COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 2025 Rule of Law Report Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Greece Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2025 Rule of Law Report The rule of law situation in the European Union
Date: 2025-07-08
Institutions: European Commission, Secretariat-General
Subjects: Greece, administrative transparency, corruption, democracy, freedom of the press, human rights, independence of the judiciary, pluralism in the media, rule of law, whistleblowing

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Strasbourg, 8.7.2025  SWD(2025) 908 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 2025 Rule of Law Report                  Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Greece Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2025 Rule of Law Report                    The rule of law situation in the European Union {COM(2025) 900 final} - {SWD(2025) 901 final} - {SWD(2025) 902 final} - {SWD(2025) 903 final} - {SWD(2025) 904 final} - {SWD(2025) 905 final} - {SWD(2025) 906 final} - {SWD(2025) 907 final} - {SWD(2025) 909 final} - {SWD(2025) 910 final} - {SWD(2025) 911 final} - {SWD(2025) 912 final} - {SWD(2025) 913 final} - {SWD(2025) 914 final} - {SWD(2025) 915 final} - {SWD(2025) 916 final} - {SWD(2025) 917 final} - {SWD(2025) 918 final} - {SWD(2025) 919 final} - {SWD(2025) 920 final} - {SWD(2025) 921 final} - {SWD(2025) 922 final} - {SWD(2025) 923 final} - {SWD(2025) 924 final} - {SWD(2025) 925 final} - {SWD(2025) 926 final} - {SWD(2025) 927 final} - {SWD(2025) 928 final} - {SWD(2025) 929 final} - {SWD(2025) 930 final} - {SWD(2025) 931 final}  
 
 
ABSTRACT 
In Greece, following a recent reform, the judiciary is being involved in appointments to the 
highest positions in  the court system. Initiatives to  restore public trust  in the  justice system 
are  put  forward  by  the  judiciary.  The  decision  to  launch  disciplinary  proceedings  against 
judges on grounds resulting from the content of their decisions  gave rise to a debate within 
the magistracy. Major reforms related to rule of law are being undertaken in dialogue with the 
Commission and financed under the Recovery and Resilience  Facility and supported by the 
Technical  Support  instrument.  The  implementation  of  the  new  judicial  map  in  civil  and 
criminal justice, and projects to improve the level of digitalisation are advancing well. Efforts 
to  promote  the  use  of  alternative  dispute  resolution,  including  plans  to  revise  existing 
legislation, are welcomed by businesses. The length of court proceedings still raises serious 
challenges  and,  although  initial  signals  from  the  implementation  of  recent  reforms  are 
encouraging, it is still early to assess results.  
A  new  National  Anti-Corruption  Action  Plan  is  being  developed,  and  the  National 
Transparency Authority has a new Management Board. Organisational changes in the police 
force were made to better combat organised crime and improve disciplinary procedures.  An 
interoperable  common  case  management  system  is  in  preparation  as  efforts  to  improve  the 
track record of prosecutions and final judgments in corruption cases, including in high-level 
cases continue. A reorganisation of the police aims to strengthen integrity. The law on asset 
declarations  was  revised  to  facilitate  the  process  of  submission  and  verification  of  interest 
declarations. Amendments to the rules on political party funding provide clearer grounds for 
reimbursement or suspension of state funding. The effective implementation and enforcement 
of  the  rules  on  lobbying  has  improved  but  further  measures  are  needed.  Efforts  to  mitigate 
corruption risks in public procurement and improve licensing procedures are seen as positive 
developments by businesses. 
Resources  of  the  media  regulator  have  been  strengthened  as  the  number  of  employees  has 
increased  but  concerns  remain  regarding  its  independence,  and  funding.  The  new 
appointment procedures of administrative bodies introduce positive changes, while concerns 
about  the  legislative  framework  and  political  independence  of  the  public  service  media 
persist. Transparency of media ownership is strengthened by the continued operation of the 
Registry  for  Print  Media  and  the  Registry  for  Electronic  Press.  A  new  law  strengthening 
publicity  and  transparency  in  the  printed  and  electronic  press,  reinforcing  editorial 
independence and institutional safeguards regarding state advertising, byline journalism and 
copyright protectionwas adopted in June 2025. The legal framework concerning the right of 
access  to  documents  has  been  improved  significantly,  while  challenges  remain  in  its 
implementation.  There  have  been  several  positive  developments  in  the  landscape  for 
journalist  safety,  although  challenges  remain  on  the  ground.    Efforts  building  on  measures 
taken in previous years amount to important steps concerning legislative and non-legislative 
safeguards to improve the protection of journalists, in particular as regards abusive lawsuits. 
The  positive  trend  of  avoiding  expedited  legislative  procedures  continues  and  the  statutory 
timeframe for public consultations is being observed, while participation and transparency in 
the law-making process could be further improved. Efforts are under way to ensure that the 
judiciary  is  more  involved  in  overseeing  the  immunity  regime  for  members  of  the 
Government.  Previously  identified  challenges  regarding  the  appointment  of  members  of 
independent  authorities  established  by  the  Constitution  remain.  Progress  with  the  judicial 
investigation  following  the  Pylos  shipwreck  is  a  positive  development  to  start  addressing 
deficiencies  in  investigating  incidents  of  alleged  misconduct  involving  law  enforcement 
officers.  Engagement  with  civil  society  organisations  is  not  yet  placed  on  a  regular  and 
sustained basis. 

1 

 
 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS 

Overall, concerning the recommendations in the 2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece has made: 

•  Some  further  progress  on  continuing  efforts  to  establish  a  robust  track  record  of 
prosecutions and final judgments in corruption cases, including high-level corruption. 
•  Significant  progress  on  further  advancing  with  the  process  of  adopting  legislative  and 
non-legislative safeguards to improve the protection of journalists, in particular as regards 
abusive  lawsuits  against  journalists  and  their  safety,  in  line  with  the  adopted 
Memorandum  of  Understanding  and  taking  into  account  European  standards  on  the 
protection of journalists. 

•  Some  further  progress  on  stepping  up  the  efforts  to  ensure  the  effective  and  timely 
consultation  in  practice  of  stakeholders  on  draft  legislation,  including  by  observing  the 
statutory timeframe for public consultation. 

•  Limited progress on the evaluation of the existing legal framework for the registration of 

civil society organisations and the establishment of a structured dialogue. 

On this basis, and considering other developments that took place in the period of reference, 
in  addition  to  recalling  the  relevant  commitments  made  under  the  Recovery  and  Resilience 
Plan, and the relevant country-specific recommendations under the European Semester, it is 
recommended to Greece to: 

•  Continue efforts to establish a robust track record of prosecutions and final judgments in 

• 

corruption cases, including high-level corruption.  
Improve the lobbying framework, including by reviewing the definition of a lobbyist and 
ensuring effective implementation.  

•  Continue  ongoing  efforts  to  strengthen  legislative  and  non-legislative  safeguards  to 
improve the safety and protection of journalists, in particular as regards abusive lawsuits, 
in  line  with  the  adopted  Memorandum  of  Understanding  and  taking  into  account 
European standards on the protection of journalists.  

•  Develop a regular and sustained structured dialogue with civil society organisations, and 
simplify  registration  requirements  for  civil  society  organisations  in  view  of  maintaining 
an open framework for them to operate. 

2 

 
 
 
 
I. 

JUSTICE SYSTEM1  

Independence  

The  level  of  perceived  judicial  independence  in  Greece  is  now  low  among  the  general 
public  and  continues  to  be  average  among  companies.  Overall,  38%  of  the  general 
population and 49% of companies perceive the level of independence of courts and judges to 
be  ‘fairly  or  very  good’  in  20252.  The  perceived  judicial  independence  among  the  general 
public has slightly decreased in comparison with 2024 (40%) and has significantly decreased 
in comparison with 2021 (55%). The perceived judicial independence among companies has 
slightly increased in  comparison  with  2024 (48%) and is  lower than in 2021 (60%). Justice 
stakeholders  consider  that  public  perceptions  are  affected  by  several  high-profile  cases  and 
agree  that  restoring  trust  in  the  judicial  system  and  improving  perceptions  should  be  a 
priority3.  

Following  a  recent  reform,  the  judiciary  is  being  involved  for  the  first  time  in 
appointments to the highest positions in the court system. In May 2025, the new provision 
foreseeing the involvement of the administrative plenaries of the three highest courts in the 
appointment  procedure  of  their  Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents4  was  further  amended 
following  a  proposal  submitted  by  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Council  of  State  regarding 
mainly  the  voting  process5.  In  June  2025,  the  administrative  plenary  of  the  Supreme  Court 
submitted  to  the  Government  its  non-binding  opinion  for  the  appointment  of  its  new 
president, vice-presidents and the Prosecutor General6. A wide range of justice stakeholders 
have  welcomed  the  reform.  Some  consider  that  the  involvement  of  the  judiciary  could  be 
further  strengthened,  for  instance  by  introducing  an  obligation  to  choose  a  candidate  only 
from  among  the  shortlisted  candidates  put  forward  by  the  judiciary7.  Such  a  further  reform 
would require constitutional revision8. The Government has already announced its intention 

1  An overview of the institutional framework for all four pillars can be found here. 
2   Figures 50 and 52, 2025 EU Justice Scoreboard and Figures  51 and 53, 2023 EU Justice Scoreboard. The 
level  of  perceived  judicial  independence  is  categorised  as  follows:  very  low  (below  30%  of  respondents 
perceive judicial independence as fairly good and very good); low (between 30-39%), average (between 40-
59%), high (between 60-75%), very high (above 75%). 

3   Country  visit  Greece,  Ministry  of  Justice,  Prosecutors,  Supreme  Court,  Court  of  Audit,  Associations  of 

judges and Athens Bar Association.   

4   This  reform fully  implemented  previous  recommendations addressed  to  Greece  to  involve  the  judiciary  in 

appointments to the highest positions in the judiciary. 2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, pp. 3-4.  

5   The amendment introduces limitations to the pool of candidates linked to seniority and a minimum number 
of  votes  that  could  be  casted  per  judge.  It  also  extends  the  scope  of  the  reform  to  the appointment  of  the 
General Commissioner of the State. Law 5197/2025, Article 36.  

6   Supreme Court (2025b). The next steps include a non-binding opinion by the Conference of Presidents of 
Parliament  and  a  proposal  by  the  Minister  of  Justice  before  the  final  decision  is  taken  by  the  Council  of 
Ministers.    

7   Country  visit  Greece,  Court  of  Audit,  Prosecutors,  Athens  Bar  Association,  Association  of  Judges  and 
Prosecutors and the Association of Judges of the Court of Audit. The Association of Administrative Judges 
referred to a system where appointments are decided by Parliament based on a list of candidates selected by 
a body, which also includes judges in its composition. The Association of Judges of the Council of State also 
welcomed  the  reform  and  underlined  the  need  for  the  executive  to  follow  in  practice  the  opinions  of  the 
judiciary, Association of Judges of the Council of State (2025), written input, p. 2.  

8   Constitution of Greece, Article 90 para 5. See also 2023 Rule of Law Report, Greece, p. 4. 

3 

 
 
 
to include this in the forthcoming revision of the Constitution, scheduled to begin later this 
year, as part of the efforts to restore public trust in the judiciary9.  

Initiatives  aiming  to  restore  public  trust  in  the  justice  system  are  put  forward  by  the 
judiciary.  In  April  2025,  the  Association  of  Judges  and  Prosecutors  put  forward  to 
representatives of all political parties their proposals aiming to reinforce the independence of 
the  judiciary,  including  a  proposal  for  a  post-retirement  cooling  off  period10.  According  to 
judges’  associations  and  the  Bar,  the  introduction  of  a  rule  preventing  judges  from  holding 
public  positions  during  a  period  of  three  years  after  their  retirement  could  strike  a  fair 
balance,  allowing  the  public  sector  to  benefit  from  judges’  status  and  experience,  while 
avoiding  perceptions  of  interdependence  with  the  executive11.  Representatives  of  the 
Supreme  Court  and  the  Council  of  State  consider  that  the  existing  guarantees  of 
independence  and  the  high  ethical  standards  inherent  to  judicial  functions  render  the 
introduction  of  a  cooling-off  period  unnecessary12.  The  Government  is  reflecting  on  a 
legislative  framework  to  allow  for  post-retirement  activities  for  judges  based  on  objective, 
transparent criteria13.  

