rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international levels should  be universal and conducted without conditions attached and that the international  community should support the strengthening and promotion of democracy,  development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms in the entire  world,    Recognizing that inequality is a major obstacle to the realization of the right to  development within and across countries,     Taking note of the commitment declared by a number of specialized agencies,  funds and programmes of the United Nations system and other international  __________________    4  Resolution 55/2.    5  Resolution 70/1.    6  Resolution 71/256, annex.    7  Resolution 60/1.    8  Resolution 66/288, annex.    9  Resolution 69/2.   The right to development  A/RES/74/152   3/10 19-22263    organizations to make the right to development a reality for all, and in this regard  urging all relevant bodies of the United Nations system and other international  organizations to mainstream the right to development into their objectives, policies,  programmes and operational activities, as well as into development and development- related processes, including the follow-up to the Fourth United Nations Conference  on the Least Developed Countries,    Recalling the outcomes adopted at the Tenth Ministerial Conference of the  World Trade Organization, held in Nairobi from 15 to 19 December 2015,    Calling for a successful, development-oriented outcome of the trade  negotiations of the World Trade Organization, in particular on the remaining issues  of the Doha Development Round, as a contribution to the creation of international  conditions permitting the full realization of the right to development,     Recalling the outcome of the fourteenth session of the United Nations  Conference on Trade and Development, held in Nairobi from 17 to 22 July 2016, on  the theme “From decision to action: moving towards an inclusive and equitable global  economic environment for trade and development”,10    Recalling also all its previous resolutions on the subject, the most recent of  which was resolution 73/166 of 17 December 2018, as well as Human Rights Council  resolutions and those of the Commission on Human Rights on the right to  development, in particular Commission resolution 1998/72 of 22 April 1998 11 on the  urgent need to make further progress towards the realization of the right to  development,    Recalling further Human Rights Council resolution 35/21 of 22 June 2017 on  the contribution of development to the enjoyment of all human rights, 12     Recalling the Eighteenth Summit of Heads of State and Government of  Non-Aligned Countries, held in Baku on 25 and 26 October 2019, and the previous  summits and conferences at which the States members of the Movement of  Non-Aligned Countries stressed the need to operationalize the right to development  as a priority, including through the elaboration of a convention on the right to  development by the relevant machinery, taking into account the recommendations of  relevant initiatives,    Reiterating its continuing support for the New Partnership for Africa’s  Development13 as a development framework for Africa,    Deeply concerned about the negative impacts of the global economic and  financial crises on the realization of the right to development,    Recognizing that, while development facilitates the enjoyment of all human  rights, the lack of development may not be invoked to justify the abridgement of  internationally recognized human rights,    Recognizing also that Member States should cooperate with one another in  ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development, that the  international community should promote effective international cooperation, in  particular to revitalize a global partnership for development, for the realization of the  right to development and the elimination of obstacles to development and that lasting  __________________    10  See TD/519, TD/519/Add.1, TD/519/Add.2 and TD/519/Add.2/Corr.1.    11  See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1998, Supplement No. 3 (E/1998/23),  chap. II, sect. A.    12  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-second Session, Supplement No. 53  (A/72/53), chap. V, sect. A.    13  A/57/304, annex.   A/RES/74/152  The right to development   19-22263 4/10    progress towards the implementation of the right to development requires effective  development policies at the national level, as well as equitable economic relations  and a favourable economic environment at the international level,    Recognizing further that poverty is an affront to human dignity,    Recognizing that extreme poverty and hunger are among the greatest global  threats and require the collective commitment of the international community for their  eradication, pursuant to Millennium Development Goal 1 and Sustainable Development  Goals 1 and 2, and therefore calling upon the international community, including the  Human Rights Council, to contribute towards achieving that goal,    Recognizing also that historical injustices, inter alia, have contributed to the  poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization, social exclusion, economic disparity,  instability and insecurity that affect many people in different parts of the world, in  particular in developing countries,    Recognizing further that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions,  including extreme poverty, is one of the critical elements in the promotion and  realization of the right to development and is the greatest global challenge and an  indispensable requirement for sustainable development, which requires a  multifaceted and integrated approach, and committed to achieving sustainable  development in its three dimensions – economic, social and environmental – in a  balanced and integrated manner,    Emphasizing that all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the  right to development, are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated,    Emphasizing also that the right to development is vital for the full realization of  the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and should be central to its  implementation,    Encouraging relevant bodies of the United Nations system, within their  respective mandates, including the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of  the United Nations system, relevant international organizations, including the World  Trade Organization, and relevant stakeholders, including civil society organizations,  to give due consideration to the right to development in the implementation of the  2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to cooperate with the United Nations  High Commissioner for Human Rights in the fulfilment of her mandate with regard  to the implementation of the right to development,    1.  