COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT STATISTICAL ANNEX Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE Alert Mechanism Report 2026 prepared in accordance with Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances
Date: 2025-11-25
Institutions: Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission
Subjects: economic disparity, economic growth, economic recovery, economic statistics, euro area, inflation, macroeconomics, multilateral surveillance, national accounts, public debt

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Strasbourg, 25.11.2025  SWD(2025) 900 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT STATISTICAL ANNEX Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE Alert Mechanism Report 2026    prepared in accordance with Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011   on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances {COM(2025) 956 final} - {SWD(2025) 956 final}  
 
 
European 
Commission 

                     Statistical Annex of 
                       Alert Mechanism Report 2026 

This document was prepared by the European Commission's Directorate-General Eurostat 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table of Contents 

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................... 9 

STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS ........................................................................................... 11 

THE MIP QUALITY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................. 13 

Chapter 1: Tables by year - Headline indicators ........................................................................................ 16 

Table 1.1: MIP Scoreboard 2024 ................................................................................................................. 16 

Table 1.2: MIP Scoreboard 2023 ................................................................................................................. 17 

Table 1.3: MIP Scoreboard 2022 ................................................................................................................. 18 

Table 1.4: MIP Scoreboard 2021 ................................................................................................................. 19 

Table 1.5: MIP Scoreboard 2020 ................................................................................................................. 20 

Table 1.6: MIP Scoreboard 2019 ................................................................................................................. 21 

Table 1.7: MIP Scoreboard 2018 ................................................................................................................. 22 

Table 1.8: MIP Scoreboard 2017 ................................................................................................................. 23 

Table 1.9: MIP Scoreboard 2016 ................................................................................................................. 24 

Table 1.10: MIP Scoreboard 2015 ............................................................................................................... 25 

Chapter 2: Tables by year - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP scoreboard
 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26 

Table 2.1: Auxiliary indicators, 2024 .......................................................................................................... 26 

Table 2.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2024....................................................................................... 27 

Table 2.2: Auxiliary indicators, 2023 .......................................................................................................... 28 

Table 2.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2023....................................................................................... 29 

Table 2.3: Auxiliary indicators, 2022 .......................................................................................................... 30 

Table 2.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2022....................................................................................... 31 

Table 2.4: Auxiliary indicators, 2021 .......................................................................................................... 32 

Table 2.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2021....................................................................................... 33 

Table 2.5: Auxiliary indicators, 2020 .......................................................................................................... 34 

Table 2.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2020....................................................................................... 35 

Table 2.6: Auxiliary indicators, 2019 .......................................................................................................... 36 

Table 2.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2019....................................................................................... 37 

Table 2.7: Auxiliary indicators, 2018 .......................................................................................................... 38 

Table 2.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2018....................................................................................... 39 

Table 2.8: Auxiliary indicators, 2017 .......................................................................................................... 40 

Table 2.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2017....................................................................................... 41 

Table 2.9: Auxiliary indicators, 2016 .......................................................................................................... 42 
2 

 
 
 
 
Table 2.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2016....................................................................................... 43 

Table 2.10: Auxiliary indicators, 2015 ........................................................................................................ 44 

Table 2.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2015..................................................................................... 45 

Chapter 3: Tables by indicator..................................................................................................................... 46 

Table 3.1: Current account balance, % of GDP (3 year average) ................................................................ 46 

Table 3.2: Current account balance (% of GDP) ......................................................................................... 47 

Table 3.3: Net international investment position (% of GDP) .................................................................... 48 

Table 3.4: Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) ...... 49 

Table 3.5: Current plus capital account - Net lending-borrowing (% of GDP) ........................................... 50 

Table 3.6: Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP) ..................................................................... 51 

Table 3.7: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change) ............... 52 

Table 3.8: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (1 year % change) ............... 53 

Table 3.9: Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change) ....................................... 54 

Table 3.10: Export performance against advanced economies (1 year % change) ..................................... 55 

Table 3.11: Nominal unit labour cost index per hour worked (3 year % change) ....................................... 56 

Table 3.12: Nominal unit labour cost index per hour worked (1 year % change) ....................................... 57 

Table 3.13: Real GDP per capita (EUR) ..................................................................................................... 58 

Table 3.14: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) ............................................................................... 59 

Table 3.15: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP) .................................................................. 60 

Table 3.16: Export market share - % of world exports (3 year % change) ................................................. 61 

Table 3.17: Labour productivity per hour worked (1 year % change) ........................................................ 62 

Table 3.18: Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area ..................................................................... 63 

Table 3.19: General government gross debt (% of GDP) ............................................................................ 64 

Table 3.20: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDP)
 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 65 

Table 3.21: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (Million 
units of national currency) ........................................................................................................................... 66 

Table 3.22: Non-financial corporations debt, consolidated (% of GDP) ..................................................... 67 

Table 3.23: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDI)
 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 68 

Table 3.24: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of 
debt stock t-1) .............................................................................................................................................. 69 

Table 3.25: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated 
(Million units of national currency) ............................................................................................................. 70 

Table 3.26: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (% of 
debt stock t-1, excl. FDI) ............................................................................................................................. 71 

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Table 3.27: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated 
(Millions of national currency) .................................................................................................................... 72 

Table 3.28: Non-financial corporations debt excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (Million 
units of national currency) ........................................................................................................................... 73 

Table 3.29: Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans) ....................... 74 

Table 3.30: Tier-1 capital ratio banking sector ............................................................................................ 75 

Table 3.31: Return on equity of banks ........................................................................................................ 76 

Table 3.32: House price index, nominal (1 year % change) ........................................................................ 77 

Table 3.33: Standardised house price-to-income ratio ................................................................................ 78 

Table 3.34: Building permits ....................................................................................................................... 79 

Table 3.35: Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74) .......................................................................... 80 

Table 3.36: Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64 (3 year change in pps) ..... 81 

Table 3.37: Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64 ......................................... 82 

Table 3.38: Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-74 ................................................... 83 

Table 3.39: Youth unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-24 .......................................................... 84 

Table 3.40: Employment rate - % total population aged Y20-64 ................................................................ 85 

Table 3.41: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population 
aged 15-29 ................................................................................................................................................... 86 

Table 3.42: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population ....................................... 87 

Table 3.43: People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population .................................... 88 

Table 3.44: Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population ............................... 89 

Table 3.45: People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64 . 90 

Chapter 4: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Headline indicators ............................................ 91 

Table 4.1: The MIP scoreboard for European Union .................................................................................. 91 

Table 4.2: The MIP scoreboard for euro area .............................................................................................. 92 

Table 4.3: The MIP scoreboard for Belgium ............................................................................................... 93 

Table 4.4: The MIP scoreboard for Bulgaria ............................................................................................... 94 

Table 4.5: The MIP scoreboard for Czechia ................................................................................................ 95 

Table 4.6: The MIP scoreboard for Denmark .............................................................................................. 96 

Table 4.7: The MIP scoreboard for Germany .............................................................................................. 97 

Table 4.8: The MIP scoreboard for Estonia ................................................................................................ 98 

Table 4.9: The MIP scoreboard for Ireland ................................................................................................. 99 

Table 4.10: The MIP scoreboard for Greece ............................................................................................. 100 

Table 4.11: The MIP scoreboard for Spain ............................................................................................... 101 

Table 4.12: The MIP scoreboard for France .............................................................................................. 102 

Table 4.13: The MIP scoreboard for Croatia ............................................................................................. 103 

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Table 4.14: The MIP scoreboard for Italy ................................................................................................. 104 

Table 4.15: The MIP scoreboard for Cyprus ............................................................................................. 105 

Table 4.16: The MIP scoreboard for Latvia .............................................................................................. 106 

Table 4.17: The MIP scoreboard for Lithuania ......................................................................................... 107 

Table 4.18: The MIP scoreboard for Luxembourg .................................................................................... 108 

Table 4.19: The MIP scoreboard for Hungary........................................................................................... 109 

Table 4.20: The MIP scoreboard for Malta ............................................................................................... 110 

Table 4.21: The MIP scoreboard for Netherlands ..................................................................................... 111 

Table 4.22: The MIP scoreboard for Austria ............................................................................................. 112 

Table 4.23: The MIP scoreboard for Poland ............................................................................................. 113 

Table 4.24: The MIP scoreboard for Portugal ........................................................................................... 114 

Table 4.25: The MIP scoreboard for Romania .......................................................................................... 115 

Table 4.26: The MIP scoreboard for Slovenia........................................................................................... 116 

Table 4.27: The MIP scoreboard for Slovakia........................................................................................... 117 

Table 4.28: The MIP scoreboard for Finland ............................................................................................ 118 

Table 4.29: The MIP scoreboard for Sweden ............................................................................................ 119 

Chapter 5: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic 
reading of the MIP scoreboard ................................................................................................................... 120 

Table 5.1: Auxiliary indicators for European Union ................................................................................. 120 

Table 5.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for European Union .............................................................. 121 

Table 5.2: Auxiliary indicators for euro area............................................................................................. 122 

Table 5.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for euro area ......................................................................... 123 

Table 5.3: Auxiliary indicators for Belgium ............................................................................................. 124 

Table 5.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Belgium .......................................................................... 125 

Table 5.4: Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria.............................................................................................. 126 

Table 5.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria .......................................................................... 127 

Table 5.5: Auxiliary indicators for Czechia .............................................................................................. 128 

Table 5.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Czechia ........................................................................... 129 

Table 5.6: Auxiliary indicators for Denmark ............................................................................................ 130 

Table 5.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Denmark ......................................................................... 131 

Table 5.7: Auxiliary indicators for Germany ............................................................................................ 132 

Table 5.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Germany ......................................................................... 133 

Table 5.8: Auxiliary indicators for Estonia ............................................................................................... 134 

Table 5.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Estonia ............................................................................ 135 

Table 5.9: Auxiliary indicators for Ireland ................................................................................................ 136 

Table 5.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Ireland ............................................................................. 137 

5 

 
 
Table 5.10: Auxiliary indicators for Greece .............................................................................................. 138 

Table 5.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Greece ........................................................................... 139 

Table 5.11: Auxiliary indicators for Spain ................................................................................................ 140 

Table 5.11 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Spain ............................................................................. 141 

Table 5.12: Auxiliary indicators for France .............................................................................................. 142 

Table 5.12 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for France ........................................................................... 143 

Table 5.13: Auxiliary indicators for Croatia ............................................................................................. 144 

Table 5.13 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Croatia .......................................................................... 145 

Table 5.14: Auxiliary indicators for Italy .................................................................................................. 146 

Table 5.14 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Italy ............................................................................... 147 

Table 5.15: Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus .............................................................................................. 148 

Table 5.15 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus .......................................................................... 149 

Table 5.16: Auxiliary indicators for Latvia ............................................................................................... 150 

Table 5.16 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Latvia ............................................................................ 151 

Table 5.17: Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania .......................................................................................... 152 

Table 5.17 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania ....................................................................... 153 

Table 5.18: Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg ..................................................................................... 154 

Table 5.18 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg ................................................................. 155 

Table 5.19: Auxiliary indicators for Hungary ........................................................................................... 156 

Table 5.19 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Hungary ........................................................................ 157 

Table 5.20: Auxiliary indicators for Malta ................................................................................................ 158 

Table 5.20 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Malta ............................................................................. 159 

Table 5.21: Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands ...................................................................................... 160 

Table 5.21 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands ................................................................... 161 

Table 5.22: Auxiliary indicators for Austria ............................................................................................. 162 

Table 5.22 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Austria .......................................................................... 163 

Table 5.23: Auxiliary indicators for Poland .............................................................................................. 164 

Table 5.23 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Poland ........................................................................... 165 

Table 5.24: Auxiliary indicators for Portugal ............................................................................................ 166 

Table 5.24 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Portugal ........................................................................ 167 

Table 5.25: Auxiliary indicators for Romania ........................................................................................... 168 

Table 5.25 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Romania ....................................................................... 169 

Table 5.26: Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia ........................................................................................... 170 

Table 5.26 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia ........................................................................ 171 

Table 5.27: Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia ........................................................................................... 172 

Table 5.27 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia ........................................................................ 173 
6 

 
 
Table 5.28: Auxiliary indicators for Finland ............................................................................................. 174 

Table 5.28 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Finland .......................................................................... 175 

Table 5.29: Auxiliary indicators for Sweden ............................................................................................. 176 

Table 5.29 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Sweden ......................................................................... 177 

Chapter 6: Tables by year - MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) ............................................................. 178 

Table 6.1: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2024 ................................................................................... 178 

Table 6.2: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2023 ................................................................................... 179 

Table 6.3: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2022 ................................................................................... 180 

Table 6.4: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2021 ................................................................................... 181 

Table 6.5: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2020 ................................................................................... 182 

Table 6.6: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2019 ................................................................................... 183 

Table 6.7: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2018 ................................................................................... 184 

Table 6.8: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2017 ................................................................................... 185 

Table 6.9: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2016 ................................................................................... 186 

Table 6.10: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2015 ................................................................................. 187 

7 

 
 
 
 
BACKGROUND INFORMATION 

The  Statistical  Annex  to  the  2026  Alert  Mechanism  Report  (AMR  2026)  presents  the 
Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) scoreboard and auxiliary indicators used in the 
economic reading of the MIP scoreboard. This annex covers the years from 2015 to 2024. 
Eurostat  mainly  compiles  MIP  indicators  from  data  transmitted  by  Member  States, 
following  the  relevant  European  legislation.  MIP  scoreboard  indicators  are  presented  with 
their  indicative  thresholds  (used  in  the  AMR),  while  no  threshold  is  applied  to  auxiliary 
indicators. 

The  policy  framework  of  the  MIP  relies  on  timely  and  high  quality  socio-economic  and 
financial  statistics.  Since  the  publication  of  the  first  Statistical  Annex  in  2012,  significant 
progress  has  been  achieved  towards  enhancing  the  standards  and  methods  used  for  the 
compilation  of  underlying  data  as  well  as  strengthening  the  statistical  quality  assurance 
framework. 

In  2024,  several  changes  were  introduced  to  the  MIP  scoreboard  and  auxiliary  indicators 
with the aim of making the sets more compact,  better balanced between different thematic 
blocks, and more forward-looking, while maintaining the stability and relevance of the sets 
of indicators for MIP surveillance.  

The  computation  of  the  indicator  on  Non-Financial  Corporation  credit  flows  was  slightly 
changed in 2025, to ensure conceptual consistency across its components. This enhancement 
improves data accuracy and comparability across countries. 

The  MIP  scoreboard  consists  of  13  headline  indicators  measuring  internal  and  external 
imbalances as well as social and labour market developments. MIP scoreboard indicators for 
the last ten years are displayed in this statistical annex by year in chapter 1, and by country 
in chapter 4. Table 1 lists the MIP scoreboard indicators together with detailed information 
on their data sources. 

Table 1. MIP scoreboard indicators (AMR 2026) 

Indicator 

Unit 

Data source 

Current account balance (% of GDP) 

Net international investment position  
Real effective exchange rate (42 trading partners, 
HICP deflator) 
Export performance against advanced economies 
Nominal unit labour cost index, per hour worked 
(2015=100) 

3 year average 

% of GDP 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

3 year % change 

DG ECFIN 

3 year % change  

Eurostat/OECD 

3 year % change 

Eurostat 

General government gross debt  

Household debt (+NPISH), consolidated 

NFC debt - consolidated 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 

Household credit flow (+NPISH), consolidated 

NFC credit flow - consolidated, excl. FDI 

% debt stock (t-1) 
% debt stock (t-1), excl. 
FDI 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat/ECB 

House price index, nominal 

1 year % change 

Eurostat 

Unemployment rate 

Labour force participation rate 

% labour force Y15-74  Eurostat 
3 year change pps (% 
population Y15-64) 

Eurostat 

Statistical 
domain 

BoP/NA 

BoP/NA 

BoP 

NA 

EDP/GFS 

NA (FA) 

NA (FA) 

NA (FA) 

NA (FA) 

Real estate 
statistics 
EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

Note: NA – National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; FA – Financial Accounts; FDI – Foreign Direct Investment; EDP – Excessive 
Deficit Procedure Statistics; GFS – Government Finance Statistics; HICP – Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices; LFS – Labour Force 
Survey/Labour Market Statistics; NPISH – Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households; pps – percentage points 

8 

 
 
 
Supplementing  the  MIP  scoreboard  indicators,  a  list  of  23  auxiliary  indicators  (see  Table  2) 
provides  additional  information  on  aspects  linked  to  the  general  macroeconomic  situation, 
nominal  and  real  convergence  inside  and  outside  the  European  Union  and  the  euro  area, 
detailed data on  external liabilities, the housing  market,  competitiveness,  the financial sector, 
employment and social developments.  

Auxiliary  indicators  enhance  the  information  base  for  understanding  potential  imbalances,  as 
well as the adjustment capacity of the economy. Auxiliary indicators are also presented in this 
Statistical Annex by year (Chapter 2) and by country (Chapter 5). 

Data 
source 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Eurostat/
IMF 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
ECB 

Table 2. MIP auxiliary indicators (AMR 2026) 

Indicator 

Net  international  investment  position  excluding  non-
defaultable instruments 
Net lending/borrowing (Current plus capital account) 
Net trade balance of energy products 

Real GDP per capita 
Gross fixed capital formation 
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D 

Unit 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 
% of GDP 

EUR 
% of GDP 
% of GDP 

Export market share (% of world exports) 

3 year change (%) 

Labour productivity (per hour worked) 
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area 
Household debt (+NPISH), consolidated 
Gross  non-performing  loans  of  domestic  and  foreign 
entities 
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector 

Return on equity of banking sector 
Standardised house price-to-income ratio 

Building permits 
Long-term unemployment rate 

Youth unemployment rate 

Employment rate 

Young people neither in employment nor in education 
or training 
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion 
People at risk of poverty after social transfers 
Severely materially and socially deprived people 
People living in households with very low work 
intensity 

1 year change (%) 
pps 
% of GDI 
% of gross loans 

ECB 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 

ECB 
Eurostat 

% risk-weighted 
assets 
% 
ratio vs the average, 
since 2000 
m² per 1000 inh 
%  labour  force  Y15-
74 
%  labour  force  Y15-
24 
%  of  total  population 
Y20-64 
%  of  total  population 
aged 15-29 
% of total population   Eurostat 
Eurostat 
% of total population 
Eurostat 
% of total population 
Eurostat 
%  of  total  population 
aged 0-64 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Statistical 
domain 

BoP/NA 

BoP/NA 
International 
Trade/NA 
NA 
NA 
R&D statistics/ 
NA 
BoP 

NA 
HICP 
NA (FA) 
CBD 

CBD 

CBD 
Real estate 
statistics/NA 
STS 
EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 

Note: NA – National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; CBD – Consolidated Banking Data; FA – Financial Accounts; FDI – Foreign 
Direct Investment; HICP – Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices; LFS – Labour Force Survey/Labour Market Statistics; NPISH – Non-
Profit Institutions Serving Households; SILC – Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; STS  – Short-term Business Statistics;  pps – 
percentage points 

In Chapter 3, data are presented by indicator to allow an easy comparison of Member States, 
for  the  10-year  time  series.  In  addition,  short  descriptions  of  the  indicators  and  detailed 
information on sources and methods employed for their compilation are provided. 

The cut-off date for the  data, that is  the date on which data were extracted from  the Eurostat 
database for the preparation of this document, is 31 October 2025. For additional information 
about the data, please contact ESTAT-MIP@ec.europa.eu. 

9 

 
 
STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS 

Since  2014,  MIP  indicators  stemming  from  the  National  Accounts  (NA)  and  Balance  of 
Payments  (BoP)  and  International  Investment  Position  (IIP)  domains  have  been  computed 
following  the  ESA  2010  and  BPM6  statistical  standards  (the  European  System  of  Accounts 
2010 and the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, 6th edition) 
that guarantee a high level of comparability across European Union Member States.  

The harmonization of methodological standards (ESA2010 and BPM6) has helped to eliminate 
some  previous  discrepancies,  ensuring  conceptual  consistency  between  NA  and  BoP/IIP. 
However, in practice, differences in the components of the accounts - the BoP/IIP and NA Rest 
of the World (RoW) data - persist for many Member States. Eurostat continues to work on the 
reconciliation  of  the  BoP  and  the  RoW  account  at  national  level,  and  regularly  assesses  the 
state of consistency between BoP and NA statistics. 

Moreover,  Eurostat  and  the  ECB  are  pursuing  several  initiatives  to  improve  consistency  and 
reduce  asymmetries,  including  regular  comparisons  of  quarterly  BoP  and  quarterly/annual 
sector accounts for the RoW sector. 

The  harmonised  European  revision  policy  (HERP)  for  NA  and  BoP  statistics  covering 
benchmark and routine revisions is implemented on a voluntary basis1. 

In the National Accounts domain, EU countries – with the exception of Luxembourg - carried 
out  a  benchmark  revision  of  their  NA  estimates  in  2024,  following  recommendations  of  the 
HERP.  The  purpose  was  to  implement  changes  introduced  by  the  amended  ESA  2010 
regulation,  and  to  incorporate  new  data  sources  and  other  methodological  improvements.  All 
revisions  were  closely  monitored  and  validated  by  Eurostat.  The  main  changes,  dates  and 
overviews of national releases were published on Eurostat’s ESA 2010 data revision web page.  

While the introduction of benchmark revisions is usually associated with more significant data 
updates,  such  revisions  improve  the  overall  quality  and  consistency  of  data  through  further 
improvements  in  the  methodology,  sources  or  estimation  techniques  applied.  The  revisions 
often relate to statistical improvements and actions agreed in the context of the verification of 
Gross National Income (GNI) or Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP) data.  

In the Balance of Payments domain, progress has been made on addressing the asymmetries in 
statistics  for  trade  in  goods  and  services  and  foreign  direct  investment  (FDI).  Eurostat 
continued activities to  further reduce asymmetries, in  particular the follow up of some of the 
recommendations resulting from the previous International Trade in Services Statistics (ITSS) 
Asymmetry Resolution Mechanism (ARM), an ongoing initiative to obtain the Member States’ 
VIES  (VAT  Information  Exchange  System)  data  for  the  intra-exports  side,  and  the 
development  of  a  flexible  tool  to  exchange  information  on  compensation  of  employees. 
Furthermore,  Eurostat  is  working  with  VAT  “Mini  One  Stop  Shop”  (MOSS)  and  “One  Stop 
Shop” (OSS) data to address asymmetries for services.  

In  addition,  an  ARM  is  managed  by  ECB  and  Eurostat  in  the  context  of  quarterly  BoP 
production. The purpose of the ARM is to facilitate bilateral and/or multilateral reconciliation 
exercises to reduce asymmetries in FDI. 

Eurostat  has  also  been  working  to  provide  further  guidance  on  the  treatment  of  non-resident 
VAT  traders  in  BoP  statistics.  Eurostat  hosted  a  workshop  on  non-resident  VAT  traders  in 

1 Information on data quality and on benchmark revisions is available on the Eurostat website: Implementation and 
data quality and Data revision. 

10 

 
 
 
April  2024.  Based  on  these  findings,  Eurostat  published  in  February  2025  a  ESA  2010 
Methodological Note “Foreign trade reported by non-resident VAT traders (NR-VATT), 2025 
edition”,  providing  BoP/IIP  compilers  with  harmonised  recommendations  consistent  with  the 
change-of-economic-ownership principle in BPM6/ESA 2010. 

In the domain of Financial Accounts (FA), some ongoing initiatives will be beneficial for the 
quality of MIP indicators: the recording of other equity, of derivatives, of loans between non-
financial  corporations,  of  foreign-controlled  corporations  and  SPEs,  and  the  analysis  of  the 
vertical discrepancy with Non-Financial Sector Accounts. On the latter, Eurostat and the ECB 
published  a  report  with  recommendations2  with  the  aim  of  improving  vertical  consistency 
across institutional sectors in order to enhance cross-country comparability. 

Concerning  the  Labour  Force  Survey  (EU-LFS),  Regulation  (EU)  2019/1700  entered  into 
force  in  2021,  together  with  its  EU-LFS  implementing  regulation  (Regulation  (EU) 
2019/2240). The innovations introduced concern all aspects of the survey - the sample design 
and  its  temporal  distribution,  the  underlining  definitions,  precision  requirements,  quality 
monitoring, and data collection modalities. The main purpose was the harmonisation between 
countries  of  the  fundamental  features  of  the  survey.  In  addition,  several  countries  used  the 
occasion to introduce nationally specific innovations, thereby ensuring a maximum of only one 
break in the time series.  

Consistency  in  MIP  scoreboard  indicators  has  been  ensured  thanks  to  back-calculation,  as 
required by the regulation3. The back estimates cover several years, to ensure full coverage of 
the MIP labour market indicators. Each country was asked to provide either the back-calculated 
series or the information to run the back-calculation in Eurostat. The labour market indicators 
in the MIP scoreboard may therefore show different figures to those published in the past, even 
in  the  initial  part  of  the  series.  However,  series  are  consistent  over  time  and  multiannual 
indicators are calculated with consistent figures. 

In  the  House  Prices  domain,  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2023/1470,  which 
establishes  the  methodological  and  technical  specifications  for  the  house  price  index  and  the 
owner-occupied housing price index, was adopted in 2023. This regulation has been applied to 
all  data  transmissions  since  1  January  2024.  Previously  transmitted  data  have  been  revised 
where  necessary  and  where  data  sources  are  available.  In  consultation  with  several  Member 
States, Eurostat has complemented most of the cases of missing data for the auxiliary indicator 
“Standardised  house  price-to-income  ratio”  in  the  early  years  of  the  back  series  with 
appropriate estimates. 

The house price index for Belgium has been revised for the years 2015 to 2022 due to changes 
in item weights, the aggregation procedure and the hedonic method applied. The index for the 
Netherlands has been revised for the same period, with changes in calculation of weights and 
improvements  to  the index compilation  methodology. The index for Austria has been revised 
from 2010 to 2022, reflecting improvements in data processing, the exclusion of prefabricated 
houses  and  the  inclusion  of  transaction  prices  in  calculating  the  price  index  for  newly  built 
dwellings.  Additionally,  refinements  in  the  hedonic  repricing  method  and  changes  of  the 
calculation of weights were made. The index for Germany has been revised for the 2022-2024 
years  for  corrections  in  the  calculation  process.  Finland  also  revised  its  index  for  changes 
related to changes in the index compilation methodology. Greece does not provide official data 
to Eurostat in this domain. 

2 Report on developing a common approach to improve vertical consistency  
3 EU labour force survey - correction for breaks in time series 

11 

 
 
 
General Government Gross Debt data notified for the years 2021 to 2024 were released on 
21  October  2025  within  the  EDP  notification.  For  more  information  on  the  main  revisions 
between  April  2025  and  October  2025  notifications,  please  see  the  latest  EDP  news  release. 
Timeliness  and  availability  of  General  Government  Gross  Debt  data  remained  excellent.  In 
February  2023,  Eurostat  published  an  updated  version  of  the  Manual  on  Government  Deficit 
and Debt. 

THE MIP QUALITY FRAMEWORK  

The credibility of the MIP and its smooth implementation critically depends on the availability 
and quality of the MIP underlying statistics. The statistics used in the procedure must be fit for 
the purpose, timely, reliable and comparable among Member States. For that reason, the MIP 
indicators  are  regularly  reviewed;  the  underlying  statistical  methodology  and  the  statistical 
production  processes  are  constantly  improved.  Statistics  underlying  the  MIP  indicators  are 
based  on  European  Union  legislation  and  compiled  by  the  ESS  and  in  part  by  the  European 
System of Central Banks (ESCB). 

In  2024,  the  Economic  and  Financial  Affairs  Council  (ECOFIN)4  welcomed  the  progress  on 
quality  assurance  of  statistics  underlying  the  MIP  and  appreciated  the  annual  ESS-ESCB 
quality assessment report on MIP statistics by Eurostat and the ECB, taking note of the actions 
identified therein.  

The  MIP  quality  assurance  framework,  developed  jointly  by  Eurostat  and  the  Directorate 
General  Statistics  of  the  European  Central  Bank,  follows  a  three-level  structure.  A 
comprehensive  webpage  with  information  and  links  to  all  relevant  quality  documents  is 
available  on  the  MIP  dedicated  section  of  Eurostat  website.  In  this  framework,  the  work 
performed consisted of the following actions: 

•  Level  1:  preparation  of  an  annual  ESS-ESCB  quality  assessment  report  on  MIP 
statistics by Eurostat and the ECB towards the European Parliament and Council, policy 
makers  and  the  public  at  large,  to  assess  the  reliability  and  comparability  of  MIP 
underlying  statistics  and  address  the  most  relevant  quality  issues.  The  11th  report  was 
published on 7 July 2025 on the websites of Eurostat, the ECB, and of the Committee 
on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics (CMFB). The report relates 
to recent developments, with a clear separation from more permanent features. 

•  Level  2:  domain-specific  quality  reports  produced  by  Eurostat  and  the  ECB 
summarising the main findings for the euro area or the European Union Member States. 
These  reports  assess  the  underlying  compilation  process  and  its  robustness,  describe 
legal  bases  and  evaluate  whether  the  statistics  are  in  line  with  international  statistical 
standards. The following level 2 reports are currently available: 

−  Balance  of  Payments  and  International  Investment  Position  statistics  (Eurostat, 

ECB)  

−  National  Accounts  (including  Financial  Accounts)  (Eurostat)  and  Financial 

Accounts (ECB) 

−  House Price Statistics (Eurostat) 

−  Labour Force Survey (Eurostat) 

4 Council conclusions of ECOFIN Council meeting on 5 November 2024   

12 

 
 
 
−  Excessive  Deficit  Procedure  Statistics 

/  Government  Finance  Statistics 

(Eurostat) 

In line with the legal requirements of quality reporting for National and Regional Accounts5, 
the annual Eurostat quality report was published on 13 December 20246, and covered data 
transmissions which were due in 2023 in line with the ESA 2010 transmission programme. 
The next quality report, based on data transmitted in 2024, will be published by the end of 
November 2025. The Eurostat quality report also explicitly covers data underlying the MIP 
indicators.  From  2021  onwards,  the  complete  set  of  quality  indicators  was  applied  for  the 
assessment  of  data  transmissions,  in  line  with  the  requirements  of  the  2016  implementing 
regulation.  An  overview  of  ESA  2010  implementation  and  quality  is  available  on  the 
Eurostat website7. New derogations were granted to Member States in the framework of the 
ESA  2010  Transmission  Programme  mid-term  review.  Eurostat  is  closely  monitoring 
compliance gaps and encouraging countries to address them urgently. 

The implementation of the alignment of the existing quality reports on BoP/IIP produced by 
the ESS and the ESCB has been achieved. Due to the different data coverage and legislation, 
it  is  currently  not  possible  to  have  one  common  report,  however  the  respective  structures, 
the  indicators,  and  the  findings  included  in  the  Eurostat  and  the  ECB  reports  are  largely 
harmonised.  

The latest ECB Quality Review on BoP/IIP statistics, published in June 2024, is a biennial 
report that assesses euro area and national data under Guideline ECB/2011/23 and the ECB–
Eurostat  Memorandum  of  Understanding,  ensuring  harmonisation  with  Eurostat’s  quality 
framework. 

In addition, the Commission (DG ECFIN), in its capacity as compiler of the Real Effective 
Exchange Rate (REER) indicator, publishes quality information on REER indicators on its 
website8. 

•  Level 3: country specific self-assessment reports on the quality and statistical processes 
for statistics underlying the MIP indicators that are easily understandable by users. They 
should provide the basis for assuring the quality of the statistics and their comparability 
across  countries.  Member  States  are  encouraged  to  publish  such  reports.  The  latest 
updates  to  the  level  3  reports  are  usually  published  on  the  CMFB  website9.  Starting 
from  2025,  information  covered  in  the  level  3  reports  for  FA  will  be  transmitted  to 
Eurostat  in  the  context  of  the  mandatory  transmission  of  structural  metadata.  As  a 
consequence, the level 3 reports for FA will be updated every year if needed. 

Moreover,  joint  ECB-Eurostat  visits  to  Member  States  have  taken  place,  focusing  on 
BoP/IIP and FA. The last visited country was Latvia in September 2025. Eurostat and ECB 
follow up on the results of the visits in an annual procedure for all visited Member States. 

The  rest  of  this  document  presents  the  MIP  scoreboard  and  auxiliary  indicators  from 
different  perspectives:  Chapter  1  and  Chapter  2  illustrate  the  scoreboard  and  auxiliary 
indicators  by  year  respectively,  Chapter  3  focuses  on  the  evolution  of  indicators  in  time, 

5 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/2304 of 19 December 2016 on the modalities, structure, periodicity 
and assessment indicators of the  quality reports on data  transmitted pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 549/2013  of the 
European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 345, 20.12.2016, p. 27-36. 
6 Quality report on national and regional accounts – 2023 data transmissions – 2024 edition  
7 ESA 2010 - Implementation and data quality 
8 ECFIN website   
9 CMFB website 

13 

 
 
 
while Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 present the scoreboard and auxiliary indicators by Member 
State and aggregate respectively, and finally Chapter 6 illustrates untransformed scoreboard 
indicators by year. 

14 

 
 
Chapter 1: Tables by year - Headline indicators  
Table 1.1: MIP Scoreboard 2024   

15 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU1.5 10.3e3.7 -2.5 15.7 80.7 49.9p71.5p1.4p1.4p3.4 5.9 1.7 EA1.4 12.2 1.7 -3.3 14.6 87.1 51.1p72.9p1.2p1.0p2.0 6.4 1.7 BE-0.7 58.6 1.6 -13.9 15.1p103.9 56.3p94.8p2.4 5.0 3.2 5.7 1.1 BG-1.7 -4.4 7.3 6.3 37.7 23.8 25.6 45.9 21.1 7.5 16.5 4.2b1.7bCZ-1.0 -7.1 14.4 1.3 20.3 43.3 30.6 47.2 3.7p9.5 5.0 2.6 0.9 DK11.5 69.0 -0.9 8.9 11.6 30.5 85.8 115.5 0.6 5.8 3.5 6.2 2.8 DE5.0 79.7 1.6 -9.3 17.9p62.2 49.7p58.9p0.6 1.4 -1.5 3.4 1.5 EE-1.9 -9.7 16.0 -4.3 40.4 23.5 38.1 58.3 8.0 9.2 6.1 7.6 3.1 IE10.7 -81.4 -1.8 5.2 20.6 38.3 23.8 90.9 1.8 -0.8 8.5 4.3 3.3bEL-8.2 -137.5 0.8 6.9 7.6p154.2 39.0p55.5p0.2 10.4 9.0ep10.1 3.2 ES2.1 -41.0 -0.7 12.5 11.4p101.6 43.7p63.4p1.3 2.3 8.5 11.4d0.9dFR-0.8 -23.0 -1.1 0.2 11.4p113.2 60.5p90.7p0.2p1.5p-3.7 7.4d1.5dHR-1.9 -29.6 5.4 17.5 31.8p57.4 30.2p41.8p10.9 5.3 10.4 5.0 2.9 IT-0.2 14.9 0.0 -0.8 8.5 134.9 36.0 56.0 0.6 -1.6 3.2 6.5 2.1 CY-8.3 -84.1 1.0 15.0 13.7p62.8 57.4p116.0p2.1 0.6 2.1 4.9 1.8 LV-3.6 -19.7 9.6 -2.9 32.2 46.6 19.4 36.0 8.3 5.7 4.2 6.9 0.9 LT-0.6 -0.7 9.2 2.8 36.2 38.0 21.9 30.5 10.5 8.5 9.7 7.1 1.3 LU5.5 39.4 -2.4 -15.9 24.2p26.3 61.6 271.6 1.2 -1.7 -5.2 6.4 1.3 HU-2.5 -34.2 7.3 0.3 47.6p73.5 17.1p56.3p9.9 3.1 13.7p4.5 2.3 MT4.2 83.9 1.5 13.6 13.6 46.2 46.8 61.0 8.1 4.4 6.7p3.1 5.0 NL8.4 62.1 3.3 -4.6 18.3p43.7 93.2p108.6p3.8p-1.4p8.2 3.7 1.8 AT0.6 23.9 2.4 -4.1 19.6 79.9 42.8 69.5 -0.4 0.8p-0.4 5.2 1.0 PL-0.1 -28.3 17.5 5.8 30.7p55.1 22.7 31.2 3.3 5.6 15.0 2.9 1.8 PT0.2 -58.3 0.6 17.3 17.8p93.6 52.5p66.3p4.0 1.9 9.1 6.5 3.2 RO-8.1 -41.3 9.7 2.0 51.0p54.8 12.5p27.7p10.9 10.1 5.0 5.4 1.8 SI2.8 9.9 1.1 -0.4 20.4 66.6 24.2 32.3 6.8 -2.7 7.5 3.7 0.9 SK-5.8 -55.0 8.3 -4.5 23.3 59.7 43.3 39.2 4.3 -1.1 3.8 5.3 2.0 FI-1.3 24.7 -1.9 -7.5 10.7 82.5 63.9 78.3 -0.3 0.9 -3.1 8.4 0.6 SE5.2 67.4 -9.7 -4.8 15.6 34.0 83.6 116.9 1.6 -1.6 0.1 8.4 1.2 2024External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: b = Change of survey mode (all CAPI) for BG; d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job. 4) Labour force participation rate: b = for IE, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.2: MIP Scoreboard 2023   

16 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU1.6 1.8e3.4 -3.5 10.6 80.5 51.5 73.9 0.6p1.9 -0.3 6.1 2.6 EA1.4 3.9 1.5 -3.8 9.7 87.0 52.6 75.3 0.5 1.7 -1.2 6.6 2.5 BE0.0 52.6 0.0 -6.6 15.0 102.4 56.6 97.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 5.5 2.1 BG-1.5 -6.3 8.5 15.5 27.1 22.9 23.6 48.0 16.3 8.2 9.9 4.3 1.3 CZ-2.3 -14.4 24.3 0.6 18.4 42.2 30.7 44.9 4.3p8.2 -1.7 2.6 0.7 DK10.3 40.3 -1.0 3.9 9.5 33.0 88.4 113.7 0.3 4.1 -3.8 5.1b1.8bDE5.4 68.7 1.9 -7.9 11.0p62.3 50.6p59.2p0.7 2.1 -8.4 3.1 2.3bEE-2.7 -19.4 15.7 8.1 32.4 20.2 36.7 54.3 6.3 3.0 5.9 6.4 2.0 IE9.3 -103.3 -1.3 -7.6 9.9 41.8 25.6 110.7 1.1 28.9 3.1 4.3 6.7 EL-8.1 -145.9 -1.2 32.1 0.3p164.3 40.9p53.1p-1.0 4.6 13.9e11.1 4.2 ES1.3 -49.3 -0.8 13.2 9.4p105.2 46.1p66.0p-1.9 -2.9 4.0 12.2d2.3dFR-0.7 -31.9 -1.8 2.4 8.9p109.8 62.5p92.3p1.3 2.5 -0.4 7.3d1.9dHR-1.0 -26.8 4.3 36.7 13.8 60.9 29.6 42.2 9.5 6.0 11.9 6.1 2.9 IT0.1 8.9 0.7 2.7 4.2 133.9 36.9 57.9 -0.6 -1.4 1.3 7.7 3.2 CY-7.4 -92.4 0.3 20.7 7.5 71.1 62.3 124.5 0.9 0.1 2.9 5.8 3.1 LV-4.5 -25.5 11.0 -1.9 20.7 44.4 18.2 35.3 4.3 1.4 3.7 6.5 -1.4 LT-1.2 -4.6 13.0 6.6 37.1 37.1 21.1 29.7 6.6 12.0 9.8 6.9 0.3 LU5.7 47.6 -1.5 -6.1 21.0 24.7 63.2 264.1 -2.8 -10.0 -9.1 5.2 1.9 HU-4.5 -39.2 10.3 1.6 36.6 73.2 16.8 55.6 3.7 7.5 7.1 4.1 3.0 MT5.0 91.8 -0.5 -10.7 3.8 47.0 48.1 66.5 5.0 6.6 6.2 3.5 4.7 NL8.8 52.1 2.4 -4.7 9.8p45.8 96.0 117.7 1.0 -0.3p-1.9 3.6 2.1 AT0.7 17.5 1.8 -1.9 10.1 77.8 44.6 71.3 -1.6 1.3p-2.9 5.1 1.8 PL-0.7 -31.8 9.3 7.7 25.1 49.5 23.6 32.3 -0.2 3.1 8.8 2.8 4.3 PT-0.7 -72.3 -1.4 17.0 12.5 96.9 54.1 70.0 -0.4 0.2 8.2 6.5 4.0 RO-7.8 -41.6 6.8 6.8 30.2 49.3 12.7 28.4 4.3 11.6 3.3 5.6 2.7 SI2.4 3.6 1.1 1.0 14.8 68.3 23.9 34.7 3.9 -2.9 7.2 3.7 1.4 SK-5.8 -57.8 7.5 -2.3 17.3 55.8 43.8 41.0 4.6 -3.6 -0.2 5.8 2.0 FI-1.0 12.9 -1.8 -6.2 14.6 77.1 64.7 77.9 -0.4 4.1 -6.2 7.2 2.6 SE5.3 39.0 -7.5 -3.8 11.8 32.0 85.5 117.9 0.6 0.0 -5.3 7.7 1.9 2023External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: b = extension of of the data collection period from two weeks to four weeks since Q4 2023 for DK. d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job. 4) Labour force participation rate: b = for DE, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.3: MIP Scoreboard 2022   

17 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU1.7 0.5e-0.9 -2.6 7.6 82.3 54.6 78.3 3.6 4.9 8.0 6.2 1.3 EA1.5 2.4 -1.0 -3.0 7.0 89.3 55.8 80.2 3.8 4.3 7.3 6.8 0.9 BE0.3 49.9 1.8 1.8 9.5 103.4 59.3 105.0 5.2 -0.8 5.5 5.6 1.4 BG-1.1 -8.7 5.8 17.0 23.9 22.5 22.4 50.4 15.1 7.0 13.8b4.2 0.1bCZ-1.7 -20.2 13.7 -4.6 17.0 42.5 31.9 44.6 5.0 9.7 16.9 2.2 0.5 DK9.0 42.5 -1.2 13.1 9.1 33.3 85.1 104.7 1.4 9.4 4.7 4.5 1.3 DE5.7 70.2 -0.4 -7.3 6.6p64.4 53.1p61.9p4.1 9.9 6.1 3.1 1.3 EE-3.1 -20.7 8.7 18.3 20.0 19.2 36.5 56.4 11.2 8.5 22.2 5.6 2.0 IE4.6 -110.4 -4.4 16.3 -11.0 42.9 26.7 118.2 -0.7 -4.8 12.3 4.5 3.6 EL-8.0 -149.4 -2.4 7.9 5.4 177.8 45.1 54.7 -2.1 6.1 11.9e12.5 0.9 ES0.7 -56.2 -0.7 -4.1 10.1 109.3 51.4 72.9 0.7 -2.0 7.4 13.0d0.2dFR-1.1 -27.4 -3.7 -6.1 9.5 111.4 65.9 96.0 5.0 5.0 6.3 7.3d1.0dHR-1.7 -34.7 -0.6 9.1 10.8 68.5 31.7 48.0 5.7 7.8 14.8 6.8 3.7 IT1.3 5.5 -1.8 -4.1 2.8 138.4 40.0 62.2 3.4 0.9 3.8 8.1 -0.2 CY-7.4 -97.4 -3.0 33.7 2.4 80.3 69.0 137.8 -2.1 -2.9 2.7 6.3 2.1 LV-2.2 -28.2 5.6 15.6 16.1 44.4 19.2 37.2 6.0 7.3 13.8 6.9 -0.5 LT0.8 -12.1 9.8 18.2 27.2 38.3 21.9 29.7 11.5 18.0 19.0 6.0 0.6 LU5.0 30.4 -0.5 1.9 14.2 24.9 67.5 270.6 7.5 3.2 9.6 4.6 1.5 HU-4.9 -44.9 -7.9 -3.4 25.4 74.1 18.6 63.0 5.8 14.4 22.3 3.6 2.4 MT8.2 101.4 -3.1 -10.0 13.7 50.3 53.3 72.9 7.1 5.8 6.7 3.5 4.5 NL7.6 54.7 3.2 3.4 8.0 48.4 100.5 129.3 3.8 7.3p13.3 3.5 1.3 AT1.3 16.4 0.1 -4.5 8.8 78.1 48.2 73.9 3.0 4.9p11.6 4.8 0.5 PL-0.4 -34.6 -0.1 12.0 17.3 48.8 26.2 35.5 -3.4 10.3 11.8 2.9 3.5bPT-1.1 -82.7 -2.8 -1.8 11.7 111.2 60.3 78.6 3.2 1.6 12.6 6.2 1.4 RO-7.3 -42.6 2.6 3.6 19.1 48.1 14.1 30.0 6.3 14.4 7.2 5.6 3.5 SI3.3 -0.3 -1.3 0.9 14.0 72.8 25.9 39.5 7.6 11.3 14.8 4.0 1.6 SK-5.0 -63.3 3.8 -4.2 12.0 57.8 47.0 47.4 9.6 8.9 13.7 6.1 1.4 FI-0.6 0.1 -3.1 -2.9 9.8 74.0 66.6 79.9 3.4 3.4 1.0 6.8 2.5 SE5.3 35.1 -1.3 -1.2 8.0 34.1 89.9 123.2 3.8 7.4 3.6 7.5 0.7 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: b = break in time series due to new data source for BG; e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job. 4) Labour force participation rate: b = for BG and PL, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 2022External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.4: MIP Scoreboard 2021   

18 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.5 -1.3e0.3 2.5 5.7 86.7 58.1 83.3 4.5 4.2 8.4 7.1 0.8 EA2.3 0.1 0.1 1.5 5.5 93.8 58.6 85.3 4.3 3.7 7.9 7.8 0.3 BE1.0 63.6 0.6 8.9 5.1 108.7 62.6 114.2 5.2 3.3 6.7 6.3 1.1 BG0.3 -15.6 3.7 9.7 13.9 23.8 23.7 59.5 14.1 4.9 8.7 5.2 0.9 CZ0.0 -14.9 5.0 -2.2 14.8 40.7 33.9 46.6 9.5 7.9 19.7 2.8 0.0 DK7.8 66.0 -1.1 8.7 3.8 39.6 102.5 105.6 2.7 7.4 11.5 5.1 1.4 DE7.0 70.1 0.6 -1.8 5.8 67.9 55.2 63.4 5.1 7.6 11.6 3.6 1.1 EE-1.4 -16.4 1.9 19.2 11.2 18.4 38.0 58.0 7.3 8.3 15.0 6.2 -0.2 IE-5.2 -121.1 -2.6 32.9 -11.2 52.4 28.2 131.0 2.2 2.5 8.3 6.2b1.8bEL-4.9 -175.6 -3.2 -1.8 4.2 197.3 54.7 65.4 -1.9 2.3 7.6e14.7 -0.8 ES1.2 -69.2 -0.5 -9.5 13.0 115.7 57.2 84.3 1.1 2.5 3.7 14.9d0.0dFR-0.4 -33.5 -0.5 -6.0 3.9 112.8 66.4 100.3 5.6 1.7 6.3 7.9d0.2dHR0.2 -40.4 -1.5 2.5 4.5 78.2 35.0 52.2 4.6 1.3 7.3 7.5 2.9 IT3.0 7.9 -1.8 -3.9 3.5 145.8 42.1 67.3 3.7 2.7 2.5 9.5 -1.1bCY-6.9 -107.5 -2.4 31.6 3.8 96.5 79.8 166.7 3.7 1.0 -3.4 7.2 2.7 LV-0.4 -27.9 2.3 10.1 11.3 45.9 20.3 39.9 8.8 -1.2 10.9 7.6 -1.8 LT4.1 -9.9 4.4 20.9 17.5 43.3 23.3 31.0 10.5 14.0 16.1 7.1 0.9 LU6.1 47.5 0.7 22.9 7.5 24.2 65.9 261.9 8.5 -11.4 13.9 5.3 2.1 HU-2.0 -49.7 -4.1 -0.9 14.8 76.2 20.9 61.3 15.1 21.1 16.5 4.0 2.1bMT14.4 104.6 -1.2 6.5 8.8 49.8 53.4 75.2 6.6 8.2 5.1 3.8 3.0 NL7.6 72.1 2.3 3.2 8.6 50.5 107.9 138.7 3.9 6.5p14.5 4.2 1.0 AT2.5 14.4 1.2 -1.9 8.7 82.4 51.7 78.8 4.3 6.3p11.4 6.2 0.1 PL0.3 -40.6 -0.4 15.9 12.4b53.0 31.9 37.5 4.6 5.1 9.2 3.4 3.5 PT-0.2 -93.0 -2.8 -8.1 12.5 123.9 66.0 87.9 3.7 3.2 9.4 6.7 0.4 RO-5.7 -47.3 1.1 5.1 15.8 48.6 15.8 32.2 8.1 10.9 4.4 5.6 3.2 SI5.7 -6.8 -0.4 2.7 12.0 74.8 26.4 39.2 5.7 3.1 11.5 4.8 0.6 SK-2.9 -59.5 3.1 -1.0 10.2 60.2 46.3 46.3 8.4 7.5 6.4 6.8 0.2 FI0.2 2.3 -0.7 0.4 6.3 73.1 68.8 82.9 4.1 1.2 4.6 7.7 1.8 SE5.7 21.1 2.1 8.4 4.5 37.2 93.0 122.6 6.9 6.6 10.1 8.9 0.1 Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Nominalunitlabourcostindex:b=theflagisinheritedfromthecorrespondingbreakin2019aspartofthethree-yearchangecalculationforPL.3)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=IEmadecensusrevisionofthepopulationcounts;d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.5)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forIT,theflagisreferringtoabreakinitst-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2021External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.5: MIP Scoreboard 2020   

19 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.5 -5.9e4.1 3.8 7.3 89.5 60.7 86.1 3.2 6.7 5.6 7.2 0.0 EA2.4 -4.9 3.8 2.5 7.6 96.5 61.1 88.4 3.1 7.2 5.3 8.0 -0.5 BE0.0 48.2 2.4 3.4 4.1 111.4 64.9 120.4 3.9 -0.2 4.3 5.8 0.4bBG0.9 -23.4 6.9 3.5 17.9 24.5 24.2 66.9 6.6 0.2 4.6 6.1 1.4 CZ0.8 -16.0 5.5 1.2 18.1 36.9 33.2 46.8 6.2 -2.8 8.4 2.6 0.5 DK7.0 60.0 0.9 9.9 5.6 45.2 112.1 105.4 1.0 -0.1 4.3 5.6 1.1bDE7.5 64.1 2.4 -0.3 9.7 68.0 56.0 63.6 4.6 7.0 7.8 3.6b0.3bEE0.0 -19.9 4.9 9.5 17.5 19.1 39.9 60.0 4.2 1.3 6.0 6.9 0.4 IE-7.8 -159.1 -1.2 40.3 -8.3 56.9 33.0 156.6 -3.0 -2.0 0.3 5.9 -1.8 EL-3.6 -171.6 0.3 -12.8 4.6 209.4 58.7 65.0 -3.1 12.6 4.5e17.6 -2.9 ES1.6 -83.7 1.0 -12.2 12.8 119.3 62.1 89.9 -0.6 7.9 2.2 15.5 -1.7 FR-0.7 -32.3 2.6 -6.7 4.3 114.9 68.2 105.6 4.6 12.9 5.2 8.0 -0.4 HR0.4 -52.3 0.5 -11.2 13.3 86.5 38.7 58.7 1.7 -0.3 7.7 7.4 1.0 IT3.1 -0.2 0.5 -5.0 5.0 154.4 44.8 72.1 1.1 5.8 1.9 9.3 -1.8 CY-6.4 -123.8 -0.4 23.8 9.3 113.6 89.1 181.1 3.7 1.6 -0.2 7.6 3.0 LV0.8 -35.0 5.9 14.3 17.4 44.0 20.7 45.3 0.3 -4.3 3.5 8.1 1.1 LT3.8 -18.2 6.7 21.9 15.2 45.9 24.0 31.2 7.6 -4.4 7.3 8.5 2.6 LU7.2 61.0 1.5 20.7 10.7 24.5 68.8 267.5 6.0 12.8 14.5 6.8 2.0 HU-0.5 -50.5 -5.0 3.7 14.1 78.7 20.7 55.8 14.8 14.5 4.9 4.1 2.1 MT15.8 114.5 1.9 32.1 21.7 48.8 58.1 81.6 5.6 4.8 3.4 4.9 3.8 NL7.1 89.6 3.7 8.1 13.2 53.4 113.4 134.2 3.0 2.2p8.0 4.9 1.2 AT2.2 11.5 3.1 2.6 11.9 83.2 52.8 78.0 2.8 5.0p7.6 6.0 -0.4 PL0.1 -44.5 1.0 19.8 12.6b56.6 34.3 39.8 1.6 1.5 10.5 3.2 1.5 PT0.3 -103.1 -0.1 -7.3 15.5 134.1 68.3 92.3 1.7 5.0 8.8 7.1 -0.2 RO-4.9 -48.7 3.4 7.3 21.7 46.9 16.1 32.1 3.1 5.3 4.7 6.1 2.3 SI6.8 -15.3 1.7 6.2 14.5 80.2 27.9 40.8 1.0 -2.0 4.6 5.0 0.2 SK-1.9 -64.1 5.3 3.8 14.0 58.4 46.1 47.8 5.9 4.9 9.5 6.7 0.4 FI-0.4 -3.5 2.3 4.0 5.1 75.3 69.7 84.2 4.4 7.4 1.8 7.7 1.5 SE4.3 6.9 -4.7 5.1 7.9 40.4 94.1 118.2 5.7 7.0 4.2 8.5 -0.1 2020External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Nominalunitlabourcostindex:b=theflagisinheritedfromthecorrespondingbreakin2019aspartofthethree-yearchangecalculationforPL.3)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)Labourforceparticipation rate: b = for BE and DK, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.6: MIP Scoreboard 2019   