The  decision  to  launch  disciplinary  proceedings  against  judges  on  grounds  resulting 
from the content of their decisions gave rise to a debate within the magistracy. In March 
2025,  controversy  arose  when  the  President  of  the  Supreme  Court  ordered  the  Inspection 
Board to assess the possible disciplinary liability of members of the judiciary because of their 
decision not to impose procedural coercion measures to the accused in an ongoing criminal 
case.  Disciplinary  liability  of  a  judge  resulting  from  a  judicial  decision  must  be  seen  as  an 
exceptional  measure,  given 
independence. 
its  potential  consequences 
Associations of judges and the Bar reacted by reiterating that judicial decisions, even if they 
contain  legal  or  factual  errors,  are  only  subject  to  legal  remedies  and  cannot  result  in 
disciplinary  action  against  the  judge  who  took  them14.  The  Supreme  Court  rejected  the 
criticism, noting that judges’ freedom of opinion does not mean that they are not subject to 
any control15.  

judicial 

for 

Quality  

The implementation of the new judicial  map in civil  and criminal  justice is  advancing 
well. The consolidation of the first degree of jurisdiction with the merging of the magistrate’s 

9   Country visit Greece, Ministry of Justice.   
10   Association of Judges and prosecutors (2025a). 
11   The appointment, in October 2024, of a retired senior prosecutor as the head of the judicial police following 
a required two-year cooling off period was presented as setting a good precedent, Law 5049/2023, article 3 
(3). Country visit Greece, Athens Bar Association, Court of Audit, Association of judges and prosecutors; 
Association of Administrative Judges, Association of Judges of the Court of Audit. 

12   Country visit Greece, Supreme Court and Council of State.  
13   Greek Government (2025a).  
14   Association of Judges and Prosecutors (2025a), Association of Administrative Judges (2025a), Association 
of  Prosecutors  (2025)  and  Association  of  Judges  of  the  Council  of  State  (2025a);  Plenary  of  the  Bar 
associations  (2025).  A  similar  decision  of  the  President  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  June  2024  had  also 
provoked similar reactions. Association of Judges and Prosecutors, Association of Prosecutors and Athens 
Bar association (2024). 

15   Supreme Court (2025a). In response, the Code of Criminal Procedure was amended to foresee the right of 
senior prosecutors to ask for the judicial review of decisions regarding coercive measures (Law 5197/2025, 
Article 58). 

4 

 
 
 
 
courts and the courts of first  instance entered into force in  September 202416. A first  set  of 
necessary  amendments  to  the  Codes  of  Civil  and  Criminal  Procedure  and  the  Courts  Code 
was adopted, while further legislative changes are expected, including in relation to the career 
of former magistrates and the process for their reclassification as judges. A survey conducted 
by  the  World  Bank  among  members  of  the  judiciary  and  court  staff  impacted  by  the  new 
judicial map, as well as initial statistical data collected by the Government, already showed 
promising  results  of  the  reform17.  Prosecutors  noted  that  the  increase  in  court  hearings 
resulting  from  the  merging  of  first  instance  courts  requires  an  increase  in  the  number  of 
prosecutors18.  

Projects  to  improve  the  level  of  digitalisation  are  advancing.  In  criminal  proceedings, 
remote hearings of witnesses and the accused were introduced, while the public can monitor 
online  the  progress  of  cases.  In  December  2024,  the  first  remote  hearing  took  place  in 
administrative  justice.  Major  projects,  funded  by  the  Recovery  and  Resilience  Facility, 
including  the  upgrading  of  case  management  systems  in  administrative,  civil  and  criminal 
justice,  are  expected  to  be  completed  at  the  beginning  of  2026  and  to  cover  almost  all 
workflows carried out by courts19. While lawyers recognise the progress made, they highlight 
that  it  is  still  limited  to  certain  courts,  and  the  parallel  use  of  electronic  and  paper  systems 
creates  practical  difficulties  for  practitioners.  The  application  e-pinakio,  which  allows 
lawyers to monitor in real time the daily agenda of court hearings before civil, criminal and 
administrative  courts,  has  become  operational.  The  Bar  welcomed  this  development  which 
facilitates  their  work20.  Access  to  case-law  is  also  progressing.  A  majority  of  anonymised 
judgments  of  the  highest  courts  are  available  on  their  respective  websites21,  but  not  yet  the 
majority of those issued by ordinary courts22. Ongoing projects intend to digitalise access to 
the  case-law  of  ordinary  courts,  and  thus  also  address  the  shortcomings  identified  by  the 
European Court of Human Rights in that respect23. The Court of Audit is developing an AI 
tool to assist judges in preparing draft decisions24. The digitalisation of the notary profession 
is at an adequate level and will further advance with the creation of the electronic registry of 
wills25. 

Efforts  to  promote  the  use  of  alternative  dispute  resolution,  including  plans  to  revise 
existing  legislation,  are  welcomed  by  business  stakeholders.  While  there  are  already 
promising  results  from  the  use  of  mediation  in  family  and  inheritance  disputes,  more 
generally  the  efforts  to  promote  the  use  of  alternative  dispute  resolution  tools  and  provide 
incentives  have  been  rather  limited26.  The  Government  is  moving  forward  with  plans  to 
revise the existing framework and adopt codified legislation for alternative dispute resolution, 

16   2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, p. 7. 
17   Greek Government (2025), written input,  pp. 16-20. The Greek Government estimates that the reform has 
already  increased  the  productivity  of  courts.  The  first  statistical  data  relating  to  the  implementation  of  the 
judicial map are encouraging and confirm initial estimations, Greek Government (2025a). 

18   Country visit Greece, Prosecutors.  
19   Greek Government (2025), written input, pp. 34-39.  
20   Athens Bar Association (2025) and Country visit Greece; CCBE (2025), written input, p. 96. 
21   Council of State (2024); Greek Government (2025), written input, 26-28. 
22   2025 EU Justice Scoreboard, Figure 47. Athens Bar Association (2025). 
23   Judgment of ECtHR, application 51774/17, Tsiolis v. Greece, paras 75-81 and 84-86.  
24   Country visit Greece, Court of Audit and Association of judges of the Court of Audit.  
25   The platform intends to speed up the procedure of publication of wills and contribute to the decongestion of 
courts.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  currently  40 000  requests  for  publication  pending  before  the  Athens 
courts. Country visit Greece, Athens Association of Notaries.   
26   2024, 2025 EU Justice Scoreboards, Figures 28 and 26 respectively. 

5 

 
 
 
including judicial and extra-judicial mediation and arbitration, by September 2025. A special 
secretariat  was  established  at  the  Ministry  of  Justice  for  this  purpose27.  Business 
representatives strongly support efforts to promote alternative dispute resolution28. 

The  highest  courts  appointed  spokespersons  to  ensure  better  communication  with  the 
public. The Supreme Court, the Council of State and the Court of Audit designated judges in 
charge of communicating with the media and providing information on the Courts’ activities 
and  case-law,  including  on  important  cases29.  The  Council  of  State  introduced  as  a  good 
practice the issuing of statements by its President to announce important judgments of public 
interest and of publishing clear and reader-friendly information about these judgments in the 
form of questions and answers30.  

Efficiency 

The  length  of  court  proceedings  still  raises  serious  challenges  and,  although  initial 
signals  from  the  implementation  of  recent  reforms  are  encouraging,  it  is  still  early  to 
assess results.  The disposition  time in litigious civil  and commercial cases  at  first  instance 
courts has further deteriorated, reaching 771 days in 2023 (compared to  746 days in 2022), 
the  longest  in  the  EU,  while  the  clearance  rate  for  litigious  civil  and  commercial  cases 
slightly decreased to 92% (93% in 2022), still remaining clearly below 100% and among the 
lowest  of  the  EU.  For  administrative  cases,  the  disposition  time  at  first  instance  courts  has 
further  improved  to  439  days  in  2023  (464  days  in  2022).  In  parallel,  their  clearance  rate 
remains among the highest of the EU (121%, compared to 127% in 2022). On the contrary, 
proceedings  before  the  Council  of  State  remained  very  long,  at  1 232  days  in  2023  (1 239 
days  in  2022)31.  All  stakeholders  consider  the  persisting  delays  in  the  administration  of 
justice to be the biggest challenge for the judicial system32. The length of judicial proceedings 
is  pivotal  for  the  correct  functioning  of  the  economy  and  good  performance  in  other 
dimensions33. 56.2% of companies in Greece consider lengthy judicial proceedings as a major 
obstacle to business growth34. There are positive signals from the implementation of several 
recent reforms, including the new procedure before the Council of State and the transfer of 
some  categories  of  non-litigious  cases  from  courts  to  lawyers,  but  more  time  is  needed  to 
measure  their  impact  on  the  overall  efficiency  of  justice.  Lawyers  and  notaries  noted  that 
further  categories  of  non-litigious  cases  could  be  transferred  to  them  in  order  to  further 
contribute to  decongesting civil  courts and improve  their efficiency35. The planned revision 
of the Code of Civil Procedure is also expected to speed up the administration of justice and 

27   Greek Government (2025), written input, pp. 50-51. 
28   Country visit Greece, business associations.  
29   Greek Government (2025), written input, pp. 25-26. Association of Judges of the  Council of State (2025), 

written input, p. 1. 

30   Council of State (2025a, b). 
31   2025 EU Justice Scoreboard, Figures 5, 7, 8, 10 and 11. 
32   Country visit Greece, Court of Audit, Supreme Court, Council of State, Associations of judges, Association 
of  notaries,  Athens  Bar  Association,  Business  Associations;  National  Human  Rights  Commission,  Civil 
Society. Association of Judges of the Council of State (2025), written input, p.1. 

33   IMF (2025), Enhancing Judicial System Efficiency in Greece: Drivers and Economic Impact, p. 6; European 

Semester (2025) Greece, pp. 7, 10, 11 and SWD(2025)208, pp. 9 and 14. 

34   Hellenic  Federation  of  Enterprises  (SEV),  2025  Business  Pulse.  For  medium  enterprises  the  percentage 

reaches 80%.  

35   Country visit Greece, Association of notaries and Athens Bar Association. 

6 

 
 
 
in  particular  address  existing  delays  in  scheduling  trial  dates,  an  issue  highlighted  by  all 
stakeholders36.  

Responsibility for establishing a penalty of salary reduction in case of unjustified delays 
was  amended  to  ensure  a  more  effective  implementation.  A  reduction  of  salary  may  be 
applied to judges who, due to their own fault, fail to fulfil their judicial duties. This includes 
repeated  unjustified  delays  in  drafting  decisions  and  handling  cases.  The  power  to  impose 
such decisions has been transferred from the presidents of the courts where these judges serve 
to  the  President  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  civil  and  criminal  justice  and  to  the  General 
Commissioner  of  State  for  administrative  justice.  Judges  concerned  have  a  right  to  appeal 
within ten days before the competent Supreme Judicial Council37.   

II. 

ANTI-CORRUPTION FRAMEWORK  

The  perception  among  experts,  citizens  and  business  executives  is  that  the  level  of 
corruption  in  the  public  sector  is  high.  In  the  2024  Corruption  Perceptions  Index  by 
Transparency International, Greece scores 49/100 and ranks 21st in the European Union and 
59th globally38. This perception has been relatively stable over the past five years39. The 2025 
Special  Eurobarometer  on  Corruption  shows  that  97%  of  respondents  consider  corruption 
widespread  in  their  country  (EU  average  69%)  and  66%  of  respondents  feel  personally 
affected by corruption in their daily lives (EU average 30%). As regards businesses, 97% of 
companies consider that corruption is widespread (EU average 63%) and 75% consider that 
corruption  is  a  problem  when  doing  business  (EU  average  35%).  Furthermore,  33%  of 
respondents find that there are enough successful prosecutions to deter people from  corrupt 
practices  (EU  average  36%),  while  24%  of  companies  believe  that  people  and  businesses 
caught for bribing a senior official are appropriately punished (EU average 33%)40.  

A new National Anti-Corruption Action Plan (NACAP) is being developed. The National 
Transparency  Authority  (NTA)  has  begun  preparations  for  a  new  NACAP  covering  2026–
2029. It has carried out a survey involving citizens, public servants, auditors, academics and 
policy representatives and is working on a comprehensive mapping of corruption risks, which 
it  expects  to  finalise  by  the  end  of  June  2025.  It  will  also  engage  in  an  ex  post  external 
evaluation  of  the  current  NACAP  (2022–2025).  A  small  number  of  actions  relating  to 
ongoing projects financed under the Recovery and Resilience Plan may be rolled over from 
the current Action Plan to the new one. The new Action Plan is expected to be in place in the 
first half of 2026 following Ministerial Council approval41.  