Takes note of the consolidated report of the Secretary-General and the  United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights concerning the promotion and  realization of the right to development;14     2.  Acknowledges the need to strive for greater acceptance, operationalization  and realization of the right to development at the international level while urging all  States to undertake at the national level the necessary policy formulation and to  institute the measures required for the implementation of the right to development as  an integral part of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;    3.  Emphasizes the relevant provisions of General Assembly resolution  60/251 of 15 March 2006 establishing the Human Rights Council, and in this regard  calls upon the Council to implement the agreement to continue to act to ensure that  its agenda promotes and advances sustainable development, including the 2030  Agenda for Sustainable Development,5 which seeks to build on the Millennium  Development Goals and complete what they did not achieve, and also in this regard  to lead the raising of the right to development, as set out in paragraphs 5 and 10 of  __________________    14  A/HRC/42/29.   The right to development  A/RES/74/152   5/10 19-22263    the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action,3 to the same level as and on a par  with all other human rights and fundamental freedoms;    4.  Supports the realization of the mandate of the Working Group on the  Right to Development,15 and recognizes the need for renewed efforts with a view to  overcoming the existing political impasse within the Working Group and to fulfil at  the earliest its mandate as established by the Commission on Human Rights in  its resolution 1998/7211 and the Human Rights Council in its resolution 4/4 of  30 March 2007;16     5.  Stresses the importance of the core principles contained in the conclusions  of the Working Group at its third session17 that are congruent with the purpose of  international human rights instruments, such as equality, non-discrimination,  accountability, participation and international cooperation, as critical to mainstreaming  the right to development at the national and international levels, and underlines the  importance of the principles of equity and transparency;    6.  Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Chair-Rapporteur of the  Working Group on its twentieth session;18     7.  Notes the presentation to the Working Group at its nineteenth session of  the set of standards for the implementation of the right to development prepared by  the Chair-Rapporteur, 19  which is a useful basis for further deliberations on the  implementation and realization of the right to development;     8.  Calls upon Member States to contribute to the efforts of the Working  Group, including, inter alia, on the elaboration of a draft legally binding instrument  on the right to development on the basis of the draft prepared by the Chair- Rapporteur, as decided by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 42/23 of  27 September 2019;20     9.  Stresses that it is important that the Chair-Rapporteur and the Working  Group, in the discharge of their mandates, take into account the need:    (a)  To promote the democratization of the system of international governance  in order to increase the effective participation of developing countries in international  decision-making;    (b)  To also promote effective partnerships such as the New Partnership for  Africa’s Development13 and other similar initiatives with the developing countries,  particularly the least developed countries, for the purpose of the realization of their  right to development, including the achievement of the Sustainable Development  Goals;    (c)  To strive for greater acceptance, operationalization and realization of the  right to development at the international level, while urging all States to undertake at  the national level the necessary policy formulation and to institute the measures  required for the implementation of the right to development as an integral part of all  human rights and fundamental freedoms, and also while urging all States to expand  and deepen mutually beneficial cooperation in ensuring development and eliminating  obstacles to development in the context of promoting effective international  __________________    15  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 53A  (A/63/53/Add.1), chap. I.    16  Ibid., Sixty-second Session, Supplement No. 53 (A/62/53), chap. III, sect. A.    17  See E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, sect. VIII.A.    18  A/HRC/42/35 and A/HRC/42/35/Corr.1.    19  A/HRC/WG.2/17/2.    20  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 53A  (A/74/53/Add.1), chap. III.   