COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 43rd Annual Report from the Commission to European Parliament and the Council on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of trade defence instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2024
Date: 2025-07-28
Institutions: Directorate-General for Trade and Economic Security, European Commission
Subjects: activity report, anti-dumping measure, anti-subsidy proceeding, countervailing charge, import (EU), import restriction, originating product, surveillance concerning imports, third country, trade dispute

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 28.7.2025  SWD(2025) 231 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 43rd Annual Report from the Commission to European Parliament and the Council on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of trade defence instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2024        {COM(2025) 428 final}  
 
 
Table of Contents 

1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................. 3 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.1.  The international framework ............................................................................................. 3 

1.1.2.  The EU legislation ............................................................................................................. 3 

1.2. 

Safeguards .............................................................................................................................. 4 

1.2.1.  The international framework ............................................................................................. 4 

1.2.2.  The EU legislation ............................................................................................................. 4 

2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING, ANTI-SUBSIDY AND SAFEGUARD INVESTIGATIONS AND 
MEASURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 

2.1.  Measures in place .................................................................................................................. 5 

2.2.  New investigations ................................................................................................................. 5 

2.3.  Review investigations ............................................................................................................ 6 

3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2024 ........................................................................................................... 7 

3.1.  New investigations ................................................................................................................. 7 

3.1.1. 

Initiations ........................................................................................................................... 7 

3.1.2.  Provisional measures ........................................................................................................ 8 

3.1.3.  Definitive measures ........................................................................................................... 9 

3.1.5.  New investigations terminated without measures ............................................................ 21 

3.2.  Review investigations .......................................................................................................... 21 

3.2.1.  Expiry reviews ................................................................................................................. 21 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews ................................................................................................................ 28 

3.2.3.  New exporter reviews ...................................................................................................... 30 

3.2.4.  Anti-absorption investigations ......................................................................................... 30 

3.2.5.  Anti-circumvention investigations ................................................................................... 30 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations ..................................................................................................... 33 

4.  ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES ................................................... 34 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures ........................................................................................................ 34 

4.2.  Monitoring of undertakings ............................................................................................... 34 

5.  REFUNDS ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 

6. 

7. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS ................................. 35 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT .. 35 

7.1.   Overview of the judicial reviews in 2024 ........................................................................... 35 

7.2.   Cases pending ...................................................................................................................... 35 

7.3.   New cases .............................................................................................................................. 36 

7.4.   Selection of court decisions ................................................................................................. 36 

8.  ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU ..................................................................... 41 

1 

 
 
 
 
9.  ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO .................................................................................. 48 

9.1 

Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence ................................................................ 48 

9.2  Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees. ................. 51 

2 

 
 
 
1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy 

1.1.1. 

The international framework 

Unfair trading  practices such  as  dumping and the  granting  of  subsidies  were identified  as  a  threat to  open 
markets  as  early  as  1947,  when  the  first  GATT  agreement  was  signed.  The  agreement  contained  specific 
provisions allowing GATT members to act against these practices if they caused material injury to the domestic 
industry of a GATT member. Today's globalised trade environment is characterised by quicker and cheaper 
communication and transportation, as well as the coexistence of different models of economic governance. In 
such  a  world,  trade  defence  instruments  are  more  relevant  than  ever  as  trade  distortions  that  underlie  the 
application of these instruments are widespread. 

Since the beginning of the GATT in 1947, considerable efforts have been made to harmonise the rules relating 
to trade defence instruments. During the last GATT round (the « Uruguay Round »), which led to the creation 
of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the detailed Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements, much 
of the attention has been focused on the procedural and material conditions to be fulfilled before measures can 
be adopted. The EU played an active role in the negotiation of these agreements, which are reflected in its own 
legislation. In this sense, the EU applies its anti-dumping (AD) and anti-subsidy (AS) legislation in a rigorous 
and  consistent  manner.  Unfortunately,  many  WTO  Members  lack  this  type  of  restraint,  thereby  affecting 
negatively also EU operators. The role that the EU plays as a prudent but determined user has therefore also 
an exemplary function at WTO level. Against this backdrop, the EU continues to play a leading active role in 
any efforts to update the WTO rulebook. 

1.1.2. 

The EU legislation 

The EU’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation was first enacted in 1968 and has since been modified 
several  times.  The  current  basic  texts,  which  form  the  legal  basis  of  anti-dumping  and  anti-subsidy 
investigations in the EU, entered into force in March 1996 and October 1997 respectively. These are in line 
with the Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements adopted during the GATT/WTO negotiations. These 
texts were codified in 2016 to reflect changes previously made. The basic texts are: 

– 

– 

Regulation  (EU)  2016/1036  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  dumped  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version1, 
Regulation  (EU)  2016/1037  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  subsidised  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version2. 

These regulations will overall be referred to as the "basic anti-dumping (AD) Regulation" and the “basic anti-
subsidy (AS) Regulation”. Both regulations were last modified by Regulation (EU) 2017/2321 of 12 December 
20173, Regulation (EU) 2018/825 of 30 May 20184 and Regulation (EU) 2020/1173 of 4 June 20205.  

The EU's legislation contains a number of provisions aimed at ensuring a balanced application of the EU’s 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy rules on all interested parties. These provisions include the “EU interest test” 
and the “lesser duty rule”, which go beyond the Union's WTO obligations. 

The EU interest test is a public interest clause and provides that measures cannot be applied if it is established 
that they are contrary to the overall economic interest of the EU. This requires an analysis of all the economic 
interests  involved, including  those  of  the  EU  industry  and  its  suppliers,  downstream users, consumers and 
traders of the product concerned.  

The lesser duty rule used to require that the measures imposed by the EU be always lower than the dumping 
or subsidy margin, if a lower duty rate was sufficient to remove the injury suffered by the EU industry. Such 
a  “no-injury”  rate  is  usually  determined  by  comparing  import  prices  under  investigation  with  the  cost  of 

1   
2   
3   
4   
5  

OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.21. 
OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.55. 
OJ L 338, 19.12.2017, p.1. 
OJ L 143, 07.06.2018, p.1. 
OJ L 259, 10.08.2020, p. 1. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
production  of  the  EU  industry  and  a  reasonable  profit  margin.  Since  the  2018  amendments  to  the  basic 
Regulations, the lesser duty rule does not apply, in principle, in anti-subsidy investigations, which means anti-
subsidy measures will fully offset the subsidies that an exporter has received. Also, since 2018, in anti-dumping 
investigations, the application of the lesser duty rule may be modulated under certain conditions relating to 
evidence of significant raw material distortions in the exporting country.   

This practice reflects the increased attention of the EU to tackle unfair and injurious subsidisation and artificial 
distortions by third countries. The EU is one of the few investigating authorities on a worldwide level that 
applies the lesser duty rule in such a coherent and comprehensive way. The Commission presented a review 
and evaluation of the modulation of the lesser duty rule to the Council and the European Parliament in 20236. 

1.2.  Safeguards 

1.2.1. 

The international framework 

The principle of liberalisation of imports was set under the GATT 1947 and strengthened under the 1994 WTO 
Agreements. As safeguard measures consist of the unilateral withdrawal or suspension of a tariff concession 
or of other trade liberalisation obligations formerly agreed, they must be considered as an exception to this 
principle.  Article  XIX  GATT  1994  and  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Safeguards  do  not  only  impose  strict 
conditions for the application of this "escape clause", but also put in place a multilateral control mechanism 
under the WTO Committee on Safeguards. 

Under WTO rules, safeguard action must be viewed as a temporary defence measure that applies to all imports 
of  the  product  covered  by  a  measure,  irrespective  of  origin.  As  regards  non-WTO  members,  safeguard 
measures may be selective and apply to products originating in a specific country. WTO Accession Protocols 
may also provide for such selective safeguard mechanisms, as was the case in the Protocol of Accession of the 
People’s Republic of China (PRC), although the provision has now expired.  

Definitive WTO safeguards should only be adopted after a comprehensive investigation that provides evidence 
of the existence of a) unforeseen developments leading to b) increased imports, c) the existence of a serious 
injury or a threat of injury for EU producers and d) a causal link between the imports and the injury. 
Moreover, FTAs concluded by the Union with third countries often include a ‘bilateral safeguard clause’, i.e., 
a provision that allows for the temporary suspension of tariff concessions made under the FTA. 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation 

The above-mentioned WTO principles are reflected in the relevant EU regulations, except for the “unforeseen 
development requirement” (which is not found explicitly in the EU legislation nor in the WTO Agreement on 
Safeguards but has been confirmed as a self-standing condition by WTO jurisprudence, as per Article XIX of 
GATT 1994). Additionally, the adoption of measures in the EU requires an analysis of all interests concerned, 
i.e., the impact of the measures on producers, users and consumers. In other words, safeguard action can only 
be taken when it is in the EU’s interest to do so. The current EU safeguard instruments are covered by the 
following regulations: 

-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/478  of the  European  Parliament and  of the  Council  of 11  March  2015 on 
common rules for imports (codification);7  
-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/755  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  29  April  2015  on 
common rules for imports from certain third countries (recast);8 
-  Regulation  (EU)  2019/287  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  13  February  2019 
implementing  bilateral  safeguard  clauses  and  other  mechanisms  allowing  for  the  temporary 
withdrawal of preferences in certain trade agreements concluded between the European Union and 
third countries;9 
- Regulation (EU) 2015/936 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 June 2015 on common 
rules for imports of textile products from certain third countries not covered by bilateral agreements, 
protocols or other arrangements, or by other specific EU import rules (recast).10 

6              

 COM/2023/294 final 

7   
8   
9   
10   

OJ L 83, 27.3.2015, p.16. 
OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p.33. 
OJ L 53, 22.2.2019, p.1. 
OJ L 160, 25.6.2015, p.1. 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
The first two regulations are referred to as the “basic safeguard Regulation(s)”. 

2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING, ANTI-SUBSIDY AND SAFEGUARD INVESTIGATIONS AND 

MEASURES   

The number of new investigations initiated in 2024 was significantly higher than the previous year, with 33 
initiations compared to 12 in 2023.  

The number of measures imposed in 2024 was more than the previous year. The Commission imposed 7 new 
definitive measures and 10 provisional measures giving a total of 17, compared to 11 in 2023.11 At the same 
time, 1 investigation was terminated without the imposition of measures.  

As to the reviews initiated during 2024, the total was slightly lower than in 2023, with 30 initiations compared 
to 31 in 2023. These included 21 expiry reviews, 4 interim reviews, 3 anti-circumvention investigations and 2 
safeguard reviews. The Commission concluded 20 reviews in 2024 and terminated 6 reviews. Below are details 
on new investigations and review investigations.  

2.1.  Measures in place 

At the end of 2024, the EU had 124 definitive anti-dumping measures (which were extended12 in 38 cases) and 
22 definitive countervailing measures (extended in 7 cases)13 and 1 safeguard measure force. The anti-dumping 
measures cover 99 products from 28 countries (see Annex O). The countervailing measures cover 15 products 
from 11 countries (see Annex P).  

Regarding the anti-dumping measures in force at the end of 2024, the countries and territories concerned were 
the PRC (74 measures), Russia (11 measures), Indonesia and Türkiye (8 measures), India, Taiwan and Korea 
(7  measures  each),  Malaysia  and  Thailand  (6  measures  each),  US  (4  measures),  Morocco  (3  measures), 
Belarus, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Philippines and Vietnam (2 measures each), and Cambodia, Canada, Egypt, Iran, 
Japan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad & Tobago and Tunisia (1 measure each).  

Regarding  the  anti-subsidy  measures  in  place,  the  countries  concerned  were  PRC  (11  measures),  India  (4 
measures), Türkiye (4 measures), Egypt and Indonesia (2 measures each), and Argentina, Canada, Morocco, 
Taiwan, US and Vietnam (1 measure each).  

2.2.  New investigations  

In the 5-year period between 2020 and 2024, the Commission initiated 79 new investigations on imports from 
15 countries including one erga omnes safeguard investigation.  

The main sectors concerned were iron and steel with 24 investigations and chemicals with 21 investigations. 
A breakdown of the sectors concerned is in Annex B (A). 

The countries concerned by initiations are the PRC – 44; India – 7; Türkiye – 5; Indonesia - 4; Korea – 3; 
Egypt, Morocco, Russia, Taiwan, USA - 2 each; Brazil, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Vietnam - 1 each and 
the safeguard investigation being erga omnes. A table showing all the investigations initiated over the last 5 
years broken down by country of export is available at Annex B (B). 

Table 1 below provides statistical information on the developments regarding new investigations for the years 
2020-2024.  

TABLE 1 
Evolution of new anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard investigations 
during the period 1 January 2020 - 31 December 2024 
2022 

2020 

2021 

2023 

2024 

11  
12  
13  

Not including safeguard measures. 
Measures were extended to other third countries or products if circumvention was found. 
The measures are counted per product and country concerned. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New investigations initiated during the period 
New investigations concluded : 
- 

by imposition of definitive duty or 
acceptance of undertakings 
terminations14 

- 
Total new investigations concluded during the 
period 
Provisional measures imposed 

15 

11 
5 

16 

6 

14 

12 
1 

13 

10 

5 

11 
1 

12 

3 

12 

33 

6 
1 

7 

5 

7 
1 

8 

10 

2.3.  Review investigations  

Anti-dumping measures, including price undertakings, may be subject, under the basic AD Regulation, to five 
different  types  of  reviews:  expiry  reviews  (Article  11(2)),  interim  reviews  (Article  11(3)),  newcomer 
investigations  (Article  11(4)),  absorption  investigations  (Article  12)  and  anti-circumvention  investigations 
(Article 13). The Commission also carries out “other” reviews consisting in re-opening of investigations to 
implement court rulings. 

Anti-subsidy measures may also be subject, under the basic AS Regulation, to five different types of reviews: 
expiry reviews (Article 18), interim reviews (Article 19), absorption investigations (Article 19(3)), accelerated 
reviews (Article 20) and anti-circumvention investigations (Article 23). In addition, here also, the Commission 
can re-open investigations to implement court rulings. 

Reviews continue to represent a major part of the work of the Commission's TDI services. In the period from 
2020 to 2024, the Commission initiated 161 review investigations. These reviews represented 67% of all anti-
dumping and anti-subsidy investigations initiated in that period.  

In 2024, the Commission initiated 30 reviews. These comprised 21 expiry reviews (compared to 10 in 2023), 
4  interim  reviews,  3  anti-circumvention  investigations  (counted  per  product  and  country  of  alleged 
circumvention practice) and 2 safeguard reviews. At the same time, the Commission concluded 26 reviews – 
11 of which were expiry reviews.  

An overview of the review investigations in 2024 can be found in Annexes F to K. Table 2 below provides 
statistical information for the years 2020 – 2024. 

TABLE 2 
Reviews of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard investigations 
during the period 1 January 2020 - 31 December 202415 

Reviews initiated during the period 
Expiry reviews concluded: 
by confirmation of measures 
• 
by termination3 / repeal of measures 
• 
Other types of reviews concluded: 
• 

by confirmation / amendment / re-imposition / extension 
of measures (dependent on kind of review) 
by termination3 / repeal of measures 

• 
Total reviews concluded during the period16 

2020 

2021 

2022 

2023 

2024 

28 

7 
0 

12 

6 
25  

28 

15 
1 

3 

2 
21 

41 

18 
0 

13 

8 
39 

31 

23 
1 

16 

2 
42 

31 

11 
0 

9 

6 
26 

14  

15  

16  

Investigations might be terminated for reasons such as the withdrawal of the complaint, de minimis dumping or 
injury, lack of causal link etc. 
A case concerning several countries, but the same product is accounted as separate investigation/proceeding per 
country involved. The table includes reopenings of investigations (‘other’ reviews). 
Investigations which were conducted and concluded under the specific provisions of the regulation imposing the 
original measures are not counted as there was no publication of the initiation. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2024 

3.1.  New investigations 

3.1.1. 

Initiations 

In 2024, the Commission initiated 29 new anti-dumping, 3 new anti-subsidy and 1 new safeguard investigation. 
Most of the new investigations concerned the chemicals sector, 3 initiations concerned the plastics and rubber 
sector,  while  3 concerned other  sectors.  The investigations concerned  9 different  countries,  with  20  of the 
investigations concerning imports from the PRC. Details of the investigations are given in Annexes A and B. 

The list of cases initiated in 2024 can be found below, together with the names of the complainants. More 
information can be obtained from the Official Journals - publications reference in Annex A. 

Product 
All AD unless indicated as AS or 
SFG 
Glass fibre yarns 

Tinplate 

Multilayered Wood Flooring (MWF) 

Seamless Pipes and Tubes 

Lysine 

Vanillin 

Decor paper 

Epoxy resins 

Glyoxylic acid 

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel, certain 

Steel Track Shoes (STS) 

Hardwood plywood 

Origin 

Complainant 

People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
Republic of 
Korea 
Taiwan 
Thailand 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
Egypt 
India 
Japan 
Vietnam 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 

Glass Fibre Europe 

Eurofer 

European Parquet Federation 

European Steel Tube 
Association (‘ESTA’)  

METEX NOOVISTAGO 

Syensqo 

Felix Schoeller GmbH & Co Kg 
Koehler Paper SE Malta Decor 
Sp. z o.o. Munksjö Paper AB  

Ad Hoc Coalition of Epoxy 
Resin producers 

WeylChem Lamotte SAS 

Eurofer 

Duferco Travi e Profilati S.p.A. 

The Greenwood Consortium 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Screws without Heads 

Choline Chloride 

Fused alumina 

High pressure seamless steel cylinders 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in 
kernels) 

Valine 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene 
Resins 

Candles 

Barium carbonate 

Aluminium Road Wheels (AS) 

Mobile access equipment (AS) 

Optical fibre cables (AS) 
Alloys (SFG) 

3.1.2. 

Provisional measures 

People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 

People's 
Republic of 
China 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
Republic of 
Korea 
Taiwan 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
India 
People's 
Republic of 
China 
Morocco 

People's 
Republic of 
China 
India 
Erga Omnes 

European Industrial Fasteners 
Institute 

Balchem Italia Srl and Taminco 
BV 

Imerys S.A 

Cylinders Holding a.s., Dalmine 
S.p.A. (Tenaris),  Eurocylinder 
Systems AG (ECS), Faber 
Industrie S.p.A., and 
Worthington Cylinders GmbH 
Association Européenne des 
Transformateurs de Maïs Doux 
(AETMD) 

Eurolysine SAS   

INEOS Styrolution Switzerland 
SA, Versalis SpA, and Trinseo 
Europe 

Union industry of  candles, 
tapers and the like 

Kandelium Group GmbH 

Association of European Wheel 
Manufacturers 
Coalition to restore a level 
playing field in the EU Mobile 
Access  Equipment Sector 
Europacable 
Member States 

In 2024, provisional duties were imposed in 9 anti-dumping and 1 anti-subsidy investigations.17  

The list of cases where provisional measures were imposed during 2024 can be found below, together with the 
measures imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in Annex C. 

Product 

Origin 

Type18 and level of measure 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters 
(certain) 
Titanium dioxide 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

People's Republic 
of China 
People's Republic 
of China 
India 

AD: 45,1% - 68,4%; All others: 68,4% 

AD: 14,4% - 39,7%; All others: 39,7% 

AD: 9% - 11,4% All others: 11,4% 

17  

18  

Anti-subsidy  investigations  often  run  in  parallel  to  anti-dumping  investigations,  where  the  provisional  anti-
dumping duty already provides some relief to the Union industry. 
AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Polyvinyl Chloride 

Egypt 

United States of 
America 
People's Republic 
of China 
People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 
People's Republic 
of China 
People's Republic 
of China 

Mobile access equipment 

Erythritol 

Biodiesel 

Glass fibre yarns 

New battery electric vehicles 
(BEVs) for passengers  

3.1.3.  Definitive measures 

AD: 74,2% - 100,1%; All others: 
100,1% 
AD: 58% - 70,3%; All others: 77% 

AD: 14,3% - 55,3%; All others: 55,3% 

AD: 31,9% - 156,7%; All others: 
235,6% 

AD: 12,8% - 36,4%; All others: 36,4% 

AD: 26,3; All others: 56,1% 

AS: 17,4% - 37,6; All others: 37,6% 

During 2024, definitive duties were imposed in 6 anti-dumping and 1 anti-subsidy investigations. The list of 
cases  where  definitive  measures  were  imposed  can  be  found  below,  together  with  the  range  of  the  duties 
imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journals referred to in Annex D. 

Product 

Bulb flat 

Origin 

Type19 and level of measure 

People's Republic 
of China 
Türkiye 

AD: 23%; All others: 23% 

AD: 13,6%; All others: 13,6% 

Electrolytic manganese 
dioxides (certain) 

People's Republic 
of China 

AD: 0% - 17,1% ; All others: 35% 

Polyethylene terephthalate 
(PET) 

People's Republic 
of China 

AD: 6,6% - 17,2% ; All others: 24,2% 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters 
(certain) 

People's Republic 
of China 

AD: 53,1% - 68,4% ; All others: 
68,4% 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

India 

AD: 6,9% - 11,4% ; All others: 11,4% 

New battery electric vehicles 
for passengers 

People's Republic 
of China 

AS: 7,8% - 35,3%; All others: 35,3% 

3.1.4 Details of individual cases with application of new measures 

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On  4  October  2023  the  Commission initiated,  on  an  ex-officio  basis, an  anti-subsidy investigation  on  new 
battery electric vehicles (‘BEVs’) for passengers originating in China. 

The investigation of subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023. 
The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2020 to the 
end of the investigation period. 

The  product  subject  to  this  investigation  was  BEVs,  principally  designed  for  the  transport  of  nine  or  less 
persons, including the driver, propelled solely by one or more electric motors. Motorcycles were excluded 
from the investigation. 

19  

AD: anti-dumping duty; AS: countervailing duty (anti-subsidies); UT: undertaking. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sampling 

In  total  21  groups  of  exporting  producers  cooperated  with  the  investigation.  Out  of  the  21  groups,  the 
Commission sampled 3 groups of exporting producers that were requested to provide questionnaire replies. 
The 3 sampled groups - BYD, Geely and SAIC - provided questionnaire replies. Tesla (Shanghai) requested 
individual examination and also provided a questionnaire reply.  

Several Union producers provided information and agreed to be included in the sample. The selection of the 
sample was based on the largest representative volume of sales and production in the Union of the like product 
during the investigation period. The Commission also considered the geographical spread of Union producers 
within the Union as well as ensured the inclusion of a wide range of BEVs models. The sample consisted of 
four Union producers accounting for 38% of sales and 34% of total production volume of the Union industry 
in the investigation period. No unrelated importers cooperated and therefore sampling was not necessary. 

Subsidies 

The Commission verified the questionnaire reply of over 100 companies within the sampled groups, spending 
over 250 mission days to obtain and verify the information necessary to come to accurate subsidy findings. 
The Government of China provided a questionnaire reply as did one financial institution. No input supplier 
provided a questionnaire reply. 

The investigation revealed that the entire BEV value chain is heavily subsidised in China causing economic 
injury to the competing EU producers of electric vehicles. Furthermore, China provides subsidies to upstream 
sectors such as mining, production of raw materials and batteries but also downstream sectors such as consumer 
rebates for acquisition of BEVs and shipbuilding. The countervailable subsidies can be split in two categories:   

•  Traditional  schemes  that  were  investigated  in  past  investigations  such  as  standard  grants,  preferential 

financing and tax exemptions. 

•  Case  specific  schemes  to  BEVs  such  as  the  national  subsidy,  the  provision  of  batteries  and  their 

components for less than adequate remuneration and the use of green bonds. 

-  National subsidy is a scheme whereby producers of BEVs get a certain amount per car sold, limited 

to electric cars. 

-  National policy to subsidise the production of battery cells & packs, as well as their raw materials 
and  components,  which  allows  BEV  producers  to  purchase  this  essential  component  -which 
represents around 40% of the cost of a vehicle - at artificially low prices. 

-  Green bonds or asset-backed-securities are a special type of bonds specific to the green industry 
and BEVs whereby BEV producers can raise funds at preferential rates since banks are encouraged 
to purchase such bonds. 

The  Commission  followed  its  consistent  tested  practice  in  examining  these  schemes  and  calculating  the 
corresponding  subsidy  margins  in  line  with  WTO  law.  In  the  absence  of  sufficient  cooperation  by  the 
Government  of  China, financial institutions, input suppliers  and, in some cases, of the  sampled  producers, 
certain findings were based on facts available, in line with the Commission’s consistent practice. 

The  definitive countervailing margins  calculated  as a  result ranged  from  17%  for the  BYD,  18,8%  for the 
Geely group to 35,3% for the SAIC group. It amounted to  7,8% for Tesla, 20,7% for the cooperating non-
sampled groups and 35.3% for all other companies.  

Injury 

Concerning  injury,  there  were  around  10  groups  of  manufacturers  of  BEVs  in  the  Union.  Most  of  these 
companies are originally manufacturers of internal combustion engine (or ICE) vehicles that are transitioning 
to the production of BEVs. 

Consumption,  production  capacity  and  sales  of  the  EU  industry  increased  between  January  2020  and 
September 2023. However, the market share of the Union industry  was decreasing from 68,9% in 2020 to 
59,9% in the investigation period (October 2022-September 2023). 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At the same time, the market share of BEV imports from China increased significantly from 3,9% in 2020 to 
25,0% in the investigation period. 

The development of sales prices and unit production costs in the EU throughout the period considered showed 
evidence  of  significant  price  suppression  (meaning  that  Chinese  imports  prevented  price  increases  which 
otherwise would have occurred). The Union industry was unable to raise its prices to cover its costs. This 
meant that the Union industry made losses on sales of BEVs throughout the period considered. 

The development of the Union industry’s injury indicators showed that the transitioning from ICE to BEV 
started to be impeded in the investigation period. 

Threat of injury and causation 

The Commission examined whether the likely future developments of subsidised imports from China would 
jeopardise the successful transitioning from ICE vehicles to BEVs. The Commission analysed various factors, 
such  as  the  nature  of  the  subsidies,  the  rate  of  imports’  increase  ,  the  spare  capacity  in  China,  and  the 
attractiveness of the EU market. The EU market is not only the main export destination of Chinese BEVs, as 
well as the largest market for BEVs as compared to all other export destinations, but it is also the most open, 
compared to the US, which is shielded by a total duty of 102.5%, and to other big economies such as Türkiye, 
India and Brazil.  

Therefore, the Commission concluded that there is a threat of material injury for the Union industry which is 
clearly foreseeable and imminent and is caused by the subsidised imports of Chinese BEVs. 

Union interest 

The Commission finally analysed  all the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, 
users, consumers, importers and suppliers.  

-  EU producers 

The automotive industry plays an important role in the EU economy, providing direct and indirect jobs to 12,9 
million  people,  representing  7%  of total  EU  employment.  BEVs  are a  key  product  for the  EU to reach its 
climate goals as defined in the European Green Deal.  

This  transition  goes  far  beyond  the  mere  conversion  of  thermal  to  electric  engines  and  covers  the  entire 
lifecycle of the electric vehicles. It involves the entire value chain of the automotive industry from mining, 
chemicals,  to  electric  engines,  battery  pack  manufacturing,  energy,  battery  waste  collection  and  recycling. 
Amongst these, electric batteries have a strategic importance for the development of BEVs. In the transition to 
electrification, it is highly risky for the EU car producers to lose profitability and market share to subsidised 
imports from China. This would mean that they would not be able to carry out the necessary investments in 
new battery technologies and other innovations that will increase driving range, reduce charging time, cut costs 
and improve safety, and thus to successfully achieve such transition. The Commission found that the transition 
from  production  of  ICE  vehicles  to  BEVs  has  been  jeopardised  by  the  exponential  increase  of  subsidised 
imports. Without measures, there was a high likelihood that the EU industry would lose sales volume and 
market share resulting in a rapid decrease of profitability, leading to substantial losses and therefore also loss 
of investments and jobs in the auto sector. The Commission concluded that this would inevitably lead to closure 
of production sites in the Union and massive loss of employment. The imposition of measures was therefore 
in the interest of the Union industry. 

-  Consumers 

As  regards  consumers,  the  Commission  noted  that  even  with  the  imposition  of  the  countervailing  duties, 
imports will continue to flow as the duties will only compensate the distorting subsidisation.  

The potential price increase for consumers in the Union has to be balanced with the negative effect of the low-
priced imports on the EU industry that, once the market has fully transitioned from ICE vehicles to BEVs, will 
provide millions of jobs in the EU. The disappearance of the EU car industry would have an enormous negative 
impact on the EU market, having spillover effects to the supplier industry with the potential loss of millions of 
jobs  in  the  Union.  So,  the  potential  price  increases  will  very  likely  not  have  a  disproportionate  effect  on 
consumers. And it is expected that at least part of the price increase will be absorbed by the importers.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
Finally, the Commission considered that the EU’s efforts to reach its climate goals cannot be built upon unfair 
competition by low-priced subsidised BEVs. For a sustainable green transition, the EU needs to maintain an 
industrial base for clean tech products, in this case BEVs. 

The Commission therefore concluded that there were no reasons of Union interest that would speak against 
the imposition of measures.  

Definitive countervailing duties 

The definitive countervailing duty imposed in October 2024 on BEVs originating in the PRC ranged from 17% 
for the BYD, 18,8% for the Geely group to 35,3% for the SAIC group. It amounted to 7,8% for Tesla, 20,7% 
for the cooperating non-sampled groups and 35.3% for all other companies.  

Steel bulb flats originating in the People’s Republic of China and Türkiye 

On 14 November 2022, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports 
of steel bulb flats originating in the People’s Republic of China and Türkiye on the basis of Article 5 of the 
basic Regulation, following a complaint lodged by Laminados Losal S.A.U., one of the two producers of the 
product in the European Union. 

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 October 2021 to 30 September 2022. The 
examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2019 to the end 
of the investigation period. 

The product under investigation was non-alloy steel bulb flats in the range up to 204 mm width (‘steel bulb 
flats’). Steel bulb flats are mainly used in the shipbuilding industry for the construction of the steel framework 
of passengers’ cruises, ferries, military vessels, and merchant vessels.  

Sampling 

Due  to  the  limited  number  of  interested  parties  in  this  investigation  (two  Union  producers,  one  exporting 
producer in China, one exporting producer in Türkiye and one unrelated importer that came forward) it was 
decided that sampling was not necessary. 

Dumping 

China 
Regarding imports from China, the investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic 
Regulation in view of the sufficient evidence available at the initiation of the investigation pointing to the 
existence of significant distortions. The investigation confirmed the existence of significant distortions in the 
steel shipbuilding and steel bulb flats sector in particular, and the steel sector in general such as substantial 
government intervention in the PRC resulting in a distortion of the effective allocation of resources in line with 
market principles, a substantial degree of ownership and presence by the GOC in firms, the State’s presence 
and intervention in the financial markets, as well as distortions in the provision of raw materials, inputs as well 
as distortions in wage costs. In addition, the system of plans applicable in the steel sector generated distortions 
in  the  sector.  As  a  result,  the  normal  value  was  constructed  based  on  undistorted  prices  and  costs  in  a 
representative country, which in this case was Türkiye. 

The  Commission  constructed  the  normal  value  per  product  type  on  an  ex-works  basis  in  accordance  with 
Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation. First, the Commission established the undistorted manufacturing costs. 
Then, the Commission applied the undistorted unit costs to the actual consumption of the individual factors of 
production  of  the  cooperating  exporting  producer.  The  Commission  multiplied  the  usage  factors  by  the 
undistorted costs per unit observed in the representative country or by other undistorted costs. To the costs of 
manufacturing,  the  Commission  added  manufacturing  overheads,  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  the  costs 
actually incurred for the cooperating exporting producer to establish an undistorted cost of manufacturing. 
Finally,  readily  available  SG&A  and  profit  from  one  producer  in  Türkiye  were  applied  to  the  undistorted 
manufacturing cost. 

The cooperating exporting producer exported to the Union directly to independent customers. The export price 
was therefore the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union, 
in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the cooperating exporting producer 
on an ex-works basis per product type. Where justified by the need to ensure a fair comparison, the Commission 
adjusted the normal value and/or the export price for differences affecting prices and price comparability, in 
accordance  with  Article  2(10)  of  the  basic  Regulation.  Adjustments  were  made  for  transport,  insurance, 
handling, loading costs, customs duty, credit costs and bank charges. 