A new Management Board was appointed to the National Transparency Authority. The 
NTA’s  new  Management  Board,  made  up  of  the  President  and  four  Members,  was 
established in September 2024. A new Governor is expected to be appointed by the end of the 

36   Country visit Greece, Supreme  Court,  Athens Bar Association and Association of Judges and prosecutors. 

IMF (2025), p. 19. 

37   Article 50 of Law 4938/2022. Greek Government (2025), written input, p. 23. 
38   The level of perceived corruption is categorised as follows: low (above 79); relatively low (between 79-60), 

relatively high (between 59-50), high (below 50). 

39   In 2020 the score was 50, while in 2024, the score is 49. The score significantly increases/decreases when it 
changes  more  than  five  points;  improves/deteriorates  (changes  between  4-5  points);  is  relatively  stable 
(changes from 1-3 points) in the last five years. 

40   Data from Special Eurobarometer 561 (2025) and Flash Eurobarometer 557 (2025). 
41   Greek Government (2025), written input p.61; Country visit, Greece, NTA.  

7 

 
 
 
summer  202542.  Recruitment  for  inspectors-auditors  and  administrative  staff  continued  at 
both central and regional level. More posts are expected to be taken up during 2025 to fill the 
vacant posts  (139 compared to  122 in  March 2024 out  of a total  of 503 posts)43. To attract 
more staff, a flexible framework is already in place for mobility of inspectors-auditors carried 
out  exclusively  by  the  NTA,  with  secondments  through  a  single  decision  of  the  Governor. 
The NTA is still looking for new premises that can house all its staff together at one location, 
which is important to improve coordination and efficiency44.  

An  interoperable  common  case  management  system  is  in  preparation  as  efforts  to 
improve  the  track  record  of  prosecutions  and  final  judgments  in  corruption  cases, 
including in high-level corruption cases, continues45. Investigations on corruption offences 
by  the  Financial  Police  Division  in  2024  increased  slightly  to  112  compared  to  2023  (106 
cases).  The  data  provided  by  the  Economic  Crime  Public  Prosecutor’s  Office  show  that  it 
handled  fewer  corruption  offences  (bribery,  misappropriation  and  embezzlement)  in  2024 
than  in  2023  (71  compared  to  157).  Official  aggregated  statistics  show  that  the  number  of 
ongoing and concluded prosecutions and the number of convictions for corruption offences, 
including at high-level, in 2024 was slightly lower than in 202346. Two foreign bribery cases 
are  still  at  the  preliminary  investigation  phase47.  The  Government  is  in  the  process  of 
developing  an  interoperable  common  corruption  case  management  register  enabling  all 
competent  authorities  to  centrally  record  and  track  corruption  cases  from  the  start  of  an 
investigation to the sentencing, thereby gaining a complete picture of the timelines and state 
of play of these cases. The authorities consider that this  will improve the reliability of data 
and  should  help  in  tackling  corruption  cases  more  efficiently.  The  system’s  legal  and 
technical specifications are being drafted and a tender is expected to be given by the end of 
2025  and  developed  in  202648.  In  addition,  in  2025  the  Criminal  Code  was  amended  to 
include  a  distinct  ‘obstruction  of  justice’  offence  and  expand  the  ‘favourable  measures’ 
(mitigating circumstances) for offenders who cooperate with the authorities and help uncover 

42   National  Transparency  Authority  (2025).  The  new  Management  Board  was  approved  by  the  Parliament’s 
Institutions and Transparency Committee and established by the Government on 30 September 2024. Greek 
Government  and  CSOs  (2025),  written  and  additional  input,  p.  59  and  p.  3  respectively.  Country  visit, 
Greece, Ministry of Interior and NTA. 

43  On  13  June  2025  the  final  results  for  the  53  positions  for  secondments  of  Inspectors-Auditors  were 

published. 

44    The  NTA  is  currently  operating  out  of  five  buildings  across  Athens.  The  occupancy  rate  for  inspectors-
auditors is at 74% (238 out of 320 posts). A call for the recruitment of 53 inspectors-auditors published in 
July  2024  is  still  ongoing.  Thirteen  administrative  staff  are  expected  to  be  recruited  in  2025.  A  request  to 
cover  27  posts  via  secondment/mobility  of  civil  servants  is  expected  to  be  concluded  in  2025.  Greek 
Government (2025), written input, p. 55. Country visit, Greece, Ministry of Interior and the NTA.  

45   The 2024 Rule of Law Report recommended to Greece to “continue efforts to establish a robust track record 

of prosecutions and final judgments in corruption cases, including high-level corruption”. 

46   In  2024,  there  were  no  concluded  prosecutions  for  bribery  of  political  officials  (same  as  2023),  judges  (1 
case in 2023) or employees of international organisations (2 cases in 2023). Ongoing prosecutions included 
1 case for bribery of political officials (same as 2023), 1 for bribery of judges (2 in 2023) and 2 for bribery 
of employees of international organisations (4 in 2023). At appeals court level, there were no convictions for 
bribery of national public officials compared to 4 in 2023. There were 2 acquittals for bribery of judges and 
employees of international organisations (none in 2023).  Greek Government (2025), written input, Annex I. 
47   Country visit, Greece,  Ministry of Justice. On 21 November 2024, the NTA, together with the  Diplomatic 
Academy  of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  organised  an  online  webinar  on  the  OCED  Anti-Bribery 
Convention that analysed the  main points of the OECD Convention and provided an  overview of national 
initiatives for its effective implementation. 

48   Greek Government (2025), written input, p. 54 and Country visit Greece, Ministry of Justice and additional 

written input, pp. 17-23.  

8 

 
 
 
complex corruption and organised crime offences49. The authorities expect that these recent 
developments should contribute to an improved track record. Cooperation between the EPPO 
and the police and the national prosecution offices is overall satisfactory50. Considering these 
developments,  there  has  been  some  further  progress  in  the  implementation  of  the 
recommendation made in the 2024 Rule of Law Report. 

A  reorganisation  of  the  police  aims  to  strengthen  integrity  and  improve  disciplinary 
procedures. In March 2025, a law was adopted to reorganise the Hellenic Police Corps51. A 
new Directorate of Ethics and Internal Control aims to strengthen integrity, professionalism 
and  accountability  in  policing,  streamline  the  management  of  complaints  against  the  police 
and strengthen the independence of internal audits. In addition, in November 2024, the rules 
on disciplinary procedures in the police were simplified, speeding-up their administration and 
facilitating the dismissal or suspension of officials from active service for serious disciplinary 
or criminal offences. In 2024, 87 police officers were suspended from service, a significant 
increase of 174% from the 32 cases in 202352. In addition, guidelines outlining the procedures 
for  the  handling  of  corruption  incidents  and  integrity  within  the  Police  are  currently  under 
review  and  will  be  incorporated  into  police  ethics  courses53.  The  reorganisation  also 
incorporated  police  dealing  with  corruption  in  a  new  Directorate  for  Combating  Organised 
Crime to enable a more strategic approach to combating organised crime. 

A  revised  law  on  asset  declarations  aims  to  facilitate  the  process  of  submission  and 
verification of declarations. A revised law on asset declarations entered into force in August 
202454. It aims to strengthen transparency, improve compliance, and simplify and streamline 
the  process  of  asset  declaration  and  financial  oversight  by  digitalisation  of  the  submission 
process, automatic filling, transfer and extraction of the data, and greater interoperability of 
the electronic platform (‘e-pothen’). The new system is designed to enable the authorities to 
uncover  discrepancies,  unexplained  wealth  and  hidden  assets  more  quickly  and  efficiently. 
The  law  expands  the  scope  of  persons  covered,  the  scope  of  the  assets  and  interests  to  be 
declared  both  in  Greece  and  held  abroad  and  introduces  administrative  sanctions  for  non-
compliance by financial institutions55. As the Parliament Committee for the Investigation of 
Declarations  of  Assets  (CIDA)  is  also  tasked  with  supervising  and  coordinating  the  other 

49   The Criminal Code was changed through Law  5172/2025 and Law  5187/2025. In addition, the authorities 
are  preparing  an  extension  of  the  protections  under  Law  4990/2022  to  persons  reporting  or  disclosing 
information  in  the  field  of  cryptocurrency  markets.  Ministry  of  Justice  and  Ministry  of  Interior  (2025), 
additional written input, pp. 30 and p. 1 respectively.  

50   EPPO (2025a), written input, p. 16.  In 2024, EPPO investigated 7 corruption cases in Greece that amount to 

4.67% of EPPO cases in Greece. EPPO (2025), p. 35.  

51   Law No. 5187/2025; Presidential Decree 29/2024. 
52   The changes to the Disciplinary Regulations were made through Presidential Decree 61/2024 of 5 November 
2024. The Chief of Police issued detailed guidelines on the proper implementation of the new  disciplinary 
rules  on  10  November  2024.  Greek  Government  (2025),  written  input,  pp.  58  and  63.  Also  Country  visit 
Greece,  Ministry  of  Citizen  Protection,  Hellenic  Police,  and  Internal  Affairs  Unit  of  Law  Enforcement 
Bodies. 

53   Ministry of Citizen protection and Hellenic Police (2025), additional written input, p.2.  
54   Law  5130/2024.  Two  ministerial  decisions  providing  instructions  on  implementation  for  persons  covered 
and  on  the  interoperability  of  financial  institutions  were  issued  the  following  October  Law  5130/2024. 
Decision GG B’ 5919/23.10.2024 and Decision GG B’ 5921/23.10.2024. Greek Government (2025), written 
input, p. 69. 

55   At the end of 2024, 340,000 declarations had been submitted making up 60% of the total number of liable 
persons.  An  open  tender  to  upgrade  the  ‘e-pothen’  was  published  in  December  2024.  Greek  Government, 
written input, pp. 62, 69 and 87. Country visit Greece, Ministry of Justice, Parliament Audit Committee and 
NTA. See also Committee for the Investigation of Declaration of Assets (2025), pp. 8-12. 

9 

 
 
 
bodies involved in auditing asset declarations, it has requested more resources56. In 2024, the 
Court  of  Audit  issued  six  rulings  and  had  nine  pending  applications  for  unjustified  assets, 
including concerning a former mayor and a former member of parliament57.  

The  effective  implementation  and  enforcement  of  the  rules  on  lobbying  has  improved 
but  further  measures  are  needed.  Since  the  transparency  register  became  operational  in 
December 2022, entries in it have only increased modestly, from 20 in July 2024 to 39 as of 
April 2025, of which 33 lobbyists are active (compared to 17 on 31 December 2023)  and 318 
institutional  bodies  (of  which  278  have  an  active  tenure).  Annual  declarations  of  lobbyists 
and  public  officials  were  only  published  for  the  first  time  in  mid-2024  and  do  not  seem  to 
cover all those obliged to submit a report58. Civil society organisations have also raised other 
shortcomings  about  the  enforcement  of  the  lobbying  rules59.  Acknowledging  the  NTA’s 
outreach  efforts,  there  is  still  room  for  increasing  awareness  about  the  law,  even  among 
public officials. There is increasing understanding, including amongst the authorities, that the 
law should not only cover lobbying carried out by professional lobbyists (on behalf of third 
parties)  but  also  by  ‘in-house’  lobbyists.  This  was  specifically  highlighted  in  the  NTA’s 
February 2025 report on lobbying which recommended an extension of the scope of the law 
as  regards  the  definition  of  ‘lobbyist’,  in  addition  to  a  change  in  culture,  a  commitment  to 
apply  the  rules  by  all  parties  involved  and  continuous  monitoring  and  review  of  its 
procedures  and  regulations60.  The  authorities  have  indicated  openness  to  reassess  the 
situation, possibly leading to a review of the legal framework61.  