A/RES/74/152  The right to development   19-22263 6/10    cooperation for the realization of the right to development, bearing in mind that  lasting progress towards the implementation of the right to development requires  effective development policies at the national level and a favourable economic  environment at the international level;    (d)  To consider ways and means to continue to ensure the operationalization  of the right to development as a priority;    (e)  To mainstream the right to development into the policies and operational  activities of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations  system, as well as in the policies and strategies of the international financial and  multilateral trading systems, bearing in mind in this regard that the core principles of  the international economic, commercial and financial spheres, such as equity,  non-discrimination, transparency, accountability, participation and international  cooperation, including effective partnerships for development, are indispensable in  achieving the right to development and preventing discriminatory treatment arising  from political or other non-economic considerations in addressing the issues of  concern to the developing countries;    10. Encourages the Human Rights Council to continue to consider how to  ensure follow-up to the work of the former Subcommission on the Promotion and  Protection of Human Rights on the right to development, in accordance with the  relevant provisions of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the  Commission on Human Rights and in compliance with decisions to be taken by the  Council;    11.  Takes note with appreciation of the decision of the Human Rights Council  in its resolution 42/23 to establish a subsidiary expert mechanism to provide the  Council with thematic expertise on the right to development in searching for,  identifying and sharing best practices with Member States and to promote the  implementation of the right to development worldwide;     12. Also takes note with appreciation of the report of the Special Rapporteur  of the Human Rights Council on the right to development, 21 in which the Special  Rapporteur explores the explicit link between the right to development and disaster  risk reduction and its practical implications;    13. Stresses that South-South cooperation is not a substitute for, but rather a  complement to, North-South cooperation and hence should not result in a reduction  of North-South cooperation or hamper progress in fulfilling existing official  development assistance commitments, and encourages Member States and other  relevant stakeholders to incorporate the right to development into the design,  financing and implementation of cooperation processes;    14. Urges Member States, the Office of the United Nations High  Commissioner for Human Rights and other relevant specialized agencies, funds and  programmes of the United Nations system to provide the Special Rapporteur on the  right to development with all the assistance and support necessary for the fulfilment  of his mandate;    15. Reaffirms the commitment to implement the goals and targets set out in all  the outcome documents of the major United Nations conferences and summits and  their review processes, in particular those relating to the realization of the right to  development, recognizing that the realization of the right to development is critical  to achieving the objectives, goals and targets set out in those outcome documents;  __________________    21  A/74/163.   The right to development  A/RES/74/152   7/10 19-22263      16. Also reaffirms that the realization of the right to development is essential  to the implementation of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, which  regards all human rights as universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated,  places the human person at the centre of development and recognizes that, while  development facilitates the enjoyment of all human rights, a lack of development may  not be invoked to justify the abridgement of internationally recognized human rights;    17. Further reaffirms that development contributes significantly to the  enjoyment of all human rights by all, and calls upon all countries to realize people- centred development of the people, by the people and for the people;    18. Calls upon all States to spare no effort in promoting the right to  development, in particular while implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable  Development, as it is conducive to the overall enjoyment of human rights;    19. Stresses that the primary responsibility for the promotion and protection  of all human rights lies with the State, and reaffirms that States have the primary  responsibility for their own economic and social development and that the role of  national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasized;    20. Reaffirms the primary responsibility of States to create national and  international conditions favourable to the realization of the right to development, as  well as their commitment to cooperate with one another to that end;    21. Expresses concern about the increasing cases of human rights violations  and abuses by some transnational corporations and other business enterprises,  underlines the need to ensure that appropriate protection, justice and remedies are  provided to the victims of human rights violations and abuses resulting from their  activities, and underscores the fact that these entities must contribute to the means of  implementation for the realization of the right to development;    22. Reaffirms the need for an international environment that is conducive to  the realization of the right to development;    23. Emphasizes the critical importance of identifying and analysing obstacles  impeding the full realization of the right to development at both the national and  international levels;    24. Reaffirms that, while globalization offers both opportunities and  challenges, the process of globalization remains deficient in achieving the objectives  of integrating all countries into a globalized world, stresses the need for policies and  measures at the national and global levels to respond to the challenges and  opportunities of globalization if this process is to be made fully inclusive and  equitable, and recognizes that globalization has brought disparities between and  within countries and that issues such as trade and trade liberalization, the transfer of  technology, infrastructure development and market access should be managed  effectively in order to