20 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.8 -8.0e3.6 -0.2 4.5 77.5 56.7 79.1 3.8 3.1 4.9 6.8 1.2 EA2.9 -7.5 3.2 1.0 4.5 83.6 56.9 80.6 3.6 2.8 4.4 7.6 0.9 BE0.0 46.3 2.8 0.4 4.5 97.7 60.4 120.3 6.4 3.3 3.7 5.5 1.4 BG1.8 -30.9 4.7 9.0 19.1 20.1 23.1 68.2 10.5 5.0 6.0 5.2b5.0bCZ0.8 -19.5 8.7 2.6 14.3 29.6 31.0 46.3 6.5 -1.2 9.2 2.0 1.7 DK7.0 69.9 -0.2 3.4 2.3 38.3 110.8 114.7 1.4 5.7 2.2 5.0 1.6bDE8.1 58.5 2.1 -3.0 7.5 58.7 52.5 57.8 4.7 7.9 5.8 2.9 1.4 EE1.4 -22.1 5.9 5.5 16.7 9.0 37.5 58.8 7.8 -0.6 7.0 4.5 1.3 IE-5.1 -188.7 -1.3 15.4 -3.6 55.8 35.0 174.8 -0.5 -2.7 2.3 5.0 0.6 EL-2.1 -152.6 0.5 15.0 -2.5 183.2 55.4 54.3 -2.4 0.6 7.2e17.9 0.3 ES2.3 -72.0 1.8 -0.6 6.3 97.7 56.5 75.6 0.1 2.9 5.2 14.1 -0.4 FR-0.2 -28.2 1.7 -1.8 0.8 98.2 62.3 91.1 6.0 5.2 3.3 8.4 0.3 HR2.1 -52.3 1.6 9.3 4.5 70.9 35.1 54.5 7.3 -8.7 9.0 6.6 0.9 IT2.7 -3.1 0.3 -1.9 2.9 133.9 41.1 63.7 2.4 -2.3 -0.1 9.9 0.9 CY-4.8 -113.2 -0.3 14.0 6.8 92.3 86.6 182.7 0.4 -2.4 3.7 7.2 3.7 LV0.3 -41.4 3.8 5.1 16.0 37.9 20.5 47.3 2.4 1.5 9.0 6.3 1.1 LT1.7 -23.5 3.8 24.0 15.0 35.6 22.8 33.2 8.6 2.1 6.8 6.3 2.5 LU7.8 52.0 2.1 3.6 12.9 22.3 67.1 239.0 6.1 -11.7 10.1 5.6 2.0 HU0.5 -42.9 0.4 2.6 11.9 65.0 18.4 48.8 14.9 12.9 17.0 3.3 2.8 MT16.7 101.2 1.7 8.6 9.1 39.3 54.2 75.5 12.2 11.6 6.1 4.1 4.2 NL7.9 69.5 2.4 4.7 6.5 47.7 108.4 133.6 2.2 -0.9p7.2 4.4 1.2 AT1.5 13.3 2.1 1.9 5.6 71.0 49.4 72.3 3.2 4.4p6.0 4.8 0.7 PL-1.1 -49.2 2.8 14.4 7.1b45.2 34.0 38.6 5.9 4.5 8.7 3.3b2.3bPT1.0 -99.5 -0.2 7.0 9.2 116.1 62.9 84.0 1.2 0.5 10.0 6.6 2.1 RO-4.2 -44.6 0.3 9.3 24.5 35.2 15.4 31.4 7.0 3.0 3.4 4.9 3.1 SI6.6 -16.4 1.1 11.6 7.7 66.0 26.9 40.7 5.7 -1.0 6.7 4.4 3.5 SK-2.3 -65.6 2.6 -0.6 14.8 48.0 43.4 48.3 8.2 4.6 9.1 5.7 0.8 FI-0.8 -0.8 0.2 9.6 1.1 65.3 66.2 80.6 3.8 3.4 0.4 6.8 2.3 SE3.2 13.9 -8.3 -1.8 7.7 36.0 89.0 110.7 5.2 6.3 2.5 6.9 0.8 2019External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=censusrevisonofpopulationcountsforBGandPL.4)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forDK,theflagisreferringtoabreakinitst-3counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.7: MIP Scoreboard 2018   

21 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU3.0 -11.2e9.7 0.7 3.4 79.5 56.9 79.3 3.4 2.6 5.0 7.4 1.3 EA3.2 -10.5 8.5 2.4 3.3 85.5 57.0 80.8 3.2 2.1 4.8 8.2 0.9 BE0.1 34.4 7.0 6.0 3.6 100.2 59.2 121.5 4.8 -1.2 3.0 6.0 0.9 BG2.3 -37.7 4.2 13.6 21.0 22.2 23.0 72.3 9.8 4.3 6.6 6.2 2.2 CZ1.2 -24.2 11.1 7.1 14.2 31.7 31.4 50.6 6.9 10.3 8.6 2.2 2.6 DK6.9 58.4 2.7 1.5 0.9 38.5 112.3 107.7 1.5 2.3 4.4 5.1 1.3 DE8.5 52.4 5.4 0.0 5.6 60.8 51.6 54.9 3.8 5.7 6.6 3.2 1.1 EE1.1 -29.4 7.7 8.5 15.4 8.5 37.7 61.5 6.7 1.0 5.9 5.4 2.3 IE1.4 -182.1 2.6 10.0 -1.0 61.3 46.7 198.6 -1.0 -6.8 10.2 5.8 0.8 EL-2.2 -147.8 3.9 10.7 -2.6 189.0 58.5 60.3 -1.9 0.9 1.8e19.7 0.4 ES2.6 -78.0 4.3 5.0 1.2 99.8 58.6 77.1 0.2 -3.6 6.7 15.3 -0.6 FR-0.6 -23.3 4.6 -0.8 2.5 98.5 60.9 88.4 5.3 5.9 2.9 9.0 0.6 HR2.1 -60.1 4.2 13.2 2.0 72.8 34.5 58.7 6.1 1.7 6.1 8.3 -0.8 IT2.5 -6.4 3.5 1.7 1.4 134.2 40.8 65.7 2.6 0.9 -0.6 10.6b1.8bCY-4.3 -124.9 2.1 16.3 -0.7 100.7 96.6 189.5 2.9 2.3 1.8 8.4 1.1 LV1.0 -47.0 5.1 8.8 13.1 38.3 21.2 49.4 1.6 -2.7 9.6 7.4 1.9 LT0.1 -30.1 6.6 19.8 14.4 33.3 22.4 34.4 8.8 10.0 7.3 6.2 3.2 LU7.4 48.7 3.4 0.8 8.6 20.9 65.6 227.8 8.6 -10.5 7.1 5.6 0.2bHU2.1 -45.9 2.1 3.8 10.9 68.8 17.7 50.9 5.3 9.3 14.3 3.6b3.7bMT10.6 75.5 4.7 -0.2 8.3 41.4 51.1 68.0 9.1 7.4 5.8 4.0 5.3 NL8.0 51.7 3.3 4.9 4.5 51.6 111.9 140.8 2.3 0.1p9.3 4.9 0.6 AT1.6 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.1 74.6 49.5 73.4 3.0 5.0p6.0 5.2 1.3 PL-1.4 -55.0 0.2 16.0 6.1 48.2 34.6 40.7 6.1 3.3 6.6 3.9 2.6 PT1.2 -106.4 3.3 9.2 6.7 121.1 65.4 87.7 0.7 -0.1 10.3 7.2 2.2 RO-3.3 -45.7 -0.7 16.1 29.9 34.6 15.7 31.7 8.3 3.7 5.6 5.3 2.5 SI6.2 -19.1 2.0 17.0 6.0 71.0 27.1 44.1 6.4 -1.9 8.7 5.1 3.2 SK-1.6 -69.1 2.5 7.3 11.7 49.3 42.2 48.2 10.0 3.0 7.4 6.5 1.5 FI-1.4 -5.0 3.0 8.5 -1.7 65.4 65.6 79.3 4.6 6.5 0.9 7.5 2.2 SE2.1 8.3 -3.9 -3.6 8.9 40.2 89.0 108.9 5.4 7.4 -0.9 6.5 1.0 2018External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.4)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forLU,theflagisreferringtoabreakinitst-3counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Employment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.8: MIP Scoreboard 2017   

22 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU3.0 -15.4e-4.2 0.2 1.6 81.5 57.4 80.4 3.1 2.2 4.8 8.3 1.2 EA3.2 -14.5 -3.3 2.4 1.6 87.5 57.3 81.6 2.8 1.9 4.4 9.1 0.8 BE0.9 56.2 1.0 -2.5 1.6 102.6 59.1 127.2 4.6 -3.0 3.5 7.2b0.2bBG2.1 -43.6 -3.2 8.3 15.9 25.1 22.6 76.2 9.6 2.7 8.7 7.2 2.3 CZ1.2 -24.7 5.5 2.9 7.0 33.8 31.1 48.2 8.3 7.8 11.7 2.9 2.4 DK7.5 49.5 -1.9 -3.2 0.9 40.2 113.8 107.3 0.5 0.0 5.0 5.8b1.3bDE8.4 44.0 -1.7 -2.0 4.3 64.0 51.9 53.6 3.3 2.2 6.1 3.5 0.7 EE1.4 -32.7 3.2 -4.7 12.4 9.4 38.5 65.5 7.4 3.0 5.5 5.8 3.3 IE2.0 -169.7 -5.9 48.5 -14.2 65.2 52.4 213.9 -3.0 -6.8 10.9 6.7 0.8 EL-1.5 -143.0 -2.8 -6.7 -5.2 182.1 58.2 62.3 -2.2 -0.2 -1.0e21.8 0.9 ES2.7 -84.4 -2.4 2.4 -0.5 101.2 60.9 82.6 -0.6 2.7 6.2 17.2 -0.3 FR-0.5 -25.6 -2.8 -3.6 2.0 98.8 59.4 86.4 5.2 5.3 3.2 9.4 0.4 HR2.6 -67.7 0.2 13.2 -1.7 76.2 34.7 62.6 4.2 -1.6 3.8 11.1 0.2 IT2.0 -8.9 -2.9 -2.8 0.6 133.7 40.8 67.3 2.5 1.1 -1.1 11.3 1.7 CY-3.1 -136.6 -6.2 12.6 -5.2 96.5 106.1 201.6 0.7 9.6 2.2 11.1 -0.4 LV1.0 -53.0 1.9 -0.3 14.0 40.3 23.6 55.1 2.0 6.7 8.8 8.7 2.5 LT-0.8 -37.6 2.9 1.8 14.6 39.1 22.4 35.1 7.4 9.8 8.9 7.1 2.2 LU6.5 70.7 -0.9 3.8 5.9 21.8 62.5 227.7 7.1 -0.9 5.6 5.5 -0.6 HU2.7 -50.7 0.2 2.0 8.7 72.0 18.7 51.3 2.2 5.1 12.2 4.0 4.3 MT7.0 71.2 -2.2 3.0 1.0 45.6 50.8 75.6 9.0 4.2 5.3 4.0 4.4 NL6.7 40.2 -1.6 0.2 0.8 56.0 114.7 143.6 2.4 1.0p8.1 5.9 0.7 AT1.8 3.7 0.4 -3.0 4.2 79.1 50.2 72.4 2.4 1.7p5.1 5.9 1.1 PL-1.2 -60.7 -3.4 11.1 3.8 50.4 34.8 41.5 5.0 6.5 3.9 5.0 2.3 PT1.1 -110.7 -0.6 3.5 3.5 126.0 68.4 92.5 0.7 -2.9 9.2 9.2 2.0 RO-2.0 -49.9 -5.5 9.3 18.0 35.3 16.3 35.1 7.8 -0.3 6.0 6.1 3.0 SI5.4 -24.4 -1.8 8.3 3.2 74.9 27.3 47.2 6.3 -0.8 8.3 6.6 3.2 SK-1.8 -67.9 -1.9 0.6 7.9 51.4 40.7 48.8 11.3 -2.4 5.9 8.1 1.9 FI-1.2 1.2 -2.3 -2.1 -3.5 66.6 64.8 83.9 4.0 3.0 1.1 8.7 1.2 SE2.3 -0.8 -5.4 -4.6 4.6 41.9 88.2 114.2 6.6 6.9 6.6 6.8 0.9 Employment indicators¹1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 2017External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.9: MIP Scoreboard 2016   

23 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.8 -15.8e-6.3 1.9 0.9 84.1 58.0 82.5 2.4 3.9 4.3 9.3 1.2 EA2.9 -15.0 -4.3 3.0 1.5 89.9 57.8 83.7 2.1 3.9 4.0 10.1 0.8 BE0.9 54.7 -0.3 -4.4 -0.6 105.8 58.5 135.7 4.1 11.2 2.3 7.9 0.1 BG1.7 -47.5 -4.7 3.1 11.2 29.1 22.6 81.3 5.6 3.3 7.0 8.6 0.4 CZ0.8 -26.9 -3.7 4.0 4.3 36.2 30.8 48.8 7.8 8.5 7.2 4.0 2.1 DK7.8 46.4 -1.6 -4.4 1.8 41.7 116.9 110.8 0.9 3.6 4.6 6.0b0.9bDE8.1 38.8 -2.0 0.0 4.7 68.3 52.3 53.4 2.9 6.3 7.5 3.9 0.4 EE1.0 -39.0 4.4 -5.9 12.6 10.2 39.2 70.4 6.8 7.5 4.7 6.8 2.1 IE2.3 -174.2 -6.7 59.5 -15.5 72.7 52.3 245.1 -5.5 -1.5 7.5 8.4 0.8 EL-1.1 -139.2 -4.0 -9.9 -7.4 183.1 61.3 66.1 -2.9 -0.5 -2.4e23.9 0.8 ES2.3 -84.3 -4.2 0.8 -0.9 102.0 64.1 86.2 -1.7 2.3 4.6 19.6 -0.1 FR-0.6 -19.0 -3.0 -2.6 1.8 98.1 58.1 86.0 4.4 6.2 1.0 10.1 0.5 HR1.6 -75.1 0.1 12.7 -3.4 79.3 35.7 68.2 0.7 -0.1 0.9 13.0 1.8 IT1.8 -12.1 -3.3 -3.5 0.9 134.2 41.1 69.5 1.2 -0.8 0.3 11.7 1.9 CY-2.7 -133.4 -7.3 8.9 -9.6 106.9 117.8 206.1 -0.3 1.9 0.3 13.0 -0.2 LV0.1 -55.8 4.8 -0.6 14.7 41.7 24.9 56.7 -3.6 -0.4 8.5 9.7 2.4 LT0.0 -43.1 5.4 -14.3 13.2 39.8 22.8 35.3 7.3 10.6 5.4 7.9 3.1 LU5.7 62.7 -1.4 11.4 2.7 19.6 60.5 219.2 6.4 -2.1 6.0 6.3 0.1 HU2.4 -53.7 -5.1 3.3 4.6 74.6 20.3 56.3 0.8 4.0 13.4 5.0 5.4 MT2.5 46.4 -2.8 13.2 4.9 53.1 49.1 82.2 5.8 12.1 5.4 4.7 4.3 NL6.9 39.9 -2.2 -2.2 0.2 60.9 116.8 149.8 2.1 5.8p5.3 7.0 0.3 AT2.2 2.9 1.0 -2.8 4.8 83.4 51.0 73.1 2.5 2.9p6.7 6.5 0.8 PL-1.7 -60.0 -5.0 7.4 2.3 54.1 36.5 44.8 4.4 6.7 1.9 6.3 2.4 PT0.8 -111.0 -1.8 -0.5 0.3 131.2 71.6 97.9 -1.7 -0.8 7.1 11.5 1.5 RO-1.0 -51.9 -2.5 11.0 12.3 37.8 17.0 37.7 4.2 -3.3 6.0 7.2 2.3 SI4.9 -29.1 -0.5 4.4 1.7 79.4 27.5 50.8 3.9 -3.0 3.3 8.0 1.1 SK-0.6 -66.3 -1.6 -2.0 3.6 52.1 38.1 49.5 13.1 11.0 6.7 9.6 2.1 FI-1.4 5.4 0.5 -12.0 0.7 68.6 64.6 84.7 4.3 3.4 1.3 8.9 0.6 SE2.7 -1.6 -9.0 -4.2 3.3 43.2 86.1 108.8 6.9 4.0 8.2 7.1 1.0 2016External imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: b = for DK, data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.10: MIP Scoreboard 2015  

24 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.6 -21.3e-5.1 3.2 1.3 85.1 58.4 82.8 1.7 1.4 2.3 10.2 1.1 EA2.4 -20.4 -3.4 na2.0 91.0 58.3 84.0 1.3 1.3 1.6 11.0 0.7 BE1.0 45.4 -1.6 -7.8 1.0 105.7 58.1 116.0 4.1 9.1 1.8 8.7 0.7 BG1.1 -61.5 -4.2 3.2 17.3 25.9 23.2 85.5 -0.4 -3.7 2.8b10.1 2.2 CZ0.0 -32.7 -8.2 -0.1 0.8 39.5 30.0 47.9 6.5 -4.4 4.0 5.1 2.4 DK7.9 27.9 -1.6 -2.3 2.5 44.6 118.7 109.8 1.2 3.5 7.0b6.3 -0.3 DE7.3 34.1 -1.4 -0.9 5.7 71.2 52.6 52.0 2.4 2.9 4.7 4.4 0.5 EE0.6 -39.9 5.9 -6.8 13.5 10.8 39.0 72.3 5.3 1.4 6.9 6.4 1.4 IE3.5 -197.6 -6.1 69.8 -19.6 74.0 56.8 256.0 -2.3 3.6 11.5 9.9 0.9 EL-1.0 -136.9 -5.6 -5.8 -12.3 179.6 63.2 67.0 -3.4 -1.5 -5.1e25.0 0.4 ES2.0 -87.7 -3.1 0.6 -0.6 102.5 67.6 89.3 -2.3 -2.2 3.6 22.1 0.0 FR-0.6 -18.7 -2.7 -0.3 2.3 97.0 56.9 85.2 3.1 3.5 -1.3 10.3 0.8 HR0.6 -81.6 0.2 30.7 -4.3 82.8 38.7 72.4 -2.1 0.2 -2.9 16.2 3.0bIT1.3 -19.4 -2.3 -4.6 1.6 134.8 41.6 72.7 0.0 -1.6 -3.8 12.0 0.8 CY-1.9 -152.8 -6.1 5.0 -10.7 111.6 128.1 213.6 -0.5 1.7 -1.5b15.0 0.4 LV-1.5 -61.7 2.6 -0.6 16.9 38.3 27.0 55.8 -2.4 0.7 -3.4 9.9 1.4 LT0.9 -43.9 4.3 -11.5 10.1 42.4 22.2 34.3 7.0 2.8 3.7 9.1 2.3 LU4.5 70.7 -0.6 19.7 5.8 21.1 59.0 239.4 5.3 29.6 5.4 6.7b1.5bHU2.0 -62.9 -7.2 3.3 0.2 75.7 21.4 62.4 -13.8 -4.1 13.1 6.6 4.8 MT2.8 35.3 -2.7 12.6 1.1 55.0 49.6 78.7 3.1 -0.3 5.8 5.4 4.9 NL7.1 28.0 -0.8 1.0 -0.3 63.8 117.9 151.6 1.8 -3.1p3.5 7.9 0.6 AT1.9 2.8 1.4 -3.2 5.9 85.6 51.3 74.2 1.6 2.4p5.6 6.1 0.4 PL-2.1 -60.9 -1.4 7.6 0.5 51.1 35.8 43.0 4.0 8.4 1.5 7.7 2.0 PT0.8 -119.7 -3.0 3.9 0.7 131.0 76.0 102.7 -2.2 4.9 3.1 13.0 0.9 RO-0.7 -54.9 2.7 20.1 4.1 37.7 17.4 40.8 4.9 -2.8 2.9 8.4 2.3 SI4.3 -31.5 0.4 2.0 -0.6 83.4 27.8 56.0 0.8 -8.4 0.8 9.0 1.4 SK0.9 -63.5 -1.2 -2.4 1.9 51.6 34.2 45.7 11.2 3.8 5.3 11.5 1.6 FI-1.4 4.7 2.2 -13.2 3.2 68.8 63.6 89.4 3.6 -3.7 0.0b9.4 0.4 SE3.6 -5.0 -8.2 -5.7 2.9 44.8 83.0 109.8 7.1 3.3 13.1 7.5 1.5 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBG,DKandCY;forFI,breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodfornewdwellings(apartments);e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU. 4) Labour force participation rate: b = for HR, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Employment indicators¹2015External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 2: Tables by year - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP scoreboard   
Table 2.1: Auxiliary indicators, 2024 

25 

2024 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-19.1e2.4 -1.9 31380.0 21.2 na-1.9 0.2 0.3 EA-23.7 2.8 -1.9 34480.0 21.1 na-2.8 -0.2 0.0 BE28.6 -0.5 -2.9p40650.0p24.2p3.4p-13.8 1.3p0.5 BG43.9 0.1 -2.6 9140.0 18.3 0.8p6.5 4.4 0.3 CZ33.8 3.5 -2.4 18450.0 26.5 1.8p1.4 -0.6 1.2 DK36.6 11.8 -0.4 54820.0 23.3 3.0p9.0 3.0 -1.6 DE62.8 5.2 -1.7p39680.0p20.5p3.1p-9.2 -0.3p0.4 EE28.3 0.4 -1.7 18070.0 23.9 na-4.2 -0.6 2.3 IE-332.1 15.7 -1.2 85320.0 17.3 1.4p5.4 0.5 -0.6 EL-105.7 -7.2 -2.8p19140.0p16.0p1.5p7.0 0.8p0.7 ES-16.6 4.3 -1.8p26350.0p20.3pna12.7 1.2p0.0 FR-29.9 0.3 -1.9p35770.0p22.1p2.2p0.4 0.0p-0.5 HR21.4 -0.8 -3.9p15910.0p25.2p1.4 17.7 -0.7p1.9 IT13.5 1.1 -2.1 31090.0p22.2 1.4p-0.7 -1.4 -0.6 CY-52.9 -8.8 -3.5p29400.0p20.5p0.7p15.1 1.6p-0.2 LV27.4 -0.3 -2.6 14770.0 22.4 0.9 -2.7 0.9 0.9 LT33.6 4.7 -2.7 17310.0 22.4 1.0p2.9 0.3 0.4 LU-4099.2 4.3 -3.0 93670.0p15.4 1.0p-15.8 -0.7p-0.3 HU4.1 1.9 -3.6p14880.0p23.1p1.3d0.4 0.4p3.1 MT130.2 8.6 -6.5 31230.0 18.5 0.5 13.7 3.2 -0.7 NL17.0 8.9 -0.7 46130.0p19.8 2.3p-4.5 -0.2p0.3 AT-1.8 1.3 -1.7 41420.0 23.5 3.3p-3.9 -0.8 1.1 PL7.0 0.6 -2.0 15800.0 17.0 1.4p5.9 5.0p1.1 PT-9.1 3.1 -2.1p20410.0p20.4p1.7p17.5 1.3p-0.1 RO-8.4 -6.7 -1.6p11220.0p25.3p0.5p2.1 -2.9p5.5 SI23.0 4.6 -2.2 23560.0 20.9 na-0.3 -0.7 0.0 SK-12.4 -3.6 -2.5 17700.0 20.4 1.0 -4.3 1.7 1.4 FI3.6 -0.6 -1.7 40780.0 22.0 3.2 -7.4 1.3 -0.7 SE2.0 6.0 -0.7 48600.0 25.1 3.6 -4.7 1.1 0.4 Flags:d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: For EU, EA, EE, ES and SI, the data for 2024 were not available on 31 October 2025. 2) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2024 

26 

2024 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU67.1 1.9p18.0p9.1p98.9 364.3 1.9 14.9 75.8 11.1 21.0 16.2 6.4 7.9 EA68.1 1.9p17.8p8.8p97.5 328.0 2.1 14.6 75.3 11.0 21.4 16.6 6.1 8.6 BE75.0 1.8p17.6p10.4p102.5 582.6p2.0 17.4 72.3 9.9 18.3 11.4 6.2 11.4 BGna2.7p21.7p15.2p66.9dp714.1 2.2b12.3b76.8b12.7b30.3 21.7 16.6 7.9 CZ43.3 1.2p19.2p15.1p112.7 330.4 0.8 9.1 82.3 8.6 11.3 9.5 2.6 5.2 DK134.8 1.3p20.5p12.6p104.2 418.3p0.8 14.6 80.2 8.0 18.0 11.6 4.0 10.6 DE63.6 1.5p18.4p5.6p97.6 240.7p0.9 6.5 81.3 8.7 21.1 15.5 6.2 10.0 EE54.5 1.2p19.3p16.4p103.4 363.7 1.8 19.1 81.8 11.0 22.2 20.2 3.1 5.3 IE60.8 1.1p21.5p9.2p97.4 742.8 1.0 10.6 79.8 7.5 17.1 12.7 4.5 7.4 EL51.2 3.0p16.7p11.7p107.6ep341.8p5.4 22.5 69.3 14.2 26.9 19.6 14.0 7.5 ES58.2 2.5p15.0p13.7p99.2 354.1ip3.8d26.5d71.4d12.0d25.8 19.7 8.3 8.0 FR73.8 2.0p17.5p6.6p95.3 370.5p1.7d18.7d75.1d12.5d20.5 15.9 6.6 8.7 HR41.4 2.3p20.5p15.0p91.6 568.6p1.8 16.8 73.6 10.6 21.7b20.3b2.0 4.7 IT47.8 2.7p17.2p13.2p85.3 81.4p3.3 20.3 67.1 15.2 23.1 18.9 4.6 9.2 CY80.9 3.1p25.9p18.3p74.8 1952.5p1.3 13.0 79.8 12.9 17.1 14.6 2.5 4.2 LV27.3 1.3p21.9p17.6p87.0 375.4 2.2 13.6 77.4 10.7 24.3 21.6 5.3 6.5 LT31.2 0.7p21.1p18.7p94.0 450.1 2.3 16.2 79.2 14.7 25.8p21.5p6.1p9.4pLU125.0 0.9p18.4p8.9p119.4 737.0p1.6 21.6 74.2 9.8 20.0 18.1 2.3 3.9 HU23.5 2.2p18.7p19.4p99.3p240.5p1.5 15.2 81.1 10.9 19.3 14.3 9.3 4.7 MT71.2 1.9p22.2p8.4p92.6p2283.7 0.7 9.1 83.0 7.2 19.7 16.8 4.0 4.5 NL139.7 1.4p19.3p10.6p108.4 533.5p0.5 8.7 83.5 4.9 15.4 12.1 3.1 8.0 AT55.9 2.4p18.6p10.0p115.9 424.9e1.1 10.3 77.4 9.2 16.9 14.3 3.7 6.0 PL31.0 3.9p18.1p14.6p89.3 636.9 0.8 10.8 78.4 9.4 16.0 13.8 2.3 3.9 PT65.9 2.4p19.0p14.4p124.6 654.5p2.4 21.6 78.5 8.7 19.7 16.6 4.3 4.8 RO18.5 2.6p20.9p17.7p47.1 461.8 1.8 23.9 69.5 19.4 27.9 19.0 17.2 4.3 SI33.5 1.6p17.8p14.9p106.9 423.2 1.1 10.9 78.3 7.6 14.4 13.2 1.8 3.5 SK59.2 1.9p18.7p10.2p93.6 293.1 3.5 19.2 78.1 10.7 18.3 14.5 7.6 5.0 FI82.6 1.4p19.9p13.2p78.5 302.4 1.8 18.8 77.0 9.8 16.8 12.6 3.7 9.3 SE120.8 1.1p20.7p12.6p108.5 319.8 1.7 24.3 81.9 6.3 17.5 14.8 3.0 7.7 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies.1)Householddebt(incl.NPISH):Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2025forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG;d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.4)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers:b=administrative sources used for income data for HR.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2: Auxiliary indicators, 2023 

27 

2023 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-19.5e1.8 -2.3 31150.0 22.1 2.3e-4.9 -0.8 0.7 EA-24.4 2.0 -2.4 34310.0 21.9 2.3 -4.9 -1.3 0.0 BE28.6 0.4 -3.0 40440.0 24.2 3.3 -7.4 0.9 1.0 BG46.5 0.7 -2.2 8830.0 18.7 0.8 14.6 -1.8 4.0 CZ28.5 1.0 -2.7 18260.0 27.9 1.8 -0.2 -1.7 4.4 DK36.8 10.7 -0.6 53230.0 23.5 3.1 3.1 0.3 -0.4 DE53.2 4.9 -2.0p39990.0p21.2p3.1 -8.6 -1.2p0.2 EE30.7 -0.1 -1.7 18200.0 25.4 1.8 7.2 -6.0 3.8 IE-269.7 5.4 -1.7 84560.0 24.9 1.5 -8.4 -4.2 -0.5 EL-116.5 -5.6 -2.8p18720.0p15.9p1.5 31.1 0.1p0.4 ES-23.3 3.9 -2.1p25740.0p20.5p1.5 12.3 -0.2p-0.8 FR-31.7 -0.8 -2.4p35440.0p22.8p2.2 1.6 0.0p-1.0 HR20.1 2.9 -4.8 15370.0 24.7 1.4 35.6 1.4 3.9 IT6.7 1.0 -2.9 30860.0 22.7 1.4 1.9 -2.1 -0.4 CY-80.1 -9.7 -4.2 28740.0 22.0 0.7 19.8 0.7 -1.1 LV20.4 -1.9 -3.3 14640.0 24.0 0.8 -2.7 -1.0 3.5 LT26.5 2.7 -3.7 16900.0 23.8 1.1 5.8 -1.6 4.6 LU-3850.8 6.8 -3.7 94830.0 16.1 1.1 -6.8 -1.5 -1.1 HU-6.7 1.2 -4.7 14760.0 25.4 1.4d0.8 0.2 9.1 MT140.8 7.5 -5.1 30070.0 19.1 0.6 -11.4 3.5 0.0 NL13.2 9.2 -1.2 45930.0p20.3 2.3 -5.5 -1.9p1.4 AT-5.7 2.1 -2.2 41910.0 24.7 3.3 -2.7 -1.4 2.4 PL6.1 1.7 -2.6 15290.0 17.9 1.6 6.8 0.8 4.3 PT-18.7 2.0 -2.7 20200.0 20.5 1.7 16.1 -1.7 0.4 RO-6.5 -3.9 -1.6 11120.0 26.5 0.5 6.0 4.4 4.7 SI19.3 4.8 -3.0 23230.0 21.6 2.1 0.2 2.3 1.7 SK-15.0 -2.6 -3.2 17370.0 21.1 1.0 -3.0 0.9 4.5 FI6.5 -0.9 -1.4 40930.0 23.3 3.1 -6.9 -1.0 -0.9 SE-6.4 5.8 -1.0 48350.0 25.4 3.6 -4.6 -1.2 1.6 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2023 

28 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU70.0 1.8p17.6p8.9p100.6 374.9 2.1 14.6 75.3 11.2 21.3 16.2 6.8 8.0 EA70.7 1.9p17.4p8.5p99.9 349.3 2.4 14.5 74.7 11.3 21.6 16.4 6.4 8.8 BE75.6 1.6p17.9p11.4p102.0 670.6p2.2 16.1 72.1 9.6 18.8 12.4 6.1 10.6 BGna2.9p20.9p16.3p73.7dp837.7 2.3 12.1 76.2 13.8 30.0 20.6 18.0 7.0 CZ43.3 1.2p19.5p13.7p112.7 340.1 0.8 8.3 81.7 10.1 12.0 9.8 2.7 5.1 DK137.3 1.3p21.0p11.7p103.9 403.5p0.5b11.5b79.8b8.6b17.9 11.8 4.9 9.8 DE66.0 1.3p17.7p5.7p103.2 302.6p1.0 5.9 81.1 8.8 21.3 14.4 6.9 9.9 EE54.5 1.1p21.4p18.5p104.4 366.1 1.3 17.3 82.1 9.6 24.2 22.5 2.5 5.9 IE66.2 1.3p21.8p7.6p95.8 868.6 1.1 10.7 79.1 8.5 19.2 12.0 6.0 9.1 EL53.0 5.0p16.2p12.0p102.8e256.0p6.2 26.7 67.4 15.9 26.1 18.9 13.5 8.3 ES61.9 2.7p14.7p11.8p96.9 299.9ip4.3d28.7d70.5d12.3d26.5 20.2 9.0 8.4 FR77.2 1.9p17.3p5.9p103.2 437.3p1.8d17.2d74.4d12.3d20.4 15.4 6.6 9.2 HR42.1 2.5p21.7p15.7p92.9 544.4 2.1 18.9 70.8 11.8 20.7b19.3b2.8 5.5 IT49.1 2.7p16.9p12.7p85.2 79.7 4.2 22.7 66.3 16.1 22.8 18.9 4.7 8.9 CY88.9 3.7p23.4p21.8p78.2 2088.3 1.8 16.6 79.5 13.9 17.4 14.9 2.4 4.5 LV27.0 1.3p20.6p20.3p90.4 372.0 1.8 12.3 77.5 10.0 25.6 22.5 6.2 7.0 LT30.5 0.8p18.6p21.2p91.9 452.7 2.3 13.8 78.5 13.5 24.3 20.6 6.1 8.0 LU129.6 0.8p18.5p8.3p131.6 898.5 1.7 18.8 74.8 8.5 21.4 18.8 2.5 3.9 HU23.8 2.4p17.8p21.2p97.3 260.6 1.4 12.8 80.7 10.9 19.7 13.8 10.3 4.9 MT76.1 2.0p22.2p10.6p96.9 2167.7 0.8 9.2 81.3 7.6 19.8 16.6 4.1 3.6 NL143.1 1.3p18.6p10.9p106.0 464.3p0.5 8.2 83.5 4.7 15.8 13.0 2.7 8.2 AT60.6 2.2p18.7p11.6p124.5 470.9e1.1 10.4 77.2 9.4 17.7 14.9 3.7 5.7 PL33.6 4.1p18.1p11.6p86.7 539.5 0.8 11.4 77.9 9.1 16.3 14.0 3.0 3.9 PT69.9 2.7p17.9p13.8p124.6 633.4p2.5 20.5 78.0 8.9 20.1 17.0 4.9 6.3 RO19.5 2.5p19.9p16.8p51.4 456.3 2.2 21.8 68.7 19.3 32.0 21.1 19.8 5.2 SI33.3 1.5p18.0p16.8p105.2 471.6 1.4 9.9 77.5 7.8 13.7 12.7 2.0 3.8 SK61.0 1.8p18.6p11.5p97.0 366.5 3.8 19.8 77.5 11.2 17.6 14.3 7.0 4.6 FI84.8 1.1p19.7p13.5p82.5 358.6 1.6 16.2 78.2 9.2 15.8 12.2 2.8 8.7 SE123.2 1.0p20.4p13.1p112.0 330.2 1.6 22.1 82.6 5.7 18.4 16.1 2.5 8.0 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies.1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2025forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=DKextendedthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023;d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.4)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion & people at risk of poverty after social transfers: b = for HR, administrative sources used for part of income data: employee cash or near cash income, wages and salaries, social benefits, old age, survivor's and disability pensions.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2023 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.3: Auxiliary indicators, 2022 

29 

2022 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-20.6e0.6 -4.0 31160.0 22.0 2.2e-7.4 0.4 0.8 EA-25.5 0.9 -4.3 34370.0 21.9 2.3e-7.2 -0.1 0.0 BE26.3 -1.8 -4.1 40100.0 23.9 3.2 -1.6 -0.5 0.0 BG44.4 -1.7 -4.4 8660.0 17.0 0.8 13.0 3.1 3.7 CZ25.7 -4.1 -4.5 18450.0 27.7 1.9 -7.9 -1.5 8.1 DK30.2 11.3 -0.9 53290.0 23.1 2.9 9.3 -3.2 0.3 DE51.7 3.3 -3.3p40710.0p21.6p3.0 -10.4 0.3p0.0 EE27.7 -2.7 -2.3 19190.0 25.2 1.8 14.3 -4.2 6.3 IE-228.5 8.6 -2.1 88360.0 21.1 1.5be12.3 -1.4 0.6 EL-124.9 -9.2 -6.1 18270.0p15.7 1.5 4.2 -0.1 0.6 ES-29.1 1.3 -3.8 25420.0 20.5 1.4 -7.3 1.2 -0.2 FR-28.6 -1.0 -4.4 35030.0 23.5 2.2 -9.3 -1.5 -0.5 HR13.9 -1.1 -9.1 14820.0 21.7 1.4 5.4 6.0 3.6 IT1.6 -1.3 -5.4 30550.0 21.8 1.4 -7.4 0.5 -0.7 CY-143.5 -6.8 -6.2 28270.0 20.4 0.7 29.2 3.0 1.0 LV18.9 -4.7 -7.8 14750.0 23.3 0.8 11.7 -0.3 3.6 LT21.1 -4.7 -10.6 17010.0 22.4 1.1 14.2 -2.7 6.5 LU-3891.2 4.2 -5.2 96540.0 16.6 1.1 -1.6 -4.0 0.3 HU-4.5 -7.4 -9.9 14860.0 27.5 1.4d-6.6 1.9 6.7 MT149.9 0.5 -7.7 28280.0 24.9 0.6 -13.0 -2.7 1.8 NL5.0 17.4 -1.1 46670.0 20.5 2.2b-0.1 1.1 0.8 AT-5.2 -1.3 -4.3 42610.0 25.2 3.2e-7.7 2.7 1.1 PL2.4 -2.1 -3.4 15190.0b16.4 1.4 8.2 4.6 5.8 PT-27.8 -1.1 -4.7 19800.0 20.6 1.7 -5.2 0.8 1.0 RO-6.0 -7.4 -2.8 10880.0 25.1 0.5 0.1 4.6 2.0 SI16.3 -1.1 -3.8 22810.0 22.0 2.1 -2.5 -1.3 1.9 SK-18.7 -8.5 -6.6 17010.0 20.9 1.0 -7.4 -3.0 4.3 FI7.0 -2.4 -3.6 41470.0 24.7 3.0 -6.1 -1.7 -0.4 SE-7.7 4.1 -1.2 48780.0 25.6 3.5 -4.5 -1.8 0.8 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2022 

30 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU74.6 1.8e16.9e6.9e107.7 483.6 2.4 14.6 74.6 11.7 21.6 16.5 6.7 8.3 EA75.4 1.8e16.8e6.8e107.5 442.5 2.7 14.6 74.0 11.6 21.8 16.8 6.0 9.2 BE80.2 1.5e18.5e9.9e107.2 736.3p2.3 16.4 71.9 9.2 18.6 13.1 5.7 11.7 BG36.0 3.7e20.9e11.2e77.4b866.2 2.2 10.6 75.9 14.8 32.2 22.9 18.7 8.6 CZ45.3 1.4e19.5e14.4e124.0 418.2 0.6 6.8 81.3 11.4 11.8 10.2 2.1 4.5 DK140.5 1.5e20.0e3.8e112.2 626.4i0.5 10.6 80.1 7.9 17.1 12.4 3.2 8.8 DE69.1 1.1e16.6e4.3e117.9 459.2p1.1 6.0 80.8 8.6 21.1 14.8 6.2 9.8 EE56.3 0.8e21.2e10.9e105.4 450.5 1.3 18.6 81.9 10.6 25.2 22.8 3.3 5.7 IE76.5 1.7e22.4e3.3e101.9 807.7 1.3 10.1 78.2 8.6 19.6 13.4 5.3 9.6 EL58.3 6.2e14.9e12.7e98.1e208.0p7.7 31.4 66.3 15.3 26.3 18.8 13.9 9.5 ES69.3 2.7e14.4e9.9e100.8 309.7i5.1d29.7d69.3d12.7d26.0 20.4 7.7 8.7 FR81.9 1.8e16.8e6.1e110.9 596.8 2.0d17.3d74.0d12.0d20.7b15.6b7.0b9.9bHR43.4 3.0e22.3e9.4e93.5 518.8 2.4 17.7 70.2 13.1 19.9 18.0 4.0 6.3 IT52.2 2.9e16.7e9.1e88.4 88.1 4.6 23.7 64.8 19.0 24.4 20.1 4.5 9.8 CY97.1 4.5e19.8e5.1e80.5 1916.0 2.1 18.1 78.6 14.4 17.5 14.7 2.7 5.0 LV27.4 1.4e23.6e10.2e92.4 371.1 2.0 15.3 77.0 11.3 26.0 22.5 7.8 7.2 LT31.5 0.9e20.2e13.5e90.8 600.4 2.3 11.9 79.0 10.7 24.6 20.9 6.0 8.3 LU139.4 0.7e18.2e5.2e153.0 1068.2 1.3 17.6 74.8 6.8 19.4b17.3b2.0b3.5bHU27.0 3.1e17.1e12.1e106.8 426.9 1.2 10.6 80.3 10.7 18.8 13.5 9.1 6.3 MT81.8 2.3e21.3e4.3e99.0 2819.5 1.2 9.0 80.1 7.6 20.1 16.7 4.9 3.8 NL153.9 1.3e18.3e7.7e116.1 632.7p0.7 7.6 82.9 4.2 16.5 14.5 2.5 8.4 AT65.9 1.8e17.5e9.7e135.9 707.0e1.2 9.5 77.3 9.1 17.5 14.8 2.3 5.7 PL38.4 4.3e16.3e7.3e90.7 693.5b0.9 10.8 76.7 10.7 15.9 13.7 2.8 3.8 PT76.3 3.0e16.2e8.7e123.7 630.4p2.8 19.2 77.1 8.5 20.1 16.4 5.3 5.6 RO21.6 2.8e19.6e15.7e56.9 598.3 2.2 22.8 68.5 19.8 34.4 21.2 24.3 4.2 SI34.9 1.8e16.2e13.3e105.8 521.5 1.6 10.1 77.9 8.4 13.3 12.1 1.4 3.8 SK63.4 1.7e18.0e9.4e105.7 421.5 4.1 19.9 76.7 12.3 16.5 13.7 6.3 3.8 FI91.6 1.0e18.6e9.6e94.2 593.9 1.5 14.2 78.4 9.3 16.3b12.7 1.9 10.1bSE130.4 0.8e20.2e9.8e124.7 674.4 1.9 21.7 82.0 5.6 18.6 16.0 2.3 8.1 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasourceforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds;forFI,disruptionoftheregisters'useforthedefinition of persons permanently disable or/and unable to work.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 2022 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.4: Auxiliary indicators, 2021 

31 

2021 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-26.6e2.8 -1.9 30280.0 21.8 2.2e-1.2 0.6 0.3 EA-32.5 3.1 -2.0 33320.0 21.7 2.3 -1.5 0.3 0.0 BE36.9 2.1 -3.0 38880.0 23.9 3.4 6.5 -1.7 -0.2 BG46.6 -0.4 -3.4 8260.0 16.3 0.8 7.3 7.0 -0.1 CZ34.8 -0.4 -2.4 18380.0 26.2 1.9 -4.3 0.1 2.1 DK27.8 8.7 -0.5 53520.0 23.2 2.8p6.4 0.5 -0.7 DE55.3 6.8 -1.9 40250.0 21.2 3.1 -4.0 1.6 0.7 EE40.9 5.5 -0.3 19450.0 30.0 1.8 16.6 8.9 1.3 IE-308.4 12.5 -1.2 83930.0 22.1 1.1 30.0 8.1 0.3 EL-154.0 -4.5 -3.1 17220.0p13.8 1.4 -4.0 -3.2 -2.5 ES-39.1 1.6 -2.2 24120.0 20.2 1.4 -11.5 -0.5 -0.9 FR-35.2 0.6 -1.8 34230.0 23.5 2.2 -8.0 -1.4 -0.2 HR11.2 2.7 -3.8 13750.0 20.9 1.2 0.3 11.1 -0.1 IT5.5 2.1 -2.6 29080.0 20.8 1.4 -6.0 -1.2 -0.7 CY-203.0 -5.3 -4.1 26600.0 19.2 0.8 28.7 2.7 -0.1 LV20.4 -2.7 -2.6 14480.0 22.9 0.8 7.7 6.5 0.4 LT22.2 2.9 -4.7 16740.0 22.5 1.1 18.3 3.5 2.0 LU-4571.4 4.2 -2.8 99760.0 18.1 1.0 20.2 -2.2 0.1 HU-0.5 -2.0 -4.4 14230.0 27.3 1.6 -3.0 2.8 2.0 MT149.1 10.8 -5.4 28330.0 22.3 0.6 4.2 9.7 -0.7 NL10.7 10.3 -1.2 44870.0 20.7 2.2 0.9 1.6 0.3 AT-3.6 1.8 -2.4 40910.0 25.9 3.3 -4.0 0.0 0.8 PL0.6 -0.6 -2.0 14750.0 16.9 1.4 13.4 1.2 3.3 PT-34.4 1.0 -2.7 18620.0 20.5 1.7 -10.1 1.0 -1.2 RO-7.2 -5.4 -2.0 10390.0 24.5 0.5 2.8 0.9 1.2 SI10.2 3.8 -2.8 22230.0 20.2 2.1 0.5 3.0 -0.6 SK-14.1 -3.8 -3.5 16970.0b19.6 0.9 -3.2 5.6 1.9 FI19.0 0.4 -1.9 41270.0 24.4 3.0 -1.8 0.5 -0.3 SE-0.3 6.2 -0.7 48690.0 25.1 3.5 6.0 2.6 0.3 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2021 

32 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.2 2.0e17.1e6.6e106.6 522.1 2.8 16.7 73.1 13.1 21.7 16.8 6.3 9.0 EA77.8 2.0e16.9e6.3e106.7 467.2 3.2 17.0 72.4 13.0 21.9 17.0 5.6 10.0 BE83.5 1.6e18.8e9.9e110.4 845.8p2.6 18.2 70.6 10.1b19.0 12.8 6.2 12.2 BG37.4 4.8e22.3e8.8e81.1 722.3 2.6 15.8 73.3 17.4 31.7 22.1 19.1 8.4 CZ48.2 1.7e20.6e10.6e115.7 466.6 0.8 8.2 80.0 10.9 10.7 8.6 1.8 5.4 DK164.2 1.8e20.3e8.2e114.4 768.7i1.0 10.8 79.0 8.4 17.3 12.3 3.1 9.7 DE72.1 1.1e16.4e4.0e120.2 511.0 1.2 7.0 79.6 9.3 21.0 16.0 4.3 9.5 EE57.1 1.1e23.5e9.5e97.0 601.5 1.6 16.7 79.3 11.2 22.2 20.6 1.9 5.1 IE75.3 2.4e23.3e4.5e96.1 962.3 1.8b14.6b74.9b9.7b19.6 12.8 4.8 12.4 EL66.6 8.6e14.0e-20.1e93.1e206.8p9.2 35.5 62.6 17.2 28.3 19.6 13.9 12.1 ES72.9 2.9e15.0e10.2e98.0 257.7i6.2d35.0d67.5d14.2d27.8 21.7 8.3 11.6 FR81.9 1.9e17.1e7.1e109.1 594.7 2.3d18.9d73.2d12.8d19.0 14.3 5.5 10.8 HR45.8 4.2e24.0e7.7e90.8 438.8 2.7 21.5 68.6 14.9 20.9 19.2 3.5 7.5 IT53.8 3.5e16.5e5.7e90.7 87.9 5.4 29.7 62.7 23.1 25.2 20.1 5.9 10.8 CY104.1 5.6e19.3e0.6e82.4 2168.8 2.5 17.3 76.3 15.0 17.3 13.7 2.4 6.4 LV28.6 2.1e29.2e4.5e89.1 371.4 2.3 14.8 75.3 12.1 26.1 23.4 5.3 6.6 LT32.2 1.2e23.2e10.4e85.8 747.8 2.6 14.3 77.4 12.7 23.5 20.0 6.4 8.1 LU138.9 0.6e18.8e5.5e146.4 1715.7 1.8 16.9 74.1 8.8 21.1b18.1b2.4b5.5bHU30.3 3.2e18.0e12.7e103.8 373.8 1.3 13.6 78.9 11.7 19.6 13.2 10.5 6.1 MT82.6 3.0e22.2e3.5e98.2 2315.8 1.0 9.9 77.8 10.5 20.3 16.9 5.4 5.3 NL160.0 1.4e19.7e8.3e109.5 770.0p0.8 9.3 81.7 3.9 16.6 14.4 2.1 8.6 AT69.8 1.8e17.1e6.4e131.7 904.9e2.0 11.0 75.6 9.4 17.3 14.7 1.8 7.4 PL45.8 5.0e16.1e4.8e90.9 857.4 0.9 11.9 75.5 13.2 16.8 14.8 2.9 4.2 PT80.5 3.6e16.3e4.9e118.6 595.7 2.9 23.4 75.5 9.7 22.4 18.4 6.0 5.3 RO23.5 3.4e20.0e13.1e60.6 632.2 2.0 21.0 67.1 20.3 34.4 22.5 23.1 3.5 SI35.3 2.1e16.9e9.5e100.2 427.0 1.9 12.8 76.1 7.3 13.2 11.7 1.8 3.6 SK63.8 2.0e17.9e8.4e102.2 477.9b3.9 20.6 74.6 14.2 15.6 12.3 5.7 4.9 FI92.3 1.2e19.3e9.2e97.1 721.8 1.8 17.1 76.8 9.2 14.2 10.8 1.1 8.6 SE134.5 1.0e20.6e10.0e127.6 873.7 1.8 24.7 80.4 6.1 17.2 15.7 1.4 8.8 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=censusrevisionofpopulationcountsofIE;d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturn to the same job. 3) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training: b = changes in the national questionnaire regarding the variables on the participation in education and training for BE. 4) Income and living conditions indicators: b = Introduction of a CAWI component for the newly selected households for LU.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2021 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5: Auxiliary indicators, 2020 

33 

2020 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-26.2e2.1 -1.2 28450.0b21.9 2.3e2.3 1.4 0.4 EA-31.0 1.9 -1.2 31320.0 21.8 2.3e1.7 2.1 0.0 BE34.8 0.8 -1.6 36740.0 24.0 3.4 2.9 3.7 0.7 BG47.2 1.9 -2.0 7610.0 19.0 0.9 3.0 1.0 0.5 CZ36.4 2.9 -1.5 17670.0 25.5 2.0 0.7 3.3 2.4 DK28.2 7.2 -0.3 50470.0 22.2 3.0 9.3 1.7 0.0 DE55.5 6.0 -1.2 38670.0 21.3 3.1 -0.8 0.9 0.0 EE41.1 -0.7 -0.5 17990.0 31.2 1.7 9.0 3.3 -0.7 IE-285.9 -10.2 -0.7 73020.0 41.4 1.1 39.6 18.2 -0.8 EL-153.1 -4.9 -1.8 15760.0p12.3 1.5 -13.3 3.0 -1.9 ES-51.6 1.2 -1.3 22610.0 20.6 1.4 -12.6 0.0 -0.2 FR-38.8 -2.0 -1.1 32170.0 22.4 2.3 -7.2 0.2 -0.1 HR2.7 0.2 -2.0 12100.0 22.4 1.2 -11.7 -6.2 -0.3 IT-1.1 3.8 -1.3 26560.0 18.2 1.5 -5.4 3.3 -0.2 CY-249.6 -9.8 -3.2 24240.0 20.8 0.8 23.2 2.1 -1.5 LV14.9 4.8 -1.6 13430.0 23.0 0.8 13.8 2.8 0.2 LT14.6 8.9 -2.4 15720.0 21.4 1.1 21.3 6.1 1.9 LU-4067.9 4.4 -2.0 94770.0 17.2 1.1e20.1 5.2 0.5 HU-1.7 0.9 -2.3 13210.0 26.4 1.6 3.1 1.3 2.1 MT86.8 18.0 -5.4 25120.0 19.9 0.6 31.4 1.4 -0.1 NL5.2 5.6 -0.4 42440.0 21.3 2.3 7.5 0.4 1.2 AT-5.1 3.3 -1.4 39140.0 25.1 3.2e2.1 2.7 1.3 PL-4.5 4.1 -1.5 13720.0b18.4 1.4 19.2 -1.3 3.6 PT-44.5 0.4 -1.7 17680.0 19.5 1.6 -7.8 0.0 -0.9 RO-8.1 -3.2 -1.2 9760.0 23.5 0.5 6.8 1.0 1.8 SI1.9 6.8 -2.0 20560.0 19.0 2.2 5.7 0.9 0.1 SK-14.6 0.3 -2.1 16010.0 19.8 0.9 3.3 6.9 1.7 FI5.8 0.5 -0.9 40270.0 24.7 2.9 3.5 0.3 -0.2 SE-12.7 5.7 -0.7 46550.0 24.5 3.5 4.5 1.3 0.7 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2020 