Amendments  to  the  rules  on  political  party  funding  provide  clearer  grounds  for 
reimbursement or suspension of state funds. In December 2024, amendments were made 
to the law on electoral state funding of political parties and party coalitions62. These changes 
clarify that state funding for an electoral contest must be returned in case of non-participation 
in an election and that state funding will be suspended until certain criteria are met in cases 
where  a  party  or  coalition  leader  is  convicted  of  a  criminal  offence.  The  objective  is  to 
enhance  the  integrity  of  political  parties  and  ensure  proper  use  of  public  funds.  This  has 
already been put into practice with a decision to suspend a substantial amount of funds to a 

56   Besides  CIDA,  the  Anti-Money  Laundering  Authority,  the  NTA,  and  the  Internal  Affairs  Service  of  the 
Security Forces are responsible for auditing the asset declarations of persons falling within the scope of their 
mandate. CIDA is also responsible for auditing political party finances and coordinates and supervises the 
other auditing bodies and only has 20 members of staff. It is dealing with a 7% to 10% increase in audits. 
High-risk verifications amounted to 5% (4% in 2023). 109 (out of 9 532) cases of misconducts sent to the 
prosecutor  concerned  politically  exposed  persons  or  persons  with  top  executive  functions.  Greek 
Government (2025), written input, p. 87. Country visit, Greece, CIDA.  

57   Greek Government (2025), written input, Annex 1, Table C. Country visit Greece, Court of Audit.  
58   Law 4829/2021 obliges high-level officials with executive and legislative functions to declare their contacts 
with lobbyists while registered interest representatives must submit annual declarations for general activities 
and for lobbying activities targeting the legislature and executive.  

59   As  well  as  concerns  on  the  low  number  of  registrations  and  number  of  annual  declarations  posted,  they 
complain about the lack of detail about the objectives of the contacts made and a general lack of awareness 
about the law. Vouliwatch (2024), Civil Society Report (2025), written and additional input, pp. 35-36 and 
p. 1 respectively.   

60   NTA (2025b), p.16. Vouliwatch continues to advocate for a legislative change. Civil Society Report (2025), 
written  and  additional  input,  pp.  35-36  and  p.  1,  respectively.  Country  visit  Greece,  Ministry  of  Interior, 
NTA, and Civil Society.   

61   The  authorities  suggested  that  this  might  be  linked  to  the  expected  transposition  of  the  proposed  EU 
directive on interest representation carried out on behalf of third countries. Country visit, Greece, Ministry of 
Interior and NTA. 

62   Law 5166/2024. 

10 

 
 
 
beneficiary political party late last year63. In 2024, CIDA reported a continued improvement 
in the level of compliance with the rules on political party financing, similarly to the previous 
year. It found no substantive violations of the relevant legislation in its audits of the parties 
that  participated  in  the  two  elections  in  202364.  The  audit  of  parties  that  participated  in  the 
June 2024 European Parliament elections is not yet finalised. 

Efforts  to  mitigate  corruption  risks  in  public  procurement  and  improve  licencing 
procedures  for  businesses  continued.  Businesses’  attitudes  towards  corruption  in  the  EU 
show that 48% of companies in Greece (EU average 25%) think that corruption has prevented 
them  from  winning  a  public  tender  or  a  public  procurement  contract  in  practice  in  the  last 
three  years65.  The  Single  Market  and  Competitiveness  Scoreboard  on  access  to  public 
procurement  in  Greece  reports  49%  of  single  bids  for  2023  (EU  average  29%).  Public 
procurement  is  seen  to  be  particularly  vulnerable  to  corruption,  collusion  and  conflicts  of 
interest, which, when combined with delays in the approval of licenses or permits, may act as 
a  disincentive  to  participate.  39%  of  companies  perceive  the  level  of  independence  of  the 
public procurement review body (Single Independent Public Procurement Authority) as very 
or  fairly  good66.  The  Hellenic  Single  Public  Procurement  Authority  (HSPPA)  reported 
receiving  complaints  relating  to  collusion,  conflicts  of  interest  and  other  practices  that 
undermine competition67. The authorities have taken various measures to mitigate these risks 
in 2024. The NTA issued a Code of Conduct for Integrity Advisors68 and finalised a Public 
Procurement Risk Management Framework and a comprehensive Risk Registry that will feed 
into  a  new  code  of  conduct  being  drafted  for  officials  working  in  procurement  units69.  In 
January  2025,  it  published  a  new  Code  of  Conduct  for  Seconded  Officials  and  Special 
Advisers  serving  in  private  offices  and  the  Presidency  of  the  Government70.  The  Hellenic 
Competition  Commission  issued  a  Guide  for  Contracting  Authorities  on  Detecting  and 
Preventing  Collusive  Practices  in  Public  Procurement  Procedures.  It  also  introduced  a 
dedicated  digital  whistleblowing  system  specifically  designed  for  contracting  authorities  to 

63   Decisions  to  suspend  state  funding  and  financial  support  are  taken  by  an  absolute  majority  of  the  total 
number of Members of Parliament and transmitted to the Chairman of the Parliamentary Ethics Committee. 
Court of Audit (2024), p. 92. Also, Country visit Greece, Court of Audit and CIDA. 
64   Greek Government (2025), written input, pp. 70 and 86. Country visit Greece, CIDA.  
65   Flash  Eurobarometer  557  on  Businesses’  attitudes  towards  corruption  in  the  EU  (2025).  This  is  23 

percentage points above the EU average. 
66   Figure 59, 2025 EU Justice Scoreboard. 
67   Based on around 100 complaints in 2024, the HSPPA detected violations of procurement legislation such as 
direct awards, negotiated procedure without prior publication, or the successive extension of a contract to a 
specific operator. Concerns covered sectors including health, civil protection port services and water supply, 
including some projects co-financed by EU funds and reported to the EPPO. HSPPA (2025), written  input, 
pp. 9-10 and 12 and Country visit Greece, HSPPA. 

68   According to their Code of Conduct,  the Integrity Advisor’s mission is to ensure a coherent framework for 
the  effective  protection  of  employees  who  identify,  suffer  the  consequences  of  or  wish  to  report  integrity 
breaches,  as  well  as  to  provide  support,  information  and  advice  on  ethics  and  integrity  issues  in  their 
workplace. The NTA issued a Practical Guide for Integrity Advisors in December 2024. Greek Government 
(2025), written input, p. 66.  

69   This project was developed by the NTA, HSPPA and the Ministry of Development (General Secretariat of 
Commerce) in cooperation with OECD and funded by the EU Technical Support Instrument. 2024 Rule of 
Law Report, Greece, p. 18. 

70   Greek Government (2025), written input, pp. 65-67. A Code of Conduct for Internal Auditors and 54 codes 
of conduct for sports federations were also issued. In its 2024 report (base year 2023), the Court of Audit 
highlighted that apart from the 2022 Code of Ethical and Professional Conduct for Public Sector Employees, 
most ministries do not have specific codes of conduct and continue to exhibit weak or inadequate anti-fraud 
and corruption systems. Court of Audit (2024), pp. 91-92. 

11 

 
 
 
report  bid  rigging  in  public  procurement  procedures71.  An  Integrated  Licencing  and 
Inspections  Management  System  (ILIMS)  was  introduced  to  standardise  and  digitalise 
licencing  processes  and  actions  serving  citizens,  businesses  and  the  public  administration. 
This  should  ensure  more  transparent  and  efficient  communication  between  the  competent 
authorities  and  economic  operators  which  would  also  help  to  detect  and  reduce  potential 
corruption practices. The ILIMS became operational on 5 February 2025 and so far, 30 000 
licencing actions have been finalised, mostly by businesses. Businesses consider this to be a 
positive development72.  

III.  MEDIA PLURALISM AND MEDIA FREEDOM  

Resources of the media regulator have been strengthened as the number of employees 
has increased but concerns remain regarding its independence and funding.  Additional 
positions  have  been  filled  at  the  end  of  2024  for  the  National  Council  for  Radio  and 
Television (NCRTV), and more are  expected to  be filled at  the end of the  first  semester of 
202573,  which  is  a  welcomed  development.  Challenges  persist  in  relation  to  its  operational 
independence and efficiency, the adequacy of its funding and the scope of its competences74. 
The  Council  of  State  is  expected  to  rule  on  the  legality  of  the  new  composition  of  the 
NCRTV75.  The  NCRTV  notes  that  its  dependence  on  ministerial  approval  for  various 
regulatory  and  personnel  matters  hinders  its  capacity  to  effectively  regulate  the  national 
audiovisual  sector.  Existing  initiatives  such  as  the  “Code  of  Conduct”  have  been  unable  to 
take effect, as the necessary action by the Ministry has been outstanding since last year, with 
no  administrative  or  legal  remedy  to  expedite  the  process76.  The  2025  Media  Pluralism 
Monitor (MPM) maintains its previous assessment of the independence and effectiveness of 
the  Media  Authority  as  high  risk77.  Strengthening  of  the  NCRTV  is  planned  through  the 
implementation of the law currently being developed to ensure compliance with the European 
Media Freedom Act78. 

The  new appointment procedures  of administrative bodies introduce positive changes, 
while concerns about the legislative framework and political independence of the public 
service media persist. The selection process applicable to the CEO and Board Members of 
the Hellenic Radio and Television Corporation (ERT) introduced by the Law on selection of 
administrations of public bodies has been welcomed as more transparent and meritocratic, but 
as reported by stakeholders,  it does not  fully  safeguard ERT’s autonomy since there is  still 
significant leeway for appointments based on political considerations79. The procedure for the 
selection  is  supervised  by  the  Supreme  Council  for  Civil  Personnel  Selection  and  includes 

71   Greek Government (2025), written input, p. 80. 
72   Greek  Government  (2025),  written  input,  p.  91.  Country  visit,  Hellenic  Single  Public  Procurement 

Authority, the NTA and business associations.   

73   Country visit Greece, NCRTV. 
74   Country visit Greece, ERT and journalists’ associations.  
75   Country visit Greece, NCRTV. See also 2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, pp. 19, 26-27 and below, Pillar 

IV on independent authorities.  

76   Country  visit  Greece,  NCRTV  and  ERT.  According  to  the  Government,  the  extended  timeline  on  the 
adoption  of  the  Code  aimed  to  ensuring  the  optimal  outcome,  including  a  thorough  public  consultation 
process; Greek Government (2025a). 
77   Media Pluralism Monitor (2025), p. 15. 
78  Greek Government (2025a). 
79   Law  5062/2023;  Country  visit  Greece,  ERT  and  journalists’  unions;  International  Press  Institute  (2025), 
written input, pp. 14-15; 2024 International Press Institute (2024) Media Capture Monitoring Report Greece, 
pp. 4, 12. 

12 

 
 
 
consultation with the Parliament’s cross-party Committee on Institutions and Transparency80. 
However, it is the Deputy Minister to the Prime Minister who proposes one of the three pre-
selected  candidates.  Also,  some  selection  procedures  for  Board  Members  have  prioritised 
experience  in  the  broadcasting  sector,  while  others  have  been  criticised  as  prioritising 
political affiliations81. Moreover, ERT continues to be subject to administrative oversight by 
the General Secretariat for Communication and Media, which some stakeholders criticise as 
the latter is placed under the responsibility of the Office of the Prime Minister82. The current 
framework  provides  that  Board  Members  can  only  be  dismissed  for  performance-related 
reasons stipulated in their “performance contract”83. The 2025 Media Pluralism Monitor has 
highlighted  a  continued  lack  of  safeguards  against  dismissal  of  Board  Members  and 
politically motivated replacements and has adjusted its risk score from medium to high risk 
with regard to the independence of public service media84.  

Transparency  of  media  ownership  is  strengthened  by  the  continued  operation  of  the 
Registry for Print Media (MET) and the Registry for Electronic Press (MHT). The legal 
framework in place85, which entails that only media appearing in the registers are eligible to 
benefit  from  state  advertising,  as  well  as  media  legislation  containing  specific  ownership 
limitations  to  prevent  horizontal  concentration  in  the  media  market86,  are  positive 
developments for the improvement of transparency of media ownership. The operation of the 
current  system  of  audits  based  on  random  sampling,  including  on-site  audits  following 
complaints87, reinforces the reliability of both registries. The 2025 Media Pluralism Monitor 
(MPM) has maintained its medium to low-risk score for this area88. 

In June 2025, a new law was adopted  to  strengthen publicity and transparency in the 
printed  and  electronic  press  and  reinforce  editorial  independence  and  institutional 
safeguards  regarding  state  advertising,  byline  journalism  and  copyright  protection89. 
The law was adopted with the objective to align national legislation with the European Media 
Freedom Act. It further streamlines the operation of the two Registries for Print Media and 
Electronic  Press,  aiming  to  reduce  administrative  burden,  simplify  registration  and  renewal 
procedures,  and ensure credibility  and transparency in  the printed and electronic press.  The 
law also expands existing provisions to include electronic press with digital audio files like 
podcasts and clarifies the conditions for registration, including journalist-signed articles and 
circulation  proof.  Additionally,  it  extends  deadlines  for  registration  applications,  allows  for 
faster  reapplication  after  rejection,  reinforces  checks  on  registered  media,  and  amends 
existing  provisions  related to  newspaper registration and sanction procedures. According to 
the  Government,  the  most  important  regulatory  amendments  introduced  by  the  new  law 
include  the  obligation  of  signed  articles  from  journalists  both  offline  and  online,  the 

80  The  Chair  of  the  Board  and  the  CEO  of  ERT  were  appointed  pursuant  to  the  new  selection  procedure  in 

September 2024 and February 2025 respectively. Greek Government (2025a). 