The  Commission  compared  the  weighted  average  normal  value  of  each  type  of  the  like  product  with  the 
weighted  average  export  price  of  the  corresponding  type  of  the  product  concerned.  The  exports  of  the 
cooperating exporting producer constituted all the imports from China during the IP, leading to conclusion that 
the level of cooperation from China was high. On this basis, the weighted average dumping margin expressed 
as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, was 23%. 

Türkiye 
In order to establish the normal value, the Commission analysed the domestic sales of the sole cooperating 
exporting producer from Türkiye. The analysis of domestic sales showed that [50-70] % of all domestic sales 
were  profitable  and  that  the  weighted  average  sales  price  was  higher  than  the  cost  of  production.  For  the 
product types for which sales were overall profitable, the normal value was calculated either as a weighted 
average of the prices of all domestic sales during the IP or as a weighted average of the profitable sales only 
depending on the volume of profitable sales. For the product types for which sales were overall not profitable 
or there were no or insufficient sales on the domestic market and where there was no specific information 
about market prices for those product types not sold by the sole exporting producer on the domestic market, 
the Commission constructed the normal value in accordance with Article 2(3) and (6) of the basic Regulation. 

Normal value was constructed by adding to the average cost of production of the like product of the cooperating 
exporting producer during the investigation period the weighted average SG&A expenses incurred and the 
weighted average profit realised by the cooperating exporting producer on domestic sales of the like product, 
in the ordinary course of trade, during the investigation period. 

For the product types not sold in representative quantities on the domestic market, the average SG&A expenses 
and profit of transactions made in the ordinary course of trade on the domestic market for those types were 
added. For the product types not sold at all on the domestic market, the weighted average SG&A expenses and 
profit of all transactions made in the ordinary course of trade on the domestic market were added. 

The  exporting  producer  exported  to  the  Union  directly  to  independent  customers.  The  export  price  was 
therefore the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union, in 
accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. 

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producer on an ex-works 
basis. Where justified by the need to ensure a fair comparison, the Commission adjusted the normal value 
and/or the export price for differences affecting prices and price comparability, in accordance with Article 
2(10) of the basic Regulation. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling and loading, packing 
expenses, credits costs and bank charges, commissions, rebates and other allowances.  

The Commission identified currency conversion issues during the investigation period. Article 2(10)(j) of the 
basic Regulation provides that the date of sale should be the date of invoice, and that the date of contract, 
purchase order or order confirmation might be used if these more appropriately establish the material terms of 
sale.  Firstly,  the  Commission  considered  the  exchange  rate  fluctuation  of  the  Turkish  Lira  (and  overall 
significant  fall  against  the  Euro).  Secondly,  the  Commission  considered  the  price  setting  practices  of  the 
Turkish exporting producer, by which the material terms of sale were settled at the time of the purchase order 
rather than  at  the  date  of  invoice,  both  for  domestic and  export  sales.  The  Commission  therefore  used the 
exchange rate on the date of the purchase order to convert the normal value and the export price into Turkish 
Lira. 

For the sole cooperating exporting producer, the Commission compared the weighted average normal value of 
each type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the product 
concerned, in accordance with Article 2(11) and (12) of the basic Regulation. The exports of the cooperating 
exporting producer constituted all the imports from Türkiye during the IP, leading to conclusion that the level 
of cooperation from Türkiye was high. On this basis, the weighted average dumping margin expressed as a 
percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, was 13,6%. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Injury and causation 

Imports from China and Türkiye were examined cumulatively for the purposes of the injury determination as 
all the criteria set out in Article 3(4) of the basic Regulation were met. Almost all injury indicators showed an 
overall  negative  trend  throughout  the  period  considered.  Production,  production  capacity  and  capacity 
utilisation all deteriorated, in line with decreased sales volumes and market share of the Union industry. The 
consistently  lossmaking  situation  of  the  Union  industry  throughout  that  period  coincided  with  significant 
volumes of imports from the countries concerned at prices below the Union industry’s costs of production. 
The Union industry’s prices were significantly undercut and supressed by the imports from China and Türkiye. 
Although injury indicators showed improvement since 2020, during the investigation period they were all still 
far below the pre-2020 levels. Due to the continued large volumes and market shares of dumped imports, the 
Union industry was not able to achieve a stable and profitable financial situation. It was therefore concluded 
that the Union industry suffered material injury within the meaning of Article 3(5) of the basic. 

The Commission further examined whether the dumped imports from the countries concerned caused material 
injury to the Union industry. In accordance with Article 3(7) of the basic Regulation, the Commission also 
examined whether other known factors could at the same time have injured the Union industry. The analysis 
showed that the effect of imports from other third countries, the export performance of the Union industry, the 
Covid-19 pandemic affecting Union consumption, the increase in energy prices and an alleged lack of product 
diversification on the Union industry’s negative developments in terms of production volumes, sales prices 
and profitability was only limited. On the basis, the Commission concluded that the dumped imports from the 
countries concerned caused material injury to the Union industry and that the other factors, either individually 
or collectively, were not sufficient to attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the material 
injury.  

Union interest and definitive measures 

The Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons to state that it was not in the Union interest 
to  impose  measures  on  imports  of  steel  bulb  flats  originating  in  China  and  Türkiye.  In  particular,  the 
Commission that concluded that the imposition measures would be in the interest of the Union industry as it 
would  allow  the  Union  industry  to  maintain  its  market  share,  increase  production  and  capacity  utilisation, 
increase prices to cover the costs of production and achieve a level of profitability which would be expected 
under normal conditions of competitions.  There was no indication that importers or users will not be able to 
absorb the price increase that would result from the imposition of anti-dumping measures. The verified data 
and statements of the cooperating user Fincantieri clearly showed that an increased cost of steel bulb flats 
would not be to the detriment of users as any impact of the increased cost of steel bulb flats on Fincantieri’s 
sizeable profit margin was expected to be very limited.  

On 11 January 2024, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping measures on imports of bulb flat from 
China at the level of 23% and from Türkiye at the level of 13,6%, for a period of five years. 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

In March 2023, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports of certain polyethylene 
terephthalate originating in the People’s Republic of China (‘China’), following a complaint lodged by PET 
Europe. 

The product concerned was defined as polyethylene terephthalate (‘PET’), having a viscosity of 78 ml/g or 
higher, according to ISO Standard 1628-5, at the time falling under CN code 3907 61 00, originating in China. 

The  investigation  of  dumping  and  injury  covered  the  period  from  1  January  to  31  December  2022  (the 
investigation period (‘IP’)), while the examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the 
period from 1 January 2019 to the end of the IP (‘period considered’). 

On 31 May 2023, the complainant submitted a request for registration of imports of PET originating in the 
PRC pursuant to Article 14(5) of the basic Regulation. However, as no increase in imports took place, the 
Commission concluded that the registration of imports was not warranted.  

Sampling 

Given the large number of Union, as well as Chinese exporting producers involved in the investigation, the 
Commission applied sampling to all groups of producers. 

 
 
For the Union industry, the Commission selected the sample on the basis of largest representative volume of 
sales and of production of the like product in the Union in the investigation period, which could reasonably be 
investigated within the time available. The sample consisted of three Union producers, located in three different 
Member States, which accounted for 35 % of the estimated total production in the Union. 

On  the  exporters  side,  nine  Chinese  exporting  producers  came  forward  in  the  sampling  exercise.  the 
Commission selected a sample of three company groups on the basis of the largest representative volume of 
exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated within the time available. One of the initially 
sampled exporting producers, Hainan Yisheng Petrochemical Co Ltd, withdrew its cooperation. Therefore, the 
Commission decided to replace that company. The final sample of exporting producers consisted of the Wankai 
New  Materials  Group  (‘Wankai  Group’),  the  Sanfame  Group  and  China  Resources  Chemical  Innovative 
Materials  Group  (‘CRCIM  Group’),  which  together  represented  around  65%  of  the  exports  reported  by 
cooperating exporting producers from the PRC to the Union during the investigation period. 

In the case of unrelated importers, given that only one unrelated importer provided a reply to the sampling 
form, the Commission decided that sampling was not necessary. 

Dumping 

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in view of the sufficient 
evidence available at the initiation of the investigation pointing to the existence of significant distortions.  

The  distortions  found  in  the  PET  sector  included  substantial  government  intervention  in  the  PRC,  with 
enterprises operating under the ownership, control and/or policy supervision or guidance by the State represent 
an  essential  part  of  the  economy.  In  the  PET  sector  in  particular  the  degree  of  state  ownership  remains 
significant, with a number of PET producers being fully or partially state-owned. That results in a distortion 
of  the  effective  allocation  of  resources  in  line  with  market  principles  including  a  substantial  degree  of 
ownership and presence by the GOC in firms, the State’s presence and intervention in the financial markets, 
as well as in the provision of raw materials, inputs as well as distortions in wage costs.  

Having concluded on the existence of those distortions, the Commission constructed the normal value based 
on undistorted prices and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Malaysia. 

The  Commission  first  established  the  undistorted  cost  and  prices  for  each  of  the  factors  of  production  in 
Malaysia. These undistorted unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of 
production  of  the  cooperating  exporting  producers.  To  the  costs  of  manufacturing,  the  Commission  added 
manufacturing overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer 
to establish an undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, the SG&A and profit from the Malaysian producer 
MPI Polyester Industries were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost. 

All the sampled exporting producers exported directly to independent customers in the Union. Therefore, the 
export price was established at the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for 
export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. 

The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on 
an  ex-works  basis.  Adjustments  were  made  for  transport,  insurance,  handling  and  loading,  discounts, 
commission, credit costs and bank charges as well as for the differences in sales channels. 

For the sampled exporting producers, the dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier 
price, duty unpaid, ranged from 16% to 22,6%. The weighted average dumping margin calculated for the non-
sampled cooperating exporting producers was 19,2% and the dumping margin for all other companies was set 
at 24,2%. 

Injury and causation 

The Union industry performed well during the period considered, with the injury indicators and trends largely 
stable or positive, in particular at microeconomic level. However, towards the end of the investigation period, 
a number of injury indicators (in particular, market share and profitability) showed a sharp deterioration of the 
situation on the market for the Union industry, beyond what could be expected as a return to normal market 
conditions as seen in 2019 and 2020.  

 
 
 
While  imports  from  the  PRC  were  affected  by  the  high  transport  shipping  costs  and  economic  conditions 
during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, when compared to the first year of the period considered an overall 
increase  of 58%  was  visible.  The  dumped imports  showed  an  increasing  trend  also  after the  effects  of the 
pandemic eased. In view of the low prices of the Chinese imports supressing the Union industry’s prices, Union 
producers could not sell above their cost of production, incurring losses also in Q1 2023 (-11%).  

Considering  all  those  circumstances,  the  Commission  concluded  that  the  Union  industry  was  negatively 
affected  by  imports  from  the  PRC,  especially  at  the  end  of  the  investigation  period,  but  had  not  suffered 
material injury. 

However, while the Union industry was doing well until the third quarter of 2022, almost all injury indicators 
started  to  fall  dramatically  during  the  last  quarter  of  2022,  situation  which  continued  during  2023.  More 
specifically, the sales prices as well as the cost of production of the sampled Union producers for the said 
period show that, consistent with the end of the IP and Q1 2023, the dumped Chinese imports kept exercising 
price suppression on the Union sales prices in Q2-Q3 2023. The sales prices of Union producers remained 
below cost and, as a result, the Union industry was loss-making (-11% and -13% in the second and third quarter 
of 2023, respectively).  

Therefore, the Commission concluded that there was a foreseeable and imminent threat of material injury to 
the Union industry. 

The Commission further examined whether the dumped imports from the countries concerned caused material 
injury to  the  Union industry.  Import  volume  of  PET from the  PRC  increased significantly  over  the  period 
considered and showed an increasing trend over the IP and the first quarter after the IP, with the exception of 
the  last  quarter  of  the  IP,  while  Chinese  dumped  imports  undercut  the  Union  industry’s  prices.  The 
Commission  also  established  that  the  Chinese  dumped  imports  suppressed  the  Union  industry’s  prices,  in 
particular at the end of the investigation period. The Commission therefore concluded that the deterioration of 
the economic situation of the Union industry coincided with a significant presence of Chinese imports at very 
low prices. 

Finally,  the  Commission  distinguished  and  separated  the  effects  of  all  known  factors  (imports  of  Chinese 
dumped PET by the Union industry, increased use of recycled PET by PET users, imports from third countries, 
export  performance  of  the  Union  industry,  cost  increases  in  raw  material  and  energy  prices,  increase  in 
investment costs and customer purchasing preferences) from the injurious effects of the dumped imports on 
the Union industry. The Commission concluded that the effect of those other factors on the material injury 
suffered by the Union industry was limited, if any. 

The Commission established the injury margin for the sampled companies, which ranged between 6,6% and 
21,2%. The weighted average injury margin calculated for the non-sampled cooperating exporting producers 
was 11,1% and the injury margin for all other companies was set at 24,2%. 

Union interest and measures 

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  users  and 
consumers. It also analysed issues related to environmental concerns, in particular the impact of measures on 
the transition to recycled PET, and concerns over market dominance. On that basis, the Commission concluded 
that there were no compelling reasons  to state that it was not in the Union interest to impose measures on 
imports of PET from China. 

On 2 April 2024, in accordance with the lesser duty rule, the Commission imposed definitive  anti-dumping 
measures on imports of PET from China, ranging from 6,6% and 24,2%, for a period of five years. 

Electrolytic manganese dioxides (EMD) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On 16 February 2023, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation regarding imports of 
certain electrolytic manganese dioxides (EMD) originating in the People’s Republic of China on the basis of 
Article 5 of the basic Regulation, following a complaint lodged by the AUTLAN EMD SL, one of the two 
producers of the product in the European Union. 

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022. The 
examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2019 to the end 
of the investigation period. 

 
 
The  product  subject  to  the  investigation  was  EMD,  namely  manganese  dioxides  produced  through  an 
electrolytic process, not heat-treated after the electrolytic process. The product under investigation comprised 
two main types: carbon-zinc grade EMD and alkaline grade EMD. They both are generally used as intermediate 
products in the production of dry cell consumer batteries. EMD may also be used in limited quantities in the 
other industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical and ceramics. 

Sampling 

The Commission selected two exporting producers, representing the largest volume of exports. As regards 
Union producers, the Commission did not have to resort to sampling because of the limited number of Union 
producers of EMD in the Union. No unrelated importer came forward during the investigation, and therefore 
no sampling on unrelated importers was necessary.  

Dumping 

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in view of the sufficient 
evidence available at the initiation of the investigation pointing to the existence of significant distortions. The 
distortions  found  in the  EMD  sector  in  particular,  and  the  chemical  sector  in general, included substantial 
government intervention in the PRC resulting in a distortion of the effective allocation of resources in line with 
market principles including a substantial degree of ownership and presence by the GOC in firms, the State’s 
presence and intervention in the financial markets, as well as in the provision of raw materials, inputs as well 
as  distortions  in  wage  costs.  In  addition,  the  system  of  plans  applicable  in  the  chemical  sector  generated 
distortions in the sector. As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed 
based on undistorted prices and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Colombia. 

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the 
undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country Colombia. These 
undistorted unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of 
the cooperating exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing 
overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an 
undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, publicly available SG&A and profit from one Colombian producer 
were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost. 

None of the sampled exporting producers sold via related importers in the Union. Consequently, for all sampled 
exporting producers, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when 
sold for export to the Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. 

The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on 
an ex-works basis. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling, loading costs, customs duty, 
credit costs and bank charges. 

For the sampled cooperating exporting producers, the Commission compared the weighted average normal 
value of each type of the like product with the weighted average export price of the corresponding type of the 
product concerned, in accordance with Article 2(11) and (12) of the basic Regulation. The dumping margins 
expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, ranged from 18,3% to 100,9%. 

Injury and causation 

The main injury indicators showed a negative trend. The EU industry was subject to strong pricing pressure 
from the Chinese dumped imports, which forced it to sell at very low prices below cost of production.  

As a result, already decreased sales volumes at the suppressed prices resulted in an erosion of the profitability, 
return  on  investments  and  cash  flow.  Thus,  deteriorated  financial  performance  indicators,  together  with 
decreased production, increased closing stocks and lagging investments to maintain this production, made the 
Union industry inviable. 

The Commission therefore concluded that the deterioration of the economic situation of the Union industry 
coincided with a significant presence of Chinese imports at very low prices. In a context of shrinking market 
and  increasing  cost  of  production,  the  Chinese  prices  consistently  undercut  the  Union  industry  prices  and 
suppressed EU market price levels, establishing a genuine and substantial causal nexus between the two. 

Level of measures 

 
 
On 7 September 2023, the complainant made a request in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation 
to include the examination of alleged raw material distortions in the country concerned regarding the product 
under investigation to assess whether, if relevant, a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be sufficient 
to  remove  injury.  The  complainant  provided  sufficient  evidence  that  there  is  no  value  added  tax  (‘VAT’) 
refunds  on  exports  of  manganese  ore  in  the  country  concerned.  VAT  refund  reduction  or  withdrawal  is 
explicitly mentioned in Article 7(2a), second subparagraph, as a distortion on raw materials.  

To examine the raw material distortions and to assess whether a duty lower than the margin of dumping would 
have been sufficient to remove injury at the definitive stage, the Commission amended the Notice of Initiation 
of  16  February  2023 to examine the  raw  material  distortions and to assess  whether, a  duty lower than  the 
margin of dumping would have been sufficient to remove injury.  

The  investigation  confirmed  that  there  were  no  VAT  refunds  on  exports  of  manganese  ore  in  the  country 
concerned.  This  was  verified  during  the  verification  visits  in  China  and  cross-checked  against  the  official 
government tax list. The investigation also established that the manganese ore accounted for more than 17 % 
of the cost of production of the product under investigation in the country concerned as required by Article 
7(2a), fifth subparagraph of the basic Regulation, both on the country level and for each individual sampled 
company. The Commission concluded that manganese ore was subject to a significant distortion within the 
meaning of Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation. 

After the Commission concluded that there were raw material distortions in China, as defined by Article 7(2a) 
of  the  basic  Regulation,  the  Commission  examined  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  determine  the 
amount of definitive duties in accordance with Article 7(2b) of the basic Regulation. The determination of the 
Union interest was based on an appreciation of all pertinent information to this investigation, including the 
spare capacities in China competition for raw materials and the effect on supply chains for Union companies 
in accordance with Article 7(2b) of the basic Regulation.  

The Commission did carefully weigh all the elements and could not conclude that it is in the Union’s interest 
to determine the amount of duties in accordance with Article 7(2a), namely it was not in the interest of the 
Union to set the level of the measures at the level of dumping in view of the disproportionally negative effect 
this is likely to have on supply chains for Union companies. The Commission therefore confirmed that the 
measures should be set in accordance with Article 7(2) of the basic Regulation, on the basis of underselling 
margins.  

Union interest and definitive measures 

The  Commission  examined  if  it  was  not  against  the  Union  interest  to  impose  anti-dumping  measures  by 
examining the  various interests involved,  including  those  of the  Union  industry,  importers, and users.  The 
Commission concluded  that  measures  would improve  market conditions for  the Union  producers allowing 
them to recover lost sales volume and market share while being able to increase its prices to reach a sustainable 
profitability. In the absence of any information from importers, the Commission concluded that it is unlikely 
that the importers would be affected by the measures. As for the users, in addition to the assessment made for 
applying the lesser duty rule, the Commission estimated that if the definitive anti-dumping measures remained 
at the level of injury margin, the users would still maintain positive profitability even when taking into account 
the level of anti-dumping duties and assuming that the increased cost would not be passed on to their customers.  

In March 2024, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of electrolytic manganese 
dioxides originating in China. The duties imposed range from 17,1% to 35%. 

Alkyl phosphate esters (APE) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On 11 August 2023, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation with regard to imports of certain 
alkyl  phosphate  esters  (APE)  originating  in  China  (or  ‘the  country  concerned’).  This  initiation  followed  a 
complaint lodged on 30 June 2023 by ICL Europe U.A., Lanxess Deutschland GmbH and PCC Rokita S.A. 
(‘the complainants’). 

On 21 December 2023, the Commission initiated a separate anti-subsidy investigation regarding imports of 
APE  originating  in  China.  On  15  April  2024,  the  complainant  withdrew  the  anti-subsidy  complaint.  The 
investigation had not brought to light any considerations demonstrating that such termination would not be in 
the Union interest. The Commission therefore terminated the proceeding on 12 July 2024. 

The product subject to the anti-dumping investigation is APE, which covers two product types, tris (2-chloro-
1-methylethyl)  phosphate  (‘TCPP’)  and  triethyl  phosphate  (‘TEP’).  They  are  commonly  used  as  flame 
retardants in rigid and flexible foams. 

 
 
The  investigation  of  dumping  and  injury  covered  the  period  from  1  July  2022  to  30  June  2023  (‘the 
investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 
1 January 2019 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’). 

Sampling 

The Commission selected a sample of three exporting producers based on the largest representative volume of 
exports  to  the  Union  which  could  reasonably  be  investigated  within  the  time  available.  The  Commission 
investigated all three known Union producers (which were complainants) and no sample was necessary. Two 
unrelated importers cooperated with the investigation and no sample was necessary. 

Two  requests for  individual  examination  were received,  but  the  Commission  rejected  both  of them  as this 
would have been unduly burdensome in this investigation and would prevent completion of the investigation 
in good time. 

Dumping 

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence 
of the existence of significant distortions in China for the production of alkyl phosphate esters. 

The distortions found in the APE sector included strong presence and influence of the government as the sector 
is  being  served  to  a  significant  extend  by  enterprises  operating  under  the  ownership,  control  or  policy 
supervision or guidance of state authorities. China’s intervention in its economy in general as well as in the 
sector of the product concerned showed that prices and costs of the product concerned, including the costs of 
raw  materials,  energy  and  labour,  are  not  the  result  of  free  market  forces  because  they  are  affected  by 
substantial government intervention within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. It was 
found that TCPP and TEP products are subject to preferential treatment in terms of access to financing and 
land. The lack, discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws 
also  exists  in  the  APE  sector  in  China.  In  addition,  the  system  of  plans  applicable  in  the  chemical  sector 
generated distortions in the sector. 

As a result of the existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices 
and costs in a representative country, which in this case was Brazil. 

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the 
undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country. These undistorted 
unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of the cooperating 
exporting  producers.  To  the  costs  of  manufacturing,  the  Commission  added  manufacturing  overheads, 
expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an undistorted 
cost of manufacturing. Finally, readily available SG&A and profit from one Brazilian producer were applied 
to the undistorted manufacturing cost. 

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through 
related companies. For those exports of the product concerned directly to independent customers in the Union, 
the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the 
Union, in accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation. For one sampled exporting producer, a small 
quantity of exports to the Union were made via a related trader in a third country. In this case the export price 
was the price at which the product was first resold to an independent buyer in the Union. 

The Commission then compared the normal value and the export price of the sampled exporting producers on 
an ex-works basis. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling, loading costs, customs duty, 
credit costs and bank charges. For one exporting producer, an adjustment under Article 2(10)(i) was made for 
commission paid to a related trading company based in Singapore to ensure price comparability. 

For the sampled exporting producers, the Commission compared the weighted average normal value of each 
type  of  the  like  product  with  the  weighted  average  export  price  of  the  corresponding  type  of  the  product 
concerned. The dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) Union 
frontier price, duty unpaid, ranged from 53,1% to 68,4%. 

Injury and causation 

All main  injury indicators showed  a  negative  trend  during the period  considered.  The  Union industry  was 
subject  to  strong  pricing  pressure.  The  main  macro-indicators  showed  a  negative  trend  during  the  period 
considered. The production and sales volumes of the Union industry decreased by respectively 56% and 58%. 

 
 
This  decrease  significantly  surpassed  the  21%  decrease  in  consumption  during  the  period  considered  and 
translated into a significant decrease of market share. Micro-indicators showed a similar trend of deterioration. 
During the investigation period, the Union industry was selling at prices which no longer covered its costs and 
consequently became loss making. 

Imports from China were substantial throughout the period considered at prices which were lower than the 
Union industry prices except temporarily in 2020 and 2021, while the Union market consumption contracted. 
The Chinese imports gained considerably in market share. During the investigation period, the import prices 
of the cooperating exporting producers undercut Union industry prices by 34,6 % on average. 

Moreover, the price pressure from the dumped Chinese imports supressed the prices of the Union industry 
which  was  unable  to  raise  its  prices  to  match  the  increase  of  cost  of  production,  during  the  IP,  where  the 
dumped imports increased their market share and the Union industry incurred losses. 

The Commission therefore concluded that the deterioration of the economic situation of the Union industry 
coincided with a significant presence of Chinese imports at prices below the sampled Union producers’ sales 
prices and cost of production in the second part of the period considered. In a context of shrinking market and 
increasing  cost  of  production,  the  Chinese  prices  consistently  undercut  the  Union  industry  prices  and 
suppressed EU market price levels, establishing a genuine and substantial causal link between the two. 

Level of measures 

The  complainants  provided  sufficient  evidence  that  there  may  be  raw  material  distortions  in  the  country 
concerned  regarding  the  product  under  investigation  within  the  meaning  of  Article  7(2a)  of  the  basic 
Regulation. Therefore, in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation, this investigation examined 
the  alleged  distortions  to  assess  whether,  if  relevant,  a  duty  lower  than  the  margin  of  dumping  would  be 
sufficient to remove injury. 

However,  as  the  margins  adequate  to  remove  injury  were  higher  than  the  dumping  margins,  this  question 
became moot as the duties had to be capped at the level of the dumping margins. 

As imports were not registered, following the provisions of article 9(4) of the basic Regulation the Commission 
examined and found that a further substantial rise in imports occurred during the period of pre-disclosure. 
Therefore, the Commission adjusted the injury elimination level to reflect the additional injury. 

Union interest and definitive measures 

The Commission examined if it was in the Union interest to impose anti-dumping measures by examining the 
various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, and users. It was concluded that 
the imposition of measures would stop the surge of Chinese imports at very low prices and therefore imposing 
measures would be in the interest of the Union industry. From the information available, it was clear that the 
imposition of measures would have only a limited impact on importers, and such impact would be clearly 
outweighed by the benefits that the measures could bring to the Union industry. The Commission concluded 
that the measures will likely increase the production costs of the users. However, on medium/long term the 
improved supply security is likely to benefit also the users. The Commission concluded that the impact on the 
users  will  be  limited  and  does  not  outweigh  the  positive  effect  on  the  Union  industry.  Commission  also 
concluded that the measures would not have any significant impact on the Union’s objectives for insulation 
and  reduction  of  carbon  emissions.  This  is  due  to  the  relatively  limited  cost  that  APE  represents  in  the 
production of insulation materials. 

On this basis the Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons to state that it was not in the 
Union interest to impose measures on imports of APE originating in China. 

In September 2024, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of APE originating in 
China for a period of five years. The duties imposed range from 53,1% to 68,4%. 

3.1.5. 

New investigations terminated without measures 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  respective  basic  Regulations,  investigations  may  be  terminated 
without  the  imposition  of  measures  if  a  complaint  is  withdrawn  or  if  measures  are  unnecessary  (i.e.,  no 
dumping/no subsidies, no injury resulting from dumped or subsidised imports, measures not in the interest of 
the Union). In 2024, one new anti-subsidy investigation was terminated without measures as the complaint 
was withdrawn – see table below. 

 
 
 
 
More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex 
E. 

Product 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters (certain) 

Origin 
People's Republic 
of China 

Main reason for termination 

Withdrawal of the AS complaint  

3.2.  Review investigations 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews 

Articles 11(2) and 18 of the basic Regulations provide for the expiry of measures after 5 years, unless an expiry 
review demonstrates that  if measures were to lapse, it would likely lead to a continuation or recurrence of 
dumping or subsidisation and related injury. In 2024, 2 anti-dumping measures expired automatically. The 
reference for the measures is available in Annex N. 

Since the expiry provision of the basic Regulations came into force in 1985, a total of 522 measures have 
expired automatically. 

3.2.1.1.  Initiations 

In 2024, the Commission initiated 16 AD expiry reviews and 5 AS expiry reviews. The list of expiry reviews 
initiated in 2024 are in the table below.  

In 2024, none of the expiry reviews were carried out in parallel with interim reviews. More information can 
be obtained from the Official Journal to which reference is available in Annex F. 

Origin 

Complainant 

Product  
(Type of investigation: AD or 
AS) 
Aluminium radiators (certain) 
AD 
Bicycles (electric) AD 

People's Republic of China 

People's Republic of China 

Bicycles (electric) AS 

People's Republic of China 

Biodiesel AS 
Tubes and pipes fittings AD 

Argentina 
Russian Federation 

Tubes and pipes fittings AD 

Russian Federation 

Tubes and pipes fittings AD 

Russian Federation 

Organic coated steel products 
(certain) AD 
Organic coated steel products 
(certain) AS 
Aluminium foil in rolls AD 

Tableware and kitchenware 
(ceramic) AD 

People's Republic of China 

People's Republic of China 

People's Republic of China 

People's Republic of China 

AIRAL s.c.r.l. 
European Bicycle Manufacturers 
Association (EBMA) 
 European Bicycle Manufacturers 
Association (EBMA) 
European Biodiesel Board 
Defence Committee of the steel 
butt-welding fittings industry of 
the  European Union 
Defence Committee of the steel 
butt-welding fittings industry of 
the  European Union 
Defence Committee of the steel 
butt-welding fittings industry of 
the  European Union 
European Steel Association 
(EUROFER)  
European Steel Association 
(EUROFER) 
ALEURO Converting Sp. z.o.o., 
CeDo Sp. z.o.o. and ITS B.V. 
Cerame-Unie / The European 
Federation of Ceramic Table and 
Ornamentalware (FEPF) and an 
individual Czech company  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Malleable tube fittings (MTF) 
AD 

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) 
AD 

People's Republic of China 

Thailand 

Polyethylene terephthalate AS 
Bicycles AD 

India 
People's Republic of China 

Ironing boards AD 

People's Republic of China 

Urea and ammonium nitrate 
(UAN) AD 
Urea and ammonium nitrate 
(UAN) AD 
Urea and ammonium nitrate 
(UAN) AD 
Sweet corn (prepared or 
preserved in kernels) AD 

Russian Federation 

Trinidad,Tob 

United States of America 

Thailand 

Biodiesel AS 

Indonesia 

3.2.1.2.  Expiry reviews concluded with confirmation of duties 

Ad Hoc Defence Committee of 
Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings 
industry of the European Union 
Ad Hoc Defence Committee of 
Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings 
industry of the European Union 
PET Europe  
European Bicycle Manufacturers 
Association 
Afer FUTE - Fábrica de 
Utilidades de Tubo S.A., 
Brabantia Latvia SIA,  Colombo 
New Scal SpA, Rörets Polska Sp. 
z o.o and Sonecol Indústria 
Metalurgica de Utilidades 
Domésticas S.A.  

Fertilizers Europe  

Fertilizers Europe  

Fertilizers Europe  
Association Européenne des 
Transformateurs de Maïs Doux 
(AETMD) 
European Biodiesel Board 

In 2024, the Commission concluded 11 expiry reviews (all anti-dumping measures) with a confirmation of the 
duties for a further period of 5 years. 

The list of measures, which were renewed during 2024, together with the results of the investigations, can be 
found below. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is 
given in Annex F. 

Product 
Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

Origin 
People's Republic of 
China 

Type20 and level of measure 
AD:  48,4% - 42,9% 

Ceramic tiles 

Hand pallet trucks 

Cast iron articles (certain) 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

Corrosion resistant steel 
(CRS) 

People's Republic of 
China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of 
iron or steel (certain) 

People's Republic of 
China 

AD:13,9% - 69,7% 

AD: 54,1% - 70,8% 

AD:15,5% - 38,1% 

AD: 17,2% - 27,9% 

AD: 48,3% - 71,9% 

20  

AD: anti-dumping duty; AS: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of 
China 

AD: 60,4% 

Oxalic acid 

India 

AD: 22,8% - 43,6% 

Oxalic acid 

People's Republic of 
China 

Aluminium radiators 
(certain) 

People's Republic of 
China 

AD: 14,6% - 52,2% 

AD: 12,6% - 61,4% 

Seamless pipes and tubes of 
iron or steel 

Russian Federation 

AD: 24,1% - 35,8% 

3.2.1.3 Details of some individual cases concluded by confirmation of duty 

Corrosion resistant steel (CRS) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

Definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of corrosion resistant steel hot-rolled flat products from China were 
originally imposed in February 2018 for five years. On 8 February 2023 the Commission initiated an expiry 
review following a request lodged by the European Steel Association (Eurofer) on behalf of the Union industry. 