34 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU79.2 2.5e17.2e2.2e103.9 449.4b2.4 17.6 71.7 14.0 21.5 16.7 6.7 8.3 EA78.4 2.5e17.0e1.9e104.1 412.3 2.8 18.2 71.1 14.2 21.5 16.8 5.9 9.1 BE84.2 2.1e18.2e5.9e109.3 762.7p2.1 15.9 69.7 11.3 20.3 14.1 6.7 12.4 BG36.7 5.9e22.4e4.9e83.6 564.8 2.8 17.5 72.7 18.0 33.5 23.8 22.1 8.4 CZ47.9 1.9e21.4e6.7e106.1 390.4 0.6 8.0 79.7 11.0 11.5 9.5 1.9 4.4 DK170.4 1.9e20.6e4.5e106.4 703.3i0.9 11.7 77.8 10.2 16.8b12.1b3.5 9.1 DE71.4 1.2e16.7e2.2e112.4 500.5 1.1b7.9b78.3b10.1b20.4b16.1b4.4b8.3bEE57.9 1.6e27.2e7.4e91.8 602.0 1.2 18.3 79.1 11.1 22.8 20.7 2.3 4.8 IE79.5 3.4e23.3e-2.2e93.0 933.6 1.4 15.8 72.1 14.1 19.1b12.8b6.1b11.4bEL71.2 26.5e15.0e-7.9e95.4e130.9p10.5 38.0 58.3 18.5 27.4 17.7 14.9 11.8 ES76.2 2.8e14.7e-3.5e99.4 183.8i5.0 38.3 65.7 17.3 27.0 21.0 8.5 10.0 FR82.1 2.2e17.1e4.1e107.8 489.4 1.9 21.5 72.1 13.4 19.0b14.2b6.4b9.7bHR49.4 5.3e22.8e4.7e95.6 358.2 2.1 20.6 66.9 14.5 20.5 18.3 4.4 7.2 IT54.6 4.5e16.9e1.0e93.4 74.0 5.1 29.8 61.9 23.5 24.9 20.0 6.2 10.2 CY108.0 11.0e19.2e-3.3e89.6 2091.5 2.2 17.6 75.2 15.2 18.2 14.8 3.3 5.7 LV28.8 4.6e25.7e5.2e88.5 368.3 2.4 14.9 76.9 11.9 25.1 21.6 7.0 7.4 LT32.5 2.2e21.5e10.0e82.2 533.7 2.5 19.6 76.7 13.0 24.5 20.9 8.1 7.2 LU131.9 0.7e20.0e4.4e130.4 1426.0 1.7 23.2 72.1 7.7 19.9b17.4b1.7b7.1bHU30.0 3.6e16.2e7.6e102.0 268.9 1.1 12.7 77.6 12.4 19.4 13.9 10.7 4.7 MT85.4 3.6e22.8e0.3e102.5 2522.6 1.3 11.5 76.0 9.7 19.9 16.9 5.1 5.4 NL164.5 1.9e19.7e3.1e101.7 682.3p0.7 10.6 80.8 6.3 16.0 13.4 2.2 8.7 AT70.7 2.0e17.2e4.1e124.7 897.2e1.7 11.7 74.8 9.9 16.7 13.9 3.0 6.1 PL45.7 6.0e17.5e3.1e87.4 678.0b0.6 10.8 72.8 12.5 17.0 14.8 2.6 4.3 PT82.2 4.9e16.6e0.0e114.9 539.2 2.3 22.4 73.9 11.0 20.0 16.2 5.4 5.0 RO23.2 3.9e21.9e9.0e63.3 544.2 1.8 21.6 65.2 20.6 35.6 23.4 25.3 4.7 SI36.2 3.0e16.7e11.3e97.0 380.4 1.9 14.3 74.8 7.9 14.3 12.4 2.6 3.9 SK62.7 2.5e17.8e5.3e102.7 402.9 3.7 20.4 74.6 14.4 13.8 11.4 4.5 4.3 FI92.3 1.5e19.3e5.8e96.2 650.9 1.5 21.0 75.5 9.8 14.9 12.2 1.8 8.3 SE134.0 1.0e20.4e8.4e122.5 714.7 1.0 23.6 80.2 6.9 17.7 16.1 2.0 7.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.3)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators:b=forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forFR,increaseduseofadministrativedata;for LU, change from CAPI to CATI mode of data collection. 4) People at risk of poverty or social exclusion & people at risk of poverty after social transfers: b = methodological revisions on income variables for DK.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2020 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6: Auxiliary indicators, 2019 

35 

2019 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-23.9e2.1 -1.8 30090.0 22.0 2.2e-1.5 0.8 0.1 EA-28.3 2.2 -1.9 33370.0 21.9 2.2 -0.3 0.6 0.0 BE37.2 0.3 -2.5 38760.0 24.2 3.2 -0.6 0.9 0.5 BG39.9 3.1 -3.0 7780.0 18.7 0.8 7.9 5.2 0.8 CZ29.6 0.8 -2.4 18570.0 25.8 1.9 1.6 3.7 1.1 DK25.0 7.5 -0.2 51500.0 21.4 3.0p2.3 0.9 -0.3 DE51.2 7.7 -1.8 40300.0 21.2 3.1 -4.0 0.7 0.3 EE30.1 3.7 -1.2 18580.0 26.6 1.6 4.5 3.2 1.4 IE-275.5 -30.4 -1.2 69060.0 53.2 1.1 14.3 1.7 -0.1 EL-132.2 -1.1 -2.3 17320.0p11.0 1.3 13.9 2.4 -0.2 ES-45.7 2.5 -1.9 25520.0 20.3 1.2 -1.6 0.2 0.0 FR-33.2 0.7 -1.8 34880.0 22.4 2.2 -2.8 0.5 -0.4 HR0.9 3.7 -2.8 13070.0 21.9 1.1 8.2 1.6 -0.3 IT-2.5 3.1 -2.0 29000.0 18.1 1.5 -2.9 0.4 -0.5 CY-333.9 -5.6 -3.9 25390.0 18.7 0.7 12.9 0.7 -0.2 LV6.5 1.4 -2.8 13820.0 22.7 0.7 4.0 -1.3 1.2 LT5.4 5.4 -3.6 15710.0 21.2 1.0 22.8 4.0 1.3 LU-3954.9 8.4 -3.2 96730.0 18.0 1.2 2.6 -0.4 0.8 HU-2.5 1.2 -3.8 13780.0 27.1 1.5 1.6 4.3 1.8 MT103.4 20.4 -5.8 26570.0 20.1 0.6 7.6 -4.8 0.1 NL-0.4 6.5 -0.9 44390.0 20.9 2.1 3.7 -0.3 0.8 AT-1.8 2.4 -2.2 41970.0 25.1 3.1 0.9 0.1 0.6 PL-10.7 1.4 -2.3 13720.0 19.1 1.3 13.3 1.6b0.9 PT-45.5 1.7 -2.5 19310.0 18.4 1.4 5.9 1.6 -0.6 RO-5.1 -3.7 -1.7 10080.0 23.3 0.5 8.2 2.9 1.9 SI0.7 6.0 -3.5 21570.0 19.8 2.1 10.5 1.1 0.8 SK-14.0 -2.8 -3.1 16450.0 21.7 0.8 -1.6 1.9 1.0 FI6.9 0.0 -1.7 41370.0 24.4 2.8 8.5 0.5 -0.3 SE-10.5 5.4 -1.1 47790.0 23.8 3.4 -2.8 2.9 0.2 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2019 

36 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU77.8 2.6e16.6e5.2e99.8 473.3 2.7 15.7 72.7 12.8 21.1 16.5 6.7 8.0 EA77.1 3.1e16.1e5.1e99.8 441.7 3.1 16.3 72.4 12.8 20.7 16.4 5.8 8.7 BE82.5 2.1e16.6e8.6e106.2 783.4p2.1 14.5 70.5 11.2 20.1b14.8b6.2 12.9 BG35.1 6.5e18.8e11.2e81.5 619.6 3.0b12.1b74.3b16.6b33.2 22.6 22.1 9.2 CZ47.8 1.7e19.2e13.9e104.0 407.6 0.6 5.6 80.3 9.8 12.1 10.1 2.1 4.4 DK168.7 1.9e19.9e8.7e102.9 687.6i0.8 10.1 78.3 9.6 17.3 12.5 3.8 9.5 DE69.8 1.2e16.1e2.1e106.0 476.9 1.2 6.1 79.7 8.4 17.3 14.8 3.0 7.6 EE57.1 1.6e25.9e8.3e88.4 528.4 0.9 11.6 80.5 9.7 23.7 21.7 2.6 5.3 IE85.0 3.4e23.0e3.7e96.7 946.2 1.6 12.5 75.0 11.4 20.2b13.4b6.5b12.9bEL71.8 35.5e16.3e0.7e88.5e102.6p11.3 37.5 60.8 17.5 29.0 17.9 15.8 12.7 ES76.3 3.1e13.8e6.7e95.8 346.2i5.3 32.5 68.0 14.9 26.2 20.7 7.7 10.9 FR79.9 2.5e16.1e6.0e103.6 553.4 2.3 20.7 72.3 12.4 18.8 13.6 7.3 7.1 HR49.1 5.2e21.8e9.1e91.0 380.1 2.4 16.7 66.4 14.3 20.8 18.3 4.6 7.5 IT53.2 6.7e14.9e4.9e90.7 83.7 5.9 29.2 63.5 22.3 24.6 20.1 6.4 9.6 CY113.3 18.1e19.0e3.5e91.3 2343.0 2.2 17.6 75.8 14.7 18.9 15.1 3.1 6.4 LV29.4 3.9e22.0e9.6e87.7 313.6 2.7 12.7 77.3 10.2 26.7 22.9 7.5 7.4 LT33.3 1.7e19.5e14.5e84.1 498.0 1.9 11.9 78.2 10.9 25.5 20.6 9.7 7.6 LU134.7 0.6e19.3e5.2e121.3 1608.9 1.3 17.0 72.8 6.5 20.1 17.5 1.4 6.9 HU27.3 4.2e15.9e14.3e101.3 402.3 1.1 11.4 77.7 11.0 21.1b14.0b10.8b4.6bMT86.2 3.2e21.6e6.0e103.2 3963.8 1.0 10.1 75.6 8.5 20.7 17.1 5.0 4.9 NL166.1 1.8e19.0e7.7e97.3 582.3 0.9 8.5 81.0 6.3 16.5 13.2 2.8 8.9 AT69.6 2.2e16.3e7.8e116.7 946.2 1.4 9.1 76.8 8.6 16.5 13.3 2.7 6.6 PL47.9 6.1e15.9e6.9e87.1 648.3 0.7b9.7b72.6b11.4b17.9 15.4 3.5 5.0 PT80.6 6.1e15.2e4.3e105.1 511.9 2.8 18.4 75.4 9.1 21.1 17.2 5.6 6.2 RO23.0 4.3e19.1e12.3e63.0 572.3 2.0 21.0 65.1 20.9 36.1 23.8 24.5 4.5 SI38.0 3.4e17.8e10.3e97.1 335.1 1.9 8.1 75.9 7.5 13.7 12.0 2.2 4.3 SK61.7 2.9e16.5e8.3e97.7 440.1 3.9 17.1 75.6 13.7 14.8 11.9 5.9 6.3 FI89.7 1.4e19.2e4.9e95.8 615.8 1.5 17.7 76.2 9.1 14.5b11.6 1.9 8.1bSE128.4 1.1e19.6e10.9e118.1 612.6 0.8 19.3 81.7 5.9 18.4 17.1 1.5 8.3 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=censusrevisionofpopulationcountsforBGandPL.3)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators:b=forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata.4)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion:b=majorsubstantive and methodological changes for BE; for FI, due to changes in the questionnaire. 5) People at risk of poverty after social transfers: b = major substantive and methodological changes for BE. 6) People living in households with very low work intensity: for FI, due to changes in the questionnaire.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2019 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.7: Auxiliary indicators, 2018 

37 

2018 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-25.7e2.3 -2.0 29590.0 20.9 2.2e-0.4 0.7 0.0 EA-29.0 2.7 -2.1 32920.0 20.7 2.2e1.6 0.1 0.0 BE34.5 -0.8 -3.4 38040.0 23.8 2.9 5.8 0.2 0.3 BG36.0 1.7 -3.4 7390.0 18.8 0.8 13.4 2.4 1.1 CZ27.5 0.9 -2.9 17960.0 24.8 1.9 6.9 1.2 0.7 DK12.5 6.3 -0.2 50830.0 21.8 3.0 1.3 2.0 -0.5 DE46.0 8.3 -1.9 39930.0 20.8 3.1 -0.2 0.4 0.3 EE23.9 2.0 -1.0 17990.0 26.6 1.4 8.2 6.4 0.6 IE-250.2 -11.2 -1.4 66830.0 27.9 1.1e9.8 3.8 -0.7 EL-134.3 -2.7 -2.5 16920.0p11.3 1.2 10.5 -3.1 -0.7 ES-51.8 2.4 -2.1 25230.0 19.7 1.2 4.8 -0.1 0.0 FR-32.8 -0.6 -1.9 34320.0 21.9 2.2 -1.0 0.1 -0.1 HR-12.0 2.3 -3.1 12550.0 20.0 1.0 12.9 2.8 0.0 IT-7.7 2.5 -2.2 28810.0 18.0 1.4 1.5 -0.2 -0.4 CY-354.7 -3.3 -4.1 24300.0 18.6 0.6 16.0 1.1 -0.9 LV0.7 1.4 -3.5 13630.0 22.9 0.7 8.5 1.5 0.9 LT-2.7 1.8 -3.9 14970.0 20.7 0.9 19.6 3.1 0.9 LU-3529.3 11.1 -3.3 96110.0 16.2 1.2 0.6 -1.2 -0.1 HU-3.3 2.5 -3.8 13100.0 24.9 1.5b3.5 4.6 0.6 MT81.5 15.4 -8.2 26600.0 19.1 0.6 -0.4 -1.1 0.7 NL-11.8 7.6 -1.4 43680.0 20.0 2.1 4.7 -0.4 0.0 AT-6.5 0.3 -2.5 41430.0 24.3 3.1e5.0 0.4 0.8 PL-14.8 -0.4 -2.7 13120.0 18.8 1.2 15.7 7.1 -0.8 PT-54.9 1.8 -2.5 18830.0 17.8 1.4 8.9 0.0 -0.2 RO-5.9 -3.3 -1.6 9650.0 21.2 0.5 15.8 5.2 1.1 SI-1.0 6.1 -3.0 21010.0 19.5 2.0 16.8 2.3 0.0 SK-16.5 -0.7 -3.9 16110.0 21.3 0.8 7.1 2.6 1.0 FI-0.8 -1.5 -2.0 40860.0 24.6 2.8 8.3 -1.3 -0.7 SE-15.1 2.1 -1.3 47080.0 24.6 3.4 -3.8 0.1 0.0 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2018 

38 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.1 3.1e16.4e5.9e98.4 473.3 3.1 16.7 71.9 13.3 21.7 16.8 7.1 8.5 EA77.3 3.6e15.8e5.7e98.5 443.7 3.6 17.6 71.7 13.3 21.4 17.0 6.1 9.1 BE80.7 2.3e16.5e8.2e106.0 857.6 2.6 16.0 69.7 11.4 20.5 16.4 6.5 13.1 BG33.6 7.7e19.7e11.8e82.0 670.6 3.7 15.9 71.7 18.1 33.0 22.0 22.3 9.0 CZ48.2 2.1e17.8e13.3e101.9 351.2 0.7 6.7 79.9 9.5 11.8 9.6 2.4 4.5 DK170.4 2.3e19.7e8.0e102.6 759.4i1.0 10.5 77.5 9.6 17.5 12.7 3.5 10.0 DE68.6 1.4e16.3e2.4e103.3 462.5 1.4 6.6 79.0 8.7 18.5 16.0 3.4 8.0 EE56.9 1.3e30.4e9.8e87.9 454.8 1.3 12.0 79.7 11.5 23.6 21.9 3.1 5.3 IE112.2 5.5e23.4e4.9e99.9 838.4 2.1 13.8 74.0 11.6 20.8 14.9 6.1 13.2 EL79.2 41.6e15.3e-0.4e88.5e83.9p12.5 41.2 59.0 19.2 30.3 18.5 16.1 13.6 ES80.3 3.7e13.5e8.2e94.9 368.2i6.4 34.3 67.0 15.3 27.3 21.5 8.7 10.8 FR77.8 2.7e15.6e6.5e102.9 566.0 2.5 22.0 72.0 12.9 17.9 13.4 6.7 7.5 HR48.3 7.3e20.2e8.8e88.5 326.2 3.4 23.5 64.9 15.5 22.1 19.3 6.1 9.3 IT52.4 8.4e13.9e5.8e91.6 80.2 6.5b32.2b63.0b23.5b25.7 20.3 6.5 10.7 CY130.5 20.2e16.1e7.1e96.3 1469.9 2.7 20.2 73.9 14.9 19.1 15.4 3.8 8.1 LV30.7 5.3e20.3e9.2e85.9 311.5 3.4 12.2 76.8 11.6 28.4 23.3 10.4 7.3 LT33.5 2.6e18.4e12.3e86.8 532.1 2.0 11.1 77.8 9.3 28.5 22.9 12.0 9.2 LU134.6 0.8e20.8e5.5e114.5 1806.8 1.4 14.2 72.1 7.5 20.1 16.7 1.6 7.8 HU26.4 5.4e16.7e14.7e95.9 401.8 1.4b9.9b76.8b10.6b20.6 12.8 11.9 5.5 MT83.9 3.1e20.2e5.2e103.0 3922.5 1.9 9.4 74.9 7.4 19.2 16.8 4.7 5.3 NL171.5 1.9e19.0e8.1e95.1 708.0 1.2 8.9 80.0 6.3 16.5 13.3 2.6 8.4 AT69.3 2.6e16.0e8.6e112.3 860.0 1.7 10.0 76.2 8.8 16.8 14.3 2.8 6.4 PL48.5 6.2e16.1e7.0e85.9 621.8 1.0 11.8 71.4 12.2 18.2 14.8 4.5 5.7 PT83.9 9.4e13.9e2.7e100.0 464.5 3.2 20.2 74.6 9.5 21.6 17.3 6.6 6.9 RO25.0 5.0e17.7e13.6e72.4 554.3 2.2 20.5 63.9 21.3 38.7 23.5 28.3 6.0 SI38.5 6.0e17.6e10.7e96.2 386.1 2.2 8.9 74.9 7.5 15.4 13.3 3.2 4.4 SK60.4 3.2e16.2e9.3e94.3 440.7 4.7 15.8 74.5 13.8 15.2 12.2 5.4 5.2 FI89.6 1.5e18.6e8.1e98.8 670.8 2.0 17.3 75.3 9.6 16.6 12.0 2.2 11.1 SE127.0 1.0e18.5e12.2e118.6 687.9 0.9 16.8 82.0 6.5 17.7 16.4 1.4 8.3 2018Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio: e = source NCB for house prices for EL. 2) Labour Force Survey indicators: b = census revision of population counts for IT and HU.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.8: Auxiliary indicators, 2017 

39 

2017 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-26.8e2.8 -1.7 29040.0 20.5 2.1 3.0 1.8 0.0 EA-30.4 3.2 -1.7 32410.0 20.3 2.2 5.1 1.5 0.0 BE44.9 0.8 -2.5 37510.0 23.5 2.7 -0.3 -0.2 0.5 BG32.3 4.2 -3.0 7130.0 18.3 0.7 10.7 1.0 -1.5 CZ26.0 2.4 -2.5 17490.0 23.7 1.8 5.2 3.6 0.9 DK14.8 7.3 -0.1 50150.0 21.2 2.9 -1.1 2.1 -0.3 DE44.8 7.9 -1.7 39540.0 20.1 3.0 0.2 2.0 0.3 EE19.1 2.6 -0.6 17390.0 25.4 1.3 -2.6 2.8 1.0 IE-257.0 -7.2 -1.1 62950.0 32.5 1.2 51.8 5.4 -0.8 EL-128.6 -1.4 -1.8 16540.0p12.0 1.2 -4.6 1.8 -0.7 ES-57.2 3.0 -1.8 24750.0 18.9 1.2 4.6 0.7 0.2 FR-31.0 -0.5 -1.7 33920.0 21.4 2.2 -1.5 1.9 -0.5 HR-18.2 4.2 -2.8 12040.0 19.5 0.8 15.7 0.9 0.0 IT-7.5 2.5 -1.9 28510.0 17.6 1.4 -0.6 0.5 -0.2 CY-270.1 -4.6 -4.0 23130.0 20.8 0.5 15.0 1.3 -0.6 LV-2.9 2.5 -3.0 12970.0 21.5 0.5 1.9 4.3 0.7 LT-7.6 2.2 -3.0 14150.0 20.1 0.9 4.1 7.7 1.6 LU-3730.3 6.1 -2.7 96460.0 17.8 1.2 6.1 -1.5 0.4 HU-8.0 2.6 -3.7 12380.0 22.3 1.3 4.2 3.2 0.4 MT71.9 20.1 -5.8 25710.0 18.7 0.5 5.3 8.6 -0.1 NL-15.2 7.8 -0.7 42970.0 19.8 2.1 2.4 0.4 -0.3 AT-4.2 1.2 -2.2 40620.0 23.8 3.1 -0.8 1.3 1.1 PL-18.7 -0.1 -2.0 12340.0 17.5 1.0 13.6 4.9 -0.3 PT-58.2 2.4 -2.2 18280.0 17.1 1.3 5.8 0.6 0.2 RO-7.7 -1.9 -1.3 9100.0 22.9 0.5 11.7 7.0 -0.8 SI-9.7 6.0 -2.6 20190.0 18.5 1.9 10.7 4.2 -0.3 SK-15.0 -1.7 -2.9 15500.0 21.3 0.9 2.8 2.2 0.4 FI4.8 -0.6 -1.6 40430.0 23.7 2.8 0.1 3.1 -0.4 SE-9.6 2.2 -0.9 46800.0 24.6 3.4 -2.5 0.2 0.4 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2017 

40 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.6 4.0e16.3e5.6e96.6 456.4 3.7 18.5 70.9 13.9 22.4 16.9 7.8 9.1 EA77.6 4.7e15.8e5.6e96.8 429.2 4.2 19.4 70.7 14.0 21.8 17.1 6.3 9.9 BE80.3 2.7e16.9e8.8e106.0 729.7 3.1b19.4b68.5b11.8b22.0 15.9 7.2 14.5 BG34.2 10.2e20.6e10.2e86.5 470.3 4.0 16.1 70.6 18.9 38.0 23.4 30.0 11.1 CZ48.6 2.8e17.5e13.0e101.0 342.2 1.0 7.9 78.5 10.0 12.1 9.1 3.4 5.7 DK174.1 2.5e19.7e10.8e101.0 607.1i1.2b12.4b76.6b9.8b17.8 12.4 3.6 10.5 DE69.6 1.8e16.4e2.9e100.5 458.3 1.6 7.2 78.3 9.3 18.8 16.1 3.7 8.7 EE60.2 1.9e30.1e9.2e93.3 532.1 2.0 12.1 79.2 10.5 23.3 21.0 4.0 5.4 IE121.5 9.9e23.4e5.0e93.6 663.8 3.0 14.4 72.9 12.8 22.4 15.6 6.9 16.1 EL77.4 45.0e17.0e-1.3e87.1e65.1p14.3 44.5 57.4 21.0 32.2 20.2 18.3 14.3 ES83.0 4.4e13.2e7.0e91.3 301.0i7.7 38.6 65.5 16.4 27.5 21.6 8.3 12.8 FR75.8 3.1e15.3e6.4e102.0 601.5 2.9 23.5 71.3 13.2 17.8 13.2 6.3 7.7 HR48.6 8.8e20.2e5.9e89.0 321.9 4.5 27.4 63.2 17.9 23.7 20.0 7.1 10.6 IT52.1 11.2e14.4e7.1e93.7 75.0 6.9 34.6 62.3 24.2 25.9 20.3 6.6 10.8 CY142.4 30.7e15.4e-11.9e99.7 1258.2 4.5 24.7 70.8 17.6 21.4 15.7 6.1 8.7 LV33.9 5.6e18.4e7.6e85.1 257.6 3.6 17.0 74.6 12.3 28.5 22.1 12.9 7.3 LT33.2 3.2e18.8e9.1e87.9 562.9 2.7 13.3 76.0 10.2 29.8 22.9 14.4 9.4 LU130.3 0.7e21.8e5.7e110.3 1507.6 2.1 15.4 71.5 6.6 19.3 16.4 1.9 6.5 HU28.0 8.4e14.2e14.5e93.2 421.5 1.6 10.5 75.4 11.2 25.9 13.4 16.1 6.3 MT84.1 3.1e18.8e7.2e103.4 3209.3 2.0 10.6 73.0 8.8 19.4 16.7 4.3 6.6 NL176.7 2.1e18.6e8.8e91.1 718.0 1.7 10.4 78.9 6.5 16.6 13.2 2.6 9.4 AT69.8 3.5e15.9e8.7e109.3 1000.6 2.3 10.5 75.4 8.8 17.1 14.4 3.4 7.2 PL48.0 6.6e16.3e6.9e85.5 595.3 1.5 14.9 70.0 13.0 18.7 15.0 5.3 5.8 PT87.5 13.3e14.5e-0.8e94.9 338.5 4.6 23.8 72.5 10.6 23.4 18.3 8.0 7.7 RO24.8 6.6e17.4e11.7e74.3 500.2 2.4 23.0 62.7 22.1 42.5 23.6 32.4 5.4 SI38.6 9.2e17.7e9.1e93.6 338.8 3.1 11.3 72.9 7.9 16.6 13.3 4.5 5.2 SK59.9 3.7e16.6e9.3e95.6 404.5 5.9 20.0 73.2 15.1 15.8 12.4 6.3 5.3 FI88.8 1.2e21.5e8.8e101.1 744.3 2.6 20.0 73.2 10.4 16.0 11.5 1.8 11.4 SE125.5 1.3e23.0e10.9e123.3 835.2 1.1 17.1 81.4 6.5 17.2 15.8 1.0 8.2 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio: e = source NCB for house prices for EL. 2) Labour Fource Survey indicators: b = change in the survey methodology for BE; improvement in the data collection and introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique for DK.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2017 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.9: Auxiliary indicators, 2016 

41 

2016 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-35.3e3.1 -1.4 28280.0 20.2 2.1e6.6 0.3 -0.1 EA-33.2 3.3 -1.5 31630.0 20.0 2.1e7.9 0.2 0.0 BE52.4 0.7 -2.2 37110.0 23.5 2.5 -0.5 -0.1 0.9 BG30.1 5.2 -2.4 6840.0 18.4 0.8 7.3 2.6 -1.8 CZ27.3 2.8 -2.0 16640.0 24.3 1.7 8.2 0.2 0.4 DK11.6 7.1 0.0 48970.0 21.0 3.1 -0.5 1.0 -0.3 DE37.5 8.9 -1.5 38550.0 20.0 2.9 4.1 1.4 0.2 EE17.2 2.0 -1.0 16460.0 23.9 1.2 -2.1 2.6 0.4 IE-249.3 -2.8 -1.1 57990.0 34.1 1.2 66.0 -3.8 -0.2 EL-128.4 -1.2 -1.6 16270.0p11.4 1.0 -6.2 -3.7 -0.2 ES-60.9 3.4 -1.5 24100.0 18.2 1.2 4.9 0.4 -0.2 FR-29.6 -0.5 -1.4 33360.0 20.9 2.2 1.3 -0.1 -0.2 HR-27.1 3.6 -2.6 11480.0 19.6 0.9 17.3 3.2 -0.6 IT-11.8 2.3 -1.5 28010.0 17.3 1.4b0.5 -0.4 -0.3 CY-225.3 -3.9 -3.3 22060.0 18.0 0.5 13.3 1.0 -1.6 LV-6.9 3.0 -2.5 12430.0 20.2 0.5 3.5 2.8 0.3 LT-12.8 0.5 -2.6 13360.0 19.9 0.8 -10.9 -0.9 0.9 LU-3552.1 7.1 -2.3 97300.0 17.3 1.3 16.0 2.0 0.2 HU-11.3 4.3 -3.1 11850.0 19.6 1.2 7.5 -1.7 0.7 MT207.3 -0.2 -7.8 23400.0 21.3 0.5 17.8 -4.2 0.2 NL-35.0 7.1 -0.6 42050.0 19.3 2.1 1.8 0.0 -0.2 AT-10.8 2.5 -1.9 39970.0 23.3 3.1e1.2 0.0 0.8 PL-20.7 -0.1 -1.4 11740.0 18.3 1.0 11.7 2.1 -0.7 PT-63.9 2.4 -1.6 17670.0 15.7 1.3 3.5 -0.1 0.0 RO-8.4 -1.2 -1.0 8370.0 23.0 0.5 15.5 2.7 -0.8 SI-14.8 4.5 -2.1 19210.0 17.8 2.0 8.6 3.3 -0.1 SK-14.7 0.2 -2.5 15090.0 21.7 0.8 2.0 0.4 0.0 FI10.3 -1.9 -1.4 39230.0 23.1 2.8 -8.5 2.0 0.3 SE-12.2 2.0 -0.8 46590.0 23.9 3.3e-0.3 -0.6 0.3 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2016 

42 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.8 5.2e15.6e3.4e95.2 422.2 4.3 20.7 69.7 14.7 23.7 17.5 9.0 10.0 EA77.7 6.3e15.0e3.4e95.3 404.5 4.8 21.6 69.7 14.7 22.8 17.4 7.4 10.8 BE79.6 3.2e16.2e8.9e105.7 785.4 3.7 20.3 67.7 12.2 22.2 15.5 8.4 15.2 BG34.2 12.8e20.3e11.3e86.4 348.1 5.2 20.4 67.0 22.4 41.0b22.9b33.5 11.5 CZ48.6 4.0e17.1e11.9e97.4 294.9 1.7 10.5 76.7 11.1 12.4 9.7 3.5 6.7 DK176.4 3.3e18.4e9.7e98.3 611.0i1.2b12.2b76.0b8.4b17.5 11.9 2.6 11.1 DE69.7 2.6e15.6e2.2e97.9 482.5 1.7 7.5 77.6 9.8 19.8 16.5 4.7 9.4 EE60.0 1.7e33.8e11.1e95.0 456.0 2.2 14.0 77.0 13.3 23.1 21.7 2.2 5.5 IE115.6 13.1e23.0e6.3e88.7 526.0 4.2 16.8 71.3 14.5 23.8 16.8 8.0 17.8 EL80.8 46.3e16.9e-7.5e88.9e55.7p15.4 48.2 55.9 21.9 32.6 21.2 18.4 15.7 ES86.4 5.7e13.0e5.0e88.4 273.5i9.5 44.4 63.9 18.1 28.8 22.3 8.5 14.9 FR74.1 3.6e15.0e6.5e101.1 564.9 3.1 26.0 70.7 13.6 18.7 13.6 6.7 7.8 HR48.9 10.7e19.4e8.9e89.0 219.6 6.7 30.9 61.3 19.4 23.5 19.5 7.3 11.1 IT52.5 15.0e11.5e-7.7e96.9 64.9 7.1 37.7 61.4 24.4 27.8 20.6 10.1 12.1 CY156.6 35.4e16.4e1.7e102.4 922.9 5.8 29.1 68.7 18.0 22.6 16.1 6.6 10.1 LV36.0 6.3e17.3e14.3e84.3 204.2 4.4 17.5 73.0 13.3 28.2 21.8 12.6 7.0 LT31.7 4.0e19.1e11.9e83.0 625.6 3.0 14.5 75.2 10.7 30.0 21.9 15.4 10.2 LU130.1 0.8e23.6e7.5e109.1 1369.6 2.2 18.9 70.7 6.8 19.1b15.8b2.0 6.5 HU30.5 11.9e15.9e11.7e91.2 338.1 2.3 12.7 73.7 12.0 28.6 14.5 20.6 7.7 MT76.8 4.1e17.7e8.1e104.0 2859.8e2.4 10.7 71.1 9.4 20.2 16.5 5.2 6.8 NL177.7 2.4e17.9e7.3e86.3 552.0 2.3 12.1 77.9 6.9 16.3b12.7b2.6 9.5 AT70.5 5.1e14.9e7.1e106.2 903.9 2.4 12.0 74.8 9.3 17.2 14.1 3.3 7.0 PL49.6 6.4e15.4e7.5e86.6 508.5 2.2 17.8 68.2 14.0 20.6 17.3 5.4 6.6 PT89.8 17.2e11.7e-5.5e89.4 270.4 6.4 27.8 69.5 12.7 24.9 19.0 9.1 8.5 RO26.3 9.7e17.1e10.6e80.8 456.7 3.4 25.9 60.3 24.3 46.0 25.3 35.9 6.4 SI38.2 12.3e18.5e7.8e90.6 290.6 4.3 15.3 69.5 9.3 16.9 13.9 4.1 6.0 SK56.3 4.6e16.2e9.9e94.4 423.5 6.8 23.4 71.8 15.1 17.1 12.7 7.6 6.4 FI86.6 1.4e23.1e8.7e101.8 636.9 2.9 20.5 72.4 11.2 16.5 11.6 1.2 12.1 SE122.4 1.2e22.7e11.9e118.4 796.7 1.2 18.2 80.8 6.7 17.7 16.2 0.7 7.8 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)techniqueforDK.3)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers:b=forBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize.Thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime;forLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimation,imputationandadjustment.Better coverage of certain segments of the resident population by use of Luxembourg's National Population Register; for NL, introduction of CAWI, oversampling of lower income groups, use of register information for housing costs, changes in fieldwork period, weighting, calculation of imputed rent.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2016 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.10: Auxiliary indicators, 2015 

43 

2015 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-39.5e2.7 -1.8 27800.0 20.0 2.1 6.5 1.4 0.0 EA-35.4 2.9 -1.9 31160.0 19.7 2.1 na1.2 0.0 BE51.9 1.4 -2.7 36860.0 23.2 2.4 -5.4 1.0 0.6 BG21.4 3.1 -3.8 6560.0 20.9 1.0 5.9 3.0 -1.7 CZ20.2 2.6 -2.4 16230.0 25.7 1.9 2.5 4.8 -0.3 DK6.3 7.6 0.0 47900.0 19.8 3.1 0.3 1.1 0.1 DE34.2 8.0 -1.9 37950.0 19.7 2.9 1.8 0.7 0.8 EE16.0 3.5 -1.5 16000.0 24.1 1.4 -4.4 -0.6 0.1 IE-232.0 5.7 -1.5 57980.0 24.3 1.1 74.3 21.0 0.5 EL-129.2 0.3 -2.2 16210.0p11.2 1.0 -3.3 3.6 -1.5 ES-64.4 2.7 -2.0 23440.0 18.3 1.2 3.2 1.0 -0.7 FR-29.2 -0.3 -1.8 33200.0 20.6 2.2 2.4 0.8 -0.4 HR-37.7 3.2 -3.3 10960.0 19.1 0.8 34.2 3.4 -0.2 IT-17.4 1.6 -2.0 27620.0 17.1 1.3 -2.1 0.1 -0.3 CY-281.5 -0.2 -4.0 20810.0 12.8 0.5 7.8 1.3 -1.5 LV-10.8 2.8 -3.6 12010.0 22.3 0.6 2.1 4.3 0.4 LT-13.7 0.5 -3.6 12860.0 19.6 1.0 -9.1 0.0 0.8 LU-3592.1 5.3 -2.9 95090.0 17.3 1.3 22.9 -0.8 0.6 HU-17.8 6.6 -4.1 11520.0 22.3 1.3 6.0 1.3 0.6 MT187.1 5.3 -8.3 23000.0 23.7 0.7 15.6 5.6 0.4 NL-39.0 2.0 -1.0 41270.0 21.8 2.1 3.7 1.3 -0.1 AT-11.0 1.5 -2.3 39640.0 22.9 3.1 -0.7 2.1 0.7 PL-24.0 1.3 -1.6 11390.0 20.2 1.0 10.5 2.5 -0.6 PT-72.1 1.8 -2.3 17280.0 15.7 1.3 6.6 -0.3 -0.5 RO-13.2 2.0 -0.9 8090.0 24.9 0.5 23.2 4.9 0.5 SI-19.1 5.1 -3.1 18660.0 18.9 2.2 4.7 0.7 -0.8 SK-13.9 0.9 -3.0 14820.0 24.3 1.2 0.2 3.5 -0.6 FI15.3 -0.7 -1.8 38350.0 21.4 2.9 -10.9 0.3 -0.3 SE-12.4 2.6 -0.8 46160.0 23.2 3.2 -3.2 2.7 -0.1 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2015 

44 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU79.4 6.8e14.9e4.3e93.6 371.7 4.9 22.4 68.5 15.4 24.0 17.4 9.7 10.1 EA78.2 7.2e14.6e4.5e93.7 360.3 5.4 23.1 68.7 15.3 23.0 17.3 7.9 10.9 BE79.0 3.8e16.0e10.3e105.8 780.5 4.0 22.5 67.2 13.6 21.6 14.9 7.2 15.0 BG34.3 14.5e19.9e8.0e85.1b329.3 6.3 24.7 66.5 22.2 43.3 22.0 36.8 11.5 CZ47.2 na17.1e11.3e94.4 276.0 2.4 12.6 74.8 11.8 13.0 9.7 4.5 6.8 DK180.3 3.9e17.6e6.8e97.1b510.3i1.6 12.2 75.4 8.5 18.6 12.2 3.2 11.9 DE70.0 3.0e15.4e1.7e93.6 430.3 2.1 7.7 77.0 9.3 20.0 16.7 5.7 9.5 EE59.5 2.2e34.9e6.8e95.1 380.7 2.4 14.3 76.7 12.4 23.6 21.6 3.5 6.2 IE130.1 14.9e23.2e6.8e85.6 447.2 5.3 20.2 69.8 16.5 25.4 16.2 9.4 18.8 EL83.0 46.8e16.3e-24.2e90.6e46.2p16.4 50.3 54.8 23.8 32.4 21.4 17.6 15.3 ES90.6 6.3e12.7e6.6e86.6 213.4i11.4 48.3 62.0 19.4 28.7 22.1 7.4 15.4 FR72.7 4.0e13.8e6.8e101.3 499.1 3.1 26.1 70.3 13.9 18.4 13.6 6.8 8.3 HR53.5 13.0e17.7e-6.8e93.1 168.7 10.2 42.3 60.5 19.8 24.4 20.0 8.4 12.3 IT52.5 16.5e12.3e3.1e98.1 61.4 7.4 40.3 60.2 25.8 28.4 19.9 12.1 11.2 CY168.5 36.3e16.0e-7.7e106.5b811.8 6.8 32.8 67.9 18.5 22.8 16.2 7.9 10.4 LV39.8 6.5e19.0e10.7e82.5 151.7 4.9 16.3 72.5 13.8 30.0 22.5 15.4 7.7 LT31.9 5.6e24.3e7.5e85.5 480.9 3.9 16.3 73.3 11.8 29.4 22.2 14.6 9.1 LU125.3 1.1e20.2e7.2e102.8 1580.6 1.9b17.3b70.9b7.6b18.4 15.3 2.5 5.4 HU32.7 15.2e13.9e0.3e85.1 142.9 3.0 17.1 70.9 13.1 30.6 14.9 24.1 8.8 MT78.6 5.1e18.8e6.3e103.8 1800.2e2.7 11.6 69.0 11.8 22.2 16.6 8.2 9.2 NL179.2 2.7e16.6e7.0e83.8 572.6 2.7 12.5 77.2 7.3 16.4 11.6 3.2 10.0 AT71.0 6.5e12.7e7.6e102.3 822.8 2.0 11.3 74.3 9.0 16.9 13.9 2.9 6.3 PL49.3 6.6e14.5e7.7e88.9 455.5 3.0 21.0 66.3 14.9 22.5 17.6 7.8 6.9 PT94.7 17.5e12.6e0.9e86.4 211.9 7.4 31.8 67.9 13.1 26.4 19.5 10.9 10.2 RO28.0 13.4e16.4e11.3e84.4 403.6 3.6 27.3 59.2 25.8 44.5 25.4 34.0 6.2 SI38.8 17.9e18.0e3.5e91.5 290.8 4.7 16.4 68.6 10.5 17.7 14.3 4.8 5.8 SK51.2 4.4e16.5e9.7e90.8 368.8 8.8 27.7 69.6 16.4 17.3 12.3 8.4 7.0 FI84.3 1.5e22.4e8.3e101.7b565.6 2.9 22.5 71.8 11.8 16.9 12.4 1.0 11.5 SE119.5 1.3e21.0e11.2e113.8 663.3p1.3 19.7 80.1 7.1 18.2 16.3 1.1 7.8 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:b=forBG,DKandCY,breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodology;forFI,breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodfornewdwellings(apartments);e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=changeinthesampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2015 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 3: Tables by indicator 
Table 3.1: Current account balance, % of GDP (3 year average) 

45 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 EA2.4 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 BE1.0 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 -0.7 BG1.1 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.3 -1.1 -1.5 -1.7 CZ0.0 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.0 -1.7 -2.3 -1.0 DK7.9 7.8 7.5 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.8 9.0 10.3 11.5 DE7.3 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.1 7.5 7.0 5.7 5.4 5.0 EE0.6 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.0 -1.4 -3.1 -2.7 -1.9 IE3.5 2.3 2.0 1.4 -5.1 -7.8 -5.2 4.6 9.3 10.7 EL-1.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 -3.6 -4.9 -8.0 -8.1 -8.2 ES2.0 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.3 2.1 FR-0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.7 -0.4 -1.1 -0.7 -0.8 HR0.6 1.6 2.6 2.1 2.1 0.4 0.2 -1.7 -1.0 -1.9 IT1.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 1.3 0.1 -0.2 CY-1.9 -2.7 -3.1 -4.3 -4.8 -6.4 -6.9 -7.4 -7.4 -8.3 LV-1.5 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.8 -0.4 -2.2 -4.5 -3.6 LT0.9 0.0 -0.8 0.1 1.7 3.8 4.1 0.8 -1.2 -0.6 LU4.5 5.7 6.5 7.4 7.8 7.2 6.1 5.0 5.7 5.5 HU2.0 2.4 2.7 2.1 0.5 -0.5 -2.0 -4.9 -4.5 -2.5 MT2.8 2.5 7.0 10.6 16.7 15.8 14.4 8.2 5.0 4.2 NL7.1 6.9 6.7 8.0 7.9 7.1 7.6 7.6 8.8 8.4 AT1.9 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.6 PL-2.1 -1.7 -1.2 -1.4 -1.1 0.1 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.1 PT0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 -0.2 -1.1 -0.7 0.2 RO-0.7 -1.0 -2.0 -3.3 -4.2 -4.9 -5.7 -7.3 -7.8 -8.1 SI4.3 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.6 6.8 5.7 3.3 2.4 2.8 SK0.9 -0.6 -1.8 -1.6 -2.3 -1.9 -2.9 -5.0 -5.8 -5.8 FI-1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 -1.0 -1.3 SE3.6 2.7 2.3 2.1 3.2 4.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.2 Thecurrentaccountprovidesinformationaboutthetransactionsofacountrywiththerestoftheworld.Itcoversalltransactions(otherthanthoseinfinancialitems)ingoods,services,primaryincomeandsecondaryincome,whichoccurbetweenresidentandnon-residentunits.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhethree-yearbackwardmovingaverageofthecurrentaccountbalanceexpressedinpercentageofGDP.Theindicatorisbasedonbalanceofpayments (BoP) data. Definitions are based on the Sixth Edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.2: Current account balance (% of GDP)  

46 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU2.8 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.8 0.0 1.9 2.5 EA2.9 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.4 1.8 2.7 -0.2 1.7 2.7 BE1.4 0.6 0.7 -0.9 0.1 0.9 1.8 -1.9 0.2 -0.4 BG0.0 3.0 3.2 0.7 1.7 0.4 -1.1 -2.7 -0.9 -1.6 CZ0.4 1.8 1.5 0.4 0.3 1.8 -2.1 -4.7 -0.1 1.7 DK8.0 7.1 7.3 6.3 7.4 7.2 8.6 11.2 11.0 12.2 DE8.1 8.9 8.1 8.4 7.9 6.3 6.9 3.8 5.5 5.8 EE1.5 1.0 1.7 0.6 2.0 -2.5 -3.7 -3.1 -1.2 -1.2 IE6.1 -1.2 1.1 4.3 -20.7 -7.1 12.2 8.8 7.0 16.2 EL-0.8 -1.7 -1.9 -2.9 -1.5 -6.5 -6.6 -10.7 -6.8 -7.2 ES2.0 3.1 2.8 1.9 2.1 0.8 0.8 0.4 2.7 3.2 FR-0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7 0.6 -2.1 0.3 -1.4 -1.0 0.1 HR2.5 2.1 3.3 1.0 2.1 -1.9 0.3 -3.5 0.1 -2.2 IT1.2 2.5 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.8 2.0 -1.8 0.2 1.1 CY-0.3 -4.0 -5.0 -3.9 -5.5 -9.7 -5.5 -6.9 -9.7 -8.2 LV-0.1 1.8 1.5 -0.4 -0.2 3.0 -4.1 -5.5 -3.8 -1.6 LT-2.5 -1.0 1.0 0.4 3.8 7.2 1.4 -6.1 1.1 3.2 LU5.6 7.4 6.4 8.3 8.5 4.7 5.0 5.4 6.8 4.3 HU2.1 4.4 1.8 0.3 -0.6 -1.1 -4.4 -9.1 0.0 1.6 MT2.6 -0.6 18.9 13.3 17.9 16.0 9.4 -0.8 6.3 7.1 NL4.8 7.2 8.1 8.8 6.8 5.7 10.2 6.8 9.4 9.1 AT1.6 2.6 1.3 0.8 2.4 3.4 1.7 -1.3 1.6 1.5 PL-1.3 -1.0 -1.2 -2.0 -0.3 2.4 -1.3 -2.2 1.6 0.3 PT0.5 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -2.0 0.5 2.1 RO-0.7 -2.1 -3.2 -4.6 -4.9 -5.1 -7.2 -9.6 -6.7 -8.2 SI4.1 5.3 6.8 6.5 6.4 7.3 3.5 -0.9 4.8 4.5 SK-2.1 -1.5 -1.7 -1.6 -3.5 -0.5 -4.8 -9.6 -3.0 -4.6 FI-0.9 -2.0 -0.7 -1.6 -0.1 0.4 0.3 -2.4 -0.9 -0.7 SE2.7 2.0 2.2 2.1 5.2 5.6 6.2 4.0 5.8 5.9 Thecurrentaccountprovidesinformationaboutthetransactionsofacountrywiththerestoftheworld.Itcoversalltransactions(otherthanthoseinfinancialitems)ingoods,services,primaryincomeandsecondaryincome,whichoccurbetweenresidentandnon-residentunits.TheindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDPandbasedonbalanceofpayments(BoP)data.DefinitionsarebasedontheSixthEditionoftheIMF'sBalanceofPaymentsandInternational Investment Position Manual (BPM6).Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.3: Net international investment position (% of GDP)   

47 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-21.3e-15.8e-15.4e-11.2e-8.0e-5.9e-1.3e0.5e1.8e10.3eEA-20.4 -15.0 -14.5 -10.5 -7.5 -4.9 0.1 2.4 3.9 12.2 BE45.4 54.7 56.2 34.4 46.3 48.2 63.6 49.9 52.6 58.6 BG-61.5 -47.5 -43.6 -37.7 -30.9 -23.4 -15.6 -8.7 -6.3 -4.4 CZ-32.7 -26.9 -24.7 -24.2 -19.5 -16.0 -14.9 -20.2 -14.4 -7.1 DK27.9 46.4 49.5 58.4 69.9 60.0 66.0 42.5 40.3 69.0 DE34.1 38.8 44.0 52.4 58.5 64.1 70.1 70.2 68.7 79.7 EE-39.9 -39.0 -32.7 -29.4 -22.1 -19.9 -16.4 -20.7 -19.4 -9.7 IE-197.6 -174.2 -169.7 -182.1 -188.7 -159.1 -121.1 -110.4 -103.3 -81.4 EL-136.9 -139.2 -143.0 -147.8 -152.6 -171.6 -175.6 -149.4 -145.9 -137.5 ES-87.7 -84.3 -84.4 -78.0 -72.0 -83.7 -69.2 -56.2 -49.3 -41.0 FR-18.7 -19.0 -25.6 -23.3 -28.2 -32.3 -33.5 -27.4 -31.9 -23.0 HR-81.6 -75.1 -67.7 -60.1 -52.3 -52.3 -40.4 -34.7 -26.8 -29.6 IT-19.4 -12.1 -8.9 -6.4 -3.1 -0.2 7.9 5.5 8.9 14.9 CY-152.8 -133.4 -136.6 -124.9 -113.2 -123.8 -107.5 -97.4 -92.4 -84.1 LV-61.7 -55.8 -53.0 -47.0 -41.4 -35.0 -27.9 -28.2 -25.5 -19.7 LT-43.9 -43.1 -37.6 -30.1 -23.5 -18.2 -9.9 -12.1 -4.6 -0.7 LU70.7 62.7 70.7 48.7 52.0 61.0 47.5 30.4 47.6 39.4 HU-62.9 -53.7 -50.7 -45.9 -42.9 -50.5 -49.7 -44.9 -39.2 -34.2 MT35.3 46.4 71.2 75.5 101.2 114.5 104.6 101.4 91.8 83.9 NL28.0 39.9 40.2 51.7 69.5 89.6 72.1 54.7 52.1 62.1 AT2.8 2.9 3.7 5.4 13.3 11.5 14.4 16.4 17.5 23.9 PL-60.9 -60.0 -60.7 -55.0 -49.2 -44.5 -40.6 -34.6 -31.8 -28.3 PT-119.7 -111.0 -110.7 -106.4 -99.5 -103.1 -93.0 -82.7 -72.3 -58.3 RO-54.9 -51.9 -49.9 -45.7 -44.6 -48.7 -47.3 -42.6 -41.6 -41.3 SI-31.5 -29.1 -24.4 -19.1 -16.4 -15.3 -6.8 -0.3 3.6 9.9 SK-63.5 -66.3 -67.9 -69.1 -65.6 -64.1 -59.5 -63.3 -57.8 -55.0 FI4.7 5.4 1.2 -5.0 -0.8 -3.5 2.3 0.1 12.9 24.7 SE-5.0 -1.6 -0.8 8.3 13.9 6.9 21.1 35.1 39.0 67.4 Theinternationalinvestmentposition(IIP)isastatisticalstatementthatshowsatapointintimethevalueandcompositionoffinancialassetsofresidentsofaneconomythatareclaimsonnon-residentsandgoldbullionheldasreserveassets,andliabilitiesofresidentsofaneconomytonon-residents.Thedifferencebetweenaneconomy’sexternalfinancialassetsandliabilitiesistheeconomy’snetIIP(NIIP),whichmaybepositiveornegative.TheNIIPprovidesanaggregateviewofthenetfinancialposition(assetsminusliabilities)ofacountryvis-à-vistherestoftheworld.TheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDPandbasedonbalanceofpayments(BoP) statistics. Definitions are based on the Sixth Edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6). Flags:e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.4: Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP)  

48 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-39.5e-35.3e-26.8e-25.7e-23.9e-26.2e-26.6e-20.6e-19.5e-19.1eEA-35.4 -33.2 -30.4 -29.0 -28.3 -31.0 -32.5 -25.5 -24.4 -23.7 BE51.9 52.4 44.9 34.5 37.2 34.8 36.9 26.3 28.6 28.6 BG21.4 30.1 32.3 36.0 39.9 47.2 46.6 44.4 46.5 43.9 CZ20.2 27.3 26.0 27.5 29.6 36.4 34.8 25.7 28.5 33.8 DK6.3 11.6 14.8 12.5 25.0 28.2 27.8 30.2 36.8 36.6 DE34.2 37.5 44.8 46.0 51.2 55.5 55.3 51.7 53.2 62.8 EE16.0 17.2 19.1 23.9 30.1 41.1 40.9 27.7 30.7 28.3 IE-232.0 -249.3 -257.0 -250.2 -275.5 -285.9 -308.4 -228.5 -269.7 -332.1 EL-129.2 -128.4 -128.6 -134.3 -132.2 -153.1 -154.0 -124.9 -116.5 -105.7 ES-64.4 -60.9 -57.2 -51.8 -45.7 -51.6 -39.1 -29.1 -23.3 -16.6 FR-29.2 -29.6 -31.0 -32.8 -33.2 -38.8 -35.2 -28.6 -31.7 -29.9 HR-37.7 -27.1 -18.2 -12.0 0.9 2.7 11.2 13.9 20.1 21.4 IT-17.4 -11.8 -7.5 -7.7 -2.5 -1.1 5.5 1.6 6.7 13.5 CY-281.5 -225.3 -270.1 -354.7 -333.9 -249.6 -203.0 -143.5 -80.1 -52.9 LV-10.8 -6.9 -2.9 0.7 6.5 14.9 20.4 18.9 20.4 27.4 LT-13.7 -12.8 -7.6 -2.7 5.4 14.6 22.2 21.1 26.5 33.6 LU-3592.1 -3552.1 -3730.3 -3529.3 -3954.9 -4067.9 -4571.4 -3891.2 -3850.8 -4099.2 HU-17.8 -11.3 -8.0 -3.3 -2.5 -1.7 -0.5 -4.5 -6.7 4.1 MT187.1 207.3 71.9 81.5 103.4 86.8 149.1 149.9 140.8 130.2 NL-39.0 -35.0 -15.2 -11.8 -0.4 5.2 10.7 5.0 13.2 17.0 AT-11.0 -10.8 -4.2 -6.5 -1.8 -5.1 -3.6 -5.2 -5.7 -1.8 PL-24.0 -20.7 -18.7 -14.8 -10.7 -4.5 0.6 2.4 6.1 7.0 PT-72.1 -63.9 -58.2 -54.9 -45.5 -44.5 -34.4 -27.8 -18.7 -9.1 RO-13.2 -8.4 -7.7 -5.9 -5.1 -8.1 -7.2 -6.0 -6.5 -8.4 SI-19.1 -14.8 -9.7 -1.0 0.7 1.9 10.2 16.3 19.3 23.0 SK-13.9 -14.7 -15.0 -16.5 -14.0 -14.6 -14.1 -18.7 -15.0 -12.4 FI15.3 10.3 4.8 -0.8 6.9 5.8 19.0 7.0 6.5 3.6 SE-12.4 -12.2 -9.6 -15.1 -10.5 -12.7 -0.3 -7.7 -6.4 2.0 Theindicatorisasubsetofthenetinternationalinvestmentposition(NIIP)thatabstractsfromitspureequity-relatedcomponents,i.e.foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)equityandequityshares,andfromintra-companycross-borderFDIdebt,andrepresentstheNIIPexcludinginstrumentsthatcannotbesubjecttodefault.TheindicatorisbasedonBalanceofPayments(BoP)statisticsandisdefinedastheNIIPminusnetdirectinvestmentminusnetportfolioequity. The indicator is calculated as a percentage of GDP.Flags:e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.5: Current plus capital account - Net lending-borrowing (% of GDP) 