81   Country visit Greece, ERT and journalists’ unions; International Press Institute (2025), written input, p. 14-

15; International Press Institute (2024), p. 15.  

82  International Press Institute (2024), p. 15. See also, 2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, pp 20-21. 
83  According to the Government, there have been no arbitrary dismissals of Board members. The appointments 
of Board Members in 2024 were made following the expiry of the term of office of the previous members. 
Greek Government (2025a). 

84  Media Pluralism Monitor (2025), p. 28. 
85   Law 5005/2022. 
86   Laws 3592/2007 and 2328/1995. 
87   Country visit Greece, GS Media and Communication. 
88   Media Pluralism Monitor (2025), Greece, p. 18. 
89  Law 5212/2025; Greek Government (2025a). 

13 

 
 
 
 
clarification of definitions and the substantial increase of audits, administrative audits and on-
site audits. 

The  legal  framework  concerning  the  right  of  access  to  documents  has  been  improved 
significantly,  while  challenges  remain  with  its  implementation.  Stakeholders  have 
continuously  highlighted  persistent  delays,  unresponsiveness  or  refusals  in  response  to 
requests  for  information  or  access  to  documents90.  The  Code  of  Administrative  Procedure 
was  amended  to  strengthen  the  public’s  right  to  access  administrative  documents  by 
clarifying  that  they  can  be  requested  either  anonymously  or  with  identification  by  any 
individual  or  legal  entity,  both  in  person  and  electronically,  and  without  the  previous 
prerequisite of “reasonable interest”, unless the document contains personal data91. Following 
amendment of the law, the necessary secondary legislation was  adopted, and a circular was 
communicated to the administrative authorities giving guidance on the provisions. However, 
stakeholders  indicate  that  the  law’s  implementation  is  so  far  compromised  by  a  lack  of 
awareness  by  public  authorities  about  the  applicable  legal  obligations  and  their  scope.  The 
2025 Media Pluralism Monitor notes overall alignment with international standards92. 

There  have  been  several  positive  developments  in  the  landscape  for  journalist  safety, 
although challenges remain on the ground. Since the publication of the 2024 Rule of Law 
Report, there have been several cases of attacks, particularly threats and verbal and physical 
aggression  during  demonstrations,  including  by  police  forces,  reported  and  condemned  by 
different  journalists’  associations.  The  2025  Media  Pluralism  Monitor  considers  that  the 
reported  incidents  indicate  a  systemic  problem  and  has  adjusted  its  score  of  the  area 
“journalistic profession, its standard and protection” from medium to high risk93. The Council 
of  Europe’s  Platform  to  promote  the  protection  of  journalism  and  safety  of  journalists 
registered  three  alerts  in  2024  and  one  alert  in  2025  relating  to  the  physical  integrity  and 
safety of journalists, to the alleged use of spyware against journalists, to impunity in the case 
of  an  assassinated  journalist  and  to  the  lack  of  adequate  protection  against  defamation  and 
insult94.  The  Mapping  Media  Freedom  platform  registered  six  new  alerts95  since  the 
publication  of  the  2024  Rule  of  Law  Report  relating  to  physical  assaults,  intimidation  and 
obstruction or restriction of access to information. In July 2024, two suspects for the murder 
in  April  2021  of  the  journalist  Giorgos  Karaivaz  were  acquitted,  and  the  investigation 
remains open96. The judicial investigation cleared all Greek state agencies and officials in the 
case  of  responsibility  for  the  use  of  Predator  spyware97.  The  presidential  decree  aiming  at 
safeguarding  the  privacy  of  communications  against  software  tracking  has  not  yet  been 

90   Country visit Greece, journalists’ union and Foreign Press Association; Civil Society Report (2025), pp. 49-

50; Civil Liberties Union for Europe (2025), p. 79. 

91   Law 5143/2024, adopted on 9 October 2024 and in force as of 1 January 2025, amends Art. 5 of the Code of 
Administrative  Procedure,  which  regulates  the  right  of  interested  parties  to  have  access  to  administrative 
documents created by public services. Greek Government (2025), written input, p. 107. 

92   Country visit Greece, journalists’ unions and Foreign Press Association; Media Pluralism Monitor (2025), p. 13. 
93   Media Pluralism Monitor (2025), p. 14.  
94   Council of Europe Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists (2024-2025). 

Greece has replied to all alerts. 

95   European Centre for Press and Media Freedom Mapping Media Freedom (2024-2025). 
96   Country visit Greece, Ministry of Justice. 
97   2024  Rule  of  Law  Report,  Greece,  pp. 28-29. In  July  2024,  the  General  Prosecutor of the  Supreme  Court 
issued  a  statement  on  the  outcome  of  the  judicial  investigation  into  the  alleged  use  of  spyware.  Both  the 
statement and the outcome of the investigations were subject to strong criticism by journalists, legal scholars 
and CSOs. Civil Society Report (2025), pp. 15-18.  

14 

 
 
 
adopted98.  In  May  2024,  journalists’  unions  and  the  Government  signed  a  generally 
welcomed collective labour agreement for journalists employed by the State and public media 
which  institutionalises  working  conditions  including  safeguards  on  editorial  independence, 
protection  against  arbitrary  dismissal  or  employer  pressure  as  well  enhanced  protection  for 
women  journalists  against  harassment99.  While  journalists’  associations  welcomed  the 
agreement, they still voice concerns regarding the overall framework and work conditions for 
privately  or  independently  employed  journalists100.    Moreover,  the  Government  has  put  in 
place  different  implementing  measures,  such  as  the  adoption  of  a  National  Plan  for  Public 
Assemblies,  in  January  2021,  that  includes  specific  guidelines  on  protecting  journalists 
covering demonstrations, or the establishment, in January 2023, of the International Training 
Centre for the Safety  of  Journalists providing  relevant  training to  media professionals101. In 
July  2024,  a  legislative  provision  was  adopted  with  the  intention  to  prevent  direct 
broadcasting  of  trials  to  an  indefinite  number  of  persons  without  permission  of  the  court, 
parties  or  prosecutors102,  which  was  perceived  by  journalists  as  a  restriction  to  journalistic 
coverage of trials by prohibiting full or partial broadcast by any technical means. Journalists’ 
associations  report  that  the  law  has  created  legal  uncertainty,  as  it  seems  to  have  been 
inconsistently applied by courts and impair their ability to report effectively103.  

Efforts  building  on  measures  taken  in  previous  years  amount  to  important  steps 
concerning  legislative  and  non-legislative  safeguards  to  improve  the  protection  of 
journalists, in particular as regards abusive lawsuits104. To address the issues identified as 
regards  SLAPPs105,  special  drafting  committees  and  a  national  expert  group  were  set  up  to 
work  on  the  transposition  of  the  anti-SLAPP  Directive  with  the  objective  to  expand  the 
safeguards  provided  by  the  Directive  also  to  domestic  cases,  following  the  Anti-SLAPP 
Recommendation 106. These developments and the upgrade of operations, introduced in May 
2025, of the SLAPPs Observatory of the Panhellenic Federation of Journalists Associations 
(POESY) to monitor corresponding incidents  are perceived positively by stakeholders107.The 
Task  Force  on  Ensuring  the  Protection,  Safety  and  Empowerment  of  Journalists  and  other 
Media Professionals continues its work108, with some journalists’ associations viewing it as a 
productive  platform  for  engagement  while  others  criticise  it  as  being  bureaucratic  in 
nature109. Positive developments have been previously reported regarding journalists’ safety 
such  as  the  abolition  of  the  criminalisation  of  simple  defamation  and  a  new  law  aiming  to 

98   Foreseen  in  Article  13  of  Law  5002/2022.  Country  visit Greece,  GS  Media  and  Communication.  Until  its 
adoption,  the  general  prohibition  on  the  use  of  surveillance  software  established  by  Article  12  remains  in 
force and is punishable by severe prison sentences ranging from 2 to 5 years. 

99   Country visit Greece, GS Media and Communication. This agreement follows different measures adopted by 
the  government  to  support  the  private  media  sector  in  previous  reporting  periods  such  as  the  EDOEAP 
program. 

100  Country visit Greece, journalists’ unions. 
101  Greek Government (2025a). 
102 Article 31 of Law 5119/2024; Greek Government, written input.  
103  Country  visit  Greece,  journalists’  unions;  Civil  Society  Report  and  RSF,  written  inputs,  pp.  48  and  15-16 

respectively; Panhellenic Federation of Journalists’ Associations (2025). 

104  The  2024  Rule  of  Law  Report  recommended  to  Greece  to  further  advance  with  the  process  of  adopting 
legislative  and  non-legislative  safeguards  to  improve  the  protection  of  journalists,  in  particular  as  regards 
abusive lawsuits against journalists and their safety, in line with the adopted Memorandum of Understanding 
and taking into account European standards on the protection of journalists. 

105  Country visit, Greece, journalists’ associations.  
106  Country visit Greece, GS Media and Communication. 
107  Country visit Greece, journalists’ unions.  
108  Country visit Greece, GS Media and Communication. Greek Government (2025), written input, p. 104-105.  
109  Country visit Greece, journalists’ unions.  

15 

 
 
 
combat  violence  in  the  context  of  sport  events  that  includes  specific  provisions  for  the 
protection  of  journalists,  both  adopted  in  February  2024.  110.  The  2025  Media  Pluralism 
Monitor concludes nonetheless that a significant alteration in the protection for journalists in 
Greece has not yet been felt111. Considering the above, there has been significant progress on 
the implementation of the recommendation made in the 2024 Rule of Law Report.  

IV.  OTHER INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO CHECKS AND BALANCES 

The  positive  trend  of  avoiding  expedited  legislative  procedures  for  the  adoption  of 
legislation  continues  and  the  statutory  timeframe  for  public  consultations  is  being 
observed,  while  participation  and  transparency  in  the  law-making  process  could  be 
further improved112. Draft bills are systematically submitted to public consultation and the 
two weeks statutory period for public consultation is being observed113. Also, the number of 
draft bills submitted to Parliament almost immediately after the end of the public consultation 
has drastically dropped114. The percentage of additional provisions contained in the final text 
of  legislation  without  having  been  submitted  to  public  consultation  remained  limited  in  the 
reporting period115. However, most of these additional provisions are submitted to Parliament 
as amendments the day before the voting of the draft in Plenary and are often unrelated to the 
subject  matter  of  the  law116.  Independent  authorities,  justice  stakeholders  and  business 
associations  highlight  the  persistent  need  for  early  engagement  of  interested  parties  in  the 
law-making  process  ahead  of  public  consultations117.  The  National  Human  Rights 
Commission referred to its involvement in the transposition of EU legislation on improving 
gender  balance  among  directors  of  listed  companies  as  a  positive  example  of  early 
engagement118. The OECD linked the need to ensure timely consultation of stakeholders on 
draft  legislation  with  improving  the  business  environment  and  addressed  a  corresponding 
recommendation to Greece119. In an effort to strengthen the social dialogue and participatory 
democracy in the law-making process, as of December 2024, all draft bills are submitted to 

110  2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, pp 21-23. Law 5090/2024 and Law 5085/2024. 
111  Media Pluralism Monitor (2025), p. 25. 
112  The  2024  Rule  of  Law  Report  recommended  to  Greece  to  “step  up  the  efforts  to  ensure  the  effective  and 
timely  consultation  in  practice  of  stakeholders  on  draft  legislation,  including  by  observing  the  statutory 
timeframe for public consultation”. 

113  Greek Government (2025), written input, pp. 114-115. Data available in the portal opengov.gr. 
114  During the reporting period  only 3 draft bills were submitted to Parliament the same  or the following day 

after the public consultation ended (compared to 28 during the previous reporting period). 