The product under review is the same as in the original investigation, namely flat-rolled products of iron or 
alloy steel or non-alloy steel; aluminium killed; plated or coated by hot dip galvanisation with zinc and/or with 
aluminium, and no other metal; chemically passivated; containing by weight: 0,015% or more but not more 
than 0,170% of carbon, 0,015% or more but not more than 0,100% of aluminium, not more than 0,045% of 
niobium, not more than 0,010% of titanium and not more than 0,010% of vanadium; presented in coils, cut-to 
length sheets and narrow strips. The following products are excluded: — of stainless steel, of silicon-electrical 
steel, and of high-speed steel, — not further worked than hot-rolled or cold-rolled (cold-reduced). 

The investigation of continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 January 2022 to 31 
December 2022 (‘review investigation period’ or ‘RIP’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment 
of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2019 to the end 
of the review investigation period (‘the period considered’). 

Sampling 

The final sample of three Union producers accounted for 29% of the total volume of production of the like 
product in the Union and 33 % of the total volume of sales of the like product in the free market in the Union. 
There was no cooperation from the Chinese producers. Therefore, the findings with regard to the imports from 
China are made on the basis of the facts available. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 

During  the  review  investigation  period,  imports  of  certain  corrosion  resistant  steels  (CRS)  from  the  PRC 
virtually  disappeared  from  the  Union  market.  Owing  to  a  lack  of  cooperation  by  the  China  producers,  the 
findings were based on facts available. The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the 
provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence 
of significant distortions in the steel sector in China, to which CRS belong. The Commission concluded that it 
was  not  possible  to  use  domestic  prices  and  costs  to  establish  normal  value.  Therefore,  normal  value  was 
calculated on the basis of undistorted prices or benchmarks from the representative country selected in the 
case, i.e. Mexico. To construct normal value, the Commission used the information provided by the Union 
industry  on  the  consumption  of  each  factor  of  production  multiplied  by  the  undistorted  costs  per  unit 
established in Mexico per product type. To this, the Commission added an appropriate percentage amount for 
manufacturing overheads and finally applied the SG&A and profit one company in Mexico which amounted 
to 9,2% and 21,4% respectively. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In the absence of cooperation by exporting producers from China, the export price for all CRS imports into the 
Union was determined based on CIF data from Eurostat adjusted to ex-works level by deducting sea freight, 
insurance and domestic transport costs. The Commission compared the average export price from Eurostat on 
an ex-works basis as established above to the normal value for all fittings. On this basis, the weighted average 
dumping margin, expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, resulted in an average 
51,1%.  However,  the  volume  of imports  into the  Union  in the  review  investigation  period  was  negligible, 
corresponding to less than 0,01% market share in the Union market and thus this quantity was considered 
unrepresentative. For this reason, the Commission concluded that these low volumes do not provide a sufficient 
basis for a continuation of dumping analysis. Therefore, the Commission examined the likelihood of recurrence 
of dumping. 

The Commission concluded that the Chinese exporting producers have significant spare capacities. In terms 
of attractiveness of the Union market the Commission established that the average Chinese export price to the 
Union to the nine main third country markets for CRF from China in the RIP were between 70 and 130% lower 
than the normal value. Also, the average price of these exports was 15% lower than the price prevailing on the 
Union market  during the  review investigation  period.  On  this  basis,  the  Commission  concluded that  if  the 
measures were to expire and the prices at which the Chinese exporting producers would export the product 
concerned to the Union were in line with the export price to third countries observed during the review, the 
level of dumping would be significant. Furthermore, the Commission established that the Union market is 
attractive also in view of its openness and growing consumption. The Commission therefore concluded that 
there is a strong likelihood that the expiry of the anti-dumping measures would result in the recurrence of 
dumping. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

The  evolution  of  the  micro  and  macro  indicators  during  the  period  considered  showed  that  the  financial 
situation for the Union industry was good in 2021 and the review investigation period, with profitability in 
both  years  exceeding  target  profits  for  the  industry  previously  established.  Overall, the trends  of the main 
economic  indicators  worsened  over  the  period  considered.  Certain  volume-based  indicators  as  well  as 
employment deteriorated, but that could for a good part or completely be attributed to particular difficulties 
encountered  by  one  large  Union  producer  that  virtually  stopped  production  during  2021.  All  other  Union 
producers together would show a picture of a Union industry that is hardly, if at all, affected by the significant 
drop  in  consumption  in  the  review  investigation  period  and  strong  increase  of  imports  over  the  period 
considered. The Commission therefore concluded that the Union industry did not suffer material injury during 
the review investigation period. 

The  Commission  then  examined  the  likelihood  of  recurrence  of  injury.  The  Commission  noted  that  the 
production capacity in the PRC substantially exceeded the production volumes and demand on the Chinese 
domestic market. It also found that the Union market, in terms of prices, remains very attractive for Chinese 
producers. As a consequence, the expiry of the anti-dumping measures would very likely result in an increase 
of Chinese exports to the Union. In view of the decreasing domestic demand in China, the fact that producers 
of CRS can easily switch from the production of other HDG products to CRS and the higher prices on the 
Union market, such increase could be even larger than the current Chinese spare capacity which would already 
represent  80%  of  Union  consumption.  Furthermore,  the  Commission  compared  the  prices  of  imports  with 
Union industry prices on the basis of current export prices of Chinese exporting producers to third countries. 
The comparison showed that prices of Chinese exports to third countries undercut Union industry’s average 
sales prices, properly adjusted to ex-works level, by 6,8%. 

In view of the above, the Commission concluded that the expiry of the measures would, in all likelihood, result 
in a significant increase of dumped imports from the PRC at lower prices than the ones of the Union industry. 
As the market for the product under review is very price competitive such likely arrival into the Union of 
imports from the country concerned at low prices would force the Union industry to reduce its production and 
lower its prices. Union producers would be confronted with insufficient time to recover from the past injurious 
situation, further invest and fulfil their commitments, including social and environmental ones. Profit levels 
are likely to become unsustainable for such a capital-intensive industry. Heavy losses within the Union industry 
will undermine its ability to raise capital, endanger its viability and possibly trigger the closure of production 
facilities, dismissals and create disruptions in supply chains. 

Union interest and imposition of measures  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The  Commission  examined  whether maintaining  the existing  anti-dumping  measures  would be  against the 
interest  of  the  Union  as  whole  and  examined  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union 
industry,  importers  and  users.  As  regards  the  Union  producers,  while  the  Union  industry  was  no  longer 
suffering  from  material  injury,  the  Commission  concluded  that  repealing  the  measures  would  result  of  a 
renewed  influx  of  dumped  imports  from  China  which  would  quickly  result  in  a  recurrence  of  injury  and 
therefore the continuation of the measures was in the interest of the Union industry. The lack of cooperation 
of importers did not allow the Commission to analyse whether importers were performing badly or unable to 
pass on price increases, if any. However, the Commission concluded that importers could avail themselves 
from  imports  from  numerous  suppliers  and  countries.  No  users  cooperated  with  the  investigation.  The 
Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons in the Union interest against the continuation of 
existing measures on imports of certain corrosion resistant steels originating in China.  

On 11 March 2024, the Commission extended the measures in place on imports of certain CRS from the PRC 
for another five-year period. 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel (certain) (SSSPT) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On 3 March 2023 the Commission initiated an expiry review with regard to imports into the Union of seamless 
pipes and tubes of stainless steel (‘product under review’ or ‘SSSPT’) originating in the People’s Republic of 
China, following a request lodged by the European Steel Tube Association (‘ESTA’) on behalf of the Union 
industry. 

The product under review was the same as in the original investigation, namely seamless pipes and tubes of 
stainless steel (excluding such pipes and tubes with attached fittings suitable for conducting gases or liquids 
for use in civil aircraft), currently falling under CN codes 7304 11 00, 7304 22 00, 7304 24 00, ex 7304 41 00, 
ex 7304 49 83, ex 7304 49 85, ex 7304 49 89, and ex 7304 90 00 (TARIC codes 7304410090, 7304498390, 
7304498590, 7304498990 and 7304900091). 

The investigation of continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 January 2022 to 31 
December  2022  (“RIP”).  The  examination  of  trends  relevant  for  the  assessment  of  the  likelihood  of  a 
continuation  or  recurrence  of  injury  covered  the  period  from  1  January  2019  to  the  end  of  the  review 
investigation period (‘the period considered’). 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 

During the review investigation period, imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel from 
China continued albeit at lower levels than in the investigation period of the original investigation3. None of 
the exporters/producers from China cooperated in the investigation. Consequently, in accordance with Article 
18 (non-cooperation) of the basic regulation, the findings related to the likelihood of continuation or recurrence 
of dumping were based on facts available. The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with 
the  provisions  of  Article  2(6a)  of  the  basic  Regulation  as  the  request  contained  sufficient  evidence  of  the 
existence of significant distortions in the steel sector. As a result, the Commission concluded that it was not 
possible to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value in this case. Therefore, normal value was 
calculated based on undistorted prices or benchmarks from the representative country selected in the case, i.e., 
Mexico. To construct the normal value, the Commission used the information provided by the Union industry 
on the consumption of each factor of production multiplied by the undistorted costs per unit established in 
Mexico per product type. To this, the Commission added an appropriate percentage amount for manufacturing 
overheads  (13,52%)  and  finally  applied  the  SG&A  and  profit  in  Mexico  which  amount  to  23%  and  42% 
respectively. 

In the absence of cooperation from Chinese exporting producers, the export price was determined on the basis 
of facts available - statistical information. The comparison of the export price and the normal value resulted in 
significant dumping margin. Even in case no profit would be added to the normal value as established above, 
the dumping margin would have been significant. 

The  Commission  further  analysed  whether  there  was  a  likelihood  of  continuation  of  dumping  should  the 
measures lapse. In doing so, the following elements were analysed: Chinese production capacity and spare 
capacity and the attractiveness of the Union market. The Commission found that the Chinese seamless tube 
industry  is  the  biggest  in  the  world.  Specifically,  regarding  stainless  steel  seamless  pipes  and  tubes,  the  7 
biggest Chinese producers, in the review investigation period had close to 100 000 tonnes of spare capacities, 
approximately the size of the Union market. The Commission concluded that it is likely that Chinese producers 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
will have ample spare capacities that they can direct to the Union market in large quantities at dumped prices 
should  the  measures  lapse.  The  Commission  also  found  that  the  Union  market  remains  very  attractive  for 
imports of SSSPT with its high average price level and high-level consumption. In addition, China faces a 25 
% anti-dumping duty in the USA, and since September 2022, new anti-dumping measures in India, its top two 
export destinations. The Commission concluded that there was a likelihood of continuation of dumping should 
the measures be allowed to lapse. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

The measures in force ensured protection to the Union industry, allowing it to increase their market share, 
increase  prices  in  line  with  the  increased  costs  and  to  reach  a  profitable  level  and  a  positive  return  on 
investment. However, the Union industry remained vulnerable, which was demonstrated by the decrease in 
production, production capacity and a decreasing capacity utilisation. Furthermore, despite the measures in 
force, the Chinese exporters continued to export the product concerned in increasing volumes, by 24 %, at 
dumped prices during the period considered and to expand their market share. Prices of these imports increased 
but remained far below the level of the prices of other imports and even further below the level of the prices 
of the Union industry, thus undercutting the latter by 51 %. Commission concluded that the Union industry 
did not suffer material injury within the meaning of Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation during the review 
investigation period. Therefore, the Commission assessed whether there would be a likelihood of recurrence 
of injury caused by the dumped imports from China if the measures lapse. The investigation demonstrated that 
the Chinese exporting producers were able to export at prices far below those of the Union industry, and below 
the import prices from the main third countries exporters to the Union. The Commission concluded that, should 
measures  lapse,  the  Chinese  exporters  would  be  able  to  exercise  significant  price  pressure  on  the  Union 
industry. As already explained above, under the section Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping, 
China has significant spare capacity, and the Union market remained very attractive for SSSPT imports as 
shown by the large volume of imports accounting for nearly 50% market share. In addition, the trade measures 
imposed globally against China, increased the risk of exports from China being diverted to the Union market. 
The Commission concluded that it is highly likely that the recurrence of low-priced dumped imports from 
China in significant volumes that undercut Union prices would have a significant adverse effect on the Union 
industry’s performance, notably on production, sales volumes and prices, profitability and investment needs, 
resulting in material injury recurring. 

Union interest 

The  Commission  examined  whether maintaining  the existing  anti-dumping  measures  would be  against the 
interest of the Union as whole, by examining the various interests involved. The Commission found that the 
effect of anti-dumping measures would be positive for the Union producers as without these measures the 
influx of substantial volumes of dumped imports from China would cause among others, loss of Union market 
share,  decrease  in  Union  sales  prices,  decrease  in  Union  capacity  utilisation  and  in  general  a  serious 
deterioration of the Union industry’s financial situation. 

The Commission contacted all known users and unrelated importers. No users or unrelated importers came 
forward and cooperated in this investigation by submitting a questionnaire reply. Given the lack of interest 
shown by users and unrelated importers, and in the absence of any indications that the conclusions reached in 
previous investigations had changed, the continuation of the measures was not considered being against the 
interest of users and importers. 

The Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons of Union interest against the continuation 
of the existing measures on imports of SSSPT from China and on 1 June 2024, the Commission extended the 
measures in place on imports of SSSPT from China for another five-year period. 

Ceramic tiles originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On 18 January 2022, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures imposed on 
imports of f ceramic tiles originating in the People’s Republic of China (China) following a request lodged by 
the  European  Ceramic  Tile  Manufacturers’  Association  (CET)  on  behalf  of  the  European  ceramic  tiles 
industry. 

The product under review was glazed and unglazed ceramic flags and paving, hearth or wall tiles; glazed and 
unglazed ceramic mosaic cubes and the like, whether or not on a backing. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The investigation of continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 July 2021 to 30 June 
2022 (‘review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood 
of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2019 to the end of the review 
investigation period (‘the period considered’). 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 

During the review investigation period, imports of ceramic tiles from China dropped to very low levels, that is 
0,3% of the Union market in the review investigation period. In absolute terms the imports from the PRC to 
the Union amounted to 2,34 million m2 compared to 15,0 million m2 during the previous expiry review and 
66,0 million m2 during the original investigation. 

Five exporters/producers from China made themselves known and submitted a sampling reply. However, as 
they  accounted  for  a  low  percentage  of  imports/production  of  ceramic  tiles  in  China,  the  Commission 
concluded they could not be considered representative of the situation of China. Therefore, the Commission 
decided to apply facts available concerning the findings in that regard. 

The Commission investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping if measures were allowed to lapse. The 
Commission concluded that, in particular because of the significant spare capacity of Chinese exporters, the 
attractiveness  of  the  Union  market  and  the  low  absorption  capacity  of  third  country  markets  due  to  trade 
defence measures in place, dumped imports from the PRC were likely to recur if the measures in force were 
allowed to lapse. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

The ceramic tiles industry in the Union is highly fragmented and ceramic tiles was manufactured by over 300 
producers in the Union during the period considered. They were divided into three categories of producers 
based  on  their  annual  production  volume:  small,  medium-sized  and  large.  Large  producers  represented 
approximately half of the total Union production, which was established at around 1 250 000 000 m2. 

The  Commission  selected  six  Union  producers  for  the  sample,  from  all  three  category  of  producers, 
representing around 7% of the total Union production and 10 % of sales in the Union market. Considering the 
fragmentation  of  the  Union,  for  the  analysis  of  injury,  certain  micro-economic  indicators  in  each  of  the 
producers’ categories were weighted using their share on the total Union production. 

Imports on the Union market over the period considered were dominated by those from Türkiye and India, 
rather than those from China, which represented less than 1% of consumption during the review investigation 
period (while Türkiye and India accounted for 9,7% of market share). 

The  macro  indicators  of  the  Union  industry  were  largely  stable  over  the  period  considered  and  benefitted 
slightly from the  5% increase in  consumption.  Production  and  capacity utilisation  increased by  4 %,  sales 
volume on the Union market increased by 3%, employment decreased by 1 % and productivity increased by 
5%.  However,  there  was  no  increase  in  market  share,  which  would  have  been  expected  given  the  market 
situation during that period. Thus, the modest improvements of most macro indicators were not signs of growth 
as compared to the size of the market but highlight the inability of the Union industry to benefit from the 
favourable market situation  because  of  dumped imports.  While  the industry  benefitted  from  a  (temporary) 
period of improved market conditions, aided by the impact of the  COVID-19 pandemic, price rises on the 
market from 2019-2021 were limited by low import prices from Türkiye and India. Thus, the Commission 
concluded that the Union industry had suffered material injury, but that the injury had not been caused by 
imports from China (but from India and Türkiye). 

As a result, the Commission assessed whether there would be a likelihood of recurrence of injury should the 
measures  against  China  be  allowed  to  lapse.  Thus,  the  Commission  analysed  the  following  elements:  the 
production  capacity  and  spare  capacities  in  China,  the  attractiveness  of  the  Union  market,  including  the 
existence of anti-dumping or countervailing measures on ceramic tiles in other third countries, the behaviour 
of Chinese exporting producers in third country markets, and the effect on the Union situation. The analysis 
also considered the increase in consumption in the Union and the profitability of the Union industry during the 
period considered. 

China is the largest producer of ceramic tiles in the world. It accounts for nearly half of the world's overall 
production and Chinese spare capacity was over 3 times greater than the Union consumption in the review 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
investigation period. The Commission found that prices for ceramic tiles in the European market were higher 
than  the  average  price  of  Chinese  exports  to  third  countries,  which  made  the  EU  an  attractive  market  for 
Chinese exporting producers. In addition, the Commission also find that there are antidumping measures in 
place in many third countries, which would make it more difficult for Chinese producers to export to those 
markets. Consequently, given the high spare capacities in the PRC and the attractiveness of the Union market, 
it was likely that significant volumes of low-priced ceramic tiles would be available for sale/re-direction to the 
Union already in the short term. The expected large volume of dumped Chinese imports would put substantial 
pressure on prices in the Union market, resulting in loss of market share and profitability of the Union industry. 
Thus, the Commission concluded that the repeal of the measures would in all likelihood result in a recurrence 
of injury to the Union industry. 

Union interest 

The Commission analysed whether it was in the Union interest to maintain the existing anti-dumping measures 
in place. The Commission analysed the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, users 
and consumers. 

In weighing and balancing the competing interests, the Commission gave special consideration to the need to 
eliminate  the  trade  distorting  effects  of  injurious  dumping  and  to  restore  effective  competition.  The 
Commission concluded that, while the continuation of measures would protect an important Union industry, 
including many small and medium enterprises, against a likely recurrence of injury, the lack of cooperation of 
the importers and users suggested that the continuation of measures would not have a disproportionate negative 
impact on them. 

In February 2024, the Commission extended the anti-dumping measures on imports of ceramic tiles from China 
for another five-year period. 

3.2.1.4.  Expiry reviews concluded by termination 

In 2024, the Commission concluded no expiry reviews by termination. 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews 

Article 11(3) and Article 19 of the basic Regulations provide for the review of measures during their period of 
validity on the initiative of the Commission, at the request of a Member State or, provided that at least one 
year  has  lapsed  since  the  imposition  of  the  definitive  measure,  following  a  request  containing  sufficient 
evidence  by  an  exporter,  an  importer  or  by  the  EU  producers.  In  carrying  out  the  investigations,  the 
Commission examines, inter alia, whether the circumstances regarding dumping/subsidisation and injury have 
changed  significantly  and  whether  these  changes  are  of  a  lasting  nature.  Reviews  can  be  limited  to 
dumping/subsidisation or injury aspects. 

During 2024, the Commission initiated 4 interim reviews (included 1 anti-subsidy measure). There were two 
interim  reviews  terminated  without  amendment  of  the  duties.  More  information  can  be  obtained  from  the 
Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex G. 

3.2.2.1 Details of individual cases concluded with amendment of duty.  

In  2024,  the  European  Commission  initiated  three  interim  review  investigations  concerning  anti-dumping 
measures  applicable  to  imports  from  the  People’s  Republic  of  China  based  on  significantly  increased 
production, production capacity and spare production capacity of the product under review in the People’s 
Republic  of  China.  In  each  of  these  investigations,  the  applicants  claimed  that  such  increased  production 
(capacity) and resulting overcapacity led to decreasing export prices from the People’s Republic of China. 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On 6 August 2024, the European Commission initiated a partial interim review of the anti-dumping measures 
applicable to imports of TCCA originating in the People’s Republic of China. The investigation was initiated 
following a request by ERCROS S.A. and Electroquímica de Hernani S.A. on behalf of the Union industry of 
TCCA.  The  measures  currently  in  force  are  a  definitive  anti-dumping  duty  imposed  by  Commission 
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2757. The level of the duty is between 8,1% and 42,6%. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The investigation was initiated based on sufficient evidence, as far as dumping is concerned, provided by the 
applicants that the circumstances based on which the existing measures were imposed have changed and that 
these changes are of a lasting nature. These changes comprise of a significant change in the structure of the 
Chinese TCCA industry, the increase of production, product capacity and spare production capacity of the 
product under review in the People’s Republic of China, and the resulting massive overcapacity and downward 
pressure on export prices from the People’s Republic of China. In light of the above, the applicants claimed 
the existing measures would no longer be sufficient to counteract the dumping. The investigation is ongoing 
and should be finalised by 5 August 2025. 

Continuous filament glass fibre (GFR) originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On  30  August  2024,  the  European  Commission  initiated  an  interim  review  of  the  anti-dumping  measures 
applicable to imports of GFR originating in the People’s Republic of China. The investigation was initiated 
following a request by Glass Fibre Europe on behalf of the Union GFR industry. The measures currently in 
force are a definitive anti-dumping duty imposed by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1452. 
The level of the duty is between 0% and 19,9%. 

The investigation was initiated based on sufficient evidence provided by the applicants that the circumstances 
based  on  which  the  existing  measures  were imposed have changed and that these  changes  are  of  a lasting 
nature. These changes relate to a significant change in the structure of the Chinese GFR industry, the increase 
of production, production capacity and spare production capacity of the product under review in the People’s 
Republic of China, and the resulting massive overcapacity and downward pressure on export prices from the 
People’s  Republic  of  China.  The  applicants  provided  sufficient  evidence  that  there  has  been  a  significant 
growth in the Chinese GFR industry in terms of the existing production capacities of the product under review, 
which in turn have led to decreasing prices GFR prices. 

Additionally,  the  applicants  also  claimed  that  there  were  changes  of  a  lasting  nature  affecting  the  Union 
industry, namely that two Union producers were forced out of the market due to the increasing aggressive 
pressure of Chinese imports.  In light of the above, the applicants claimed the existing measures would no 
longer be sufficient to counteract the dumping nor to offset the effects of injurious dumping. The investigation 
is ongoing and should be finalised by 29 August 2025. 

Ceramic tableware and kitchenware originating in the People’s Republic of China 

On  19  December  2024,  the  European  Commission  initiated  a  partial  interim  review  of  the  anti-dumping 
measures applicable to imports of ceramic tableware and kitchenware originating in the People’s Republic of 
China.  The  investigation  was  initiated  following  a  request  by  Cerame-Unie  /  The  European  Federation  of 
Ceramic Table and Ornamentalware (FEPF). The measures in force are a definitive anti-dumping duty imposed 
by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1198. The level of the duty is between 13,1% and 36,1%. 

The investigation was initiated based on sufficient evidence, as far as dumping is concerned, provided by the 
applicants that the circumstances based on which the existing measures were imposed have changed and that 
these changes are of a lasting nature. These changes relate to a significant increase of production capacities 
coupled  with  the  substantial  reshaping  of  the  Chinese  ceramic  kitchenware  and  tableware  industry.  The 
applicants  provided  evidence  that  the  Chinese  authorities  have,  since  the  original  investigation,  adopted  a 
cluster-based industry development strategy with a view to foster a major consolidation of the ceramic industry 
around several key large enterprises. Furthermore, the applicants claimed that the production capacity increase 
combined with the significant reorganisation of the Chinese ceramic kitchenware and tableware industry led 
to a decrease in export prices of the Chinese exporting producers to the EU since 2019. In light of the above, 
the applicants claimed the existing measures would no longer be sufficient to counteract the dumping. The 
investigation is ongoing and should be finalised by 18 December 2025. 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews 

As  far  as  anti-dumping  measures  are  concerned,  Article  11(4)  of  the  basic  AD  Regulation  allows  for  a 
"newcomer" review to be carried out in order to determine individual margins of dumping for new exporters 
located in the exporting country in question, which did not export the product during the investigation period 
(“IP”).  

Parties must show that they are genuine new exporters, i.e., that they are not related to any of the exporters or 
producers in the exporting country, which are subject to the anti-dumping measures, and that they have actually 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
started to export to the EU following the IP, or that they have entered into an irrevocable contractual obligation 
to export a significant quantity to the EU. 

When a review for a new exporter is initiated, the duties are repealed for that exporter. However, its imports 
become subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the basic AD Regulation to ensure that, should the review 
result in a determination of dumping for that exporter, anti-dumping duties may be levied retroactively to the 
date of the initiation of the review. 

As  far  as  anti-subsidy  measures  are  concerned,  Article  20  of  the  basic  AS  Regulation allows for  a review 
(accelerated review) to be carried out to promptly establish an individual countervailing duty rate. Any exporter 
whose exports are subject to a definitive countervailing duty but who was not individually investigated during 
the original investigation for reasons other than a refusal to co-operate with the Commission can request such 
review. 

In 2024, the Commission initiated no newcomer reviews (Annex I). In 2024, one such review was completed.  

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations 

Where there is sufficient information showing that, after the original IP and prior to or following the imposition 
of measures, export prices have decreased or that there has been no or insufficient movement in the resale 
prices or subsequent selling prices of the imported product in the EU, an absorption review may be opened.  
This examines whether the measure had  an effect on the export prices. The duty may be increased to take 
account of such lower export prices. The provisions regarding absorption reviews are included in Articles 12 
and 19(3) of the basic AD and AS Regulations respectively. 

In 2024, there were no anti-absorption investigations initiated or completed (Annex J). 

3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations 

The  possibility  of  investigations  being  opened  in  circumstances  where  evidence  is  brought  to  show  that 
measures  are  being  circumvented  is  covered  in  Articles  13  and  23  of  the  basic  AD  and  AS  Regulations 
respectively. 

Circumvention is defined as a change in the pattern of trade between third countries and the EU that stems 
from a practice, process or work for which there is insufficient cause or economic justification other than the 
imposition of the duty. The duties may be extended to imports from third countries of like products, or parts 
thereof, if circumvention is taking place. Duties may also be extended to imports of a slightly modified like 
product from the country subject to the measures. 

In 2024, the Commission initiated two anti-circumvention investigations which both concerned anti-dumping 
measures. Three anti-circumvention investigations were concluded with an extension of duty to other exporting 
countries.  

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex 
K. 

3.2.5.1 Details of some individual cases concluded by extension of duty. 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products from Indonesia – Measures extended to Türkiye, Taiwan and 
Vietnam 

Anti-dumping duties on imports of stainless-steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR) originating in Indonesia 
were imposed in November 2021, followed in March 2022 by countervailing duties. On 14 August 2023, the 
European  Commission  initiated  an  anti-circumvention  investigation  following  a  complaint  by  the  Union 
industry  that  the  duties  on  imports  of  SSCR  were  being  circumvented  through  assembly  and  completion 
operations in Taiwan, Türkiye and Vietnam.  

Change in the pattern of trade 

The investigation period for the analysis of trade patterns covered from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2023. During 
this period, there was an increase of SSCR imports into the Union from Taiwan (by 49%), Türkiye (by 42%) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
and Vietnam (by 174%), while these three countries also saw a significant increase in their imports of raw 
materials necessary to produce SSCR from Indonesia. The total volume of imports of SSCR from Indonesia 
to the Union decreased by almost 93 %. 

Practice to avoid the duties 

The practise that was investigated consisted of importing semi-finished products such as stainless-steel hot-
rolled coils (‘SSHR’) and slabs from Indonesia and further processing them into finished goods like SSCR. 
This  transformation  is  considered  an  assembly  or  completion  operation.  These  operations  began  or  were 
substantially increased following the imposition of the original anti-dumping duties on Indonesian imports. 
The assembly operations used more than 60% Indonesian parts but yielded less than a 25% added value during 
the  assembly  process,  thereby  suggesting  a  limited  economic  contribution.  The  European  Commission's 
inquiry found these operations were primarily pursued to sidestep the imposed duties, as there was insufficient 
economic justification for such a change in trade patterns outside of avoiding the duties imposed on Indonesia. 

However, the analysis of the available information showed that for all six Taiwanese and one Turkish producer, 
the assembly operation started well before the initiation of the original investigation and did not increase since 
then. Hence, these companies were exempted from the extended duties. For Vietnam, there were two producers 
for which there was no evidence of dumping. In addition, one of these Vietnamese companies used less than 
60% of Indonesian inputs in their operations. This means that the legal criteria were met to grant an exemption 
for these companies. All other companies were denied the exemption. 

One Vietnamese producer, which was denied an exemption from the extended duties, initiated an action for 
annulment of the measures before the General Court of the European Union. A subsequent review of the data 
by  the  European  Commission  revealed  that  an  incomplete  dataset  had  been  used  to  determine  the  price 
difference for SSHR imports. Since no other evidence suggested that this Vietnamese company benefited from 
the subsidies identified in the original investigation, the European Commission concluded that the company 
qualified for an exemption. Consequently, the Commission amended the Regulation imposing the measures. 

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures and evidence of dumping / subsidization 

The imports of SSCR from the three countries into the Union increased, representing around 4,7% (Taiwan), 
2,6% (Türkiye) and 2,4% (Vietnam) of the Union consumption during the reporting period. In terms of prices, 
the  investigation  found  that  the  imports  from  Taiwan  undersold  the  Union  prices  by  more  than  19%.  For 
Taiwan  and  Vietnam,  but not  for  Türkiye,  evidence of  dumping  was  established.  In  addition,  for  all three 
countries there was evidence of continued subsidization of the input materials from Indonesia and undermining 
of the remedial effect of the original duties. The data therefore confirmed the existence of circumvention on a 
country level for Taiwan and Vietnam in both cases, and for Türkiye in the anti-subsidy case. 

Extension of the measures 

The European Commission extended the anti-dumping duties on imports of SSCR to include those consigned 
from Taiwan and Vietnam due to the identified circumvention practices. It imposed a residual duty rate of 
19.3% on SSCR imports, being the same level as the country-wide duty level as established in the original 
investigation  for  direct  imports  from  Indonesia,  while  exempting  six  Taiwanese  and  two  Vietnamese 
companies. For Türkiye the investigation was terminated as no dumping was found.  

In the anti-subsidy investigation, the European Commission extended the measures currently in force on SSCR 
imports  from  Indonesia  to  all  three  countries  at  the  level  of  20,5%,  while  exempting  six  Taiwanese,  one 
Vietnamese and one Turkish company. 

The exemptions were made conditional upon presentation to the customs authorities of the Member States of 
a  valid  commercial  invoice  and,  to  minimise  the  risks  of  circumvention,  especially  for  sales  of  SSCR  via 
traders or service centres, a valid mill certificate. In light of the seriousness of the circumvention practices in 
this case, the Commission considered that an additional measure was necessary to monitor the proportion of 
Indonesian-based SSCR imported into the Union. Hence, a declaration has to be added to the mill certificate 
to state whether the location where the stainless steel to produce the SSCR was originally melted and poured, 
was Indonesia or not.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Birch plywood from Russia – Measures extended to Kazakhstan and Türkiye. 

The European Commission imposed an anti-dumping duty on imports of birch plywood originating in Russia 
in November 2021. This was followed by the initiation of an anti-circumvention investigation in August 2023, 
after  receiving  a  complaint  from  the  Union  industry  indicating  that  measures  on  imports  were  being 
circumvented through transshipment and other practices in Kazakhstan and Türkiye. 