49 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU2.7 3.1 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.8 0.6 1.8 2.4 EA2.9 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.9 3.1 0.9 2.0 2.8 BE1.4 0.7 0.8 -0.8 0.3 0.8 2.1 -1.8 0.4 -0.5 BG3.1 5.2 4.2 1.7 3.1 1.9 -0.4 -1.7 0.7 0.1 CZ2.6 2.8 2.4 0.9 0.8 2.9 -0.4 -4.1 1.0 3.5 DK7.6 7.1 7.3 6.3 7.5 7.2 8.7 11.3 10.7 11.8 DE8.0 8.9 7.9 8.3 7.7 6.0 6.8 3.3 4.9 5.2 EE3.5 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.7 -0.7 5.5 -2.7 -0.1 0.4 IE5.7 -2.8 -7.2 -11.2 -30.4 -10.2 12.5 8.6 5.4 15.7 EL0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 -4.9 -4.5 -9.2 -5.6 -7.2 ES2.7 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 3.9 4.3 FR-0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 0.7 -2.0 0.6 -1.0 -0.8 0.3 HR3.2 3.6 4.2 2.3 3.7 0.2 2.7 -1.1 2.9 -0.8 IT1.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 2.1 -1.3 1.0 1.1 CY-0.2 -3.9 -4.6 -3.3 -5.6 -9.8 -5.3 -6.8 -9.7 -8.8 LV2.8 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 4.8 -2.7 -4.7 -1.9 -0.3 LT0.5 0.5 2.2 1.8 5.4 8.9 2.9 -4.7 2.7 4.7 LU5.3 7.1 6.1 11.1 8.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 6.8 4.3 HU6.6 4.3 2.6 2.5 1.2 0.9 -2.0 -7.4 1.2 1.9 MT5.3 -0.2 20.1 15.4 20.4 18.0 10.8 0.5 7.5 8.6 NL2.0 7.1 7.8 7.6 6.5 5.6 10.3 17.4 9.2 8.9 AT1.5 2.5 1.2 0.3 2.4 3.3 1.8 -1.3 2.1 1.3 PL1.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 1.4 4.1 -0.6 -2.1 1.7 0.6 PT1.8 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.7 0.4 1.0 -1.1 2.0 3.1 RO2.0 -1.2 -1.9 -3.3 -3.7 -3.2 -5.4 -7.4 -3.9 -6.7 SI5.1 4.5 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.8 3.8 -1.1 4.8 4.6 SK0.9 0.2 -1.7 -0.7 -2.8 0.3 -3.8 -8.5 -2.6 -3.6 FI-0.7 -1.9 -0.6 -1.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 -2.4 -0.9 -0.6 SE2.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 5.4 5.7 6.2 4.1 5.8 6.0 Netlending/borrowingofacountrycorrespondstothesumoftotalcurrentandcapitalaccounts’balancesinbalanceofpayments.Itrepresentsthenetresourcesthatthetotaleconomymakesavailabletotherestoftheworld(ifitis positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative). The indicator is based on the balance of payments data. Definitions are based on the IMF's Sixth Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6). Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.6: Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP) 

50 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9 -4.0 -2.3 -1.9 EA-1.9 -1.5 -1.7 -2.1 -1.9 -1.2 -2.0 -4.3 -2.4 -1.9 BE-2.7 -2.2 -2.5 -3.4 -2.5 -1.6 -3.0 -4.1 -3.0 -2.9pBG-3.8 -2.4 -3.0 -3.4 -3.0 -2.0 -3.4 -4.4 -2.2 -2.6 CZ-2.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 -1.5 -2.4 -4.5 -2.7 -2.4 DK0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.9 -0.6 -0.4 DE-1.9 -1.5 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9 -3.3p-2.0p-1.7pEE-1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.2 -0.5 -0.3 -2.3 -1.7 -1.7 IE-1.5 -1.1 -1.1 -1.4 -1.2 -0.7 -1.2 -2.1 -1.7 -1.2 EL-2.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.5 -2.3 -1.8 -3.1 -6.1 -2.8p-2.8pES-2.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1 -1.9 -1.3 -2.2 -3.8 -2.1p-1.8pFR-1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.1 -1.8 -4.4 -2.4p-1.9pHR-3.3 -2.6 -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 -2.0 -3.8 -9.1 -4.8 -3.9pIT-2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.2 -2.0 -1.3 -2.6 -5.4 -2.9 -2.1 CY-4.0 -3.3 -4.0 -4.1 -3.9 -3.2 -4.1 -6.2 -4.2 -3.5pLV-3.6 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -2.8 -1.6 -2.6 -7.8 -3.3 -2.6 LT-3.6 -2.6 -3.0 -3.9 -3.6 -2.4 -4.7 -10.6 -3.7 -2.7 LU-2.9 -2.3 -2.7 -3.3 -3.2 -2.0 -2.8 -5.2 -3.7 -3.0 HU-4.1 -3.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.8 -2.3 -4.4 -9.9 -4.7 -3.6pMT-8.3 -7.8 -5.8 -8.2 -5.8 -5.4 -5.4 -7.7 -5.1 -6.5 NL-1.0 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 -1.2 -1.1 -1.2 -0.7 AT-2.3 -1.9 -2.2 -2.5 -2.2 -1.4 -2.4 -4.3 -2.2 -1.7 PL-1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.7 -2.3 -1.5 -2.0 -3.4 -2.6 -2.0 PT-2.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.5 -2.5 -1.7 -2.7 -4.7 -2.7 -2.1pRO-0.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 -1.2 -2.0 -2.8 -1.6 -1.6pSI-3.1 -2.1 -2.6 -3.0 -3.5 -2.0 -2.8 -3.8 -3.0 -2.2 SK-3.0 -2.5 -2.9 -3.9 -3.1 -2.1 -3.5 -6.6 -3.2 -2.5 FI-1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.0 -1.7 -0.9 -1.9 -3.6 -1.4 -1.7 SE-0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -0.7 -0.7 -1.2 -1.0 -0.7 Thetradebalanceofenergyproductsrepresents,foreachreportingentity,thedifferencebetweenexportsandimportsofgoodsunderSITCsection3,“Mineralfuels,lubricantsandrelatedmaterials”.Thepartnercoveragedependsonthereporter:extra-EUfortheEUaggregate,extra-EAfortheeuroarea,andbothintra-andextra-EUtradeforindividualMemberStates”.TheindicatorisexpressedaspercentageofGDP(accordingtoESA2010transmission programme).Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.7: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change) 

51 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-5.1 -6.3 -4.2 9.7 3.6 4.1 0.3 -0.9 3.4 3.7 EA-3.4 -4.3 -3.3 8.5 3.2 3.8 0.1 -1.0 1.5 1.7 BE-1.6 -0.3 1.0 7.0 2.8 2.4 0.6 1.8 0.0 1.6 BG-4.2 -4.7 -3.2 4.2 4.7 6.9 3.7 5.8 8.5 7.3 CZ-8.2 -3.7 5.5 11.1 8.7 5.5 5.0 13.7 24.3 14.4 DK-1.6 -1.6 -1.9 2.7 -0.2 0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.0 -0.9 DE-1.4 -2.0 -1.7 5.4 2.1 2.4 0.6 -0.4 1.9 1.6 EE5.9 4.4 3.2 7.7 5.9 4.9 1.9 8.7 15.7 16.0 IE-6.1 -6.7 -5.9 2.6 -1.3 -1.2 -2.6 -4.4 -1.3 -1.8 EL-5.6 -4.0 -2.8 3.9 0.5 0.3 -3.2 -2.4 -1.2 0.8 ES-3.1 -4.2 -2.4 4.3 1.8 1.0 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 FR-2.7 -3.0 -2.8 4.6 1.7 2.6 -0.5 -3.7 -1.8 -1.1 HR0.2 0.1 0.2 4.2 1.6 0.5 -1.5 -0.6 4.3 5.4 IT-2.3 -3.3 -2.9 3.5 0.3 0.5 -1.8 -1.8 0.7 0.0 CY-6.1 -7.3 -6.2 2.1 -0.3 -0.4 -2.4 -3.0 0.3 1.0 LV2.6 4.8 1.9 5.1 3.8 5.9 2.3 5.6 11.0 9.6 LT4.3 5.4 2.9 6.6 3.8 6.7 4.4 9.8 13.0 9.2 LU-0.6 -1.4 -0.9 3.4 2.1 1.5 0.7 -0.5 -1.5 -2.4 HU-7.2 -5.1 0.2 2.1 0.4 -5.0 -4.1 -7.9 10.3 7.3 MT-2.7 -2.8 -2.2 4.7 1.7 1.9 -1.2 -3.1 -0.5 1.5 NL-0.8 -2.2 -1.6 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.3 3.2 2.4 3.3 AT1.4 1.0 0.4 4.9 2.1 3.1 1.2 0.1 1.8 2.4 PL-1.4 -5.0 -3.4 0.2 2.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.1 9.3 17.5 PT-3.0 -1.8 -0.6 3.3 -0.2 -0.1 -2.8 -2.8 -1.4 0.6 RO2.7 -2.5 -5.5 -0.7 0.3 3.4 1.1 2.6 6.8 9.7 SI0.4 -0.5 -1.8 2.0 1.1 1.7 -0.4 -1.3 1.1 1.1 SK-1.2 -1.6 -1.9 2.5 2.6 5.3 3.1 3.8 7.5 8.3 FI2.2 0.5 -2.3 3.0 0.2 2.3 -0.7 -3.1 -1.8 -1.9 SE-8.2 -9.0 -5.4 -3.9 -8.3 -4.7 2.1 -1.3 -7.5 -9.7 Source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial AffairsRealeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMacroeconomicImbalanceProcedureisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetoapanelof42countries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflectingnotonlycompetitioninthehomemarketsofthevariouscompetitors,butalsocompetitioninexportmarketselsewhere).Apositivevaluemeansrealappreciation.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhe3-year percentage change of the real effective exchange rate based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.8: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (1 year % change) 

52 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-8.8 2.7 2.3 4.4 -3.1 2.8 0.6 -4.1 7.3 0.9 EA-7.4 2.6 1.7 4.0 -2.4 2.2 0.3 -3.4 4.8 0.5 BE-3.3 2.9 1.6 2.4 -1.2 1.2 0.6 -0.1 -0.5 2.2 BG-3.5 -0.4 0.7 3.9 0.1 2.7 0.8 2.1 5.4 -0.3 CZ-0.9 2.5 3.9 4.3 0.3 0.8 3.8 8.7 10.1 -4.4 DK-3.4 1.0 0.5 1.1 -1.8 1.6 -0.9 -1.9 1.8 -0.8 DE-4.4 1.6 1.1 2.6 -1.5 1.4 0.7 -2.5 3.8 0.4 EE0.2 1.5 1.6 4.5 -0.2 0.6 1.5 6.5 7.1 1.6 IE-7.0 1.0 0.3 1.3 -2.8 0.3 -0.2 -4.6 3.7 -0.7 EL-4.5 1.2 0.6 2.1 -2.1 0.4 -1.5 -1.3 1.6 0.4 ES-4.5 0.7 1.5 2.0 -1.7 0.7 0.6 -1.9 0.6 0.6 FR-4.7 1.3 0.6 2.6 -1.5 1.5 -0.5 -4.7 3.5 0.3 HR-1.5 1.1 0.6 2.5 -1.4 -0.5 0.5 -0.6 4.5 1.5 IT-4.4 0.9 0.7 1.9 -2.2 0.9 -0.4 -2.2 3.4 -1.2 CY-6.5 -0.2 0.5 1.7 -2.4 0.3 -0.3 -3.0 3.7 0.4 LV0.7 1.2 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.1 0.3 3.2 7.2 -0.9 LT0.5 1.9 0.4 4.1 -0.7 3.3 1.8 4.4 6.3 -1.6 LU-2.7 0.7 1.1 1.6 -0.5 0.5 0.8 -1.7 -0.5 -0.1 HU-2.4 0.8 1.8 -0.5 -0.8 -3.7 0.4 -4.7 15.3 -2.3 MT-4.8 1.4 1.3 1.9 -1.4 1.5 -1.2 -3.4 4.2 0.8 NL-3.4 1.2 0.6 1.5 0.4 1.9 0.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 AT-2.3 1.7 1.1 2.0 -1.0 2.1 0.1 -2.1 3.8 0.7 PL-2.6 -3.5 2.8 0.9 -1.0 1.1 -0.5 -0.7 10.6 7.0 PT-2.9 1.6 0.7 1.0 -1.8 0.8 -1.7 -1.9 2.2 0.3 RO-2.6 -1.3 -1.7 2.3 -0.3 1.4 0.0 1.2 5.5 2.7 SI-2.1 0.5 -0.2 1.7 -0.4 0.4 -0.4 -1.3 2.9 -0.4 SK-2.3 0.5 0.0 2.0 0.6 2.6 0.0 1.3 6.1 0.7 FI-3.1 1.2 -0.4 2.2 -1.5 1.7 -0.8 -3.9 3.0 -0.9 SE-5.5 0.8 -0.7 -4.0 -3.8 3.2 2.9 -7.0 -3.4 0.5 Source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial AffairsRealeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMIPisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetoapanelof42countries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflectingnotonlycompetition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). A positive value means appreciation in real terms. The indicator is the 1-year percentage change of REER. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.9: Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change) 

53 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU3.2 1.9 0.2 0.7 -0.2 3.8 2.5 -2.6 -3.5 -2.5 EAna3.0 2.4 2.4 1.0 2.5 1.5 -3.0 -3.8 -3.3 BE-7.8 -4.4 -2.5 6.0 0.4 3.4 8.9 1.8 -6.6 -13.9 BG3.2 3.1 8.3 13.6 9.0 3.5 9.7 17.0 15.5 6.3 CZ-0.1 4.0 2.9 7.1 2.6 1.2 -2.2 -4.6 0.6 1.3 DK-2.3 -4.4 -3.2 1.5 3.4 9.9 8.7 13.1 3.9 8.9 DE-0.9 0.0 -2.0 0.0 -3.0 -0.3 -1.8 -7.3 -7.9 -9.3 EE-6.8 -5.9 -4.7 8.5 5.5 9.5 19.2 18.3 8.1 -4.3 IE69.8 59.5 48.5 10.0 15.4 40.3 32.9 16.3 -7.6 5.2 EL-5.8 -9.9 -6.7 10.7 15.0 -12.8 -1.8 7.9 32.1 6.9 ES0.6 0.8 2.4 5.0 -0.6 -12.2 -9.5 -4.1 13.2 12.5 FR-0.3 -2.6 -3.6 -0.8 -1.8 -6.7 -6.0 -6.1 2.4 0.2 HR30.7 12.7 13.2 13.2 9.3 -11.2 2.5 9.1 36.7 17.5 IT-4.6 -3.5 -2.8 1.7 -1.9 -5.0 -3.9 -4.1 2.7 -0.8 CY5.0 8.9 12.6 16.3 14.0 23.8 31.6 33.7 20.7 15.0 LV-0.6 -0.6 -0.3 8.8 5.1 14.3 10.1 15.6 -1.9 -2.9 LT-11.5 -14.3 1.8 19.8 24.0 21.9 20.9 18.2 6.6 2.8 LU19.7 11.4 3.8 0.8 3.6 20.7 22.9 1.9 -6.1 -15.9 HU3.3 3.3 2.0 3.8 2.6 3.7 -0.9 -3.4 1.6 0.3 MT12.6 13.2 3.0 -0.2 8.6 32.1 6.5 -10.0 -10.7 13.6 NL1.0 -2.2 0.2 4.9 4.7 8.1 3.2 3.4 -4.7 -4.6 AT-3.2 -2.8 -3.0 5.2 1.9 2.6 -1.9 -4.5 -1.9 -4.1 PL7.6 7.4 11.1 16.0 14.4 19.8 15.9 12.0 7.7 5.8 PT3.9 -0.5 3.5 9.2 7.0 -7.3 -8.1 -1.8 17.0 17.3 RO20.1 11.0 9.3 16.1 9.3 7.3 5.1 3.6 6.8 2.0 SI2.0 4.4 8.3 17.0 11.6 6.2 2.7 0.9 1.0 -0.4 SK-2.4 -2.0 0.6 7.3 -0.6 3.8 -1.0 -4.2 -2.3 -4.5 FI-13.2 -12.0 -2.1 8.5 9.6 4.0 0.4 -2.9 -6.2 -7.5 SE-5.7 -4.2 -4.6 -3.6 -1.8 5.1 8.4 -1.2 -3.8 -4.8 TheindicatorshowsdevelopmentsinsharesofexportsofgoodsandservicesofEUMemberStatesinrelationtototalexportsofgoodsandservicesofOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEUMemberStates.Tocapturethestructurallossesincompetitivenessthatcanaccumulateoverlongertimeperiods,theMIPindicatoriscalculatedasthe3year%change(comparingyearYwithyearY-3).Theindicatorisbasedonthebalanceofpaymentsdatareported to Eurostat by the EU Member States. Source of data for non-EU countries is OECD.Source: Eurostat and OECD (for data on non-EU countries) 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.10: Export performance against advanced economies (1 year % change) 

54 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-0.6 1.2 -0.4 -0.0 0.2 3.6 -1.3 -4.8 2.7 -0.2 EA-0.0 1.1 1.3 -0.0 -0.3 2.9 -1.1 -4.7 2.0 -0.5 BE-8.8 5.2 1.6 -0.9 -0.3 4.6 4.4 -6.8 -4.1 -3.7 BG-4.0 6.4 5.9 0.8 2.1 0.6 6.8 8.9 -0.7 -1.7 CZ-2.4 2.7 2.8 1.6 -1.7 1.3 -1.8 -4.1 6.8 -1.1 DK-3.6 -0.3 0.7 1.1 1.6 7.0 0.1 5.7 -1.7 4.9 DE-2.4 1.0 -0.6 -0.4 -2.0 2.1 -1.9 -7.4 1.4 -3.4 EE-10.0 4.7 1.1 2.4 1.9 4.9 11.5 1.1 -4.1 -1.3 IE38.1 3.2 4.2 2.3 8.3 26.7 -3.1 -5.3 0.6 10.4 EL-8.8 -3.7 6.3 8.2 -0.0 -19.4 21.8 9.9 -1.4 -1.4 ES-3.1 4.0 1.5 -0.6 -1.5 -10.3 2.4 4.4 5.9 1.8 FR-2.2 0.1 -1.5 0.6 -1.0 -6.4 1.4 -1.2 2.2 -0.8 HR1.8 7.2 3.7 1.8 3.6 -15.8 17.5 10.3 5.5 1.0 IT-4.3 1.2 0.4 0.1 -2.4 -2.7 1.2 -2.6 4.2 -2.3 CY0.7 6.5 4.9 4.0 4.5 13.9 10.6 6.2 2.8 5.3 LV-5.2 2.0 3.1 3.5 -1.5 12.2 -0.4 3.4 -4.8 -1.4 LT-10.2 2.2 11.0 5.7 5.8 9.1 4.8 3.5 -1.6 1.0 LU3.4 1.0 -0.6 0.4 3.9 15.8 2.2 -13.9 6.8 -8.6 HU-1.5 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.5 2.9 -4.1 -2.1 8.2 -5.4 MT9.1 1.7 -7.2 5.7 10.7 12.8 -14.8 -6.4 11.9 8.4 NL-1.7 -0.9 2.9 2.9 -1.1 6.2 -1.8 -0.8 -2.2 -1.7 AT-5.2 2.4 -0.1 2.7 -0.8 0.6 -1.8 -3.4 3.3 -3.9 PL-0.2 4.5 6.5 4.2 3.1 11.5 0.8 -0.4 7.2 -1.0 PT-3.0 2.3 4.3 2.3 0.2 -9.6 1.4 7.1 7.8 1.7 RO-1.9 7.1 4.1 4.1 0.8 2.2 2.0 -0.6 5.4 -2.6 SI-3.3 4.9 6.8 4.5 0.0 1.6 1.1 -1.7 1.7 -0.3 SK-3.4 4.8 -0.6 3.1 -3.0 3.7 -1.7 -6.1 5.8 -3.9 FI-8.3 1.2 5.5 1.6 2.2 0.1 -1.9 -1.1 -3.3 -3.3 SE-2.9 0.7 -2.5 -1.8 2.5 4.3 1.3 -6.5 1.5 0.3 Source: Eurostat and OECD (for data on non-EU countries)TheindicatorshowsdevelopmentsinsharesofexportsofgoodsandservicesofEUMemberStatesinrelationtototalexportsofgoodsandservicesofOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEUMemberStates.Thedataarepresentedas the 1 year % change. The indicator is based on the balance of payments data reported to Eurostat by the EU Member States. Source of data for non-EU countries is OECD. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.11: Nominal unit labour cost index per hour worked (3 year % change) 

55 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU1.3 0.9 1.6 3.4 4.5 7.3 5.7 7.6 10.6 15.7 EA2.0 1.5 1.6 3.3 4.5 7.6 5.5 7.0 9.7 14.6 BE1.0 -0.6 1.6 3.6 4.5 4.1 5.1 9.5 15.0 15.1pBG17.3 11.2 15.9 21.0 19.1 17.9 13.9 23.9 27.1 37.7 CZ0.8 4.3 7.0 14.2 14.3 18.1 14.8 17.0 18.4 20.3 DK2.5 1.8 0.9 0.9 2.3 5.6 3.8 9.1 9.5 11.6 DE5.7 4.7 4.3 5.6 7.5 9.7 5.8 6.6p11.0p17.9pEE13.5 12.6 12.4 15.4 16.7 17.5 11.2 20.0 32.4 40.4 IE-19.6 -15.5 -14.2 -1.0 -3.6 -8.3 -11.2 -11.0 9.9 20.6 EL-12.3 -7.4 -5.2 -2.6 -2.5 4.6 4.2 5.4 0.3p7.6pES-0.6 -0.9 -0.5 1.2 6.3 12.8 13.0 10.1 9.4p11.4pFR2.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 0.8 4.3 3.9 9.5 8.9p11.4pHR-4.3 -3.4 -1.7 2.0 4.5 13.3 4.5 10.8 13.8 31.8pIT1.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 2.9 5.0 3.5 2.8 4.2 8.5 CY-10.7 -9.6 -5.2 -0.7 6.8 9.3 3.8 2.4 7.5 13.7pLV16.9 14.7 14.0 13.1 16.0 17.4 11.3 16.1 20.7 32.2 LT10.1 13.2 14.6 14.4 15.0 15.2 17.5 27.2 37.1 36.2 LU5.8 2.7 5.9 8.6 12.9 10.7 7.5 14.2 21.0 24.2pHU0.2 4.6 8.7 10.9 11.9 14.1 14.8 25.4 36.6 47.6pMT1.1 4.9 1.0 8.3 9.1 21.7 8.8 13.7 3.8 13.6 NL-0.3 0.2 0.8 4.5 6.5 13.2 8.6 8.0 9.8p18.3pAT5.9 4.8 4.2 5.1 5.6 11.9 8.7 8.8 10.1 19.6 PL0.5 2.3 3.8 6.1 7.1b12.6b12.4b17.3 25.1 30.7pPT0.7 0.3 3.5 6.7 9.2 15.5 12.5 11.7 12.5 17.8pRO4.1 12.3 18.0 29.9 24.5 21.7 15.8 19.1 30.2 51.0pSI-0.6 1.7 3.2 6.0 7.7 14.5 12.0 14.0 14.8 20.4 SK1.9 3.6 7.9 11.7 14.8 14.0 10.2 12.0 17.3 23.3 FI3.2 0.7 -3.5 -1.7 1.1 5.1 6.3 9.8 14.6 10.7 SE2.9 3.3 4.6 8.9 7.7 7.9 4.5 8.0 11.8 15.6 1) 2020-2021: b = the flag is inherited from the corresponding break in 2019 as part of the three-year change calculation for PL.Source: EurostatThenominalunitlabourcost(NULC)indexisdefinedastheratiooflabourcosttolabourproductivity,wherelabourcostistheratioofcompensationofemployees(currentprices)tohoursworkedbyemployees,andlabourproductivityistheratioofgrossdomesticproduct(atmarketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2015)tototalhoursworked.Dataonemploymentarepresentedaccordingtothedomesticconceptusedinnational accounts. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the 3-year percentage change. Input data are obtained from the official national accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.12: Nominal unit labour cost index per hour worked (1 year % change) 

56 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU-0.1 0.7 0.9 1.8 1.7 3.7 0.2 3.5 6.6 4.8 EA0.2 0.7 0.6 1.9 1.9 3.6 0.0 3.3 6.2 4.5 BE-0.6 0.4 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.2 5.6 6.5 2.4pBG2.6 3.2 9.5 7.1 1.6 8.4 3.4 10.5 11.2 12.1 CZ-0.2 3.3 3.8 6.6 3.4 7.2 3.6 5.4 8.4 5.3 DK1.4 -0.4 0.0 1.3 1.0 3.2 -0.4 6.2 3.5 1.5 DE1.9 1.3 1.1 3.1 3.0 3.3 -0.6 3.8p7.6p5.6pEE4.2 4.1 3.6 7.0 5.3 4.4 1.3 13.5 15.1 7.4 IE-15.0 4.9 -3.7 -1.9 2.1 -8.4 -5.0 2.3 13.1 4.3 EL-4.0 -1.2 -0.1 -1.4 -1.0 7.2 -1.7 0.1 2.0p5.4pES-0.1 -0.7 0.3 1.6 4.4 6.4 1.7 1.7 5.7p3.5pFR0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 -0.9 4.4 0.4 4.5 3.8p2.7pHR0.0 -1.9 0.2 3.7 0.5 8.7 -4.4 6.6 11.6 10.8pIT0.6 0.1 -0.1 1.5 1.5 1.9 0.1 0.8 3.3 4.3 CY-3.4 -3.0 1.2 1.2 4.4 3.5 -3.9 3.0 8.6 1.6pLV5.5 4.0 3.9 4.7 6.7 5.1 -0.8 11.3 9.3 8.7 LT4.5 5.5 4.0 4.3 6.1 4.1 6.3 14.9 12.2 5.6 LU1.8 -1.2 5.2 4.4 2.7 3.2 1.4 9.1 9.4 4.1pHU0.5 3.7 4.3 2.6 4.7 6.3 3.2 14.4 15.8 11.5pMT0.1 4.5 -3.5 7.3 5.4 7.6 -4.1 10.2 -1.7 4.9 NL-1.0 1.2 0.6 2.7 3.1 6.9 -1.4 2.6 8.6p6.2pAT1.6 1.5 1.1 2.4 2.0 7.2 -0.6 2.2 8.4 8.0 PL-0.5 2.6 1.6 1.7 3.6b6.9 1.5 8.1 13.9 6.1pPT0.6 0.9 1.9 3.7 3.2 7.9 1.0 2.5 8.6 5.8pRO-2.7 11.8 8.5 7.0 7.2 6.1 1.8 10.3 15.9 18.0pSI0.1 2.5 0.7 2.7 4.1 7.0 0.5 6.0 7.8 5.3 SK0.3 2.7 4.7 3.8 5.6 4.0 0.3 7.4 8.8 5.5 FI0.8 -1.0 -3.2 2.7 1.8 0.6 3.8 5.1 5.0 0.2 SE-0.3 2.1 2.8 3.8 1.0 3.0 0.5 4.3 6.7 3.9 Thenominalunitlabourcost(NULC)indexisdefinedastheratiooflabourcosttolabourproductivity,wherelabourcostistheratioofcompensationofemployees(currentprices)tohoursworkedbyemployees,andlabourproductivityistheratioofgrossdomesticproduct(atmarketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2015)tototalhoursworked.Dataonemploymentarepresentedaccordingtothedomesticconceptusedinnational accounts. Input data are obtained from the official national accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.13: Real GDP per capita (EUR)   

57 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU27800.0 28280.0 29040.0 29590.0 30090.0 28450.0b30280.0 31160.0 31150.0 31380.0 EA31160.0 31630.0 32410.0 32920.0 33370.0 31320.0 33320.0 34370.0 34310.0 34480.0 BE36860.0 37110.0 37510.0 38040.0 38760.0 36740.0 38880.0 40100.0 40440.0 40650.0pBG6560.0 6840.0 7130.0 7390.0 7780.0 7610.0 8260.0 8660.0 8830.0 9140.0 CZ16230.0 16640.0 17490.0 17960.0 18570.0 17670.0 18380.0 18450.0 18260.0 18450.0 DK47900.0 48970.0 50150.0 50830.0 51500.0 50470.0 53520.0 53290.0 53230.0 54820.0 DE37950.0 38550.0 39540.0 39930.0 40300.0 38670.0 40250.0 40710.0p39990.0p39680.0pEE16000.0 16460.0 17390.0 17990.0 18580.0 17990.0 19450.0 19190.0 18200.0 18070.0 IE57980.0 57990.0 62950.0 66830.0 69060.0 73020.0 83930.0 88360.0 84560.0 85320.0 EL16210.0p16270.0p16540.0p16920.0p17320.0p15760.0p17220.0p18270.0p18720.0p19140.0pES23440.0 24100.0 24750.0 25230.0 25520.0 22610.0 24120.0 25420.0 25740.0p26350.0pFR33200.0 33360.0 33920.0 34320.0 34880.0 32170.0 34230.0 35030.0 35440.0p35770.0pHR10960.0 11480.0 12040.0 12550.0 13070.0 12100.0 13750.0 14820.0 15370.0 15910.0pIT27620.0 28010.0 28510.0 28810.0 29000.0 26560.0 29080.0 30550.0 30860.0 31090.0pCY20810.0 22060.0 23130.0 24300.0 25390.0 24240.0 26600.0 28270.0 28740.0 29400.0pLV12010.0 12430.0 12970.0 13630.0 13820.0 13430.0 14480.0 14750.0 14640.0 14770.0 LT12860.0 13360.0 14150.0 14970.0 15710.0 15720.0 16740.0 17010.0 16900.0 17310.0 LU95090.0 97300.0 96460.0 96110.0 96730.0 94770.0 99760.0 96540.0 94830.0 93670.0pHU11520.0 11850.0 12380.0 13100.0 13780.0 13210.0 14230.0 14860.0 14760.0 14880.0pMT23000.0 23400.0 25710.0 26600.0 26570.0 25120.0 28330.0 28280.0 30070.0 31230.0 NL41270.0 42050.0 42970.0 43680.0 44390.0 42440.0 44870.0 46670.0 45930.0p46130.0pAT39640.0 39970.0 40620.0 41430.0 41970.0 39140.0 40910.0 42610.0 41910.0 41420.0 PL11390.0 11740.0 12340.0 13120.0 13720.0 13720.0b14750.0 15190.0b15290.0 15800.0 PT17280.0 17670.0 18280.0 18830.0 19310.0 17680.0 18620.0 19800.0 20200.0 20410.0pRO8090.0 8370.0 9100.0 9650.0 10080.0 9760.0 10390.0 10880.0 11120.0 11220.0pSI18660.0 19210.0 20190.0 21010.0 21570.0 20560.0 22230.0 22810.0 23230.0 23560.0 SK14820.0 15090.0 15500.0 16110.0 16450.0 16010.0 16970.0b17010.0 17370.0 17700.0 FI38350.0 39230.0 40430.0 40860.0 41370.0 40270.0 41270.0 41470.0 40930.0 40780.0 SE46160.0 46590.0 46800.0 47080.0 47790.0 46550.0 48690.0 48780.0 48350.0 48600.0 Theindicatoriscalculatedastheratioofrealgrossdomesticproducttotheaveragepopulationofaspecificyear.GDPmeasuresthevalueoftotalfinaloutputofgoodsandservicesproducedbyaneconomywithinacertainperiod of time.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.14: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)   

58 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU20.0 20.2 20.5 20.9 22.0 21.9 21.8 22.0 22.1 21.2 EA19.7 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.9 21.9 21.1 BE23.2 23.5 23.5 23.8 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.9 24.2 24.2pBG20.9 18.4 18.3 18.8 18.7 19.0 16.3 17.0 18.7 18.3 CZ25.7 24.3 23.7 24.8 25.8 25.5 26.2 27.7 27.9 26.5 DK19.8 21.0 21.2 21.8 21.4 22.2 23.2 23.1 23.5 23.3 DE19.7 20.0 20.1 20.8 21.2 21.3 21.2 21.6p21.2p20.5pEE24.1 23.9 25.4 26.6 26.6 31.2 30.0 25.2 25.4 23.9 IE24.3 34.1 32.5 27.9 53.2 41.4 22.1 21.1 24.9 17.3 EL11.2 11.4 12.0 11.3 11.0 12.3 13.8 15.7 15.9p16.0pES18.3 18.2 18.9 19.7 20.3 20.6 20.2 20.5 20.5p20.3pFR20.6 20.9 21.4 21.9 22.4 22.4 23.5 23.5 22.8p22.1pHR19.1 19.6 19.5 20.0 21.9 22.4 20.9 21.7 24.7 25.2pIT17.1 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.1 18.2 20.8 21.8 22.7 22.2 CY12.8 18.0 20.8 18.6 18.7 20.8 19.2 20.4 22.0 20.5pLV22.3 20.2 21.5 22.9 22.7 23.0 22.9 23.3 24.0 22.4 LT19.6 19.9 20.1 20.7 21.2 21.4 22.5 22.4 23.8 22.4 LU17.3 17.3 17.8 16.2 18.0 17.2 18.1 16.6 16.1 15.4 HU22.3 19.6 22.3 24.9 27.1 26.4 27.3 27.5 25.4 23.1pMT23.7 21.3 18.7 19.1 20.1 19.9 22.3 24.9 19.1 18.5 NL21.8 19.3 19.8 20.0 20.9 21.3 20.7 20.5 20.3 19.8 AT22.9 23.3 23.8 24.3 25.1 25.1 25.9 25.2 24.7 23.5 PL20.2 18.3 17.5 18.8 19.1 18.4 16.9 16.4 17.9 17.0 PT15.7 15.7 17.1 17.8 18.4 19.5 20.5 20.6 20.5 20.4pRO24.9 23.0 22.9 21.2 23.3 23.5 24.5 25.1 26.5 25.3pSI18.9 17.8 18.5 19.5 19.8 19.0 20.2 22.0 21.6 20.9 SK24.3 21.7 21.3 21.3 21.7 19.8 19.6 20.9 21.1 20.4 FI21.4 23.1 23.7 24.6 24.4 24.7 24.4 24.7 23.3 22.0 SE23.2 23.9 24.6 24.6 23.8 24.5 25.1 25.6 25.4 25.1 Grossfixedcapitalformation(GFCF)consistsofresidentproducers'acquisitions,lessdisposals,offixedassetsduringagivenperiodpluscertainadditionstothevalueofnon-producedassetsrealisedbytheproductiveactivityofproducerorinstitutionalunits.GFCFincludesacquisitionlessdisposalsof,e.g.buildings,structures,machineryandequipment,mineralexploration,computersoftware,literaryorartisticoriginalsandmajorimprovementstolandsuch as the clearance of forests. Input data are obtained from the official national accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme. Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.15: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)  

59 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU2.1 2.1e2.1 2.2e2.2e2.3e2.2e2.2e2.3enaEA2.1 2.1e2.2 2.2e2.2 2.3e2.3 2.3e2.3 naBE2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4pBG1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8pCZ1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8pDK3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0p3.0 2.8p2.9 3.1 3.0pDE2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1pEE1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 naIE1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5be1.5 1.4pEL1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5pES1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 naFR2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2pHR0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 IT1.3 1.4b1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4pCY0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7pLV0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 LT1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0pLU1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0pHU1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5b1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4d1.4d1.3dMT0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 NL2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2b2.3 2.3pAT3.1 3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.2e3.3 3.2e3.3 3.3pPL1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4pPT1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7pRO0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5pSI2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 naSK1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 FI2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 SE3.2 3.3e3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 1) 2024: For EU, EA, EE, ES and SI, the data were not available on 31 October 2025.Source: EurostatResearchandexperimentaldevelopment(R&D)comprisecreativeandsystematicworkundertakeninordertoincreasethestockofknowledge–includingknowledgeofhumankind,cultureandsociety–andtodevisenewapplications of available knowledge (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 and OECD Frascati Manual, 2015 edition, § 2.5).Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.16: Export market share - % of world exports (3 year % change) 

60 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU6.5 6.6 3.0 -0.4 -1.5 2.3 -1.2 -7.4 -4.9 -1.9 EAna7.9 5.1 1.6 -0.3 1.7 -1.5 -7.2 -4.9 -2.8 BE-5.4 -0.5 -0.3 5.8 -0.6 2.9 6.5 -1.6 -7.4 -13.8 BG5.9 7.3 10.7 13.4 7.9 3.0 7.3 13.0 14.6 6.5 CZ2.5 8.2 5.2 6.9 1.6 0.7 -4.3 -7.9 -0.2 1.4 DK0.3 -0.5 -1.1 1.3 2.3 9.3 6.4 9.3 3.1 9.0 DE1.8 4.1 0.2 -0.2 -4.0 -0.8 -4.0 -10.4 -8.6 -9.2 EE-4.4 -2.1 -2.6 8.2 4.5 9.0 16.6 14.3 7.2 -4.2 IE74.3 66.0 51.8 9.8 14.3 39.6 30.0 12.3 -8.4 5.4 EL-3.3 -6.2 -4.6 10.5 13.9 -13.3 -4.0 4.2 31.1 7.0 ES3.2 4.9 4.6 4.8 -1.6 -12.6 -11.5 -7.3 12.3 12.7 FR2.4 1.3 -1.5 -1.0 -2.8 -7.2 -8.0 -9.3 1.6 0.4 HR34.2 17.3 15.7 12.9 8.2 -11.7 0.3 5.4 35.6 17.7 IT-2.1 0.5 -0.6 1.5 -2.9 -5.4 -6.0 -7.4 1.9 -0.7 CY7.8 13.3 15.0 16.0 12.9 23.2 28.7 29.2 19.8 15.1 LV2.1 3.5 1.9 8.5 4.0 13.8 7.7 11.7 -2.7 -2.7 LT-9.1 -10.9 4.1 19.6 22.8 21.3 18.3 14.2 5.8 2.9 LU22.9 16.0 6.1 0.6 2.6 20.1 20.2 -1.6 -6.8 -15.8 HU6.0 7.5 4.2 3.5 1.6 3.1 -3.0 -6.6 0.8 0.4 MT15.6 17.8 5.3 -0.4 7.6 31.4 4.2 -13.0 -11.4 13.7 NL3.7 1.8 2.4 4.7 3.7 7.5 0.9 -0.1 -5.5 -4.5 AT-0.7 1.2 -0.8 5.0 0.9 2.1 -4.0 -7.7 -2.7 -3.9 PL10.5 11.7 13.6 15.7 13.3 19.2 13.4 8.2 6.8 5.9 PT6.6 3.5 5.8 8.9 5.9 -7.8 -10.1 -5.2 16.1 17.5 RO23.2 15.5 11.7 15.8 8.2 6.8 2.8 0.1 6.0 2.1 SI4.7 8.6 10.7 16.8 10.5 5.7 0.5 -2.5 0.2 -0.3 SK0.2 2.0 2.8 7.1 -1.6 3.3 -3.2 -7.4 -3.0 -4.3 FI-10.9 -8.5 0.1 8.3 8.5 3.5 -1.8 -6.1 -6.9 -7.4 SE-3.2 -0.3 -2.5 -3.8 -2.8 4.5 6.0 -4.5 -4.6 -4.7 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services)The export market share is calculated by dividing the exports (goods and services) of the country by the total exports of the region/world. The total world export data are based on International Monetary Fund (IMF) data. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.17: Labour productivity per hour worked (1 year % change)   

61 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU1.4 0.3 1.8 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.4 -0.8 0.2 EA1.2 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.6 2.1 0.3 -0.1 -1.3 -0.2 BE1.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.9 3.7 -1.7 -0.5 0.9 1.3pBG3.0 2.6 1.0 2.4 5.2 1.0 7.0 3.1 -1.8 4.4 CZ4.8 0.2 3.6 1.2 3.7 3.3 0.1 -1.5 -1.7 -0.6 DK1.1 1.0 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.7 0.5 -3.2 0.3 3.0 DE0.7 1.4 2.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.6 0.3p-1.2p-0.3pEE-0.6 2.6 2.8 6.4 3.2 3.3 8.9 -4.2 -6.0 -0.6 IE21.0 -3.8 5.4 3.8 1.7 18.2 8.1 -1.4 -4.2 0.5 EL3.6 -3.7 1.8 -3.1 2.4 3.0 -3.2 -0.1 0.1p0.8pES1.0 0.4 0.7 -0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.5 1.2 -0.2p1.2pFR0.8 -0.1 1.9 0.1 0.5 0.2 -1.4 -1.5 0.0p0.0pHR3.4 3.2 0.9 2.8 1.6 -6.2 11.1 6.0 1.4 -0.7pIT0.1 -0.4 0.5 -0.2 0.4 3.3 -1.2 0.5 -2.1 -1.4 CY1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.7 2.1 2.7 3.0 0.7 1.6pLV4.3 2.8 4.3 1.5 -1.3 2.8 6.5 -0.3 -1.0 0.9 LT0.0 -0.9 7.7 3.1 4.0 6.1 3.5 -2.7 -1.6 0.3 LU-0.8 2.0 -1.5 -1.2 -0.4 5.2 -2.2 -4.0 -1.5 -0.7pHU1.3 -1.7 3.2 4.6 4.3 1.3 2.8 1.9 0.2 0.4pMT5.6 -4.2 8.6 -1.1 -4.8 1.4 9.7 -2.7 3.5 3.2 NL1.3 0.0 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 0.4 1.6 1.1 -1.9p-0.2pAT2.1 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 2.7 0.0 2.7 -1.4 -0.8 PL2.5 2.1 4.9 7.1 1.6b-1.3 1.2 4.6 0.8 5.0pPT-0.3 -0.1 0.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.8 -1.7 1.3pRO4.9 2.7 7.0 5.2 2.9 1.0 0.9 4.6 4.4 -2.9pSI0.7 3.3 4.2 2.3 1.1 0.9 3.0 -1.3 2.3 -0.7 SK3.5 0.4 2.2 2.6 1.9 6.9 5.6 -3.0 0.9 1.7 FI0.3 2.0 3.1 -1.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 -1.7 -1.0 1.3 SE2.7 -0.6 0.2 0.1 2.9 1.3 2.6 -1.8 -1.2 1.1 Thelabourproductivityistheratioofgrossdomesticproduct(marketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2015)tototalhoursworked(domesticconcept).TheGDPperhourworkedgivesanindicationofhowmucheconomicproductionactivitycanbeattributedtoeachhourworkedintheeconomy.Inputdataareobtainedfromtheofficialnationalaccounts'countrydata,throughESA2010transmissionprogramme.Theindicatorisexpressed as 1-year percentage change.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.18: Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area   

62 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.3 EA0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 BE0.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 -0.2 0.0 1.0 0.5 BG-1.7 -1.8 -1.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 -0.1 3.7 4.0 0.3 CZ-0.3 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 2.4 2.1 8.1 4.4 1.2 DK0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 -0.7 0.3 -0.4 -1.6 DE0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.4 EE0.1 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.4 -0.7 1.3 6.3 3.8 2.3 IE0.5 -0.2 -0.8 -0.7 -0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.6 -0.5 -0.6 EL-1.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.2 -1.9 -2.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 ES-0.7 -0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -0.2 -0.8 0.0 FR-0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -1.0 -0.5 HR-0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 3.6 3.9 1.9 IT-0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.4 -0.6 CY-1.5 -1.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1.5 -0.1 1.0 -1.1 -0.2 LV0.4 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.2 0.4 3.6 3.5 0.9 LT0.8 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.0 6.5 4.6 0.4 LU0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.1 -0.3 HU0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 6.7 9.1 3.1 MT0.4 0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.7 1.8 0.0 -0.7 NL-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.8 1.2 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.3 AT0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.1 2.4 1.1 PL-0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.8 0.9 3.6 3.3 5.8 4.3 1.1 PT-0.5 0.0 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.9 -1.2 1.0 0.4 -0.1 RO0.5 -0.8 -0.8 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.2 2.0 4.7 5.5 SI-0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.8 0.1 -0.6 1.9 1.7 0.0 SK-0.6 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.9 4.3 4.5 1.4 FI-0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 SE-0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.6 0.4 Thecoreinflationdifferentialvis-à-vistheeuroareaisanannualdataindicatormeasuringtheHICPannualaveragerateofchangeoftheall-itemsexcludingenergy,food,alcoholandtobacco(TOT_X_NRG_FOOD)aggregateoftheEUmemberstatesincomparisontotheeuroarea.ItiscalculatedinpercentagepointsbysubtractingtheeuroareaannualaverageTOT_X_NRG_FOODrateofchangefromtheoneoftherespectivememberstate.Itisalsomeasured for the European fixed country composition aggregates – EU27 and EA20 – being by definition equal to 0.0 for the latter. 1) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.19: General government gross debt (% of GDP) 

63 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU85.1 84.1 81.5 79.5 77.5 89.5 86.7 82.3 80.5 80.7 EA91.0 89.9 87.5 85.5 83.6 96.5 93.8 89.3 87.0 87.1 BE105.7 105.8 102.6 100.2 97.7 111.4 108.7 103.4 102.4 103.9 BG25.9 29.1 25.1 22.2 20.1 24.5 23.8 22.5 22.9 23.8 CZ39.5 36.2 33.8 31.7 29.6 36.9 40.7 42.5 42.2 43.3 DK44.6 41.7 40.2 38.5 38.3 45.2 39.6 33.3 33.0 30.5 DE71.2 68.3 64.0 60.8 58.7 68.0 67.9 64.4 62.3 62.2 EE10.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 9.0 19.1 18.4 19.2 20.2 23.5 IE74.0 72.7 65.2 61.3 55.8 56.9 52.4 42.9 41.8 38.3 EL179.6 183.1 182.1 189.0 183.2 209.4 197.3 177.8 164.3 154.2 ES102.5 102.0 101.2 99.8 97.7 119.3 115.7 109.3 105.2 101.6 FR97.0 98.1 98.8 98.5 98.2 114.9 112.8 111.4 109.8 113.2 HR82.8 79.3 76.2 72.8 70.9 86.5 78.2 68.5 60.9 57.4 IT134.8 134.2 133.7 134.2 133.9 154.4 145.8 138.4 133.9 134.9 CY111.6 106.9 96.5 100.7 92.3 113.6 96.5 80.3 71.1 62.8 LV38.3 41.7 40.3 38.3 37.9 44.0 45.9 44.4 44.4 46.6 LT42.4 39.8 39.1 33.3 35.6 45.9 43.3 38.3 37.1 38.0 LU21.1 19.6 21.8 20.9 22.3 24.5 24.2 24.9 24.7 26.3 HU75.7 74.6 72.0 68.8 65.0 78.7 76.2 74.1 73.2 73.5 MT55.0 53.1 45.6 41.4 39.3 48.8 49.8 50.3 47.0 46.2 NL63.8 60.9 56.0 51.6 47.7 53.4 50.5 48.4 45.8 43.7 AT85.6 83.4 79.1 74.6 71.0 83.2 82.4 78.1 77.8 79.9 PL51.1 54.1 50.4 48.2 45.2 56.6 53.0 48.8 49.5 55.1 PT131.0 131.2 126.0 121.1 116.1 134.1 123.9 111.2 96.9 93.6 RO37.7 37.8 35.3 34.6 35.2 46.9 48.6 48.1 49.3 54.8 SI83.4 79.4 74.9 71.0 66.0 80.2 74.8 72.8 68.3 66.6 SK51.6 52.1 51.4 49.3 48.0 58.4 60.2 57.8 55.8 59.7 FI68.8 68.6 66.6 65.4 65.3 75.3 73.1 74.0 77.1 82.5 SE44.8 43.2 41.9 40.2 36.0 40.4 37.2 34.1 32.0 34.0 Source: EurostatThegovernmentdebtisdefinedastotalgrossdebtatnominal(face)valueoutstandingattheendoftheyearandconsolidatedbetweenandwithinthegeneralgovernment(asdefinedinthecurrentProtocol12,annexedtothe2012consolidatedversionoftheTreatyontheFunctioningoftheEuropeanUnion).ThisdefinitionissupplementedbyCouncilRegulation(EC)No479/2009,asamendedbytheCommissionRegulation(EU)No220/2014.ThestockofgovernmentdebtintheExcessiveDeficitProcedure(EDPdebt)isequaltothesumofliabilities,attheendofyear,ofallunitsclassifiedwithinthegeneralgovernment(S.13)intheinstrumentscurrencyanddeposits(F.2),debt securities (F.3) and loans (F.4). The MIP Scoreboard indicator is expressed in % of GDP. Data source from Government finance statistics. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.20: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDP)  

64 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU58.4 58.0 57.4 56.9 56.7 60.7 58.1 54.6 51.5 49.9pEA58.3 57.8 57.3 57.0 56.9 61.1 58.6 55.8 52.6 51.1pBE58.1 58.5 59.1 59.2 60.4 64.9 62.6 59.3 56.6 56.3pBG23.2 22.6 22.6 23.0 23.1 24.2 23.7 22.4 23.6 25.6 CZ30.0 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.0 33.2 33.9 31.9 30.7 30.6 DK118.7 116.9 113.8 112.3 110.8 112.1 102.5 85.1 88.4 85.8 DE52.6 52.3 51.9 51.6 52.5 56.0 55.2 53.1p50.6p49.7pEE39.0 39.2 38.5 37.7 37.5 39.9 38.0 36.5 36.7 38.1 IE56.8 52.3 52.4 46.7 35.0 33.0 28.2 26.7 25.6 23.8 EL63.2 61.3 58.2 58.5 55.4 58.7 54.7 45.1 40.9p39.0pES67.6 64.1 60.9 58.6 56.5 62.1 57.2 51.4 46.1p43.7pFR56.9 58.1 59.4 60.9 62.3 68.2 66.4 65.9 62.5p60.5pHR38.7 35.7 34.7 34.5 35.1 38.7 35.0 31.7 29.6 30.2pIT41.6 41.1 40.8 40.8 41.1 44.8 42.1 40.0 36.9 36.0 CY128.1 117.8 106.1 96.6 86.6 89.1 79.8 69.0 62.3 57.4pLV27.0 24.9 23.6 21.2 20.5 20.7 20.3 19.2 18.2 19.4 LT22.2 22.8 22.4 22.4 22.8 24.0 23.3 21.9 21.1 21.9 LU59.0 60.5 62.5 65.6 67.1 68.8 65.9 67.5 63.2 61.6 HU21.4 20.3 18.7 17.7 18.4 20.7 20.9 18.6 16.8 17.1pMT49.6 49.1 50.8 51.1 54.2 58.1 53.4 53.3 48.1 46.8 NL117.9 116.8 114.7 111.9 108.4 113.4 107.9 100.5 96.0 93.2pAT51.3 51.0 50.2 49.5 49.4 52.8 51.7 48.2 44.6 42.8 PL35.8 36.5 34.8 34.6 34.0 34.3 31.9 26.2 23.6 22.7 PT76.0 71.6 68.4 65.4 62.9 68.3 66.0 60.3 54.1 52.5pRO17.4 17.0 16.3 15.7 15.4 16.1 15.8 14.1 12.7 12.5pSI27.8 27.5 27.3 27.1 26.9 27.9 26.4 25.9 23.9 24.2 SK34.2 38.1 40.7 42.2 43.4 46.1 46.3 47.0 43.8 43.3 FI63.6 64.6 64.8 65.6 66.2 69.7 68.8 66.6 64.7 63.9 SE83.0 86.1 88.2 89.0 89.0 94.1 93.0 89.9 85.5 83.6 Thehouseholddebtindicatoristhestockofliabilitiesheldbyhouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholddebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.nottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andtheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDP.Definitionsregarding sector and instruments are based on ESA 2010.Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.21: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (Million units of national currency)   

65 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU7189827.5 7330150.7 7557633.7 7754904.4 8004408.6 8244957.7 8600829.2 8832092.9 8887802.2 8988118.1pEA6219157.1 6330948.0 6518495.8 6693930.1 6902835.8 7095100.7 7400721.2 7681707.1 7707132.6 7789693.4pBE241302.2 250505.6 261930.9 272163.9 289675.1 300974.7 316683.3 332901.8 340774.1 349027.0 BG20812.1 21587.9 23156.7 25237.3 27649.0 29266.5 33130.1 37713.6 43577.1 52520.6 CZ1395031.0 1493328.0 1608506.0 1718744.0 1826985.0 1936875.0 2137774.0 2247049.0 2347877.0 2469388.0 DK2410842.0 2456236.0 2492087.0 2519658.0 2553255.0 2607721.0 2616004.0 2410704.0 2464836.0 2510267.0 DE1622955.0 1671254.0 1728853.0 1771761.0 1857514.0 1930957.0 2031681.0 2119310.0 2136209.0 2149491.0 EE8197.1 8687.6 9366.7 9966.4 10688.1 11106.4 11939.5 13262.4 14068.8 15174.3 IE154786.0 144346.0 161592.0 156368.0 127243.0 125898.0 126356.0 138820.0 134137.0 133792.0 EL110848.5 106958.6 103247.2 105621.7 102657.7 98377.8 100880.9 93353.3 91843.0 92264.4 ES735011.0 719782.0 711993.0 710497.0 708638.0 701674.0 706360.0 706791.0 690550.0 696295.0 FR1252914.0 1297213.0 1362207.0 1433641.0 1516406.0 1581169.0 1665553.0 1747837.0 1767148.0 1767796.0pHR17785.3 16959.3 17234.3 18017.4 19247.8 19618.9 20391.9 21450.8 23455.7 25904.1 IT692487.0 700822.0 710984.0 724777.0 741256.0 748900.0 776477.0 798720.0 790524.0 791606.0 CY22993.0 22388.8 21561.4 21067.1 20275.1 19928.6 20480.5 20457.6 20220.3 19968.2 LV6407.0 6095.0 6137.0 5976.0 6074.0 6059.0 6563.0 6924.0 7214.0 7812.0 LT8327.9 8862.2 9450.6 10286.6 11241.3 12040.2 13226.7 14693.8 15653.3 17268.5 LU31922.9 33977.9 36339.8 39473.7 41891.6 44394.4 48158.4 51791.7 51890.7 53089.0 HU7478213.0 7353948.0 7374123.0 7726672.0 8816078.0 10085370.0 11589847.0 12273664.0 12675143.0 13900453.0 MT5072.8 5335.0 6362.6 6983.0 7914.3 8344.1 8905.4 9573.5 10057.0 10798.1 NL824563.0 841473.0 860882.0 880573.0 899551.0 926212.0 962028.0 998573.0 1008060.0 1046684.0pAT175509.9 181361.5 184475.1 189750.6 195448.0 200809.8 209978.1 216475.4 212960.0 211568.6 PL648522.0 681672.0 694557.0 743359.0 787752.0 809307.0 848025.0 812687.0 806255.0 828033.0 PT136346.0 133488.4 133721.0 134146.1 134989.7 137339.3 142847.9 147107.0 146389.9 152074.8 RO123741.0 127704.0 138430.0 150083.0 163667.0 171227.0 187301.0 195526.0 201599.0 219979.0 SI10700.0 10996.0 11635.0 12314.0 12971.0 13027.0 13747.0 14758.0 15296.0 16293.0 SK27484.6 31083.5 34606.4 38057.0 41057.2 43485.8 47149.4 51691.6 54057.8 56404.5 FI133785.0 139415.0 145698.0 152193.0 157851.0 164830.0 171263.0 177221.0 176624.0 176383.0 SE3512539.0 3783531.0 4034079.0 4253257.0 4469654.0 4718615.0 5039755.0 5227371.0 5251513.0 5330927.0 Source: EurostatThehouseholddebtindicatoristhestockofliabilitiesheldbyhouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholddebtaredebtsecurities (F.3) and loans (F.4). Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. not taking into account transactions within the same sector, and expressed in millions of national currency. Definitions regarding sector and instruments are based on ESA 2010.Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.22: Non-financial corporations debt, consolidated (% of GDP) 