mitigate the challenges of poverty and underdevelopment and  to make the right to development a reality for everyone;    25. Recognizes that, despite continuous efforts on the part of the international  community, the gap between developed and developing countries remains  unacceptably wide, that most of the developing countries continue to face difficulties  in participating in the globalization process and that many risk being marginalized  and effectively excluded from its benefits;    26. Expresses its deep concern, in this regard, about the negative impact on  the realization of the right to development owing to the further aggravation of the  economic and social situation, in particular of developing countries, as a result of the  effects of international energy, food and financial crises, as well as the increasing  challenges posed by global climate change and the loss of biodiversity, which have   A/RES/74/152  The right to development   19-22263 8/10    increased vulnerabilities and inequalities and have adversely affected development  gains, in particular in developing countries;    27. Encourages Member States to give particular consideration to the right to  development in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,  and emphasizes that the 2030 Agenda promotes the respect for all human rights,  including the right to development;     28. Recalls the commitment in the United Nations Millennium Declaration 4 of  halving the number of people living in poverty by 2015, notes with concern that some  developing countries have failed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and  in this regard invites Member States and the international community to take  proactive measures aimed at creating a conducive environment to contribute to the  effective implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in  particular increasing international cooperation, including partnership and commitment,  between developed and developing countries towards achieving the Sustainable  Development Goals;    29. Urges developed countries that have not yet done so to make concrete  efforts towards meeting the targets of 0.7 per cent of their gross national product for  official development assistance to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.2 per cent of  their gross national product to the least developed countries, and encourages  developing countries to build on the progress achieved in ensuring that official  development assistance is used effectively to help to meet development goals and  targets;    30. Recognizes the need to address market access for developing countries,  including in the sectors of agriculture, services and non-agricultural products, in  particular those of interest to developing countries;    31. Calls once again for the implementation of a desirable pace of meaningful  trade liberalization, including in areas under negotiation in the World Trade  Organization, the implementation of commitments on implementation-related issues  and concerns, a review of special and differential treatment provisions, with a view  to strengthening them and making them more precise, effective and operational, the  avoidance of new forms of protectionism, and capacity-building and technical  assistance for developing countries as important issues in making progress towards  the effective implementation of the right to development;    32. Recognizes the important link between the international economic,  commercial and financial spheres and the realization of the right to development,  stresses in this regard the need for good governance and for broadening the base of  decision-making at the international level on issues of development concern and the  need to fill organizational gaps, as well as to strengthen the United Nations system  and other multilateral institutions, and also stresses the need to broaden and  strengthen the participation of developing countries and countries with economies in  transition in international economic decision-making and norm-setting;    33. Also recognizes that good governance and the rule of law at the national  level assist all States in the promotion and protection of human rights, including the  right to development, and agrees on the value of the ongoing efforts being made by  States to identify and strengthen good governance practices, including transparent,  responsible, accountable and participatory government, that are responsive and  appropriate to their needs and aspirations, including in the context of agreed  partnership approaches to development, capacity-building and technical assistance;    34. Further recognizes the important role and the rights of women and the  application of a gender perspective as a cross-cutting issue in the process of realizing  the right to development, and notes in particular the positive relationship between the   The right to development  A/RES/74/152   9/10 19-22263    education of women and their equal participation in the civil, cultural, economic,  political and social activities of the community and the promotion of the right to  development;    35. Stresses the need for the integration of the rights of children, girls and boys  alike, in all policies and programmes and for ensuring the promotion and protection  of those rights, especially in areas relating to health, education and the full  development of their capacities;    36. Recalls the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: On the Fast Track to  Accelerating the Fight against HIV and to Ending the AIDS Epidemic by 2030,  adopted on 8 June 2016 at the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on HIV  and AIDS,22 and underscores the importance of enhanced international cooperation to  support the efforts of Member States to achieve health goals, including the target of  ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030, implement universal access to health-care  services and address health challenges;    37. Also recalls the political declaration of the third high-level meeting of the  General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases23 