Change in the pattern of trade 

During  the  investigation  period  from  1  January  2019  to  30  June  2023,  imports  of  birch  plywood  from 
Kazakhstan into the European Union experienced substantial growth, starting in 2022 and amounting to over 
97,000 m3. This period also saw a significant increase in the import of raw material, notably birch logs and 
veneer,  from  Russia  to  Kazakhstan  and  Türkiye,  while  direct  imports  from  Russia  to  the  European  Union 
declined significantly. 

Practice to avoid the duties 

Producers in Kazakhstan and Türkiye were found to be engaged in circumvention practices including mere 
transshipment  of  Russian birch  plywood  to the  European  Union.  Additionally, some  producers  engaged in 
assembly operations using Russian materials, like logs and veneer, constituting over 60% of their value input, 
yet failing to add more than 25% to the production costs. Accordingly, they were also found to be engaged in 
circumvention practises under Article 13(2) of the basic anti-dumping Regulation.  

The investigation found that the primary economic rationale behind these operations was not to add genuine 
value or enhance production capabilities, but rather to avoid the anti-dumping duties imposed on imports from 
Russia, thereby undermining the effectiveness of these anti-dumping measures. 

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures and evidence of dumping 

Throughout  the  investigation  period,  the  quantities  of  birch  plywood  entering  the  Union  market  from 
Kazakhstan and Türkiye increased substantially, holding a combined market share of almost 7%. This volume 
influx at dumped prices clearly undermined the remedial effects of the previously imposed duties. 

Extension of the measures 

The  Commission  decided  to  extend  the  duties  on  imports  of  birch  plywood  to  goods  consigned  from 
Kazakhstan and Türkiye to ensure the effectiveness of the original anti-dumping measures. The duty rate of 
the extension was set at 15.8%, being the same level as the country-wide duty on imports from Russia. 

3.2.6.  “Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) 

These investigations focus on the implementation of court rulings. In 2024, the Commission initiated no such 
reviews and terminated one.   This review concerned the case of tartaric acid from China. However, there were 
no measures in force any longer on imports of tartaric acid originating in the People’s Republic of China since 
30 June 2023 when they expired as no request for an expiry review had been received. Therefore, as there were 
no  measures  on  which  the  Court  judgments  could  be  implemented,  the  Commission  decided  therefore  to 
terminate the investigation. – Annex H. 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations 

The Commission applies safeguard measures rarely. They are only used where it is clear that such measures 
are necessary and justified because, due to unforeseen circumstances, there has been a surge in imports and 
this  has  caused  or  threatens  to  cause  serious  damage  to  the  EU  industry.  Unlike anti-dumping and anti-
subsidy measures, safeguards do not focus on whether trade is fair or not, so the conditions for imposing them 
are more stringent. 

Not  all  safeguard  measures  adopted  by  the  EU  constitute  safeguards  within  the  meaning  of  the  WTO 
Agreement on Safeguards. Some of these measures are called ‘safeguards’ under particular regimes, such as 
bilateral safeguards or the safeguard investigations under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP). 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Two safeguard (SFG) investigations were initiated in 2024. One was a functioning review of the steel safeguard 
measure and a new investigation was opened concerning imports of manganese and silicon-based alloying 
elements. A review of the bilateral safeguard measures on Indica rice from Cambodia and Myanmar/Burma 
was concluded in 2024.  

3.3.1.     Details on steel safeguard reviews  

Two safeguard investigations were initiated in 2024, with one being concluded. 

After a substantiated request by 14 Member States, the Commission carried out a review21 of the SFG measure 
which the EU imposed on imports of certain steel products in 2019 with the view to examine whether the 
existing SFG measure should be prolonged. The Commission established that the industry was still in a fragile 
situation. Consumption reached its lowest levels since 2013, while the share of imports increased and global 
overcapacity  in the sector remained  at  very  high  levels.  Because the industry  showed  to  be adjusting, and 
because it would not be against the overall Union interest, the Commission concluded to prolong the measure 
beyond 30 June 2024 until 30 June 2026. By then the measure will have been in place for 8 years, which is the 
maximum duration under WTO rules. On the basis of import data from the previous year, the Commission 
also introduced caps in the residual quota (the quota accessible to all countries that do not have a country 
specific quota) of category 1 and 16, and updated the list of developing countries subject to, and excluded 
from, the measure.  

On 29 November 2024, the Commission received a substantiated request by 13 Member States to initiate a 
functioning review. The request contained evidence of a change of circumstances since the last review of the 
measure.  In  particular,  the  Union  industry  was  under  significant  and  increasing  import  pressure  due  to  a 
combination of factors, such as, high and structural levels of global overcapacity, increasing barriers in several 
key markets, including new US 232 duties and many trade defence measures all over the globe. Moreover, due 
to the continuous liberalisation of the measure, the quota volumes available are around 25% higher than in 
2019, when the measure was imposed. At the same time EU consumption decreased by 14%. This led to the 
measure no longer being effective  in certain categories  and called for a reassessment of the allocation and 
management of the tariff-rate quotas. Thus, a functioning review was initiated on 17 December 2024.  The 
Commission will conclude this functioning review investigation by 31 March 2025. 

3.4.   Verification activities   

Based on Articles 16 and 26 of the basic AD and AS Regulations respectively, in the course of investigations, 
the Commission normally carries out visits to examine the records of companies or associations with the aim 
of verifying the information provided during the proceedings.  

In  2024 the  Commission verified  data  from  346  companies,  148  within the  EU  and  191 outside.  With the 
exception  of  7  companies,  all  verification  visits  took  place  on-site.  The  remaining  7  companies’  data  was 
verified through remote cross checking (RCC).   

4.  ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES  

During 2024, the Commission continued to ensure that measures imposed were effective and not undermined 
by practices by economic operators designed to evade duties. In this context, there was continued cooperation 
between  the  TDI  services,  other  Commission  services  (DG  TAXUD),  relevant  EU  agencies  (OLAF)  and 
enforcement-oriented national authorities (customs authorities in Member States), as well as regular exchanges 
with the Union industry.  

More information on the Commission’s monitoring and enforcement activities can be found in the main body 
of the Report. 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures 

The follow-up activities concerning measures in force are centred on four main areas: (1) to pre-empt fraud, 
by  defining  risk-related  areas,  alerting  customs  authorities  and  assessing  the  feedback  from  customs  and 
economic operators; (2) to monitor trade flows and market developments; (3) to improve the effectiveness with 

21 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1782 of 24 June 2024 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2019/159, including the prolongation of the safeguard measure on imports of certain steel products (OJ L, 2024/1782, 
25.6.2024, ELI: http:// data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2024/1782/oj). 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
the  appropriate  instruments  (new  investigation,  interim  review,  newcomer  review,  contact  with  national 
administrations) and (4) to react to irregular practices by enhancing the co-operation with enforcement-related 
services (OLAF and national customs) and by initiating anti-absorption or anti-circumvention investigations. 

Regular exchanges take place with DG TAXUD regarding the classification of goods subject to trade defence 
instruments (TDI).  In  addition,  as  soon  as the  relevant  legislation  is  published in  the  Official Journal,  DG 
TAXUD promptly incorporates the corresponding measures into TARIC (the integrated Tariff of the European 
Union). This ensures the uniform application of TDI measures, as TARIC data is automatically transmitted 
daily to the import systems of the Member States.  

4.2. 

Monitoring of undertakings  

Monitoring  of  undertakings  forms part of  the  enforcement activities,  given  that undertakings  allow  for the 
suspension of AD or AS measures. The Commission accepts such undertakings if it is satisfied that they can 
effectively  eliminate  the  injurious  effects  of  dumping  or  subsidisation  and  regularly  checks  the  exporters' 
compliance with the undertakings. 

During 2024, 11 undertakings were monitored. These related to two proceedings, biodiesel from Argentina 
and citric acid from China. As regards the undertakings in biodiesel, monitoring showed  that the exporting 
producers were complying in full.  However, with regard to citric acid, the Commission found that certain 
conditions of the undertakings concerning citric acid from China were breached by the China Chamber of 
Commerce of Metals, Minerals & Chemicals Importers & Exporters (‘CCCMC’) and as a result withdrew its 
acceptance of the undertakings from 3 companies in March 2024. 

There were no undertakings offered in anti-dumping investigations concluded in 2024. More information is 
available in Annexes M and Q. 

4.3.   OLAF activity  

The Commission has developed a range of activities addressing prevention and detection of fraud, and this 
includes close cooperation with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), through annual meetings, day-to-
day  contacts,  or  exchange  of  case  information,  via  a  special  OLAF  liaison  officer  within  the  Directorate–
General for Trade. 

By  mutual  agreement  between  the  Commission  and  OLAF,  the  Commission  provides  OLAF  with  any 
information  and  evidence  relating  to  possible  cases  of  fraud,  or  any  other  illegal  activity  related  to  TDI. 
Circumvention of TDI measures can occur in the form of false declaration of product origin; misclassification 
under product codes outside measures; assembly operations; channelling via companies with no or low duty 
rates or undervaluation of imported products.  

The  Commission  and  OLAF  react  whenever  they  have  indications  of  any  of  the  above  practices.  These 
manifest themselves through (i) subsequent to the imposition of measures, a significant decrease in imports 
from  the  country  concerned  into  the  EU  which  is  entirely  or  partially  offset  by  an  increase  in  imports  of, 
products from another third country, or products classified under a product code outside measures, or parts of 
the product which are not subject to measures; (ii) subsequent to the imposition of measures, imports from the 
country concerned into the EU are coming from a company with a low or a zero duty at the expense of imports 
from a company with a higher duty; or  (iii) where low amount of duties was collected by Member States’ 
customs authorities. 

Whenever the Commission receives information on irregularities occuring from the Union industry, either on 
an ad-hoc basis or in the framework of formal complaints, it informs OLAF. In the same vein, the Commission 
maintains  regular  contacts  on  these  matters  with  Member  States’  customs  authorities,  for  example,  by 
publishing specialised risk warnings in the EU common customs risk management system. However, given 
that  investigations  by  OLAF  or  Member  States’  law  enforcement  authorities  into  above  practices  are 
confidential, no further information can be given. OLAF publishes an annual report presenting its activities of 
the previous year, as well as statistics of its investigative performance and examples of cases. 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. 

REFUNDS   

Articles 11(8) and 21(1) of the basic Regulations allow importers to request the reimbursement of the relevant 
collected duties where it is shown that the dumping/subsidy margin, on the basis of which duties were paid, 
has been eliminated or reduced to a level below that of the duty in force. 

44 new refund requests were submitted during 2024. At the end of that year, 11 refund investigations were still 
on-going,  covering  144 requests. Moreover, the  Commission  adopted  10  Implementing  Decisions  granting 
partial refund requests and 5 Implementing Decisions rejecting refund requests. More details on these decisions 
and on the status of refund investigations can be found at https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/investigations/refund. 

6. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS 

The Commission is fully committed to improving transparency and collaboration on trade defence issues and, 
in this context, the Trade Defence services organised, as well as participated in, various information sharing 
activities in 2024.    

In January 2024, there was a meeting of the EU-Korea Working Group on Trade Remedy Cooperation held 
online which brought together experts to discuss trade remedy cooperation. The Commission also held a TDI 
dialogue  with  the  Turkish  trade  defence  service  in  June  2024,  providing  a  platform  for  the  exchange  of 
information and ideas. 

In October 2024, the Commission's Directorate-General for Trade (DG Trade) organized a training seminar 
for  officials  from  third  countries,  focusing  on  trade  defence  investigations.  The  seminar,  which  was  well-
received, attracted participants from five countries: Madagascar, Malaysia, Türkiye, the Philippines, and the 
Dominican Republic. The event enabled the exchange of trade defence procedures and practices among third-
country authorities, promoting cooperation and knowledge-sharing. 

The Commission also participated in an International Webinar on Trade Remedy Investigations, hosted by the 
Japanese  Ministry  of  Economy,  Trade  and  Industry  (METI)  in  November  2024.  The  webinar  provided  a 
platform for the exchange of views and information on investigative practices, with officials from the World 
Trade Organization (WTO) also attending. 

In addition to these events, the Commission engaged throughout the year with various stakeholder associations, 
including Business Europe and AEGIS Europe, to hear the views of interested parties. In September 2024, the 
Commission made a presentation to the Civil Society Dialogue, providing an update on developments in trade 
defence.  

7. 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT    

7.1.  

Overview of the judicial reviews in 2024  

In 2024, the General Court (GC) and the Court of Justice (CJ) rendered 25 judgments and orders in TDI cases. 
The GC handed down 14 rulings whereas the CJ decided on 10 appeals and 1 request for a preliminary ruling.  

7.2.  

Cases pending 

At the end of 2024, 18 cases were pending before the GC and 6 before the CJ. A list of the cases is given in 
Annex S.  

7.3.  

New cases  

In 2024, 10 new court cases were lodged in the field of trade defence. Six of these were lodged before the GC 
and three appeals and one request for a preliminary ruling before the Court of Justice. 

7.4.  

Selection of court decisions 

Court of Justice  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
C-688/22  P, Methanol  Holdings  (Trinidad)  v  Commission  and  C-725/22 P, Nevinnomysskiy Azot  and 
NAK "Azot" v Commission  

In  those judgments, the  Court  of  Justice dismissed  the  appeal brought  by  Nevinnomysskiy  Azot  and  NAK 
"Azot",  an  exporting  producer  from  Russia,  and  the  appeal brought  by  Methanol  Holdings  (Trinidad),  an 
exporting producer from Trinidad and Tobago against the judgment of the General Court in case T-865/19, in 
which the General Court rejected the exporting producer’s action for annulment of Commission Implementing 
Regulation  (EU)  2019/1688  of  8  October  2019  imposing  a  definitive  anti-dumping  duty  and  definitively 
collecting the provisional duty imposed on imports of mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate originating in 
Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States of America. 

These judgments of the Court of Justice are final and put an end to the direct actions against the measures on 
urea ammonium nitrate. On substance, the Court of Justice rejected all grounds of the appeal and confirmed 
the judgment of the General Court. The most relevant points are as follows. 

The Court of Justice confirmed that the Commission may apply Article 2(9) of the Basic AD Regulation by 
analogy to the export prices used for undercutting and injury margin calculations.  

The  Court  of  Justice  also  confirmed  that  all  the  Commission’s  undercutting  calculations  under  several 
methodologies in the case at hand (i.e. either making adjustments to the Union industry's prices to bring the 
prices via related selling entities to an ex-works level, or only comparing direct sales ex-works, with export 
prices at the Union border adjusted according to Article 2(9)) were carried out at the same level of trade and 
confirmed the existence of undercutting.   

The  court  of  justice  also  confirmed  that  the  injury  margin  calculations,  based  on  a  comparison  of  the  EU 
industry's costs of production plus SG&A and profits without including any costs from other levels of trade 
with the export prices at the Union border adjusted according to Article 2(9) were correct. 

The Court of justice confirmed that Article 2(9) of the basic regulation, which concerns construction of export 
price in cases where there is no export price or where the export price is considered unreliable, also applies 
and allows the Commission to deduct from the export price the costs incurred by a party established outside 
the European Union, when this party appears to be associated with the importer or exporter and those costs 
would normally be borne by an importer.  

Court also confirmed the possibility for the Commission to, in addition to the evidence available in a complaint, 
the Commission may rely on further evidence at its disposal to justify the initiation of an investigation.  

Finally, the Court also confirmed, for the first time, the Commission’s approach about modulation of the lesser 
duty rule in case of raw material distortions to the full amount of dumping. The Court confirmed the General 
Court's findings that the Commission did not discriminate between Trinidad and Tobago's imports and Russian 
imports when not initiating an investigation pursuant to Art. 7(2a) against Trinidad and Tobago's imports since 
the Commission had correctly stated that the schemes in force in Trinidad and Tobago were not covered by the 
exhaustive list set out in Article 7(2a) of the basic regulation. The Court noted that Article 7(2a) of the basic 
regulation contains an exhaustive list of distortions on raw materials, including dual pricing schemes, making 
it clear that such distortions must result in the price of the raw material being significantly lower as compared 
to prices in the representative international markets. 

Case  C261/23 P Hengshi Egypt  Fiberglass  Fabrics  and Jushi Egypt  for  Fiberglass  Industry  v 
Commission  

On 30 May 2024, the Court dismissed the appeal by two exporting producers of certain woven and/or stitched 
glass fibre fabrics from China and Egypt against the rulings of the General Court in T301/20 Hengshi Egypt 
Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt Fibreglass Industry v Commission. The General Court dismissed the action 
of Hengshi Egypt  Fiberglass  Fabrics  and Jushi Egypt Fibreglass  Industry for  the annulment  of Commission 
Implementing Regulation (EU)  2020/492 (‘the regulation  at  issue’),  in  so  far  as  that  regulation  concerned 
them.  

The Court confirmed  that Article  2(5)  of  the  basic  Regulation  does  not  prevent  the  Commission  from 
disregarding  the  costs  entered  in  the  records  of  the  party  under  investigation  where  the  prices  of  the  raw 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
material used in the manufacture of the product under investigation do not appear to be set at arm’s length, 
because of an intra-group relationship.  

The CJ also confirmed that, based on Article 2(5) of the basic Regulation, the Commission could adjust the 
costs  of  production  of Hengshi Egypt  Fiberglass  on  ‘any  other  reasonable basis’ instead  of  making  an 
adjustment ‘on the basis of the costs of other producers or exporters in the same country’ as, in this case, such 
other producer or exporter, unlike Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass was a vertically integrated company.  

Joined  cases  C-269/23  P  and  C272/23  P  – Hengshi Egypt  Fiberglass  Fabrics  and Jushi Egypt  for 
Fiberglass Industry v Commission  

On 24 November 2024, the Court of Justice delivered its judgment in the joined appeal cases C-269/23 P and 
C272/23 P concerning the appeals against the judgment of the General Court of 1 March 2023 in case T-480/20 
(Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass Industry v Commission) and the judgment 
of the General Court of 1 March 2023 in case T-540/20 (Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass Industry v Commission).  

The Court of Justice dismissed both appeals in their entirety. In doing so, it confirmed, among others, that a 
financial  contribution provided  by  the  authorities  of a  country (here,  China) can  be  attributed  to  another 
country (here, Egypt) in some circumstances.  

Background  

Hengshi and Jushi are two Egyptian companies, each of them a subsidiary of a parent company established in 
China, who are in turn wholly owned and controlled by a Chinese state-owned entity called ‘China National 
Building Materials Co. Ltd’. Hengshi and Jushi are established in the China-Egypt Suez Economic and Trade 
Cooperation Zone (‘the SETC-Zone’). They export glass fibre products to the EU.  

In May and June 2019, the European Commission initiated two anti-subsidy investigations concerning imports 
of  certain  glass  fibre  products  into  the  EU.  Following  these  investigations,  the  Commission  adopted 
Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2020/776  and  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU) 
2020/870. In these regulations, the Commission considered that Hengshi and Jushi benefited from a number 
of subsidies granted by the Government of Egypt, some of which were in essence the result of cooperation 
between the Government of Egypt and the Government of China.  

Hengshi and Jushi each  lodged  an  action  for  annulment  with the  General  Court  concerning  the regulations 
mentioned  above  (cases  T-480/20  and  T-540/20).  With  its  judgment  of  1  March  2023,  the  General  Court 
dismissed both actions as unfounded.   

The Court of Justice confirmed the concept of ‘cross-border’ financial contribution  

Hengshi and Jushi argued that the General Court incorrectly interpreted and applied Article 2(a) and (b) of the 
basic Regulation when it found that the Commission could consider that certain financial contributions granted 
to  them  by  the  Government  of  China,  whether  directly  or  through  their  parent  companies,  should  also  be 
regarded as subsidies which had been granted by the Government of Egypt or which could be attributed or 
imputed to the Government of Egypt.  

According to Hengshi and Jushi, Article 2(a) and (b) and Article 3(1) of the basic Regulation state, in their 
various language versions, that the concept of ‘subsidy’ includes only financial contributions which come from 
‘a government in the country of origin or export’, which is generally understood as ‘a government or any public 
body within the territory’ of that country. Those provisions would not therefore permit the inclusion in that 
concept  of  financial  contributions  originating  in  the  government  of  another  country.  Furthermore,  those 
provisions refer to the subsidies which are ‘granted by’ the government in question and not to those which are 
‘attributable’ or ‘imputable’ to them.   

The Court of Justice considered that, in order to be able to classify a financial contribution as a ‘subsidy’, 
Article 2(a) and (b) and Article 3(1)(a) of the basic Regulation require that that financial contribution was 
granted to one or more persons specified by the government of the country of origin or the country of export 
of a given product. Thus, it suffices that a public body within the territory of one or other of those countries 
has  adopted  conduct  consisting  in  either  formally  granting  that  financial  contribution  to  those  persons  or 
allowing them in practice to benefit from it. In both cases, that conduct must have played a decisive role in the 
allocation of such a financial contribution.   

 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
In  addition,  the  Court  of  Justice  noted  that  the  objective  of  the  basic  Regulation  is  to  enable  the  EU  to 
offset any subsidy granted, directly or indirectly, by governments of third countries in which goods originate 
or from which goods are imported.  

The Court of Justice concluded that such interpretation of the concept of subsidy does not run counter to the 
obligations  of  the  EU  under  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Subsidies  and  Countervailing  Measures. The 
Court furthermore confirmed that that the specificity of a given subsidy may be determined by reference to 
the granting authority to which the financial contribution is attributed (here, Egypt).  

General Court  

T-762/20 - Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others v Commission  
T-763/20 - Inner Mongolia Shuangxin Environment-Friendly Material v Commission  
T-764/20-Anhui  Wanwei  Updated  High-Tech  Material  Industry  and  Inner  Mongolia  Mengwei 
Technology v Commission  

On 21 February 2024, the General Court delivered three judgements following actions brought by Chinese 
exporting  producers  againstImplementing  Regulation  2020/1336  of  the  European  Commission  imposing 
definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of certain polyvinyl alcohols (‘PVA’) originating in the People’s 
Republic of China. The three cases are discussed in turn below. 

T-762/20 

While the Court sided with the Commission on several pleas, it partially annulled the Implementing Regulation 
2020/1336with regard to the downward adjustments made to the export price under Article 2(10)(e), (g), (i) 
and (k) of the basic Regulation.  

In their first plea the applicants argued that the application of the Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation (which 
is the legal basis for the significant distortions methodology) is inconsistent with the obligations arising from 
WTO  law.  The  General  Court  clarified,  by  referring  to  the  judgment  in  case  C-21/14  P  Commission  v 
Rusal Armenal,  that the significant distortions methodology, as well as the non-market economy provisions 
previously contained in the basic Regulation, established a special regime which could not be considered to be 
a measure intended to ensure the implementation in the EU legal order of a particular obligation assumed in 
the context of the WTO Agreements. On that basis, the General Court concluded that the necessary conditions 
for the principle of consistent interpretation to be applicable to Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in the light 
of WTO rules are not satisfied and rejected the plea accordingly.  

The Court further found that the Commission did not violate Articles 3(2) and 3(3) basic Regulation and did 
not  commit a manifest  error  of  assessment  when  establishing  price  undercutting  by  not  conducting  a 
segmented price undercutting analysis. The Court sided with the Commission as it confirmed that there was 
no clear segmentation of the PVA market and a high concentration of Union industry sales and dumped imports 
in two distinct segments. The Court recalled that the basic Regulation gives an important discretion to the 
Commission with regard to the determination of injury. The General Court rejected the claim by concluding 
that  the  Commission  was  not  obliged  to  proceed  to  an  analysis  of  price  undercutting  per  segment  and  in 
principle the analysis is done at the level of the 'like product'. Only under certain exceptional circumstances 
the Commission may be required to carry out an analysis by segment. These circumstances were not proven 
to exist in this case.  

The Court also established that the Commission did not violate the rights of defence of the applicant because 
of refusal to disclose Union industry's PCN prices and quantities.  

The Court upheld the adjustment made of the normal value because it was constructed VAT included, while 
the export price included an amount corresponding to a non-refundable VAT. The Court clarified that such an 
adjustment should be made under Article 2(10)(k) of the basic regulation and not Article 2(10)(b) of the basic 
Regulation because the latter does not provide for the normal value constructed according to Article 2(6a) of 
that  regulation to  be adjusted  to take  account  of the non-refundable  VAT  affecting  the  export  price  in the 
country in which the dumped imports originate.  

The Court found the Commission applied correctly Article 18(1) of the basic Regulation (“facts available”) to 
determine the normal value of the applicants. The Commission used the normal values of the other exporting 

 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
producers, which it had established, in part, by applying that same provision. However, the General Court 
upheld the applicants' claim in so far as the Commission calculated Sinopec Ningxia's normal value by using, 
for each product type, the highest of the normal values of the other exporting producers.  In this respect, based 
just  on the  non-cooperation,  the  Commission considered that  Sinopec  Ningxia's  normal  value,  per  product 
type, was not below the highest, per product type, of the normal values of the other exporting producers. The 
Court found that by applying such a presumption, the Commission erred in law.   

The General Court partially annulled the regulation regarding the downward adjustments to the export price 
made by the Commission under Article 2(10)(e), (g), (i) and (k) of the basic Regulation.  

The  Commission  found  that  the  functions  of  Sinopec  Central-China  were  not  those  of  an  internal  sales 
department  but  were similar  to those  of  an  agent  working  on  a  commission  basis.  The  General  Court 
considered that the Commission erred in making a downward adjustment to the export price relating to those 
sales on the basis of Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation corresponding to that company's SG&A costs and 
a profit margin for it, based on information from an unrelated trader. The General Court established that the 
Commission did not provide conclusive evidence that might preclude recognition of Sinopec Central-China's 
status as an internal sales department.  

The  Commission  also made  adjustments in  order  to  establish  an  export  price  at  the  'ex-works'  level,  by 
deducting some costs (insurance  costs,  transport,  handling  and  loading  expenses,  credit  costs  and  bank 
charges) from the sales price charged to unrelated customers. However, no such adjustments were made to the 
normal value constructed by the Commission on the basis of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation.   

The Court concluded that it was for the Commission, which had chosen to make the comparison at issue at the 
'ex-works' level, to demonstrate that those adjustments were necessary for the comparison of the export price 
and the normal value to be fair. In essence, the General Court observed that the data on (SG&A) costs used by 
the Commission when constructing the normal value came from a company in the representative country (the 
Turkish company Ilkalem) and was taken from the Orbis database, without the possibility of knowing whether 
it included expenses that were deducted from the export price. Whilst the Commission did not have a more 
precise  breakdown  of Ilkalem's SG&A  costs, it  could  not  reasonably  require  the  applicants to provide data 
relating to an unrelated party that were more precise than the data held by the Commission. The Court thus 
considered that the Commission infringed the obligation to make a fair comparison, at the same level of trade, 
between the export price and the normal value as the Commission did not provide the applicants with data that 
would have enabled them further to substantiate their request for the costs at issue not to be deducted from the 
export price or for them to be deducted from the normal value.  

The  judgement  is  currently  under  appeal  brought  by  the  Commission and  cross-appealed  by  the 
applicants (case C-319/24 P Commission v Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others).  

T-763/20     

Among other pleas in T-763/20, the applicant alleged an infringement of Article 18 of the basic Regulation. 
The applicant submitted that the Commission was wrong to calculate the normal value on the basis of the facts 
available  within  the  meaning  of  Article 18  of  the  basic  regulation,  despite  the  fact  that  the  applicant  had 
cooperated to the best of its ability. The Court rejected the applicant’s claim and clarified that the objective of 
Article 18 of the basic Regulation is to enable the Commission to continue with the anti-dumping investigation 
even though the interested parties refuse to cooperate or do not cooperate satisfactorily. In this regard, the 
Court stated that in order to be regarded as cooperating under that provision, the parties must provide all the 
information that they have which the institutions consider necessary for the purpose of reaching their findings. 
The Court noted that the applicant did not supply the information requested by the Commission regarding the 
inputs  for  self-produced  factors  of  production,  information  that  was  necessary  for  determining  the  normal 
value.  As  the  applicant  did  not  demonstrate  that  it  was  impossible  for  it  to  provide  that  information,  the 
Commission did not infringe Article 18(1) by using the facts available as a substitute for that information. 
Moreover, the Court ruled that, since the applicant did not provide the information required, Article 18(3) of 
the  basic  Regulation  is  not  applicable,  and  the  Commission  was  able  to  use  only  the  facts  available  as  a 
substitute for the missing information.  

T-764/20 

In T-764/20, the applicants alleged a violation of Articles 3(2) and 3(3) of the basic Regulation and a manifest 
error  of  assessment  when  establishing  price  undercutting  and  a  consequent  violation  of  Article  3(6)  Basic 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
Regulation. The plea involved several arguments: firstly, failure to conduct a segmented price undercutting 
analysis; secondly, failure to make adjustments to account for quality differences between imported PVA and 
PVA  produced in  the  European  Union; and, thirdly, failure  to  establish  price  undercutting  for the  relevant 
product as a whole.    

The  Court  concluded  that  the  Commission  was  not  required  to  carry  out  an  additional  analysis  of  price 
undercutting  over  and  above  that  based  on  the  PCN  method.  Moreover,  concerning  the  argument  that  the 
Commission failed to make adjustments to account for quality differences between imported PVA and PVA 
produced in the European Union, the Court held that the applicants did not produce any evidence capable of 
demonstrating that the Commission had made a manifest error of assessment in finding that the differences, 
between product types did not have a significant effect on their prices.   

Furthermore, the applicants submitted that the Commission infringed their rights of defence in that, despite 
their requests, it failed to provide them with any information with respect to the Union industry’s quantities 
sold and sales prices by PCN or the price undercutting and underselling margins by PCN. They argued that the 
Commission should have provided them with that information at least in the form of ranges of values. In their 
view, although Article 19 of the basic regulation provides for the confidential treatment of certain information, 
its application cannot deprive the rights of the defence of their substance. The Court held that the Commission 
correctly  followed  the  steps  laid  down  in  the  relevant  provisions in  order  to strike  a  balance  between  the 
objectives referred in settled case law, on the one hand, to allow the interested parties effectively to defend 
their interests and, on the other hand, to preserve the confidentiality of the information collected in the course 
of the investigation. The Court established that, in view of the sensitivity of the information at issue and the 
exceptional circumstances of this case, the Commission did not make any error in refusing its disclosure.  

T-629/21 – Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları TAŞ, İskenderun Demir ve Çelik AŞ, and Erdemir Çelik 
Servis Merkezi Sanayi ve Ticaret AŞ v Commission and T-630/21 -Çolakoğlu Metalurji and Çolakoğlu 
Dış Ticaret v Commission 

On  8  May  2024,  the  General  Court  dismissed  the  actions  brought against  Commission  Implementing 
Regulation (EU) 2021/1100 of 5 July 2021 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty and definitively collecting 
the provisional duty imposed on imports of certain hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel originating in Turkey in T-629/21 and T-630/21.  

In T-629/21, the General Court ruled that:  

• 

• 

• 

• 

the  Commission  did  not  infringe  the  basic  regulation  when  it  converted  data  labelled  in  foreign 
currency into Turkish lira for the dumping calculation. The Court upheld the Commission’s conclusion 
that the conversion was required for a fair comparison, as the records of the applicants had transactions 
invoiced in Euro, US dollars and Turkish Lira. The court also ruled that such conversions, based on 
monthly exchange rates, did not breach the rule that the costs must be calculated on the basis of the 
records kept by the party under investigation (whose accounting currency was the USD and that also 
had  amounts  in  Turkish  lira  and  Euro  converted  into  dollars  using  daily  exchange  rates)  as  the 
Commission is not obliged to accept these records as such without reservation.   
the  Commission  did  not  infringe the  basic  regulation when  it  rejected  the  applicant’s  claim for  an 
adjustment for hedging gains and losses. The General Court upheld the Commission’s conclusion that, 
since the dumping calculation was done in Turkish lira and all transactions in euro were converted to 
Turkish lira directly without an intermediate conversion to US dollar, the conversion rate between euro 
and US dollar agreed in the hedging contracts was irrelevant for the purpose of comparison.   
the Commission was entitled, given the failure of the applicant to provide clear information, to add a 
calibrated amount in relation to SG&A costs in order to cover the sales services provided by Erdemir, 
based on the SG&A costs of Ersem, a related trader in the group.   
the Commission did not infringe the basic regulation when it rejected the applicant’s claim for the 
inclusion of exchange rate gains and losses in their costs. The General Court upheld the Commission’s 
conclusion that those gains and losses were not linked to the production or sales of the product under 
investigation and therefore should not be included in their SGA costs for calculating normal value.  