115  16.5%  of  the  articles  included  in  the  published  law  were not  submitted  for  public  consultation  (15.3%,  in 
2023).  See  also,  KEFIM  (2024),  p.3.  According  to  the  Government,  in  2024,  the  percentage  of  articles 
opened  to  public  consultation  as  part  of  the  published  draft  in  relation  to  the  total  articles  submitted  to 
Parliament reached 91,4% and the percentage in relation to the total articles published reached 82.5%. Greek 
Government (2025), p.115. 

116  During the reporting period, 44 (out of 48) amendments were submitted the day before the discussion in the 
Plenary.  According  to  the  Government,  the  prevailing  parliamentary  practice  allows  the  submission  of 
amendments up until  the  adoption of  the  daily  agenda.  The  average  number  of  provisions  per  amendment 
remained  rather  stable  to  4.5  (4  between  July  2023  and  June  2024).  See  also  2024  Rule  of  Law  Report, 
Greece, pp. 25-26; Civil Society Report (2025), pp. 54-55. OECD (2024), Economic Surveys: Greece 2024, 
p.15;  European  Semester,  2025  Country  Report  Greece,  Annex  6  and  GRECO  (2024),  Fifth  Evaluation 
Round, Compliance Report on Greece, paras 28-31. According to the Government, in the current legislative 
period,  which  started  in  July  2023,  the  number  of  provisions  per  amendment  is  constantly  decreasing, 
currently reaching a historic low of 3.7 and the number of amendments overall has reached a historic low of 
0.8 per draft bill. Greek Government (2025), p.114. 

117  Country visit, Ombudsperson, NCHR, Athens Bar Association, Judges associations, Business associations. 
118  ENNHRI (2025), Greece, pp. 216-217. 
119  OECD (2024), p.13. 

16 

 
 
 
the  Economic  and  Social  Council120  for  its  opinion  in  parallel  with  the  public  consultation 
and  so  far,  the  Economic  and  Social  Council  has  issued  13  opinions.  The  opinions  of  the 
Economic  and  Social  Council  are  incorporated  into  the  regulatory  impact  analysis  and 
submitted  together  with  the  draft  law  to  the  Parliament121.  Plans  to  propose  legislation 
implementing  the  right  of  500 000  citizens  to  introduce  draft  bills  (citizens’  legislative 
initiative)  could  further  improve  public  participation  in  decision-making122.  There  has 
therefore been overall some further progress  on the implementation  of the recommendation 
made in previous reports.  

Less  than  a  third  of  companies  surveyed  in  Greece  express  confidence  in  the 
effectiveness of investment protection. 28% of companies are very or fairly confident that 
investments are protected by law and courts123. The main reason among companies for their 
lack of confidence is the frequent changes in legislation or concerns about quality of the law-
making  process  (58%)124.  Fast  changing  legislation  is  frequently  quoted  as  a  key  challenge 
for  doing  business  in  the  country,  because  it  increases  uncertainty  which  makes  it  more 
difficult  for  potential  investors  to  make  informed  decisions125.  It  is  also  a  challenge  for 
citizens  as  well  as  the  judiciary  and  lawyers126.  For  the  Government,  the  current 
constitutional  structure  leaves  limited  leeway  for  regulating  through  implementing  acts, 
which means that changes in primary legislation are partly inevitable to meet the constantly 
evolving needs of modern social and economic realities127. As regards authorities relevant for 
economic  operators,  41%  of  companies  perceive  the  level  of  independence  of  the  national 
competition authority as very or fairly good128. A number of judicial mechanisms are in place 
to  ensure  the  implementation  of  administrative  court  judgments,  including  fines  for 
responsible  officials,  the  possibility  to  issue  binding  orders  to  perform  or  refrain  from  the 
administrative act, and to award direct and consequential damages and compensation129.    

120  The  Economic  and  Social  Council  is  a  consultative  body  established  in  1994,  composed  of  employers, 

employees and other interested parties. Part of its mission is to formulate opinions on draft legislation. 

121  Greek Government (2025), additional input.   
122  Article  73  para.  6  of  the  Constitution.  General  Secretariat  for  Legal  and  Parliamentary  Affairs  (2025), 

written input, pp. 5-6. 

123  Figure 54, 2025 EU Justice Scoreboard. 
124  Figure  55,  2025  EU  Justice  Scoreboard.  58%  of  the  surveyed  investors  referred  to  frequent  changes  in 
legislation (53% in 2024 and 2023). EIB Investment Survey 2024 Country Overview: Greece, p. 17. 90% of 
Greek companies are concerned about business regulations. 

125  European Semester (2025), Annex 6. For concerns regarding the law-making process see also the previous 

paragraph. 

126  Prosecutors and Association of Judges of the Council of State (2025), written  inputs, pp. 1 and 5; Country 
visit,  Greece,  Athens  Bar  Association.  Civil  society  also  referred  to  frequent  changes  in  legislation,  often 
within a short period of time from its entry into force or its previous amendment. For instance, following the 
revision  of  the  Codes  on  criminal  law  and  criminal  procedure  in  February  2024  (see  2024  Rule  of  Law 
Report, Greece, pp. 12-13), subsequent amendments were introduced by six different laws (Laws 5095/2024, 
5108/2024,  5134/2024,  5149/2024,  5151/2024  and  5172/2025.  Civil  Society  Report  (2025),  written  input, 
pp. 56-57. 

127  General Secretariat for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs (2025), written input, pp. 1-2. 
128  The Hellenic Competition Commission is an independent authority which promotes and defends competition 
in  all  markets,  serving  the  consumer  as  well  as  businesses.  It  is  the  primary  competition  body  in  Greece, 
exclusively  responsible  for  the  enforcement  of  national  and  EU  competition  rules.  Figure  60,  2025  EU 
Justice Scoreboard. 

129  Figure 49, 2025 EU Justice Scoreboard;  the data presented reflects exclusively the mechanisms in place at 
the level of the highest administrative jurisdictions; the same or other mechanisms may be in place at lower 
instance administrative courts. 2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, p. 31. 

17 

 
 
 
Efforts  are  under  way  to  ensure  that  the  judiciary  is  more  involved  in  overseeing  the 
immunity regime for members of the Government. In April 2025, Parliament decided to 
directly refer a former deputy minister to the Judicial Council over allegations of breach of 
duty,  without  a  preliminary  investigation  by  a  special  parliamentary  committee130. 
Parliament’s  decision  was  motivated  by  the  need  to  entrust  the  full  investigation  to  senior 
members of the judiciary and to reserve the same treatment to the former minister as to four 
private  individuals  already  indicted  for  the  same  facts131.  Although  this  decision  generated 
intense discussions among political and legal experts, including as to its compliance with the 
Constitution, there is common understanding that the current regime needs to be evaluated in 
depth and revised132. The Government announced its intention for this issue to be covered in 
the  forthcoming  constitutional  revision133.  Stakeholders  consider  such  a  reform  a  necessary 
step in restoring citizens’ trust in the institutions and the justice system134.  

Previously identified challenges regarding the appointment of members of Independent 
Authorities  established  by  the  Constitution  remain.  Article  101Α  of  the  Constitution 
requires  a qualified  majority, including  inter-party  consensus,  for the selection of the heads 
and  members  of  these  Independent  Authorities135.  In  October  2024,  the  Conference  of 
Presidents  of  Parliament  did  not  reach  the  required  qualified  majority  to  elect  a  new 
Ombudsperson136,  and  there  are  prolonged  delays  in  selecting  new  members  of  the  Data 
Protection  Authority.  In  November  2024,  the  Council  of  State  rejected  the  applications  for 
annulment  submitted  by  the  Bar  against  the  decisions  appointing  new  members  of  the 
National Council for Radio and Television (NCRTV) and the Authority for Communication 
Security  and  Privacy137  for  lack  of  legal  standing138.  However,  the  Council  of  State  will 
eventually  rule  on  the  legality  of  the  appointments,  as  several  applications  for  annulment 
against  fines  imposed  by  the  NCRTV  are  pending139.  Independent  authorities  consider  that 
the  power  to  elect  their  members  should  be  given  to  a  parliamentary  body  with  fixed 
composition,  while  it  is  important  to  maintain  a  qualified  majority.  They  also  confirm  that 

130  The  decision  to  initiate  criminal  proceedings  against  former  and  serving  members  of  the  Government  is 
taken  by  Parliament.  The  case  is  then  tried  by  a  Special  Court.  A  special  Judicial  Council  decides  on 
preliminary issues; one of its members is appointed as investigative magistrate with extensive investigative 
powers. All judges participating are chosen by lot from among the judges serving at the highest courts. See 
also, 2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, p. 29. 

131  The  former  minister  requested  himself  that  his  case  be  assessed  by  an  independent  judiciary  rather  than a 
parliamentary committee.  Two other cases  were submitted to Parliament regarding alleged involvement of 
active and/or former Members of the Government in criminal offences.  

132  See among others, Kathimerini (2025); Syntagma Watch (2025); ToVima (2025).  
133 General Secretariat for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs (2025), written input, p. 6. 
134  Country visit Greece, Court of Audit, Associations of judges, and Athens Bar Association.  
135  The  five  independent  authorities  established  by  the  Constitution  are  the  Data  Protection  Authority;  the 
National Council for Radio and Television (NCRTV); the Hellenic Authority for Communication Security 
and Privacy (ADAE); the Supreme Council for Civil Personnel Selection; and the Ombudsperson. 

136  The term of office of the current Ombudsperson, which was set to end in June 2022, has been extended until 
the election of his/her successor, as provided by article 101A of the Constitution. This was the first attempt 
to appoint a new Ombudsperson.  

137  The main legal issue raised was whether the 3/5 majority required for the appointments of all members of the 
five independent authorities established by the Constitution was respected. See, in detail, 2024 Rule of Law 
Report, Greece, pp. 26-27. 

138  The Bar considered that the judgment undermined the role of lawyers in the system of checks and balances 
and submitted an application to the European Court of Human Rights. CCBE (2025), written input, p. 97. 
139  The main ground for annulment concerns the composition of the NCRTV and any decision will be relevant 

for all five independent authorities. Country visit, NCRTV.  

18 

 
 
 
previously  reported  challenges  regarding  their  budget  and  human  resources  remain140,  and 
continue referring to the need for uniformity in their legal framework. On the initiative of the 
Government, a study on improving the institutional arrangements of all existing independent 
authorities is being carried out by the OECD and funded under the European Commission’s 
Technical Support Instrument141.  

Progress  with  the  judicial  investigation  following  the  Pylos  shipwreck  is  a  positive 
development  to  start  addressing  deficiencies  in  investigating  incidents  of  alleged 
misconduct  involving  law  enforcement  officers.  In  January  2025,  the  European  Court  of 
Human  Rights  issued  three  judgments  finding  that  the  authorities  had  failed  to  conduct 
effective  investigations  into  alleged  violations  of  fundamental  rights  by  law  enforcement 
officers142.  The  ECtHR  has  raised  serious  doubts  as  to  the  effectiveness  of  criminal 
procedures in specific areas, referring to data submitted by the Government, which indicated 
that  none  of  the  cases  in  which  criminal  investigations  were  opened  went  beyond  the 
preliminary  investigation  stage143.  The  UN  Human  Rights  Committee  recommended,  in 
November  2024,  that  such  allegations  are  promptly  and  thoroughly  investigated  by  an 
independent  authority144. In May 2025, criminal  charges were  brought  by  the Prosecutor of 
the Piraeus  Naval  Court against 17 members of  the Hellenic Coast  Guard, including  senior 
officers, in  the context  of the judicial investigations into the Pylos  shipwreck. Stakeholders 
considered it a significant  development  in  the path  towards justice and  accountability145.  In 
February  2025,  the  Ombudsperson  concluded  its  investigation  into  the  Pylos  shipwreck, 
finding  serious  failures  of  the  coast  guard,  and  submitted  his  report  to  the  competent 
authorities  for  the  necessary  follow-up146.  Despite  initial  statements  by  the  Government 
questioning the basis and the reasoning used by the Ombudsperson147, which caused reactions 
by national and international stakeholders148, the Government will decide on the appropriate 
follow-up pending legal advice from the Legal Council of State149. Discussions on preventing 
misconduct and improving the effectiveness of related investigations were held between the 
Department  of  Execution  of  Judgments  of  the  ECtHR  of  the  Council  of  Europe  and  the 

140  2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, p. 26-27, Country visit Greece, Greek Ombudsman, NCRTV and NCHR. 
See also, the interventions of the Heads of DPA and ADAE during the Open discussion ‘How independent 
are the Independent Authorities?’, 11 March 2025.   

141  Greek government (2025), written input, p. 124. In Greece, there are currently 28 independent administrative 
authorities,  covering  a  broad  range  of  areas,  including  the  five  independent  authorities  established  by  the 
Constitution tasked to guarantee the respect of fundamental rights and values.  

142  Judgments  of  the  ECtHR,  applications  15783/21,  A.R.E  v.  Greece,  paras  191-201  and  304;  44758/20, 

Panayotopoulos v. Greece, para 118; and 22776/18 Almukhlas et Al-Maliki v. Greece, paras 96-104.  

143  A.R.E v. Greece, para 198. Greece requested the  referral of the case to the Grand Chamber  of the ECtHR. 
See also, EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) (2024), Guidance on investigating alleged ill-treatment at 
borders, p. 20; CPT (2024), para 159; ENNHRI (2025), pp. 243-244; Ministry of Justice (2024),; Ministry of 
Defence (2024). 

144  UN Human Rights Committee (2024), Concluding observations on the third periodic report of Greece, p. 16. 
145  Press Release by lawyers and organisations representing the survivors of the Pylos shipwreck, 23 May 2025. 
146  2024 Rule of Law Report, Greece, pp. 27-28; Greek Ombudsman (2025).  
147  Ministry  of  Maritime  Affairs  and  Insular  Policy,  press  release,  4  February  2025;  Spokesperson,  interview 

Skai radio, 4 February 2025; Deputy Minister for Migration and Asylum, Liberal, 9 February 2025. 

148  Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights (2025); NCHR (2025); Union of Staff members of the 
Office  of  the  Greek  Ombudsman,  (2025);  Civil  Society  Report  (2025),  additional  written  input,  p.  2; 
ENNHRI (2025), p. 244. 

149  The legal opinion of the Legal Council of State was deemed necessary given the high rank positions of the 
officers  involved  and  the  need  to  avoid  any  potential  conflicts  of  interest  in  the  assignment  of  the 
administrative inquiry. Ministry of Justice (2025), written input, p. 35. 

19 

 
 
 
Government  in  April  2025150.  Part  of  the  efforts  to  improve  the  efficiency  of  disciplinary 
proceedings  of  the  law  enforcement  officers  include  the  reform  of  the  police  disciplinary 
law151.    

On 1 January 2025, Greece had 30 leading judgments of the European Court of Human 
Rights  pending  implementation,  an  increase  of  2  compared  to  the previous  year152.  At 
that  time,  Greece’s  rate  of  leading  judgments  from  the  past  10  years  that  that  had  been 
implemented  was  at  66%  (compared  to  70%  in  2024;  34%  remained  pending),  and  the 
average time that the judgments had been pending implementation was 6 years and 1 months 
(compared  to  6  years  and  7  months  in  2024)153.  The  oldest  leading  judgment,  pending 
implementation  for  16  years,  concerns  the  violations  of  the  right  to  freedom  of  association 
due to  the domestic courts’ rulings  not  to  register associations154.  As regards the respect  of 
payment deadlines, on 31 December 2024 there were 7 cases in total awaiting confirmation 
of payments (compared to 7 in 2023)155. On 16 June 2025, the number of leading judgments 
pending  implementation  had  had  increased  to  31156.  A  new  ground  for  the  reopening  of 
proceedings was added in the Code of Civil Procedure, allowing the re-examination of a case 
following a judgment of the ECtHR finding a breach of the right to a fair trial or another right 
guaranteed  by  the  European  Convention  of  Human  Rights157.  The  Government  is  also 
preparing draft legislation on state liability for acts of the judiciary to implement the Court’s 
judgment in Zoumboulidis v. Greece158.  

There has been limited progress on the recommendation relating to the establishment of 
a  structured  dialogue  with  civil  society  organisations,  while  the  evaluation  of  the 
existing  registration  regulatory  framework  was  initiated159.  The  civic  space  in  Greece 
remains  “obstructed”  160.  The  registration  framework  remains  complex  and  fragmented161. 
The UN Human Rights Committee in November 2024 expressed concerns about the stringent 
registration requirements imposed on civil  society organisations (CSOs),  in  particular those 
working  in  the  areas  of  migration  and  asylum,  and  called  upon  Greece  to  review  its 
legislation162. The case before the Council of State challenging some aspects of the legality of 
the  legislation  on  the  registration  of  the  CSOs  active  in  the  area  of  asylum,  migration  and 

150  In the context of the enhanced supervision for the group of cases Sidiropoulos and Papakostas v. Greece. 
151  The  presidential  decree  61/2024  entered  into  force  in  November  2024,  taking  also  into  account  relevant 
recommendations  made by  the  Greek  Ombudsperson.  Ministry  of  Justice  (2025),  written  input,  pp.  39-40. 
See also, Pillar II above.  

152  For an explanation of the supervision process, see the website of the Council of Europe.   
153  All  figures  calculated  by  the  European  Implementation  Network  (EIN)  and  based  on  the  number  of  cases 
that are considered pending at the annual cut-off date of 1 January 2025. EIN (2025), written input, p. 4. 
154  Judgment of the ECtHR, 35151/05, Bekir-Ousta and Others v. Greece, pending implementation since 2008.  
155  Council of Europe (2025), p. 156.   
156  Data according to the online database of the Council of Europe (HUDOC). 
157  Article 25 of Law 5130/24. Greek Government, written input, pp. 129-130. 
158  Judgment of the ECtHR, application 57246/21, Zoumpoulidis v. Greece. 
159  The  2024 Rule of Law  Report recommended to  Greece to “strengthen efforts to evaluate the  current legal 
framework for the registration system for civil society organisations and assess whether there is a need to 
amend it, while moving forward with a structured dialogue with CSOs”. 

160  Rating by CIVICUS; ratings are on a five-category scale defined as: open, narrowed, obstructed, repressed 

and closed (Civicus (2025), Monitor tracking civic space-Greece). 

161  There are eleven Registries managed by different ministries, including the Public Database and the Special 
Registry  of  the  Ministry  of  Interior  and  the  Registries  of  Greek  and  Foreign  Non-Governmental 
Organisations and NGO Members of the Ministry of Migration and Asylum; 2024 Rule of Law Report, pp. 
31-32.  

162  UN Human Rights Committee (2024), p. 10; OHCHR (2025), written input, p. 7.   

20 

 
 
 
social  inclusion  remains  pending  for  several  years163.  While  the  announced  digital 
interoperability  between  the  different  registries  is  not  yet  in  place,  following  an  agreement 
between the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Migration and Asylum (MoMA) on the 
technical solution, the relevant tender is expected to be launched by the end of June 2025164.  
The MoMA intends to evaluate and revise the legal framework of its special registries by the 
end of 2025 with a view to simplifying procedures and reducing administrative burden165. For 
this purpose, and in view of placing its engagement with civil society on a more structured 
basis,  the  MoMA  requested,  in  late  May  2025,  feedback  from  all  registered  CSOs  through 
two  targeted  questionnaires166.  Stakeholders  noted  that  despite  announcements  about 
upcoming reforms, for now the rules governing registration remain unchanged167. In parallel, 
the Ministry of  Interior  is  preparing draft legislation  establishing  an additional platform for 
the compulsory registration of all CSOs168. The purpose of the new platform, on which CSOs 
will need to register annually, is to carry out a complete mapping of CSOs activities169. The 
Government considers that a structured dialogue is established between registered CSOs and 
the  MoMA,  however  so  far  only  one  meeting  has  taken  place  in  November  2024.  In  this 
context,  the  MoMA  plans  to  hold  biannual  meetings  per  thematic  pillar170.  CSOs  have 
expressed  criticism  about  the  format  and  concerns  about  statements  accusing  CSOs  of 
involvement  in  smuggling  and  embezzlements  of  funds171.  The  European  Commission 
considers  that  structured  dialogues  must  be  regular,  long-lasting  and  result-oriented172.  In 
light  of  the  above,  there  has  been  limited  progress  on  the  implementation  of  the 
recommendations made in previous reports.  

163  2024 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Greece, p. 28.  
164  Greek Government (2025a). 
165  2025 National Plan of Government Policy, pp. 198, 340-341; Country visit, MoMA. 
166  CSOs were asked to provide their views in relation to the registration and renewal procedures, the operation 
of  the  NGO  Members  Special  Registry  and  the  current  legislative  framework,  The  questionnaires  also 
included questions on how to achieve better cooperation between all parties involved. 39 out of 92 registered 
CSOs provided their input. Greek Government (2025a).  

167  ENNHRI, Greece, p. 219; Civil Society Report (2025), pp. 64- 66.  
168  According to the Government, part of the proposals included in the draft bill respond to an Action Plan for 
Civil Society, prepared by the Bodossaki Foundation. The Plan provides an overview of the current state of 
civil  society  in  Greece  and  makes  recommendations  for  self-regulation  and  proposals  for  an  effective 
Regulatory and Financial Framework. Bodossaki Foundation (2025). 

169  Greek Government (2025), written input, p. 137; Country visit, Ministry of Interior.  
170  The  next  meeting  is  scheduled  to  take  place  in  September  2025  and  focus  on  strengthening  cooperation 
between the authorities and CSOs. Another meeting is set for March 2026. The choice of the subject matter 
of the discussions will depend on the outcome of the previous meeting. Greek Government (2025a). 

171  Civil  Society  Report  (2025),  additional  written  input,  pp.  3-4,  MoMA  press  release  16  April  2025;  Joint 
letter by eight CSOs providing services to refugees and applicants for international protection on the Greek 
islands, 2 June 2025.  

172  European  Commission  Recommendation  (EU)  2023/2836  of  12  December  2023  on  promoting  the 
engagement  and  effective  participation  of  citizens  and  civil  society  organisations  in  public  policy-making 
processes. 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
Annex I: List of sources in alphabetical order* 

* The list of contributions received in the context of the consultation for the 2025 Rule of Law report 
can 
https://commission.europa.eu/publications/2025-rule-law-report-targeted-
stakeholder-consultation_en. 

found 

be 

at 

Association  of  Administrative  Judges  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Association  of 
Administrative Judges in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

Association of Administrative Judges (2025a), Press release, 27 March 2025.  

Association  of  Judges  of  the  Council  of  State  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Association  of 
Judges of the Council of State in the context of the country visit to Greece.  

Association of Judges of the Council of State (2025a), Press release, 28 March 2025.  

Association  of  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Audit  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Association  of 
Judges of the Court of Audit in the context of the country visit to Greece.  

Association of Judges and Prosecutors (2024), press release, 18 June 2024. 

Association  of  Judges  and  Prosecutors  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Association  of  Judges 
and Prosecutors in the context of the country visit to Greece  

Association of Judges and Prosecutors (2025a), Press releases, 26 March and 8 April 2025. 

Association of Prosecutors (2024), Press release, 18 June 2024.   

Association of Prosecutors (2025), Press release, 28 March 2025. 

Athens Bar Association (2024), Press releases, 18 June and 17 December 2024.  

Athens Bar Association (2025), Press release, 19 March 2025. 

Boat  Refugee  Foundation, Europe  Cares  e.V.,  Fenix Humanitarian  Legal  Aid, Human  Rights  Legal 
Project,  I  Have  Rights,  Medial  Volunteers  International,  Refuge  Biriyani  &Bananas,  Samos 
Volunteers (2025), Rule of Law Concerns – Greek Island C.C.A.C.s, Joint Letter 2 June 2025.  

Bodossaki Foundation (2025), Action Plan for Civil Society.  

Centre  for  Media  Pluralism  and  Media  Freedom  (2025),  Media  Pluralism  Monitor  2025,  Country 
report for Greece. 

Civicus (2025), Monitor tracking civic space – Greece, https://monitor.civicus.org/country/greece/ .  

Civil Liberties Union for Europe (2025), Liberties Rule of Law Report 2025, Greece.  

Civil Society Report (2025), Written joint contribution from the Greek Council for Refugees (GCR), 
Hellenic  League  for  Human  Rights,  HIAS  Greece,  Homo  Digitalis,  Refugee  Support  Aegean (RSA), 
Reporters United, Solomon and Vouliwatch for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

Civil  Society  Report  (2025),  Additional  contribution  from  the  Greek  Council  for  Refugees  (GCR), 
Hellenic  League  for  Human  Rights,  HIAS  Greece,  Homo  Digitalis,  Refugee  Support  Aegean (RSA), 
Reporters United, Solomon and Vouliwatch for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

22 

 
 
Committee  for  the  Investigation  of  Declaration  of  Assets  (2025),  2024  Annual  Report,  Audit 
Committee Activity Report for the calendar year 2024. 

Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) (2025), Contribution from the Council of Bars 
and Law Societies of Europe for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

Council of Europe anti-torture Committee (CPT) (2024), CPT/Inf (2024)21. 

Council  of  Europe  Commissioner  for  Human  Rights  (2025),  Speech,  High-level  conference  for 
Ombudsperson  Institutions  and  National  Human  Rights  Institutions  (NHRI),  Strasbourg,  27  March 
2025.  

Council  of  Europe,  Platform  to  promote  the  protection  of  journalism  and  safety  of  journalists  - 
Greece. 

Court of Audit (2024), Report of the Revenue and Expenditure of the State for 2023 and the Balance 
Sheet (Financial state) and other financial statements of the Central Administration of 31 December 
2023. 

Council of State (2024), Note to the President, 721/2024.  

Council of State (2025), Questions and Answers about the New Building Regulation. 

Council  of  State  (2025a),  Statement  of  the  President  on  the  decision  declaring  contrary  to  the 
Constitution provisions of the New Building Regulation, 11 December 2024. 

Council of State (2025b), Statement of the President on the decision annulling a ministerial decision 
declaring Turkey as a safe third country, 21 March 2025. 

Court of Justice of the European Union, judgment of 15 July 2021, Commission v Poland, C 791/19. 

European  Centre  for  Press  and  Media  Freedom  (2024),  Mapping  Media  Freedom,  Greece  country 
profile. 

European Commission (2023), 2023 Rule of Law Report, Country Chapter on the rule of law situation 
in Greece.  

European Commission (2023), Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/2836 of 12 December 2023 
on promoting the engagement and effective participation of citizens and civil society organisations in 
public policy-making processes.  

European Commission (2024), EU Justice Scoreboard.  

European Commission (2024), 2024 Rule of Law report, Country Chapter on the rule of law situation 
in Greece. 

European  Commission  (2025),  2025  Country  Report  –  Greece,  Accompanying  the  document 
Recommendation  for  a  Council  Recommendation  on  the  economic,  social,  employment,  structural 
and budgetary policies of Greece, SWD (2025) 208 final 

European Commission (2025), EU Justice Scoreboard.  

23 

 
 
European Commission (2025), Flash Eurobarometer 557 on Businesses’ attitudes towards corruption 
in the EU. 

European Commission (2025), Special Eurobarometer 561 on Citizens’ attitudes towards corruption 
in the EU. 

European Court of Human Rights, judgment of 11 October 2007, Bekir-Ousta and Others v. Greece, 
35151/05. 

European Court of Human Rights, judgment of 4 June 2024, Zoumpoulidis v. Greece, 57246/21.  

European Court of Human Rights, judgment of 19 November 2024, Tsiolis v. Greece, 51774/17. 

European Court of Human Rights, judgment of 7 January 2025, A.R.E. v. Greece, 15783/21. 

European  Court  of  Human  Rights,  judgment  of  21  January  2025,  Panayotopoulos  v.  Greece, 
44758/20. 

European  Court  of  Human  Rights,  judgment  of  25  March  2025,  Almukhlas  et  Al-Maliki  v.  Greece, 
22776/18. 

European Implementation Network (2025), Contribution from the European Implementation Network 
for the 2025 Rule of Law Report.  

European Investment Bank (2025), EIB Investment Survey 2024: Greece overview. 

European Network of National Human Rights Institutions (2025), State of the rule of law in Europe, 
Repirts from National Human Rights Institutions, Greece.  

European Public Prosecutor’s Office (2025), EPPO Annual Report 2024. 

European Public Prosecutor’s Office (2025a), Written contribution from the European Public 
Prosecutor’s Office for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

EU Fundamental Rights Agency (2024), Guidance on investigating alleged ill-treatment at borders.  

Financial  Crime  Prosecutors  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Financial  Crime  Prosecutors  in 
the context of the country visit to Greece. 

Foreign  Press  Association  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Foreign  Press  Association  in  the 
context of the country visit to Greece. 

GRECO  (2024),  Fifth  Evaluation  Round,  Preventing  corruption  and  promoting  integrity  in  central 
governments (top executive functions) and law enforcement agencies – Compliance Report on Greece. 

Greek Government (2025), Input from Greece for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

Greek Government (2025a), Additional written contribution for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

Greek Ombudsman (2025), Press release, 3 February 2025.  

Hellenic Single Public Procurement Authority (2025), Written contribution from the Hellenic Single 
Public Procurement Authority in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

24 

 
 
Human Rights Watch (2025), Written contribution from the Human Rights Watch for the 2025 Rule of 
Law Report. 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2025), Enhancing Judicial System Efficiency in Greece: Drivers 
and Economic Impact. 

International Press Institute (2024), Media Capture Monitoring Report, Country chapter on Greece. 

International Press Institute (2025), Written contribution from the International Press Institute for the 
2025 Rule of Law Report. 

Kathimerini (2025), Article of N. K. Alivizatos, Ενστάσεων αντίκρουση, 
https://www.kathimerini.gr/politics/563523082/arthro-nikoy-alivizatoy-stin-k-enstaseon-antikroysi/ 

KEFIM (2024), Policy Brief, Public Consultation.  

Ministry of  Citizen  Protection (2025),  Written contribution  from  the Ministry  of  Citizen  Protection/ 
Hellenic Police in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

Ministry  of  Interior,  General  Secretariat  for  Human  Resources  in  the  Public  Sector  and  National 
Transparency  Authority  (2022),  Code  Of  Ethics  And  Professional  Conduct  For  Public  Sector 
Employees, 
https://aead.gr/images/manuals/EN/code_ithikis_epaggelmatikhs_sumperiforas_ypallhlwn_dhosiou_t
omea_GR_en1.pdf.  

Ministry of Defence (2024), Reply to parliamentary question Φ.900α/6153/19533. 

Ministry  of  Interior  and  National  Transparency  Authority  (2024),  Code  of  Conduct  for  Seconded 
Officials  and  Special  Advisors,  https://aead.gr/images/manuals/FINAL_kodikas-deontologias-
metaklhtwn-ypallhlwn_EN.pdf.  

Ministry  of  Interior  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Ministry  of  Interior  in  the  context  of  the 
country visit to Greece. 

Ministry of Justice (2024), Reply to parliamentary question 178/2024.  

Ministry  of  Justice  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Ministry  of  Justice  in  the  context  of  the 
country visit to Greece. 

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Insular Policy (2025), press release, 4 February 2025. 

Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2024), 2025 National Plan of Government Policy. 

Ministry of Migration and Asylum (2025),  Written contribution from the Ministry of  Migration and 
Asylum in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

National Council for Radio and Television (2025), Written contribution from the National Council for 
Radio and Television in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

National Commission for Human Rights, Statement, 19 February 2025.  

National  Transparency  Authority  (2024),  2023  Annual  Report,  https://aead.gr/images/essays/2023-
ekthesi-apologismou.pdf.  

25 

 
 
National  Transparency  Authority 
https://aead.gr/images/manuals/EN/Code_of_Conduct_for_Integrity_Advisors_EN.pdf.  

(2024a),  Code  of  Conduct 

for 

Integrity  Advisors, 

National  Transparency  Authority 
https://lobbying.aead.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023-lobbying-etisia-ekthesi.pdf. 

(2024b),  Transparency  Register  Annual  Report  2023, 

National Transparency Authority (2025), Expression of interest invitation, Submission of Application 
for  Governor  of 
the  National  Transparency  Authority,  https://aead.gr/prokirixeis/upobole-
upopsephiotetas-gia-ten-kalupse-tes-theses-tou-dioikete-tes-ead.  

National  Transparency  Authority  (2025a),  Written  contribution  from  the  National  Transparency 
Authority,  in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

OECD (2024), Economic Surveys: Greece 2024. 

Panhellenic  Federation  of  Journalists’  Associations  (2025),  POESY  article  in  Typologies  (2024): 
'Intense concern about the restrictions on journalistic coverage of trials',  ΠΟΕΣΥ: ‘Εντονη ανησυχία 
για τους περιορισμούς στην δημοσιογραφική κάλυψη δικών. 

Plenary of the Bar associations (2025), Decision of 27 March 2025.  

Refugee Support Aegean( 2025), Joint Press Release by lawyers and organisations representing the 
survivors of the Pylos shipwreck, 23 May 2025. 

Reporters  Without  Borders  and  Free  Press  Unlimited  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  Reporters 
Without Borders and Free Press Unlimited for the 2025 Rule of Law Report. 

Secretariat General for Communication and Media (2025), Written contribution from the Secretariat 
General for Communication and Media in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

Secretariat  General  of  Legal  and  Parliamentary  Affairs  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the 
Secretariat General of Legal and Parliamentary Affairs in the context of the country visit to Greece. 

Supreme  Court  (2025),  Written  contribution  from  the  Vice  Prosecutor  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  the 
context of the country visit to Greece. 

Supreme Court (2025a), press release 26 March 2025. 

Supreme Court (2025b), press release, 4 June 2025. 

Syntagma  Watch  (2025),  Article  of  K.B.Botopoulos,  Άρθρο  86  και  «δίωξη  Τριαντόπουλου», 
https://www.syntagmawatch.gr/trending-issues/arthro-86-kai-diwxi-triantopoulou/  

To Vima (2025), Interview, Βενιζέλος στο ΒΗΜΑ: Ο χειρισμός της Προανακριτικής καταστρατηγεί το 
Σύνταγμα 
https://www.tovima.gr/print/politics/venizelos-sto-vima-o-xeirismos-tis-proanakritikis-
katastratigei-to-syntagma/.  

Transparency International (2025), Corruption Perceptions Index 2024. 

Transparency International (2025), Written contribution from Transparency Interational for the 2025 
Rule of Law Report. 

Vouliwatch (2024),  Concerns about the implementation of the law on “lobbying” and the functioning 
of the Transparency Register 

26 

 
 
UN  Human  Rights  Committee  (2024),  Concluding  observations  on  the  third  periodic  report  of 
Greece. 

 UN Human Rights Regional Office for Europe (OHCHR) (2025), Written contribution from OHCHR 
for the 2025 Rule of Law Report.  

Union  of  Staff  members  of the  Office  of the  Greek Ombudsman  (2025),  Press  release, 5  February 
2025. 

27 

 
 
Annex II: Country visit to Greece 

The Commission services held virtual meetings in March 2025 with: 

•  Association of Administrative Judges 
•  Association of Judges and Prosecutors  
•  Association of Judges of the Council of State 
•  Association of Judges of the Court of Audit 
•  Association of Notaries 
•  Committee of Parliament for the Investigation of Declarations of Assets (CIDA) 
•  Council of State 
•  Court of Audit 
•  Federation of Industries of Greece (SVE) 
•  Foreign Press Association Greece 
•  Greek Bar Associations 
•  Greek Council for Refugees 
•  Greek Ombudsperson 
•  Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT)  
•  Hellenic Confederation of Commerce & Entrepreneurship (ESEE) 
•  Hellenic Federation of Enterprises (SEV) 
•  Hellenic Single Public Procurement Authority (HSPPA) 
•  HIAS Greece 
•  Homo Digitalis 
• 
•  Journalists' Union of Athens Daily Newspaper (ESIEA) 
•  Ministry of Interior 
•  Ministry of Justice 
•  Ministry of Migration and Asylum  
•  National Association of National Private Broadcasters 
•  National Audiovisual Regulator 
•  National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) 
•  National Transparency Authority 
•  Office  of  the  Prosecutors  to  the  Supreme  Court  and  Office  of  the  Prosecutor  for 

Internal Affairs Unit of Law Enforcement Bodies, Ministry of Citizen Protection 

Financial Crimes  

•  Panhellenic Federation of Journalists' Unions (POESY) 
•  Refugee Support Aegean 
•  Reporters United 
•  Secretariat General for Communication and Media 
•  Secretariat General of Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 
•  Solomon 
•  Supreme Court 
•  Transparency International Greece 
•  Vouliwatch 

28 

 
 
 
* The Commission also met the following organisations in a number of horizontal meetings:  

•  Amnesty International  
•  Araminta  
•  Civil Liberties Union for Europe   
•  Civil Society Europe   
•  European Civic Forum   
•  European Partnership for Democracy  
•  European Youth Forum  
• 
• 
•  JEF Europe  
•  Philea – Philanthropy Europe Association 
•  Transparency International   

International Commission of Jurists   
International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)  

29