and  the political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the  fight against tuberculosis,24 both adopted on 10 October 2018, with their particular  focus on development and other challenges and social and economic determinants and  impacts, particularly for developing countries;     38. Welcomes the political declaration of the high-level meeting on universal  health coverage entitled “Universal health coverage: moving together to build a  healthier world”, as adopted in its resolution 74/2 of 10 October 2019, in which it was  reaffirmed that health is a precondition for and an outcome and indicator of the social,  economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development and the  implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;     39. Recalls the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 25 which  entered into force on 3 May 2008, and General Assembly resolution 70/1 of  25 September 2015, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for  Sustainable Development”, and, while recognizing persons with disabilities as agents  and beneficiaries of development, stresses the need to take into consideration the  rights of persons with disabilities and the importance of international cooperation in  support of national efforts in the realization of the right to development;    40. Stresses its commitment to indigenous peoples in the process of the  realization of the right to development, reaffirms the commitment to promote their  rights in the areas of education, employment, vocational training and retraining,  housing, sanitation, health and social security, in accordance with recognized  international human rights obligations and taking into account, as appropriate, the  United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted by the  General Assembly in its resolution 61/295 of 13 September 2007, and in this regard  recalls the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly known as the World  Conference on Indigenous Peoples, held in 2014;    41. Recognizes the need for strong partnerships with civil society  organizations and the private sector in pursuit of poverty eradication and  development, as well as for corporate social responsibility;  __________________    22  Resolution 70/266, annex.    23  Resolution 73/2.    24  Resolution 73/3.    25  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, No. 44910.   A/RES/74/152  The right to development   19-22263 10/10      42. Emphasizes the urgent need to take concrete and effective measures to  prevent, combat and criminalize all forms of corruption at all levels, to prevent, detect  and deter in a more effective manner international transfers of illicitly acquired assets  and to strengthen international cooperation in asset recovery, consistent with the  principles of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, 26  particularly  chapter V thereof, stresses the importance of a genuine political commitment on the  part of all Governments through a firm legal framework, and in this context urges  States to sign and ratify the Convention as soon as possible and States parties to  implement it effectively;    43. Also emphasizes the need to strengthen further the activities of the Office  of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in the promotion and  realization of the right to development, including by ensuring the effective use of the  financial and human resources necessary to fulfil its mandate, and calls upon the  Secretary-General to provide the Office with the necessary resources;    44. Reaffirms the request to the High Commissioner, in mainstreaming the  right to development, to effectively undertake activities aimed at strengthening the  global partnership for development among Member States, development agencies and  the international development, financial and trade institutions and to reflect those  activities in detail in her next report to the Human Rights Council;    45. Calls upon the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United  Nations system to mainstream the right to development into their operational  programmes and objectives, and stresses the need for the international financial and  multilateral trading systems to mainstream the right to development into their policies  and objectives;    46. Requests the Secretary-General to bring the present resolution to the  attention of Member States, United Nations organs and bodies, the specialized  agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system, international  development and financial institutions, in particular the Bretton Woods institutions,  and non-governmental organizations;    47. Encourages relevant bodies of the United Nations system, within their  respective mandates, including the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of  the United Nations system, relevant international organizations, including the World  Trade Organization, and relevant stakeholders, including civil society organizations,  to give due consideration to the right to development in the implementation of the  2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, to contribute further to the work of the  Working Group on the Right to Development and the Special Rapporteur on the right  to development and to cooperate with the High Commissioner in the fulfilment of her  mandate with regard to the implementation of the right to development;    48. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a report to the General Assembly  at its seventy-fifth session and an interim report to the Human Rights Council on the  implementation of the present resolution, including efforts undertaken at the national,  regional and international levels in the promotion and realization of the right to  development, and invites the Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group and the Special  Rapporteur to present an oral report and to engage in an interactive dialogue with the  Assembly at its seventy-fifth session.    50th plenary meeting  18 December 2019    __________________    26  Ibid., vol. 2349, No. 42146.