In T-630/21, the General Court ruled that : 

• 

the  Commission 
it 
concluded Çolakoğlu Metalurji and  ÇOTAŞ  (a  related  company  to Çolakoğlu)  did  not  constitute  a 
single economic entity, as it took into account all the relevant factors to determine the economic reality 

assessment  when 

a  manifest 

not  make 

error 

did 

of 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
of the relationship between those companies. Therefore, an adjustment for commissions was justified. 
The General Court also upheld the conclusion of the Commission that the adjustment was justified 
even in cases where the commission is a fixed amount and not a profit, as well the quantification of 
the adjustment done by the Commission that, given the relationship between Çolakoğlu Metalurji and 
ÇOTAŞ, was not based on the commission but on the SGA of ÇOTAŞ plus the profit margin of an 
unrelated importer.  
the  Commission  did  not  infringe the  basic  regulation when  it  rejected  the  applicant’s  claim for  an 
adjustment to the normal value for import duties. Notably, the General Court upheld the Commission’s 
position that, as the applicants did not pay any import duty, the adjustment was unjustified. It further 
ruled that, even accepting a broad interpretation of the legal provision to include indirect effects of 
import duties, the applicant failed to prove that this had an impact on price comparability.  
the  Commission  did  not  infringe  the  basic  regulation  when  it  rejected  the  applicant’s  claim  for  a 
monthly or quarterly calculation of the dumping margin instead of the traditional yearly calculation. 
The General Court upheld the Commission’s conclusion that, given the fluctuations of costs and prices 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  distribution  of  sales  to  the  Union  and  the  domestic  market  across  the 
investigation  period  on  the  other  hand,  an  annual  calculation  was  justified.  Of  note,  the General 
Court ruled  that  certain  cost  fluctuations  are  normal  and  that  it  is  also  necessary  for  the  exporting 
producer  to  demonstrate  to  what  extent  such  changes  were  reflected  in  prices,  since  it  is  the 
comparability of the prices that is at issue, and also that a certain variation in sales to the Union and in 
the domestic market is inevitable and that it would be inappropriate to establish an absolute numerical 
threshold above which an allocation of sales during the investigation period becomes exceptionally 
unequal as each case must be assessed on its own merits.  
the  Commission  did  not  infringe the  basic  regulation when  it  rejected  the  applicant’s  claim for  an 
adjustment  for  hedging  gains  and  losses.  The General  Court upheld  the  Commission’s  views  that, 
since the dumping calculation was done in Turkish lira and all transactions in euro were converted to 
Turkish lira directly without an intermediate conversion to US dollar, the conversion rate between euro 
and US dollar agreed in the hedging contracts was irrelevant for the purpose of comparison.  

• 

• 

• 

The judgments were appealed and the cases (C-499/24 P and C-498/24 P) are pending at the time of drafting 
this report.   

8. 

ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU 

The main developments and trends in the area of third country actions in 2024, including Annex U (A - F) 
with detailed figures, are presented below. 

In  addition, this  section  also  highlights  important cases  initiated  by  countries that  use  the  instruments  less 
frequently but have an impact on EU exports. 

As of the end of 2024, the primary users of trade defence instruments (TDIs) against EU exports remain the 
United States, with 41 measures in force, followed by Türkiye with 23 measures and China with 18 measures. 
Brazil and Indonesia have 10 measures in force each, while Canada and Madagascar follow with 9 measures 
each. South Africa/the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) has 7 measures in place, while Argentina, 
Mexico,  and  Morocco  each  have  5  measures  in  force.  Australia  and  India  each  have  4  measures  in  force, 
followed  by  Thailand  with  3,  and  the  Republic  of  Korea,  New  Zealand,  and  Pakistan  2  measures  each. 
Additionally,  Colombia,  Egypt,  Ghana,  the  GCC  countries,  Lebanon,  the  Philippines,  Tunisia,  the  United 
Kingdom, and Vietnam have each 1 measure in force against EU exports. 

United States  

Overall trends 

In  2024,  the  US  initiated  six  new  TD  investigations affecting  EU  exports.  2024  marks  the  second  year  of 
increase in new cases after two years of a slowdown in the trend of new investigations (four new investigations 
in 2023, one new investigation in 2022 and none in 2021).  

At the end of 2024, the US had 41 measures in force affecting EU imports (34 AD, 5 AS and 2 SFG). In the 
course of 2024, two new AD measures on mattresses and paper shopping bags and one SFG measure on fine 
denier polyester staple fibre were imposed. In addition, provisional AD measures on aluminium extrusions 
were imposed but the investigation was terminated the same year following a negative injury determination. 

 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Main cases 

Tin mill products AD 

The investigation concerning imports of tin mill products from Germany and the Netherlands was initiated on 
7 February 2023. The applicants claimed significant dumping margins, namely 44% for Germany and up to 
294% for the Netherlands. Given that the economic interest in this case is EUR 1 billion, higher than in any 
other US trade defence case against the EU or its Member States to date, the Commission has been very active 
in  this  investigation  in  support  of  the  exporters  concerned.  On  17  August  2023,  the  US  Department  of 
Commerce made a preliminary determination of 7% dumping on imports from Germany and no dumping on 
imports from the Netherlands.  

On  5  January  2024,  the  investigation  into  imports  from  the  Netherlands  was  officially  terminated.  On  29 
February 2024 the investigation against imports from Germany was terminated following a negative injury 
determination by the US International Trade Commission. 

Paper shopping bags AD 

On 20 June 2023, the US initiated an investigation against imports of paper shopping bags from Portugal. The 
economic interest in this case is EUR 17 million. The Commission has been active in support of the exporters 
concerned since the start of the investigation. On 17 July 2024, the US imposed AD duties of 6.14% which are 
much lower than the dumping margins of up to 189% requested originally by the petitioners. 

Ripe olives AD and AS 

The US initially imposed the measures on 1 August 2018, and they have been in force since then. The EU 
economic interest, before the imposition of measures, was EUR 67 million.  The AS measures target support 
measures under the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).  

The  Commission  challenged  these  duties  before  the  WTO  and  on  20  December  2021,  the  WTO  Dispute 
Settlement Body (DSB) adopted the final panel report declaring these duties inconsistent with WTO rules. The 
Commission considered that the US had failed to implement the WTO ruling and requested the establishment 
of a compliance panel, which was composed on 31 July 2023. On 19 March 2024, the DSB concluded that the 
United States had failed to comply with the original panel’s pass-through finding.  

As the US did not take any measure to implement the findings of the compliance panel report, on 14 November 
2024, the EU requested the WTO DSB to authorise the imposition of countermeasures. The US immediately 
requested an arbitration on the level of countermeasures by the EU and the arbitration panel was established 
on 29 November 2024. The conclusion of the arbitration proceeding is expected by mid-2025 (please see also 
the main part of the report). 

Polyester staple fibre SFG 

On 2 February 2024, the US authorities initiated a multilateral SFG investigation on imports of Fine denier 
polyester staple fibre (PSF). The economic interest in this case is EUR 11 million. The Member States most 
concerned  is  Ireland  (EUR 10.6  million).  The  Commission  has  been  active  in  support  of  the  exporters 
concerned since the start of the investigation. On 8 November 2024, the US imposed a SFG measure in form 
of quantitative restrictions applicable only to imports of PSF admitted under Temporary Importation under 
Bonds (TIB) for a period of four years, with annual increases in the within-quota quantities in the second, third, 
and fourth years. From 23 November 2024 to 22 November 2025, no such imports will be allowed.  

Aluminium extrusions AD 

This investigation was initiated on 25 October 2023 against imports of aluminium extrusions from Italy, with 
petitioners alleging a dumping margin of 42%. The economic interest in this case is EUR 104 million. Since 
the start of the investigation, the Commission has been active in support of the exporters concerned. On 18 
November  2024,  the  US  investigating  authority  determined  that  the  domestic  industry  was  not  materially 
injured, and as a result the investigation was terminated without any measures. 

Türkiye 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Overall trends  

At the end of 2024, Türkiye had 23 measures in force affecting the EU (16 AD and 7 SFG). In 2024, Türkiye 
initiated  5  new  trade  defence  investigations  affecting  EU  exports,  out  of  which  3  new  SFG  investigation 
targeting imports of knitted fabrics, uncoated paper and paperboard, and ethyl acetate. Moreover, it initiated 1 
new anti-circumvention (AC) investigation (on articulated link chains from Spain) and 1 AD case on flat rolled 
products of tin-coated iron or non-alloy steel from Germany. The Commission continues to follow closely all 
the cases and will intervene, in support of the EU industry, as appropriate.  

Main cases   

Other paper and cardboard SFG 

This SFG investigation was initiated on 12 January 2024 and definitive measures were imposed at the end of 
June 2024. Given the economic interest of around EUR 140 million the Commission has been very active and 
intervened during the investigation in close contact with EU industry and in support of the exporters concerned. 
On 28 June 2024 definitive measures were imposed in form of a specific duty of USD 87 per ton, subsequently 
decreasing every year.   The Commission intervened arguing that the imposition of measures would not be 
warranted,  as  the  Turkish  industry  is  not  suffering  any  injury  and  certain  products  (semi-chemical  fluting 
paper) which is not produced in Türkiye and cannot be substituted by other products should be excluded from 
the product scope. In the final determination Türkiye confirmed the measures and the product exclusion as 
requested by the EU industry. 

Knitted or crocheted fabrics SFG 

This  SFG  investigation  was  initiated  on  12  January  2024.  Given  the  high  economic  interest  of  EUR  122 
million, the Commission has intervened in support of EU industry and Member States and will continue to do 
so as the investigation continues.  

Flat rolled products of tin-coated iron or non-alloy steel AD 

On 28 June 2024, Türkiye initiated AD investigation regarding imports of flat rolled product of tin-coated iron 
or  non-alloy  steel  from  inter  alia  Germany.  The  economic  interest  in  this  case  is  EUR  52  million.  The 
Commission intervened in support of the EU industry and continues to follow this case closely. 

Türkiye – Articulated link chains – anti-circumvention (AC) 

On 21 May 2025, Türkiye initiated an AC investigation concerning imports of articulated chains from Spain. 
The economic interest in this case is EUR 57.60 million and the Commission  continues to follow this case 
closely.  

China  

Overall trends 

In 2024, China's trade defence activity towards the EU increased significantly, after four years without any 
new investigation initiated regarding EU exports. The total number of measures in force against the EU at the 
end of 2024 was 18 (17 AD, 1 AS), unchanged since 2022. China initiated five new investigations (3 AD, 1 
AS, 1 SFG) and imposed provisional measures on one product.  

In 2024, there have been obvious indications that China initiated cases in reaction to the EU AS investigation 
against imports of battery electric vehicles from China launched in October 2023. Since the beginning of 2024, 
the  government  of  China  has  launched  three  trade  defence  investigations  into  imports  of  certain  agrifood 
products  originating  in  the  European  Union  (brandy,  pork  and  dairy).  According  to  the  Commission’s 
assessment, these investigations are based on questionable allegations and insufficient evidence, and thus are 
not  in  line  with  WTO  rules  for  initiating  an  investigation.  In  the  brandy  case,  China  imposed  provisional 
measures,  but  the  investigating  authority  equally  failed  to  sufficiently  motivate  the  justification  for  AD 
measures in the preliminary determination (please see also in the main part of the report).  

The Commission addressed this issue both at political and at technical level during the investigations. Lacking 
any meaningful response in 2024, the Commission requested and held consultations with China challenging 
the initiation of the AS investigation against imports of certain dairy products from the EU. This was the first 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
time  the  EU  had  decided  to  challenge  an  investigation  at  its  initiation  stage.  The  EU  also  requested 
consultations challenging the initiation as well as the preliminary determination, consultations were held in 
January 2025.  

Main cases 

Spirits (brandy) AD 

On 5 January 2024, China initiated an AD investigation into imports of spirits obtained by distilling grape 
wine in containers holding less than 200 litres (brandy) from the EU. The value of EU exports to China in 2022 
was around EUR 800 million. Most (97%) of the exports are from France and a very minor share (2%) from 
Spain. On 29 August 2024, China published the preliminary determination and since 11 October 2024 applied 
provisional measures of 30.6%-39.0%. Since the start of the investigation, the Commission is following the 
proceedings  very  closely  and  intervenes  as  appropriate.  On  25  November  2024,  the  EU  requested  WTO 
consultations, challenging Mofcom’s decision to initiate the investigation, as well as the provisional findings 
on (threat of) injury to the Chinese domestic industry, and a causal link between allegedly dumped imports 
and the alleged threat of injury. China agreed to hold consultations on 20 and 21 January 2025.  

Pork AD 

On 17 June 2024 the government of China decided to initiate an AD investigation on imports of pork and pig 
by-products from the European Union. EU exports of pork and pig by-products to China represented around 
EUR  2.7  billion  in  2023  and  basically  all  EU  pork  exports  (meat  and  by-products)  are  targeted  in  the 
investigation. Member States mainly concerned are Spain (EUR 1.3 billion), Netherlands (EUR 527 million), 
Denmark (EUR 443 million), France (EUR 275 million), Ireland (EUR 110 million). Applicants are alleging 
a dumping margin of 62%. In support of the EU industry, the Commission is monitoring the case very closely 
and intervenes as appropriate. 

Dairy AS 

The AS investigation against imports of certain dairy products from the EU was initiated on 21 August 2024. 
The investigation targets mainly programme of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and also some 
national schemes of Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands 
and Romania. EU exports to China of the products subject to the investigation amounted to around EUR 513 
million in 2023. The Member States mainly concerned are France (EUR 179 million), Italy (EUR 57 million), 
the  Netherlands  (EUR 53  million),  Denmark  (EUR 52  million),  Spain  (EUR 46  million),  Ireland  (EUR 45 
million) and Germany (EUR 33 million). Since the start of the investigation, the Commission has followed the 
case closely, intervening where appropriate and replying, in coordination with Member States and the EIB 
Group, to the government questionnaires issued by the investigating authority. 

On 23 September 2024, the EU requested WTO consultations challenging the initiation of this investigation, 
to protect its industry and the CAP against abusive proceedings, and to signal its disagreement with China’s 
WTO-incompatible actions. On 3 October 2024 China accepted the request for consultations which were held 
on 6 and 7 November 2024. The Commission is now considering any next steps. 

Brazil 

Overall trends 

Brazil remains among the important users of trade defence instruments against the EU. As of the end of 2024, 
there were 10 AD measures in force against EU exports—one fewer than in 2022 and 2023. Notably, Brazil 
did not initiate any new investigations against the EU in 2024. 

Indonesia  

Overall trends  

Indonesia  continues to  be one  of the  most  frequent  users  of  safeguard investigations in the  world, making 
regular use of SFGs rather than AD or AS.  

By the end of 2024, the number of measures in force by Indonesia remained stable, with 10 definitive measures 
imposed compared to 11 in 2023. Indonesia's SFG measures are increasingly in force for the maximum periods 
allowed, with extensions being a simple standard practice. In this context, Indonesia initiated 3 SFG reviews 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
in 2024 on imports of expansible polystyrene, articles of apparel, and ceramic tiles with a total EU economic 
interest of around EUR 80 million.  

In addition, Indonesia initiated 2 new SFG investigations concerning imports of tarpaulins made from plastics 
and synthetic fibres, and low linear density polyethylene (total EU economic interest around EUR 8 million). 

Main cases 

Ceramic tiles and mosaic SFG 

In  March  2018,  Indonesia  initiated  a  SFG  investigation  on  imports  of  ceramic  tiles  and,  in  October  2018 
imposed definitive measures in the form of ad valorem duties for a period of three years. The first review was 
initiated in July 2021 and the measures were extended in November of the same year. The second review was 
initiated in June 2024 and the Indonesian SFG Committee concluded its investigation in August 2024 and 
proposed an extension for a further two years; however, the Ministerial Decree confirming the extension has 
not yet been issued.  

The Commission, in close cooperation with the European Ceramic Industry Association, has been actively 
intervening in the case since 2018, submitting written comments and participating in public hearings. 

Articles of apparel and clothing accessories SFG 

The SFG investigation was initiated in October 2020 (EU exports EUR 76 million). The Commission filed 
several written submissions and has requested a WTO consultation in order to avoid or reduce the very high 
duties  initially  proposed  by  Indonesia.  In  November  2021,  the  SFG  measures  were  nonetheless  imposed, 
though  approximately  45%  lower  than  initially  recommended  by  the  Indonesian  Safeguard  Committee.  In 
November 2024, Indonesia initiated an expiry review and the Commission, in close cooperation with the EU 
industry,  intervened  at  the  initiation  stage.    The  review  investigation  is  ongoing,  and  the  Commission  is 
monitoring the case closely.  

Canada 

Overall trends 

In 2024, Canada initiated one AD investigation on imports of concrete reinforcing bars, impacting EU exports 
with a total economic interest around EUR 51 million. However, Canada did not impose any new measures by 
the end of 2024. Despite this, Canada remained a significant user of TDI measures against the EU. By the end 
of 2024, Canada had 9 measures in force (7 AD, 1 AS), maintaining the same number of measures in force as 
in 2023.  

Madagascar  

Overall trends  

Madagascar initiated 2 new SFG investigations concerning imports of certain types of edible vegetable oil and 
tomato  products  in  2024  showing  continued  trend  in  use  of  the  SFG  instrument.  In  addition,  Madagascar 
imposed  3  new  SFG  measures  in  2024  bringing  the  total  number  of  definitive  SFG  measures  imposed  by 
ANMCC to 10, compared to 7 in 2023.  

South Africa / Southern African Customs Union  

Overall trends  

At the end of 2024 there were 7 measures in force, 4 AD (frozen bone-in portion, ropes and cables, frozen 
potato chips and frozen chicken) and 3 SFG (bolts, screws and threaded fasteners). In July 2024, South Africa 
also imposed provisional measures in the safeguard investigation concerning imports of flat rolled steel. At the 
end of 2024, the SACU had 1 AD measure in force against the EU (pasta).  

Main cases  

Flat rolled steel SFG 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
On 23 February 2024, South Africa initiated new SFG investigation concerning imports of flat rolled 
steel.  The  economic  interest  is  around  EUR  113  million.  The  Commission  has  intervened  in  all 
appropriate fora in close contact with the EU industry. The investigation is ongoing, and the Commission 
is monitoring this case. 

Argentina  

Overall trends  

By  the end  of  2024 there were  5  AD measures  imposed  by  Argentina  against EU  exports,  certain  boilers, 
electrical  terminals,  radiators,  sodium  benzoate,  straight  handsaw  blades  –  the  same  number  as  in  2023. 
Argentina did not initiate any new investigations in 2024.   

Mexico  

Overall trends  

By the end of 2024 there were 5 AD measures imposed by Mexico against EU exports, hot rolled steel coils, 
seamless carbon steel pipes, steel beams, steel plate, stranded wire ropes and cables – the same number as in 
2023. Mexico did not initiate any new investigations in 2024.   

Morocco 

Overall trends 

In  2024,  Morocco  initiated  1  new  SFG  investigation,  on  coated  fibreboard  with  an  EU  economic  interest 
around EUR 40 million, and 1 new AD expiry review on insulin against the EU. At the end of 2024, there were 
4 SFG and 1 AD measures in force against EU exports. 

Australia  

Overall trends  

At the end of 2024, Australia had a total of 4 AD measures in force against the EU. This is three less than in 
2023 as AD duties on A4 copy paper, railway wheels and ammonium nitrate expired during 2024.  
During  2024,  the  Australian  Anti-Dumping  Commission  (ADC)  initiated  an  AD  and  AS  investigation 
concerning imports of preserved tomato from Italy. 

Main cases 

Tomatoes, prepared or preserved AD/AS 

In  August  2024,  the  ADC  informed  the  Commission  of  the  receipt  of  a  request  for  a  new  AD  and  AS 
investigation  concerning  preserved  tomatoes  from  Italy.  Pre-initiation  consultations  were  held  on  17 
September. The investigations were initiated in October 2024. Given the high EU economic interest of EUR 
63  million,  the  Commission,  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Italian  Government  and  the  Italian  industry, 
intervened strongly since the pre-initiation stage through consultations and written submissions. In addition, 
the  Commission  raised  the  case  at  the  WTO  ASCM  and  AD  Committees  which  took  place  on  29  and  30 
October 2024. The case is problematic as the AS investigation targets the EU Common Agricultural Policy 
(CAP) and Italian subsidy programmes. The Commission will continue to follow the investigation closely in 
support of the Italian exporters and in defence of the CAP.  

India 

Overall trends  

The total number of TDI measures in force by India against the EU has been steadily decreasing since 2019. 
In 2024, India had 4 measures in force against imports from the EU (compared to 5 in 2023 and 14 in 2020). 
However, India initiated 6 new investigations, namely 5 AD (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), thiram in 
any  form,  para-nitrotoluene  (PNT),  vitamin  A  palmitate,  sulphenamide  accelerators)  and  one  SFG 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
investigation on imports of non-alloy and alloy steel flat products. An expiry review on imports of toluene di-
isocyanate (TDI) was initiated in 2024. India remains a significant user of TDI against the EU. 

Thailand  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there were 3 AD measures imposed by Thailand against EU exports: hot rolled flat in coils 
and not in coils, tin free steel and tinplate – the same number as in 2023. Thailand did not initiate any new 
investigations in 2024.   

Republic of Korea  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there were 2 AD measures in force (butyl glycol ether, coated printing paper) imposed by 
the Republic of Korea representing a decrease compared to 4 AD measures in 2023 and previous years. The 
Republic of Korea did not initiate any new investigations in 2024.  

New Zealand  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there were 2 AD measures in force (canned peaches, preserved peaches) imposed by New 
Zealand  remaining  unchanged  from  2023  and  previous  years.  New  Zealand  did  not  initiate  any  new 
investigations in 2024.  

Pakistan  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there were 2 AD measures in force (CR coils and sheets, hydrogen peroxide) imposed by 
Pakistan remaining unchanged from 2023 and 2022. Pakistan did not initiate any new investigations in 2024.  

Colombia  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there was 1 AD measure in force (frozen fries) imposed by Colombia remaining unchanged 
from 2023 and previous years (please see also in the main part of the report). Colombia did not initiate any 
new investigations in 2024.  

Philippines  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there was 1 SFG measure in force on high-density polyethylene and linear low-density 
polyethylene pellets and granules representing decrease by 1 measure compared to 2023. Philippines did not 
initiate any new investigations in 2024.  

United Kingdom  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there was 1 SFG measure in force on certain steel products remaining unchanged from 
2023. The United Kingdom initiated one new AD investigation regarding certain engine oils in 2024.  

Ukraine  

Overall trends 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The year 2023 was another challenging one for Ukraine, following the invasion and war of aggression initiated 
by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022—a date that also marked the start of martial law in the country. 
On 27 February 2022, Ukraine suspended all ongoing TDI investigations, and no new investigations have been 
initiated over that time. 

Prior to the war, Ukraine had a relatively high number of ongoing investigations against EU imports. The 
Commission had been actively engaged in these investigations, including at the political level, to encourage 
Ukraine to reconsider its frequent and excessive use of the SFG instrument. 

By the end of 2024, Ukraine had no measures in force against EU exports, compared to 1 AD measure and 2 
SFG measures in 2023. However, in 2024, Ukraine initiated a SFG investigation on imports of fresh-cut roses. 

Fresh cut roses SFG  

The original measures on imports of fresh cut roses were imposed in April 2021, with an economic interest 
around  EUR  3  million.  The  Commission  closely  followed  the  case  and  intervened  on  different  occasions, 
definitive  measures  of  56%  were  imposed  (Ukraine  had  originally  proposed  140%).   On  18  April  2024, 
Ukraine initiated a review of the SFG measures and the Commission actively intervened.  Following a brief 
investigation, the Ukrainian authorities completed the review and terminated the measure with effect of 22 
May 2024.   

Vietnam  

Overall trends 

By the end of 2024, there was 1 SFG measure in force on semi-finished and finished products of alloy and 
non-alloy steel remaining unchanged from 2023. Vietnam did not initiate any new investigations in 2024.  

9. 

ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO 

9.1  Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence  

The WTO procedure for the settlement of disputes between WTO Members concerning the application of the 
WTO agreements is divided into two main stages.  

The first stage consists of bilateral consultations between the WTO Members concerned. If those consultations 
fail to settle the dispute, the second stage can be opened by requesting the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to 
establish a panel.  

WTO Members, other than the complaining and defending parties, with an  interest in a given dispute, can 
intervene as 'third parties' before the panel.  

The panel issues a report, which must be adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to 
become binding between the parties to the dispute. In a fully functioning WTO dispute settlement system (see 
further below), panel reports first can be appealed before the WTO Appellate Body (AB) (each appeal being 
heard by three members of a permanent seven-member body set up by the Dispute Settlement Understanding 
(DSU)).  

Both the panel report and the report by the AB are adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) unless the 
DSB rejects the report by unanimity. The findings of a panel report or an AB report must be implemented by 
the WTO Member whose measures have been found to be inconsistent with the relevant WTO Agreements.  

If the complaining WTO Member is not satisfied with the way the reports are implemented, it can ask for the 
establishment of a so-called 'implementation panel'. Here too, an appeal against the findings of the panel is 
possible.  

Anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguards measures are among the most common subject matters in WTO 
dispute settlement. The EU is also an active participant in WTO dispute settlement proceedings as a third party 
in relation to TDI.  

Regarding  the  procedures,  it  should  be  noted  that,  since  11  December  2019,  due  to  the  blockage  of  new 
appointments to the AB, the WTO dispute settlement system is not able to function fully, because there are no 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
members on the Appellate Body. This affects the capacity of the WTO dispute settlement system to deliver 
binding resolutions of trade disputes and undermines rules-based international trade.  

The EU continues its efforts to find, together with the WTO Membership, a lasting solution to this situation. 
Pending a solution, the EU, together with certain other WTO Members, created a workaround arrangement to 
apply as long as the appointments to the AB remain blocked. Known as the ‘MPIA’, the Multi-party interim 
appeal  arbitration arrangement  allows  its  participating  WTO  Members  to  bring  appeals  and solve  disputes 
within  the  framework  of  the  DSU  despite  the  current  paralysis  of  the  AB.  It  achieves  this  through  the 
conclusion of  agreements between  participating WTO  Members  to  have appeals in  disputes  between  them 
dealt  with  by  way  of  arbitration  within  the  framework  of  the  DSU.  In  this  way,  the  MPIA  provides  a 
functioning,  binding,  two-tier  and  independent  dispute  settlement  system  in  the  disputes  that  it  covers.  It 
mirrors the usual WTO appeal rules and, for as long as the AB remains unable to function fully, can be used 
between any Members of the WTO that join the MPIA.  

Dispute settlement cases requested by EU  

DS 631: Provisional anti-dumping duties imposed by China on imports of Brandy from EU  

In November 2024, the European Union requested consultations with China with respect to the provisional 
anti-dumping duties imposed by China on imports of spirits made from distilled wine in containers of less than 
200 litres (commonly referred to as “brandy”) originating in the European Union. On 5 December China agreed 
to  hold  consultations,  which  were  held  online  on  20  and  21  January  2025.  No  solution  was  found.  The 
Commission is now considering any next steps. 

DS 628: Initiation of Countervailing investigation by China on imports of Dairy products from EU  

In  September  2024,  the  EU  requested  consultations  with  China  with  respect  to  the  WTO-incompatible 
initiation of an anti-subsidy investigation on imports of certain dairy products from the European Union. On 3 
October 2024 China accepted the request for consultations which were held on 6 and 7 November 2024.  No 
solution was found. The Commission will decide on next steps depending on the evolution of the investigation.  

The AS investigation against imports of certain dairy products from the EU was initiated on 21 August 2024. 
The investigation targets mainly programme of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and also some 
national schemes of Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands 
and Romania.   

DS591: Anti-Dumping Duties by Colombia on Frozen Fries from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands  

This dispute dates back to November 2019 when the EU requested consultations with Colombia regarding the 
anti-dumping duties imposed by Colombia on imports of potatoes, prepared or preserved (otherwise than by 
vinegar  or  acetic  acid),  frozen  (frozen  fries),  originating  in  Belgium,  the  Netherlands  and  Germany.  
Consultations took place in January 2020. The Panel Final report was issued in August 2022 where the EU 
prevailed.  Columbia  appealed  in  the  framework  of  the  MPIA  (Multi  Parti  Interim  Appeal  Arbitration 
Arrangement). This was the first appeal to the MPIA which issued its report in December 2022 and where the 
EU again prevailed (main claims won related to the dumping calculation, fair comparison and adjustments e.g. 
for product mix, or packaging which Colombia had rejected).  

Colombia  had  one  year  to  implement  the  ruling,  which  should  have  led  to  the  termination  of  the  duties. 
Colombia issued its implementation report in October 2023. While Colombia made some adjustments to the 
calculation, which led to lower duties in some cases but to higher duties in others,  the EU considered these 
adjustments not in line with the ruling. On 14 November 2024, the European Union requested the establishment 
of a compliance panel with respect to measures taken to comply. On 27 November 2024, the compliance panel 
was composed. The panel expected to issue its final report to the parties during the third quarter of 2025. 

DS577:  Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties by the United States on Ripe Olives from Spain 

The EU challenged the countervailing duties imposed by the US on ripe olives originating in Spain before the 
WTO in December 2021, the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) adopted the final panel report declaring 
these duties inconsistent with WTO rules. The Commission considered that the US had failed to implement 
the WTO ruling and requested the establishment of a compliance panel, which was composed on 31 July 2023. 
On 19 March 2024, the DSB concluded that the United States had failed to comply with the original panel’s 
pass-through finding.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As the US did not take any measure to implement the findings of the compliance panel report, on 14 November 
2024, the EU requested the WTO DSB to authorise the imposition of countermeasures. The US immediately 
requested an arbitration on the level of countermeasures by the EU and the arbitration panel was established 
on 29 November 2024. The conclusion of the arbitration proceeding is expected by mid-2025. 

Dispute settlement cases against the EU  

DS630: Countervailing Duties on New Battery Electric Vehicles from China 

In  November  2024,  China  requested  consultations  with  the  European  Union  regarding  the  definitive 
countervailing duties imposed by the European Union on new battery electric vehicles from China, as well as 
the underlying investigation that led to the imposition of these duties.  An earlier request for consultations with 
the  EU  was  filed  by  China  on  9  August  with  respect  to  the  same  investigation  and  the  provisional 
countervailing duties imposed by the EU on imports of BEVs from China (DS626).  The panel was established 
on 25 April 2025. 

DS622: Anti-dumping duties on fatty acid from Indonesia.  

In February 2024, Indonesia requested consultations with the European Union with respect to (i) the definitive 
anti-dumping measures on imports of fatty acid from Indonesia; (ii) the investigation leading to the imposition 
of these measures; and (iii) the methodology applied by the European Union in anti-dumping investigations 
(including in the investigation on imports of fatty acid from Indonesia) for constructing normal value based on 
product control numbers (PCN)-specific costs and profit data.  At its meeting on 18 December 2024, the DSB 
established  a  panel.  Australia,  Brazil,  Canada,  China,  Japan,  the  Russian  Federation,  Singapore,  Türkiye, 
Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States, reserved their third-party rights. 

DS 618: Countervailing duties on imports of biodiesel from Indonesia 

In  August  2023,  Indonesia  requested  consultations  with  the  European  Union  regarding  the  definitive 
countervailing  duties  on  imports  of  biodiesel  from  Indonesia.  In  October  2023,  Indonesia  requested  the 
establishment of a panel. The panel was composed in March 2024.  The first meeting of the Panel took place 
in October 2024.   The Panel report will not be issued until at least June 2025.  

Indonesia  claimed that  the  definitive  countervailing duties  on imports  of  biodiesel from  Indonesia  and the 
investigation  leading  to  their  imposition  are  inconsistent  with  certain  provisions  of  the  ASCM.  Indonesia 
alleges  that  the  countervailing  duties  adopted  by  the  EU  are  in  contravention  of  the  WTO  Agreement  on 
Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Indonesia is challenging the Commission’s determination concerning 
Government support to the biodiesel industry through direct transfer of funds via the ‘Biodiesel Subsidy Fund’ 
and  also  the  provision  of  crude  palm  oil  (“CPO”)  for  less  than  adequate  remuneration.  Indonesia  is  also 
challenging the threat of injury and the causal link analysis made by the Commission.  

DS  616:  Countervailing  and  Anti-Dumping  Duties  on  Stainless  Steel  Cold-Rolled  Flat  Products  from 
Indonesia 

On 24 January 2023, Indonesia requested consultations with the European Union with respect to countervailing 
and  anti-dumping  measures  imposed  by  the  European  Union  on  imports  of  stainless-steel  cold-rolled  flat 
products from Indonesia. Indonesia claimed that the measures are inconsistent with a number of provisions of 
the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing measures (ASCM) and the Anti-Dumping Agreement.  

The main issue raised by Indonesia is the legality of the ‘attribution theory’ used in EU trade defence policy, 
whereby  financial contributions  formally  paid  by  the Chinese  government are  attributed to  a  third  country 
government, in this case the Government of Indonesia. This attribution was made  because of a substantive 
body of evidence demonstrating that Indonesia ‘acknowledged and adopted’ the subsidizing conduct of the 
Chinese state as its own. The theory was used for the first time in the Egyptian Glass-Fiber Fabric case, where 
the General Court approved the Commission’s use of the attribution theory.  

Indonesia  also  contested  the  part  of  the  EU  Regulation  concerning  the  provision  of  nickel  ore  at less than 
adequate remuneration, in particular the treatment of the Indonesian mining companies as public bodies or 
private bodies being entrusted or directed by the government, the selection of the appropriate benchmark for 
nickel ore and the calculation of the benefit. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consultations between the EU and Indonesia took place on 13 March 2023 but failed to resolve the dispute. 
On 17 April 2023, Indonesia requested the establishment of a panel. At its meeting on 30 May 2023, the DSB 
established a panel. Following the agreement of the parties, the panel was composed on 13 September 2023. 
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, the Russian Federation, Singapore, 
Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Türkiye, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States reserved their third-
party rights. 

The first two meetings of the parties took place in April and December 2024.   In December 2024, the Chair 
of the panel informed the DSB that, owing to the complexity and number of claims at issue and the availability 
of certain panel members, the panel did not expect to issue the final report to the parties before the third quarter 
of 2025. 

DS521:  European  Union  —  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on  Certain  Cold-Rolled  Flat  Steel  Products  from 
Russia 

The case dates from January 2017, when the Russian Federation requested consultations with the European 
Union concerning anti-dumping measures imposed by the European Union on imports of certain cold-rolled 
flat steel products from the Russian Federation. Consultations with Russia took place on 8 June 2017. Almost 
two years later, on 13 March 2019, the Russian Federation requested the establishment of a panel. The panel 
was established on 16 March 2020. Written procedure took place during the summer 2020 whereas the first 
substantive meeting planned for the autumn was postponed due to COVID-19 related travel restrictions.  In 
March 2022 and again in July 2023, the Chair of the panel informed the DSB that it had granted the Russian 
Federation's requests of March 2022 and June 2023, that the panel suspend its work pursuant to Article 12.12 
of the DSU. In granting the suspension of the panel in July 2023, the Chair of the panel noted that, pursuant to 
Article  12.12,  if  the  work  of  the  panel  has  been  suspended  for  more  than  12  months,  the  authority  for 
establishment of the panel shall lapse.   

As the panel had not been requested to resume its work, pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU, the authority 
for establishment of the panel lapsed as of 13 July 2024.  

DS494:  European  Union  –  Cost  Adjustment  Methodologies  and  Certain  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on 
Imports from Russia  

On 24 July 2020, the panel circulated to all WTO Members its final report in DS494 European Union – Cost 
Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia.  Both the EU and 
Russia appealed the report.  However, with the ongoing difficulties in the WTO Dispute Settlement, there was 
no progress in 2024.  

9.2    Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees.  

The  WTO  hosts  meetings  of  the  Subsidies  and  Countervailing,  Anti-dumping  and  Safeguards  Committees 
each year in spring and autumn. Under the auspices of the Anti-dumping Committee, the WTO also hosts two 
groups: a Working Group on Implementation (WGI) and an Informal Group on Anti-circumvention practices 
where members exchange information on the practicalities of investigations. There are also informal sessions 
for ‘Friends of Safeguards Investigations’.  

In  the  various  Committees,  WTO  members  monitor  the  implementation  of  the  relevant  agreements  by 
investigating authorities and raise concerns and exchange views on trade defence cases. The EU is very active 
in all the committees, drawing attention to concerns of a general and systemic nature as well as specific trade 
defence cases which impact our exporters.   The EU also strongly defends its own trade defence activities. 

The  EU  participated  in  both  meetings  of  the  Anti-dumping  Working  Group  on  Implementation.  Members 
discussed the following topics: Adjustments to the scope of the product under investigation, the impact of 
COVID-19 on investigations and lessons learned for the future; conditions of competition in the context of 
injury analysis as well as dealing with threat of material injury and material retardation in investigations. 

The Informal Group on Anti-circumvention met in October 2024, its first meeting in a number of years, where 
participants shared information and experiences on the ways and means they address circumvention.  

In the Special Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, the members continued the review of 
subsidy notifications made in 2023. The EU’s notification was reviewed with questions from Australia about 
the EU’s fisheries subsidies.  The WTO Secretariat’s update on notifications showed that compliance with 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
notification  obligations  under  the  Agreement  on  Subsidies  and  Countervailing  Measures  (ASCM)  remains 
low. Less than half of the WTO membership made a notification of subsidies in 2023.  The EU continued to 
stress the importance of complying with the obligations and pushed for greater transparency on subsidies, with 
next notifications due in June 2025.    

In  the  regular  Committee  on  Subsidies  and  Countervailing  Measures,  the  EU  defended  its  anti-subsidy 
investigations into battery electric vehicles from China and aluminium road wheels from Morocco. In turn, the 
EU  raised  concerns  and  highlighted  shortcomings  in  anti-subsidy  investigations  by  Australia  into  canned 
tomatoes from Italy, by China into dairy products from the EU and by USA into melamine from Germany.  

In the Anti-dumping Committee, the EU responded to criticisms raised about its anti-dumping investigations 
on hot rolled flat products from Japan, optical fibre cables from India and an expiry review into tube and pipe 
fittings by Russia.  The EU raised its concerns about the anti-dumping investigations by Australia into canned 
tomatoes from Italy as well as investigations by China concerning brandy and pork products from the EU.  
Regarding  the  investigations  by  China,  the  EU  highlighted  the  fact  that  these  were  based  on  questionable 
allegations and insufficient evidence and represented an unfair use of trade defence instruments given the clear 
overlap  in  timing  between  China’s  actions  and  different  milestones  of  the  European  Commission’s  anti-
subsidy investigation on battery electric vehicles.    

In the Safeguards Committee, the EU and many delegations expressed concerns at the misuse of safeguards 
worldwide, their duration, the fact that they are used as a retaliatory weapon and often do not respect WTO 
rules. Some developing countries, who are relatively new users of the instrument, had an exponential increase 
in the number of safeguard cases as they consider the instrument an easier alternative to anti-dumping or anti-
subsidy.  Discussions also focused on individual cases of concern with the EU’s steel safeguard attracting 
much attention at the meetings.  The EU robustly defended its steel safeguard against criticism from Brazil, 
China, India, Japan, Korea, Turkey, Switzerland, and Russia. Most of them reiterated previous arguments that 
the measures should have been terminated and not extended. No consensus was reached on a US proposal to 
transfer the informal ‘Friends of Safeguard Investigations’ group to the Committee due to opposition by India. 

In 2024, including during the WTO’s 13th Ministerial Conference, the WTO negotiations continued on the 
outstanding issues to achieve a comprehensive agreement on fisheries subsidies. The EU conducted outreach 
to  encourage  other  WTO members  to  accept  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Fisheries  Subsidies  which  had  been 
concluded at the 12th Ministerial Conference in 2022. The Agreement will enter into force once two thirds of 
WTO members have accepted it. 

Furthermore, the EU and other like-minded WTO members continued subsidies-related work strands under 
the  WTO  Fossil  Fuel  Subsidy  Reform  initiative  and  under  the  Trade  and  Environmental  Sustainability 
Structured Discussions. 

Trilateral cooperation with the US and Japan focused on a sectoral assessment of market-distortive policies 
and  practices,  including  subsidies  that  are  not  sufficiently  addressed  by  WTO  rules.  The  partners  shared 
specific examples and exchanged information on potential tools to address the identified practices. 

 
 
 
 
 
ANNEXES 

SUMMARY 

LIST OF ANNEXES 

ANNEX A 

New investigations initiated during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX B 

New investigations initiated 

ANNEX C 

Imposition of provisional duties during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX D 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties during the period 1 
January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX E 

New investigations terminated without imposition of measures during the period 1 
January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX H 

Other reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX I 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 
2024 

ANNEX J 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 
December 2024 

ANNEX K 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 
December 2024 

ANNEX L 

Safeguard review investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 
December 2024 

ANNEX M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX N 

Measures which expired / lapsed during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

ANNEX O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2024 

ANNEX P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2024 

ANNEX Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2024 

ANNEX R 

TDI investigations pending on 31 December 2024 

ANNEX S 

Court cases 

ANNEX T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2024 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  A 

New investigations initiated 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Glass fibre yarns 

People's Republic of China 16.02.2024 

C/2024/1484 AD702 

Tinplate 

People's Republic of China 16.05.2024 

C/2024/3112 AD705 

Multilayered Wood Flooring (MWF) 

People's Republic of China 16.05.2024 

C/2024/3101 AD707 

Seamless Pipes and Tubes 

People's Republic of China 17.05.2024 

Lysine 

Vanillin 

C/2024/3225 AD710 

People's Republic of China 23.05.2024 

C/2024/3265 AD706 

People's Republic of China 24.05.2024 

C/2024/3241 AD708 

Decor paper 

People's Republic of China 14.06.2024 

C/2024/3695 AD712 

Epoxy resins 

People's Republic of China 01.07.2024 

Epoxy resins 

Republic of Korea 

Epoxy resins 

Epoxy resins 

Taiwan 

Thailand 

C/2024/4137 AD711 

01.07.2024 
C/2024/4137 AD711 

01.07.2024 
C/2024/4137 AD711 

01.07.2024 
C/2024/4137 AD711 

Glyoxylic acid 

People's Republic of China 25.07.2024 

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel, certain 

Egypt 

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel, certain 

India 

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel, certain 

Japan 

Hot-rolled flat steel products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel, certain 

Vietnam 

C/2024/4751 AD714 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 AD715 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 AD715 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 AD715 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 AD715 

 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Steel Track Shoes (STS) 

People's Republic of China 23.08.2024 

C/2024/5264 AD716 

Hardwood plywood 

People's Republic of China 11.10.2024 

C/2024/6048 AD717 

Screws without Heads 

People's Republic of China 17.10.2024 

C/2024/6209 AD718 

Choline Chloride 

People's Republic of China 31.10.2024 

C/2024/6602 AD719 

Fused alumina 

People's Republic of China 21.11.2024 

C/2024/7049 AD720 

High pressure seamless steel cylinders 

People's Republic of China 06.12.2024 

C/2024/7403 AD724 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) 

People's Republic of China 09.12.2024 

C/2024/7407 AD721 

Valine 

People's Republic of China 19.12.2024 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Resins 

Republic of Korea 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Resins 

Taiwan 

C/2024/7460 AD722 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7490  AD725 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7490  AD725 

Candles 

People's Republic of China 19.12.2024 

Barium carbonate 

India 

C/2024/7459 AD726 

20.12.2024 
C/2024/7461 AD723 

Barium carbonate 

People's Republic of China 20.12.2024 

C/2024/7461 AD723 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Aluminium Road Wheels 

Morocco 

16.02.2024 
C/2024/846 AS703 

Mobile access equipment 

People's Republic of China 27.03.2024 

Optical fibre cables 

India 

C/2024/2362 AS704 

17.05.2024 
C/2024/3206 AS709 

 
 
 
 
C. Safeguard investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Alloys 

Erga Omnes 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7541 SAFE010 

 
 
ANNEX  B 

A) New investigations initiated by product sector during the period 2020 - 
2024 (31 December) 

Product sector 

2020 

2021 

2022 

2023 

2024 

Aluminium 

Ceramics 

Chemical & allied 

Electronics 

Iron & steel 

Other 

Other mechanical engineering 

Plastics & Rubber 

Textiles 

Wood and paper 

Grand Total 

Of which 

anti-dumping 

anti-subsidy 

safeguard 

4 

- 

2 

2 

6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

15 

9 

6 

- 

- 

2 

2 

2 

6 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

14 

14 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

5 

4 

1 

- 

- 

- 

4 

1 

- 

3 

1 

3 

- 

- 

12 

10 

2 

- 

- 

- 

12 

1 

9 

4 

2 

2 

- 

3 

33 

29 

3 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B) New investigations initiated by country of export during the period 2020 - 
2024 (31 December) 

Country of origin 

2020 

2021 

2022 

2023 

2024 

Brazil 

Egypt 

Erga omnes 

India 

Indonesia 

Japan 

Morocco 

People's Republic of China 

Republic of Korea 

Russian Federation 

Saudi Arabia 

Taiwan 

Thailand 

Türkiye 

United States of America 

Vietnam 

Grand Total 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

8 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

2 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

2 

2 

- 

1 

4 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

15 

14 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

5 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

1 

1 

3 

- 

1 

1 

20 

2 

- 

- 

2 

1 

- 

- 

1 

12 

33 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  C 

Imposition of provisional duties 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters (certain) 

People's Republic of China 10.04.2024 

L/2024/1064 AD694 

Titanium dioxide 

People's Republic of China 11.07.2024 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

Polyvinyl Chloride 

India 

Egypt 

L/2024/1923 AD696 

12.07.2024 
L/2024/1943 AD695 

12.07.2024 
L/2024/1896  AD697 

Polyvinyl Chloride 

United States of America  12.07.2024 

L/2024/1896  AD697 

Mobile access equipment 

People's Republic of China 12.07.2024 

Erythritol 

Biodiesel 

L/2024/1915 AD698 

People's Republic of China 19.07.2024 

L/2024/1959 AD699 

People's Republic of China 16.08.2024 

L/2024/2163 AD700 

Glass fibre yarns 

People's Republic of China 14.10.2024 

L/2024/2673 AD702 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

New battery electric vehicles for passengers 

People's Republic of China 04.07.2024 

L/2024/1866 AS689 

 
 
 
 
ANNEX  D 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Bulb flat 

Bulb flat 

People's Republic of China 11.01.2024 

Türkiye 

L/2024/209 AD691 

11.01.2024 
L/2024/209 AD691 

Electrolytic manganese dioxides (certain) 

People's Republic of China 14.03.2024 

L/2024/844 AD692 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

People's Republic of China 02.04.2024 

2024/1040 AD693 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters (certain) 

People's Republic of China 13.09.2024 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

India 

L/2024/2415 AD694 

16.12.2024 
L/2024/3014 AD695 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

New battery electric vehicles for passengers 

People's Republic of China 30.10.2024 

L2024/2754 AS689 

 
 
 
 
ANNEX  E 

New investigations terminated without the imposition of measures 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters (certain) 

People's Republic of China 12.07.2024 

L/2024/1900 AS701 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Aluminium radiators (certain)  People's Republic of China  

Bicycles (electric) 

People's Republic of China  

Bicycles (electric) 

People's Republic of China  

Biodiesel 

Argentina 

Tubes and pipes fittings 

Russian Federation 

Tubes and pipes fittings 

Russian Federation 

Malaysia 

Tubes and pipes fittings 

Russian Federation 

Republic of Korea 

Organic coated steel products 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China  

Organic coated steel products 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China  

Aluminium foil in rolls 

People's Republic of China  

Tableware and kitchenware 
(ceramic) 

People's Republic of China  

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) 

People's Republic of China  

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) 

Thailand 

Polyethylene terephthalate 

India 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China  

Ironing boards 

People's Republic of China  

12.01.2024 
C/2024/680 R809 

17.01.2024 
C/2024/802 R810 

17.01.2024 
C/2024/798 R811 

09.02.2024 
C/2024/725 R812 

09.04.2024 
C/2024/2500 R815 

09.04.2024 
C/2024/2500 R815 

09.04.2024 
C/2024/2500 R815 

30.04.2024 
C/2024/2970 R813 

30.04.2024 
C/2024/2975 R814 

03.06.2024 
C/2024/3498 R816 

12.07.2024 
C/2024/4504 R817 

24.07.2024 
C/2024/4656 R819 

24.07.2024 
C/2024/4656 R819 

26.07.2024 
C/2024/4678 R820 

29.08.2024 
C/2024/5292 R822 

01.10.2024 
C/2024/5916  R827 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Initiated 

Urea and ammonium nitrate 
(UAN) 

Russian Federation 

Urea and ammonium nitrate 
(UAN) 

Trinidad,Tob 

Urea and ammonium nitrate 
(UAN) 

United States of America   

Sweet corn (prepared or 
preserved in kernels) 

Thailand 

Biodiesel 

Indonesia 

08.10.2024 
C/2024/5996  R826 

08.10.2024 
C/2024/5996  R826 

08.10.2024 
C/2024/5996  R826 

29.11.2024 
C/2024/7109 R830 

06.12.2024 
C/2024/7405 R829 

Concluded: confirmation of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics  People's Republic of China  

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics  People's Republic of China India 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics  People's Republic of China Indonesia 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics  People's Republic of China Malaysia 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics  People's Republic of China Taiwan 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics  People's Republic of China Thailand 

Ceramic tiles 

People's Republic of China  

Hand pallet trucks 

People's Republic of China  

Hand pallet trucks 

People's Republic of China Thailand 

Cast iron articles (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

Corrosion resistant steel (CRS)  People's Republic of China  

Seamless pipes and tubes of 
iron or steel (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of China  

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   R781 

13.02.2024 
L/2024/493 R782 

27.02.2024 
L/2024/670 R783 

27.02.2024 
L/2024/670 R783 

05.03.2024 
L/2024/770  R788 

11.03.2024 
L/2024/819 R790 

31.05.2024 
2024/1475 R792 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 R793 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: confirmation of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of China Morocco 

Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of China Republic of Korea 

Oxalic acid 

India 

Oxalic acid 

People's Republic of China  

Aluminium radiators (certain)  People's Republic of China  

Seamless pipes and tubes of 
iron or steel 

Russian Federation 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 R793 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 R793 

06.09.2024 
L/2024/2211  R795 

06.09.2024 
L/2024/2211  R795 

15.10.2024 
L/2024/2661 R809 

20.12.2024 
L/2024/3193 R801 

Concluded: termination and repeal of the measures 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Trichloroisocyanuric Acid 
(TCCA) 

People's Republic of China  

Glass fibre reinforcements 

People's Republic of China  

Glass fibre reinforcements 

People's Republic of China  

Tableware and kitchenware 
(ceramic) 

People's Republic of China  

06.08.2024 
C/2024/4917 R821 

30.08.2024 
C/2024/5343 R824 

30.08.2024 
C/2024/5344 R825 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7456  R831 

Concluded: amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded by termination without amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Tyres for buses or lorries (new 
and retreaded) 

People's Republic of China  

Tyres for buses or lorries (new 
and retreaded) 

People's Republic of China  

09.09.2024 
L/2024/2219 R805 

09.09.2024 
L/2024/2217 R806 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  H 

Other reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: confirmation/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Tartaric acid 

People's Republic of China  

12.02.2024 
L/2024/462 R529a 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  I 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

A. Anti-dumping investigations 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Citric acid 

People's Republic of China  

07.03.2024 
L/2024/793 R789 

Concluded: termination 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations ("accelerated" investigations) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: termination 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  J 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded with increase of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded without increase of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  K 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Initiated 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG)  People's Republic of China Malaysia 

Bicycle parts 

People's Republic of China  

Graphite Electrode Systems 

People's Republic of China  

22.07.2024 
L/2027/1976 R818 

10.09.2024 
L/2024/2384 R823 

18.10.2024 
L2024/2686 R828 

Concluded with extension of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products (SSCR) 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products (SSCR) 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products (SSCR) 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products (SSCR) 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

Taiwan 

Indonesia 

Vietnam 

Indonesia 

Taiwan 

Indonesia 

Türkiye 

Indonesia 

Vietnam 

Birch plywood 

Russian Federation 

Kazakhstan 

Birch plywood 

Russian Federation 

Türkiye 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 R797 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 R797 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 R798 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 R798 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 R798 

14.05.2024 
L/2024/1287 R799 

14.05.2024 
L/2024/1287 R799 

Concluded without extension of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Biodiesel 

Indonesia 

People's Republic of China 08.05.2024 

Biodiesel 

Indonesia 

United Kingdom 

L/2024/1273 R800 

08.05.2024 
L/2024/1273 R800 

 
 
 
 
Concluded without extension of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

Türkiye 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 R797 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  L 

Safeguard review investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Investigations initiated 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Steel products (certain) 

Erga Omnes 

Steel products (certain) 

Erga Omnes 

Alloys 

Erga Omnes 

09.02.2024 
C/2024/839 
Safe009R7 

17.12.2024 
C/2024/7515 
Safe009R8 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7541 
SAFE010 

Investigations terminated without imposition of measures 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Safeguard measures which expired 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Date of 
expiry 

OJ 
Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Date of 
expiry 

OJ 
Reference 

Steel products (certain)  Erga Omnes 

30/06/2026 

25.06.2024 
L/2024/1782 
Safe009R7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Undertakings accepted 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Undertakings withdrawn or repealed 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  N 

Measures which expired / lapsed 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2024 

(chronological by date of publication) 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Chamois leather 

People's Republic of China  

Tungsten electrodes 

People's Republic of China  

21.02.2024 
C/2024/1616 R678 

29.07.2024 
C/2024/4686 R685 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2024 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Acesulfame Potassium 
(ACE-K) 

Alkyl Phosphate Esters 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China  

01/11/2015 

People's Republic of China  

11/04/2024 

Aluminium converter foil  People's Republic of China  

09/12/2021 

Aluminium extrusions 

People's Republic of China  

31/01/2021 

Aluminium flat-rolled 
products 

People's Republic of China  

12/10/2021 

Aluminium foil (certain)  People's Republic of China  

07/10/2009 

Aluminium foil (jumbo 
rolls) 

Aluminium foil (small 
rolls) 

People's Republic of China Thailand 

16/09/2021 

People's Republic of China Thailand 

16/09/2021 

Aluminium foil in rolls 

People's Republic of China  

14/03/2013 

Aluminium radiators 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China  

10/11/2012 

Aluminium road wheels  Morocco 

13/01/2023 

Aluminium road wheels 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China  

29/10/2010 

Ammonium nitrate 

Russian Federation 

24/08/1995 

Aspartame 

People's Republic of China  

30/07/2016 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China  

09/09/1993 

28.01.2022 
L 19/22 R727 

13.09.2024 
L/2024/2415 
AD694 

08.12.2021 
L438/46 AD673 

30.03.2021 
L109/1 AD664 

11.10.2021 
L359/6  AD668 

10.03.2022 
L 83/7 R730 

15.09.2021 
L325/6  R732 

15.09.2021 
L325/24  R733 

07.09.2023 
C317/6 R684 

15.10.2024 
L/2024/2661 
R809 

12.01.2023 
L 10/1 AD686 

19.01.2023 
L18/66 R759 

16.12.2020 
L425/21 R706 

24.10.2022 
L274/24 R742 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Cambodia 

20/05/2015 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Indonesia 

06/06/2013 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Malaysia 

06/06/2013 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Pakistan 

20/05/2015 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China People's Republic of 

18/01/1997 

China 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Philippines 

20/05/2015 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Sri Lanka 

06/06/2013 

Bicycles 

People's Republic of China Tunisia 

06/06/2013 

Bicycles (electric) 

People's Republic of China  

19/01/2019 

Biodiesel 

United States of America   

13/03/2009 

Biodiesel 

United States of America  Canada 

12/05/2011 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

02.05.2023 
C 154/46  
AD643 

02.08.2021 
L277/34 R723 

02.08.2021 
L277/34 R723 

Birch Plywood 

Russian Federation 

10/11/2021 

09.11.2021 
L394/7 AD672 

Birch plywood 

Russian Federation 

Kazakhstan 

15/05/2024 

Birch plywood 

Russian Federation 

Türkiye 

15/05/2024 

Bulb flat 

People's Republic of China  

12/01/2024 

Bulb flat 

Türkiye 

12/01/2024 

14.05.2024 
L/2024/1287 
R799 

14.05.2024 
L/2024/1287 
R799 

11.01.2024 
L/2024/209 
AD691 

11.01.2024 
L/2024/209 
AD691 

 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Calcium silicon 

People's Republic of China  

25/03/2022 

Cast iron articles (certain) People's Republic of China  

31/01/2018 

24.03.2022 
L 96/9 AD679 

05.03.2024 
L/2024/770  
R788 

Ceramic tiles 

India 

11/02/2023 

10.02.2023 
L 41/1 AD684 

Ceramic tiles 

People's Republic of China  

16/09/2011 

Ceramic tiles 

Türkiye 

11/02/2023 

Citric acid 

People's Republic of China  

04/12/2008 

Citric acid 

People's Republic of China Malaysia 

16/01/2016 

Citrus fruits (namely 
mandarins, etc.) 

People's Republic of China  

31/12/2008 

Coated fine paper 

People's Republic of China  

15/05/2011 

Cold-rolled flat steel 
products 

Cold-rolled flat steel 
products 

Corrosion resistant steel 
(CRS) 

People's Republic of China  

05/08/2016 

Russian Federation 

05/08/2016 

27.10.2022 
L277/149 R745 

People's Republic of China  

09/02/2018 

Corrosion resistant steels  Russian Federation 

13/08/2022 

Corrosion resistant steels  Türkiye 

13/08/2022 

Ductile pipes (tubes and 
pipes of ductile cast iron) 

India 

Electrolytic chromium  
coated steel (ECCS) 

Brazil 

19/03/2016 

16.06.2022 
L161/1 R736 

15/11/2022 

Electrolytic chromium  
coated steel (ECCS) 

Electrolytic manganese 
dioxides (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

15/11/2022 

People's Republic of China  

15/03/2024 

13.02.2024 
L/2024/493 
R782 

10.02.2023 
L 41/1 AD684 

15.04.2021 
L129/73 R717 

15.04.2021 
L129/73 R717 

22.10.2020 
L351/2 R709 

22.08.2023 
L 207/41 R775 

27.10.2022 
L277/149 R745 

11.03.2024 
L/2024/819 
R790 

12.08.2022 
L 211/127 
AD682 

12.08.2022 
L 211/127 
AD682 

16.11.2022 
L 295/7 AD683 

16.11.2022 
L 295/7 AD683 

14.03.2024 
L/2024/844 
AD692 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Fatty Acid 

Indonesia 

20/01/2023 

Ferro-silicon 

People's Republic of China  

29/02/2008 

Ferro-silicon 

Russian Federation 

29/02/2008 

Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

Glass fibre open mesh 
fabrics 

People's Republic of China  

10/08/2011 

People's Republic of China India 

21/12/2013 

People's Republic of China Indonesia 

21/12/2013 

People's Republic of China Malaysia 

25/07/2012 

People's Republic of China Taiwan 

17/01/2013 

People's Republic of China Thailand 

17/01/2013 

19.01.2023 
l18/1 AD687 

01.07.2020 
L208/2 R698 

01.07.2020 
L208/2 R698 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

Glass fibre reinforcements 
(GFR) 

People's Republic of China  

16/03/2011 

14.07.2023 
L 179/57 R767 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Egypt 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Egypt 

07/04/2020 

06.04.2020 
L108/1 AD653 

Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

People's Republic of China  

07/04/2020 

People's Republic of China Morocco 

26/02/2022 

People's Republic of China Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

Japan 

31/10/2015 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

People's Republic of China  

31/10/2015 

08.09.2022 
L233/1 R755 

06.04.2020 
L108/1 AD653 

25.02.2022 
L 46/49 R739 

08.09.2022 
L233/1 R755 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

31/10/2015 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

31/10/2015 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

Republic of Korea 

Russian Federation 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

United States of America   

31/10/2015 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

Graphite electrode 
systems 

India 

19/09/2004 

07.06.2023 
L147/5 R762 

Graphite Electrode 
Systems 

People's Republic of China  

08/04/2022 

Hand pallet trucks 

People's Republic of China  

22/07/2005 

Hand pallet trucks 

People's Republic of China Thailand 

17/06/2009 

Heavy plate of non-alloy 
or other alloy steel 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China  

01/03/2017 

07.04.2022 
L108/20 AD680 

27.02.2024 
L/2024/670 
R783 

27.02.2024 
L/2024/670 
R783 

17.05.2023 
L133/214 R761 

Hot rolled flat products 
(HRFS) 

Türkiye 

Hot-rolled flat products 
(of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel)(certain) 

Brazil 

Hot-rolled flat products 
(of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel)(certain) 

Iran 

Hot-rolled flat products 
(of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel)(certain) 

Hot-rolled flat products of 
iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel (certain) 

Russian Federation 

07/10/2017 

People's Republic of China  

07/04/2017 

Iron or steel fasteners 

People's Republic of China  

18/02/2022 

Ironing boards 

People's Republic of China  

27/04/2007 

Ironing boards 

People's Republic of China  

27/04/2007 

07/07/2021 

06.07.2021 
L238/32 AD665 

07/10/2017 

07/10/2017 

13.12.2023 
L/2023/2758  
R780 

13.12.2023 
L/2023/2758  
R780 

13.12.2023 
L/2023/2758  
R780 

08.06.2023 
L148/45 R765 

17.02.2022 
L36/1 AD676 

16.01.2024 
C/2024/788 
R693 

26.10.2017 
C362/30 R549 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Lever Arch Mechanisms  People's Republic of China  

28/07/2006 

Malleable tube fittings 
(threaded, of cast 
iron)(MTF) 

Malleable tube fittings 
(threaded, of cast 
iron)(MTF) 

People's Republic of China  

15/05/2013 

Thailand 

15/05/2013 

Melamine 

People's Republic of China  

14/05/2011 

Molybdenum wires 

People's Republic of China  

17/06/2010 

Molybdenum wires 

People's Republic of China Malaysia 

13/01/2012 

09.02.2023 
C 49/8 R675 

25.10.2023 
C/2023/387 
R692 

25.10.2023 
C/2023/387 
R692 

15.09.2023 
L228/199 R774 

26.07.2022 
L195/75 R744 

26.07.2022 
L195/75 R744 

Mono Ethylene Glycol 
(MEG) 

Saudi Arabia 

16/11/2021 

15.11.2021 
L420/17 AD671 

Mono Ethylene Glycol 
(MEG) 

United States of America   

16/11/2021 

Monosodium glutamate 
(MSG) 

Indonesia 

23/01/2015 

Monosodium glutamate 
(MSG) 

People's Republic of China  

03/12/2008 

Okoumé plywood 

People's Republic of China  

13/11/2004 

Optical fibre cables (OFC)  India 

13/07/2024 

Optical fibre cables (OFC)  People's Republic of China  

19/11/2021 

Organic coated steel 
products (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

16/03/2013 

Oxalic acid 

India 

19/04/2012 

Oxalic acid 

People's Republic of China  

19/04/2012 

Peroxosulphates 
(persulphates) 

Polyester yarn (High 
tenacity) 

People's Republic of China  

12/10/2007 

People's Republic of China  

02/12/2010 

15.11.2021 
L420/17 AD671 

19.04.2021 
L132/63 R712 

19.04.2021 
L132/63 R712 

14.06.2023 
L 153/3 R764 

16.12.2024 
L/2024/3014 
AD695 

18.11.2021 
L410/51  
AD669 

02.08.2023 
C273/4 R683 

06.09.2024 
L/2024/2211  
R795 

06.09.2024 
L/2024/2211  
R795 

17.01.2020 
L13/18 R697 

12.05.2023 
L127/1 R760 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Polyester yarn (High 
tenacity) 

Polyethylene 
terephthalate (PET) 

People's Republic of China  

13/05/2023 

People's Republic of China  

03/04/2024 

Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) 
(PVA) 

People's Republic of China  

30/09/2020 

PSC wires and strands 

People's Republic of China  

14/05/2009 

Rebars 

Belarus 

18/06/2017 

Ring binder mechanisms  People's Republic of China  

25/01/1997 

Ring binder mechanisms  People's Republic of China Lao People's 

13/01/2006 

Democratic Republic 

Ring binder mechanisms  People's Republic of China Vietnam 

02/07/2004 

Seamless pipes and tubes 
of iron (other than cast 
iron) or steel (other than 
stainless steel) (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

Seamless pipes and tubes 
of iron or steel 

Russian Federation 

Seamless pipes and tubes 
of iron or steel (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

13/05/2017 

30/06/2006 

21/12/2011 

Silicon 

People's Republic of China  

29/07/1990 

Silicon 

People's Republic of China Republic of Korea 

20/01/2007 

Silicon 

People's Republic of China Taiwan 

06/04/2013 

Sodium cyclamate 

Indonesia 

12/03/2004 

Sodium cyclamate 

People's Republic of China  

12/03/2004 

Sodium cyclamate 

People's Republic of China  

17/06/2016 

Sodium gluconate 

People's Republic of China  

29/10/2010 

12.05.2023 
L127/58 AD690 

02.04.2024 
2024/1040 
AD693 

29.09.2020 
L315/1 AD654 

02.09.2021 
L309/8 R721 

31.05.2023 
L141/16 R773 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 R738 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 R738 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 R738 

14.07.2023 
L 179/9 R769 

20.12.2024 
L/2024/3193 
R801 

31.05.2024 
2024/1475 
R792 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 R743 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 R743 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 R743 

11.10.2022 
l264/12 R741 

11.10.2022 
l264/12 R741 

16.10.2020 
C344/18 
AD626 

13.04.2023 
L100/16 R754 

 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Solar glass 

People's Republic of China  

15/05/2014 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

People's Republic of China  

28/08/2015 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

Taiwan 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

28/08/2015 

Taiwan 

08/05/2024 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

Vietnam 

08/05/2024 

Stainless Steel Cold-
Rolled products (SSCR) 

India 

Stainless Steel Cold-
Rolled products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

19/11/2021 

19/11/2021 

23.07.2020 
L238/1 R701 

16.09.2021 
L327/1   R722 

16.09.2021 
L327/1   R722 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 
R797 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 
R797 

18.11.2021 
L410/153   
AD670 

18.11.2021 
L410/153   
AD670 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Indonesia 

08/10/2020 

07.10.2020 
L325/26 AD658 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Indonesia 

Türkiye 

19/04/2023 

People's Republic of China  

08/10/2020 

18.04.2023 
L103/12 R778 

07.10.2020 
L325/26 AD658 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Taiwan 

08/10/2020 

07.10.2020 
L325/26 AD658 

Stainless steel refillable 
kegs 

Stainless steel tube and 
pipe butt-welding fittings, 
whether or not finished 
(Certain) 

People's Republic of China  

05/07/2023 

People's Republic of China Malaysia 

04/03/2023 

Steel road wheels 

People's Republic of China  

05/03/2020 

Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of China  

18/08/1999 

Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of China Morocco 

10/02/2012 

Steel ropes and cables 

People's Republic of China Republic of Korea 

12/05/2010 

04.07.2023 
L169/1 AD689 

03.03.2023 
L67/119 R777 

04.03.2020 
L65/9 AD652 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 
R793 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 
R793 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 
R793 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Steel wind towers 

People's Republic of China  

17/12/2021 

Sulphanilic acid 

People's Republic of China  

26/07/2002 

Superabsorbent polymers Republic of Korea 

07/04/2022 

Sweet corn (prepared or 
preserved in kernels) 

Thailand 

21/06/2007 

Tableware and 
kitchenware (ceramic) 

People's Republic of China  

16/05/2013 

16.12.2021 
L450/59 AD674 

12.03.2021 
L85/154 R716 

06.04.2022 
L 107/27 
AD681 

04.03.2024 
C/2024/1814 
R695 

16.10.2023 
C/2023/182 
R687 

Thermal paper (certain 
heavyweight) 

Republic of Korea 

Thermal paper (certain 
lightweight ) 

Republic of Korea 

21/10/2020 

20.10.2020 
L346/19 AD659 

04/05/2017 

30.06.2023 
L 166/76  R768 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid 
(TCCA) 

Tube and pipe fittings of 
iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fittings of 
iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fittings of 
iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fittings of 
iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fittings of 
iron or steel 

Tube and pipe 
fittings(certain) 

Tube and pipe 
fittings(certain) 

Tube and pipe 
fittings(certain) 

Tubes and pipe fittings of 
stainless steel (butt-
welding fittings) 

People's Republic of China  

08/10/2005 

People's Republic of China  

04/04/1996 

People's Republic of China Indonesia 

02/12/2004 

People's Republic of China Philippines 

30/04/2006 

People's Republic of China Sri Lanka 

02/12/2004 

People's Republic of China Taiwan 

15/04/2000 

Malaysia 

25/08/2002 

Republic of Korea 

25/08/2002 

Russian Federation 

25/08/2002 

People's Republic of China  

28/01/2017 

14.12.2023 
L/2023/2757  
R786 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

13.07.2023 
C246/9 R682 

13.07.2023 
C246/9 R682 

13.07.2023 
C246/9 R682 

14.04.2023 
L101/22 R758 

Tubes and pipe fittings of 
stainless steel (butt-
welding fittings) 

Taiwan 

28/01/2017 

14.04.2023 
L101/22 R758 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China  

28/09/1990 

09.08.2023 
L 199/48 R772 

Tungsten carbide, fused 
tungsten carbide and 
tungsten carbide simply 
mixed with metallic 
powder 

Tyres for buses or lorries 
(new and retreaded) 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

People's Republic of China  

23/10/2018 

Russian Federation 

10/10/2019 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

Trinidad,Tob 

10/10/2019 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

United States of America   

10/10/2019 

Welded pipes and tubes 
(WPT) 

Belarus 

20/12/2008 

Welded pipes and tubes 
(WPT) 

Welded pipes and tubes 
(WPT) 

People's Republic of China  

20/12/2008 

Russian Federation 

20/12/2008 

Wire rods 

People's Republic of China  

06/08/2009 

26.01.2023 
C 29/45 AD640 

22.01.2024 
C/2024/907 
AD649 

22.01.2024 
C/2024/907 
AD649 

22.01.2024 
C/2024/907 
AD649 

19.04.2021 
L132/145 R713 

19.04.2021 
L132/145 R713 

19.04.2021 
L132/145 R713 

13.10.2021 
L364/14  R725 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Belarus 

Rebars 

Belarus 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Egypt 

Welded pipes and tubes 
(WPT) 

Electrolytic chromium  
coated steel (ECCS) 

Hot-rolled flat products 
(of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel)(certain) 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

18/06/2017 

31.05.2023 
L141/16 R773 

20/12/2008 

19.04.2021 
L132/145 R713 

15/11/2022 

16.11.2022 
L 295/7 AD683 

07/10/2017 

13.12.2023 
L/2023/2758  
R780 

07/04/2020 

06.04.2020 
L108/1 AD653 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Egypt 

India 

India 

India 

India 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

Ceramic tiles 

11/02/2023 

Ductile pipes (tubes and 
pipes of ductile cast iron) 

Graphite electrode 
systems 

19/03/2016 

19/09/2004 

Optical fibre cables (OFC)   

13/07/2024 

India 

Oxalic acid 

19/04/2012 

India 

Stainless Steel Cold-
Rolled products (SSCR) 

19/11/2021 

Indonesia 

Fatty Acid 

20/01/2023 

Indonesia 

Monosodium glutamate 
(MSG) 

23/01/2015 

Indonesia 

Sodium cyclamate 

12/03/2004 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Iran 

Japan 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Taiwan 

08/05/2024 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Vietnam 

08/05/2024 

Stainless Steel Cold-
Rolled products (SSCR) 

19/11/2021 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Hot-rolled flat products 
(of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel)(certain) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

08/10/2020 

07.10.2020 
L325/26 AD658 

Türkiye 

19/04/2023 

07/10/2017 

31/10/2015 

18.04.2023 
L103/12 R778 

13.12.2023 
L/2023/2758  
R780 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

08.09.2022 
L233/1 R755 

10.02.2023 
L 41/1 AD684 

16.06.2022 
L161/1 R736 

07.06.2023 
L147/5 R762 

16.12.2024 
L/2024/3014 
AD695 

06.09.2024 
L/2024/2211  
R795 

18.11.2021 
L410/153   
AD670 

19.01.2023 
l18/1 AD687 

19.04.2021 
L132/63 R712 

11.10.2022 
l264/12 R741 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 
R797 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1267 
R797 

18.11.2021 
L410/153   
AD670 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Malaysia 

Tube and pipe 
fittings(certain) 

25/08/2002 

Morocco 

Aluminium road wheels 

13/01/2023 

People's Republic of China Acesulfame Potassium 

01/11/2015 

(ACE-K) 

People's Republic of China Alkyl Phosphate Esters 

11/04/2024 

(certain) 

People's Republic of China Aluminium converter foil   

09/12/2021 

13.07.2023 
C246/9 R682 

12.01.2023 
L 10/1 AD686 

28.01.2022 
L 19/22 R727 

13.09.2024 
L/2024/2415 
AD694 

08.12.2021 
L438/46 AD673 

People's Republic of China Aluminium extrusions 

People's Republic of China Aluminium flat-rolled 

products 

31/01/2021 

30.03.2021 
L109/1 AD664 

12/10/2021 

11.10.2021 
L359/6  AD668 

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil (certain) 

07/10/2009 

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil (jumbo 

Thailand 

16/09/2021 

rolls) 

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil (small 

Thailand 

16/09/2021 

rolls) 

People's Republic of China Aluminium foil in rolls 

14/03/2013 

People's Republic of China Aluminium radiators 

10/11/2012 

(certain) 

People's Republic of China Aluminium road wheels 

29/10/2010 

10.03.2022 
L 83/7 R730 

15.09.2021 
L325/6  R732 

15.09.2021 
L325/24  R733 

07.09.2023 
C317/6 R684 

15.10.2024 
L/2024/2661 
R809 

19.01.2023 
L18/66 R759 

(certain) 

People's Republic of China Aspartame 

30/07/2016 

24.10.2022 
L274/24 R742 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

09/09/1993 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Cambodia 

20/05/2015 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Indonesia 

06/06/2013 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Malaysia 

06/06/2013 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Pakistan 

20/05/2015 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

People's Republic of 
China 

18/01/1997 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Philippines 

20/05/2015 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Sri Lanka 

06/06/2013 

People's Republic of China Bicycles 

Tunisia 

06/06/2013 

People's Republic of China Bicycles (electric) 

19/01/2019 

People's Republic of China Bulb flat 

12/01/2024 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

01.12.2023 
C/2023/1260 
R688 

02.05.2023 
C 154/46  
AD643 

11.01.2024 
L/2024/209 
AD691 

People's Republic of China Calcium silicon 

25/03/2022 

24.03.2022 
L 96/9 AD679 

People's Republic of China Cast iron articles (certain)  

31/01/2018 

People's Republic of China Ceramic tiles 

16/09/2011 

People's Republic of China Citric acid 

04/12/2008 

People's Republic of China Citric acid 

Malaysia 

16/01/2016 

05.03.2024 
L/2024/770  
R788 

13.02.2024 
L/2024/493 
R782 

15.04.2021 
L129/73 R717 

15.04.2021 
L129/73 R717 

People's Republic of China Citrus fruits (namely 

mandarins, etc.) 

People's Republic of China Coated fine paper 

People's Republic of China Cold-rolled flat steel 

products 

31/12/2008 

22.10.2020 
L351/2 R709 

15/05/2011 

22.08.2023 
L 207/41 R775 

05/08/2016 

27.10.2022 
L277/149 R745 

People's Republic of China Corrosion resistant steel 

09/02/2018 

(CRS) 

People's Republic of China Electrolytic chromium  

15/11/2022 

coated steel (ECCS) 

11.03.2024 
L/2024/819 
R790 

16.11.2022 
L 295/7 AD683 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Electrolytic manganese 

15/03/2024 

dioxides (certain) 

People's Republic of China Ferro-silicon 

29/02/2008 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh 

10/08/2011 

fabrics 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh 

India 

21/12/2013 

fabrics 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh 

Indonesia 

21/12/2013 

fabrics 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh 

Malaysia 

25/07/2012 

fabrics 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh 

Taiwan 

17/01/2013 

fabrics 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre open mesh 

Thailand 

17/01/2013 

fabrics 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre reinforcements 

16/03/2011 

(GFR) 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics 

07/04/2020 

(GFF) 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics 

Morocco 

26/02/2022 

(GFF) 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics 

Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

(GFF) 

People's Republic of China Grain oriented flat-rolled 

31/10/2015 

products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

14.03.2024 
L/2024/844 
AD692 

01.07.2020 
L208/2 R698 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

24.01.2024 
L/2024/357   
R781 

14.07.2023 
L 179/57 R767 

06.04.2020 
L108/1 AD653 

25.02.2022 
L 46/49 R739 

08.09.2022 
L233/1 R755 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

People's Republic of China Graphite Electrode 

Systems 

08/04/2022 

07.04.2022 
L108/20 AD680 

People's Republic of China Hand pallet trucks 

22/07/2005 

People's Republic of China Hand pallet trucks 

Thailand 

17/06/2009 

27.02.2024 
L/2024/670 
R783 

27.02.2024 
L/2024/670 
R783 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Heavy plate of non-alloy 

01/03/2017 

or other alloy steel 
(certain) 

People's Republic of China Hot-rolled flat products of 

07/04/2017 

iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel (certain) 

People's Republic of China Iron or steel fasteners 

18/02/2022 

People's Republic of China Ironing boards 

27/04/2007 

17.05.2023 
L133/214 R761 

08.06.2023 
L148/45 R765 

17.02.2022 
L36/1 AD676 

16.01.2024 
C/2024/788 
R693 

People's Republic of China Ironing boards 

27/04/2007 

26.10.2017 
C362/30 R549 

People's Republic of China Lever Arch Mechanisms 

28/07/2006 

People's Republic of China Malleable tube fittings 

15/05/2013 

(threaded, of cast 
iron)(MTF) 

09.02.2023 
C 49/8 R675 

25.10.2023 
C/2023/387 
R692 

People's Republic of China Melamine 

14/05/2011 

15.09.2023 
L228/199 R774 

People's Republic of China Molybdenum wires 

17/06/2010 

People's Republic of China Molybdenum wires 

Malaysia 

13/01/2012 

People's Republic of China Monosodium glutamate 

03/12/2008 

(MSG) 

People's Republic of China Okoumé plywood 

13/11/2004 

People's Republic of China Optical fibre cables (OFC)   

19/11/2021 

People's Republic of China Organic coated steel 

16/03/2013 

products (certain) 

People's Republic of China Oxalic acid 

19/04/2012 

People's Republic of China Peroxosulphates 

12/10/2007 

(persulphates) 

People's Republic of China Polyester yarn (High 

02/12/2010 

tenacity) 

26.07.2022 
L195/75 R744 

26.07.2022 
L195/75 R744 

19.04.2021 
L132/63 R712 

14.06.2023 
L 153/3 R764 

18.11.2021 
L410/51  
AD669 

02.08.2023 
C273/4 R683 

06.09.2024 
L/2024/2211  
R795 

17.01.2020 
L13/18 R697 

12.05.2023 
L127/1 R760 

People's Republic of China Polyester yarn (High 

tenacity) 

13/05/2023 

12.05.2023 
L127/58 AD690 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Polyethylene 

03/04/2024 

terephthalate (PET) 

People's Republic of China Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) 

30/09/2020 

(PVA) 

People's Republic of China PSC wires and strands 

14/05/2009 

People's Republic of China Ring binder mechanisms   

25/01/1997 

People's Republic of China Ring binder mechanisms  Lao People's 

13/01/2006 

Democratic Republic 

People's Republic of China Ring binder mechanisms  Vietnam 

02/07/2004 

People's Republic of China Seamless pipes and tubes 

13/05/2017 

of iron (other than cast 
iron) or steel (other than 
stainless steel) (certain) 

People's Republic of China Seamless pipes and tubes 

21/12/2011 

of iron or steel (certain) 

People's Republic of China Silicon 

29/07/1990 

People's Republic of China Silicon 

Republic of Korea 

20/01/2007 

People's Republic of China Silicon 

Taiwan 

06/04/2013 

02.04.2024 
2024/1040 
AD693 

29.09.2020 
L315/1 AD654 

02.09.2021 
L309/8 R721 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 R738 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 R738 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 R738 

14.07.2023 
L 179/9 R769 

31.05.2024 
2024/1475 
R792 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 R743 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 R743 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 R743 

People's Republic of China Sodium cyclamate 

12/03/2004 

11.10.2022 
l264/12 R741 

People's Republic of China Sodium cyclamate 

17/06/2016 

16.10.2020 
C344/18 
AD626 

People's Republic of China Sodium gluconate 

People's Republic of China Solar glass 

29/10/2010 

13.04.2023 
L100/16 R754 

15/05/2014 

23.07.2020 
L238/1 R701 

People's Republic of China Stainless steel cold-rolled 

28/08/2015 

flat products 

People's Republic of China Stainless steel hot-rolled 

08/10/2020 

flat products (SSHR) 

People's Republic of China Stainless steel refillable 

05/07/2023 

kegs 

16.09.2021 
L327/1   R722 

07.10.2020 
L325/26 AD658 

04.07.2023 
L169/1 AD689 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Stainless steel tube and 

Malaysia 

04/03/2023 

pipe butt-welding fittings, 
whether or not finished 
(Certain) 

People's Republic of China Steel road wheels 

05/03/2020 

People's Republic of China Steel ropes and cables 

18/08/1999 

People's Republic of China Steel ropes and cables  Morocco 

10/02/2012 

People's Republic of China Steel ropes and cables 

Republic of Korea 

12/05/2010 

03.03.2023 
L67/119 R777 

04.03.2020 
L65/9 AD652 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 
R793 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 
R793 

07.06.2024 
L/2024/1666 
R793 

People's Republic of China Steel wind towers 

People's Republic of China Sulphanilic acid 

17/12/2021 

16.12.2021 
L450/59 AD674 

26/07/2002 

12.03.2021 
L85/154 R716 

People's Republic of China Tableware and 

16/05/2013 

kitchenware (ceramic) 

People's Republic of China Trichloroisocyanuric acid 

08/10/2005 

(TCCA) 

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of 

04/04/1996 

iron or steel 

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of 

Indonesia 

02/12/2004 

iron or steel 

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of 

Philippines 

30/04/2006 

iron or steel 

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of 

Sri Lanka 

02/12/2004 

iron or steel 

People's Republic of China Tube and pipe fittings of 

Taiwan 

15/04/2000 

iron or steel 

People's Republic of China Tubes and pipe fittings of 

28/01/2017 

stainless steel (butt-
welding fittings) 

People's Republic of China Tungsten carbide, fused 

28/09/1990 

tungsten carbide and 
tungsten carbide simply 
mixed with metallic 
powder 

16.10.2023 
C/2023/182 
R687 

14.12.2023 
L/2023/2757  
R786 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 R726 

14.04.2023 
L101/22 R758 

09.08.2023 
L 199/48 R772 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Tyres for buses or lorries 

23/10/2018 

(new and retreaded) 

People's Republic of China Welded pipes and tubes 

20/12/2008 

26.01.2023 
C 29/45 AD640 

19.04.2021 
L132/145 R713 

(WPT) 

People's Republic of China Wire rods 

Republic of Korea 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

06/08/2009 

13.10.2021 
L364/14  R725 

31/10/2015 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

Republic of Korea 

Superabsorbent polymers  

07/04/2022 

06.04.2022 
L 107/27 
AD681 

Republic of Korea 

Republic of Korea 

Thermal paper (certain 
heavyweight) 

Thermal paper (certain 
lightweight ) 

Republic of Korea 

Tube and pipe 
fittings(certain) 

21/10/2020 

20.10.2020 
L346/19 AD659 

04/05/2017 

30.06.2023 
L 166/76  R768 

25/08/2002 

13.07.2023 
C246/9 R682 

Russian Federation 

Ammonium nitrate 

24/08/1995 

Russian Federation 

Birch Plywood 

10/11/2021 

Russian Federation 

Birch plywood 

Kazakhstan 

15/05/2024 

Russian Federation 

Birch plywood 

Türkiye 

15/05/2024 

16.12.2020 
L425/21 R706 

09.11.2021 
L394/7 AD672 

14.05.2024 
L/2024/1287 
R799 

14.05.2024 
L/2024/1287 
R799 

Russian Federation 

Cold-rolled flat steel 
products 

05/08/2016 

27.10.2022 
L277/149 R745 

Russian Federation 

Corrosion resistant steels   

13/08/2022 

Russian Federation 

Ferro-silicon 

29/02/2008 

12.08.2022 
L 211/127 
AD682 

01.07.2020 
L208/2 R698 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

31/10/2015 

07/10/2017 

13.12.2023 
L/2023/2758  
R780 

Russian Federation 

Russian Federation 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

Hot-rolled flat products 
(of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel)(certain) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Russian Federation 

Seamless pipes and tubes 
of iron or steel 

Russian Federation 

Tube and pipe 
fittings(certain) 

Russian Federation 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

Russian Federation 

Welded pipes and tubes 
(WPT) 

Saudi Arabia 

Mono Ethylene Glycol 
(MEG) 

Taiwan 

Taiwan 

Taiwan 

Thailand 

Thailand 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

Stainless steel hot-rolled 
flat products (SSHR) 

Tubes and pipe fittings of 
stainless steel (butt-
welding fittings) 

Malleable tube fittings 
(threaded, of cast 
iron)(MTF) 

Sweet corn (prepared or 
preserved in kernels) 

Trinidad,Tob 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

30/06/2006 

25/08/2002 

10/10/2019 

20.12.2024 
L/2024/3193 
R801 

13.07.2023 
C246/9 R682 

22.01.2024 
C/2024/907 
AD649 

20/12/2008 

19.04.2021 
L132/145 R713 

16/11/2021 

15.11.2021 
L420/17 AD671 

28/08/2015 

16.09.2021 
L327/1   R722 

08/10/2020 

07.10.2020 
L325/26 AD658 

28/01/2017 

14.04.2023 
L101/22 R758 

15/05/2013 

21/06/2007 

10/10/2019 

25.10.2023 
C/2023/387 
R692 

04.03.2024 
C/2024/1814 
R695 

22.01.2024 
C/2024/907 
AD649 

11.01.2024 
L/2024/209 
AD691 

Türkiye 

Bulb flat 

12/01/2024 

Türkiye 

Ceramic tiles 

11/02/2023 

10.02.2023 
L 41/1 AD684 

Türkiye 

Corrosion resistant steels   

13/08/2022 

12.08.2022 
L 211/127 
AD682 

Türkiye 

Hot rolled flat products 
(HRFS) 

07/07/2021 

06.07.2021 
L238/32 AD665 

United States of America  Biodiesel 

13/03/2009 

United States of America  Biodiesel 

Canada 

12/05/2011 

02.08.2021 
L277/34 R723 

02.08.2021 
L277/34 R723 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

United States of America  Grain oriented flat-rolled 

31/10/2015 

products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 R728 

United States of America  Mono Ethylene Glycol 

(MEG) 

16/11/2021 

15.11.2021 
L420/17 AD671 

United States of America  Urea and ammonium 

10/10/2019 

nitrate (UAN) 

22.01.2024 
C/2024/907 
AD649 

 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2024 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Aluminium converter foil  People's Republic of China  

23/12/2021 

Bicycles (electric) 

People's Republic of China  

19/01/2019 

22.12.2021 
L458/344 
AS675 

02.05.2023 
C 154/47 
AS646 

Biodiesel 

Argentina 

13/02/2019 

25.05.2023 
C183/2 AS644 

Biodiesel 

Indonesia 

10/12/2019 

Biodiesel 

United States of America   

11/07/2009 

Biodiesel 

United States of America  Canada 

12/05/2011 

Coated fine paper 

People's Republic of China  

15/05/2011 

11.03.2024 
C/2024/2122 
AS650 

02.08.2021 
L277/62 R724 

02.08.2021 
L277/62 R724 

22.08.2023 
L 207/1  R776 

16.06.2022 
L161/28 R737 

19/03/2016 

26/06/2020 

25.06.2020 
L201/10 AS657 

Ductile pipes (tubes and 
pipes of ductile cast iron) 

India 

Glass fibre reinforcements 
(GFR) 

Egypt 

Glass fibre reinforcements 
(GFR) 

People's Republic of China  

24/12/2014 

25.02.2021 
L65/1 R708 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Egypt 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Egypt 

16/06/2020 

Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

People's Republic of China  

16/06/2020 

People's Republic of China Morocco 

26/02/2022 

People's Republic of China Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

15.06.2020 
L189/1 AS656 

08.09.2022 
L233/18 R756 

15.06.2020 
L189/1 AS656 

25.02.2022 
L 46/31 R740 

08.09.2022 
L233/18 R756 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Graphite electrode 
systems 

India 

19/09/2004 

Hot-rolled flat products of 
iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel (certain) 

New battery electric 
vehicles for passengers 

People's Republic of China  

10/06/2017 

People's Republic of China  

31/10/2024 

Optical fibre cables (OFC)  People's Republic of China  

20/01/2022 

Organic coated steel 
products (certain) 

People's Republic of China  

16/03/2013 

PET (Polyethylene 
terephtalate) 

India 

01/12/2000 

Solar glass 

People's Republic of China  

15/05/2014 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

India 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

Indonesia 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

17/03/2022 

17/03/2022 

Taiwan 

08/05/2024 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

Türkiye 

08/05/2024 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Indonesia 

Vietnam 

08/05/2024 

Trout (Rainbow) 

Türkiye 

28/02/2015 

Tyres for buses or lorries 
(new and retreaded) 

People's Republic of China  

13/11/2018 

07.06.2023 
L147/27 R763 

08.06.2023 
L148/84 R770 

30.10.2024 
L2024/2754 
AS689 

19.01.2022 
L12/34 AS677 

03.08.2023 
C274/18 R686 

06.11.2023 
C/2023/589 
R694 

23.07.2020 
L238/43 R702 

16.03.2022 
L88/24 AS678 

16.03.2022 
L88/24 AS678 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 
R798 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 
R798 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 
R798 

25.05.2021 
L183/5 R720 

20.02.2023 
C 62/4 AS641 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Argentina 

Biodiesel 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

13/02/2019 

25.05.2023 
C183/2 AS644 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Egypt 

Egypt 

Egypt 

India 

India 

India 

India 

Glass fibre reinforcements 
(GFR) 

26/06/2020 

25.06.2020 
L201/10 AS657 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Glass fibre woven fabrics 
(GFF) 

Ductile pipes (tubes and 
pipes of ductile cast iron) 

Graphite electrode 
systems 

PET (Polyethylene 
terephtalate) 

16/06/2020 

Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

19/03/2016 

19/09/2004 

01/12/2000 

15.06.2020 
L189/1 AS656 

08.09.2022 
L233/18 R756 

16.06.2022 
L161/28 R737 

07.06.2023 
L147/27 R763 

06.11.2023 
C/2023/589 
R694 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

17/03/2022 

16.03.2022 
L88/24 AS678 

Indonesia 

Biodiesel 

10/12/2019 

11.03.2024 
C/2024/2122 
AS650 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

17/03/2022 

16.03.2022 
L88/24 AS678 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Taiwan 

08/05/2024 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Türkiye 

08/05/2024 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products (SSCR) 

Vietnam 

08/05/2024 

People's Republic of China Aluminium converter foil   

23/12/2021 

People's Republic of China Bicycles (electric) 

19/01/2019 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 
R798 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 
R798 

07.05.2024 
L/2024/1268 
R798 

22.12.2021 
L458/344 
AS675 

02.05.2023 
C 154/47 
AS646 

People's Republic of China Coated fine paper 

15/05/2011 

22.08.2023 
L 207/1  R776 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre reinforcements 

24/12/2014 

(GFR) 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics 

16/06/2020 

(GFF) 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics 

Morocco 

26/02/2022 

(GFF) 

25.02.2021 
L65/1 R708 

15.06.2020 
L189/1 AS656 

25.02.2022 
L 46/31 R740 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

People's Republic of China Glass fibre woven fabrics 

Türkiye 

09/09/2022 

(GFF) 

People's Republic of China Hot-rolled flat products of 

10/06/2017 

iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel (certain) 

People's Republic of China New battery electric 

31/10/2024 

vehicles for passengers 

People's Republic of China Optical fibre cables (OFC)   

20/01/2022 

People's Republic of China Organic coated steel 

16/03/2013 

products (certain) 

People's Republic of China Solar glass 

15/05/2014 

People's Republic of China Tyres for buses or lorries 

13/11/2018 

(new and retreaded) 

08.09.2022 
L233/18 R756 

08.06.2023 
L148/84 R770 

30.10.2024 
L2024/2754 
AS689 

19.01.2022 
L12/34 AS677 

03.08.2023 
C274/18 R686 

23.07.2020 
L238/43 R702 

20.02.2023 
C 62/4 AS641 

Türkiye 

Trout (Rainbow) 

28/02/2015 

25.05.2021 
L183/5 R720 

United States of America  Biodiesel 

11/07/2009 

United States of America  Biodiesel 

Canada 

12/05/2011 

02.08.2021 
L277/62 R724 

02.08.2021 
L277/62 R724 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2024 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Biodiesel 

Argentina 

- 

11/02/2019 

12.2.2019 
L40/71 
[AS644] 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country of origin 

Product 

Extension 

Entry into 
force date 

OJ 
Reference 

Argentina 

Biodiesel 

- 

11/02/2019 

12.2.2019 
L40/71 
[AS644] 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  R 

TDI investigations pending 

on 31 December 2024 

A. New investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order) 

Product name 

Initiation date Instrument 

Country 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-
Styrene Resins 

19/12/2024 

AD 

Republic of Korea 

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-
Styrene Resins 

19/12/2024 

AD 

Taiwan 

Alloys 

19/12/2024 

SFG 

Erga Omnes 

Aluminium Road Wheels  16/02/2024 

AS 

Morocco 

Barium carbonate 

20/12/2024 

AD 

India 

OJ 
Reference 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7490  
AD725 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7490  
AD725 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7541 
SAFE010 

16.02.2024 
C/2024/846 
AS703 

20.12.2024 
C/2024/7461 
AD723 

Barium carbonate 

20/12/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 20.12.2024 

C/2024/7461 
AD723 

Biodiesel 

20/12/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of China 16.08.2024 

L/2024/2163 
AD700 

Candles 

19/12/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 19.12.2024 

C/2024/7459 
AD726 

Choline Chloride 

31/10/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 31.10.2024 

C/2024/6602 
AD719 

Decor paper 

14/06/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 14.06.2024 

C/2024/3695 
AD712 

Epoxy resins 

01/07/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 01.07.2024 

Epoxy resins 

01/07/2024 

AD 

Republic of Korea 

C/2024/4137 
AD711 

01.07.2024 
C/2024/4137 
AD711 

 
 
Product name 

Initiation date Instrument 

Country 

Epoxy resins 

01/07/2024 

AD 

Taiwan 

Epoxy resins 

01/07/2024 

AD 

Thailand 

OJ 
Reference 

01.07.2024 
C/2024/4137 
AD711 

01.07.2024 
C/2024/4137 
AD711 

Erythritol 

21/11/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of China 19.07.2024 

L/2024/1959 
AD699 

Fused alumina 

21/11/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 21.11.2024 

C/2024/7049 
AD720 

Glass fibre yarns 

16/02/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 14.10.2024 

L/2024/2673 
AD702 

Glyoxylic acid 

25/07/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 25.07.2024 

C/2024/4751 
AD714 

Hardwood plywood 

11/10/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 11.10.2024 

C/2024/6048 
AD717 

High pressure seamless 
steel cylinders 

Hot-rolled flat steel 
products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel, 
certain 

Hot-rolled flat steel 
products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel, 
certain 

Hot-rolled flat steel 
products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel, 
certain 

Hot-rolled flat steel 
products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel, 
certain 

06/12/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 06.12.2024 

08/08/2024 

AD 

Egypt 

08/08/2024 

AD 

India 

08/08/2024 

AD 

Japan 

08/08/2024 

AD 

Vietnam 

C/2024/7403 
AD724 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 
AD715 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 
AD715 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 
AD715 

08.08.2024 
C/2024/4995 
AD715 

Lysine 

23/05/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 23.05.2024 

C/2024/3265 
AD706 

Mobile access equipment  27/03/2024 

AS 

People's Republic of China 27.03.2024 

C/2024/2362 
AS704 

 
 
Product name 

Initiation date Instrument 

Country 

OJ 
Reference 

Mobile access equipment  13/11/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of China 12.07.2024 

L/2024/1915 
AD698 

Multilayered Wood 
Flooring (MWF) 

16/05/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 16.05.2024 

Optical fibre cables 

17/05/2024 

AS 

India 

Polyvinyl Chloride 

15/11/2023 

AD 

Egypt 

C/2024/3101 
AD707 

17.05.2024 
C/2024/3206 
AS709 

12.07.2024 
L/2024/1896  
AD697 

Polyvinyl Chloride 

15/11/2023 

AD 

United States of America  12.07.2024 

L/2024/1896  
AD697 

Screws without Heads 

17/10/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 17.10.2024 

C/2024/6209 
AD718 

Seamless Pipes and Tubes 17/05/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 17.05.2024 

C/2024/3225 
AD710 

Steel Track Shoes (STS)  23/08/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 23.08.2024 

C/2024/5264 
AD716 

Sweet corn (prepared or 
preserved in kernels) 

09/12/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 09.12.2024 

C/2024/7407 
AD721 

Tinplate 

16/05/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 16.05.2024 

C/2024/3112 
AD705 

Titanium dioxide 

13/11/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of China 11.07.2024 

L/2024/1923 
AD696 

Valine 

19/12/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 19.12.2024 

C/2024/7460 
AD722 

Vanillin 

24/05/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of China 24.05.2024 

C/2024/3241 
AD708 

B. Review investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order) 

 
 
 
Product name 

Initiation 
date 

Instru
ment 

Country 

Extension 

OJ 
Reference 

Aluminium foil in rolls 

03/06/2024 

AD 

Bicycle parts 

10/09/2024 

AD 

Bicycles 

29/08/2024 

AD 

Bicycles (electric) 

17/01/2024 

AD 

Bicycles (electric) 

17/01/2024 

AS 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

Biodiesel 

09/02/2024 

AS 

Argentina 

Biodiesel 

06/12/2024 

AS 

Indonesia 

Glass fibre reinforcements 30/08/2024 

AD 

Glass fibre reinforcements 30/08/2024 

AS 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

Graphite Electrode 
Systems 

18/10/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Ironing boards 

01/10/2024 

AD 

Lever arch mechanisms  08/11/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

People's Republic of 
China 

Malleable tube fittings 
(MTF) 

24/07/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Malleable tube fittings 
(MTF) 

24/07/2024 

AD 

Thailand 

Melamine 

20/12/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

03.06.2024 
C/2024/3498 
R816 

10.09.2024 
L/2024/2384 
R823 

29.08.2024 
C/2024/5292 
R822 

17.01.2024 
C/2024/802 
R810 

17.01.2024 
C/2024/798 
R811 

09.02.2024 
C/2024/725 
R812 

06.12.2024 
C/2024/7405 
R829 

30.08.2024 
C/2024/5344 
R825 

30.08.2024 
C/2024/5343 
R824 

18.10.2024 
L2024/2686 
R828 

01.10.2024 
C/2024/5916  
R827 

08.11.2023 
C/2023/614 
R803 

24.07.2024 
C/2024/4656 
R819 

24.07.2024 
C/2024/4656 
R819 

20.12.2023 
C/2023/1595 
R808 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product name 

Initiation 
date 

Instru
ment 

Country 

Extension 

OJ 
Reference 

Monosodium glutamate 
(MSG) 

22/07/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Malaysia 

Organic coated steel 
products (certain) 

30/04/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Organic coated steel 
products (certain) 

30/04/2024 

AS 

People's Republic of 
China 

Polyethylene 
terephthalate 

26/07/2024 

AS 

India 

Steel products (certain)  17/12/2024 

SFG 

Erga Omnes 

Sweet corn (prepared or 
preserved in kernels) 

29/11/2024 

AD 

Thailand 

Tableware and 
kitchenware (ceramic) 

12/07/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Tableware and 
kitchenware (ceramic) 

19/12/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Trichloroisocyanuric Acid 
(TCCA) 

06/08/2024 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Tubes and pipes fittings  09/04/2024 

AD 

Russian Federation 

Tubes and pipes fittings  09/04/2024 

AD 

Russian Federation  Malaysia 

Tubes and pipes fittings  09/04/2024 

AD 

Russian Federation  Republic of 

Korea 

Tyres for buses or lorries 
(new and retreaded) 

20/10/2023 

AD 

People's Republic of 
China 

Tyres for buses or lorries 
(new and retreaded) 

10/11/2023 

AS 

People's Republic of 
China 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

08/10/2024 

AD 

Russian Federation 

22.07.2024 
L/2027/1976 
R818 

30.04.2024 
C/2024/2970 
R813 

30.04.2024 
C/2024/2975 
R814 

26.07.2024 
C/2024/4678 
R820 

17.12.2024 
C/2024/7515 
Safe009R8 

29.11.2024 
C/2024/7109 
R830 

12.07.2024 
C/2024/4504 
R817 

19.12.2024 
C/2024/7456  
R831 

06.08.2024 
C/2024/4917 
R821 

09.04.2024 
C/2024/2500 
R815 

09.04.2024 
C/2024/2500 
R815 

09.04.2024 
C/2024/2500 
R815 

20.10.2023 
C/2023/379 
R802 

10.11.2023 
C/2023/711 
R804 

08.10.2024 
C/2024/5996  
R826 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product name 

Initiation 
date 

Instru
ment 

Country 

Extension 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

08/10/2024 

AD 

Trinidad,Tob 

Urea and ammonium 
nitrate (UAN) 

08/10/2024 

AD 

United States of 
America 

OJ 
Reference 

08.10.2024 
C/2024/5996  
R826 

08.10.2024 
C/2024/5996  
R826 

 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX S 

Court cases  

A. 

Court cases pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the General Court on 
31 December 2024: 

C-554/23 P 

C-568/23 P 

C-319/24 P 

C-498/24 P 

C-499/24 P 

C-659/24 

General Court 

T-348/22 

T-356/22 

T-445/22  

T-122/23 

T-165/23 

T-176/23 

T-187/23 

T-199/23 

T-230/23 

T-231/23 

T-378/23 

T-379/23 

T-110/24 

Court of Justice 

Fertilizers Europe v Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" (appeal 
against T-126/21) 

Commission v Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" (appeal against 
T-126/21) 

Commission v Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others (appeal 
against T-762/20) 

Çolakoğlu Metalurji and Çolakoğlu Dış Ticaret v Commission (appeal 
against T-630/21) 

Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları and Others v Commission (appeal 
against T-629/21) 

A-GmbH & Co. KG (request for a preliminary ruling) 

PT Indonesia Ruipu Nickel and Chrome Alloy v Commission 

LG Chem, Ltd v Commission 

Columbus Stainless v Commission 

Ege İhracatçıları Birliği and Others v Commission 

Arkema France v Commission 

PT Musim Mas v Commission 

PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo and PT Nubika Jaya v Commission 

Hansol Paper v Commission 

Hitit Seramik v Commission 

Akgün Seramik and Others v Commission 

Marcegaglia Specialties v Commission 

Çolakoğlu Metalurji v Commission 

Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional and Lusosider-Aços Planos v 
Commission 

T-175/24  

Özkan Demir Çelik Sanayi v Commission 

 
 
 
 
T-334/24 

T-390/24 

T-391/24 

T-680/24 

Lam Khang v Commission 

Eurofer v Commission 

Eurofer v Commission 

AO Nevinnomysskiy Azot and AO Novomoskovskaya Aktsionernaya 
Kompania NAK "Azot"v Commission 

B. 

Judgments, orders or other decisions rendered in 2024 

C-688/22 P 

C-725/22 P 

C-517/22 P 

C-95/23 P 

C-412/22 

C-112/23 P 

C-252/23 P  

C-261/23 P 

C-269/23 P 

C-272/23 P 

C-772/23 P 

General Court 

T-762/20 

T-763/20 

Court of Justice 

Methanol Holdings (Trinidad) v Commission (appeal against T-
744/19) 

Nevinnomyssky "Azot" and NAK "Azot" v Commission (appeal 
against T-865/19) 

Eurobolt B.V. and Others 

Euranimi v Commission (appeal against T-769/21) 

Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (request for preliminary ruling)  

Pelita Agung Agrindustri and Permata Hijau Palm Oleo v Commission 
(appeal against T-143/20) 

Euranimi v Commission 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass 
Industry v Commission (appeal against T-301/20) 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass 
Industry v Commission (appeal against T-480/20) 

Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass Industry v Commission (appeal against T-
540/20) 

Euranimi vs European Commission (appeal against T-598/21) 

Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others v Commission 

Inner Mongolia Shuangxin Environment-Friendly Material v 
Commission 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T-764/20 

T-733/19  

T-403/20 

T-660/20 

T-629/21 

T-630/21 

T-2/22 

T-3/22 

T-32/22 

T-245/22 

T-246/22 

T-263/22 

Anhui Wanwei Updated High-Tech Material Industry and Inner 
Mongolia Mengwei Technology v Commission 

 Zhejiang Sunflower Light Energy Science & Technology LTD and 
Sunowe Solar GmbH c/ Commission  

Wuxi Suntech Power v Commission 

Zhejiang Beyondsun Green Energy Technology v Commission 

Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları and Others v Commission 

Çolakoğlu Metalurji and Çolakoğlu Dış Ticaret v Commission 

Sveza Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha and others v Commission  

ZHPLK v Commission 

Vyatsky Plywood Mill / Commission  

PGTEX Morocco v Commission 

PGTEX Morocco v Commission 

CCCME v Commission 

 
 
 
ANNEX  T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2024 

A. Safeguard measures 

List of safeguard measures in force 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Steel products 

Erga Omnes 

- 

L_2024_1782; 
25.06.2024 

B. Surveillance measures 

List of surveillance measures in force 

Product 

Country of origin 

Extension 

OJ Reference 

Renewable ethanol for fuel 

all 

(EU) 2023/1777 

L 228/247 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  U 

Third country cases against the EU 

Investigations initiated during 2024 

Australia 
Australia 
Canada 
China 
China 

China 

China 

Country 

Product 

Tomatoes 
Tomatoes 
Concrete reinforcing bar 
Dairy products 
Polyformaldehyde Copolymer, 
Polyoxymethylene Copolymer, 
Copolymer-type Acetal Resin, 
Acetal Copolymer - POM 
Copolymer 

Instrument 
AD 
CVD 
AD 
CVD 
AD 

Initiation Date 
15-10-2024 
15-10-2024 
03-05-2024 
21-08-2024 
19-05-2024 

Certain pork and pig by-
products 
Spirits obtained by distilling 
grape wine in containers 
holding less than 200 liters 
(usually called Brandy) 

AD 

AD 

17-06-2024 

05-01-2024 

China 
India 

Meat of bovine animals 
Sulphenamides Accelerators 

SG 
AD 

27-12-2024 
31-12-2024 

India 

Vitamin A Palmitate 

AD 

28-03-2024 

Exporting MS 

Italy 
Italy 
Bulgaria 
EU 
Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Germany, 
Estonia, Spain, 
France, Italy, Latvia, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria 
EU 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 
Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Finland, 
Sweden 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
India 

Non-Alloy and Alloy steel flat 
products 

SG 

19-12-2024 

India 
India 

PNT - Para Nitrotoluene 
NBR 

AD 
AD 

30-09-2024 
26-09-2024 

India 

Thiram in any form 

AD 

29-06-2024 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Jordan 
Madagascar 
Madagascar 

Morocco 

Low Linear Density 
Polyethylene 
Tarpaulins made from plastics 
and synthetic fibers 
Safety and protective footwear 
Tomato products 
Certain types of edible 
vegetable oils 
Coated wood fibre boards 

Philippines 
South Africa 

Cement 
Steel flat rolled 

SG 

SG 

SG 
SG 
SG 

SG 

SG 
SG 

09-09-2024 

18-09-2024 

01-12-2024 
31-12-2024 
18-07-2024 

20-02-2024 

31-10-2024 
23-02-2024 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 
Belgium, Germany 
Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Netherlands, Poland 
Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria 

Spain main MSs 
concerned 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Turkey 

Knitted and crocheted fabrics 

SG 

12-01-2024 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Flat rolled products of iron or 
non-alloy steel plated or coated 
with tin 
Ethyl Acetate 

Articulated link chains 

AD 

SG 

AD 

28-06-2024 

06-04-2024 

21-05-2024 

Turkey 

Uncoated paper and 
paperboard 

SG 

12-01-2024 

United 
Kingdom 
United States 
United States 

Certain Engine oils 

Dioctyl Terephthalate 
Melamine 

AD 

AD 
AD 

17-06-2024 

15-04-2024 
05-03-2024 

United States 

Melamine 

CVD 

05-03-2024 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 
Germany 

Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, Netherlands 
Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, France, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 
Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 
Lithuania 

Poland 
Germany, 
Netherlands 
Germany 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States 

Fine denier polyester staple 
fiber (PSF) 

SG 

28-02-2024 

United States 

Corrosion-resistant steel 

AD 

25-09-2024 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania 
Netherlands 

ANNEX  U 

Third country cases against the EU 

Measures imposed during 2024 

Type Of 
Date Of 
Imposition 
Measure 
Provisional  13-09-2024 

Exporting MS 

Bulgaria 

Country 

Product 

Instrument 

Canada 

China 

Concrete reinforcing 
bar 
Spirits obtained by 
distilling grape wine in 
containers holding less 
than 200 liters (usually 
called Brandy) 

Ghana 
India 

Matches 
Sodium Cyanide 

Madagascar  Woven sacks and 

sheaths of 
polypropylene 
Madagascar 
Napkins and diapers 
Madagascar  Water and oil paints 
South Africa 

Steel flat rolled 

AD 

AD 

SG 
AD 

SG 

SG 
SG 
SG 

Provisional  11-10-2024 

Definitive 
Definitive 

30-03-2024 
27-06-2024 

Definitive 

15-07-2024 

Provisional  01-01-2024 
18-12-2024 
Definitive 
Provisional  08-07-2024 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 

Czech Republic, 
Germany 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 
Croatia 
Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Romania 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Solar panels 
Hhot rolled bars and 
rods 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

27-09-2024 
15-06-2024 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Turkey 

Woven Fabrics of 
Synthetic Filament 
Yarn and Woven 
Fabrics of Synthetic 
and Artificial Stable 
Fibers 

AD 

Definitive 

20-02-2024 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Fabrics, impregnated, 
coated, covered or 
laminated with 
polyurethane, imitation 
leather/others 
Uncoated paper and 
paperboard 

AD 

Definitive 

18-01-2024 

SG 

Definitive 

28-06-2024 

United States  Aluminium extrusions  AD 
AD 
United States  Mattresses 

Provisional  01-05-2024 
11-07-2024 
Definitive 

United States 
United States 

Paper shopping bags 
Fine denier polyester 
staple fiber (PSF) 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

18-07-2024 
23-11-2024 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Romania, 
Croatia 
France, Bulgaria 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 
Italy 
Spain, Italy, Poland, 
Slovenia, Bulgaria 
Portugal 
Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  U 

Third country cases against the EU 

Measures in place on 31-12-2024 

Country 

Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 

Australia 
Australia 
Australia 
Australia 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 
Canada 
Canada 

Product 
Certain boilers 
Electrical terminals 
Radiators 
Sodium Benzoate 
Straight handsaw 
blades 
Chrome bars 
Q&T Steel Plate 
Steel reinforcing bar 
Steel Reinforcing 
Bar 
Adipic Acid 
Elastomeric rubber 
pipes 
Ethanolamines and 
triethanolamines 
Ethylene glycol 
monobutyl ether 
Frozen fries 

Monobutyl ethers of 
ethylene glycol  
Nitrile Rubber 
Offset printing plates 

Plastic Tubes for 
Blood Collection 
Silicon electrical 
steel 
Certain hot-rolled 
carbon steel heavy 
plate and high-
strength low-alloy 
steel heavy plate 
Concrete reinforcing 
bar 
Concrete reinforcing 
bar 
Concrete reinforcing 
bar 
Refined sugar 

Instrument 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Refined sugar 
Steel plate 
Hot-rolled carbon 
steel plate and high-

CVD 
AD 

AD 

Type Of 
Measure 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Exporting MS 

Italy, Slovakia 

Date Of 
Imposition 
26-03-2020 
02-04-2009  Germany 
22-11-2019 
Spain, Italy 
01-11-2022  Netherlands 
21-02-2008 

Sweden 

08-09-2016  Romania 
05-11-2014 
08-03-2018  Greece, Spain 
19-11-2015 

Spain 

Finland, Sweden 

Definitive 
Definitive 

01-04-2015  Germany, France, Italy 
22-06-2015  Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

04-11-2013  Germany 

Definitive 

22-08-2022 

France 

Definitive 

17-02-2017  Belgium, Germany, 
France, Netherlands 

Definitive 

22-04-2016  Germany 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-08-2018 
05-03-2015  Belgium, Germany, 

France 

Definitive 

Definitive 

United Kingdom 
30-04-2015  Germany, United 

Kingdom 
12-07-2019  Germany 

Definitive 

05-02-2021  Germany 

Definitive 

04-06-2021 

Italy 

Provisional 

13-09-2024  Bulgaria 

Definitive 

04-05-2017 

Spain, Portugal 

Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

06-11-1995  Denmark, Germany, 
Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
European Union of 15 

06-11-1995 
04-06-2014  Denmark, Italy 

09-012004 

Czech Republic, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

 
 
Canada 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 
China 

China 

China 

China 
China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

strength low-alloy 
steel plate 
Wheat gluten 

Alloy Seamless 
Tubes 
Certain iron or steel 
fasteners 

Chloroprene Rubber 

Dispersion Unshifted 
Single-mode Optical 
Fiber 
EPDM 
Grain oriented flat-
rolled steel (GOES) 
halogenated butyl 
rubber 
meta-Cresol 

Perchlorethylene 
Phenol 

Photographic paper 

Polyamide-6 (PA6) 

AD 

Definitive 

23-04-2021  Belgium, Germany, 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

France, Lithuania, 
Austria 
10-05-2014  Germany, France, Italy 

Definitive 

Definitive 

29-06-2010  Germany, Spain, 

France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

10-05-2005  Germany, France, 

European Union of 15 

Definitive 

22-04-2011  Denmark, Germany, 

France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 

20-12-2020  Belgium, Germany 
23-07-2016  Germany, Poland, 
United Kingdom 
20-08-2018  Belgium, United 

Kingdom 

Definitive 

15-01-2021  Belgium, Denmark, 

Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 
Definitive 

30-05-2014  Germany, France 
06-09-2019  Belgium, Denmark, 

Definitive 

23-03-2012  Netherlands, United 

Germany, Spain, France 

Definitive 

22-04-2010  Belgium, Germany, 

Kingdom 

Italy, Netherlands, 
Poland 

Potato Starch 

CVD 

Definitive 

17-09-2011  Germany, France, 

Potato Starch 

spirits obtained by 
distilling grape wine 
in containers holding 
less than 200 liters 
(usually called 
Brandy) 

Stainless Steel Billet 
and Hot-rolled 
Stainless-Steel Plate 
(Coil) 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

06-02-2007  Germany, France, 

Netherlands 

Provisional 

11-10-2024  Belgium, Czech 

Netherlands 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 

AD 

Definitive 

23-07-2019  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 
13-03-2013  Germany 

China 

Toluidine 

AD 

Definitive 

 
 
China 

Colombia 

Egypt 

Ghana 
Gulf Cooperation 
Council 
India 
India 

India 

India 

Unbleached sack 
paper 
Frozen fries 

Edam and Gouda 
Cheese 

Super absorbent 
polymer (SAP) 
2-Ethyl Hexanol 
Normal Butanol or 
N-Butyl Alcohol 
Sodium Cyanide 

Toluene Di-
Isocyanate 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

09-04-2016  Austria, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria 

Definitive 

09-11-2018  Belgium, Germany, 

Definitive 

Netherlands 
10-01-2022  Netherlands 

Definitive 
Definitive 

30-03-2024 
04-03-2023  Belgium, France 

Definitive 
Definitive 

29-03-2016  Germany 
19-02-2016  Germany 

Definitive 

27-06-2024  Czech Republic, 

Germany 

Definitive 

02-12-2020  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Germany, 
Greece, Spain, Italy, 
Latvia, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Portugal, United 
Kingdom 

Indonesia 

Articles of Apparel 

SG 

Definitive 

12-11-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 

Indonesia 

Carpets 

SG 

Definitive 

17-02-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

Indonesia 

Ceramic tiles and 
mosaic 

SG 

Definitive 

12-10-2018  Germany, Spain, 

France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Indonesia 

Cigarette Paper 

SG 

Definitive 

30-11-2021  Czech Republic, 

Denmark, Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Lithuania, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland 

 
 
 
 
Indonesia 

Cotton; Man-Made 
Filaments; Man-
Made Staple Fibres; 
Special Woven 
Fabrics; Knitted or 
Crocheted Fabrics 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Ireland, 
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Curtains (Including 
Drapes), Interior 
Blinds, Bed 
Valances, and Other 
Furnishing Articles 
Evaporators 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020  Belgium, Denmark, 

Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Portugal, Sweden 

SG 

Definitive 

11-01-2020  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Romania, 
Croatia 
Spain, Italy 

Definitive 

24-12-2021 

Definitive 
Definitive 

17-09-2020 
France, Netherlands 
27-05-2020  Belgium, Germany, 

Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Sweden, Romania 

Definitive 
Definitive 

06-12-2016 
22-07-2018 

France 
Finland 

Provisional 
Definitive 

02-03-2020 
31-08-2021  Belgium, France, 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

16-09-2023 
31-08-2021 
31-08-2020 

Definitive 
Provisional 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

24-10-2023 
01-01-2024 
01-08-2019 
18-12-2024 
15-07-2024 

Poland 

France 

Spain, France, Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 

23-12-2015  Germany, France 
04-04-2018 

Spain 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 
Indonesia 

Korea/South 
Korea/South 

Lebanon 
Madagascar 

Madagascar 
Madagascar 
Madagascar 

Madagascar 
Madagascar 
Madagascar 
Madagascar 
Madagascar 

Mexico 
Mexico 

Expansible 
polystyrene 
Fructose syrup 
Yarn (other than 
sewing thread) of 
synthetic and 
artificial staple 
fibres) 
Butyl Glycol Ether 
Coated printing 
paper 
White refined sugar 
blankets and 
travelling rugs 
Concentrated milk 
detergents 
Edible vegetable oils 
and margarines 
Flour 
Napkins and diapers 
Pasta 
Water and oil paints 
Woven sacks and 
sheaths of 
polypropylene 
Hot rolled steel coils 
Seamless carbon 
steel pipes 

SG 

SG 
SG 

AD 
AD 

SG 
SG 

SG 
SG 
SG 

SG 
SG 
SG 
SG 
SG 

AD 
AD 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mexico 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Morocco 

Morocco 
Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

New Zealand 
New Zealand 
Pakistan 

Pakistan 
Philippines 

SACU 
South Africa 

South Africa 

South Africa 

Steel beams (H and 
I) 
Steel plate produced 
in Romania 
Stranded wire ropes 
& cables 
Hot rolled steel 
sheets (tôles d'acier 
laminées à chaud 
enroulées ou non 
enroulées) 
Insulin 
PVC 

Tubes and pipes iron 
or steel (Tubes et 
tuyaux en fer ou en 
acier) 
Wooden panels 
(Panneaux de bois 
revetus (PBR)) 
Canned peaches 
Preserved peaches 
CR Coils/Sheets 

Hydrogen Peroxide 
High-Density 
Polyethylene and 
Linear Low-Density 
Polyethylene pellets 
and granules 

Pasta 
Bolt ends & screw 
studs, screw studding 
and other hexagonal 
nuts 
Frozen bone-in 
portion of fowls of 
gallus domesticus 
Frozen chicken 

South Africa 

Frozen potato chips 

South Africa 

South Africa 

Ropes & cables of 
iron or steel 
Steel flat rolled 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 
AD 

SG 

Definitive 

25-02-2023  Germany, Spain 

Definitive 

22-09-2005 

Definitive 

27-02-2016 

Spain, Portugal 

Definitive 

19-06-2020 

Definitive 
Definitive 

28-10-2014  Denmark 
14-07-2017  Belgium, Germany, 

Spain, France, Portugal 

Definitive 

06-11-2020 

SG 

Definitive 

20-09-2019 

AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

09-03-1998  Greece 
Spain 
04-08-2011 
03-02-2022  Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Cyprus, Netherlands, 
Finland, Sweden 

Definitive 
Definitive 

15-07-2011  Belgium 
27-10-2022  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, Latvia, 
Lithuania, Netherlands, 
Austria, Finland, 
Sweden 
Latvia, Lithuania 

17-03-2022 
24-07-2020  Denmark, Germany, 

France, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Croatia 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

AD 

Definitive 

01-08-2022  Denmark, Spain, 

Ireland, Poland 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

Definitive 

27-02-2015  Germany, Netherlands, 

Definitive 

17-05-2023  Belgium, Germany, 

United Kingdom 

Netherlands 

Definitive 

28-08-2002  Germany, United 

Kingdom 

Provisional 

08-07-2024  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 

Thailand 

Thailand 

Hot-rolled flat in 
coils and not in coils 
Tin free steel 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

27-05-2003 

Slovakia, Romania 

Definitive 

13-11-2021  Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Netherlands 

Thailand 

Tinplate 

AD 

Definitive 

13-11-2021  Belgium, Germany, 

Tunisia 

Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 
Turkey 

Wire of iron or non-
alloy steel for 
springs. 
AC woven fabriccs 
of synthetic filament 
yarn 
Chains 
Electrical water 
heaters 
Fabrics, 
impregnated, coated, 
covered or laminated 
with polyurethane, 
imitation 
leather/others 
Fittings 
Grinding balls 

Hinges. Anti-
circumvention case. 
Hot rolled bars and 
rods 

Hot rolled steel alloy 
and non-alloy 

Laminated flooring 
Poly(ethylene 
terephthalate) - PET 
Polyurethane 
artificial leather 
Polyvinyl chloride 
(PVC) 

Sodium Percarbonate 
Solar panels 
Synthetic staple 
fibres of polyesters 

SG 

Definitive 

30-11-2023  Belgium, Italy, Portugal 

Spain, France, 
Netherlands 

AD 

Definitive 

22-08-2015  Bulgaria 

Definitive 
Definitive 

09-07-2019 
19-09-2013 

Italy 

Definitive 

18-01-2024 

France, Bulgaria 

Definitive 
Definitive 

07-09-2006 
27-07-2022  Germany, Spain, 

Spain 

Definitive 

20-10-2017  Greece, Spain, Italy 

France, Netherlands, 
Bulgaria 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 
SG 

AD 

SG 

Definitive 

AD 

Definitive 

15-06-2024  Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Romania 

07-07-2022  Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Romania 

AD 
SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-06-2015  Germany 
13-12-2020  Germany, Greece, 

Definitive 

15-06-2022  Greece 

Spain, Italy 

Definitive 

06-02-2003  Belgium, Germany, 

Greece, Italy, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Finland, 
Romania 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

02-03-2018  Germany, Sweden 
27-09-2024  Croatia 
24-09-2021  Czech Republic, 
Ireland, Poland, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

 
 
 
Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Toothbrushes 

Tubes and pipes of 
refined copper 
Uncoated paper and 
paperboard 

SG 

AD 

SG 

Definitive 

Definitive 

03-02-2018  Germany, Netherlands, 
Sweden 
17-10-2017  Greece 

Definitive 

28-06-2024  Belgium, Czech 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Woven fabrics of 
synthetic and 
artificial staple fibres 
Woven Fabrics of 
Synthetic Filament 
Yarn and Woven 
Fabrics of Synthetic 
and Artificial Stable 
Fibers 

Turkey 

Turkey 

United Kingdom 

Woven fabrics of 
synthetic filament 
yarn; Woven fabrics 
of synthetic or 
artificial staple fibres 
Yarn of polyamides 
and other nylon 
Certain steel 
products 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 
Poland, Bulgaria 

AD 

Definitive 

22-08-2015 

AD 

Definitive 

20-02-2024  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Spain, France, Ireland, 
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Romania, 
Croatia 
26-08-2021  Germany, Spain, Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

SG 

SG 

Definitive 

21-11-2019  Germany, Italy, Poland, 
Slovakia 

Definitive 

01-07-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 

United States 
United States 
United States 

United States 

Acetone 
Brass sheet & strip 
Carbon & alloy steel 
cut to lenght plate 
Certain carbon and 
alloy steel wire rod 

AD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

20-12-2019  Belgium, Spain 
06-03-1987  Germany, France, Italy 
05-05-2017  Belgium, Germany, 

CVD 

Definitive 

19-03-2018 

France, Italy, Austria 
Italy 

 
 
United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 
United States 

Certain carbon and 
alloy steel wire rod 
Certain Cold-Drawn 
Mechanical Tubing 
of Carbon and Alloy 
Steel 
Certain hot-rolled 
steel flat products 
Certain preserved 
mushrooms 
Chlorinated 
isocyanurates 
Citric acid, sodium 
citrate, and 
potassium citrate 
(also in blends under 
HS 382499) 
Common alloy 
aluminum sheet 

Corrosion-resistant 
steel 
Corrosion-resistant 
steel 
Crystalline silicon 
photovoltaic (CSPV) 
cells (whether or not 
partially or fully 
assembled into other 
products) 
Emulsion styrene-
butadiene rubber 
(ESB rubber) 
Fine denier polyester 
staple fiber (PSF) 

Finished Carbon 
Steel Flanges 
Forged steel fittings 
Forged Steel Fluid 
End Blocks 
Forged Steel Fluid 
End Blocks 
Large Diameter 
Welded Pipes 
Mattresses 

Methionine 
Non-oriented 
electrical steel 
Paper shopping bags 
Pasta 
Pasta 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

20-03-2018 

Spain, Italy, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

16-04-2018  Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

12-09-2016  Netherlands, United 

Definitive 

23-05-2023 

Definitive 

24-06-2005 

Kingdom 
Spain, France, 
Netherlands, Poland 
Spain 

Definitive 

25-07-2018  Belgium 

AD 

Definitive 

27-04-2021  Germany, Greece, 

AD 

Definitive 

15-07-2016 

Spain, Italy, Slovenia, 
Romania, Croatia 
Italy 

CVD 

Definitive 

15-09-2016 

Italy 

SG 

Definitive 

07-02-2018  Germany, Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

12-09-2017 

Poland 

SG 

Definitive 

23-11-2024  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Greece, Spain, France, 
Ireland, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania 
Spain, Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

29-07-2017 

AD 
CVD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

05-10-2018 
28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 

Italy 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 
CVD 

Definitive 

28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

27-02-2019  Greece 

Definitive 

11-07-2024 

Spain, Italy, Poland, 
Slovenia, Bulgaria 
Spain, France 

23-07-2021 
18-11-2014  Germany, Sweden 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

18-07-2024 
24-07-1996 
24-07-1996 

Portugal 
Italy 
Italy 

 
 
United States 

United States 
United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 
United States 
United States 

Viet Nam 

Prestressed Concrete 
Steel Wire Strand 
Ripe olives 
Ripe Olives 
Seamless line and 
pressure pipe 
Seamless pipe 
Seamless pipe small 
diameter 
Sodium Nitrite 
Stainless steel butt-
weld pipe fittings 
Stainless steel plates 
in coils 
Steel concrete 
reinforcing bars 
x752 
Strontium Chromate 
Thermal paper 
Uncoated paper 
Utility Scale Wind 
towers 
Semi-finished and 
finished products of 
alloy&non-alloy 
steel 

AD 

Definitive 

09-04-2021 

CVD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

01-08-2018 
01-08-2018 
03-08-1995  Germany 

Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands 
Spain 
Spain 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

04-03-1997  Germany 
11-10-2011  Romania 

Definitive 
Definitive 

27-08-2008  Germany 
23-02-2001 

Italy 

Definitive 

21-05-1999  Belgium 

Definitive 

07-09-2001 

Poland 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

08-10-2019 
France, Austria 
30-09-2021  Germany, Spain 
20-01-2016 
16-08-2021 

Portugal 
Spain 

Definitive 

02-08-2016  Belgium, Germany, 

France, Austria