66 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU82.8 82.5 80.4 79.3 79.1 86.1 83.3 78.3 73.9 71.5pEA84.0 83.7 81.6 80.8 80.6 88.4 85.3 80.2 75.3 72.9pBE116.0 135.7 127.2 121.5 120.3 120.4 114.2 105.0 97.0 94.8pBG85.5 81.3 76.2 72.3 68.2 66.9 59.5 50.4 48.0 45.9 CZ47.9 48.8 48.2 50.6 46.3 46.8 46.6 44.6 44.9 47.2 DK109.8 110.8 107.3 107.7 114.7 105.4 105.6 104.7 113.7 115.5 DE52.0 53.4 53.6 54.9 57.8 63.6 63.4 61.9p59.2p58.9pEE72.3 70.4 65.5 61.5 58.8 60.0 58.0 56.4 54.3 58.3 IE256.0 245.1 213.9 198.6 174.8 156.6 131.0 118.2 110.7 90.9 EL67.0 66.1 62.3 60.3 54.3 65.0 65.4 54.7 53.1p55.5pES89.3 86.2 82.6 77.1 75.6 89.9 84.3 72.9 66.0p63.4pFR85.2 86.0 86.4 88.4 91.1 105.6 100.3 96.0 92.3p90.7pHR72.4 68.2 62.6 58.7 54.5 58.7 52.2 48.0 42.2 41.8pIT72.7 69.5 67.3 65.7 63.7 72.1 67.3 62.2 57.9 56.0 CY213.6 206.1 201.6 189.5 182.7 181.1 166.7 137.8 124.5 116.0pLV55.8 56.7 55.1 49.4 47.3 45.3 39.9 37.2 35.3 36.0 LT34.3 35.3 35.1 34.4 33.2 31.2 31.0 29.7 29.7 30.5 LU239.4 219.2 227.7 227.8 239.0 267.5 261.9 270.6 264.1 271.6 HU62.4 56.3 51.3 50.9 48.8 55.8 61.3 63.0 55.6 56.3pMT78.7 82.2 75.6 68.0 75.5 81.6 75.2 72.9 66.5 61.0 NL151.6 149.8 143.6 140.8 133.6 134.2 138.7 129.3 117.7 108.6pAT74.2 73.1 72.4 73.4 72.3 78.0 78.8 73.9 71.3 69.5 PL43.0 44.8 41.5 40.7 38.6 39.8 37.5 35.5 32.3 31.2 PT102.7 97.9 92.5 87.7 84.0 92.3 87.9 78.6 70.0 66.3pRO40.8 37.7 35.1 31.7 31.4 32.1 32.2 30.0 28.4 27.7pSI56.0 50.8 47.2 44.1 40.7 40.8 39.2 39.5 34.7 32.3 SK45.7 49.5 48.8 48.2 48.3 47.8 46.3 47.4 41.0 39.2 FI89.4 84.7 83.9 79.3 80.6 84.2 82.9 79.9 77.9 78.3 SE109.8 108.8 114.2 108.9 110.7 118.2 122.6 123.2 117.9 116.9 Thenon-financialcorporationsdebtindicatoristhestockofnon-financialcorporationssectordebt(S11)inpercentageofGDP.Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationsdebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.donottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andtheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDP.Definitionsregarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010.Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.23: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDI) 

67 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU79.4 78.8 78.6 78.1 77.8 79.2 78.2 74.6 70.0 67.1 EA78.2 77.7 77.6 77.3 77.1 78.4 77.8 75.4 70.7 68.1 BE79.0 79.6 80.3 80.7 82.5 84.2 83.5 80.2 75.6 75.0 BG34.3 34.2 34.2 33.6 35.1 36.7 37.4 36.0 nanaCZ47.2 48.6 48.6 48.2 47.8 47.9 48.2 45.3 43.3 43.3 DK180.3 176.4 174.1 170.4 168.7 170.4 164.2 140.5 137.3 134.8 DE70.0 69.7 69.6 68.6 69.8 71.4 72.1 69.1 66.0 63.6 EE59.5 60.0 60.2 56.9 57.1 57.9 57.1 56.3 54.5 54.5 IE130.1 115.6 121.5 112.2 85.0 79.5 75.3 76.5 66.2 60.8 EL83.0 80.8 77.4 79.2 71.8 71.2 66.6 58.3 53.0 51.2 ES90.6 86.4 83.0 80.3 76.3 76.2 72.9 69.3 61.9 58.2 FR72.7 74.1 75.8 77.8 79.9 82.1 81.9 81.9 77.2 73.8 HR53.5 48.9 48.6 48.3 49.1 49.4 45.8 43.4 42.1 41.4 IT52.5 52.5 52.1 52.4 53.2 54.6 53.8 52.2 49.1 47.8 CY168.5 156.6 142.4 130.5 113.3 108.0 104.1 97.1 88.9 80.9 LV39.8 36.0 33.9 30.7 29.4 28.8 28.6 27.4 27.0 27.3 LT31.9 31.7 33.2 33.5 33.3 32.5 32.2 31.5 30.5 31.2 LU125.3 130.1 130.3 134.6 134.7 131.9 138.9 139.4 129.6 125.0 HU32.7 30.5 28.0 26.4 27.3 30.0 30.3 27.0 23.8 23.5 MT78.6 76.8 84.1 83.9 86.2 85.4 82.6 81.8 76.1 71.2 NL179.2 177.7 176.7 171.5 166.1 164.5 160.0 153.9 143.1 139.7 AT71.0 70.5 69.8 69.3 69.6 70.7 69.8 65.9 60.6 55.9 PL49.3 49.6 48.0 48.5 47.9 45.7 45.8 38.4 33.6 31.0 PT94.7 89.8 87.5 83.9 80.6 82.2 80.5 76.3 69.9 65.9 RO28.0 26.3 24.8 25.0 23.0 23.2 23.5 21.6 19.5 18.5 SI38.8 38.2 38.6 38.5 38.0 36.2 35.3 34.9 33.3 33.5 SK51.2 56.3 59.9 60.4 61.7 62.7 63.8 63.4 61.0 59.2 FI84.3 86.6 88.8 89.6 89.7 92.3 92.3 91.6 84.8 82.6 SE119.5 122.4 125.5 127.0 128.4 134.0 134.5 130.4 123.2 120.8 Thehouseholddebtindicatoristhestockofliabilitiesheldbyhouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholddebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.donottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andexpressedin%ofgrossadjusteddisposableincome(adjustedGDI,B7G).Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. The indicator is the stock of household debt in percentage of adjusted GDI.1) 2023-2024, BG: Gross adjusted disposable income data were not available on 31 October 2025.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.24: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of debt stock t-1) 

68 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU1.7 2.4 3.1 3.4 3.8 3.2 4.5 3.6 0.6p1.4pEA1.3 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.1 4.3 3.8 0.5 1.2pBE4.1 4.1 4.6 4.8 6.4 3.9 5.2 5.2 2.3 2.4 BG-0.4 5.6 9.6 9.8 10.5 6.6 14.1 15.1 16.3 21.1 CZ6.5 7.8 8.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 9.5 5.0 4.3p3.7pDK1.2 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 2.7 1.4 0.3 0.6 DE2.4 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.1 0.7 0.6 EE5.3 6.8 7.4 6.7 7.8 4.2 7.3 11.2 6.3 8.0 IE-2.3 -5.5 -3.0 -1.0 -0.5 -3.0 2.2 -0.7 1.1 1.8 EL-3.4 -2.9 -2.2 -1.9 -2.4 -3.1 -1.9 -2.1 -1.0 0.2 ES-2.3 -1.7 -0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 1.1 0.7 -1.9 1.3 FR3.1 4.4 5.2 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.6 5.0 1.3 0.2pHR-2.1 0.7 4.2 6.1 7.3 1.7 4.6 5.7 9.5 10.9 IT0.0 1.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 1.1 3.7 3.4 -0.6 0.6 CY-0.5 -0.3 0.7 2.9 0.4 3.7 3.7 -2.1 0.9 2.1 LV-2.4 -3.6 2.0 1.6 2.4 0.3 8.8 6.0 4.3 8.3 LT7.0 7.3 7.4 8.8 8.6 7.6 10.5 11.5 6.6 10.5 LU5.3 6.4 7.1 8.6 6.1 6.0 8.5 7.5 -2.8 1.2 HU-13.8 0.8 2.2 5.3 14.9 14.8 15.1 5.8 3.7 9.9 MT3.1 5.8 9.0 9.1 12.2 5.6 6.6 7.1 5.0 8.1 NL1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.9 3.8 1.0 3.8pAT1.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 3.2 2.8 4.3 3.0 -1.6 -0.4 PL4.0 4.4 5.0 6.1 5.9 1.6 4.6 -3.4 -0.2 3.3 PT-2.2 -1.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.7 3.7 3.2 -0.4 4.0 RO4.9 4.2 7.8 8.3 7.0 3.1 8.1 6.3 4.3 10.9 SI0.8 3.9 6.3 6.4 5.7 1.0 5.7 7.6 3.9 6.8 SK11.2 13.1 11.3 10.0 8.2 5.9 8.4 9.6 4.6 4.3 FI3.6 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.4 -0.4 -0.3 SE7.1 6.9 6.6 5.4 5.2 5.7 6.9 3.8 0.6 1.6 Source: EurostatThehouseholdcreditflowindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthehouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15)haveincurredalongtheyear.Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholdcreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedin%oftherelatedstocksattheendofthepreviousyear.DefinitionsregardingsectorsandinstrumentsarebasedontheESA2010.TheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedin%oftherelatedstocksattheendofthepreviousyear.Itisthe flow counterpart of household debt (which is a stock indicator).Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.25: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (Million units of national currency)  

69 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU118339.8 169352.5 224355.4 255808.4 290855.3 253088.3 373920.1 307156.9 51552.9p125697.3pEA82871.2 128432.4 180357.0 210380.2 243929.2 212678.0 307680.3 279381.9 38279.5 94362.4pBE9493.2 9906.8 11437.9 12699.6 17449.3 11222.6 15710.4 16420.4 7753.6 8206.4 BG-74.7 1164.0 2079.8 2259.6 2641.5 1822.8 4127.3 4986.9 6135.3 9201.0 CZ85017.0 108709.0 123205.0 111397.0 111968.0 112706.0 184516.0 106951.0 97365.0p87382.0pDK28842.0 20747.0 12570.0 37602.0 34391.0 25787.0 70963.0 35421.0 7386.0 14455.0 DE37888.0 47768.0 55679.0 65227.0 82663.0 85909.0 98360.0 83722.0 14645.0 12785.0 EE415.5 556.9 641.6 626.7 780.9 444.4 810.3 1337.5 832.2 1127.9 IE-3874.0 -8445.0 -4379.0 -1616.0 -743.0 -3756.0 2753.0 -826.0 1527.0 2370.0 EL-3891.9 -3167.5 -2341.1 -2013.1 -2587.5 -3151.8 -1824.8 -2079.6 -912.4 156.3 ES-17696.0 -12576.0 -4302.0 1309.0 611.0 -4257.0 7749.0 4655.0 -13166.0 8735.0 FR37438.0 54630.0 66832.0 72833.0 85645.0 69180.0 88155.0 83814.0 22410.0 2827.0pHR-382.1 126.3 709.5 1055.1 1307.0 335.9 900.5 1158.2 2038.8 2554.0 IT-34.0 8113.0 17273.0 18229.0 17744.0 8100.0 27392.0 26586.0 -5093.0 4901.0 CY-126.9 -66.9 151.2 622.0 86.1 746.7 729.2 -427.5 187.2 424.8 LV-150.0 -233.0 120.0 99.0 146.0 18.0 532.0 393.0 297.0 602.0 LT547.1 604.4 656.7 830.2 885.8 854.8 1269.0 1516.0 973.9 1636.2 LU1613.0 2049.3 2417.2 3126.5 2392.7 2508.6 3754.9 3622.5 -1475.1 642.0 HU-1168555.0 57325.0 158571.0 390636.0 1147491.0 1301208.0 1522703.0 676106.0 457011.0 1251509.0 MT146.3 291.8 480.3 580.6 853.6 441.0 548.0 632.4 475.6 812.7 NL14396.0 17008.0 19927.0 19411.0 19226.0 26914.0 35899.0 36652.0 9569.0 38721.0pAT2719.9 4334.5 4344.8 5448.2 6135.1 5409.8 8627.2 6200.1 -3470.0 -779.7 PL24712.0 28267.0 34237.0 42584.0 43541.0 12445.0 37239.0 -29016.0 -1846.0 26578.0 PT-3088.2 -2276.2 925.1 980.4 1657.2 2331.5 5137.4 4639.8 -549.6 5786.2 RO5862.0 5242.0 9981.0 11463.0 10477.0 5151.0 13920.0 11787.0 8406.0 22047.0 SI87.0 421.0 696.0 746.0 701.0 126.0 737.0 1043.0 570.0 1045.0 SK2773.2 3598.9 3523.0 3450.5 3120.2 2428.6 3663.6 4542.2 2366.3 2346.6 FI4593.0 5788.0 5558.0 6719.0 5835.0 6872.0 6777.0 5781.0 -700.0 -537.0 SE234474.0 243229.0 248828.0 217513.0 219625.0 253611.0 326296.0 193291.0 29836.0 85096.0 Thehouseholdcreditflowindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthehouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15)haveincurredalongtheyear.Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholdcreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandareexpressedinmillion units of national currency. Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. It is the flow counterpart of household debt (which is a stock indicator).Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.26: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (% of debt stock t-1, excl. FDI) 

70 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU1.4 3.9 2.2 2.6 3.1 6.7 4.2 4.9 1.9 1.4pEA1.3 3.9 1.9 2.1 2.8 7.2 3.7 4.3 1.7 1.0pBE9.1 11.2 -3.0 -1.2 3.3 -0.2 3.3 -0.8 2.4 5.0 BG-3.7 3.3 2.7 4.3 5.0 0.2 4.9 7.0 8.2 7.5 CZ-4.4 8.5 7.8 10.3 -1.2 -2.8 7.9 9.7 8.2 9.5 DK3.5 3.6 0.0 2.3 5.7 -0.1 7.4 9.4 4.1 5.8 DE2.9 6.3 2.2 5.7 7.9 7.0 7.6 9.9 2.1 1.4 EE1.4 7.5 3.0 1.0 -0.6 1.3 8.3 8.5 3.0 9.2 IE3.6 -1.5 -6.8 -6.8 -2.7 -2.0 2.5 -4.8 28.9 -0.8 EL-1.5 -0.5 -0.2 0.9 0.6 12.6 2.3 6.1 4.6 10.4 ES-2.2 2.3 2.7 -3.6 2.9 7.9 2.5 -2.0 -2.9 2.3 FR3.5 6.2 5.3 5.9 5.2 12.9 1.7 5.0 2.5 1.5pHR0.2 -0.1 -1.6 1.7 -8.7 -0.3 1.3 7.8 6.0 5.3 IT-1.6 -0.8 1.1 0.9 -2.3 5.8 2.7 0.9 -1.4 -1.6 CY1.7 1.9 9.6 2.3 -2.4 1.6 1.0 -2.9 0.1 0.6 LV0.7 -0.4 6.7 -2.7 1.5 -4.3 -1.2 7.3 1.4 5.7 LT2.8 10.6 9.8 10.0 2.1 -4.4 14.0 18.0 12.0 8.5 LU29.6 -2.1 -0.9 -10.5 -11.7 12.8 -11.4 3.2 -10.0 -1.7 HU-4.1 4.0 5.1 9.3 12.9 14.5 21.1 14.4 7.5 3.1 MT-0.3 12.1 4.2 7.4 11.6 4.8 8.2 5.8 6.6 4.4 NL-3.1p5.8p1.0p0.1p-0.9p2.2p6.5p7.3p-0.3p-1.4pAT2.4p2.9p1.7p5.0p4.4p5.0p6.3p4.9p1.3p0.8pPL8.4 6.7 6.5 3.3 4.5 1.5 5.1 10.3 3.1 5.6 PT4.9 -0.8 -2.9 -0.1 0.5 5.0 3.2 1.6 0.2 1.9 RO-2.8 -3.3 -0.3 3.7 3.0 5.3 10.9 14.4 11.6 10.1 SI-8.4 -3.0 -0.8 -1.9 -1.0 -2.0 3.1 11.3 -2.9 -2.7 SK3.8 11.0 -2.4 3.0 4.6 4.9 7.5 8.9 -3.6 -1.1 FI-3.7 3.4 3.0 6.5 3.4 7.4 1.2 3.4 4.1 0.9 SE3.3 4.0 6.9 7.4 6.3 7.0 6.6 7.4 0.0 -1.6 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI)Thenon-financialcorporationscreditflowexcludingforeigndirectinvestmentindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectornon-financialcorporations(S.11)haveincurredalongtheyear,minusforeigndirectinvestments(FDI).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationscreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4),fromwhichFDIareexcluded.FDIaretakenfromthequarterlyfinancialaccountscollectionoftheECB.Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedin%oftherelatedstocks(excludingFDI)attheendofthepreviousyear. Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is expressed in % of the related stocks (excluding FDI) at the end of the previous year.Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.27: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (Millions of national currency) 

71 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU106536.3 298644.3 173772.3 204594.0 246426.1 557064.4 373699.4 453636.3 178964.3 130515.5pEA82705.1 257338.0 128094.8 147807.9 190813.0 518864.7 286473.4 343038.8 135148.5 84410.7pBE23418.4 33498.7 -10056.7 -3761.1 9552.5 -655.8 12052.8 -2982.4 9460.3 19569.6 BG-2161.4 1873.7 1544.4 2450.4 2964.8 148.7 2914.0 4364.6 5372.8 5297.3 CZ-101877.0 188223.0 184794.0 257174.0 -33091.0 -76309.0 215207.0 285499.0 259343.0 325852.0 DK65743.0 73707.0 70.0 49079.0 125874.0 -1893.0 159987.0 216466.0 100748.0 151064.0 DE31698.0 70778.0 25944.0 70049.0 99694.0 95747.0 112247.0 155304.0 36141.0 23500.0 EE181.8 952.2 399.6 140.2 -83.6 175.6 1142.0 1286.9 511.7 1536.4 IE9117.0 -4060.0 -19684.0 -18306.0 -6801.0 -5058.0 5958.0 -11325.0 68019.0 -2182.0 EL-1716.3 -584.2 -265.4 909.9 567.9 11492.8 2340.1 6873.5 4902.2 11719.4 ES-18106.0 17755.0 21428.0 -27790.0 21332.0 59702.0 20684.0 -16845.0 -22525.0 17978.0 FR53085.3 96460.4 84871.1 99209.1 90171.6 239642.7 36302.8 106376.9 53228.8 32426.8pHR61.2 -20.4 -421.6 425.0 -2165.8 -74.7 296.1 1722.9 1429.8 1318.7 IT-18645.0 -9425.0 11786.0 9590.0 -24866.0 60534.0 29691.0 9970.0 -15802.0 -17272.0 CY496.7 588.2 2862.9 708.3 -721.8 501.5 300.8 -877.3 15.4 166.5 LV75.8 -44.8 740.9 -313.7 169.4 -462.8 -117.2 719.5 139.8 618.8 LT287.9 1099.9 1112.9 1237.9 288.3 -615.4 1845.3 2689.9 2024.9 1600.3 LU16155.2 -1339.1 -562.5 -7068.0 -9184.6 10403.9 -9047.4 2711.5 -9229.1 -1508.2 HU-528242.0 487322.0 628939.0 1189910.0 1838812.0 2335979.0 4049046.0 3353565.0 2032376.0 888166.0 MT-19.1 898.1 357.4 562.4 998.1 458.1 820.7 619.9 735.2 525.9 NL-20573.0p37231.0p6991.0p735.0p-6094.0p14547.0p45076.0p59383.0p-2686.0p-11474.0pAT5289.9p6648.9p3893.9p11872.1p11066.4p12931.9p17012.4p14157.3p3769.7p2383.5pPL42273.9 36112.2 37804.3 20062.9 28227.1 9507.9 34182.5 72756.1 24200.2 43383.4 PT7565.3 -1300.8 -4574.8 -204.5 735.9 7185.7 4836.2 2530.2 384.2 2925.5 RO-5598.7 -6379.7 -581.6 6863.2 5503.7 10325.2 22610.0 33364.7 30137.5 28688.1 SI-1764.1 -573.9 -137.8 -337.4 -170.5 -331.8 509.7 1926.2 -556.0 -494.7 SK1358.7 4030.4 -963.5 903.6 1443.3 1643.8 2645.2 3339.1 -1458.4 -458.8 FI-5263.0 4742.0 4376.0 9239.0 4915.0 11097.0 1877.0 5457.0 6643.0 1531.0 SE118682.0 142399.0 259354.0 297851.0 266979.0 316783.0 328898.0 391105.0 -1496.0 -89792.0 Thenon-financialcorporationscreditflowexcludingforeigndirectinvestmentindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectornon-financialcorporations(S.11)haveincurredalongtheyear,minusforeigndirectinvestments(FDI).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationscreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4),fromwhichFDIareexcluded.FDIaretakenfromthequarterlyfinancialaccountscollectionoftheECB.Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedinmillionunitsofnationalcurrency.Definitionsregardingsectorsandinstruments are based on the ESA 2010.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI)Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.28: Non-financial corporations debt excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (Million units of national currency)   

72 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU7653452.4 7847615.4 7932064.8 8000673.7 8330523.9 8848517.5 9278659.6 9450607.1 9641383.9 9811445.3pEA6669609.3 6840648.1 6882489.6 6920496.7 7193068.8 7688875.0 8035474.4 8162183.7 8284965.6 8418880.8pBE299708.7 330819.7 316903.6 288079.1 360919.6 360736.9 373177.0 386995.1 393496.9 409713.5 BG56222.3 57479.3 57507.1 58960.6 60869.7 59463.2 61946.9 65655.7 70187.8 75253.6 CZ2226276.0 2364544.0 2497461.0 2772560.0 2725376.0 2725164.0 2937821.0 3144904.0 3442581.0 3805280.0 DK2043801.0 2131591.0 2149906.0 2212573.0 2390372.0 2157077.0 2314741.0 2447621.0 2589563.0 2715827.0 DE1115825.0 1184042.0 1229098.0 1258426.0 1374840.0 1469070.0 1569693.0 1684946.0 1729717.0 1765475.0 EE12626.5 13207.9 13791.1 13700.5 13855.6 13770.0 15123.2 16960.6 16717.6 18638.2 IE272555.0 289407.0 269040.0 254922.0 248531.0 237337.0 237536.0 234983.0 282823.0 295918.0 EL109396.9 106853.1 100892.1 100037.8 91282.8 101218.0 112278.7 107584.0 113002.1 125198.9 ES784050.0 780911.0 780404.0 743584.0 758802.0 820349.0 837419.0 786870.0 767363.0 793161.0 FR1566250.8 1605005.9 1669193.8 1747288.2 1856879.3 2093290.2 2118980.2 2125107.6 2201620.9 2236644.4pHR27977.9 26859.2 24953.4 24771.3 22287.0 22037.0 22132.4 23829.6 25081.1 26493.1 IT1127937.0 1102053.0 1097717.0 1085563.0 1051799.0 1104997.0 1130851.0 1110180.0 1103502.0 1092513.0 CY30950.1 29949.8 31167.6 30316.0 30869.7 30278.4 30463.3 29147.6 28678.6 28158.8 LV10659.7 10982.7 11643.9 10935.5 10751.2 10052.9 9910.2 10299.8 10769.9 11416.6 LT10384.1 11309.9 12394.4 13555.9 13912.7 13189.6 14957.7 16877.9 18883.2 20552.3 LU63957.1 62974.0 67380.2 78438.2 81108.4 79060.4 83675.4 91899.8 90015.6 85597.4 HU12129185.0 12394761.0 12849279.0 14288576.0 16150422.0 19186364.0 23253423.0 27222930.0 28931529.0 31028656.0 MT7442.2 8520.8 7568.3 8574.1 9475.3 10013.4 10640.8 11183.7 11832.9 12086.1 NL647163.0p681820.0p670495.0p667242.0p663049.0p688870.0p810165.0p858294.0p815145.0p815048.0pAT230504.2p235846.8p238871.5p253561.5p258005.1p269958.8p288102.0p289158.4p294253.7p295152.3pPL542026.3 584116.9 603444.8 629590.7 652294.9 667870.5 704305.9 773705.8 779349.3 815760.1 PT158961.9 155241.9 149541.9 147341.0 145133.1 151190.9 155076.7 156076.6 154786.8 158068.2 RO191577.6 180849.4 185781.5 184147.8 195762.6 206575.2 231661.4 259470.0 283714.4 309690.0 SI18995.6 17915.0 17693.6 17376.7 16853.1 16445.8 17005.0 18978.3 18282.7 17730.3 SK36763.8 40365.0 30331.4 31639.0 33817.4 35130.6 37699.1 40848.0 39937.7 40328.8 FI137879.0 146653.0 143092.0 144737.0 150613.0 161930.0 160533.0 161970.0 169056.0 170987.0 SE3592975.0 3735584.0 4014665.0 4261653.0 4555941.0 4955599.0 5320397.0 5668597.0 5788112.0 5847809.0 Thenon-financialcorporationsdebtexcludingforeigndirectinvestmentindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectornon-financialcorporations(S.11)haveincurredalongtheyear,minusforeigndirectinvestments(FDI).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationsdebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4),fromwhichFDIareexcluded.FDIaretakenfromthequarterlyfinancialaccountscollectionoftheECB.Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedinmillionsofnationalcurrency.Definitionsregardingsectorsandinstruments are based on the ESA 2010.Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI) 
 
 
 
Table 3.29: Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans)  

73 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU6.8e5.2e4.0e3.1e2.6e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.8p1.9pEA7.2e6.3e4.7e3.6e3.1e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.9p1.9pBE3.8e3.2e2.7e2.3e2.1e2.1e1.6e1.5e1.6p1.8pBG14.5e12.8e10.2e7.7e6.5e5.9e4.8e3.7e2.9p2.7pCZna4.0e2.8e2.1e1.7e1.9e1.7e1.4e1.2p1.2pDK3.9e3.3e2.5e2.3e1.9e1.9e1.8e1.5e1.3p1.3pDE3.0e2.6e1.8e1.4e1.2e1.2e1.1e1.1e1.3p1.5pEE2.2e1.7e1.9e1.3e1.6e1.6e1.1e0.8e1.1p1.2pIE14.9e13.1e9.9e5.5e3.4e3.4e2.4e1.7e1.3p1.1pEL46.8e46.3e45.0e41.6e35.5e26.5e8.6e6.2e5.0p3.0pES6.3e5.7e4.4e3.7e3.1e2.8e2.9e2.7e2.7p2.5pFR4.0e3.6e3.1e2.7e2.5e2.2e1.9e1.8e1.9p2.0pHR13.0e10.7e8.8e7.3e5.2e5.3e4.2e3.0e2.5p2.3pIT16.5e15.0e11.2e8.4e6.7e4.5e3.5e2.9e2.7p2.7pCY36.3e35.4e30.7e20.2e18.1e11.0e5.6e4.5e3.7p3.1pLV6.5e6.3e5.6e5.3e3.9e4.6e2.1e1.4e1.3p1.3pLT5.6e4.0e3.2e2.6e1.7e2.2e1.2e0.9e0.8p0.7pLU1.1e0.8e0.7e0.8e0.6e0.7e0.6e0.7e0.8p0.9pHU15.2e11.9e8.4e5.4e4.2e3.6e3.2e3.1e2.4p2.2pMT5.1e4.1e3.1e3.1e3.2e3.6e3.0e2.3e2.0p1.9pNL2.7e2.4e2.1e1.9e1.8e1.9e1.4e1.3e1.3p1.4pAT6.5e5.1e3.5e2.6e2.2e2.0e1.8e1.8e2.2p2.4pPL6.6e6.4e6.6e6.2e6.1e6.0e5.0e4.3e4.1p3.9pPT17.5e17.2e13.3e9.4e6.1e4.9e3.6e3.0e2.7p2.4pRO13.4e9.7e6.6e5.0e4.3e3.9e3.4e2.8e2.5p2.6pSI17.9e12.3e9.2e6.0e3.4e3.0e2.1e1.8e1.5p1.6pSK4.4e4.6e3.7e3.2e2.9e2.5e2.0e1.7e1.8p1.9pFI1.5e1.4e1.2e1.5e1.4e1.5e1.2e1.0e1.1p1.4pSE1.3e1.2e1.3e1.0e1.1e1.0e1.0e0.8e1.0p1.1pAloan,otherthanheldfortrading,isconsideredasnon-performingifitsatisfieseitherorbothofthefollowingcriteria:(a)Itisamaterialloanwhichismorethan90dayspast-due;(b)Thedebtorisassessedasunlikelytopayitscreditobligationsinfullwithoutrealisationofcollateral,regardlessoftheexistenceofanypast-dueamountorofthenumberofdayspast-due.Non-performingloansincludedefaultedandimpairedloans.Theindicatorisdefinedastotalgrossnon-performingloansandadvancesaspercentageoftotalgrossloansandadvances(grosscarryingamount),forthereportingsector"domesticbankinggroupsandstand-alonebanks,foreigncontrolledsubsidiariesand foreign controlled branches, all institutions". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors.Source: European Central BankFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.30: Tier-1 capital ratio banking sector 

74 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU14.9e15.6e16.3e16.4e16.6e17.2e17.1e16.9e17.6p18.0pEA14.6e15.0e15.8e15.8e16.1e17.0e16.9e16.8e17.4p17.8pBE16.0e16.2e16.9e16.5e16.6e18.2e18.8e18.5e17.9p17.6pBG19.9e20.3e20.6e19.7e18.8e22.4e22.3e20.9e20.9p21.7pCZ17.1e17.1e17.5e17.8e19.2e21.4e20.6e19.5e19.5p19.2pDK17.6e18.4e19.7e19.7e19.9e20.6e20.3e20.0e21.0p20.5pDE15.4e15.6e16.4e16.3e16.1e16.7e16.4e16.6e17.7p18.4pEE34.9e33.8e30.1e30.4e25.9e27.2e23.5e21.2e21.4p19.3pIE23.2e23.0e23.4e23.4e23.0e23.3e23.3e22.4e21.8p21.5pEL16.3e16.9e17.0e15.3e16.3e15.0e14.0e14.9e16.2p16.7pES12.7e13.0e13.2e13.5e13.8e14.7e15.0e14.4e14.7p15.0pFR13.8e15.0e15.3e15.6e16.1e17.1e17.1e16.8e17.3p17.5pHR17.7e19.4e20.2e20.2e21.8e22.8e24.0e22.3e21.7p20.5pIT12.3e11.5e14.4e13.9e14.9e16.9e16.5e16.7e16.9p17.2pCY16.0e16.4e15.4e16.1e19.0e19.2e19.3e19.8e23.4p25.9pLV19.0e17.3e18.4e20.3e22.0e25.7e29.2e23.6e20.6p21.9pLT24.3e19.1e18.8e18.4e19.5e21.5e23.2e20.2e18.6p21.1pLU20.2e23.6e21.8e20.8e19.3e20.0e18.8e18.2e18.5p18.4pHU13.9e15.9e14.2e16.7e15.9e16.2e18.0e17.1e17.8p18.7pMT18.8e17.7e18.8e20.2e21.6e22.8e22.2e21.3e22.2p22.2pNL16.6e17.9e18.6e19.0e19.0e19.7e19.7e18.3e18.6p19.3pAT12.7e14.9e15.9e16.0e16.3e17.2e17.1e17.5e18.7p18.6pPL14.5e15.4e16.3e16.1e15.9e17.5e16.1e16.3e18.1p18.1pPT12.6e11.7e14.5e13.9e15.2e16.6e16.3e16.2e17.9p19.0pRO16.4e17.1e17.4e17.7e19.1e21.9e20.0e19.6e19.9p20.9pSI18.0e18.5e17.7e17.6e17.8e16.7e16.9e16.2e18.0p17.8pSK16.5e16.2e16.6e16.2e16.5e17.8e17.9e18.0e18.6p18.7pFI22.4e23.1e21.5e18.6e19.2e19.3e19.3e18.6e19.7p19.9pSE21.0e22.7e23.0e18.5e19.6e20.4e20.6e20.2e20.4p20.7pEUbankingrulesrequirebankstomaintainenoughcapitaltocoverunexpectedlosses,whicharedrivenbytherisksbankshaveontheirbooks.IntheConsolidatedBankingData(CBD2)dataset,theaggregatetier1ratioshowstherelationshipbetweenaggregatetier1capitalandaggregaterisk-weightedassetsofabankingsystem.Tier1capitalprovideslossabsorptiononagoing-concernbasis.Itconsistsofthesumofthecommonequitytier1(CET1)capitalandadditionaltier1(AT1)capital.CET1capitalisthehighestqualityofcapitalasdefinedbybankinglaw,asitabsorbslossesimmediatelywhentheyoccur.Ittypicallyincludesshares,retainedearningsandotherreserves.Somedebtinstruments,suchasperpetualcontingentconvertiblecapitalinstruments,maybeincludedinAT1butnotinCET1.Risk-weightedassetsareameasureoftherisksthebankshaveontheirbooks.Thehigherthetier1ratio, the better the loss absorption capacity on a going-concern basis.Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: European Central Bank 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.31: Return on equity of banks 

75 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU4.3e3.4e5.6e5.9e5.2e2.2e6.6e6.9e8.9p9.1pEA4.5e3.4e5.6e5.7e5.1e1.9e6.3e6.8e8.5p8.8pBE10.3e8.9e8.8e8.2e8.6e5.9e9.9e9.9e11.4p10.4pBG8.0e11.3e10.2e11.8e11.2e4.9e8.8e11.2e16.3p15.2pCZ11.3e11.9e13.0e13.3e13.9e6.7e10.6e14.4e13.7p15.1pDK6.8e9.7e10.8e8.0e8.7e4.5e8.2e3.8e11.7p12.6pDE1.7e2.2e2.9e2.4e2.1e2.2e4.0e4.3e5.7p5.6pEE6.8e11.1e9.2e9.8e8.3e7.4e9.5e10.9e18.5p16.4pIE6.8e6.3e5.0e4.9e3.7e-2.2e4.5e3.3e7.6p9.2pEL-24.2e-7.5e-1.3e-0.4e0.7e-7.9e-20.1e12.7e12.0p11.7pES6.6e5.0e7.0e8.2e6.7e-3.5e10.2e9.9e11.8p13.7pFR6.8e6.5e6.4e6.5e6.0e4.1e7.1e6.1e5.9p6.6pHR-6.8e8.9e5.9e8.8e9.1e4.7e7.7e9.4e15.7p15.0pIT3.1e-7.7e7.1e5.8e4.9e1.0e5.7e9.1e12.7p13.2pCY-7.7e1.7e-11.9e7.1e3.5e-3.3e0.6e5.1e21.8p18.3pLV10.7e14.3e7.6e9.2e9.6e5.2e4.5e10.2e20.3p17.6pLT7.5e11.9e9.1e12.3e14.5e10.0e10.4e13.5e21.2p18.7pLU7.2e7.5e5.7e5.5e5.2e4.4e5.5e5.2e8.3p8.9pHU0.3e11.7e14.5e14.7e14.3e7.6e12.7e12.1e21.2p19.4pMT6.3e8.1e7.2e5.2e6.0e0.3e3.5e4.3e10.6p8.4pNL7.0e7.3e8.8e8.1e7.7e3.1e8.3e7.7e10.9p10.6pAT7.6e7.1e8.7e8.6e7.8e4.1e6.4e9.7e11.6p10.0pPL7.7e7.5e6.9e7.0e6.9e3.1e4.8e7.3e11.6p14.6pPT0.9e-5.5e-0.8e2.7e4.3e0.0e4.9e8.7e13.8p14.4pRO11.3e10.6e11.7e13.6e12.3e9.0e13.1e15.7e16.8p17.7pSI3.5e7.8e9.1e10.7e10.3e11.3e9.5e13.3e16.8p14.9pSK9.7e9.9e9.3e9.3e8.3e5.3e8.4e9.4e11.5p10.2pFI8.3e8.7e8.8e8.1e4.9e5.8e9.2e9.6e13.5p13.2pSE11.2e11.9e10.9e12.2e10.9e8.4e10.0e9.8e13.1p12.6pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: European Central BankReturnonequity(ROE)isameasureoffinancialperformancecalculatedbydividingtheprofitorlossfortheyearbyshareholders'equity.IntheConsolidatedBankingData(CBD2)dataset,aggregateROEisconsideredagaugeof profitability and how efficient a banking system is in generating profits. Higher ROE indicates higher profitability. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.32: House price index, nominal (1 year % change) 

76 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU2.3 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.6 8.4 8.0 -0.3 3.4 EA1.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.4 5.3 7.9 7.3 -1.2 2.0 BE1.8 2.3 3.5 3.0 3.7 4.3 6.7 5.5 2.3 3.2 BG2.8b7.0 8.7 6.6 6.0 4.6 8.7 13.8b9.9 16.5 CZ4.0 7.2 11.7 8.6 9.2 8.4 19.7 16.9 -1.7 5.0 DK7.0b4.6 5.0 4.4 2.2 4.3 11.5 4.7 -3.8 3.5 DE4.7 7.5 6.1 6.6 5.8 7.8 11.6 6.1 -8.4 -1.5 EE6.9 4.7 5.5 5.9 7.0 6.0 15.0 22.2 5.9 6.1 IE11.5 7.5 10.9 10.2 2.3 0.3 8.3 12.3 3.1 8.5 EL-5.1e-2.4e-1.0e1.8e7.2e4.5e7.6e11.9e13.9e9.0epES3.6 4.6 6.2 6.7 5.2 2.2 3.7 7.4 4.0 8.5 FR-1.3 1.0 3.2 2.9 3.3 5.2 6.3 6.3 -0.4 -3.7 HR-2.9 0.9 3.8 6.1 9.0 7.7 7.3 14.8 11.9 10.4 IT-3.8 0.3 -1.1 -0.6 -0.1 1.9 2.5 3.8 1.3 3.2 CY-1.5b0.3 2.2 1.8 3.7 -0.2 -3.4 2.7 2.9 2.1 LV-3.4 8.5 8.8 9.6 9.0 3.5 10.9 13.8 3.7 4.2 LT3.7 5.4 8.9 7.3 6.8 7.3 16.1 19.0 9.8 9.7 LU5.4 6.0 5.6 7.1 10.1 14.5 13.9 9.6 -9.1 -5.2 HU13.1 13.4 12.2 14.3 17.0 4.9 16.5 22.3 7.1 13.7pMT5.8 5.4 5.3 5.8 6.1 3.4 5.1 6.7 6.2 6.7pNL3.5 5.3 8.1 9.3 7.2 8.0 14.5 13.3 -1.9 8.2 AT5.6 6.7 5.1 6.0 6.0 7.6 11.4 11.6 -2.9 -0.4 PL1.5 1.9 3.9 6.6 8.7 10.5 9.2 11.8 8.8 15.0 PT3.1 7.1 9.2 10.3 10.0 8.8 9.4 12.6 8.2 9.1 RO2.9 6.0 6.0 5.6 3.4 4.7 4.4 7.2 3.3 5.0 SI0.8 3.3 8.3 8.7 6.7 4.6 11.5 14.8 7.2 7.5 SK5.3 6.7 5.9 7.4 9.1 9.5 6.4 13.7 -0.2 3.8 FI0.0b1.3 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.8 4.6 1.0 -6.2 -3.1 SE13.1 8.2 6.6 -0.9 2.5 4.2 10.1 3.6 -5.3 0.1 Thehousepriceindex(HPI)capturespricechangesofallresidentialpropertiespurchasedbyhouseholds(flats,detachedhouses,terracedhouses,etc.),bothnewandexisting,independentlyoftheirfinaluseandtheirpreviousowners. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component is included. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is expressed as the 1-year percentage change of the HPI.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)e=sourceNCBforEL.2)2022:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasourceforBG.3)2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBG,DKandCY;forFI,breakintimeseries due to new calculation method for new dwellings (apartments).Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.33: Standardised house price-to-income ratio 

77 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU93.6 95.2 96.6 98.4 99.8 103.9 106.6 107.7 100.6 98.9 EA93.7 95.3 96.8 98.5 99.8 104.1 106.7 107.5 99.9 97.5 BE105.8 105.7 106.0 106.0 106.2 109.3 110.4 107.2 102.0 102.5 BG85.1b86.4 86.5 82.0 81.5 83.6 81.1 77.4b73.7dp66.9dpCZ94.4 97.4 101.0 101.9 104.0 106.1 115.7 124.0 112.7 112.7 DK97.1b98.3 101.0 102.6 102.9 106.4 114.4 112.2 103.9 104.2 DE93.6 97.9 100.5 103.3 106.0 112.4 120.2 117.9 103.2 97.6 EE95.1 95.0 93.3 87.9 88.4 91.8 97.0 105.4 104.4 103.4 IE85.6 88.7 93.6 99.9 96.7 93.0 96.1 101.9 95.8 97.4 EL90.6e88.9e87.1e88.5e88.5e95.4e93.1e98.1e102.8e107.6epES86.6 88.4 91.3 94.9 95.8 99.4 98.0 100.8 96.9 99.2 FR101.3 101.1 102.0 102.9 103.6 107.8 109.1 110.9 103.2 95.3 HR93.1 89.0 89.0 88.5 91.0 95.6 90.8 93.5 92.9 91.6 IT98.1 96.9 93.7 91.6 90.7 93.4 90.7 88.4 85.2 85.3 CY106.5b102.4 99.7 96.3 91.3 89.6 82.4 80.5 78.2 74.8 LV82.5 84.3 85.1 85.9 87.7 88.5 89.1 92.4 90.4 87.0 LT85.5 83.0 87.9 86.8 84.1 82.2 85.8 90.8 91.9 94.0 LU102.8 109.1 110.3 114.5 121.3 130.4 146.4 153.0 131.6 119.4 HU85.1 91.2 93.2 95.9 101.3 102.0 103.8 106.8 97.3 99.3pMT103.8 104.0 103.4 103.0 103.2 102.5 98.2 99.0 96.9 92.6pNL83.8 86.3 91.1 95.1 97.3 101.7 109.5 116.1 106.0 108.4 AT102.3 106.2 109.3 112.3 116.7 124.7 131.7 135.9 124.5 115.9 PL88.9 86.6 85.5 85.9 87.1 87.4 90.9 90.7 86.7 89.3 PT86.4 89.4 94.9 100.0 105.1 114.9 118.6 123.7 124.6 124.6 RO84.4 80.8 74.3 72.4 63.0 63.3 60.6 56.9 51.4 47.1 SI91.5 90.6 93.6 96.2 97.1 97.0 100.2 105.8 105.2 106.9 SK90.8 94.4 95.6 94.3 97.7 102.7 102.2 105.7 97.0 93.6 FI101.7b101.8 101.1 98.8 95.8 96.2 97.1 94.2 82.5 78.5 SE113.8 118.4 123.3 118.6 118.1 122.5 127.6 124.7 112.0 108.5 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. e:Estimated. 1)e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)2023-2024:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG.3)2022:b=forBG,breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasource.4) 2015: b = for BG, DK and CY, break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology; for FI, break in time series due to new calculation method for new dwellings (apartments).  Source: EurostatThestandardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratioisdefinedastheratioofthecurrentprice-to-incomeratiorelativetothelong-termaverageprice-to-incomeratio,calculatedovertheperiod2000tothemostrecentyearlydataavailable.Iftheratioequals100,itmeansthecurrentprice-to-incomeratioisequaltoitslongtermaverage.HousepricesareprovidedbyEurostat,andincomeiscalculatedasadjustedhouseholdgrossdisposableincome(B7G)per head of population based on Eurostat data. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.34: Building permits 

78 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU371.7 422.2 456.4 473.3 473.3 449.4b522.1 483.6 374.9 364.3 EA360.3 404.5 429.2 443.7 441.7 412.3 467.2 442.5 349.3 328.0 BE780.5 785.4 729.7 857.6 783.4p762.7p845.8p736.3p670.6p582.6pBG329.3 348.1 470.3 670.6 619.6 564.8 722.3 866.2 837.7 714.1 CZ276.0 294.9 342.2 351.2 407.6 390.4 466.6 418.2 340.1 330.4 DK510.3i611.0i607.1i759.4i687.6i703.3i768.7i626.4i403.5p418.3pDE430.3 482.5 458.3 462.5 476.9 500.5 511.0 459.2p302.6p240.7pEE380.7 456.0 532.1 454.8 528.4 602.0 601.5 450.5 366.1 363.7 IE447.2 526.0 663.8 838.4 946.2 933.6 962.3 807.7 868.6 742.8 EL46.2p55.7p65.1p83.9p102.6p130.9p206.8p208.0p256.0p341.8pES213.4i273.5i301.0i368.2i346.2i183.8i257.7i309.7i299.9ip354.1ipFR499.1 564.9 601.5 566.0 553.4 489.4 594.7 596.8 437.3p370.5pHR168.7 219.6 321.9 326.2 380.1 358.2 438.8 518.8 544.4 568.6pIT61.4 64.9 75.0 80.2 83.7 74.0 87.9 88.1 79.7 81.4pCY811.8 922.9 1258.2 1469.9 2343.0 2091.5 2168.8 1916.0 2088.3 1952.5pLV151.7 204.2 257.6 311.5 313.6 368.3 371.4 371.1 372.0 375.4 LT480.9 625.6 562.9 532.1 498.0 533.7 747.8 600.4 452.7 450.1 LU1580.6 1369.6 1507.6 1806.8 1608.9 1426.0 1715.7 1068.2 898.5 737.0pHU142.9 338.1 421.5 401.8 402.3 268.9 373.8 426.9 260.6 240.5pMT1800.2e2859.8e3209.3 3922.5 3963.8 2522.6 2315.8 2819.5 2167.7 2283.7 NL572.6 552.0 718.0 708.0 582.3 682.3p770.0p632.7p464.3p533.5pAT822.8 903.9 1000.6 860.0 946.2 897.2e904.9e707.0e470.9e424.9ePL455.5 508.5 595.3 621.8 648.3 678.0b857.4 693.5b539.5 636.9 PT211.9 270.4 338.5 464.5 511.9 539.2 595.7 630.4p633.4p654.5pRO403.6 456.7 500.2 554.3 572.3 544.2 632.2 598.3 456.3 461.8 SI290.8 290.6 338.8 386.1 335.1 380.4 427.0 521.5 471.6 423.2 SK368.8 423.5 404.5 440.7 440.1 402.9 477.9b421.5 366.5 293.1 FI565.6 636.9 744.3 670.8 615.8 650.9 721.8 593.9 358.6 302.4 SE663.3p796.7 835.2 687.9 612.6 714.7 873.7 674.4 330.2 319.8 Theannualbuildingpermitsdataarebusinesscycleindicatorsprovidinginformationonthedevelopmentofgrantedbuildingpermitsinoneyear.Buildersapplyforbuildingpermitsandlocalbuildingadministrationsissuethemnormallybeforethebeginningoftheconstructionwork.Thereforebuildingpermitsareconsideredasaleadingindicatorofthecreationofnewresidentialbuildings.Thedatacoverthepermitsforalltypesofresidentialbuildings(including residences for communities). The indicator is expressed in square meters of usable floor area per 1000 inhabitants.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.35: Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74) 

79 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU10.2 9.3 8.3 7.4 6.8 7.2 7.1 6.2 6.1 5.9 EA11.0 10.1 9.1 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.8 6.8 6.6 6.4 BE8.7 7.9 7.2b6.0 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.7 BG10.1 8.6 7.2 6.2 5.2b6.1 5.2 4.2 4.3 4.2bCZ5.1 4.0 2.9 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.6 2.6 DK6.3 6.0b5.8b5.1 5.0 5.6 5.1 4.5 5.1b6.2 DE4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.6b3.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 EE6.4 6.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 6.9 6.2 5.6 6.4 7.6 IE9.9 8.4 6.7 5.8 5.0 5.9 6.2b4.5 4.3 4.3 EL25.0 23.9 21.8 19.7 17.9 17.6 14.7 12.5 11.1 10.1 ES22.1 19.6 17.2 15.3 14.1 15.5 14.9d13.0d12.2d11.4dFR10.3 10.1 9.4 9.0 8.4 8.0 7.9d7.3d7.3d7.4dHR16.2 13.0 11.1 8.3 6.6 7.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 5.0 IT12.0 11.7 11.3 10.6b9.9 9.3 9.5 8.1 7.7 6.5 CY15.0 13.0 11.1 8.4 7.2 7.6 7.2 6.3 5.8 4.9 LV9.9 9.7 8.7 7.4 6.3 8.1 7.6 6.9 6.5 6.9 LT9.1 7.9 7.1 6.2 6.3 8.5 7.1 6.0 6.9 7.1 LU6.7b6.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.8 5.3 4.6 5.2 6.4 HU6.6 5.0 4.0 3.6b3.3 4.1 4.0 3.6 4.1 4.5 MT5.4 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.1 NL7.9 7.0 5.9 4.9 4.4 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 AT6.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.0 6.2 4.8 5.1 5.2 PL7.7 6.3 5.0 3.9 3.3b3.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.9 PT13.0 11.5 9.2 7.2 6.6 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.5 RO8.4 7.2 6.1 5.3 4.9 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 SI9.0 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.0 3.7 3.7 SK11.5 9.6 8.1 6.5 5.7 6.7 6.8 6.1 5.8 5.3 FI9.4 8.9 8.7 7.5 6.8 7.7 7.7 6.8 7.2 8.4 SE7.5 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.9 8.5 8.9 7.5 7.7 8.4 Theunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsexpressedasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed).Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werenotemployedduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.TheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedaspercentageofthelabourforceaged15to74.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.4)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBGandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 9) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.36: Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64 (3 year change in pps) 

80 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.0 0.8 1.3 2.6 1.7 EA0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 -0.5 0.3 0.9 2.5 1.7 BE0.7 0.1 0.2b0.9 1.4 0.4b1.1 1.4 2.1 1.1 BG2.2 0.4 2.3 2.2 5.0b1.4 0.9 0.1b1.3 1.7bCZ2.4 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.9 DK-0.3 0.9b1.3b1.3 1.6b1.1b1.4 1.3 1.8b2.8 DE0.5 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.4 0.3b1.1 1.3 2.3b1.5 EE1.4 2.1 3.3 2.3 1.3 0.4 -0.2 2.0 2.0 3.1 IE0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 -1.8 1.8b3.6 6.7 3.3bEL0.4 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 -2.9 -0.8 0.9 4.2 3.2 ES0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.4 -1.7 0.0d0.2d2.3d0.9dFR0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.4 0.2d1.0d1.9d1.5dHR3.0b1.8 0.2 -0.8 0.9 1.0 2.9 3.7 2.9 2.9 IT0.8 1.9 1.7 1.8b0.9 -1.8 -1.1b-0.2 3.2 2.1 CY0.4 -0.2 -0.4 1.1 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.1 3.1 1.8 LV1.4 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.1 -1.8 -0.5 -1.4 0.9 LT2.3 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.3 LU1.5b0.1 -0.6 0.2b2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.9 1.3 HU4.8 5.4 4.3 3.7b2.8 2.1 2.1b2.4 3.0 2.3 MT4.9 4.3 4.4 5.3 4.2 3.8 3.0 4.5 4.7 5.0 NL0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 2.1 1.8 AT0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.7 -0.4 0.1 0.5 1.8 1.0 PL2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3b1.5 3.5 3.5b4.3 1.8 PT0.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.1 -0.2 0.4 1.4 4.0 3.2 RO2.3 2.3 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.3 3.2 3.5 2.7 1.8 SI1.4 1.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.4 0.9 SK1.6 2.1 1.9 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.4 2.0 2.0 FI0.4 0.6 1.2 2.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.6 0.6 SE1.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 -0.1 0.1 0.7 1.9 1.2 Thelabourforceparticipationrateisthepercentageofeconomicallyactivepopulationaged15-64onthetotalpopulationofthesameage.AccordingtothedefinitionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)forthepurposesofthelabourmarketstatisticspeopleareclassifiedasemployed,unemployedandoutsidethelabourforce.Theeconomicallyactivepopulation(alsocalledlabourforce)isthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Personsoutsidethelabourforcearethosewho,duringthereferenceweek,wereneitheremployednorunemployed.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhethree-yearchangeinpercentagepoints,withanindicativethresholdof-0.2pp.Thedata source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS). The survey covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.4)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBGandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(startingwith2016).9)2015:b=changeinsamplingstrategyanddatacollectiontechniqueforLU.9)b=for2024IE,2023DE,2022 BG, 2022 PL, 2021 IT, 2020 BE, 2020 DK, 2019 DK, 2018 LU, 2015 HR the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.37: Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64 

81 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU71.5 72.0 72.4 72.8 73.2 72.4 73.6 74.5 75.0 75.3 EA72.4 72.7 73.0 73.3 73.6 72.5 73.6 74.5 75.0 75.3 BE67.7 67.7 68.0b68.6 69.1 68.4 69.7 70.5 70.5 70.8 BG69.2 68.6 71.2 71.4 73.6b72.6 72.3 73.7 73.9 74.0bCZ74.0 75.0 75.9 76.6 76.7 76.4 76.6 77.2 77.1 77.5 DK76.9 77.5b77.9b78.2 79.1 79.0 79.6 80.4 80.8b82.4 DE76.5 76.8 77.2 77.6 78.2 77.5b78.7 79.5 79.8 80.2 EE77.0 77.9 79.2 79.3 79.2 79.6 79.1 81.2 81.6 82.2 IE72.0 72.6 72.6 72.8 73.2 70.8 74.6b76.8 77.5 77.9 EL67.7 68.2 68.2 68.1 68.5 65.3 67.3 69.4 69.5 70.5 ES74.3 74.2 73.9 73.7 73.8 72.2 73.7d74.0d74.5d74.6dFR72.2 72.3 72.4 72.8 72.6 72.0 73.0d73.6d73.9d74.5dHR66.9 65.5 66.2 66.1 66.4 67.2 69.0 70.1 70.1 71.9 IT63.8 64.8 65.3 65.6b65.7 63.5 64.5 65.5 66.7 66.6 CY73.9 73.4 73.9 75.0 77.1 76.9 77.7 79.2 80.0 79.5 LV75.7 76.2 76.9 77.6 77.3 78.0 75.8 76.8 76.6 76.7 LT74.1 75.5 75.9 77.3 78.0 78.5 78.2 78.6 78.8 79.5 LU70.9b70.0 70.2 71.1 72.0 72.2 73.2 73.5 74.1 74.5 HU70.5 72.1 73.1 74.2b74.9 75.2 76.3 77.3 78.2 78.6 MT68.8 70.6 72.2 74.1 74.8 76.0 77.1 79.3 80.7 82.1 NL82.1 82.2 82.2 82.7 83.4 83.4 83.7 84.7 85.5 85.5 AT75.8 76.6 76.8 77.1 77.3 76.4 77.2 77.8 78.2 78.2 PL66.8 67.8 68.7 69.4 70.1b70.2 72.9 73.6 74.5 74.7 PT72.2 72.7 73.8 74.4 74.8 73.6 74.8 76.2 77.6 78.0 RO59.9 60.2 61.8 62.4 63.3 64.1 65.6 66.8 66.8 67.4 SI71.2 71.1 73.6 74.4 74.6 73.8 75.0 76.2 75.2 75.9 SK72.9 73.9 74.1 74.4 74.7 74.5 74.6 76.1 76.5 76.6 FI74.8 75.0 75.8 77.0 77.3 77.3 78.8 79.8 79.9 79.4 SE81.5 81.8 82.2 82.5 82.6 82.1 82.6 83.3 84.0 83.8 Thelabourforceparticipationrateisthepercentageofeconomicallyactivepopulationaged15-64onthetotalpopulationofthesameage.AccordingtothedefinitionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)forthepurposesofthelabourmarketstatisticspeopleareclassifiedasemployed,unemployedandoutsidethelabourforce.Theeconomicallyactivepopulation(alsocalledlabourforce)isthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Personsoutsidethelabourforcearethosewho,duringthereferenceweek,wereneitheremployednorunemployed.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS).Thesurveycoverstheresidentpopulationinprivatehouseholds.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.4)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBGandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 9) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.38: Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-74 

82 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU4.9 4.3 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 EA5.4 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.1 BE4.0 3.7 3.1b2.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.0 BG6.3 5.2 4.0 3.7 3.0b2.8 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2bCZ2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 DK1.6 1.2b1.2b1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5b0.8 DE2.1 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1b1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 EE2.4 2.2 2.0 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.8 IE5.3 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.8b1.3 1.1 1.0 EL16.4 15.4 14.3 12.5 11.3 10.5 9.2 7.7 6.2 5.4 ES11.4 9.5 7.7 6.4 5.3 5.0 6.2d5.1d4.3d3.8dFR3.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.3d2.0d1.8d1.7dHR10.2 6.7 4.5 3.4 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 IT7.4 7.1 6.9 6.5b5.9 5.1 5.4 4.6 4.2 3.3 CY6.8 5.8 4.5 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.3 LV4.9 4.4 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.8 2.2 LT3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3 LU1.9b2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.6 HU3.0 2.3 1.6 1.4b1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 MT2.7 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 NL2.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 AT2.0 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 PL3.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.7b0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 PT7.4 6.4 4.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4 RO3.6 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.8 SI4.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.1 SK8.8 6.8 5.9 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.5 FI2.9 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 SE1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 Thelong-termunemploymentrateisthenumberofpersonsunemployedfor12monthsorlongerasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed).Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werenotemployedduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS),whichcoverstheresidentpopulationinprivatehouseholds.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.4)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBGandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 9) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.39: Youth unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-24 

83 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU22.4 20.7 18.5 16.7 15.7 17.6 16.7 14.6 14.6 14.9 EA23.1 21.6 19.4 17.6 16.3 18.2 17.0 14.6 14.5 14.6 BE22.5 20.3 19.4b16.0 14.5 15.9 18.2 16.4 16.1 17.4 BG24.7 20.4 16.1 15.9 12.1b17.5 15.8 10.6 12.1 12.3bCZ12.6 10.5 7.9 6.7 5.6 8.0 8.2 6.8 8.3 9.1 DK12.2 12.2b12.4b10.5 10.1 11.7 10.8 10.6 11.5b14.6 DE7.7 7.5 7.2 6.6 6.1 7.9b7.0 6.0 5.9 6.5 EE14.3 14.0 12.1 12.0 11.6 18.3 16.7 18.6 17.3 19.1 IE20.2 16.8 14.4 13.8 12.5 15.8 14.6b10.1 10.7 10.6 EL50.3 48.2 44.5 41.2 37.5 38.0 35.5 31.4 26.7 22.5 ES48.3 44.4 38.6 34.3 32.5 38.3 35.0d29.7d28.7d26.5dFR26.1 26.0 23.5 22.0 20.7 21.5 18.9d17.3d17.2d18.7dHR42.3 30.9 27.4 23.5 16.7 20.6 21.5 17.7 18.9 16.8 IT40.3 37.7 34.6 32.2b29.2 29.8 29.7 23.7 22.7 20.3 CY32.8 29.1 24.7 20.2 17.6 17.6 17.3 18.1 16.6 13.0 LV16.3 17.5 17.0 12.2 12.7 14.9 14.8 15.3 12.3 13.6 LT16.3 14.5 13.3 11.1 11.9 19.6 14.3 11.9 13.8 16.2 LU17.3b18.9 15.4 14.2 17.0 23.2 16.9 17.6 18.8 21.6 HU17.1 12.7 10.5 9.9b11.4 12.7 13.6 10.6 12.8 15.2 MT11.6 10.7 10.6 9.4 10.1 11.5 9.9 9.0 9.2 9.1 NL12.5 12.1 10.4 8.9 8.5 10.6 9.3 7.6 8.2 8.7 AT11.3 12.0 10.5 10.0 9.1 11.7 11.0 9.5 10.4 10.3 PL21.0 17.8 14.9 11.8 9.7b10.8 11.9 10.8 11.4 10.8 PT31.8 27.8 23.8 20.2 18.4 22.4 23.4 19.2 20.5 21.6 RO27.3 25.9 23.0 20.5 21.0 21.6 21.0 22.8 21.8 23.9 SI16.4 15.3 11.3 8.9 8.1 14.3 12.8 10.1 9.9 10.9 SK27.7 23.4 20.0 15.8 17.1 20.4 20.6 19.9 19.8 19.2 FI22.5 20.5 20.0 17.3 17.7 21.0 17.1 14.2 16.2 18.8 SE19.7 18.2 17.1 16.8 19.3 23.6 24.7 21.7 22.1 24.3 Theyouthunemploymentrateisthepercentageoftheunemployedintheage15to24yearsoldcomparedtothetotallabourforce(bothemployedandunemployed)intheagegroup.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonswhofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werenotemployedduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweekspreceding the reference week; or have already found a job to start within the next three months. The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.4)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBGandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 9) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.40: Employment rate - % total population aged Y20-64 

84 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU68.5 69.7 70.9 71.9 72.7 71.7 73.1 74.6 75.3 75.8 EA68.7 69.7 70.7 71.7 72.4 71.1 72.4 74.0 74.7 75.3 BE67.2 67.7 68.5b69.7 70.5 69.7 70.6 71.9 72.1 72.3 BG66.5 67.0 70.6 71.7 74.3b72.7 73.3 75.9 76.2 76.8bCZ74.8 76.7 78.5 79.9 80.3 79.7 80.0 81.3 81.7 82.3 DK75.4 76.0b76.6b77.5 78.3 77.8 79.0 80.1 79.8b80.2 DE77.0 77.6 78.3 79.0 79.7 78.3b79.6 80.8 81.1 81.3 EE76.7 77.0 79.2 79.7 80.5 79.1 79.3 81.9 82.1 81.8 IE69.8 71.3 72.9 74.0 75.0 72.1 74.9b78.2 79.1 79.8 EL54.8 55.9 57.4 59.0 60.8 58.3 62.6 66.3 67.4 69.3 ES62.0 63.9 65.5 67.0 68.0 65.7 67.5d69.3d70.5d71.4dFR70.3 70.7 71.3 72.0 72.3 72.1 73.2d74.0d74.4d75.1dHR60.5 61.3 63.2 64.9 66.4 66.9 68.6 70.2 70.8 73.6 IT60.2 61.4 62.3 63.0b63.5 61.9 62.7 64.8 66.3 67.1 CY67.9 68.7 70.8 73.9 75.8 75.2 76.3 78.6 79.5 79.8 LV72.5 73.0 74.6 76.8 77.3 76.9 75.3 77.0 77.5 77.4 LT73.3 75.2 76.0 77.8 78.2 76.7 77.4 79.0 78.5 79.2 LU70.9b70.7 71.5 72.1 72.8 72.1 74.1 74.8 74.8 74.2 HU70.9 73.7 75.4 76.8b77.7 77.6 78.9 80.3 80.7 81.1 MT69.0 71.1 73.0 74.9 75.6 76.0 77.8 80.1 81.3 83.0 NL77.2 77.9 78.9 80.0 81.0 80.8 81.7 82.9 83.5 83.5 AT74.3 74.8 75.4 76.2 76.8 74.8 75.6 77.3 77.2 77.4 PL66.3 68.2 70.0 71.4 72.6b72.8 75.5 76.7 77.9 78.4 PT67.9 69.5 72.5 74.6 75.4 73.9 75.5 77.1 78.0 78.5 RO59.2 60.3 62.7 63.9 65.1 65.2 67.1 68.5 68.7 69.5 SI68.6 69.5 72.9 74.9 75.9 74.8 76.1 77.9 77.5 78.3 SK69.6 71.8 73.2 74.5 75.6 74.6 74.6 76.7 77.5 78.1 FI71.8 72.4 73.2 75.3 76.2 75.5 76.8 78.4 78.2 77.0 SE80.1 80.8 81.4 82.0 81.7 80.2 80.4 82.0 82.6 81.9 The employment rate of the total population is calculated by dividing the number of person aged 20 to 64 in employment by the total population of the same age group. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.4)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(startingwith2016).9)2015:b=changeinsamplingstrategyanddatacollection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.41: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-29 

85 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU15.4 14.7 13.9 13.3 12.8 14.0 13.1 11.7 11.2 11.1 EA15.3 14.7 14.0 13.3 12.8 14.2 13.0 11.6 11.3 11.0 BE13.6 12.2 11.8b11.4 11.2 11.3 10.1b9.2 9.6 9.9 BG22.2 22.4 18.9 18.1 16.6b18.0 17.4 14.8 13.8 12.7bCZ11.8 11.1 10.0 9.5 9.8 11.0 10.9 11.4 10.1 8.6 DK8.5 8.4b9.8b9.6 9.6 10.2 8.4 7.9 8.6b8.0 DE9.3 9.8 9.3 8.7 8.4 10.1b9.3 8.6 8.8 8.7 EE12.4 13.3 10.5 11.5 9.7 11.1 11.2 10.6 9.6 11.0 IE16.5 14.5 12.8 11.6 11.4 14.1 9.7b8.6 8.5 7.5 EL23.8 21.9 21.0 19.2 17.5 18.5 17.2 15.3 15.9 14.2 ES19.4 18.1 16.4 15.3 14.9 17.3 14.2d12.7d12.3d12.0dFR13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.4 13.4 12.8d12.0d12.3d12.5dHR19.8 19.4 17.9 15.5 14.3 14.5 14.9 13.1 11.8 10.6 IT25.8 24.4 24.2 23.5b22.3 23.5 23.1 19.0 16.1 15.2 CY18.5 18.0 17.6 14.9 14.7 15.2 15.0 14.4 13.9 12.9 LV13.8 13.3 12.3 11.6 10.2 11.9 12.1 11.3 10.0 10.7 LT11.8 10.7 10.2 9.3 10.9 13.0 12.7 10.7 13.5 14.7 LU7.6b6.8 6.6 7.5 6.5 7.7 8.8 6.8 8.5 9.8 HU13.1 12.0 11.2 10.6b11.0 12.4 11.7 10.7 10.9 10.9 MT11.8 9.4 8.8 7.4 8.5 9.7 10.5 7.6 7.6 7.2 NL7.3 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.9 4.2 4.7 4.9 AT9.0 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.6 9.9 9.4 9.1 9.4 9.2 PL14.9 14.0 13.0 12.2 11.4b12.5 13.2 10.7 9.1 9.4 PT13.1 12.7 10.6 9.5 9.1 11.0 9.7 8.5 8.9 8.7 RO25.8 24.3 22.1 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.3 19.8 19.3 19.4 SI10.5 9.3 7.9 7.5 7.5 7.9 7.3 8.4 7.8 7.6 SK16.4 15.1 15.1 13.8 13.7 14.4 14.2 12.3 11.2 10.7 FI11.8 11.2 10.4 9.6 9.1 9.8 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.8 SE7.1 6.7 6.5 6.5 5.9 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.7 6.3 Theindicatoryoungpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining(NEET)providesinformationonyoungpeoplewhomeetthefollowingtwoconditions:(a)theyarenotemployedand(b)theyhavenotreceivedanyeducationortraininginthefourweeksprecedingthesurvey.ForthepurposesoftheMIPScoreboardtheagegroup15-24isconsidered.Theindicatorisexpressedasapercentageofthetotalpopulationinthesameagegroup.The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI)forBG.2)2021-2024:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.4)2021:b=changesinthenationalquestionnaireregardingthevariablesontheparticipationineducationandtrainingforBE;forIE,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.5)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBGandPL.7)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforITandHU.8)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(startingwith 2016). 9) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.42: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population 

86 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU24.0 23.7 22.4 21.7 21.1 21.5 21.7 21.6 21.3 21.0 EA23.0 22.8 21.8 21.4 20.7 21.5 21.9 21.8 21.6 21.4 BE21.6 22.2 22.0 20.5 20.1b20.3 19.0 18.6 18.8 18.3 BG43.3 41.0b38.0 33.0 33.2 33.5 31.7 32.2 30.0 30.3 CZ13.0 12.4 12.1 11.8 12.1 11.5 10.7 11.8 12.0 11.3 DK18.6 17.5 17.8 17.5 17.3 16.8b17.3 17.1 17.9 18.0 DE20.0 19.8 18.8 18.5 17.3 20.4b21.0 21.1 21.3 21.1 EE23.6 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.7 22.8 22.2 25.2 24.2 22.2 IE25.4 23.8 22.4 20.8 20.2b19.1b19.6 19.6 19.2 17.1 EL32.4 32.6 32.2 30.3 29.0 27.4 28.3 26.3 26.1 26.9 ES28.7 28.8 27.5 27.3 26.2 27.0 27.8 26.0 26.5 25.8 FR18.4 18.7 17.8 17.9 18.8 19.0b19.0 20.7b20.4 20.5 HR24.4 23.5 23.7 22.1 20.8 20.5 20.9 19.9 20.7b21.7bIT28.4 27.8 25.9 25.7 24.6 24.9 25.2 24.4 22.8 23.1 CY22.8 22.6 21.4 19.1 18.9 18.2 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.1 LV30.0 28.2 28.5 28.4 26.7 25.1 26.1 26.0 25.6 24.3 LT29.4 30.0 29.8 28.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 24.6 24.3 25.8pLU18.4 19.1b19.3 20.1 20.1 19.9b21.1b19.4b21.4 20.0 HU30.6 28.6 25.9 20.6 21.1b19.4 19.6 18.8 19.7 19.3 MT22.2 20.2 19.4 19.2 20.7 19.9 20.3 20.1 19.8 19.7 NL16.4 16.3b16.6 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.6 16.5 15.8 15.4 AT16.9 17.2 17.1 16.8 16.5 16.7 17.3 17.5 17.7 16.9 PL22.5 20.6 18.7 18.2 17.9 17.0 16.8 15.9 16.3 16.0 PT26.4 24.9 23.4 21.6 21.1 20.0 22.4 20.1 20.1 19.7 RO44.5 46.0 42.5 38.7 36.1 35.6 34.4 34.4 32.0 27.9 SI17.7 16.9 16.6 15.4 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.3 13.7 14.4 SK17.3 17.1 15.8 15.2 14.8 13.8 15.6 16.5 17.6 18.3 FI16.9 16.5 16.0 16.6 14.5b14.9 14.2 16.3b15.8 16.8 SE18.2 17.7 17.2 17.7 18.4 17.7 17.2 18.6 18.4 17.5 Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusioncorrespondstothesumofpersonswhoareatriskofpovertyorseverelymateriallydeprivedorlivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensity.Personsareonlycountedonce,evenwhentheyarepresentinmorethanoneofthethreesub-indicators.Atrisk-of-povertyarepersonswithanequaliseddisposableincomebelowtherisk-of-povertythreshold,whichissetat60%ofthenationalmedianequaliseddisposableincome(aftersocialtransfers).Severelymateriallydeprivedarepersonshavinglivingconditionsseverelyconstrainedbyalackofresources,theyexperienceatleastsevenoutofthirteendeprivationitems.Personslivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensityarethoseaged0-64livinginhouseholdswheretheadults(aged18-64)workedaworkingtimeequalorlessthan20%oftheirtotalcombinedwork-timepotentialduringthepastyear.Studentsaged18-24,peoplewhoareretiredorwhoreceiveanypension(exceptsurvivor’spension),peopleaged60-64whoareinactiveandlivinginahouseholdwherethemainincomeispensions,areexcluded.Thedatasource is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC).Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1)2024:b=administrativesourcesusedforincomedataforHR.2)2023:b=forHR,administrativesourcesusedforpartofincomedata:employeecashornearcashincome,wagesandsalaries,socialbenefits,oldage,survivor’sanddisabilitypensions.3)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds;forFI,disruptionoftheregisters’useforthedefinitionofpersonspermanentlydisableor/andunabletowork.4)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.5)2020:b=methodologicalrevisionsonincomevariablesforDK;forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.6)2019:b=forBE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFI,duetochangesinthequestionnaire.7)2016:b=forBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize:thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime;forLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimation,imputationandadjustment.BettercoverageofcertainsegmentsoftheresidentpopulationbyuseofLuxembourg'sNationalPopulationRegister;forNL,introductionofCAWI,oversamplingoflowerincomegroups,useofregisterinformationforhousingcosts,changesinfieldworkperiod,weighting,calculationofimputedrent.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.43: People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population 

87 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU17.4 17.5 16.9 16.8 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.5 16.2 16.2 EA17.3 17.4 17.1 17.0 16.4 16.8 17.0 16.8 16.4 16.6 BE14.9 15.5 15.9 16.4 14.8b14.1 12.8 13.1 12.4 11.4 BG22.0 22.9b23.4 22.0 22.6 23.8 22.1 22.9 20.6 21.7 CZ9.7 9.7 9.1 9.6 10.1 9.5 8.6 10.2 9.8 9.5 DK12.2 11.9 12.4 12.7 12.5 12.1b12.3 12.4 11.8 11.6 DE16.7 16.5 16.1 16.0 14.8 16.1b16.0 14.8 14.4 15.5 EE21.6 21.7 21.0 21.9 21.7 20.7 20.6 22.8 22.5 20.2 IE16.2 16.8 15.6 14.9 13.4b12.8b12.8 13.4 12.0 12.7 EL21.4 21.2 20.2 18.5 17.9 17.7 19.6 18.8 18.9 19.6 ES22.1 22.3 21.6 21.5 20.7 21.0 21.7 20.4 20.2 19.7 FR13.6 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 14.2b14.3 15.6b15.4 15.9 HR20.0 19.5 20.0 19.3 18.3 18.3 19.2 18.0 19.3b20.3bIT19.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.1 18.9 18.9 CY16.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 15.1 14.8 13.7 14.7 14.9 14.6 LV22.5 21.8 22.1 23.3 22.9 21.6 23.4 22.5 22.5 21.6 LT22.2 21.9 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 20.0 20.9 20.6 21.5pLU15.3 15.8b16.4 16.7 17.5 17.4b18.1b17.3b18.8 18.1 HU14.9 14.5 13.4 12.8 14.0b13.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.3 MT16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 16.9 16.9 16.7 16.6 16.8 NL11.6 12.7b13.2 13.3 13.2 13.4 14.4 14.5 13.0 12.1 AT13.9 14.1 14.4 14.3 13.3 13.9 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.3 PL17.6 17.3 15.0 14.8 15.4 14.8 14.8 13.7 14.0 13.8 PT19.5 19.0 18.3 17.3 17.2 16.2 18.4 16.4 17.0 16.6 RO25.4 25.3 23.6 23.5 23.8 23.4 22.5 21.2 21.1 19.0 SI14.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.0 12.4 11.7 12.1 12.7 13.2 SK12.3 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.4 12.3 13.7 14.3 14.5 FI12.4 11.6 11.5 12.0 11.6 12.2 10.8 12.7 12.2 12.6 SE16.3 16.2 15.8 16.4 17.1 16.1 15.7 16.0 16.1 14.8 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Theindicatormeasurespersonswithanequaliseddisposableincomebelowtherisk-of-povertythreshold,whichissetat60%ofthenationalmedianequaliseddisposableincome(aftersocialtransfers)asa%oftotalpopulation.The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).1)2024:b=administrativesourcesusedforincomedataforHR.2)2023:b=forHR,administrativesourcesusedforpartofincomedata:employeecashornearcashincome,wagesandsalaries,socialbenefits,oldage,survivor'sanddisabilitypensions.3)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Reunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.4)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.5)2020:b=methodologicalrevisionsonincomevariablesforDK;forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,increaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.6)2019:b=forBE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata.7)2016:b=forBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize:thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime;forLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimationandimputation,adjustment,bettercoverageofcertainsegmentsoftheresidentpopulationbyuseofLuxembourg'sNationalPopulationRegister;forNL,introductionofCAWI,oversamplingoflowerincomegroups,useofregisterinformationforhousing costs, changes in fieldwork period, weighting, calculation of imputed rent.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.44: Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population 

88 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU9.7 9.0 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.4 EA7.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.1 BE7.2 8.4 7.2 6.5 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.7 6.1 6.2 BG36.8 33.5 30.0 22.3 22.1 22.1 19.1 18.7 18.0 16.6 CZ4.5 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.6 DK3.2 2.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.2 4.9 4.0 DE5.7 4.7 3.7 3.4 3.0 4.4b4.3 6.2 6.9 6.2 EE3.5 2.2 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.9 3.3 2.5 3.1 IE9.4 8.0 6.9 6.1 6.5b6.1b4.8 5.3 6.0 4.5 EL17.6 18.4 18.3 16.1 15.8 14.9 13.9 13.9 13.5 14.0 ES7.4 8.5 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.5 8.3 7.7 9.0 8.3 FR6.8 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.3 6.4b5.5 7.0b6.6 6.6 HR8.4 7.3 7.1 6.1 4.6 4.4 3.5 4.0 2.8 2.0 IT12.1 10.1 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 CY7.9 6.6 6.1 3.8 3.1 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.5 LV15.4 12.6 12.9 10.4 7.5 7.0 5.3 7.8 6.2 5.3 LT14.6 15.4 14.4 12.0 9.7 8.1 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.1pLU2.5 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.7b2.4b2.0b2.5 2.3 HU24.1 20.6 16.1 11.9 10.8b10.7 10.5 9.1 10.3 9.3 MT8.2 5.2 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.4 4.9 4.1 4.0 NL3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.1 AT2.9 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.0 1.8 2.3 3.7 3.7 PL7.8 5.4 5.3 4.5 3.5 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.3 PT10.9 9.1 8.0 6.6 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.3 4.9 4.3 RO34.0 35.9 32.4 28.3 24.5 25.3 23.1 24.3 19.8 17.2 SI4.8 4.1 4.5 3.2 2.2 2.6 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.8 SK8.4 7.6 6.3 5.4 5.9 4.5 5.7 6.3 7.0 7.6 FI1.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.9 2.8 3.7 SE1.1 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.4 2.3 2.5 3.0 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Reunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.2)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.3)2020:b=forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,increaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredintheduration of the panel for poverty longitudinal indicators (from 9 to 4 years); for LU, change from CAPI to CATI mode of data collection. 4) 2019: b = for IE, due to increased use of administrative data.Source: EurostatSeverelymateriallydeprivedpersonshavelivingconditionsseverelyconstrainedbyalackofresources,suchthattheyexperienceanenforcedlackofatleast7outof13deprivationitems:i)capacitytofaceunexpectedexpenses,ii)capacitytoaffordpayingforoneweekannualholidayawayfromhome,iii)capacitytobeingconfrontedwithpaymentarrears(onmortgageorrentalpayments,utilitybills,hirepurchaseinstalmentsorotherloanpayments),iv)capacitytoaffordamealwithmeat,chicken,fishorvegetarianequivalenteverysecondday,v)abilitytokeephomeadequately,vi)haveaccesstoacar/vanforpersonaluse,vii)replacingworn-outfurniture,viii)havinginternetconnection,ix)replacingworn-outclothesbysomenewones,x)havingtwopairsofproperlyfittingshoes(includingapairofall-weathershoes),xi)spendingasmallamountofmoneyeachweekonhim/herself,xii)havingregularleisure activities, or xiii) getting together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month. The data source is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC). 
 
 
 
Table 3.45: People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64  

89 

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024EU10.1 10.0 9.1 8.5 8.0 8.3 9.0 8.3 8.0 7.9 EA10.9 10.8 9.9 9.1 8.7 9.1 10.0 9.2 8.8 8.6 BE15.0 15.2 14.5 13.1 12.9 12.4 12.2 11.7 10.6 11.4 BG11.5 11.5 11.1 9.0 9.2 8.4 8.4 8.6 7.0 7.9 CZ6.8 6.7 5.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 5.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 DK11.9 11.1 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 9.7 8.8 9.8 10.6 DE9.5 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.6 8.3b9.5 9.8 9.9 10.0 EE6.2 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.3 IE18.8 17.8 16.1 13.2 12.9b11.4b12.4 9.6 9.1 7.4 EL15.3 15.7 14.3 13.6 12.7 11.8 12.1 9.5 8.3 7.5 ES15.4 14.9 12.8 10.8 10.9 10.0 11.6 8.7 8.4 8.0 FR8.3 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.1 9.7b10.8 9.9b9.2 8.7 HR12.3 11.1 10.6 9.3 7.5 7.2 7.5 6.3 5.5 4.7 IT11.2 12.1 10.8 10.7 9.6 10.2 10.8 9.8 8.9 9.2 CY10.4 10.1 8.7 8.1 6.4 5.7 6.4 5.0 4.5 4.2 LV7.7 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 6.6 7.2 7.0 6.5 LT9.1 10.2 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.2 8.1 8.3 8.0 9.4pLU5.4 6.5 6.5 7.8 6.9 7.1b5.5b3.5b3.9 3.9 HU8.8 7.7 6.3 5.5 4.6b4.7 6.1 6.3 4.9 4.7 MT9.2 6.8 6.6 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.3 3.8 3.6 4.5 NL10.0 9.5 9.4 8.4 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.0 AT6.3 7.0 7.2 6.4 6.6 6.1 7.4 5.7 5.7 6.0 PL6.9 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.0 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9 PT10.2 8.5 7.7 6.9 6.2 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.3 4.8 RO6.2 6.4 5.4 6.0 4.5 4.7 3.5 4.2 5.2 4.3 SI5.8 6.0 5.2 4.4 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.5 SK7.0 6.4 5.3 5.2 6.3 4.3 4.9 3.8 4.6 5.0 FI11.5 12.1 11.4 11.1 8.1b8.3 8.6 10.1b8.7 9.3 SE7.8 7.8 8.2 8.3 8.3 7.9 8.8 8.1 8.0 7.7 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Reunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds;forFI,disruptionoftheregisters'useforthedefinitionofpersonspermanentlydisableor/andunabletowork.2)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.3)2020:b=forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,increaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATImode of data collection. 4) 2019: for IE, due to increased use of administrative data; for FI, due to changes in the questionnaire.Source: EurostatPeoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensityarepeopleaged0-64livinginhouseholdswheretheadults(aged18-64)workedlessthan20%oftheirtotalworkpotentialduringthepastyear.Students,thosewhoareretired or who receive any pension (except survivors pension) are excluded. Data are expressed  in % of population aged 0-64. The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC). 
 
 
Chapter 4: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Headline indicators  
Table 4.1: The MIP scoreboard for European Union 

90 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-21.3e-15.8e-15.4e-11.2e-8.0e-5.9e-1.3e0.5e1.8e10.3eReal effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-5.1 -6.3 -4.2 9.7 3.6 4.1 0.3 -0.9 3.4 3.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.2 1.9 0.2 0.7 -0.2 3.8 2.5 -2.6 -3.5 -2.5 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)1.3 0.9 1.6 3.4 4.5 7.3 5.7 7.6 10.6 15.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %85.1 84.1 81.5 79.5 77.5 89.5 86.7 82.3 80.5 80.7 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%58.4 58.0 57.4 56.9 56.7 60.7 58.1 54.6 51.5 49.9pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%82.8 82.5 80.4 79.3 79.1 86.1 83.3 78.3 73.9 71.5pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.7 2.4 3.1 3.4 3.8 3.2 4.5 3.6 0.6p1.4pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%1.4 3.9 2.2 2.6 3.1 6.7 4.2 4.9 1.9 1.4pHouse price index, nominal1 year % change9%2.3 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.6 8.4 8.0 -0.3 3.4 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %10.2 9.3 8.3 7.4 6.8 7.2 7.1 6.2 6.1 5.9 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.0 0.8 1.3 2.6 1.7 Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).European UnionExternal imbalances and competitiveness Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.2: The MIP scoreboard for euro area 

91 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%2.4 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-20.4 -15.0 -14.5 -10.5 -7.5 -4.9 0.1 2.4 3.9 12.2 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-3.4 -4.3 -3.3 8.5 3.2 3.8 0.1 -1.0 1.5 1.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%na3.0 2.4 2.4 1.0 2.5 1.5 -3.0 -3.8 -3.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.0 1.5 1.6 3.3 4.5 7.6 5.5 7.0 9.7 14.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %91.0 89.9 87.5 85.5 83.6 96.5 93.8 89.3 87.0 87.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%58.3 57.8 57.3 57.0 56.9 61.1 58.6 55.8 52.6 51.1pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%84.0 83.7 81.6 80.8 80.6 88.4 85.3 80.2 75.3 72.9pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.3 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.1 4.3 3.8 0.5 1.2pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%1.3 3.9 1.9 2.1 2.8 7.2 3.7 4.3 1.7 1.0p House price index, nominal1 year % change9%1.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.4 5.3 7.9 7.3 -1.2 2.0 Unemployment rate 3 year change in pp10 %11.0 10.1 9.1 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.8 6.8 6.6 6.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 -0.5 0.3 0.9 2.5 1.7 Euro areaExternal imbalances and competitiveness Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.3: The MIP scoreboard for Belgium 

92 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.0 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 -0.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%45.4 54.7 56.2 34.4 46.3 48.2 63.6 49.9 52.6 58.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.6 -0.3 1.0 7.0 2.8 2.4 0.6 1.8 0.0 1.6 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-7.8 -4.4 -2.5 6.0 0.4 3.4 8.9 1.8 -6.6 -13.9 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)1.0 -0.6 1.6 3.6 4.5 4.1 5.1 9.5 15.0 15.1pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %105.7 105.8 102.6 100.2 97.7 111.4 108.7 103.4 102.4 103.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%58.1 58.5 59.1 59.2 60.4 64.9 62.6 59.3 56.6 56.3pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%116.0 135.7 127.2 121.5 120.3 120.4 114.2 105.0 97.0 94.8pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%4.1 4.1 4.6 4.8 6.4 3.9 5.2 5.2 2.3 2.4 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%9.1 11.2 -3.0 -1.2 3.3 -0.2 3.3 -0.8 2.4 5.0 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%1.8 2.3 3.5 3.0 3.7 4.3 6.7 5.5 2.3 3.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.7 7.9 7.2b6.0 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.7 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.7 0.1 0.2b0.9 1.4 0.4b1.1 1.4 2.1 1.1 Employment indicators¹BelgiumInternal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2017: b = change in the survey methodology. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2020: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.4: The MIP scoreboard for Bulgaria 

93 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.1 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.3 -1.1 -1.5 -1.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-61.5 -47.5 -43.6 -37.7 -30.9 -23.4 -15.6 -8.7 -6.3 -4.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-4.2 -4.7 -3.2 4.2 4.7 6.9 3.7 5.8 8.5 7.3 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.2 3.1 8.3 13.6 9.0 3.5 9.7 17.0 15.5 6.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)17.3 11.2 15.9 21.0 19.1 17.9 13.9 23.9 27.1 37.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %25.9 29.1 25.1 22.2 20.1 24.5 23.8 22.5 22.9 23.8 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%23.2 22.6 22.6 23.0 23.1 24.2 23.7 22.4 23.6 25.6 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%85.5 81.3 76.2 72.3 68.2 66.9 59.5 50.4 48.0 45.9 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-0.4 5.6 9.6 9.8 10.5 6.6 14.1 15.1 16.3 21.1 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-3.7 3.3 2.7 4.3 5.0 0.2 4.9 7.0 8.2 7.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%2.8b7.0 8.7 6.6 6.0 4.6 8.7 13.8b9.9 16.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %10.1 8.6 7.2 6.2 5.2b6.1 5.2 4.2 4.3 4.2bLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.2 0.4 2.3 2.2 5.0b1.4 0.9 0.1b1.3 1.7b Internal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: b = break in time series in 2015 due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology and in 2022 due to new data source. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2024: b = Change of survey mode (all CAPI); 2019: b = census revision of the population counts. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2022: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹Bulgaria 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.5: The MIP scoreboard for Czechia 

94 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.0 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.0 -1.7 -2.3 -1.0 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-32.7 -26.9 -24.7 -24.2 -19.5 -16.0 -14.9 -20.2 -14.4 -7.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-8.2 -3.7 5.5 11.1 8.7 5.5 5.0 13.7 24.3 14.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.1 4.0 2.9 7.1 2.6 1.2 -2.2 -4.6 0.6 1.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)0.8 4.3 7.0 14.2 14.3 18.1 14.8 17.0 18.4 20.3 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %39.5 36.2 33.8 31.7 29.6 36.9 40.7 42.5 42.2 43.3 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%30.0 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.0 33.2 33.9 31.9 30.7 30.6 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%47.9 48.8 48.2 50.6 46.3 46.8 46.6 44.6 44.9 47.2 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%6.5 7.8 8.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 9.5 5.0 4.3p3.7pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-4.4 8.5 7.8 10.3 -1.2 -2.8 7.9 9.7 8.2 9.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%4.0 7.2 11.7 8.6 9.2 8.4 19.7 16.9 -1.7 5.0 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %5.1 4.0 2.9 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.6 2.6 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.4 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.9 External imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. Employment indicators¹Czechia Internal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.6: The MIP scoreboard for Denmark 

95 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%7.9 7.8 7.5 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.8 9.0 10.3 11.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%27.9 46.4 49.5 58.4 69.9 60.0 66.0 42.5 40.3 69.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.6 -1.6 -1.9 2.7 -0.2 0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.0 -0.9 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-2.3 -4.4 -3.2 1.5 3.4 9.9 8.7 13.1 3.9 8.9 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.5 1.8 0.9 0.9 2.3 5.6 3.8 9.1 9.5 11.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %44.6 41.7 40.2 38.5 38.3 45.2 39.6 33.3 33.0 30.5 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%118.7 116.9 113.8 112.3 110.8 112.1 102.5 85.1 88.4 85.8 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%109.8 110.8 107.3 107.7 114.7 105.4 105.6 104.7 113.7 115.5 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.2 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 2.7 1.4 0.3 0.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%3.5 3.6 0.0 2.3 5.7 -0.1 7.4 9.4 4.1 5.8 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%7.0b4.6 5.0 4.4 2.2 4.3 11.5 4.7 -3.8 3.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.3 6.0b5.8b5.1 5.0 5.6 5.1 4.5 5.1b6.2 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp-0.3 0.9b1.3b1.3 1.6b1.1b1.4 1.3 1.8b2.8 Employment indicators¹External imbalances and competitivenessDenmark Internal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index, 2015: b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2023: b = extension of of the data collection period from two weeks to four weeks since Q4 2023. 2016-2017: b = data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2019-2020: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.7: The MIP scoreboard for Germany 

96 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%7.3 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.1 7.5 7.0 5.7 5.4 5.0 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%34.1 38.8 44.0 52.4 58.5 64.1 70.1 70.2 68.7 79.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.4 -2.0 -1.7 5.4 2.1 2.4 0.6 -0.4 1.9 1.6 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.9 0.0 -2.0 0.0 -3.0 -0.3 -1.8 -7.3 -7.9 -9.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)5.7 4.7 4.3 5.6 7.5 9.7 5.8 6.6p11.0p17.9pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %71.2 68.3 64.0 60.8 58.7 68.0 67.9 64.4 62.3 62.2 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%52.6 52.3 51.9 51.6 52.5 56.0 55.2 53.1p50.6p49.7pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%52.0 53.4 53.6 54.9 57.8 63.6 63.4 61.9p59.2p58.9pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%2.4 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.1 0.7 0.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%2.9 6.3 2.2 5.7 7.9 7.0 7.6 9.9 2.1 1.4 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%4.7 7.5 6.1 6.6 5.8 7.8 11.6 6.1 -8.4 -1.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.6b3.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.5 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.4 0.3b1.1 1.3 2.3b1.5 GermanyExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2020: b = due to technical issues with the introduction of the new German system of integrated household surveys, including the LFS, the figures for DE in 2020 are not direct estimates from LFS micro-data, but based on a larger sample including additional data from other integrated household surveys. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2023: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.8: The MIP scoreboard for Estonia 

97 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.6 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.0 -1.4 -3.1 -2.7 -1.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-39.9 -39.0 -32.7 -29.4 -22.1 -19.9 -16.4 -20.7 -19.4 -9.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)5.9 4.4 3.2 7.7 5.9 4.9 1.9 8.7 15.7 16.0 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-6.8 -5.9 -4.7 8.5 5.5 9.5 19.2 18.3 8.1 -4.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)13.5 12.6 12.4 15.4 16.7 17.5 11.2 20.0 32.4 40.4 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %10.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 9.0 19.1 18.4 19.2 20.2 23.5 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%39.0 39.2 38.5 37.7 37.5 39.9 38.0 36.5 36.7 38.1 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%72.3 70.4 65.5 61.5 58.8 60.0 58.0 56.4 54.3 58.3 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%5.3 6.8 7.4 6.7 7.8 4.2 7.3 11.2 6.3 8.0 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%1.4 7.5 3.0 1.0 -0.6 1.3 8.3 8.5 3.0 9.2 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%6.9 4.7 5.5 5.9 7.0 6.0 15.0 22.2 5.9 6.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.4 6.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 6.9 6.2 5.6 6.4 7.6 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.4 2.1 3.3 2.3 1.3 0.4 -0.2 2.0 2.0 3.1 Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).EstoniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.9: The MIP scoreboard for Ireland 

98 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%3.5 2.3 2.0 1.4 -5.1 -7.8 -5.2 4.6 9.3 10.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-197.6 -174.2 -169.7 -182.1 -188.7 -159.1 -121.1 -110.4 -103.3 -81.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-6.1 -6.7 -5.9 2.6 -1.3 -1.2 -2.6 -4.4 -1.3 -1.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%69.8 59.5 48.5 10.0 15.4 40.3 32.9 16.3 -7.6 5.2 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-19.6 -15.5 -14.2 -1.0 -3.6 -8.3 -11.2 -11.0 9.9 20.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %74.0 72.7 65.2 61.3 55.8 56.9 52.4 42.9 41.8 38.3 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%56.8 52.3 52.4 46.7 35.0 33.0 28.2 26.7 25.6 23.8 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%256.0 245.1 213.9 198.6 174.8 156.6 131.0 118.2 110.7 90.9 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-2.3 -5.5 -3.0 -1.0 -0.5 -3.0 2.2 -0.7 1.1 1.8 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%3.6 -1.5 -6.8 -6.8 -2.7 -2.0 2.5 -4.8 28.9 -0.8 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%11.5 7.5 10.9 10.2 2.3 0.3 8.3 12.3 3.1 8.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.9 8.4 6.7 5.8 5.0 5.9 6.2b4.5 4.3 4.3 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 -1.8 1.8b3.6 6.7 3.3bIrelandExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2021: b = census revision of the population counts. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2024: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.10: The MIP scoreboard for Greece 

99 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-1.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 -3.6 -4.9 -8.0 -8.1 -8.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-136.9 -139.2 -143.0 -147.8 -152.6 -171.6 -175.6 -149.4 -145.9 -137.5 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-5.6 -4.0 -2.8 3.9 0.5 0.3 -3.2 -2.4 -1.2 0.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-5.8 -9.9 -6.7 10.7 15.0 -12.8 -1.8 7.9 32.1 6.9 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-12.3 -7.4 -5.2 -2.6 -2.5 4.6 4.2 5.4 0.3p7.6pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %179.6 183.1 182.1 189.0 183.2 209.4 197.3 177.8 164.3 154.2 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%63.2 61.3 58.2 58.5 55.4 58.7 54.7 45.1 40.9p39.0pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%67.0 66.1 62.3 60.3 54.3 65.0 65.4 54.7 53.1p55.5pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-3.4 -2.9 -2.2 -1.9 -2.4 -3.1 -1.9 -2.1 -1.0 0.2 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-1.5 -0.5 -0.2 0.9 0.6 12.6 2.3 6.1 4.6 10.4 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-5.1e-2.4e-1.0e1.8e7.2e4.5e7.6e11.9e13.9e9.0epUnemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %25.0 23.9 21.8 19.7 17.9 17.6 14.7 12.5 11.1 10.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.4 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 -2.9 -0.8 0.9 4.2 3.2 GreeceExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.11: The MIP scoreboard for Spain 

100 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%2.0 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.3 2.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-87.7 -84.3 -84.4 -78.0 -72.0 -83.7 -69.2 -56.2 -49.3 -41.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-3.1 -4.2 -2.4 4.3 1.8 1.0 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%0.6 0.8 2.4 5.0 -0.6 -12.2 -9.5 -4.1 13.2 12.5 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-0.6 -0.9 -0.5 1.2 6.3 12.8 13.0 10.1 9.4p11.4pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %102.5 102.0 101.2 99.8 97.7 119.3 115.7 109.3 105.2 101.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%67.6 64.1 60.9 58.6 56.5 62.1 57.2 51.4 46.1p43.7pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%89.3 86.2 82.6 77.1 75.6 89.9 84.3 72.9 66.0p63.4pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-2.3 -1.7 -0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 1.1 0.7 -1.9 1.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-2.2 2.3 2.7 -3.6 2.9 7.9 2.5 -2.0 -2.9 2.3 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.6 4.6 6.2 6.7 5.2 2.2 3.7 7.4 4.0 8.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %22.1 19.6 17.2 15.3 14.1 15.5 14.9d13.0d12.2d11.4dLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.4 -1.7 0.0d0.2d2.3d0.9dInternal imbalancesSpainExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.  2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2021-2024: d = ES have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Employment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.12: The MIP scoreboard for France 

101 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.7 -0.4 -1.1 -0.7 -0.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-18.7 -19.0 -25.6 -23.3 -28.2 -32.3 -33.5 -27.4 -31.9 -23.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-2.7 -3.0 -2.8 4.6 1.7 2.6 -0.5 -3.7 -1.8 -1.1 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.3 -2.6 -3.6 -0.8 -1.8 -6.7 -6.0 -6.1 2.4 0.2 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 0.8 4.3 3.9 9.5 8.9p11.4pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %97.0 98.1 98.8 98.5 98.2 114.9 112.8 111.4 109.8 113.2 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%56.9 58.1 59.4 60.9 62.3 68.2 66.4 65.9 62.5p60.5pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%85.2 86.0 86.4 88.4 91.1 105.6 100.3 96.0 92.3p90.7pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%3.1 4.4 5.2 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.6 5.0 1.3 0.2pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%3.5 6.2 5.3 5.9 5.2 12.9 1.7 5.0 2.5 1.5pHouse price index, nominal1 year % change9%-1.3 1.0 3.2 2.9 3.3 5.2 6.3 6.3 -0.4 -3.7 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %10.3 10.1 9.4 9.0 8.4 8.0 7.9d7.3d7.3d7.4dLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.4 0.2d1.0d1.9d1.5dInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2021-2024: d = FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).FranceExternal imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.13: The MIP scoreboard for Croatia 

102 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.6 1.6 2.6 2.1 2.1 0.4 0.2 -1.7 -1.0 -1.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-81.6 -75.1 -67.7 -60.1 -52.3 -52.3 -40.4 -34.7 -26.8 -29.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.2 0.1 0.2 4.2 1.6 0.5 -1.5 -0.6 4.3 5.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%30.7 12.7 13.2 13.2 9.3 -11.2 2.5 9.1 36.7 17.5 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-4.3 -3.4 -1.7 2.0 4.5 13.3 4.5 10.8 13.8 31.8pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %82.8 79.3 76.2 72.8 70.9 86.5 78.2 68.5 60.9 57.4 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%38.7 35.7 34.7 34.5 35.1 38.7 35.0 31.7 29.6 30.2pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%72.4 68.2 62.6 58.7 54.5 58.7 52.2 48.0 42.2 41.8pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-2.1 0.7 4.2 6.1 7.3 1.7 4.6 5.7 9.5 10.9 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%0.2 -0.1 -1.6 1.7 -8.7 -0.3 1.3 7.8 6.0 5.3 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-2.9 0.9 3.8 6.1 9.0 7.7 7.3 14.8 11.9 10.4 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %16.2 13.0 11.1 8.3 6.6 7.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 5.0 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp3.0b1.8 0.2 -0.8 0.9 1.0 2.9 3.7 2.9 2.9 Croatia Internal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate, 2015: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.14: The MIP scoreboard for Italy  

103 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 1.3 0.1 -0.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-19.4 -12.1 -8.9 -6.4 -3.1 -0.2 7.9 5.5 8.9 14.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-2.3 -3.3 -2.9 3.5 0.3 0.5 -1.8 -1.8 0.7 0.0 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-4.6 -3.5 -2.8 1.7 -1.9 -5.0 -3.9 -4.1 2.7 -0.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)1.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 2.9 5.0 3.5 2.8 4.2 8.5 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %134.8 134.2 133.7 134.2 133.9 154.4 145.8 138.4 133.9 134.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%41.6 41.1 40.8 40.8 41.1 44.8 42.1 40.0 36.9 36.0 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%72.7 69.5 67.3 65.7 63.7 72.1 67.3 62.2 57.9 56.0 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.0 1.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 1.1 3.7 3.4 -0.6 0.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-1.6 -0.8 1.1 0.9 -2.3 5.8 2.7 0.9 -1.4 -1.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-3.8 0.3 -1.1 -0.6 -0.1 1.9 2.5 3.8 1.3 3.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %12.0 11.7 11.3 10.6b9.9 9.3 9.5 8.1 7.7 6.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.8 1.9 1.7 1.8b0.9 -1.8 -1.1b-0.2 3.2 2.1 External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹Internal imbalancesItalyFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2018: b = census revision of the population counts. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2021: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.15: The MIP scoreboard for Cyprus 

104 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-1.9 -2.7 -3.1 -4.3 -4.8 -6.4 -6.9 -7.4 -7.4 -8.3 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-152.8 -133.4 -136.6 -124.9 -113.2 -123.8 -107.5 -97.4 -92.4 -84.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-6.1 -7.3 -6.2 2.1 -0.3 -0.4 -2.4 -3.0 0.3 1.0 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%5.0 8.9 12.6 16.3 14.0 23.8 31.6 33.7 20.7 15.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-10.7 -9.6 -5.2 -0.7 6.8 9.3 3.8 2.4 7.5 13.7pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %111.6 106.9 96.5 100.7 92.3 113.6 96.5 80.3 71.1 62.8 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%128.1 117.8 106.1 96.6 86.6 89.1 79.8 69.0 62.3 57.4pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%213.6 206.1 201.6 189.5 182.7 181.1 166.7 137.8 124.5 116.0pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-0.5 -0.3 0.7 2.9 0.4 3.7 3.7 -2.1 0.9 2.1 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%1.7 1.9 9.6 2.3 -2.4 1.6 1.0 -2.9 0.1 0.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-1.5b0.3 2.2 1.8 3.7 -0.2 -3.4 2.7 2.9 2.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %15.0 13.0 11.1 8.4 7.2 7.6 7.2 6.3 5.8 4.9 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.4 -0.2 -0.4 1.1 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.1 3.1 1.8 CyprusExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index, 2015: b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.16: The MIP scoreboard for Latvia 

105 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-1.5 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.8 -0.4 -2.2 -4.5 -3.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-61.7 -55.8 -53.0 -47.0 -41.4 -35.0 -27.9 -28.2 -25.5 -19.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)2.6 4.8 1.9 5.1 3.8 5.9 2.3 5.6 11.0 9.6 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.6 -0.6 -0.3 8.8 5.1 14.3 10.1 15.6 -1.9 -2.9 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)16.9 14.7 14.0 13.1 16.0 17.4 11.3 16.1 20.7 32.2 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %38.3 41.7 40.3 38.3 37.9 44.0 45.9 44.4 44.4 46.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%27.0 24.9 23.6 21.2 20.5 20.7 20.3 19.2 18.2 19.4 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%55.8 56.7 55.1 49.4 47.3 45.3 39.9 37.2 35.3 36.0 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-2.4 -3.6 2.0 1.6 2.4 0.3 8.8 6.0 4.3 8.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%0.7 -0.4 6.7 -2.7 1.5 -4.3 -1.2 7.3 1.4 5.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-3.4 8.5 8.8 9.6 9.0 3.5 10.9 13.8 3.7 4.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.9 9.7 8.7 7.4 6.3 8.1 7.6 6.9 6.5 6.9 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.4 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.1 -1.8 -0.5 -1.4 0.9 LatviaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.17: The MIP scoreboard for Lithuania 

106 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.9 0.0 -0.8 0.1 1.7 3.8 4.1 0.8 -1.2 -0.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-43.9 -43.1 -37.6 -30.1 -23.5 -18.2 -9.9 -12.1 -4.6 -0.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)4.3 5.4 2.9 6.6 3.8 6.7 4.4 9.8 13.0 9.2 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-11.5 -14.3 1.8 19.8 24.0 21.9 20.9 18.2 6.6 2.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)10.1 13.2 14.6 14.4 15.0 15.2 17.5 27.2 37.1 36.2 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %42.4 39.8 39.1 33.3 35.6 45.9 43.3 38.3 37.1 38.0 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%22.2 22.8 22.4 22.4 22.8 24.0 23.3 21.9 21.1 21.9 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%34.3 35.3 35.1 34.4 33.2 31.2 31.0 29.7 29.7 30.5 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%7.0 7.3 7.4 8.8 8.6 7.6 10.5 11.5 6.6 10.5 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%2.8 10.6 9.8 10.0 2.1 -4.4 14.0 18.0 12.0 8.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.7 5.4 8.9 7.3 6.8 7.3 16.1 19.0 9.8 9.7 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.1 7.9 7.1 6.2 6.3 8.5 7.1 6.0 6.9 7.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.3 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.3 LithuaniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.18: The MIP scoreboard for Luxembourg 

107 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%4.5 5.7 6.5 7.4 7.8 7.2 6.1 5.0 5.7 5.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%70.7 62.7 70.7 48.7 52.0 61.0 47.5 30.4 47.6 39.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-0.6 -1.4 -0.9 3.4 2.1 1.5 0.7 -0.5 -1.5 -2.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%19.7 11.4 3.8 0.8 3.6 20.7 22.9 1.9 -6.1 -15.9 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)5.8 2.7 5.9 8.6 12.9 10.7 7.5 14.2 21.0 24.2pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %21.1 19.6 21.8 20.9 22.3 24.5 24.2 24.9 24.7 26.3 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%59.0 60.5 62.5 65.6 67.1 68.8 65.9 67.5 63.2 61.6 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%239.4 219.2 227.7 227.8 239.0 267.5 261.9 270.6 264.1 271.6 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%5.3 6.4 7.1 8.6 6.1 6.0 8.5 7.5 -2.8 1.2 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%29.6 -2.1 -0.9 -10.5 -11.7 12.8 -11.4 3.2 -10.0 -1.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%5.4 6.0 5.6 7.1 10.1 14.5 13.9 9.6 -9.1 -5.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.7b6.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.8 5.3 4.6 5.2 6.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.5b0.1 -0.6 0.2b2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.9 1.3 LuxembourgExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2015: b = change in the sampling strategy and data collection technique. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2018: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.19: The MIP scoreboard for Hungary 

108 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%2.0 2.4 2.7 2.1 0.5 -0.5 -2.0 -4.9 -4.5 -2.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-62.9 -53.7 -50.7 -45.9 -42.9 -50.5 -49.7 -44.9 -39.2 -34.2 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-7.2 -5.1 0.2 2.1 0.4 -5.0 -4.1 -7.9 10.3 7.3 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.3 3.3 2.0 3.8 2.6 3.7 -0.9 -3.4 1.6 0.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)0.2 4.6 8.7 10.9 11.9 14.1 14.8 25.4 36.6 47.6pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %75.7 74.6 72.0 68.8 65.0 78.7 76.2 74.1 73.2 73.5 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%21.4 20.3 18.7 17.7 18.4 20.7 20.9 18.6 16.8 17.1pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%62.4 56.3 51.3 50.9 48.8 55.8 61.3 63.0 55.6 56.3pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-13.8 0.8 2.2 5.3 14.9 14.8 15.1 5.8 3.7 9.9 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-4.1 4.0 5.1 9.3 12.9 14.5 21.1 14.4 7.5 3.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%13.1 13.4 12.2 14.3 17.0 4.9 16.5 22.3 7.1 13.7pUnemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.6 5.0 4.0 3.6b3.3 4.1 4.0 3.6 4.1 4.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp4.8 5.4 4.3 3.7b2.8 2.1 2.1b2.4 3.0 2.3  Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessHungaryEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2018: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.20: The MIP scoreboard for Malta 

109 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%2.8 2.5 7.0 10.6 16.7 15.8 14.4 8.2 5.0 4.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%35.3 46.4 71.2 75.5 101.2 114.5 104.6 101.4 91.8 83.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-2.7 -2.8 -2.2 4.7 1.7 1.9 -1.2 -3.1 -0.5 1.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%12.6 13.2 3.0 -0.2 8.6 32.1 6.5 -10.0 -10.7 13.6 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)1.1 4.9 1.0 8.3 9.1 21.7 8.8 13.7 3.8 13.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %55.0 53.1 45.6 41.4 39.3 48.8 49.8 50.3 47.0 46.2 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%49.6 49.1 50.8 51.1 54.2 58.1 53.4 53.3 48.1 46.8 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%78.7 82.2 75.6 68.0 75.5 81.6 75.2 72.9 66.5 61.0 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%3.1 5.8 9.0 9.1 12.2 5.6 6.6 7.1 5.0 8.1 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-0.3 12.1 4.2 7.4 11.6 4.8 8.2 5.8 6.6 4.4 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%5.8 5.4 5.3 5.8 6.1 3.4 5.1 6.7 6.2 6.7pUnemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %5.4 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp4.9 4.3 4.4 5.3 4.2 3.8 3.0 4.5 4.7 5.0 External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).MaltaEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.21: The MIP scoreboard for Netherlands 

110 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%7.1 6.9 6.7 8.0 7.9 7.1 7.6 7.6 8.8 8.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%28.0 39.9 40.2 51.7 69.5 89.6 72.1 54.7 52.1 62.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-0.8 -2.2 -1.6 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.3 3.2 2.4 3.3 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%1.0 -2.2 0.2 4.9 4.7 8.1 3.2 3.4 -4.7 -4.6 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-0.3 0.2 0.8 4.5 6.5 13.2 8.6 8.0 9.8p18.3pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %63.8 60.9 56.0 51.6 47.7 53.4 50.5 48.4 45.8 43.7 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%117.9 116.8 114.7 111.9 108.4 113.4 107.9 100.5 96.0 93.2pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%151.6 149.8 143.6 140.8 133.6 134.2 138.7 129.3 117.7 108.6pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.9 3.8 1.0 3.8pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-3.1p5.8p1.0p0.1p-0.9p2.2p6.5p7.3p-0.3p-1.4pHouse price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.5 5.3 8.1 9.3 7.2 8.0 14.5 13.3 -1.9 8.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %7.9 7.0 5.9 4.9 4.4 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 2.1 1.8 External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalancesNetherlands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.22: The MIP scoreboard for Austria 

111 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.9 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%2.8 2.9 3.7 5.4 13.3 11.5 14.4 16.4 17.5 23.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)1.4 1.0 0.4 4.9 2.1 3.1 1.2 0.1 1.8 2.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-3.2 -2.8 -3.0 5.2 1.9 2.6 -1.9 -4.5 -1.9 -4.1 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)5.9 4.8 4.2 5.1 5.6 11.9 8.7 8.8 10.1 19.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %85.6 83.4 79.1 74.6 71.0 83.2 82.4 78.1 77.8 79.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%51.3 51.0 50.2 49.5 49.4 52.8 51.7 48.2 44.6 42.8 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%74.2 73.1 72.4 73.4 72.3 78.0 78.8 73.9 71.3 69.5 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 3.2 2.8 4.3 3.0 -1.6 -0.4 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%2.4p2.9p1.7p5.0p4.4p5.0p6.3p4.9p1.3p0.8pHouse price index, nominal1 year % change9%5.6 6.7 5.1 6.0 6.0 7.6 11.4 11.6 -2.9 -0.4 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.0 6.2 4.8 5.1 5.2 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.7 -0.4 0.1 0.5 1.8 1.0 External imbalances and competitivenessAustriaEmployment indicators¹Internal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.23: The MIP scoreboard for Poland 

112 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-2.1 -1.7 -1.2 -1.4 -1.1 0.1 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-60.9 -60.0 -60.7 -55.0 -49.2 -44.5 -40.6 -34.6 -31.8 -28.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.4 -5.0 -3.4 0.2 2.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.1 9.3 17.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%7.6 7.4 11.1 16.0 14.4 19.8 15.9 12.0 7.7 5.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)0.5 2.3 3.8 6.1 7.1b12.6b12.4b17.3 25.1 30.7pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %51.1 54.1 50.4 48.2 45.2 56.6 53.0 48.8 49.5 55.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%35.8 36.5 34.8 34.6 34.0 34.3 31.9 26.2 23.6 22.7 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%43.0 44.8 41.5 40.7 38.6 39.8 37.5 35.5 32.3 31.2 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%4.0 4.4 5.0 6.1 5.9 1.6 4.6 -3.4 -0.2 3.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%8.4 6.7 6.5 3.3 4.5 1.5 5.1 10.3 3.1 5.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%1.5 1.9 3.9 6.6 8.7 10.5 9.2 11.8 8.8 15.0 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %7.7 6.3 5.0 3.9 3.3b3.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.9 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3b1.5 3.5 3.5b4.3 1.8  Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹PolandFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Nominal unit labour cost index, 2020-2021: b = the flag is inherited from the corresponding break in 2019 as part of the three-year change calculation. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2019: b = census revision of the population counts. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2022: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.24: The MIP scoreboard for Portugal 

113 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 -0.2 -1.1 -0.7 0.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-119.7 -111.0 -110.7 -106.4 -99.5 -103.1 -93.0 -82.7 -72.3 -58.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-3.0 -1.8 -0.6 3.3 -0.2 -0.1 -2.8 -2.8 -1.4 0.6 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.9 -0.5 3.5 9.2 7.0 -7.3 -8.1 -1.8 17.0 17.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)0.7 0.3 3.5 6.7 9.2 15.5 12.5 11.7 12.5 17.8pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %131.0 131.2 126.0 121.1 116.1 134.1 123.9 111.2 96.9 93.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%76.0 71.6 68.4 65.4 62.9 68.3 66.0 60.3 54.1 52.5pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%102.7 97.9 92.5 87.7 84.0 92.3 87.9 78.6 70.0 66.3pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-2.2 -1.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.7 3.7 3.2 -0.4 4.0 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%4.9 -0.8 -2.9 -0.1 0.5 5.0 3.2 1.6 0.2 1.9 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.1 7.1 9.2 10.3 10.0 8.8 9.4 12.6 8.2 9.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %13.0 11.5 9.2 7.2 6.6 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.1 -0.2 0.4 1.4 4.0 3.2 Employment indicators¹PortugalExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.25: The MIP scoreboard for Romania 

114 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-0.7 -1.0 -2.0 -3.3 -4.2 -4.9 -5.7 -7.3 -7.8 -8.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-54.9 -51.9 -49.9 -45.7 -44.6 -48.7 -47.3 -42.6 -41.6 -41.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)2.7 -2.5 -5.5 -0.7 0.3 3.4 1.1 2.6 6.8 9.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%20.1 11.0 9.3 16.1 9.3 7.3 5.1 3.6 6.8 2.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)4.1 12.3 18.0 29.9 24.5 21.7 15.8 19.1 30.2 51.0pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %37.7 37.8 35.3 34.6 35.2 46.9 48.6 48.1 49.3 54.8 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%17.4 17.0 16.3 15.7 15.4 16.1 15.8 14.1 12.7 12.5pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%40.8 37.7 35.1 31.7 31.4 32.1 32.2 30.0 28.4 27.7pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%4.9 4.2 7.8 8.3 7.0 3.1 8.1 6.3 4.3 10.9 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-2.8 -3.3 -0.3 3.7 3.0 5.3 10.9 14.4 11.6 10.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%2.9 6.0 6.0 5.6 3.4 4.7 4.4 7.2 3.3 5.0 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.4 7.2 6.1 5.3 4.9 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.3 2.3 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.3 3.2 3.5 2.7 1.8 RomaniaEmployment indicators¹ Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.26: The MIP scoreboard for Slovenia 

115 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%4.3 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.6 6.8 5.7 3.3 2.4 2.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-31.5 -29.1 -24.4 -19.1 -16.4 -15.3 -6.8 -0.3 3.6 9.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.4 -0.5 -1.8 2.0 1.1 1.7 -0.4 -1.3 1.1 1.1 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%2.0 4.4 8.3 17.0 11.6 6.2 2.7 0.9 1.0 -0.4 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-0.6 1.7 3.2 6.0 7.7 14.5 12.0 14.0 14.8 20.4 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %83.4 79.4 74.9 71.0 66.0 80.2 74.8 72.8 68.3 66.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%27.8 27.5 27.3 27.1 26.9 27.9 26.4 25.9 23.9 24.2 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%56.0 50.8 47.2 44.1 40.7 40.8 39.2 39.5 34.7 32.3 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.8 3.9 6.3 6.4 5.7 1.0 5.7 7.6 3.9 6.8 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-8.4 -3.0 -0.8 -1.9 -1.0 -2.0 3.1 11.3 -2.9 -2.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%0.8 3.3 8.3 8.7 6.7 4.6 11.5 14.8 7.2 7.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.0 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.0 3.7 3.7 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.4 1.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.4 0.9 Employment indicators¹External imbalances and competitivenessSloveniaInternal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.27: The MIP scoreboard for Slovakia 

116 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.9 -0.6 -1.8 -1.6 -2.3 -1.9 -2.9 -5.0 -5.8 -5.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-63.5 -66.3 -67.9 -69.1 -65.6 -64.1 -59.5 -63.3 -57.8 -55.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.2 -1.6 -1.9 2.5 2.6 5.3 3.1 3.8 7.5 8.3 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-2.4 -2.0 0.6 7.3 -0.6 3.8 -1.0 -4.2 -2.3 -4.5 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)1.9 3.6 7.9 11.7 14.8 14.0 10.2 12.0 17.3 23.3 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %51.6 52.1 51.4 49.3 48.0 58.4 60.2 57.8 55.8 59.7 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%34.2 38.1 40.7 42.2 43.4 46.1 46.3 47.0 43.8 43.3 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%45.7 49.5 48.8 48.2 48.3 47.8 46.3 47.4 41.0 39.2 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%11.2 13.1 11.3 10.0 8.2 5.9 8.4 9.6 4.6 4.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%3.8 11.0 -2.4 3.0 4.6 4.9 7.5 8.9 -3.6 -1.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%5.3 6.7 5.9 7.4 9.1 9.5 6.4 13.7 -0.2 3.8 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %11.5 9.6 8.1 6.5 5.7 6.7 6.8 6.1 5.8 5.3 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.6 2.1 1.9 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.4 2.0 2.0 Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.External imbalances and competitivenessSlovakia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.28: The MIP scoreboard for Finland 

117 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 -1.0 -1.3 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%4.7 5.4 1.2 -5.0 -0.8 -3.5 2.3 0.1 12.9 24.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)2.2 0.5 -2.3 3.0 0.2 2.3 -0.7 -3.1 -1.8 -1.9 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-13.2 -12.0 -2.1 8.5 9.6 4.0 0.4 -2.9 -6.2 -7.5 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)3.2 0.7 -3.5 -1.7 1.1 5.1 6.3 9.8 14.6 10.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %68.8 68.6 66.6 65.4 65.3 75.3 73.1 74.0 77.1 82.5 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%63.6 64.6 64.8 65.6 66.2 69.7 68.8 66.6 64.7 63.9 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%89.4 84.7 83.9 79.3 80.6 84.2 82.9 79.9 77.9 78.3 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%3.6 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.4 -0.4 -0.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-3.7 3.4 3.0 6.5 3.4 7.4 1.2 3.4 4.1 0.9 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%0.0b1.3 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.8 4.6 1.0 -6.2 -3.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.4 8.9 8.7 7.5 6.8 7.7 7.7 6.8 7.2 8.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.4 0.6 1.2 2.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.6 0.6 External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index, 2015: b = break in time series due to new calculation method for new dwellings (apartments).Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).Finland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.29: The MIP scoreboard for Sweden 

118 

Thresholds2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%3.6 2.7 2.3 2.1 3.2 4.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-5.0 -1.6 -0.8 8.3 13.9 6.9 21.1 35.1 39.0 67.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-8.2 -9.0 -5.4 -3.9 -8.3 -4.7 2.1 -1.3 -7.5 -9.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-5.7 -4.2 -4.6 -3.6 -1.8 5.1 8.4 -1.2 -3.8 -4.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.9 3.3 4.6 8.9 7.7 7.9 4.5 8.0 11.8 15.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %44.8 43.2 41.9 40.2 36.0 40.4 37.2 34.1 32.0 34.0 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%83.0 86.1 88.2 89.0 89.0 94.1 93.0 89.9 85.5 83.6 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%109.8 108.8 114.2 108.9 110.7 118.2 122.6 123.2 117.9 116.9 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%7.1 6.9 6.6 5.4 5.2 5.7 6.9 3.8 0.6 1.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%3.3 4.0 6.9 7.4 6.3 7.0 6.6 7.4 0.0 -1.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%13.1 8.2 6.6 -0.9 2.5 4.2 10.1 3.6 -5.3 0.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %7.5 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.9 8.5 8.9 7.5 7.7 8.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 -0.1 0.1 0.7 1.9 1.2 External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹ Internal imbalancesSwedenFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 5: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP 
scoreboard   
Table 5.1: Auxiliary indicators for European Union 

119 

European Union2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -39.5e-35.3e-26.8e-25.7e-23.9e-26.2e-26.6e-20.6e-19.5e-19.1eCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.7 3.1 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.8 0.6 1.8 2.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9 -4.0 -2.3 -1.9 Real GDP per capita (EUR)27800.0 28280.0 29040.0 29590.0 30090.0 28450.0b30280.0 31160.0 31150.0 31380.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.0 20.2 20.5 20.9 22.0 21.9 21.8 22.0 22.1 21.2    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1 2.1e2.1 2.2e2.2e2.3e2.2e2.2e2.3ena   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)6.5 6.6 3.0 -0.4 -1.5 2.3 -1.2 -7.4 -4.9 -1.9 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.4 0.3 1.8 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.4 -0.8 0.2 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.3 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: The data for 2024 were not available on 31 October 2025.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for European Union 

120 

European Union2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI79.4 78.8 78.6 78.1 77.8 79.2 78.2 74.6 70.0 67.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.8e5.2e4.0e3.1e2.6e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.8p1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 14.9e15.6e16.3e16.4e16.6e17.2e17.1e16.9e17.6p18.0pReturn on equity of banks   % 4.3e3.4e5.6e5.9e5.2e2.2e6.6e6.9e8.9p9.1pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 93.6 95.2 96.6 98.4 99.8 103.9 106.6 107.7 100.6 98.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  371.7 422.2 456.4 473.3 473.3 449.4b522.1 483.6 374.9 364.3 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 4.9 4.3 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  22.4 20.7 18.5 16.7 15.7 17.6 16.7 14.6 14.6 14.9 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 68.5 69.7 70.9 71.9 72.7 71.7 73.1 74.6 75.3 75.8 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 15.4 14.7 13.9 13.3 12.8 14.0 13.1 11.7 11.2 11.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 24.0 23.7 22.4 21.7 21.1 21.5 21.7 21.6 21.3 21.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 17.4 17.5 16.9 16.8 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.5 16.2 16.2 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 9.7 9.0 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.4 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  10.1 10.0 9.1 8.5 8.0 8.3 9.0 8.3 8.0 7.9 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.2: Auxiliary indicators for euro area 

121 

 Euro area2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -35.4 -33.2 -30.4 -29.0 -28.3 -31.0 -32.5 -25.5 -24.4 -23.7 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.9 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.9 3.1 0.9 2.0 2.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.9 -1.5 -1.7 -2.1 -1.9 -1.2 -2.0 -4.3 -2.4 -1.9 Real GDP per capita (EUR)31160.0 31630.0 32410.0 32920.0 33370.0 31320.0 33320.0 34370.0 34310.0 34480.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.7 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.9 21.8 21.7 21.9 21.9 21.1   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1 2.1e2.2 2.2e2.2 2.3e2.3 2.3e2.3 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)na7.9 5.1 1.6 -0.3 1.7 -1.5 -7.2 -4.9 -2.8 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.2 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.6 2.1 0.3 -0.1 -1.3 -0.2 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Flags:e:Estimated. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: The data for 2024 were not available on 31 October 2025. 2) By definition, the core inflation differential vis-à-vis the EA will always be 0 for the EA itself.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for euro area 

122 

Euro area2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI78.2 77.7 77.6 77.3 77.1 78.4 77.8 75.4 70.7 68.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 7.2e6.3e4.7e3.6e3.1e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.9p1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 14.6e15.0e15.8e15.8e16.1e17.0e16.9e16.8e17.4p17.8pReturn on equity of banks   % 4.5e3.4e5.6e5.7e5.1e1.9e6.3e6.8e8.5p8.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 93.7 95.3 96.8 98.5 99.8 104.1 106.7 107.5 99.9 97.5 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  360.3 404.5 429.2 443.7 441.7 412.3 467.2 442.5 349.3 328.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 5.4 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.1 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  23.1 21.6 19.4 17.6 16.3 18.2 17.0 14.6 14.5 14.6 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 68.7 69.7 70.7 71.7 72.4 71.1 72.4 74.0 74.7 75.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 15.3 14.7 14.0 13.3 12.8 14.2 13.0 11.6 11.3 11.0 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 23.0 22.8 21.8 21.4 20.7 21.5 21.9 21.8 21.6 21.4 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 17.3 17.4 17.1 17.0 16.4 16.8 17.0 16.8 16.4 16.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 7.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.1 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  10.9 10.8 9.9 9.1 8.7 9.1 10.0 9.2 8.8 8.6 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.3: Auxiliary indicators for Belgium 

123 

Belgium2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 51.9 52.4 44.9 34.5 37.2 34.8 36.9 26.3 28.6 28.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.4 0.7 0.8 -0.8 0.3 0.8 2.1 -1.8 0.4 -0.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.7 -2.2 -2.5 -3.4 -2.5 -1.6 -3.0 -4.1 -3.0 -2.9pReal GDP per capita (EUR)36860.0 37110.0 37510.0 38040.0 38760.0 36740.0 38880.0 40100.0 40440.0 40650.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)23.2 23.5 23.5 23.8 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.9 24.2 24.2p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-5.4 -0.5 -0.3 5.8 -0.6 2.9 6.5 -1.6 -7.4 -13.8 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.9 3.7 -1.7 -0.5 0.9 1.3pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 -0.2 0.0 1.0 0.5 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Belgium 

124 

Belgium2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI79.0 79.6 80.3 80.7 82.5 84.2 83.5 80.2 75.6 75.0 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 3.8e3.2e2.7e2.3e2.1e2.1e1.6e1.5e1.6p1.8pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.0e16.2e16.9e16.5e16.6e18.2e18.8e18.5e17.9p17.6pReturn on equity of banks   % 10.3e8.9e8.8e8.2e8.6e5.9e9.9e9.9e11.4p10.4pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 105.8 105.7 106.0 106.0 106.2 109.3 110.4 107.2 102.0 102.5 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  780.5 785.4 729.7 857.6 783.4p762.7p845.8p736.3p670.6p582.6pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 4.0 3.7 3.1b2.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.0 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  22.5 20.3 19.4b16.0 14.5 15.9 18.2 16.4 16.1 17.4 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.2 67.7 68.5b69.7 70.5 69.7 70.6 71.9 72.1 72.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.6 12.2 11.8b11.4 11.2 11.3 10.1b9.2 9.6 9.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 21.6 22.2 22.0 20.5 20.1b20.3 19.0 18.6 18.8 18.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.4 14.8b14.1 12.8 13.1 12.4 11.4 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 7.2 8.4 7.2 6.5 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.7 6.1 6.2 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  15.0 15.2 14.5 13.1 12.9 12.4 12.2 11.7 10.6 11.4 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodology.2)Youngpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining,2021:b=changesinthenationalquestionnaireregardingthevariablesontheparticipationineducationandtraining. 3) People at risk of poverty or social exclusion & people at risk of poverty after social transfers, 2019: b = major substantive and methodological changes.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.4: Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria 

125 

Bulgaria2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 21.4 30.1 32.3 36.0 39.9 47.2 46.6 44.4 46.5 43.9 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)3.1 5.2 4.2 1.7 3.1 1.9 -0.4 -1.7 0.7 0.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.8 -2.4 -3.0 -3.4 -3.0 -2.0 -3.4 -4.4 -2.2 -2.6 Real GDP per capita (EUR)6560.0 6840.0 7130.0 7390.0 7780.0 7610.0 8260.0 8660.0 8830.0 9140.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.9 18.4 18.3 18.8 18.7 19.0 16.3 17.0 18.7 18.3    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)5.9 7.3 10.7 13.4 7.9 3.0 7.3 13.0 14.6 6.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)3.0 2.6 1.0 2.4 5.2 1.0 7.0 3.1 -1.8 4.4 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-1.7 -1.8 -1.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 -0.1 3.7 4.0 0.3 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria 

126 

Bulgaria2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI34.3 34.2 34.2 33.6 35.1 36.7 37.4 36.0 nanaGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 14.5e12.8e10.2e7.7e6.5e5.9e4.8e3.7e2.9p2.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 19.9e20.3e20.6e19.7e18.8e22.4e22.3e20.9e20.9p21.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 8.0e11.3e10.2e11.8e11.2e4.9e8.8e11.2e16.3p15.2pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 85.1b86.4 86.5 82.0 81.5 83.6 81.1 77.4b73.7dp66.9dpBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  329.3 348.1 470.3 670.6 619.6 564.8 722.3 866.2 837.7 714.1 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 6.3 5.2 4.0 3.7 3.0b2.8 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2bYouth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  24.7 20.4 16.1 15.9 12.1b17.5 15.8 10.6 12.1 12.3bEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 66.5 67.0 70.6 71.7 74.3b72.7 73.3 75.9 76.2 76.8bYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 22.2 22.4 18.9 18.1 16.6b18.0 17.4 14.8 13.8 12.7bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 43.3 41.0b38.0 33.0 33.2 33.5 31.7 32.2 30.0 30.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 22.0 22.9b23.4 22.0 22.6 23.8 22.1 22.9 20.6 21.7 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 36.8 33.5 30.0 22.3 22.1 22.1 19.1 18.7 18.0 16.6 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  11.5 11.5 11.1 9.0 9.2 8.4 8.4 8.6 7.0 7.9 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt,2023-2024:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2025.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio,2023-2024:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinstead.2022:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasource.2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodology.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2024:b=Changeofsurveymode(allCAPI);2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.4)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2016:b=increaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize.Thenumberofpensioners(from National Social Security Institute) was used as calibration variable for the first time. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.5: Auxiliary indicators for Czechia 

127 

Czechia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 20.2 27.3 26.0 27.5 29.6 36.4 34.8 25.7 28.5 33.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.6 2.8 2.4 0.9 0.8 2.9 -0.4 -4.1 1.0 3.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 -1.5 -2.4 -4.5 -2.7 -2.4 Real GDP per capita (EUR)16230.0 16640.0 17490.0 17960.0 18570.0 17670.0 18380.0 18450.0 18260.0 18450.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)25.7 24.3 23.7 24.8 25.8 25.5 26.2 27.7 27.9 26.5    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)2.5 8.2 5.2 6.9 1.6 0.7 -4.3 -7.9 -0.2 1.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)4.8 0.2 3.6 1.2 3.7 3.3 0.1 -1.5 -1.7 -0.6 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.3 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 2.4 2.1 8.1 4.4 1.2 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Czechia  

128 

Czechia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI47.2 48.6 48.6 48.2 47.8 47.9 48.2 45.3 43.3 43.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans na4.0e2.8e2.1e1.7e1.9e1.7e1.4e1.2p1.2pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 17.1e17.1e17.5e17.8e19.2e21.4e20.6e19.5e19.5p19.2pReturn on equity of banks   % 11.3e11.9e13.0e13.3e13.9e6.7e10.6e14.4e13.7p15.1pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 94.4 97.4 101.0 101.9 104.0 106.1 115.7 124.0 112.7 112.7 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  276.0 294.9 342.2 351.2 407.6 390.4 466.6 418.2 340.1 330.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  12.6 10.5 7.9 6.7 5.6 8.0 8.2 6.8 8.3 9.1 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 74.8 76.7 78.5 79.9 80.3 79.7 80.0 81.3 81.7 82.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.8 11.1 10.0 9.5 9.8 11.0 10.9 11.4 10.1 8.6 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 13.0 12.4 12.1 11.8 12.1 11.5 10.7 11.8 12.0 11.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.6 10.1 9.5 8.6 10.2 9.8 9.5 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 4.5 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.6 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  6.8 6.7 5.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 5.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.6: Auxiliary indicators for Denmark 

129 

Denmark2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 6.3 11.6 14.8 12.5 25.0 28.2 27.8 30.2 36.8 36.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)7.6 7.1 7.3 6.3 7.5 7.2 8.7 11.3 10.7 11.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.9 -0.6 -0.4 Real GDP per capita (EUR)47900.0 48970.0 50150.0 50830.0 51500.0 50470.0 53520.0 53290.0 53230.0 54820.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.8 21.0 21.2 21.8 21.4 22.2 23.2 23.1 23.5 23.3    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0p3.0 2.8p2.9 3.1 3.0p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)0.3 -0.5 -1.1 1.3 2.3 9.3 6.4 9.3 3.1 9.0 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.1 1.0 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.7 0.5 -3.2 0.3 3.0 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 -0.7 0.3 -0.4 -1.6 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Denmark 

130 

Denmark2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI180.3 176.4 174.1 170.4 168.7 170.4 164.2 140.5 137.3 134.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 3.9e3.3e2.5e2.3e1.9e1.9e1.8e1.5e1.3p1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 17.6e18.4e19.7e19.7e19.9e20.6e20.3e20.0e21.0p20.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.8e9.7e10.8e8.0e8.7e4.5e8.2e3.8e11.7p12.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 97.1b98.3 101.0 102.6 102.9 106.4 114.4 112.2 103.9 104.2 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  510.3i611.0i607.1i759.4i687.6i703.3i768.7i626.4i403.5p418.3pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.6 1.2b1.2b1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5b0.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  12.2 12.2b12.4b10.5 10.1 11.7 10.8 10.6 11.5b14.6 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 75.4 76.0b76.6b77.5 78.3 77.8 79.0 80.1 79.8b80.2 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 8.5 8.4b9.8b9.6 9.6 10.2 8.4 7.9 8.6b8.0 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 18.6 17.5 17.8 17.5 17.3 16.8b17.3 17.1 17.9 18.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.7 12.5 12.1b12.3 12.4 11.8 11.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 3.2 2.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.2 4.9 4.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  11.9 11.1 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 9.7 8.8 9.8 10.6 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. provisional. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio,2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodology.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023.2016-2017:b=improvementinthedatacollectionandintroductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique.3)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2020:b=majorsubstantiveandmethodological changes.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.7: Auxiliary indicators for Germany 

131 

Germany2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 34.2 37.5 44.8 46.0 51.2 55.5 55.3 51.7 53.2 62.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)8.0 8.9 7.9 8.3 7.7 6.0 6.8 3.3 4.9 5.2 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.9 -1.5 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9 -3.3p-2.0p-1.7pReal GDP per capita (EUR)37950.0 38550.0 39540.0 39930.0 40300.0 38670.0 40250.0 40710.0p39990.0p39680.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.7 20.0 20.1 20.8 21.2 21.3 21.2 21.6p21.2p20.5p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)1.8 4.1 0.2 -0.2 -4.0 -0.8 -4.0 -10.4 -8.6 -9.2 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.7 1.4 2.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.6 0.3p-1.2p-0.3pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.4 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Germany 

132 

Germany2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI70.0 69.7 69.6 68.6 69.8 71.4 72.1 69.1 66.0 63.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 3.0e2.6e1.8e1.4e1.2e1.2e1.1e1.1e1.3p1.5pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 15.4e15.6e16.4e16.3e16.1e16.7e16.4e16.6e17.7p18.4pReturn on equity of banks   % 1.7e2.2e2.9e2.4e2.1e2.2e4.0e4.3e5.7p5.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 93.6 97.9 100.5 103.3 106.0 112.4 120.2 117.9 103.2 97.6 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  430.3 482.5 458.3 462.5 476.9 500.5 511.0 459.2p302.6p240.7pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1b1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  7.7 7.5 7.2 6.6 6.1 7.9b7.0 6.0 5.9 6.5 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 77.0 77.6 78.3 79.0 79.7 78.3b79.6 80.8 81.1 81.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 9.3 9.8 9.3 8.7 8.4 10.1b9.3 8.6 8.8 8.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 20.0 19.8 18.8 18.5 17.3 20.4b21.0 21.1 21.3 21.1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.0 14.8 16.1b16.0 14.8 14.4 15.5 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 5.7 4.7 3.7 3.4 3.0 4.4b4.3 6.2 6.9 6.2 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  9.5 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.6 8.3b9.5 9.8 9.9 10.0 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEarenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincluding additional data from other integrated household surveys. 2) Income and living conditions indicators, 2020: b = major substantive and methodological changes.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.8: Auxiliary indicators for Estonia 

133 

Estonia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 16.0 17.2 19.1 23.9 30.1 41.1 40.9 27.7 30.7 28.3 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)3.5 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.7 -0.7 5.5 -2.7 -0.1 0.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.2 -0.5 -0.3 -2.3 -1.7 -1.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)16000.0 16460.0 17390.0 17990.0 18580.0 17990.0 19450.0 19190.0 18200.0 18070.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)24.1 23.9 25.4 26.6 26.6 31.2 30.0 25.2 25.4 23.9    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-4.4 -2.1 -2.6 8.2 4.5 9.0 16.6 14.3 7.2 -4.2 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-0.6 2.6 2.8 6.4 3.2 3.3 8.9 -4.2 -6.0 -0.6 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.1 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.4 -0.7 1.3 6.3 3.8 2.3 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: The data for 2024 were not available on 31 October 2025.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Estonia  

134 

Estonia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI59.5 60.0 60.2 56.9 57.1 57.9 57.1 56.3 54.5 54.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 2.2e1.7e1.9e1.3e1.6e1.6e1.1e0.8e1.1p1.2pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 34.9e33.8e30.1e30.4e25.9e27.2e23.5e21.2e21.4p19.3pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.8e11.1e9.2e9.8e8.3e7.4e9.5e10.9e18.5p16.4pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 95.1 95.0 93.3 87.9 88.4 91.8 97.0 105.4 104.4 103.4 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  380.7 456.0 532.1 454.8 528.4 602.0 601.5 450.5 366.1 363.7 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  14.3 14.0 12.1 12.0 11.6 18.3 16.7 18.6 17.3 19.1 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 76.7 77.0 79.2 79.7 80.5 79.1 79.3 81.9 82.1 81.8 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 12.4 13.3 10.5 11.5 9.7 11.1 11.2 10.6 9.6 11.0 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 23.6 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.7 22.8 22.2 25.2 24.2 22.2 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 21.6 21.7 21.0 21.9 21.7 20.7 20.6 22.8 22.5 20.2 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 3.5 2.2 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.9 3.3 2.5 3.1 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  6.2 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.3 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.9: Auxiliary indicators for Ireland 

135 

Ireland2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -232.0 -249.3 -257.0 -250.2 -275.5 -285.9 -308.4 -228.5 -269.7 -332.1 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)5.7 -2.8 -7.2 -11.2 -30.4 -10.2 12.5 8.6 5.4 15.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.5 -1.1 -1.1 -1.4 -1.2 -0.7 -1.2 -2.1 -1.7 -1.2 Real GDP per capita (EUR)57980.0 57990.0 62950.0 66830.0 69060.0 73020.0 83930.0 88360.0 84560.0 85320.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)24.3 34.1 32.5 27.9 53.2 41.4 22.1 21.1 24.9 17.3    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5be1.5 1.4p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)74.3 66.0 51.8 9.8 14.3 39.6 30.0 12.3 -8.4 5.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)21.0 -3.8 5.4 3.8 1.7 18.2 8.1 -1.4 -4.2 0.5 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.5 -0.2 -0.8 -0.7 -0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.6 -0.5 -0.6 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Ireland   

136 

Ireland2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI130.1 115.6 121.5 112.2 85.0 79.5 75.3 76.5 66.2 60.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 14.9e13.1e9.9e5.5e3.4e3.4e2.4e1.7e1.3p1.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 23.2e23.0e23.4e23.4e23.0e23.3e23.3e22.4e21.8p21.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.8e6.3e5.0e4.9e3.7e-2.2e4.5e3.3e7.6p9.2pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 85.6 88.7 93.6 99.9 96.7 93.0 96.1 101.9 95.8 97.4 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  447.2 526.0 663.8 838.4 946.2 933.6 962.3 807.7 868.6 742.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 5.3 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.8b1.3 1.1 1.0 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  20.2 16.8 14.4 13.8 12.5 15.8 14.6b10.1 10.7 10.6 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 69.8 71.3 72.9 74.0 75.0 72.1 74.9b78.2 79.1 79.8 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 16.5 14.5 12.8 11.6 11.4 14.1 9.7b8.6 8.5 7.5 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 25.4 23.8 22.4 20.8 20.2b19.1b19.6 19.6 19.2 17.1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.2 16.8 15.6 14.9 13.4b12.8b12.8 13.4 12.0 12.7 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 9.4 8.0 6.9 6.1 6.5b6.1b4.8 5.3 6.0 4.5 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  18.8 17.8 16.1 13.2 12.9b11.4b12.4 9.6 9.1 7.4 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2021: b = census revision of the population counts. 2) Income and living conditions indicators, 2019-2020: b = increased use of administrative data.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10: Auxiliary indicators for Greece 

137 

Greece2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -129.2 -128.4 -128.6 -134.3 -132.2 -153.1 -154.0 -124.9 -116.5 -105.7 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 -4.9 -4.5 -9.2 -5.6 -7.2 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.5 -2.3 -1.8 -3.1 -6.1 -2.8p-2.8pReal GDP per capita (EUR)16210.0p16270.0p16540.0p16920.0p17320.0p15760.0p17220.0p18270.0p18720.0p19140.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)11.2 11.4 12.0 11.3 11.0 12.3 13.8 15.7 15.9p16.0p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-3.3 -6.2 -4.6 10.5 13.9 -13.3 -4.0 4.2 31.1 7.0 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)3.6 -3.7 1.8 -3.1 2.4 3.0 -3.2 -0.1 0.1p0.8pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-1.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.2 -1.9 -2.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Greece 

138 

Greece2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI83.0 80.8 77.4 79.2 71.8 71.2 66.6 58.3 53.0 51.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 46.8e46.3e45.0e41.6e35.5e26.5e8.6e6.2e5.0p3.0pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.3e16.9e17.0e15.3e16.3e15.0e14.0e14.9e16.2p16.7pReturn on equity of banks   % -24.2e-7.5e-1.3e-0.4e0.7e-7.9e-20.1e12.7e12.0p11.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 90.6e88.9e87.1e88.5e88.5e95.4e93.1e98.1e102.8e107.6epBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  46.2p55.7p65.1p83.9p102.6p130.9p206.8p208.0p256.0p341.8pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 16.4 15.4 14.3 12.5 11.3 10.5 9.2 7.7 6.2 5.4 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  50.3 48.2 44.5 41.2 37.5 38.0 35.5 31.4 26.7 22.5 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 54.8 55.9 57.4 59.0 60.8 58.3 62.6 66.3 67.4 69.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 23.8 21.9 21.0 19.2 17.5 18.5 17.2 15.3 15.9 14.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 32.4 32.6 32.2 30.3 29.0 27.4 28.3 26.3 26.1 26.9 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 21.4 21.2 20.2 18.5 17.9 17.7 19.6 18.8 18.9 19.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 17.6 18.4 18.3 16.1 15.8 14.9 13.9 13.9 13.5 14.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  15.3 15.7 14.3 13.6 12.7 11.8 12.1 9.5 8.3 7.5 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio: e = source NCB for house prices.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11: Auxiliary indicators for Spain 

139 

Spain2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -64.4 -60.9 -57.2 -51.8 -45.7 -51.6 -39.1 -29.1 -23.3 -16.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.7 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 3.9 4.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1 -1.9 -1.3 -2.2 -3.8 -2.1p-1.8pReal GDP per capita (EUR)23440.0 24100.0 24750.0 25230.0 25520.0 22610.0 24120.0 25420.0 25740.0p26350.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)18.3 18.2 18.9 19.7 20.3 20.6 20.2 20.5 20.5p20.3p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)3.2 4.9 4.6 4.8 -1.6 -12.6 -11.5 -7.3 12.3 12.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.0 0.4 0.7 -0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.5 1.2 -0.2p1.2pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.7 -0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -0.2 -0.8 0.0 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: The data for 2024 were not available on 31 October 2025.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Spain   

140 

Spain2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI90.6 86.4 83.0 80.3 76.3 76.2 72.9 69.3 61.9 58.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.3e5.7e4.4e3.7e3.1e2.8e2.9e2.7e2.7p2.5pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 12.7e13.0e13.2e13.5e13.8e14.7e15.0e14.4e14.7p15.0pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.6e5.0e7.0e8.2e6.7e-3.5e10.2e9.9e11.8p13.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 86.6 88.4 91.3 94.9 95.8 99.4 98.0 100.8 96.9 99.2 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  213.4i273.5i301.0i368.2i346.2i183.8i257.7i309.7i299.9ip354.1ipLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 11.4 9.5 7.7 6.4 5.3 5.0 6.2d5.1d4.3d3.8dYouth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  48.3 44.4 38.6 34.3 32.5 38.3 35.0d29.7d28.7d26.5dEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 62.0 63.9 65.5 67.0 68.0 65.7 67.5d69.3d70.5d71.4dYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 19.4 18.1 16.4 15.3 14.9 17.3 14.2d12.7d12.3d12.0dPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 28.7 28.8 27.5 27.3 26.2 27.0 27.8 26.0 26.5 25.8 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.5 20.7 21.0 21.7 20.4 20.2 19.7 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 7.4 8.5 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.5 8.3 7.7 9.0 8.3 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  15.4 14.9 12.8 10.8 10.9 10.0 11.6 8.7 8.4 8.0 Flags:d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. i:Value imputed by Eurostat or other receiving agencies. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2021-2024: d = ES have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.12: Auxiliary indicators for France 

141 

France2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -29.2 -29.6 -31.0 -32.8 -33.2 -38.8 -35.2 -28.6 -31.7 -29.9 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 0.7 -2.0 0.6 -1.0 -0.8 0.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.1 -1.8 -4.4 -2.4p-1.9pReal GDP per capita (EUR)33200.0 33360.0 33920.0 34320.0 34880.0 32170.0 34230.0 35030.0 35440.0p35770.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.6 20.9 21.4 21.9 22.4 22.4 23.5 23.5 22.8p22.1p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)2.4 1.3 -1.5 -1.0 -2.8 -7.2 -8.0 -9.3 1.6 0.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.8 -0.1 1.9 0.1 0.5 0.2 -1.4 -1.5 0.0p0.0pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -1.0 -0.5 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.12 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for France  

142 

France2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI72.7 74.1 75.8 77.8 79.9 82.1 81.9 81.9 77.2 73.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 4.0e3.6e3.1e2.7e2.5e2.2e1.9e1.8e1.9p2.0pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.8e15.0e15.3e15.6e16.1e17.1e17.1e16.8e17.3p17.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.8e6.5e6.4e6.5e6.0e4.1e7.1e6.1e5.9p6.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 101.3 101.1 102.0 102.9 103.6 107.8 109.1 110.9 103.2 95.3 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  499.1 564.9 601.5 566.0 553.4 489.4 594.7 596.8 437.3p370.5pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.3d2.0d1.8d1.7dYouth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  26.1 26.0 23.5 22.0 20.7 21.5 18.9d17.3d17.2d18.7dEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 70.3 70.7 71.3 72.0 72.3 72.1 73.2d74.0d74.4d75.1dYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.4 13.4 12.8d12.0d12.3d12.5dPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 18.4 18.7 17.8 17.9 18.8 19.0b19.0 20.7b20.4 20.5 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 13.6 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 14.2b14.3 15.6b15.4 15.9 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 6.8 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.3 6.4b5.5 7.0b6.6 6.6 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  8.3 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.1 9.7b10.8 9.9b9.2 8.7 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2021-2024:d=FRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.2)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators, 2022: b = inclusion of four overseas departments (French Guiana, Réunion, Martinique and Guadeloupe) in the SILC exercise. 2020: b = change occurred in the duration of the panel for poverty longitudinal indicators (from 9 to 4 years).Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13: Auxiliary indicators for Croatia 

143 

Croatia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -37.7 -27.1 -18.2 -12.0 0.9 2.7 11.2 13.9 20.1 21.4 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)3.2 3.6 4.2 2.3 3.7 0.2 2.7 -1.1 2.9 -0.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.3 -2.6 -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 -2.0 -3.8 -9.1 -4.8 -3.9pReal GDP per capita (EUR)10960.0 11480.0 12040.0 12550.0 13070.0 12100.0 13750.0 14820.0 15370.0 15910.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.1 19.6 19.5 20.0 21.9 22.4 20.9 21.7 24.7 25.2p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)34.2 17.3 15.7 12.9 8.2 -11.7 0.3 5.4 35.6 17.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)3.4 3.2 0.9 2.8 1.6 -6.2 11.1 6.0 1.4 -0.7pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 3.6 3.9 1.9 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Croatia 

144 

Croatia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI53.5 48.9 48.6 48.3 49.1 49.4 45.8 43.4 42.1 41.4 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 13.0e10.7e8.8e7.3e5.2e5.3e4.2e3.0e2.5p2.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 17.7e19.4e20.2e20.2e21.8e22.8e24.0e22.3e21.7p20.5pReturn on equity of banks   % -6.8e8.9e5.9e8.8e9.1e4.7e7.7e9.4e15.7p15.0pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 93.1 89.0 89.0 88.5 91.0 95.6 90.8 93.5 92.9 91.6 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  168.7 219.6 321.9 326.2 380.1 358.2 438.8 518.8 544.4 568.6pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 10.2 6.7 4.5 3.4 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  42.3 30.9 27.4 23.5 16.7 20.6 21.5 17.7 18.9 16.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 60.5 61.3 63.2 64.9 66.4 66.9 68.6 70.2 70.8 73.6 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 19.8 19.4 17.9 15.5 14.3 14.5 14.9 13.1 11.8 10.6 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 24.4 23.5 23.7 22.1 20.8 20.5 20.9 19.9 20.7b21.7bPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 20.0 19.5 20.0 19.3 18.3 18.3 19.2 18.0 19.3b20.3bSeverely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 8.4 7.3 7.1 6.1 4.6 4.4 3.5 4.0 2.8 2.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  12.3 11.1 10.6 9.3 7.5 7.2 7.5 6.3 5.5 4.7 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2024:b=administrativesourcesusedforincomedata;2023:b=administrativesourcesusedforpartofincomedata:employeecashornearcashincome,wagesandsalaries, social benefits, old age, survivor's and disability pensions.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.14: Auxiliary indicators for Italy  

145 

Italy2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -17.4 -11.8 -7.5 -7.7 -2.5 -1.1 5.5 1.6 6.7 13.5 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 2.1 -1.3 1.0 1.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.2 -2.0 -1.3 -2.6 -5.4 -2.9 -2.1 Real GDP per capita (EUR)27620.0 28010.0 28510.0 28810.0 29000.0 26560.0 29080.0 30550.0 30860.0 31090.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)17.1 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.1 18.2 20.8 21.8 22.7 22.2    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.4b1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-2.1 0.5 -0.6 1.5 -2.9 -5.4 -6.0 -7.4 1.9 -0.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.1 -0.4 0.5 -0.2 0.4 3.3 -1.2 0.5 -2.1 -1.4 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.4 -0.6 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 5.14 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Italy 

146 

Italy2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI52.5 52.5 52.1 52.4 53.2 54.6 53.8 52.2 49.1 47.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 16.5e15.0e11.2e8.4e6.7e4.5e3.5e2.9e2.7p2.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 12.3e11.5e14.4e13.9e14.9e16.9e16.5e16.7e16.9p17.2pReturn on equity of banks   % 3.1e-7.7e7.1e5.8e4.9e1.0e5.7e9.1e12.7p13.2pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 98.1 96.9 93.7 91.6 90.7 93.4 90.7 88.4 85.2 85.3 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  61.4 64.9 75.0 80.2 83.7 74.0 87.9 88.1 79.7 81.4pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.5b5.9 5.1 5.4 4.6 4.2 3.3 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  40.3 37.7 34.6 32.2b29.2 29.8 29.7 23.7 22.7 20.3 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 60.2 61.4 62.3 63.0b63.5 61.9 62.7 64.8 66.3 67.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 25.8 24.4 24.2 23.5b22.3 23.5 23.1 19.0 16.1 15.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 28.4 27.8 25.9 25.7 24.6 24.9 25.2 24.4 22.8 23.1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 19.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.1 18.9 18.9 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 12.1 10.1 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  11.2 12.1 10.8 10.7 9.6 10.2 10.8 9.8 8.9 9.2 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2018: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.15: Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus 

147 

Cyprus2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -281.5 -225.3 -270.1 -354.7 -333.9 -249.6 -203.0 -143.5 -80.1 -52.9 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-0.2 -3.9 -4.6 -3.3 -5.6 -9.8 -5.3 -6.8 -9.7 -8.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.0 -3.3 -4.0 -4.1 -3.9 -3.2 -4.1 -6.2 -4.2 -3.5pReal GDP per capita (EUR)20810.0 22060.0 23130.0 24300.0 25390.0 24240.0 26600.0 28270.0 28740.0 29400.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)12.8 18.0 20.8 18.6 18.7 20.8 19.2 20.4 22.0 20.5p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)7.8 13.3 15.0 16.0 12.9 23.2 28.7 29.2 19.8 15.1 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.7 2.1 2.7 3.0 0.7 1.6pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-1.5 -1.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1.5 -0.1 1.0 -1.1 -0.2 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.15 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus 

148 

Cyprus2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI168.5 156.6 142.4 130.5 113.3 108.0 104.1 97.1 88.9 80.9 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 36.3e35.4e30.7e20.2e18.1e11.0e5.6e4.5e3.7p3.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.0e16.4e15.4e16.1e19.0e19.2e19.3e19.8e23.4p25.9pReturn on equity of banks   % -7.7e1.7e-11.9e7.1e3.5e-3.3e0.6e5.1e21.8p18.3pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 106.5b102.4 99.7 96.3 91.3 89.6 82.4 80.5 78.2 74.8 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  811.8 922.9 1258.2 1469.9 2343.0 2091.5 2168.8 1916.0 2088.3 1952.5pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 6.8 5.8 4.5 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.3 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  32.8 29.1 24.7 20.2 17.6 17.6 17.3 18.1 16.6 13.0 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.9 68.7 70.8 73.9 75.8 75.2 76.3 78.6 79.5 79.8 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 18.5 18.0 17.6 14.9 14.7 15.2 15.0 14.4 13.9 12.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 22.8 22.6 21.4 19.1 18.9 18.2 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 15.1 14.8 13.7 14.7 14.9 14.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 7.9 6.6 6.1 3.8 3.1 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.5 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  10.4 10.1 8.7 8.1 6.4 5.7 6.4 5.0 4.5 4.2 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio, 2015: b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.16: Auxiliary indicators for Latvia 

149 

Latvia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -10.8 -6.9 -2.9 0.7 6.5 14.9 20.4 18.9 20.4 27.4 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.8 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 4.8 -2.7 -4.7 -1.9 -0.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.6 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -2.8 -1.6 -2.6 -7.8 -3.3 -2.6 Real GDP per capita (EUR)12010.0 12430.0 12970.0 13630.0 13820.0 13430.0 14480.0 14750.0 14640.0 14770.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.3 20.2 21.5 22.9 22.7 23.0 22.9 23.3 24.0 22.4    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)2.1 3.5 1.9 8.5 4.0 13.8 7.7 11.7 -2.7 -2.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)4.3 2.8 4.3 1.5 -1.3 2.8 6.5 -0.3 -1.0 0.9 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.4 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.2 0.4 3.6 3.5 0.9 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.16 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Latvia  

150 

Latvia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI39.8 36.0 33.9 30.7 29.4 28.8 28.6 27.4 27.0 27.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.5e6.3e5.6e5.3e3.9e4.6e2.1e1.4e1.3p1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 19.0e17.3e18.4e20.3e22.0e25.7e29.2e23.6e20.6p21.9pReturn on equity of banks   % 10.7e14.3e7.6e9.2e9.6e5.2e4.5e10.2e20.3p17.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 82.5 84.3 85.1 85.9 87.7 88.5 89.1 92.4 90.4 87.0 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  151.7 204.2 257.6 311.5 313.6 368.3 371.4 371.1 372.0 375.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 4.9 4.4 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.8 2.2 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  16.3 17.5 17.0 12.2 12.7 14.9 14.8 15.3 12.3 13.6 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 72.5 73.0 74.6 76.8 77.3 76.9 75.3 77.0 77.5 77.4 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.8 13.3 12.3 11.6 10.2 11.9 12.1 11.3 10.0 10.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 30.0 28.2 28.5 28.4 26.7 25.1 26.1 26.0 25.6 24.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 22.5 21.8 22.1 23.3 22.9 21.6 23.4 22.5 22.5 21.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 15.4 12.6 12.9 10.4 7.5 7.0 5.3 7.8 6.2 5.3 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  7.7 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 6.6 7.2 7.0 6.5 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.17: Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania 

151 

Lithuania2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -13.7 -12.8 -7.6 -2.7 5.4 14.6 22.2 21.1 26.5 33.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.5 0.5 2.2 1.8 5.4 8.9 2.9 -4.7 2.7 4.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.6 -2.6 -3.0 -3.9 -3.6 -2.4 -4.7 -10.6 -3.7 -2.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)12860.0 13360.0 14150.0 14970.0 15710.0 15720.0 16740.0 17010.0 16900.0 17310.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.6 19.9 20.1 20.7 21.2 21.4 22.5 22.4 23.8 22.4    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-9.1 -10.9 4.1 19.6 22.8 21.3 18.3 14.2 5.8 2.9 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.0 -0.9 7.7 3.1 4.0 6.1 3.5 -2.7 -1.6 0.3 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.8 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.0 6.5 4.6 0.4 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.17 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania 

152 

Lithuania2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI31.9 31.7 33.2 33.5 33.3 32.5 32.2 31.5 30.5 31.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 5.6e4.0e3.2e2.6e1.7e2.2e1.2e0.9e0.8p0.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 24.3e19.1e18.8e18.4e19.5e21.5e23.2e20.2e18.6p21.1pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.5e11.9e9.1e12.3e14.5e10.0e10.4e13.5e21.2p18.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 85.5 83.0 87.9 86.8 84.1 82.2 85.8 90.8 91.9 94.0 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  480.9 625.6 562.9 532.1 498.0 533.7 747.8 600.4 452.7 450.1 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.3 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  16.3 14.5 13.3 11.1 11.9 19.6 14.3 11.9 13.8 16.2 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 73.3 75.2 76.0 77.8 78.2 76.7 77.4 79.0 78.5 79.2 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.8 10.7 10.2 9.3 10.9 13.0 12.7 10.7 13.5 14.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 29.4 30.0 29.8 28.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 24.6 24.3 25.8pPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 22.2 21.9 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 20.0 20.9 20.6 21.5pSeverely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 14.6 15.4 14.4 12.0 9.7 8.1 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.1pPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  9.1 10.2 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.2 8.1 8.3 8.0 9.4pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.18: Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg 

153 

Luxembourg2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -3592.1 -3552.1 -3730.3 -3529.3 -3954.9 -4067.9 -4571.4 -3891.2 -3850.8 -4099.2 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)5.3 7.1 6.1 11.1 8.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 6.8 4.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.9 -2.3 -2.7 -3.3 -3.2 -2.0 -2.8 -5.2 -3.7 -3.0 Real GDP per capita (EUR)95090.0 97300.0 96460.0 96110.0 96730.0 94770.0 99760.0 96540.0 94830.0 93670.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)17.3 17.3 17.8 16.2 18.0 17.2 18.1 16.6 16.1 15.4    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)22.9 16.0 6.1 0.6 2.6 20.1 20.2 -1.6 -6.8 -15.8 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-0.8 2.0 -1.5 -1.2 -0.4 5.2 -2.2 -4.0 -1.5 -0.7pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.1 -0.3 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.18 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg   

154 

Luxembourg2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI125.3 130.1 130.3 134.6 134.7 131.9 138.9 139.4 129.6 125.0 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 1.1e0.8e0.7e0.8e0.6e0.7e0.6e0.7e0.8p0.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 20.2e23.6e21.8e20.8e19.3e20.0e18.8e18.2e18.5p18.4pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.2e7.5e5.7e5.5e5.2e4.4e5.5e5.2e8.3p8.9pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 102.8 109.1 110.3 114.5 121.3 130.4 146.4 153.0 131.6 119.4 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  1580.6 1369.6 1507.6 1806.8 1608.9 1426.0 1715.7 1068.2 898.5 737.0pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.9b2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.6 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  17.3b18.9 15.4 14.2 17.0 23.2 16.9 17.6 18.8 21.6 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 70.9b70.7 71.5 72.1 72.8 72.1 74.1 74.8 74.8 74.2 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 7.6b6.8 6.6 7.5 6.5 7.7 8.8 6.8 8.5 9.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 18.4 19.1b19.3 20.1 20.1 19.9b21.1b19.4b21.4 20.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 15.3 15.8b16.4 16.7 17.5 17.4b18.1b17.3b18.8 18.1 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.7b2.4b2.0b2.5 2.3 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  5.4 6.5 6.5 7.8 6.9 7.1b5.5b3.5b3.9 3.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2015:b=changeinthesamplingstrategyanddatacollectiontechnique.2)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators,2022:b=introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.2021:b=introductionofaCAWIcomponentfornewlyselectedhouseholds.2020:b=changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.3)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2016:b=newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationand compilation, weighting, estimation, imputation and adjustment. Better coverage of certain segments of the resident population by use of Luxembourg's National Population Register.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.19: Auxiliary indicators for Hungary 

155 

Hungary2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -17.8 -11.3 -8.0 -3.3 -2.5 -1.7 -0.5 -4.5 -6.7 4.1 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)6.6 4.3 2.6 2.5 1.2 0.9 -2.0 -7.4 1.2 1.9 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.1 -3.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.8 -2.3 -4.4 -9.9 -4.7 -3.6pReal GDP per capita (EUR)11520.0 11850.0 12380.0 13100.0 13780.0 13210.0 14230.0 14860.0 14760.0 14880.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.3 19.6 22.3 24.9 27.1 26.4 27.3 27.5 25.4 23.1p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5b1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4d1.4d1.3d   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)6.0 7.5 4.2 3.5 1.6 3.1 -3.0 -6.6 0.8 0.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.3 -1.7 3.2 4.6 4.3 1.3 2.8 1.9 0.2 0.4pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 6.7 9.1 3.1 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.19 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Hungary 

156 

Hungary2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI32.7 30.5 28.0 26.4 27.3 30.0 30.3 27.0 23.8 23.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 15.2e11.9e8.4e5.4e4.2e3.6e3.2e3.1e2.4p2.2pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.9e15.9e14.2e16.7e15.9e16.2e18.0e17.1e17.8p18.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 0.3e11.7e14.5e14.7e14.3e7.6e12.7e12.1e21.2p19.4pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 85.1 91.2 93.2 95.9 101.3 102.0 103.8 106.8 97.3 99.3pBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  142.9 338.1 421.5 401.8 402.3 268.9 373.8 426.9 260.6 240.5pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.0 2.3 1.6 1.4b1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  17.1 12.7 10.5 9.9b11.4 12.7 13.6 10.6 12.8 15.2 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 70.9 73.7 75.4 76.8b77.7 77.6 78.9 80.3 80.7 81.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.1 12.0 11.2 10.6b11.0 12.4 11.7 10.7 10.9 10.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 30.6 28.6 25.9 20.6 21.1b19.4 19.6 18.8 19.7 19.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.8 14.0b13.9 13.2 13.5 13.8 14.3 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 24.1 20.6 16.1 11.9 10.8b10.7 10.5 9.1 10.3 9.3 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  8.8 7.7 6.3 5.5 4.6b4.7 6.1 6.3 4.9 4.7 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2018: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.20: Auxiliary indicators for Malta 

157 

Malta2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 187.1 207.3 71.9 81.5 103.4 86.8 149.1 149.9 140.8 130.2 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)5.3 -0.2 20.1 15.4 20.4 18.0 10.8 0.5 7.5 8.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-8.3 -7.8 -5.8 -8.2 -5.8 -5.4 -5.4 -7.7 -5.1 -6.5 Real GDP per capita (EUR)23000.0 23400.0 25710.0 26600.0 26570.0 25120.0 28330.0 28280.0 30070.0 31230.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)23.7 21.3 18.7 19.1 20.1 19.9 22.3 24.9 19.1 18.5    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)15.6 17.8 5.3 -0.4 7.6 31.4 4.2 -13.0 -11.4 13.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)5.6 -4.2 8.6 -1.1 -4.8 1.4 9.7 -2.7 3.5 3.2 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.4 0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.7 1.8 0.0 -0.7 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.20 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Malta   

158 

Malta2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI78.6 76.8 84.1 83.9 86.2 85.4 82.6 81.8 76.1 71.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 5.1e4.1e3.1e3.1e3.2e3.6e3.0e2.3e2.0p1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 18.8e17.7e18.8e20.2e21.6e22.8e22.2e21.3e22.2p22.2pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.3e8.1e7.2e5.2e6.0e0.3e3.5e4.3e10.6p8.4pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 103.8 104.0 103.4 103.0 103.2 102.5 98.2 99.0 96.9 92.6pBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  1800.2e2859.8e3209.3 3922.5 3963.8 2522.6 2315.8 2819.5 2167.7 2283.7 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  11.6 10.7 10.6 9.4 10.1 11.5 9.9 9.0 9.2 9.1 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 69.0 71.1 73.0 74.9 75.6 76.0 77.8 80.1 81.3 83.0 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.8 9.4 8.8 7.4 8.5 9.7 10.5 7.6 7.6 7.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 22.2 20.2 19.4 19.2 20.7 19.9 20.3 20.1 19.8 19.7 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 16.9 16.9 16.7 16.6 16.8 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 8.2 5.2 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.4 4.9 4.1 4.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  9.2 6.8 6.6 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.3 3.8 3.6 4.5 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.21: Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands  

159 

Netherlands2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -39.0 -35.0 -15.2 -11.8 -0.4 5.2 10.7 5.0 13.2 17.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.0 7.1 7.8 7.6 6.5 5.6 10.3 17.4 9.2 8.9 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.0 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 -1.2 -1.1 -1.2 -0.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)41270.0 42050.0 42970.0 43680.0 44390.0 42440.0 44870.0 46670.0 45930.0p46130.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.8 19.3 19.8 20.0 20.9 21.3 20.7 20.5 20.3 19.8    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2b2.3 2.3p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)3.7 1.8 2.4 4.7 3.7 7.5 0.9 -0.1 -5.5 -4.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.3 0.0 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 0.4 1.6 1.1 -1.9p-0.2pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.8 1.2 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.3 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 5.21 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands   

160 

Netherlands2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI179.2 177.7 176.7 171.5 166.1 164.5 160.0 153.9 143.1 139.7 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 2.7e2.4e2.1e1.9e1.8e1.9e1.4e1.3e1.3p1.4pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.6e17.9e18.6e19.0e19.0e19.7e19.7e18.3e18.6p19.3pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.0e7.3e8.8e8.1e7.7e3.1e8.3e7.7e10.9p10.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 83.8 86.3 91.1 95.1 97.3 101.7 109.5 116.1 106.0 108.4 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  572.6 552.0 718.0 708.0 582.3 682.3p770.0p632.7p464.3p533.5pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  12.5 12.1 10.4 8.9 8.5 10.6 9.3 7.6 8.2 8.7 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 77.2 77.9 78.9 80.0 81.0 80.8 81.7 82.9 83.5 83.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.9 4.2 4.7 4.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 16.4 16.3b16.6 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.6 16.5 15.8 15.4 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 11.6 12.7b13.2 13.3 13.2 13.4 14.4 14.5 13.0 12.1 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.1 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  10.0 9.5 9.4 8.4 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.0 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2016:b=introductionofCAWI,oversamplingoflowerincomegroups,useofregisterinformationforhousingcosts,changesinfieldworkperiod,weighting,calculationof imputed rent. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22: Auxiliary indicators for Austria 

161 

Austria2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -11.0 -10.8 -4.2 -6.5 -1.8 -5.1 -3.6 -5.2 -5.7 -1.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.5 2.5 1.2 0.3 2.4 3.3 1.8 -1.3 2.1 1.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.3 -1.9 -2.2 -2.5 -2.2 -1.4 -2.4 -4.3 -2.2 -1.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)39640.0 39970.0 40620.0 41430.0 41970.0 39140.0 40910.0 42610.0 41910.0 41420.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.9 23.3 23.8 24.3 25.1 25.1 25.9 25.2 24.7 23.5    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.1 3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.2e3.3 3.2e3.3 3.3p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-0.7 1.2 -0.8 5.0 0.9 2.1 -4.0 -7.7 -2.7 -3.9 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.1 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 2.7 0.0 2.7 -1.4 -0.8 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.1 2.4 1.1 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Austria 

162 

Austria2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI71.0 70.5 69.8 69.3 69.6 70.7 69.8 65.9 60.6 55.9 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.5e5.1e3.5e2.6e2.2e2.0e1.8e1.8e2.2p2.4pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 12.7e14.9e15.9e16.0e16.3e17.2e17.1e17.5e18.7p18.6pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.6e7.1e8.7e8.6e7.8e4.1e6.4e9.7e11.6p10.0pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 102.3 106.2 109.3 112.3 116.7 124.7 131.7 135.9 124.5 115.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  822.8 903.9 1000.6 860.0 946.2 897.2e904.9e707.0e470.9e424.9eLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  11.3 12.0 10.5 10.0 9.1 11.7 11.0 9.5 10.4 10.3 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 74.3 74.8 75.4 76.2 76.8 74.8 75.6 77.3 77.2 77.4 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 9.0 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.6 9.9 9.4 9.1 9.4 9.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 16.9 17.2 17.1 16.8 16.5 16.7 17.3 17.5 17.7 16.9 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.3 13.3 13.9 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.3 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 2.9 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.0 1.8 2.3 3.7 3.7 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  6.3 7.0 7.2 6.4 6.6 6.1 7.4 5.7 5.7 6.0 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23: Auxiliary indicators for Poland 

163 

Poland2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -24.0 -20.7 -18.7 -14.8 -10.7 -4.5 0.6 2.4 6.1 7.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 1.4 4.1 -0.6 -2.1 1.7 0.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.7 -2.3 -1.5 -2.0 -3.4 -2.6 -2.0 Real GDP per capita (EUR)11390.0 11740.0 12340.0 13120.0 13720.0 13720.0b14750.0 15190.0b15290.0 15800.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.2 18.3 17.5 18.8 19.1 18.4 16.9 16.4 17.9 17.0    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)10.5 11.7 13.6 15.7 13.3 19.2 13.4 8.2 6.8 5.9 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.5 2.1 4.9 7.1 1.6b-1.3 1.2 4.6 0.8 5.0pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.8 0.9 3.6 3.3 5.8 4.3 1.1 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Poland  

164 

Poland2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI49.3 49.6 48.0 48.5 47.9 45.7 45.8 38.4 33.6 31.0 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.6e6.4e6.6e6.2e6.1e6.0e5.0e4.3e4.1p3.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 14.5e15.4e16.3e16.1e15.9e17.5e16.1e16.3e18.1p18.1pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.7e7.5e6.9e7.0e6.9e3.1e4.8e7.3e11.6p14.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 88.9 86.6 85.5 85.9 87.1 87.4 90.9 90.7 86.7 89.3 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  455.5 508.5 595.3 621.8 648.3 678.0b857.4 693.5b539.5 636.9 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.7b0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  21.0 17.8 14.9 11.8 9.7b10.8 11.9 10.8 11.4 10.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 66.3 68.2 70.0 71.4 72.6b72.8 75.5 76.7 77.9 78.4 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 14.9 14.0 13.0 12.2 11.4b12.5 13.2 10.7 9.1 9.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 22.5 20.6 18.7 18.2 17.9 17.0 16.8 15.9 16.3 16.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 17.6 17.3 15.0 14.8 15.4 14.8 14.8 13.7 14.0 13.8 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 7.8 5.4 5.3 4.5 3.5 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.3 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  6.9 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.0 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2019: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.24: Auxiliary indicators for Portugal 

165 

Portugal2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -72.1 -63.9 -58.2 -54.9 -45.5 -44.5 -34.4 -27.8 -18.7 -9.1 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.8 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.7 0.4 1.0 -1.1 2.0 3.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.5 -2.5 -1.7 -2.7 -4.7 -2.7 -2.1pReal GDP per capita (EUR)17280.0 17670.0 18280.0 18830.0 19310.0 17680.0 18620.0 19800.0 20200.0 20410.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)15.7 15.7 17.1 17.8 18.4 19.5 20.5 20.6 20.5 20.4p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)6.6 3.5 5.8 8.9 5.9 -7.8 -10.1 -5.2 16.1 17.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-0.3 -0.1 0.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.8 -1.7 1.3pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.5 0.0 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.9 -1.2 1.0 0.4 -0.1 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.24 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Portugal 

166 

Portugal2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI94.7 89.8 87.5 83.9 80.6 82.2 80.5 76.3 69.9 65.9 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 17.5e17.2e13.3e9.4e6.1e4.9e3.6e3.0e2.7p2.4pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 12.6e11.7e14.5e13.9e15.2e16.6e16.3e16.2e17.9p19.0pReturn on equity of banks   % 0.9e-5.5e-0.8e2.7e4.3e0.0e4.9e8.7e13.8p14.4pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 86.4 89.4 94.9 100.0 105.1 114.9 118.6 123.7 124.6 124.6 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  211.9 270.4 338.5 464.5 511.9 539.2 595.7 630.4p633.4p654.5pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 7.4 6.4 4.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  31.8 27.8 23.8 20.2 18.4 22.4 23.4 19.2 20.5 21.6 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.9 69.5 72.5 74.6 75.4 73.9 75.5 77.1 78.0 78.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.1 12.7 10.6 9.5 9.1 11.0 9.7 8.5 8.9 8.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 26.4 24.9 23.4 21.6 21.1 20.0 22.4 20.1 20.1 19.7 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 19.5 19.0 18.3 17.3 17.2 16.2 18.4 16.4 17.0 16.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 10.9 9.1 8.0 6.6 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.3 4.9 4.3 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  10.2 8.5 7.7 6.9 6.2 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.3 4.8 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.25: Auxiliary indicators for Romania 

167 

Romania2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -13.2 -8.4 -7.7 -5.9 -5.1 -8.1 -7.2 -6.0 -6.5 -8.4 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.0 -1.2 -1.9 -3.3 -3.7 -3.2 -5.4 -7.4 -3.9 -6.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-0.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 -1.2 -2.0 -2.8 -1.6 -1.6pReal GDP per capita (EUR)8090.0 8370.0 9100.0 9650.0 10080.0 9760.0 10390.0 10880.0 11120.0 11220.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)24.9 23.0 22.9 21.2 23.3 23.5 24.5 25.1 26.5 25.3p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)23.2 15.5 11.7 15.8 8.2 6.8 2.8 0.1 6.0 2.1 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)4.9 2.7 7.0 5.2 2.9 1.0 0.9 4.6 4.4 -2.9pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.5 -0.8 -0.8 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.2 2.0 4.7 5.5 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.25 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Romania 

168 

Romania2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI28.0 26.3 24.8 25.0 23.0 23.2 23.5 21.6 19.5 18.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 13.4e9.7e6.6e5.0e4.3e3.9e3.4e2.8e2.5p2.6pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.4e17.1e17.4e17.7e19.1e21.9e20.0e19.6e19.9p20.9pReturn on equity of banks   % 11.3e10.6e11.7e13.6e12.3e9.0e13.1e15.7e16.8p17.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 84.4 80.8 74.3 72.4 63.0 63.3 60.6 56.9 51.4 47.1 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  403.6 456.7 500.2 554.3 572.3 544.2 632.2 598.3 456.3 461.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.6 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  27.3 25.9 23.0 20.5 21.0 21.6 21.0 22.8 21.8 23.9 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 59.2 60.3 62.7 63.9 65.1 65.2 67.1 68.5 68.7 69.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 25.8 24.3 22.1 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.3 19.8 19.3 19.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 44.5 46.0 42.5 38.7 36.1 35.6 34.4 34.4 32.0 27.9 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 25.4 25.3 23.6 23.5 23.8 23.4 22.5 21.2 21.1 19.0 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 34.0 35.9 32.4 28.3 24.5 25.3 23.1 24.3 19.8 17.2 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  6.2 6.4 5.4 6.0 4.5 4.7 3.5 4.2 5.2 4.3 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.26: Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia 

169 

Slovenia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -19.1 -14.8 -9.7 -1.0 0.7 1.9 10.2 16.3 19.3 23.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)5.1 4.5 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.8 3.8 -1.1 4.8 4.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.1 -2.1 -2.6 -3.0 -3.5 -2.0 -2.8 -3.8 -3.0 -2.2 Real GDP per capita (EUR)18660.0 19210.0 20190.0 21010.0 21570.0 20560.0 22230.0 22810.0 23230.0 23560.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)18.9 17.8 18.5 19.5 19.8 19.0 20.2 22.0 21.6 20.9    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)4.7 8.6 10.7 16.8 10.5 5.7 0.5 -2.5 0.2 -0.3 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.7 3.3 4.2 2.3 1.1 0.9 3.0 -1.3 2.3 -0.7 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.8 0.1 -0.6 1.9 1.7 0.0 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: The data for 2024 were not available on 31 October 2025.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.26 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia 

170 

Slovenia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI38.8 38.2 38.6 38.5 38.0 36.2 35.3 34.9 33.3 33.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 17.9e12.3e9.2e6.0e3.4e3.0e2.1e1.8e1.5p1.6pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 18.0e18.5e17.7e17.6e17.8e16.7e16.9e16.2e18.0p17.8pReturn on equity of banks   % 3.5e7.8e9.1e10.7e10.3e11.3e9.5e13.3e16.8p14.9pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 91.5 90.6 93.6 96.2 97.1 97.0 100.2 105.8 105.2 106.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  290.8 290.6 338.8 386.1 335.1 380.4 427.0 521.5 471.6 423.2 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 4.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.1 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  16.4 15.3 11.3 8.9 8.1 14.3 12.8 10.1 9.9 10.9 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 68.6 69.5 72.9 74.9 75.9 74.8 76.1 77.9 77.5 78.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 10.5 9.3 7.9 7.5 7.5 7.9 7.3 8.4 7.8 7.6 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 17.7 16.9 16.6 15.4 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.3 13.7 14.4 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 14.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.0 12.4 11.7 12.1 12.7 13.2 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 4.8 4.1 4.5 3.2 2.2 2.6 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.8 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  5.8 6.0 5.2 4.4 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.5 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.27: Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia 

171 

Slovakia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -13.9 -14.7 -15.0 -16.5 -14.0 -14.6 -14.1 -18.7 -15.0 -12.4 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.9 0.2 -1.7 -0.7 -2.8 0.3 -3.8 -8.5 -2.6 -3.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.0 -2.5 -2.9 -3.9 -3.1 -2.1 -3.5 -6.6 -3.2 -2.5 Real GDP per capita (EUR)14820.0 15090.0 15500.0 16110.0 16450.0 16010.0 16970.0b17010.0 17370.0 17700.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)24.3 21.7 21.3 21.3 21.7 19.8 19.6 20.9 21.1 20.4    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)0.2 2.0 2.8 7.1 -1.6 3.3 -3.2 -7.4 -3.0 -4.3 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)3.5 0.4 2.2 2.6 1.9 6.9 5.6 -3.0 0.9 1.7 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.6 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.9 4.3 4.5 1.4 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.27 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia 

172 

Slovakia2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI51.2 56.3 59.9 60.4 61.7 62.7 63.8 63.4 61.0 59.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 4.4e4.6e3.7e3.2e2.9e2.5e2.0e1.7e1.8p1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.5e16.2e16.6e16.2e16.5e17.8e17.9e18.0e18.6p18.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 9.7e9.9e9.3e9.3e8.3e5.3e8.4e9.4e11.5p10.2pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 90.8 94.4 95.6 94.3 97.7 102.7 102.2 105.7 97.0 93.6 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  368.8 423.5 404.5 440.7 440.1 402.9 477.9b421.5 366.5 293.1 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 8.8 6.8 5.9 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.5 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  27.7 23.4 20.0 15.8 17.1 20.4 20.6 19.9 19.8 19.2 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 69.6 71.8 73.2 74.5 75.6 74.6 74.6 76.7 77.5 78.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 16.4 15.1 15.1 13.8 13.7 14.4 14.2 12.3 11.2 10.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 17.3 17.1 15.8 15.2 14.8 13.8 15.6 16.5 17.6 18.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 12.3 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.4 12.3 13.7 14.3 14.5 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 8.4 7.6 6.3 5.4 5.9 4.5 5.7 6.3 7.0 7.6 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  7.0 6.4 5.3 5.2 6.3 4.3 4.9 3.8 4.6 5.0 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.28: Auxiliary indicators for Finland 

173 

Finland2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 15.3 10.3 4.8 -0.8 6.9 5.8 19.0 7.0 6.5 3.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-0.7 -1.9 -0.6 -1.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 -2.4 -0.9 -0.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.0 -1.7 -0.9 -1.9 -3.6 -1.4 -1.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)38350.0 39230.0 40430.0 40860.0 41370.0 40270.0 41270.0 41470.0 40930.0 40780.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.4 23.1 23.7 24.6 24.4 24.7 24.4 24.7 23.3 22.0    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-10.9 -8.5 0.1 8.3 8.5 3.5 -1.8 -6.1 -6.9 -7.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.3 2.0 3.1 -1.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 -1.7 -1.0 1.3 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.28 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Finland 

174 

Finland2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI84.3 86.6 88.8 89.6 89.7 92.3 92.3 91.6 84.8 82.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 1.5e1.4e1.2e1.5e1.4e1.5e1.2e1.0e1.1p1.4pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 22.4e23.1e21.5e18.6e19.2e19.3e19.3e18.6e19.7p19.9pReturn on equity of banks   % 8.3e8.7e8.8e8.1e4.9e5.8e9.2e9.6e13.5p13.2pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 101.7b101.8 101.1 98.8 95.8 96.2 97.1 94.2 82.5 78.5 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  565.6 636.9 744.3 670.8 615.8 650.9 721.8 593.9 358.6 302.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  22.5 20.5 20.0 17.3 17.7 21.0 17.1 14.2 16.2 18.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 71.8 72.4 73.2 75.3 76.2 75.5 76.8 78.4 78.2 77.0 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.8 11.2 10.4 9.6 9.1 9.8 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 16.9 16.5 16.0 16.6 14.5b14.9 14.2 16.3b15.8 16.8 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.0 11.6 12.2 10.8 12.7 12.2 12.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.9 2.8 3.7 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  11.5 12.1 11.4 11.1 8.1b8.3 8.6 10.1b8.7 9.3 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio,2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodfornewdwellings(apartments).2)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensity,2022:b=disruption of the registers' use for the definition of persons permanently disable or/and unable to work. 2019: b = due to changes in the questionnaire.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.29: Auxiliary indicators for Sweden 

175 

Sweden2015201620172018201920202021202220232024NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -12.4 -12.2 -9.6 -15.1 -10.5 -12.7 -0.3 -7.7 -6.4 2.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 5.4 5.7 6.2 4.1 5.8 6.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -0.7 -0.7 -1.2 -1.0 -0.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)46160.0 46590.0 46800.0 47080.0 47790.0 46550.0 48690.0 48780.0 48350.0 48600.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)23.2 23.9 24.6 24.6 23.8 24.5 25.1 25.6 25.4 25.1    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.2 3.3e3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-3.2 -0.3 -2.5 -3.8 -2.8 4.5 6.0 -4.5 -4.6 -4.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.7 -0.6 0.2 0.1 2.9 1.3 2.6 -1.8 -1.2 1.1 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.6 0.4 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.29 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Sweden 

176 

Sweden2015201620172018201920202021202220232024Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI119.5 122.4 125.5 127.0 128.4 134.0 134.5 130.4 123.2 120.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 1.3e1.2e1.3e1.0e1.1e1.0e1.0e0.8e1.0p1.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 21.0e22.7e23.0e18.5e19.6e20.4e20.6e20.2e20.4p20.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 11.2e11.9e10.9e12.2e10.9e8.4e10.0e9.8e13.1p12.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 113.8 118.4 123.3 118.6 118.1 122.5 127.6 124.7 112.0 108.5 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  663.3p796.7 835.2 687.9 612.6 714.7 873.7 674.4 330.2 319.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 Youth unemployment rate - % labour force  Y15-24%  19.7 18.2 17.1 16.8 19.3 23.6 24.7 21.7 22.1 24.3 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 80.1 80.8 81.4 82.0 81.7 80.2 80.4 82.0 82.6 81.9 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.5 5.9 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.7 6.3 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population  % 18.2 17.7 17.2 17.7 18.4 17.7 17.2 18.6 18.4 17.5 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.3 16.2 15.8 16.4 17.1 16.1 15.7 16.0 16.1 14.8 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.4 2.3 2.5 3.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64%  7.8 7.8 8.2 8.3 8.3 7.9 8.8 8.1 8.0 7.7 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 6: Tables by year - MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 
Table 6.1: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2024 

177 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.5 0.9 -0.2 4.8 8988118.1p9811445.3p125697.3p130515.5p75.3 EA2.7 0.5 -0.5 4.5 7789693.4p8418880.8p94362.4p84410.7p75.3 BE-0.4 2.2 -3.7 2.4p349027.0 409713.5 8206.4 19569.6 70.8 BG-1.6 -0.3 -1.7 12.1 52520.6 75253.6 9201.0 5297.3 74.0bCZ1.7 -4.4 -1.1 5.3 2469388.0 3805280.0 87382.0p325852.0 77.5 DK12.2 -0.8 4.9 1.5 2510267.0 2715827.0 14455.0 151064.0 82.4 DE5.8 0.4 -3.4 5.6p2149491.0 1765475.0 12785.0 23500.0 80.2 EE-1.2 1.6 -1.3 7.4 15174.3 18638.2 1127.9 1536.4 82.2 IE16.2 -0.7 10.4 4.3 133792.0 295918.0 2370.0 -2182.0 77.9 EL-7.2 0.4 -1.4 5.4p92264.4 125198.9 156.3 11719.4 70.5 ES3.2 0.6 1.8 3.5p696295.0 793161.0 8735.0 17978.0 74.6dFR0.1 0.3 -0.8 2.7p1767796.0p2236644.4p2827.0p32426.8p74.5dHR-2.2 1.5 1.0 10.8p25904.1 26493.1 2554.0 1318.7 71.9 IT1.1 -1.2 -2.3 4.3 791606.0 1092513.0 4901.0 -17272.0 66.6 CY-8.2 0.4 5.3 1.6p19968.2 28158.8 424.8 166.5 79.5 LV-1.6 -0.9 -1.4 8.7 7812.0 11416.6 602.0 618.8 76.7 LT3.2 -1.6 1.0 5.6 17268.5 20552.3 1636.2 1600.3 79.5 LU4.3 -0.1 -8.6 4.1p53089.0 85597.4 642.0 -1508.2 74.5 HU1.6 -2.3 -5.4 11.5p13900453.0 31028656.0 1251509.0 888166.0 78.6 MT7.1 0.8 8.4 4.9 10798.1 12086.1 812.7 525.9 82.1 NL9.1 0.9 -1.7 6.2p1046684.0p815048.0p38721.0p-11474.0p85.5 AT1.5 0.7 -3.9 8.0 211568.6 295152.3p-779.7 2383.5p78.2 PL0.3 7.0 -1.0 6.1p828033.0 815760.1 26578.0 43383.4 74.7 PT2.1 0.3 1.7 5.8p152074.8 158068.2 5786.2 2925.5 78.0 RO-8.2 2.7 -2.6 18.0p219979.0 309690.0 22047.0 28688.1 67.4 SI4.5 -0.4 -0.3 5.3 16293.0 17730.3 1045.0 -494.7 75.9 SK-4.6 0.7 -3.9 5.5 56404.5 40328.8 2346.6 -458.8 76.6 FI-0.7 -0.9 -3.3 0.2 176383.0 170987.0 -537.0 1531.0 79.4 SE5.9 0.5 0.3 3.9 5330927.0 5847809.0 85096.0 -89792.0 83.8 2024External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = for BG, change of survey mode (all CAPI); d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.2: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2023 

178 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU1.9 7.3 2.7 6.6 8887802.2 9641383.9 51552.9p178964.3 75.0 EA1.7 4.8 2.0 6.2 7707132.6 8284965.6 38279.5 135148.5 75.0 BE0.2 -0.5 -4.1 6.5 340774.1 393496.9 7753.6 9460.3 70.5 BG-0.9 5.4 -0.7 11.2 43577.1 70187.8 6135.3 5372.8 73.9 CZ-0.1 10.1 6.8 8.4 2347877.0 3442581.0 97365.0p259343.0 77.1 DK11.0 1.8 -1.7 3.5 2464836.0 2589563.0 7386.0 100748.0 80.8bDE5.5 3.8 1.4 7.6p2136209.0 1729717.0 14645.0 36141.0 79.8 EE-1.2 7.1 -4.1 15.1 14068.8 16717.6 832.2 511.7 81.6 IE7.0 3.7 0.6 13.1 134137.0 282823.0 1527.0 68019.0 77.5 EL-6.8 1.6 -1.4 2.0p91843.0 113002.1 -912.4 4902.2 69.5 ES2.7 0.6 5.9 5.7p690550.0 767363.0 -13166.0 -22525.0 74.5dFR-1.0 3.5 2.2 3.8p1767148.0 2201620.9 22410.0 53228.8 73.9dHR0.1 4.5 5.5 11.6 23455.7 25081.1 2038.8 1429.8 70.1 IT0.2 3.4 4.2 3.3 790524.0 1103502.0 -5093.0 -15802.0 66.7 CY-9.7 3.7 2.8 8.6 20220.3 28678.6 187.2 15.4 80.0 LV-3.8 7.2 -4.8 9.3 7214.0 10769.9 297.0 139.8 76.6 LT1.1 6.3 -1.6 12.2 15653.3 18883.2 973.9 2024.9 78.8 LU6.8 -0.5 6.8 9.4 51890.7 90015.6 -1475.1 -9229.1 74.1 HU0.0 15.3 8.2 15.8 12675143.0 28931529.0 457011.0 2032376.0 78.2 MT6.3 4.2 11.9 -1.7 10057.0 11832.9 475.6 735.2 80.7 NL9.4 1.0 -2.2 8.6p1008060.0 815145.0p9569.0 -2686.0p85.5 AT1.6 3.8 3.3 8.4 212960.0 294253.7p-3470.0 3769.7p78.2 PL1.6 10.6 7.2 13.9 806255.0 779349.3 -1846.0 24200.2 74.5 PT0.5 2.2 7.8 8.6 146389.9 154786.8 -549.6 384.2 77.6 RO-6.7 5.5 5.4 15.9 201599.0 283714.4 8406.0 30137.5 66.8 SI4.8 2.9 1.7 7.8 15296.0 18282.7 570.0 -556.0 75.2 SK-3.0 6.1 5.8 8.8 54057.8 39937.7 2366.3 -1458.4 76.5 FI-0.9 3.0 -3.3 5.0 176624.0 169056.0 -700.0 6643.0 79.9 SE5.8 -3.4 1.5 6.7 5251513.0 5788112.0 29836.0 -1496.0 84.0 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = DK extended the data collection period from two weeks to four weeks since Q4 2023; d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2023External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.3: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2022 

179 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU0.0 -4.1 -4.8 3.5 8832092.9 9450607.1 307156.9 453636.3 74.5 EA-0.2 -3.4 -4.7 3.3 7681707.1 8162183.7 279381.9 343038.8 74.5 BE-1.9 -0.1 -6.8 5.6 332901.8 386995.1 16420.4 -2982.4 70.5 BG-2.7 2.1 8.9 10.5 37713.6 65655.7 4986.9 4364.6 73.7 CZ-4.7 8.7 -4.1 5.4 2247049.0 3144904.0 106951.0 285499.0 77.2 DK11.2 -1.9 5.7 6.2 2410704.0 2447621.0 35421.0 216466.0 80.4 DE3.8 -2.5 -7.4 3.8p2119310.0 1684946.0 83722.0 155304.0 79.5 EE-3.1 6.5 1.1 13.5 13262.4 16960.6 1337.5 1286.9 81.2 IE8.8 -4.6 -5.3 2.3 138820.0 234983.0 -826.0 -11325.0 76.8 EL-10.7 -1.3 9.9 0.1 93353.3 107584.0 -2079.6 6873.5 69.4 ES0.4 -1.9 4.4 1.7 706791.0 786870.0 4655.0 -16845.0 74.0dFR-1.4 -4.7 -1.2 4.5 1747837.0 2125107.6 83814.0 106376.9 73.6dHR-3.5 -0.6 10.3 6.6 21450.8 23829.6 1158.2 1722.9 70.1 IT-1.8 -2.2 -2.6 0.8 798720.0 1110180.0 26586.0 9970.0 65.5 CY-6.9 -3.0 6.2 3.0 20457.6 29147.6 -427.5 -877.3 79.2 LV-5.5 3.2 3.4 11.3 6924.0 10299.8 393.0 719.5 76.8 LT-6.1 4.4 3.5 14.9 14693.8 16877.9 1516.0 2689.9 78.6 LU5.4 -1.7 -13.9 9.1 51791.7 91899.8 3622.5 2711.5 73.5 HU-9.1 -4.7 -2.1 14.4 12273664.0 27222930.0 676106.0 3353565.0 77.3 MT-0.8 -3.4 -6.4 10.2 9573.5 11183.7 632.4 619.9 79.3 NL6.8 1.3 -0.8 2.6 998573.0 858294.0p36652.0 59383.0p84.7 AT-1.3 -2.1 -3.4 2.2 216475.4 289158.4p6200.1 14157.3p77.8 PL-2.2 -0.7 -0.4 8.1 812687.0 773705.8 -29016.0 72756.1 73.6 PT-2.0 -1.9 7.1 2.5 147107.0 156076.6 4639.8 2530.2 76.2 RO-9.6 1.2 -0.6 10.3 195526.0 259470.0 11787.0 33364.7 66.8 SI-0.9 -1.3 -1.7 6.0 14758.0 18978.3 1043.0 1926.2 76.2 SK-9.6 1.3 -6.1 7.4 51691.6 40848.0 4542.2 3339.1 76.1 FI-2.4 -3.9 -1.1 5.1 177221.0 161970.0 5781.0 5457.0 79.8 SE4.0 -7.0 -6.5 4.3 5227371.0 5668597.0 193291.0 391105.0 83.3 2022External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.4: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2021 

180 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.8 0.6 -1.3 0.2 8600829.2 9278659.6 373920.1 373699.4 73.6 EA2.7 0.3 -1.1 0.0 7400721.2 8035474.4 307680.3 286473.4 73.6 BE1.8 0.6 4.4 2.2 316683.3 373177.0 15710.4 12052.8 69.7 BG-1.1 0.8 6.8 3.4 33130.1 61946.9 4127.3 2914.0 72.3 CZ-2.1 3.8 -1.8 3.6 2137774.0 2937821.0 184516.0 215207.0 76.6 DK8.6 -0.9 0.1 -0.4 2616004.0 2314741.0 70963.0 159987.0 79.6 DE6.9 0.7 -1.9 -0.6 2031681.0 1569693.0 98360.0 112247.0 78.7 EE-3.7 1.5 11.5 1.3 11939.5 15123.2 810.3 1142.0 79.1 IE12.2 -0.2 -3.1 -5.0 126356.0 237536.0 2753.0 5958.0 74.6bEL-6.6 -1.5 21.8 -1.7 100880.9 112278.7 -1824.8 2340.1 67.3 ES0.8 0.6 2.4 1.7 706360.0 837419.0 7749.0 20684.0 73.7dFR0.3 -0.5 1.4 0.4 1665553.0 2118980.2 88155.0 36302.8 73.0dHR0.3 0.5 17.5 -4.4 20391.9 22132.4 900.5 296.1 69.0 IT2.0 -0.4 1.2 0.1 776477.0 1130851.0 27392.0 29691.0 64.5 CY-5.5 -0.3 10.6 -3.9 20480.5 30463.3 729.2 300.8 77.7 LV-4.1 0.3 -0.4 -0.8 6563.0 9910.2 532.0 -117.2 75.8 LT1.4 1.8 4.8 6.3 13226.7 14957.7 1269.0 1845.3 78.2 LU5.0 0.8 2.2 1.4 48158.4 83675.4 3754.9 -9047.4 73.2 HU-4.4 0.4 -4.1 3.2 11589847.0 23253423.0 1522703.0 4049046.0 76.3 MT9.4 -1.2 -14.8 -4.1 8905.4 10640.8 548.0 820.7 77.1 NL10.2 0.0 -1.8 -1.4 962028.0 810165.0p35899.0 45076.0p83.7 AT1.7 0.1 -1.8 -0.6 209978.1 288102.0p8627.2 17012.4p77.2 PL-1.3 -0.5 0.8 1.5 848025.0 704305.9 37239.0 34182.5 72.9 PT-0.7 -1.7 1.4 1.0 142847.9 155076.7 5137.4 4836.2 74.8 RO-7.2 0.0 2.0 1.8 187301.0 231661.4 13920.0 22610.0 65.6 SI3.5 -0.4 1.1 0.5 13747.0 17005.0 737.0 509.7 75.0 SK-4.8 0.0 -1.7 0.3 47149.4 37699.1 3663.6 2645.2 74.6 FI0.3 -0.8 -1.9 3.8 171263.0 160533.0 6777.0 1877.0 78.8 SE6.2 2.9 1.3 0.5 5039755.0 5320397.0 326296.0 328898.0 82.6 2021External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = census revision of the population counts for IE; d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.5: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2020 

181 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.3 2.8 3.6 3.7 8244957.7 8848517.5 253088.3 557064.4 72.4 EA1.8 2.2 2.9 3.6 7095100.7 7688875.0 212678.0 518864.7 72.5 BE0.9 1.2 4.6 1.5 300974.7 360736.9 11222.6 -655.8 68.4 BG0.4 2.7 0.6 8.4 29266.5 59463.2 1822.8 148.7 72.6 CZ1.8 0.8 1.3 7.2 1936875.0 2725164.0 112706.0 -76309.0 76.4 DK7.2 1.6 7.0 3.2 2607721.0 2157077.0 25787.0 -1893.0 79.0 DE6.3 1.4 2.1 3.3 1930957.0 1469070.0 85909.0 95747.0 77.5bEE-2.5 0.6 4.9 4.4 11106.4 13770.0 444.4 175.6 79.6 IE-7.1 0.3 26.7 -8.4 125898.0 237337.0 -3756.0 -5058.0 70.8 EL-6.5 0.4 -19.4 7.2 98377.8 101218.0 -3151.8 11492.8 65.3 ES0.8 0.7 -10.3 6.4 701674.0 820349.0 -4257.0 59702.0 72.2 FR-2.1 1.5 -6.4 4.4 1581169.0 2093290.2 69180.0 239642.7 72.0 HR-1.9 -0.5 -15.8 8.7 19618.9 22037.0 335.9 -74.7 67.2 IT3.8 0.9 -2.7 1.9 748900.0 1104997.0 8100.0 60534.0 63.5 CY-9.7 0.3 13.9 3.5 19928.6 30278.4 746.7 501.5 76.9 LV3.0 2.1 12.2 5.1 6059.0 10052.9 18.0 -462.8 78.0 LT7.2 3.3 9.1 4.1 12040.2 13189.6 854.8 -615.4 78.5 LU4.7 0.5 15.8 3.2 44394.4 79060.4 2508.6 10403.9 72.2 HU-1.1 -3.7 2.9 6.3 10085370.0 19186364.0 1301208.0 2335979.0 75.2 MT16.0 1.5 12.8 7.6 8344.1 10013.4 441.0 458.1 76.0 NL5.7 1.9 6.2 6.9 926212.0 688870.0p26914.0 14547.0p83.4 AT3.4 2.1 0.6 7.2 200809.8 269958.8p5409.8 12931.9p76.4 PL2.4 1.1 11.5 6.9 809307.0 667870.5 12445.0 9507.9 70.2 PT-0.7 0.8 -9.6 7.9 137339.3 151190.9 2331.5 7185.7 73.6 RO-5.1 1.4 2.2 6.1 171227.0 206575.2 5151.0 10325.2 64.1 SI7.3 0.4 1.6 7.0 13027.0 16445.8 126.0 -331.8 73.8 SK-0.5 2.6 3.7 4.0 43485.8 35130.6 2428.6 1643.8 74.5 FI0.4 1.7 0.1 0.6 164830.0 161930.0 6872.0 11097.0 77.3 SE5.6 3.2 4.3 3.0 4718615.0 4955599.0 253611.0 316783.0 82.1 2020External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate, DE: b = due to technical issues with the introduction of the new German system of integrated household surveys, including the LFS, the figures for DE in 2020 are not direct estimates from LFS micro-data, but based on a larger sample including additional data from other integrated household surveys.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.6: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2019 

182 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.4 -3.1 0.2 1.7 8004408.6 8330523.9 290855.3 246426.1 73.2 EA2.4 -2.4 -0.3 1.9 6902835.8 7193068.8 243929.2 190813.0 73.6 BE0.1 -1.2 -0.3 1.3 289675.1 360919.6 17449.3 9552.5 69.1 BG1.7 0.1 2.1 1.6 27649.0 60869.7 2641.5 2964.8 73.6bCZ0.3 0.3 -1.7 3.4 1826985.0 2725376.0 111968.0 -33091.0 76.7 DK7.4 -1.8 1.6 1.0 2553255.0 2390372.0 34391.0 125874.0 79.1 DE7.9 -1.5 -2.0 3.0 1857514.0 1374840.0 82663.0 99694.0 78.2 EE2.0 -0.2 1.9 5.3 10688.1 13855.6 780.9 -83.6 79.2 IE-20.7 -2.8 8.3 2.1 127243.0 248531.0 -743.0 -6801.0 73.2 EL-1.5 -2.1 -0.0 -1.0 102657.7 91282.8 -2587.5 567.9 68.5 ES2.1 -1.7 -1.5 4.4 708638.0 758802.0 611.0 21332.0 73.8 FR0.6 -1.5 -1.0 -0.9 1516406.0 1856879.3 85645.0 90171.6 72.6 HR2.1 -1.4 3.6 0.5 19247.8 22287.0 1307.0 -2165.8 66.4 IT3.2 -2.2 -2.4 1.5 741256.0 1051799.0 17744.0 -24866.0 65.7 CY-5.5 -2.4 4.5 4.4 20275.1 30869.7 86.1 -721.8 77.1 LV-0.2 0.0 -1.5 6.7 6074.0 10751.2 146.0 169.4 77.3 LT3.8 -0.7 5.8 6.1 11241.3 13912.7 885.8 288.3 78.0 LU8.5 -0.5 3.9 2.7 41891.6 81108.4 2392.7 -9184.6 72.0 HU-0.6 -0.8 0.5 4.7 8816078.0 16150422.0 1147491.0 1838812.0 74.9 MT17.9 -1.4 10.7 5.4 7914.3 9475.3 853.6 998.1 74.8 NL6.8 0.4 -1.1 3.1 899551.0 663049.0p19226.0 -6094.0p83.4 AT2.4 -1.0 -0.8 2.0 195448.0 258005.1p6135.1 11066.4p77.3 PL-0.3 -1.0 3.1 3.6b787752.0 652294.9 43541.0 28227.1 70.1bPT0.8 -1.8 0.2 3.2 134989.7 145133.1 1657.2 735.9 74.8 RO-4.9 -0.3 0.8 7.2 163667.0 195762.6 10477.0 5503.7 63.3 SI6.4 -0.4 0.0 4.1 12971.0 16853.1 701.0 -170.5 74.6 SK-3.5 0.6 -3.0 5.6 41057.2 33817.4 3120.2 1443.3 74.7 FI-0.1 -1.5 2.2 1.8 157851.0 150613.0 5835.0 4915.0 77.3 SE5.2 -3.8 2.5 1.0 4469654.0 4555941.0 219625.0 266979.0 82.6 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = census revision of population counts for BG and PL.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2019External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.7: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2018 

183 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.8 4.4 -0.0 1.8 7754904.4 8000673.7 255808.4 204594.0 72.8 EA3.0 4.0 -0.0 1.9 6693930.1 6920496.7 210380.2 147807.9 73.3 BE-0.9 2.4 -0.9 1.3 272163.9 288079.1 12699.6 -3761.1 68.6 BG0.7 3.9 0.8 7.1 25237.3 58960.6 2259.6 2450.4 71.4 CZ0.4 4.3 1.6 6.6 1718744.0 2772560.0 111397.0 257174.0 76.6 DK6.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 2519658.0 2212573.0 37602.0 49079.0 78.2 DE8.4 2.6 -0.4 3.1 1771761.0 1258426.0 65227.0 70049.0 77.6 EE0.6 4.5 2.4 7.0 9966.4 13700.5 626.7 140.2 79.3 IE4.3 1.3 2.3 -1.9 156368.0 254922.0 -1616.0 -18306.0 72.8 EL-2.9 2.1 8.2 -1.4 105621.7 100037.8 -2013.1 909.9 68.1 ES1.9 2.0 -0.6 1.6 710497.0 743584.0 1309.0 -27790.0 73.7 FR-0.7 2.6 0.6 0.8 1433641.0 1747288.2 72833.0 99209.1 72.8 HR1.0 2.5 1.8 3.7 18017.4 24771.3 1055.1 425.0 66.1 IT2.5 1.9 0.1 1.5 724777.0 1085563.0 18229.0 9590.0 65.6bCY-3.9 1.7 4.0 1.2 21067.1 30316.0 622.0 708.3 75.0 LV-0.4 3.8 3.5 4.7 5976.0 10935.5 99.0 -313.7 77.6 LT0.4 4.1 5.7 4.3 10286.6 13555.9 830.2 1237.9 77.3 LU8.3 1.6 0.4 4.4 39473.7 78438.2 3126.5 -7068.0 71.1 HU0.3 -0.5 0.3 2.6 7726672.0 14288576.0 390636.0 1189910.0 74.2bMT13.3 1.9 5.7 7.3 6983.0 8574.1 580.6 562.4 74.1 NL8.8 1.5 2.9 2.7 880573.0 667242.0p19411.0 735.0p82.7 AT0.8 2.0 2.7 2.4 189750.6 253561.5p5448.2 11872.1p77.1 PL-2.0 0.9 4.2 1.7 743359.0 629590.7 42584.0 20062.9 69.4 PT0.8 1.0 2.3 3.7 134146.1 147341.0 980.4 -204.5 74.4 RO-4.6 2.3 4.1 7.0 150083.0 184147.8 11463.0 6863.2 62.4 SI6.5 1.7 4.5 2.7 12314.0 17376.7 746.0 -337.4 74.4 SK-1.6 2.0 3.1 3.8 38057.0 31639.0 3450.5 903.6 74.4 FI-1.6 2.2 1.6 2.7 152193.0 144737.0 6719.0 9239.0 77.0 SE2.1 -4.0 -1.8 3.8 4253257.0 4261653.0 217513.0 297851.0 82.5 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = census revision of population counts for IT and HU.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2018External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.8: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2017 

184 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU3.1 2.3 -0.4 0.9 7557633.7 7932064.8 224355.4 173772.3 72.4 EA3.3 1.7 1.3 0.6 6518495.8 6882489.6 180357.0 128094.8 73.0 BE0.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 261930.9 316903.6 11437.9 -10056.7 68.0bBG3.2 0.7 5.9 9.5 23156.7 57507.1 2079.8 1544.4 71.2 CZ1.5 3.9 2.8 3.8 1608506.0 2497461.0 123205.0 184794.0 75.9 DK7.3 0.5 0.7 0.0 2492087.0 2149906.0 12570.0 70.0 77.9bDE8.1 1.1 -0.6 1.1 1728853.0 1229098.0 55679.0 25944.0 77.2 EE1.7 1.6 1.1 3.6 9366.7 13791.1 641.6 399.6 79.2 IE1.1 0.3 4.2 -3.7 161592.0 269040.0 -4379.0 -19684.0 72.6 EL-1.9 0.6 6.3 -0.1 103247.2 100892.1 -2341.1 -265.4 68.2 ES2.8 1.5 1.5 0.3 711993.0 780404.0 -4302.0 21428.0 73.9 FR-0.5 0.6 -1.5 0.9 1362207.0 1669193.8 66832.0 84871.1 72.4 HR3.3 0.6 3.7 0.2 17234.3 24953.4 709.5 -421.6 66.2 IT2.4 0.7 0.4 -0.1 710984.0 1097717.0 17273.0 11786.0 65.3 CY-5.0 0.5 4.9 1.2 21561.4 31167.6 151.2 2862.9 73.9 LV1.5 0.0 3.1 3.9 6137.0 11643.9 120.0 740.9 76.9 LT1.0 0.4 11.0 4.0 9450.6 12394.4 656.7 1112.9 75.9 LU6.4 1.1 -0.6 5.2 36339.8 67380.2 2417.2 -562.5 70.2 HU1.8 1.8 1.8 4.3 7374123.0 12849279.0 158571.0 628939.0 73.1 MT18.9 1.3 -7.2 -3.5 6362.6 7568.3 480.3 357.4 72.2 NL8.1 0.6 2.9 0.6 860882.0 670495.0p19927.0 6991.0p82.2 AT1.3 1.1 -0.1 1.1 184475.1 238871.5p4344.8 3893.9p76.8 PL-1.2 2.8 6.5 1.6 694557.0 603444.8 34237.0 37804.3 68.7 PT1.5 0.7 4.3 1.9 133721.0 149541.9 925.1 -4574.8 73.8 RO-3.2 -1.7 4.1 8.5 138430.0 185781.5 9981.0 -581.6 61.8 SI6.8 -0.2 6.8 0.7 11635.0 17693.6 696.0 -137.8 73.6 SK-1.7 0.0 -0.6 4.7 34606.4 30331.4 3523.0 -963.5 74.1 FI-0.7 -0.4 5.5 -3.2 145698.0 143092.0 5558.0 4376.0 75.8 SE2.2 -0.7 -2.5 2.8 4034079.0 4014665.0 248828.0 259354.0 82.2 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = change in the survey methodology for BE; for DK, data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2017External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.9: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2016 

185 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU3.2 2.7 1.2 0.7 7330150.7 7847615.4 169352.5 298644.3 72.0 EA3.3 2.6 1.1 0.7 6330948.0 6840648.1 128432.4 257338.0 72.7 BE0.6 2.9 5.2 0.4 250505.6 330819.7 9906.8 33498.7 67.7 BG3.0 -0.4 6.4 3.2 21587.9 57479.3 1164.0 1873.7 68.6 CZ1.8 2.5 2.7 3.3 1493328.0 2364544.0 108709.0 188223.0 75.0 DK7.1 1.0 -0.3 -0.4 2456236.0 2131591.0 20747.0 73707.0 77.5bDE8.9 1.6 1.0 1.3 1671254.0 1184042.0 47768.0 70778.0 76.8 EE1.0 1.5 4.7 4.1 8687.6 13207.9 556.9 952.2 77.9 IE-1.2 1.0 3.2 4.9 144346.0 289407.0 -8445.0 -4060.0 72.6 EL-1.7 1.2 -3.7 -1.2 106958.6 106853.1 -3167.5 -584.2 68.2 ES3.1 0.7 4.0 -0.7 719782.0 780911.0 -12576.0 17755.0 74.2 FR-0.5 1.3 0.1 0.8 1297213.0 1605005.9 54630.0 96460.4 72.3 HR2.1 1.1 7.2 -1.9 16959.3 26859.2 126.3 -20.4 65.5 IT2.5 0.9 1.2 0.1 700822.0 1102053.0 8113.0 -9425.0 64.8 CY-4.0 -0.2 6.5 -3.0 22388.8 29949.8 -66.9 588.2 73.4 LV1.8 1.2 2.0 4.0 6095.0 10982.7 -233.0 -44.8 76.2 LT-1.0 1.9 2.2 5.5 8862.2 11309.9 604.4 1099.9 75.5 LU7.4 0.7 1.0 -1.2 33977.9 62974.0 2049.3 -1339.1 70.0 HU4.4 0.8 1.6 3.7 7353948.0 12394761.0 57325.0 487322.0 72.1 MT-0.6 1.4 1.7 4.5 5335.0 8520.8 291.8 898.1 70.6 NL7.2 1.2 -0.9 1.2 841473.0 681820.0p17008.0 37231.0p82.2 AT2.6 1.7 2.4 1.5 181361.5 235846.8p4334.5 6648.9p76.6 PL-1.0 -3.5 4.5 2.6 681672.0 584116.9 28267.0 36112.2 67.8 PT1.4 1.6 2.3 0.9 133488.4 155241.9 -2276.2 -1300.8 72.7 RO-2.1 -1.3 7.1 11.8 127704.0 180849.4 5242.0 -6379.7 60.2 SI5.3 0.5 4.9 2.5 10996.0 17915.0 421.0 -573.9 71.1 SK-1.5 0.5 4.8 2.7 31083.5 40365.0 3598.9 4030.4 73.9 FI-2.0 1.2 1.2 -1.0 139415.0 146653.0 5788.0 4742.0 75.0 SE2.0 0.8 0.7 2.1 3783531.0 3735584.0 243229.0 142399.0 81.8 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique for DK.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2016External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.10: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2015 

186 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.8 -8.8 -0.6 -0.1 7189827.5 7653452.4 118339.8 106536.3 71.5 EA2.9 -7.4 -0.0 0.2 6219157.1 6669609.3 82871.2 82705.1 72.4 BE1.4 -3.3 -8.8 -0.6 241302.2 299708.7 9493.2 23418.4 67.7 BG0.0 -3.5 -4.0 2.6 20812.1 56222.3 -74.7 -2161.4 69.2 CZ0.4 -0.9 -2.4 -0.2 1395031.0 2226276.0 85017.0 -101877.0 74.0 DK8.0 -3.4 -3.6 1.4 2410842.0 2043801.0 28842.0 65743.0 76.9 DE8.1 -4.4 -2.4 1.9 1622955.0 1115825.0 37888.0 31698.0 76.5 EE1.5 0.2 -10.0 4.2 8197.1 12626.5 415.5 181.8 77.0 IE6.1 -7.0 38.1 -15.0 154786.0 272555.0 -3874.0 9117.0 72.0 EL-0.8 -4.5 -8.8 -4.0 110848.5 109396.9 -3891.9 -1716.3 67.7 ES2.0 -4.5 -3.1 -0.1 735011.0 784050.0 -17696.0 -18106.0 74.3 FR-0.3 -4.7 -2.2 0.4 1252914.0 1566250.8 37438.0 53085.3 72.2 HR2.5 -1.5 1.8 0.0 17785.3 27977.9 -382.1 61.2 66.9 IT1.2 -4.4 -4.3 0.6 692487.0 1127937.0 -34.0 -18645.0 63.8 CY-0.3 -6.5 0.7 -3.4 22993.0 30950.1 -126.9 496.7 73.9 LV-0.1 0.7 -5.2 5.5 6407.0 10659.7 -150.0 75.8 75.7 LT-2.5 0.5 -10.2 4.5 8327.9 10384.1 547.1 287.9 74.1 LU5.6 -2.7 3.4 1.8 31922.9 63957.1 1613.0 16155.2 70.9bHU2.1 -2.4 -1.5 0.5 7478213.0 12129185.0 -1168555.0 -528242.0 70.5 MT2.6 -4.8 9.1 0.1 5072.8 7442.2 146.3 -19.1 68.8 NL4.8 -3.4 -1.7 -1.0 824563.0 647163.0p14396.0 -20573.0p82.1 AT1.6 -2.3 -5.2 1.6 175509.9 230504.2p2719.9 5289.9p75.8 PL-1.3 -2.6 -0.2 -0.5 648522.0 542026.3 24712.0 42273.9 66.8 PT0.5 -2.9 -3.0 0.6 136346.0 158961.9 -3088.2 7565.3 72.2 RO-0.7 -2.6 -1.9 -2.7 123741.0 191577.6 5862.0 -5598.7 59.9 SI4.1 -2.1 -3.3 0.1 10700.0 18995.6 87.0 -1764.1 71.2 SK-2.1 -2.3 -3.4 0.3 27484.6 36763.8 2773.2 1358.7 72.9 FI-0.9 -3.1 -8.3 0.8 133785.0 137879.0 4593.0 -5263.0 74.8 SE2.7 -5.5 -2.9 -0.3 3512539.0 3592975.0 234474.0 118682.0 81.5 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), OECD (for data on non-EU countries) and the European Central Bank (for data on FDI).2015External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances