COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT STATISTICAL ANNEX Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE Alert Mechanism Report 2025 prepared in accordance with Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances
Date: 2024-12-17
Institutions: Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission
Subjects: economic disparity, economic growth, economic recovery, economic statistics, euro area, inflation, macroeconomics, multilateral surveillance, national accounts, public debt

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Strasbourg, 17.12.2024  SWD(2024) 701 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT STATISTICAL ANNEX Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE Alert Mechanism Report 2025     prepared in accordance with Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011   on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances {COM(2024) 702 final} - {SWD(2024) 700 final} - {SWD(2024) 702 final}  
 
 
European 
Commission 

                     Statistical Annex of 
                       Alert Mechanism Report 2025 

This document was prepared by the European Commission's Directorate-General Eurostat 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table of Contents 

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................... 8 

STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS ........................................................................................... 11 

THE MIP QUALITY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................. 14 

Chapter 1: Tables by year - Headline indicators ........................................................................................ 17 

Table 1.1: MIP Scoreboard 2023 ................................................................................................................. 17 

Table 1.2: MIP Scoreboard 2022 ................................................................................................................. 18 

Table 1.3: MIP Scoreboard 2021 ................................................................................................................. 19 

Table 1.4: MIP Scoreboard 2020 ................................................................................................................. 20 

Table 1.5: MIP Scoreboard 2019 ................................................................................................................. 21 

Table 1.6: MIP Scoreboard 2018 ................................................................................................................. 22 

Table 1.7: MIP Scoreboard 2017 ................................................................................................................. 23 

Table 1.8: MIP Scoreboard 2016 ................................................................................................................. 24 

Table 1.9: MIP Scoreboard 2015 ................................................................................................................. 25 

Table 1.10: MIP Scoreboard 2014 ............................................................................................................... 26 

Chapter 2: Tables by year - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP scoreboard
 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 

Table 2.1: Auxiliary indicators, 2023 .......................................................................................................... 27 

Table 2.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2023....................................................................................... 28 

Table 2.2: Auxiliary indicators, 2022 .......................................................................................................... 29 

Table 2.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2022....................................................................................... 30 

Table 2.3: Auxiliary indicators, 2021 .......................................................................................................... 31 

Table 2.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2021....................................................................................... 32 

Table 2.4: Auxiliary indicators, 2020 .......................................................................................................... 33 

Table 2.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2020....................................................................................... 34 

Table 2.5: Auxiliary indicators, 2019 .......................................................................................................... 35 

Table 2.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2019....................................................................................... 36 

Table 2.6: Auxiliary indicators, 2018 .......................................................................................................... 37 

Table 2.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2018....................................................................................... 38 

Table 2.7: Auxiliary indicators, 2017 .......................................................................................................... 39 

Table 2.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2017....................................................................................... 40 

Table 2.8: Auxiliary indicators, 2016 .......................................................................................................... 41 

Table 2.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2016....................................................................................... 42 

Table 2.9: Auxiliary indicators, 2015 .......................................................................................................... 43 

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Table 2.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2015....................................................................................... 44 

Table 2.10: Auxiliary indicators, 2014 ........................................................................................................ 45 

Table 2.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2014..................................................................................... 46 

Chapter 3: Tables by indicator..................................................................................................................... 47 

Table 3.1: Current account balance, % of GDP (3 year average) ................................................................ 47 

Table 3.2: Current account balance (% of GDP) ......................................................................................... 48 

Table 3.3: Net international investment position (% of GDP) .................................................................... 49 

Table 3.4: Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) ...... 50 

Table 3.5: Current plus capital account - Net lending-borrowing (% of GDP) ........................................... 51 

Table 3.6: Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP) ..................................................................... 52 

Table 3.7: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change) ............... 53 

Table 3.8: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (1 year % change) ............... 54 

Table 3.9: Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change) ....................................... 55 

Table 3.10: Export performance against advanced economies (1 year % change) ..................................... 56 

Table 3.11: Nominal unit labour cost per hour worked (3 year % change) ................................................. 57 

Table 3.12: Nominal unit labour cost per hour worked (1 year % change) ................................................. 58 

Table 3.13: Real GDP per capita  (EUR) .................................................................................................... 59 

Table 3.14: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) ............................................................................... 60 

Table 3.15: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP) .................................................................. 61 

Table 3.16: Export market share - % of world exports (3 year % change) ................................................. 62 

Table 3.17: Labour productivity per hour worked (1 year % change) ........................................................ 63 

Table 3.18: Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area ..................................................................... 64 

Table 3.19: General government gross debt (% of GDP) ............................................................................ 65 

Table 3.20: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDP)
 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66 

Table 3.21: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (Million 
units of national currency) ........................................................................................................................... 67 

Table 3.22: Non-financial corporations debt, consolidated (% of GDP) ..................................................... 68 

Table 3.23: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDI)
 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 69 

Table 3.24: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of 
debt stock t-1) .............................................................................................................................................. 70 

Table 3.25: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated 
(Million units of national currency) ............................................................................................................. 71 

Table 3.26: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (% of 
debt stock t-1, excl. FDI) ............................................................................................................................. 72 

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Table 3.27: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated 
(Millions of national currency) .................................................................................................................... 73 

Table 3.28: Non-financial corporations debt excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (Million 
units of national currency) ........................................................................................................................... 74 

Table 3.29: Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans) ....................... 75 

Table 3.30: Tier-1 capital ratio banking sector ............................................................................................ 76 

Table 3.31: Return on equity of banks ........................................................................................................ 77 

Table 3.32: House price index, nominal (1 year % change) ........................................................................ 78 

Table 3.33: Standardised house price-to-income ratio ................................................................................ 79 

Table 3.34: Building permits ....................................................................................................................... 80 

Table 3.35: Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74) .......................................................................... 81 

Table 3.36: Labour force participation rate  - % of total population aged 15-64 (3 year change in pps) .... 82 

Table 3.37: Labour force participation rate  - % of total population aged 15-64 ........................................ 83 

Table 3.38: Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-74 ................................................... 84 

Table 3.39: Youth unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-24 .......................................................... 85 

Table 3.40: Employment rate - % total population aged Y20-64 ................................................................ 86 

Table 3.41: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population 
aged 15-29 ................................................................................................................................................... 87 

Table 3.42: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population ....................................... 88 

Table 3.43: People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population .................................... 89 

Table 3.44: Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population ............................... 90 

Table 3.45: People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64 . 91 

Chapter 4: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Headline indicators ............................................ 92 

Table 4.1: The MIP scoreboard for European Union .................................................................................. 92 

Table 4.2: The MIP scoreboard for Euro Area ............................................................................................ 93 

Table 4.3: The MIP scoreboard for Belgium ............................................................................................... 94 

Table 4.4: The MIP scoreboard for Bulgaria ............................................................................................... 95 

Table 4.5: The MIP scoreboard for Czechia ................................................................................................ 96 

Table 4.6: The MIP scoreboard for Denmark .............................................................................................. 97 

Table 4.7: The MIP scoreboard for Germany .............................................................................................. 98 

Table 4.8: The MIP scoreboard for Estonia ................................................................................................ 99 

Table 4.9: The MIP scoreboard for Ireland ............................................................................................... 100 

Table 4.10: The MIP scoreboard for Greece ............................................................................................. 101 

Table 4.11: The MIP scoreboard for Spain ............................................................................................... 102 

Table 4.12: The MIP scoreboard for France .............................................................................................. 103 

Table 4.13: The MIP scoreboard for Croatia ............................................................................................. 104 

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Table 4.14: The MIP scoreboard for Italy ................................................................................................. 105 

Table 4.15: The MIP scoreboard for Cyprus ............................................................................................. 106 

Table 4.16: The MIP scoreboard for Latvia .............................................................................................. 107 

Table 4.17: The MIP scoreboard for Lithuania ......................................................................................... 108 

Table 4.18: The MIP scoreboard for Luxembourg .................................................................................... 109 

Table 4.19: The MIP scoreboard for Hungary........................................................................................... 110 

Table 4.20: The MIP scoreboard for Malta ............................................................................................... 111 

Table 4.21: The MIP scoreboard for Netherlands ..................................................................................... 112 

Table 4.22: The MIP scoreboard for Austria ............................................................................................. 113 

Table 4.23: The MIP scoreboard for Poland ............................................................................................. 114 

Table 4.24: The MIP scoreboard for Portugal ........................................................................................... 115 

Table 4.25: The MIP scoreboard for Romania .......................................................................................... 116 

Table 4.26: The MIP scoreboard for Slovenia........................................................................................... 117 

Table 4.27: The MIP scoreboard for Slovakia........................................................................................... 118 

Table 4.28: The MIP scoreboard for Finland ............................................................................................ 119 

Table 4.29: The MIP scoreboard for Sweden ............................................................................................ 120 

Chapter 5: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic 
reading of the MIP scoreboard ................................................................................................................... 121 

Table 5.1: Auxiliary indicators for European Union ................................................................................. 121 

Table 5.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for European Union .............................................................. 122 

Table 5.2: Auxiliary indicators for Euro Area ........................................................................................... 123 

Table 5.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Euro Area ....................................................................... 124 

Table 5.3: Auxiliary indicators for Belgium ............................................................................................. 125 

Table 5.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Belgium .......................................................................... 126 

Table 5.4: Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria.............................................................................................. 127 

Table 5.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria .......................................................................... 128 

Table 5.5: Auxiliary indicators for Czechia .............................................................................................. 129 

Table 5.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Czechia ........................................................................... 130 

Table 5.6: Auxiliary indicators for Denmark ............................................................................................ 131 

Table 5.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Denmark ......................................................................... 132 

Table 5.7: Auxiliary indicators for Germany ............................................................................................ 133 

Table 5.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Germany ......................................................................... 134 

Table 5.8: Auxiliary indicators for Estonia ............................................................................................... 135 

Table 5.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Estonia ............................................................................ 136 

Table 5.9: Auxiliary indicators for Ireland ................................................................................................ 137 

Table 5.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Ireland ............................................................................. 138 

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Table 5.10: Auxiliary indicators for Greece .............................................................................................. 139 

Table 5.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Greece ........................................................................... 140 

Table 5.11: Auxiliary indicators for Spain ................................................................................................ 141 

Table 5.11 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Spain ............................................................................. 142 

Table 5.12: Auxiliary indicators for France .............................................................................................. 143 

Table 5.12 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for France ........................................................................... 144 

Table 5.13: Auxiliary indicators for Croatia ............................................................................................. 145 

Table 5.13 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Croatia .......................................................................... 146 

Table 5.14: Auxiliary indicators for Italy .................................................................................................. 147 

Table 5.14 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Italy ............................................................................... 148 

Table 5.15: Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus .............................................................................................. 149 

Table 5.15 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus .......................................................................... 150 

Table 5.16: Auxiliary indicators for Latvia ............................................................................................... 151 

Table 5.16 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Latvia ............................................................................ 152 

Table 5.17: Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania .......................................................................................... 153 

Table 5.17 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania ....................................................................... 154 

Table 5.18: Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg ..................................................................................... 155 

Table 5.18 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg ................................................................. 156 

Table 5.19: Auxiliary indicators for Hungary ........................................................................................... 157 

Table 5.19 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Hungary ........................................................................ 158 

Table 5.20: Auxiliary indicators for Malta ................................................................................................ 159 

Table 5.20 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Malta ............................................................................. 160 

Table 5.21: Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands ...................................................................................... 161 

Table 5.21 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands ................................................................... 162 

Table 5.22: Auxiliary indicators for Austria ............................................................................................. 163 

Table 5.22 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Austria .......................................................................... 164 

Table 5.23: Auxiliary indicators for Poland .............................................................................................. 165 

Table 5.23 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Poland ........................................................................... 166 

Table 5.24: Auxiliary indicators for Portugal ............................................................................................ 167 

Table 5.24 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Portugal ........................................................................ 168 

Table 5.25: Auxiliary indicators for Romania ........................................................................................... 169 

Table 5.25 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Romania ....................................................................... 170 

Table 5.26: Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia ........................................................................................... 171 

Table 5.26 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia ........................................................................ 172 

Table 5.27: Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia ........................................................................................... 173 

Table 5.27 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia ........................................................................ 174 
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Table 5.28: Auxiliary indicators for Finland ............................................................................................. 175 

Table 5.28 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Finland .......................................................................... 176 

Table 5.29: Auxiliary indicators for Sweden ............................................................................................. 177 

Table 5.29 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Sweden ......................................................................... 178 

Chapter 6: Tables by year - MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) ............................................................. 179 

Table 6.1: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2023 ................................................................................... 179 

Table 6.2: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2022 ................................................................................... 180 

Table 6.3: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2021 ................................................................................... 181 

Table 6.4: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2020 ................................................................................... 182 

Table 6.5: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2019 ................................................................................... 183 

Table 6.6: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2018 ................................................................................... 184 

Table 6.7: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2017 ................................................................................... 185 

Table 6.8: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2016 ................................................................................... 186 

Table 6.9: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2015 ................................................................................... 187 

Table 6.10: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2014 ................................................................................. 188 

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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 

The  Statistical  Annex  to  the  2025  Alert  Mechanism  Report  (AMR  2025)  presents  the 
Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) scoreboard and auxiliary indicators used in the 
economic reading of the MIP scoreboard. This annex covers the years from 2014 to 2023. 
Eurostat  mainly  compiles  MIP  indicators  from  data  transmitted  by  Member  States, 
following  the  relevant  European  legislation.  MIP  scoreboard  indicators  are  presented  with 
their  indicative  thresholds  (used  in  the  AMR),  while  no  threshold  is  applied  to  auxiliary 
indicators. 

The  policy  framework  of  the  MIP  relies  on  timely  and  high  quality  socio-economic  and 
financial  statistics.  Since  the  publication  of  the  first  Statistical  Annex  in  2012,  significant 
progress  has  been  achieved  towards  enhancing  the  standards  and  methods  used  for  the 
compilation  of  underlying  data  as  well  as  strengthening  the  statistical  quality  assurance 
framework. 
In 2024, in the context of the regular review process set out in the MIP regulation1, the sets 
of scoreboard and auxiliary indicators used for the MIP have been modified. The indicators 
have  been  streamlined  and  better  balanced  across  blocks,  in  particular  at  the  level  of  the 
auxiliary indicators, and ongoing statistical quality improvements have been accounted for, 
whilst  broadly  preserving  the  stability  of  the  indicators  and  their  relevance  for  MIP 
surveillance. The modified sets of scoreboard and auxiliary indicators are presented in tables 
1  and  2.  More  information  on  the  changes  made  are  provided  in  staff  working  document 
SWD(2024) 702 on the scoreboard revision accompanying the AMR 2025. 

Concerning  scoreboard  indicators  for  the  monitoring  of  external  imbalances,  the  indicator 
for  export  market  shares  in  percentage  of  world  exports  has  switched  position  with  the 
previous auxiliary indicator export performance against advanced economies, which is now 
expressed as a three-year percentage change instead of five. For the nominal unit labour cost 
index,  the  unit  of  measure  will  now  be  hours  worked,  to  take  into  account  the  increased 
presence of part-time jobs.  

When looking at internal imbalances, the attention has been moved from the deflated house 
price index to a nominal one, while private debt is now covered in more detail by looking at 
its  components.  Households  (and  non-profit  institutions  serving  households,  NPISH)  and 
non-financial corporations can be separately analysed thanks to the introduction of specific 
debt and credit indicators. Furthermore, credit flows in year t are expressed as a percentage 
of  debt  stock  in  the  year  t-1.  For  non-financial  corporations’  credit  flows,  foreign  direct 
investment (FDI) flows have been excluded from the computation of the indicator. The same 
holds for the debt stock used in the denominator. The scoreboard indicator on the financial 
sector  (total  financial  sector  liabilities)  has  been  dropped.  The  financial  sector  will  be 
monitored henceforth through three auxiliary indicators covering the banking sector. 

Regarding  the  scoreboard  indicators  covering  social  and  labour  market  developments,  the 
main  change  was  for  the  long-term  and  youth  unemployment  indicators,  which  have  been 
moved  to  become  auxiliary  indicators.  The  unemployment  rate  and  the  labour  force 
participation rate (previously named activity rate and renamed according to Regulation (EU) 
2019/1700) indicators, remain in the set of the scoreboard indicators. For the unemployment 

1 Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 on the 
prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances, OJ L 306, 23/11/2011, p. 25. 

8 

 
 
 
rate, the analytical  focus has moved to  annual  data, where previously  a three-year average 
was considered.  

The  MIP  scoreboard  consists  of  13  headline  indicators  measuring  internal  and  external 
imbalances as well as social and labour market developments. MIP scoreboard indicators for 
the last ten years are displayed in this statistical annex by year in chapter 1, and by country 
in chapter 4. Table 1 lists the MIP scoreboard indicators together with detailed information 
on their data sources. 

Table 1. MIP scoreboard indicators (AMR 2025) 

Indicator 

Unit 

Data source 

Current account balance (% of GDP) 

3 year average 

Net international investment position  

% of GDP 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

3 year % change 

DG ECFIN 

Real effective exchange rate (42 trading partners, 
HICP deflator) 
Export performance against advanced economies 
Nominal unit labour cost index, per hour worked 
(2015=100) 

General government gross debt  

Household debt (+NPISH), consolidated 

NFC debt - consolidated 

3 year % change  

3 year % change 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 

Household credit flow (+NPISH), consolidated 

NFC credit flow - consolidated, excl. FDI 

% debt stock (t-1) 
% debt stock(t-1), excl. 
FDI 

House price index, nominal 

1 year % change 

Eurostat 

Unemployment rate 

Labour force participation rate 

% labour force Y15-74  Eurostat 
3 year change pps (% 
population Y15-64) 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Statistical 
domain 

BoP/NA 

BoP/NA 

BoP 

NA 

EDP/GFS 

NA (FA) 

NA (FA) 

NA (FA) 

NA (FA)/BoP 

Real estate 
statistics 
EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

Note: NA – National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; FA – Financial Accounts; FDI – Foreign Direct Investment; EDP – Excessive 
Deficit Procedure Statistics; GFS – Government Finance Statistics; HICP – Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices; LFS – Labour Force 
Survey/Labour Market Statistics; NPISH – Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households; pps – percentage points 

Supplementing the MIP scoreboard indicators, a list of 23 auxiliary indicators (see Table 2) 
provides  additional  information  on  aspects  linked  to  the  general  macroeconomic  situation, 
nominal  and  real  convergence  inside  and  outside  the  European  Union  and  the  euro  area, 
detailed  data  on  external  liabilities,  the  housing  market,  competitiveness  and  the  financial 
sector.  

Following  this  year’s  review  of  indicators,  the  analysis  of  the  housing  market  has  been 
enhanced  by  the  presence  of  new  auxiliary  indicators:  the  standardised  house  price-to-
income  ratio2,  and  building  permits  (expressed  in  square  meters  per  1000  inhabitants),  an 
indicator reflecting dynamics in housing supply.  

The  set  of  MIP  auxiliary  indicators  also  includes  three  auxiliary  indicators  covering  the 
banking sector, of which two are new additions: the tier-1 capital ratio of the banking sector 
as a % of risk-weighted assets, to assess bank capitalization, and the return on equity of the 

2 The standardised house price-to-income ratio is defined as the ratio of the current house price-to-income ratio relative 
to the long-term average house price-to-income ratio, calculated over the period 2000 to the most recent data available 
and expressed as an index. If the index equals 100, it means the current house price-to-income ratio is equal to its long-
term average. 

9 

 
 
 
 
banking  sector  (%),  to  assess  their  profitability.  In  addition,  there  has  also  been  a  new 
auxiliary  indicator  introduced  for  household  debt  as  a  percentage  of  the  (adjusted)  gross 
disposable income, as well as an indicator representing the core inflation differential vis-à-
vis the euro area. 

For some indicators, the measurement unit has changed. This is the case of real GDP, now 
expressed  in  per  capita  terms;  labour  productivity,  now  computed  on  the  basis  of  hours 
worked;  the  young  people  neither  in  employment  nor  in  education  or  training  indicator, 
which now covers the age group 15-29, and employment which now is measured as the rate 
of the number of person aged 20 to 64 in employment to the total population of the same age 
group (based on the EU Labour Force Survey). 

For the sake of parsimony, some auxiliary indicators have been dropped. 

Auxiliary indicators enhance the information base for understanding potential imbalances, as 
well as  the adjustment capacity of the economy. Auxiliary indicators are also  presented in 
this Statistical Annex by year (Chapter 2) and by country (Chapter 5). 

Data 
source 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Eurostat/
IMF 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
ECB 

Table 2. MIP auxiliary indicators (AMR 2025) 

Indicator 

Net  international  investment  position  excluding  non-
defaultable instruments 
Net lending/borrowing (Current plus capital account) 
Net trade balance of energy products 

Real GDP per capita 
Gross fixed capital formation 
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D 

Unit 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 
% of GDP 

EUR 
% of GDP 
% of GDP 

Export market share (% of world exports) 

3 year change (%) 

Labour productivity (per hour worked) 
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area 
Household debt (+NPISH), consolidated 
Gross  non-performing  loans  of  domestic  and  foreign 
entities 
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector 

Return on equity of banking sector 
Standardised house price-to-income ratio 

Building permits 
Long-term unemployment rate 

Youth unemployment rate 

Employment rate 

Young people neither in employment nor in education 
or training 
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion 
People at risk of poverty after social transfers 
Severely materially and socially deprived people 
People living in households with very low work 
intensity 

1 year change (%) 
pps 
% of GDI 
% of gross loans 

ECB 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 

ECB 
Eurostat 

% risk-weighted 
assets 
% 
ratio vs the average, 
since 2000 
m² per 1000 inh 
%  labour  force  Y15-
74 
%  labour  force  Y15-
24 
%  of  total  population 
Y20-64 
%  of  total  population 
aged 15-29 
% of total population   Eurostat 
Eurostat 
% of total population 
Eurostat 
% of total population 
Eurostat 
%  of  total  population 
aged 0-64 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

Statistical 
domain 

BoP/ NA 

BoP/NA 
International 
Trade/ NA 
NA 
NA 
Business 
Statistics/ NA 
BoP 

NA 
HICP 
NA (FA) 
CBD 

CBD 

CBD 
Real estate 
statistics/NA 
STS 
EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 

Note: NA – National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; CBD – Consolidated Banking Data; FA – Financial Accounts; FDI – Foreign 
Direct Investment; HICP – Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices; LFS – Labour Force Survey/Labour Market Statistics; NPISH – Non-
Profit Institutions Serving Households; SILC – Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; STS  – Short-term Business Statistics;  pps – 
percentage points 

10 

 
 
In Chapter 3, data are presented by indicator to allow an easy comparison of Member States, 
for  the  10-year  time  series.  In  addition,  short  descriptions  of  the  indicators  and  detailed 
information on sources and methods employed for their compilation are provided. 

The cut-off date for the data, that is the date on which data were extracted from the Eurostat 
database  for  the  preparation  of  this  document,  is  31  October  2024.  For  additional 
information about the data, please contact ESTAT-MIP@ec.europa.eu. 

STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS 

Since  2014,  MIP  indicators  stemming  from  the  national  accounts  (NA)  and  balance  of 
payments  (BoP)  and  international  investment  position  (IIP)  domains  have  been  computed 
following the ESA 2010 and BPM6 statistical standards (the European System of Accounts 
2010  and  the  Balance  of  Payments  and  International  Investment  Position  Manual,  6th 
edition) that guarantee a high level of comparability across European Union Member States.  

The  implementation  of  the  standards  ensures  conceptual  consistency  between  national 
accounts and balance of payments / international investment position. However, in practice, 
differences in the components of the accounts (the BoP/IIP and NA Rest of the world data) 
persist for many Member States.  

Eurostat continues to work on the reconciliation of the balance of payments and the rest of 
the  world  (RoW)  account  at  national  level,  and  regularly  assesses  the  state  of  consistency 
between balance of payments and national accounts statistics.  

The  implementation  of  the  harmonised  European  revision  policy  (HERP)  for  National 
Accounts  and  balance  of  payments  statistics  covering  benchmark  and  routine  revisions  is 
progressing on a voluntary basis3. 

While  the  introduction  of  benchmark  revisions  is  usually  associated  with  more  significant 
data  updates,  such  revisions  improve  the  overall  quality  and  consistency  of  data  through 
further  improvements  in  the  methodology,  sources  or  estimation  techniques  applied.  The 
revisions  often  relate  to  statistical  improvements  and  actions  agreed  in  the  context  of  the 
verification of GNI or EDP data.  

Following  recommendations  of  the  HERP,  EU  countries  –  with  the  exception  of 
Luxembourg - are carrying out a benchmark revision of their national accounts estimates in 
2024.  The  purpose  of  this  benchmark  revision  is  to  implement  changes  introduced  by  the 
amended  ESA  2010  regulation,  and  to  incorporate  new  data  sources  and  other 
methodological  improvements.  Most  of  the  revised  quarterly  and  annual  country  data  are 
expected  to  be  released  by  Eurostat  by  December  20244,  and  are  progressively  integrated 
into European estimates. All revisions are closely monitored and validated by Eurostat. The 
main expected changes, dates and overviews of national releases are published on Eurostat’s 
ESA 2010 data revision web page.  

In  the  Balance  of  Payments  domain,  progress  has  been  made  on  addressing  the 
asymmetries  in  statistics  for  trade  in  goods  and  services  and  foreign  direct  investment. 

3 Information on data quality and on benchmark revisions is available on the Eurostat website:  
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-2010/implementation-data-quality and https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-
2010/data-revision  
4 For more information on the country progress on the benchmark implementation please refer to: 706810e1-c77e-235f-
79c7-a8fe5fee3aef (europa.eu) 

11 

 
 
 
Eurostat  continued  activities  to  further  reduce  asymmetries,  in  particular  the  follow  up  of 
some  of  the  recommendations  resulting  from  the  previous  ITSS5  asymmetry  study,  an 
ongoing initiative to obtain the Member States’ VIES (VAT Information Exchange System) 
data  for  the  intra-exports  side,  and  the  development  of  a  flexible  tool  to  exchange 
information  on  compensation  of  employees.  Furthermore,  Eurostat  is  working  on  VAT 
“Mini One Stop  Shop” (MOSS) and “One Stop  Shop” (OSS) data to  address  asymmetries 
for services.  

In  addition,  an  Asymmetries  Resolution  Mechanism  (ARM)  is  managed  by  ECB  and 
Eurostat in the context of quarterly BOP production. The purpose of the ARM is to facilitate 
bilateral and/or multilateral reconciliation exercises to reduce asymmetries in foreign direct 
investment.  Eurostat  has  also  set  up  an  ARM  on  international  trade  in  services,  aiming  at 
resolving asymmetries in trilateral meetings organized by Eurostat and partner countries. 

Eurostat  is  working  to  provide  further  guidance  on  the  treatment  of  non-resident  VAT 
traders  in  balance  of  payments  statistics.  Eurostat  hosted  under  the  umbrella  of  its  BOP 
Working Group, and in close cooperation with the GNI Expert Group, a workshop on non-
resident VAT traders in April 2024. Based on the findings from this workshop and an earlier 
survey, Eurostat has updated the ESA 2010 Methodological note (2024 update) on Foreign 
trade  reported  by  non-resident  VAT  traders.  This  note  provides  recommendations  for 
compilers of national  accounts and balance of payment statistics  to follow the principle of 
change of economic ownership as required by ESA 2010 and BPM6 in case of foreign trade 
reported  by  non-residents.  The  note  elaborates  on  compiling  such  transactions  and  helps 
Member States to implement a more standardised approach to the issue of non-resident VAT 
traders.  The  guidance  will  address  practical  problems  and  include  relevant  advice,  for 
example on how to deal with sparse data, and on identifying and assembling data sources. In 
order  to  broaden  the  audience  of  the  guidance  note  and  facilitate  the  harmonised 
implementation  of  recommendations,  detailed  explanations  for  non-expert  users  will  be 
provided, building on some practical examples. Eurostat intends to publish the updated note 
by end of 2024. 

Eurostat and the ECB have been systematically analyzing inconsistencies between BOP and 
NA  statistics  since  2015.  While  improvements  have  been  made,  some  discrepancies  still 
persist: 

•  The overall inconsistencies remained at 1.5% of EU GDP on average from 2018-2023. 

•  16 EU countries had relative differences below 1.0% of their GDP for total net financial 

account transactions from 2021-2023. 

Specific issues were identified for the services account: 

•  The  services  account  showed  the  second-highest  absolute  discrepancies  after  the 

primary income account. 

•  A few Member States had significant inconsistencies in their services accounts. 

While not specifically highlighted as a major source of discrepancy, the goods account is still 
an area of focus for improvement. 

Eurostat and ECB follow several initiatives to improve consistency and reduce asymmetries. In 
view of regular data comparisons, Eurostat conducts regular comparisons of quarterly BOP and 

5 ITSS: International Trade in Services Statistics. 

12 

 
 
 
quarterly/annual  sector  accounts  for  the  ROW  sector.  The  harmonization  of  methodological 
standards (ESA2010 and BPM6) has helped to eliminate some previous discrepancies. 

While progress has been made in addressing inconsistencies and asymmetries in trade of goods 
and  services  between  NA  ROW  accounts  and  BOP  statistics,  it  remains  an  ongoing  area  of 
focus  for  Eurostat  and  the  ECB.  These  efforts  are  aimed  at  improving  data  quality,  reducing 
discrepancies,  and  enhancing  the  usefulness  of  these  statistics  for  economic  analysis  and 
policymaking. 

In the domain of Financial Accounts, there is planned statistical work which will be important 
for the quality of MIP indicators: the recording of other equity, of derivatives, of loans between 
non-financial corporations, of foreign-controlled corporations and special purpose entities, and 
of the vertical  discrepancy with  non-financial sector accounts. On the latter, Eurostat and the 
ECB published a report with recommendations6 with the aim of improving vertical consistency 
across  institutional  sectors  in  order  to  enhance  cross-country  comparability.  For  the  auxiliary 
indicator on household debt in percentage of adjusted gross disposable income, there is missing 
data for Bulgaria from 2018 to 2023 due to the denominator not being available on 31 October 
2024. 

Concerning  the  Labour  Force  Survey  (EU-LFS),  Regulation  (EU)  2019/1700  entered  into 
force  in  2021,  together  with  its  EU-LFS  implementing  regulation  (Regulation  (EU) 
2019/2240). The innovations introduced concern all aspects of the survey - the sample design 
and  its  temporal  distribution,  the  underlining  definitions,  precision  requirements,  quality 
monitoring, and data collection modalities. The main purpose was the harmonisation between 
countries  of  the  fundamental  features  of  the  survey.  In  addition,  several  countries  used  the 
occasion to introduce nationally specific innovations, thereby ensuring a maximum of only one 
break in the time series.  

Due to pre-existing differences between national surveys, it is not possible to assess the overall 
impact  of  the  new  Regulation  on  the  survey  results:  the  further  a  country  was  from  the 
harmonised  new  standards,  the  more  that  country  has  been  affected  by  the  change.  Some 
countries show figures in line with those of the old LFS, while others declare relevant breaks in 
the  LFS  series.  In  addition  to  the  mentioned  changes,  a  notable  case  is  the  German  data, 
primarily due to the introduction of the new German system of integrated household surveys, 
including the LFS, in 2020. Because of technical reasons, German 2020 data were not directly 
estimated from LFS micro-data but, instead, based on a larger sample including additional data 
from other integrated household surveys. In 2021, Germany returned to purely LFS-based data. 

Consistency  in  MIP  scoreboard  indicators  has  been  ensured  thanks  to  back-calculation,  as 
required by the new regulation7. The back estimates cover several years, to ensure full coverage 
of  the  MIP  labour  market  indicators.  Each  country  was  asked  to  provide  either  the  back-
calculated series or the information to run the back-calculation in Eurostat. The labour market 
indicators in the MIP scoreboard may therefore show different figures to those published in the 
past,  even  in  the  initial  part  of  the  series.  However,  series  are  consistent  over  time  and 
multiannual indicators are calculated with consistent figures. 

In  the  House  Prices  domain,  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2023/1470,  which 
establishes  the  methodological  and  technical  specifications  for  the  house  price  index  and  the 
owner-occupied housing price index, was adopted in 2023. This regulation is being applied to 

6 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/499359/499434/Recommendations+on+Vertical+consistency.pdf  
7 More information on the page: 
 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_labour_force_survey 

13 

 
 
 
all  data  transmissions  as  of  1  January  2024.  Previously  transmitted  data  have  been  revised 
where necessary and where data sources are available. The index for Belgium has been revised 
for the years 2015 to 2022 due to changes in item weights, the aggregation procedure and the 
hedonic method applied. The index for the Netherlands has been revised for the same period, 
with  changes  in  calculation  of  weights  and  improvements  to  the  index  compilation 
methodology.  The  index  for  Austria  has  been  revised  from  2010  to  2022,  reflecting 
improvements  in  data  processing,  the  exclusion  of  prefabricated  houses  and  the  inclusion  of 
transaction  prices  in  calculating  the  price  index  for  newly  built  dwellings.  Additionally, 
refinements  in  the  hedonic  repricing  method  and  changes  of  the  calculation  of  weights  were 
made. Greece does not provide official data to Eurostat in this domain. 

General Government Gross Debt data notified for the years 2020 to 2023 were released on 
22  October  2024  within  the  EDP  notification.  For  more  information  on  the  main  revisions 
between April 2024 and October 2024 notifications, please see the latest EDP news release. It 
should be noted that the majority of Member States notified the results of the 2024 harmonised 
benchmark revision with this release. Timeliness and availability of general government gross 
debt data remained excellent. In February 2023, Eurostat published an updated version of the 
Manual on Government Deficit and Debt. 

In  the  domain  of  Income  and  Living  Conditions  (EU-SILC),  methodological  changes 
introduced  in  2022  concerning  three  auxiliary  indicators  (people  at  risk  of  poverty  or  social 
exclusion,  severely  materially  and  socially  deprived  people,  and  people  living  in  households 
with very low work intensity) have resulted in their respective time series beginning in 2015.   

THE MIP QUALITY FRAMEWORK  

The credibility of the MIP and its smooth implementation critically depends on the availability 
and quality of the MIP underlying statistics. The statistics used in the procedure must be fit for 
the purpose, timely, reliable and comparable among Member States. For that reason, the MIP 
indicators  are  regularly  reviewed;  the  underlying  statistical  methodology  and  the  statistical 
production  processes  are  constantly  improved.  Statistics  underlying  the  MIP  indicators  are 
based  on  European  Union  legislation  and  compiled  by  the  ESS  and  in  part  by  the  European 
System of Central Banks (ESCB). 

In  2023,  the  Economic  and  Financial  Affairs  Council  (ECOFIN)8  welcomed  the  progress  on 
quality  assurance  of  statistics  underlying  the  MIP  and  appreciated  the  annual  ESS-ESCB 
quality assessment report on MIP statistics by Eurostat and the ECB, taking note of the actions 
identified therein.  

The  MIP  quality  assurance  framework,  developed  jointly  by  Eurostat  and  the  Directorate 
General  Statistics  of  the  European  Central  Bank,  follows  a  three-level  structure.  A 
comprehensive  webpage9  with  information  and  links  to  all  relevant  quality  documents  is 
available  on  the  MIP  dedicated  section  of  Eurostat  website.  In  this  framework,  the  work 
performed consisted of the following actions: 

•  Level  1:  preparation  of  an  annual  ESS-ESCB  quality  assessment  report  on  MIP 
statistics by Eurostat and the ECB towards the European Parliament and Council, policy 
makers  and  the  public  at  large,  to  assess  the  reliability  and  comparability  of  MIP 

8 Council conclusions of ECOFIN Council meeting on 26 October 2023:  
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/67848/st14563-en23.pdf   
9 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/macroeconomic-imbalances-procedure/quality 

14 

 
 
 
underlying statistics and address the most relevant quality issues. The 10th report was 
published on 8 July 2024 on the websites of Eurostat, the ECB, and of the Committee 
on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics (CMFB). The report relates 
to recent developments, with a clear separation from more permanent features. 

•  Level  2:  domain-specific  quality  reports  produced  by  Eurostat  and  the  ECB 
summarising the main findings for the euro area or the European Union Member States. 
These  reports  assess  the  underlying  compilation  process  and  its  robustness,  describe 
legal  bases  and  evaluate  whether  the  statistics  are  in  line  with  international  statistical 
standards. The following level 2 reports are currently available: 

−  Balance  of  Payments  and  International  Investment  Position  statistics  (Eurostat, 

ECB)  

−  National  Accounts  (including  Financial  Accounts)  (Eurostat)  and  Financial 

Accounts (ECB) 

−  House Price Statistics (Eurostat) 

−  Labour Force Survey (Eurostat) 

−  Excessive  Deficit  Procedure  Statistics 

/  Government  Finance  Statistics 

(Eurostat) 

In line with the legal requirements of quality reporting for national and regional accounts10, 
the  seventh  annual  Eurostat  quality  report  was  published  on  19  December  202311,  and 
covered data transmissions in 2022 in line with the ESA 2010 transmission programme. The 
eighth quality report, based on data transmitted in 2023, is close to completion. The Eurostat 
quality report also explicitly covers data underlying the MIP indicators. From 2021 onwards, 
the complete set of quality indicators was applied for the assessment of data transmissions, 
in  line  with  the  requirements  of  the  2016  implementing  regulation.  An  overview  of  ESA 
2010  implementation  and  quality  is  available  on  the  Eurostat  website12.  New  derogations 
were granted to member States in the framework of the ESA 2010 Transmission Programme 
mid-term review. Eurostat is closely monitoring compliance gaps and encouraging countries 
to address them urgently. 

The  implementation  of  the  alignment  of  the  existing  quality  reports  on  balance  of 
payments/international  investment  position  produced  by  the  ESS  and  the  ESCB  has  been 
achieved.  While,  due  to  the  different  data  coverage  and  legislation,  it  is  currently  not 
possible to have one common report, the respective structure, the indicators and the findings 
included in the Eurostat and the ECB reports are to a great extent harmonised.  

In addition, the Commission (DG ECFIN), in its  capacity as compiler of the real  effective 
Exchange Rate (REER) indicator, publishes quality information on real effective exchange 
rate indicators on its website13. 

10 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.345.01.0027.01.ENG 
Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2016/2304  of  19  December  2016  on  the  modalities,  structure, 
periodicity  and  assessment  indicators  of  the  quality  reports  on  data  transmitted  pursuant  to  Regulation  (EU)  No 
549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 345, 20.12.2016, p. 27-36. 
11 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/7870049/18183909/KS-FT-23-002-EN.pdf/3b928f7a-ffde-3416-4663-
71a6aca21761?version=1.0&t=1702985128193  
12 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-2010/implementation-data-quality 
13 https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-research-and-databases/economic-databases/price-and-cost-
competitiveness/what-price-and-cost-competitiveness-report_en   

15 

 
 
 
•  Level 3: country specific self-assessment reports on the quality and statistical processes 
for statistics underlying the MIP indicators that are easily understandable by users. They 
should provide the basis for assuring the quality of the statistics and their comparability 
across  countries.  Member  States  are  encouraged  to  publish  such  reports.  The  latest 
updates  to  the  level  3  reports  are  usually  published  on  the  CMFB  website14;  in 
particular,  reports  for  financial  accounts  and  housing  price  statistics  were  updated  in 
2024 and 2023, respectively.  

Moreover,  joint  ECB-Eurostat  visits  to  Member  States  have  taken  place,  focusing  on 
balance  of  payments  and  financial  accounts.  The  last  visited  country  was  Croatia  in  May 
2024. A visit to Bulgaria is planned in December 2024.  

Malta  revised  balance  of  payments  and  international  investment  position  statistics  in  June 
2023  and  in  October  2024  to  address  the  issues  identified  during  the  MIP  verification 
process  and  improve  the  overall  quality  of  the  Maltese  BOP  and  IIP  statistics.  The  latest 
revision  covers  the  period  from  2017  onwards,  and  again  reflects  new  data  sources  and 
improved methodology. 

The  rest  of  this  document  presents  the  MIP  scoreboard  and  auxiliary  indicators  from 
different  perspectives:  Chapter  1  and  Chapter  2  illustrate  the  scoreboard  and  auxiliary 
indicators  by  year  respectively,  Chapter  3  focuses  on  the  evolution  of  indicators  in  time, 
while Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 present the scoreboard and auxiliary indicators by Member 
State and aggregate respectively, and finally Chapter 6 illustrates untransformed scoreboard 
indicators by year. 

14 https://www.cmfb.org/main-topics/mip-quality 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 1: Tables by year - Headline indicators  
Table 1.1: MIP Scoreboard 2023   

17 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU1.6 0.9e3.4 -4.0 10.7 80.8 51.8p73.5p0.7p1.5 -0.3 6.1 2.6 EA1.4 2.7 1.4 -4.3 10.0 87.4 52.9p75.1p0.6p1.2 -1.2 6.6 2.5 BE-0.1 51.5 0.0 -6.0 15.8p103.1 57.1p96.4p2.3 3.2 2.3 5.5 2.1 BG-0.9 -6.8 8.5 15.4 26.9 22.9 23.5 48.3 16.3 8.5 9.9 4.3 1.3 CZ-2.1 -13.4 24.2 0.8 17.2 42.4 31.0 41.8 4.9 0.6 -1.7 2.6 0.7 DK10.1 51.3 -1.0 2.5 5.7 33.6 88.3 108.6 0.4 4.7 -4.2 5.1b1.8bDE5.8 70.8 1.9 -7.8 11.0p62.9 51.0p59.6p0.7 2.7 -8.5 3.1 2.4bEE-3.1 -21.1 15.7 7.7 32.5 20.2 36.8 54.5 6.3 3.8 5.9 6.4 2.0 IE9.7 -101.4 -1.2 -9.2 11.9 43.3 28.9 109.7 3.7 39.5 3.1 4.3 6.7 EL-7.7 -139.3 -1.2 32.1 -1.8p163.9 40.9p52.4p-1.0 4.6 13.8ep11.1 4.2 ES1.3 -51.7 -0.8 14.0 10.0p105.1 46.1p65.9p-1.9 -3.1 4.0 12.2d2.3dFR-0.6 -28.1 -1.8 2.1 9.5p109.9 62.6p91.9p1.3p3.1 -0.4 7.3d1.9dHR-0.6 -26.0 4.3 36.6 17.1p61.8 30.1p42.8p9.5 7.7 11.9 6.1 2.9 IT0.1 7.4 0.7 3.1 5.0 134.8 37.2 58.1 -0.5 -1.9 1.3 7.7 3.2 CY-6.7 -92.7 0.3 17.4 3.7p73.6 64.3p130.2p1.0 0.4 2.9 5.8b4.2bLV-4.5 -26.0 10.8 -1.7 25.8 45.0 18.6 35.8 5.2 1.8 3.7 6.5 -1.4 LT-1.2 -4.6 12.8 6.6 37.3 37.3 21.2 29.9 6.6 12.1 9.8 6.9 0.3 LU7.9 33.1 -1.5 -14.4 20.9 25.5 67.9 273.1 1.0 -25.7 -9.1 5.2 1.9 HU-3.9 -36.8 10.2 1.2 35.4p73.4 16.9p55.5p3.4 8.0 7.1p4.1 2.9 MT5.0 92.9 -0.5 -10.7 0.4 47.4 49.1 69.6 6.8 18.1 6.2p3.5 4.7 NL8.8 52.9 2.4 -2.0 9.2p45.1 94.5p114.3p1.1p-1.4 -1.9 3.6 2.1 AT0.7 16.6 1.8 -1.4 10.3 78.6 45.0 71.4 -1.6 1.3 -2.9 5.1 1.8 PL-0.6 -32.6 9.2 7.7 23.9p49.7 23.7 32.2 -0.2 4.0 8.8 2.8 4.3 PT-0.7 -72.3 -1.4 16.2 11.0e97.9 55.0e70.8e0.1 -0.6 8.2 6.5 4.0 RO-7.8 -39.5 6.7 6.8 27.5p48.9 12.5p28.2p2.8 9.6 3.3 5.6 2.7 SI2.4 2.3 1.1 0.2 15.2 68.4 23.9 34.7 3.9 -2.1 7.2 3.7 1.4 SK-5.4 -54.9 7.5 -3.1 17.8 56.1 44.0 41.4 4.6 2.5 -0.2 5.8 2.0 FI-0.8 12.6 -1.9 -6.0 14.0 77.1 63.9 76.3 -0.4 2.6 -5.7 7.2 2.6 SE6.1 36.1 -7.5 -2.9 11.3 31.5 84.6 117.2 0.6 0.8 -5.3 7.7 1.9 2023External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: b = extension of of the data collection period from two weeks to four weeks since Q4 2023 for DK; census revision of the population counts for CY. d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job. 4) Labour force participation rate: b = for DE, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.2: MIP Scoreboard 2022   

18 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU1.7 0.1e-1.1 -2.6 7.7 82.5 54.7 78.4 3.6 4.9 7.8 6.2 1.3 EA1.5 1.8 -1.2 -5.1 7.2 89.5 56.0 80.3 3.8 4.4 7.1 6.8 1.0 BE0.5 57.0 1.7 3.4 9.2 102.6 59.1 103.7 5.2 0.8 5.5 5.6 1.4 BG-1.1 -10.2 5.6 17.3 24.1 22.5 22.4 50.7 15.1 6.4 13.8b4.2 0.1bCZ-1.7 -20.2 13.6 -4.3 17.0 42.5 31.9 44.6 5.0 13.3 16.9 2.2 0.5 DK9.2 51.1 -1.3 13.6 7.0 34.1 84.5 102.8 1.4 9.5 4.8 4.5 1.3 DE5.9 69.7 -0.5 -7.6 7.4p65.0 53.6p62.6p4.1 10.1 5.1 3.2 1.3 EE-3.3 -21.4 8.5 18.0 20.2 19.1 36.4 56.1 11.2 7.8 22.2 5.6 2.0 IE4.6 -110.3 -4.5 16.6 -12.1 43.1 27.5 118.1 0.5 28.6 12.3 4.5 3.6 EL-7.8 -143.4 -2.6 7.2 3.4p177.0 45.0p54.6p-2.1 6.1 11.9e12.5 0.9 ES0.6 -57.7 -0.8 -3.7 10.3p109.5 51.5p73.2p0.7 -2.9 7.4 13.0d0.2dFR-1.0 -24.8 -3.8 -6.0 9.7p111.2 65.8p95.9p5.0 4.7 6.3 7.3d1.0dHR-1.1 -33.9 -0.8 9.4 10.9 68.5 31.7 47.9 5.7 8.6 14.8 6.8 3.7bIT1.4 4.2 -1.9 -3.9 3.0 138.3 40.0 62.1 3.4 -0.5 3.8 8.1 -0.2 CY-6.8 -95.1 -3.1 30.0 3.3 81.0 69.4 138.5 -2.2 -2.8 2.7 6.8 2.2 LV-2.2 -28.2 5.3 15.9 16.2 44.4 19.2 37.2 6.1 7.7 13.8 6.9 -0.5 LT0.9 -12.0 9.4 18.6 27.2 38.1 21.8 29.5 11.5 20.0 19.0 6.0 0.6 LU9.1 45.8 -0.6 -2.2 13.0 24.6 66.8 267.0 7.5 3.1 9.6 4.6 1.5 HU-4.5 -44.6 -7.9 -3.1 24.6 73.8 18.6 63.0 6.0 15.1 22.3 3.6 2.5 MT8.2 99.9 -3.2 -9.7 7.7 49.4 52.3 69.6 6.8 7.5 6.7 3.5 4.5 NL7.4 53.4 3.1 3.7 8.2p48.3 100.5 129.3 3.8 7.1 13.3 3.5 1.3 AT1.4 16.1 0.0 -3.8 8.9 78.4 48.3 74.1 3.0 5.1 11.6 4.8 0.5 PL-0.4 -34.6 -0.2 12.3 17.3 48.8 26.2 35.3 -3.4 7.2 11.8 2.9 3.5bPT-1.1 -83.1 -2.9 -1.6 11.5 111.2 60.4 78.6 3.2 1.2 12.6 6.2 1.4 RO-7.1 -41.2 2.5 4.6 19.5 47.9 14.1 30.0 4.6 12.9 7.2 5.6 3.5 SI3.4 -1.6 -1.4 0.9 14.0 72.7 25.9 39.4 7.6 11.1 14.8 4.0 1.6 SK-5.0 -63.2 3.8 -3.9 12.2 57.7 47.0 46.3 9.6 9.3 13.7 6.1 1.4 FI-0.5 0.2 -3.3 -3.0 9.0 74.0 66.0 79.8 3.0 -3.2 1.2 6.8 2.5 SE5.9 33.6 -1.4 -0.6 7.2 33.6 89.1 121.4 3.9 7.2 3.6 7.5 0.7 2022External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: b = break in time series due to new data source for BG; e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job. 4) Labour force participation rate: b = for BG, HR and PL, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.3: MIP Scoreboard 2021   

19 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.5 -2.0e0.3 2.5 5.7 86.7 58.2 83.3 4.5 3.6 8.4 7.1 0.8 EA2.3 -0.7 0.1 -0.9 5.6 93.8 58.7 85.4 4.4 3.3 7.9 7.8 0.3 BE0.9 67.7 0.6 8.9 5.1 108.4 62.6 115.1 5.2 0.0 6.7 6.3 1.1 BG0.3 -15.6 3.7 9.7 14.0 23.8 23.7 59.4 14.1 5.7 8.7 5.2 0.9 CZ0.0 -14.9 5.0 -2.2 14.8 40.7 33.9 46.5 9.5 7.5 19.7 2.8 0.0 DK7.8 65.7 -1.1 8.7 2.9 40.5 101.5 104.4 2.7 3.2 11.7 5.1 1.4 DE7.0 69.8 0.5 -1.7 6.1p68.1 55.3p63.6p5.1 6.5 11.6 3.7 1.0 EE-1.4 -15.1 1.9 19.2 12.3 18.4 38.0 57.9 7.3 8.5 15.0 6.2 -0.2 IE-5.2 -120.9 -2.6 33.0 -11.4 52.6 29.9 130.8 3.3 1.7 8.3 6.2b1.8bEL-4.9 -170.1 -3.2 -1.8 4.2 197.3 54.8 65.6 -1.9 2.2 7.6e14.7 -0.8 ES1.2 -69.4 -0.5 -9.5 13.0 115.7 57.2 84.4 1.1 2.2 3.7 14.9b0.0bFR-0.4 -33.5 -0.5 -6.0 3.9 112.7 66.4 100.2 5.6 1.3 6.3 7.9d0.2dHR0.8 -39.5 -1.5 2.5 2.2b78.2 34.9 52.2 4.6 0.5 7.3 7.5 2.7 IT3.0 6.3 -1.8 -3.9 3.5 145.7 42.1 67.2 3.7 3.1 2.5 9.5 -1.1bCY-6.9 -105.7 -2.4 31.6 3.8 96.5 79.7 163.5 3.6 1.5 -3.4 7.5 1.7 LV-0.4 -27.9 2.3 10.1 11.2b45.9 20.3 39.9 8.7 -4.6 10.9 7.6 -1.8 LT4.1 -9.9 4.4 21.0 17.5 43.3 23.3 31.1 10.5 16.5 16.1 7.1 0.9 LU9.7 53.6 0.7 22.6 7.3 24.4 66.6 263.1 8.5 -10.8 13.9 5.3 2.1 HU-1.8 -49.7 -4.1 -0.8 14.1 76.2 20.9 61.6 15.2 21.8 16.5 4.1 2.1 MT14.4 104.8 -1.2 6.5 7.7 49.6 53.4 73.1 7.1 12.1 5.1 3.8 3.0 NL7.5 70.9 2.3 3.2 8.6 50.4 107.9 138.7 3.9 7.2 14.5 4.2 1.0 AT2.5 14.4 1.2 -1.9 8.8 82.4 51.6 78.8 4.3 5.7 11.4 6.2 0.1 PL0.3 -40.6 -0.4 15.9 12.4b53.0 31.9 37.4 4.6 3.1 9.2 3.4 3.5 PT-0.2 -93.0 -2.8 -8.1 11.9 123.9 66.0 87.9 3.7 2.8 9.4 6.7 0.4 RO-5.7 -46.9 1.1 5.1 15.9 48.3 15.7 32.0 8.9 11.4 4.4 5.6 3.2 SI6.0 -7.7 -0.4 3.1 12.0 74.8 26.4 39.2 5.7 1.1 11.5 4.8 0.6 SK-2.9 -59.5 3.1 -1.0 10.1 60.2 46.2 44.8 8.4 3.4 6.4 6.8 0.2 FI0.2 2.3 -0.7 0.4 6.2 73.2 68.5 82.7 3.9 0.0 4.6 7.7 1.8 SE6.0 21.2 2.0 8.7 3.9 36.7 92.2 121.2 6.9 6.5 10.1 8.9 0.1 2021External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Nominalunitlabourcostindex:b=theflagisinheritedfromthecorrespondingbreakin2019aspartofthethree-yearchangecalculationforHR,LVandPL.3)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=ESandIEmadecensusrevisionofthepopulationcounts;d=FRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.5)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forIT,theflagisreferring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.4: MIP Scoreboard 2020   

20 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.5 -6.5e4.0 4.0 7.3 89.5 60.7 86.4 3.1 8.5 5.6 7.2 0.0 EA2.4 -5.6 3.7 0.6 7.5 96.5 61.1 88.8 3.0 9.0 5.3 8.0 -0.5 BE0.0 51.9 2.4 3.5 4.1 111.2 64.9 121.3 3.9 2.6 4.3 5.8 0.4bBG0.9 -23.4 6.8 3.6 17.8 24.4 24.2 66.9 6.6 0.3 4.6 6.1 1.4 CZ0.8 -16.0 5.5 1.3 18.1 36.9 33.2 46.8 6.2 -5.6 8.4 2.6 0.5 DK7.0 60.0 0.9 10.0 5.6 46.3 111.8 108.7 1.0 5.1 4.3 5.6 1.1bDE7.5 64.2 2.4 -0.2 9.7 68.0 56.0 63.7 4.6 6.5 7.7 3.7b0.3bEE0.0 -19.9 4.9 9.6 17.5 19.1 39.9 60.0 4.2 1.7 6.0 6.9 0.4 IE-7.8 -158.9 -1.3 40.5 -8.3 57.0 34.3 152.7 -4.4 -1340.5 0.3 5.9 -1.8 EL-3.6 -171.6 0.2 -12.7 4.6 209.4 58.9 65.3 -3.1 12.6 4.5e17.6 -2.9 ES1.6 -83.7 0.9 -12.1 12.8 119.3 62.1 89.9 -0.6 8.3 2.2 15.5 -1.7 FR-0.7 -32.3 2.6 -6.6 4.3 114.8 68.2 105.6 4.6 13.4 5.2 8.0 -0.4 HR1.0 -50.8 0.5 -11.1 11.6b86.5 38.7 58.5 1.7 -0.6 7.7 7.4 0.8 IT3.1 -0.2 0.5 -4.9 5.0 154.3 44.8 72.0 1.1 5.9 1.9 9.3 -1.8 CY-6.4 -123.8 -0.4 23.9 9.3 113.6 89.1 181.1 3.7 1.3 -0.2 7.6 1.9 LV0.8 -35.0 5.8 14.5 17.4b44.0 20.7 45.3 0.3 -4.3 3.5 8.1 1.1 LT3.8 -18.2 6.7 22.0 15.2 45.9 24.0 31.2 7.6 -8.3 7.3 8.5 2.6 LU8.8 36.9 1.4 20.9 11.5 24.5 68.8 268.6 6.0 13.0 14.5 6.8 2.0 HU-0.4 -50.6 -5.0 3.8 14.1 78.7 20.7 55.9 14.8 18.4 4.9 4.1 2.0 MT15.8 114.6 1.9 32.2 21.3 48.7 57.9 79.1 5.4 5.6 3.4 4.9 3.8 NL7.1 87.9 3.7 8.2 13.2 53.3 113.4 140.3 3.0 2.3 8.0 4.9 1.2 AT2.2 11.5 3.1 2.7 11.9 83.2 52.8 78.0 2.8 5.2 7.6 6.0 -0.4 PL0.1 -44.5 1.0 19.9 12.6b56.6 34.3 39.8 1.6 1.3 10.5 3.2 1.5 PT0.3 -103.1 -0.2 -7.2 14.5 134.1 68.3 92.3 1.7 5.2 8.8 7.1 -0.2 RO-4.8 -47.5 3.4 7.5 21.0 46.6 16.0 32.0 3.6 7.8 4.7 6.1 2.3 SI6.9 -15.8 1.7 6.8 14.5 80.2 27.9 40.8 1.0 -2.8 4.6 5.0 0.2 SK-1.9 -64.1 5.2 3.9 14.0 58.4 46.1 47.8 5.9 5.4 9.5 6.7 0.4 FI-0.4 -3.5 2.3 4.1 5.1 75.4 69.5 84.2 4.4 8.4 1.8 7.7 1.5 SE4.5 7.4 -4.7 5.4 7.9 40.1 94.0 117.7 5.7 7.4 4.2 8.5 -0.1 2020External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Nominalunitlabourcostindex:b=theflagisinheritedfromthecorrespondingbreakin2019aspartofthethree-yearchangecalculationforHR,LVandPL.3)NFC(excl.FDI)creditflowconsolidated,IE:Thevalueisnotreliable,asthestocksarenegativeduetodifferentcompositionofthefinancialinstrumentsbetweenfinancialaccountsandbalanceofpaymentsstatistics.4)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.5)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.6)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forBEandDK,theflagisreferringtoabreakinitst-3counterpartaspartof the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.5: MIP Scoreboard 2019   

21 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.8 -9.4e3.6 -0.2 4.5 77.4 56.8 79.0 3.8 2.1 4.9 6.8 1.3 EA2.9 -9.2 3.3 0.9 4.5 83.6 57.1 80.5 3.7 1.6 4.4 7.6 0.8 BE0.0 47.2 2.8 0.4 4.5 97.5 60.4 119.8 6.4 4.6 3.7 5.5 1.4 BG1.8 -30.8 4.8 9.0 18.8 20.1 23.1 68.1 10.5 4.0 6.0 5.2b5.0bCZ0.8 -19.5 8.8 2.7 14.3 29.6 31.0 46.3 6.5 -1.7 9.2 2.0 1.7 DK7.0 69.9 -0.2 3.4 2.3 38.3 110.8 114.7 1.4 5.3 2.2 5.0 1.6bDE8.1 58.5 2.1 -3.0 7.6 58.7 52.5 57.9 4.7 8.5 5.8 3.0 1.3 EE1.4 -22.1 5.9 5.6 16.7 9.0 37.5 58.8 7.8 -0.5 7.0 4.5 1.3 IE-5.1 -188.8 -1.3 15.5 -3.3 55.9 41.4 173.2 -0.1 -96.1 2.3 5.0 0.6 EL-2.1 -152.6 0.5 15.1 -2.5 183.2 55.4 54.3 -2.4 0.6 7.2e17.9 0.3 ES2.3 -72.0 1.8 -0.6 6.3 97.7 56.5 75.6 0.1 2.7 5.2 14.1 -0.4 FR-0.2 -28.2 1.7 -1.8 0.8 98.1 62.3 91.1 6.0 5.1 3.3 8.4 0.3 HR2.6 -51.0 1.6 9.4 2.3b70.9 35.1 54.5 7.3 -10.0 9.0 6.6b0.8bIT2.7 -3.1 0.3 -1.9 2.9 133.8 41.1 63.6 2.4 -3.0 -0.1 9.9 0.9 CY-4.8 -113.2 -0.2 14.1 6.8 92.3 86.6 182.7 0.4 -3.5 3.7 7.1 2.6 LV0.3 -41.4 3.8 5.1 16.0b37.9 20.5 47.3 2.4 1.9 9.0 6.3 1.1 LT1.7 -23.5 3.9 24.1 15.0 35.6 22.8 33.2 8.6 1.7 6.8 6.3 2.5 LU7.8 52.0 2.1 3.7 13.1 22.3 67.1 239.3 6.1 -11.1 10.1 5.6 2.0 HU0.5 -42.9 0.5 2.6 12.1 65.0 18.4 48.8 14.9 15.0 17.0 3.3 2.6 MT16.7 101.2 1.7 8.7 9.1 39.2 54.0 74.0 12.1 14.0 6.1 4.1 4.2 NL8.0 68.1 2.4 4.8 6.5 47.6 108.4 133.6 2.2 -1.6 7.2 4.4 1.2 AT1.5 13.3 2.2 1.9 5.6 71.0 49.4 72.3 3.2 4.7 6.0 4.8 0.7 PL-1.1 -49.2 2.8 14.5 7.1b45.2 34.0 38.6 5.9 3.6 8.7 3.3b2.3bPT1.0 -99.5 -0.2 7.0 7.8 116.1 62.9 84.0 1.2 0.3 10.0 6.6 2.1 RO-4.2 -43.3 0.3 9.4 23.7 35.0 15.3 31.1 7.6 1.6 3.4 4.9 3.1 SI6.6 -16.4 1.1 11.6 7.7 66.0 26.9 40.7 5.7 -3.0 6.7 4.4 3.5 SK-2.3 -65.6 2.6 -0.6 14.8 48.0 43.4 48.3 8.2 5.5 9.1 5.7 0.8 FI-0.8 -0.8 0.2 9.6 1.1 65.3 66.2 80.7 3.8 3.7 0.4 6.8 2.3 SE3.2 13.9 -8.3 -1.3 7.7 35.7 88.8 110.6 5.2 6.9 2.5 6.9 0.8 2019External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=censusrevisonofpopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.4)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forDK,theflagisreferringtoabreakinitst-3counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.6: MIP Scoreboard 2018   

22 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU3.0 -12.7e9.7 0.8 3.4 79.5 56.9 79.2 3.4 1.8 5.0 7.4 1.3 EA3.2 -12.3 8.5 2.4 3.3 85.5 57.0 80.8 3.2 1.2 4.8 8.2 0.9 BE0.1 34.4 7.1 6.0 3.6 100.0 59.2 121.3 4.8 -2.7 3.0 6.0 0.9 BG2.3 -37.6 4.2 13.7 20.8 22.1 23.0 72.2 9.8 4.4 6.6 6.2 2.2 CZ1.2 -24.2 11.1 7.2 14.2 31.7 31.4 50.6 6.9 12.7 8.6 2.2 2.6 DK6.9 58.4 2.7 1.6 0.9 38.5 112.3 107.7 1.5 2.1 4.5 5.1 1.3 DE8.5 52.5 5.4 0.1 5.6 60.8 51.6 55.0 3.8 6.1 6.6 3.2 1.1 EE1.1 -29.4 7.7 8.5 15.4 8.5 37.7 61.5 6.7 2.0 5.9 5.4 2.3 IE1.4 -182.3 2.6 10.1 -0.7 61.5 48.2 197.8 -1.5 -46.0 10.2 5.8 0.8 EL-2.2 -147.8 3.8 10.8 -2.6 189.0 58.5 60.3 -1.9 0.9 1.8e19.7 0.4 ES2.6 -78.0 4.3 5.1 1.2 99.8 58.6 77.1 0.2 -4.1 6.7 15.3 -0.6 FR-0.6 -23.3 4.6 -0.7 2.5 98.5 60.9 88.4 5.3 6.1 2.9 9.0 0.6 HR2.5 -59.6 4.3 13.2 1.2 72.8 34.5 58.7 6.1 1.5 6.1 8.5 -0.6 IT2.5 -6.4 3.5 1.7 1.4 134.1 40.8 65.7 2.6 0.5 -0.6 10.6b1.8bCY-4.3 -124.9 2.1 16.3 -0.7 100.7 96.6 189.5 2.9 2.4 1.8 8.4 1.1 LV1.0 -47.0 5.1 8.8 13.2 38.3 21.2 49.4 1.6 -4.4 9.6 7.4 1.9 LT0.1 -30.1 6.7 19.9 14.4 33.3 22.4 34.4 8.8 10.5 7.3 6.2 3.2 LU7.4 48.7 3.4 0.8 9.0 20.9 65.7 228.0 8.6 -11.5 7.1 5.6 0.2bHU2.1 -45.9 2.1 3.8 11.0 68.8 17.7 50.9 5.2 8.1 14.3 3.6 3.6 MT10.6 75.5 4.6 -0.1 8.3 41.4 50.9 67.0 9.0 -1.2 5.8 4.0 5.3 NL8.1 50.5 3.3 5.0 4.5 51.5 111.9 140.8 2.3 0.2 9.3 4.9 0.6 AT1.6 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.1 74.6 49.5 73.4 3.0 4.7 6.0 5.2 1.3 PL-1.4 -55.0 0.2 16.0 6.1 48.2 34.6 40.7 6.1 2.7 6.6 3.9 2.6 PT1.2 -106.4 3.3 9.2 5.3 121.1 65.4 87.7 0.7 -0.6 10.3 7.2 2.2 RO-3.1 -43.4 -0.7 16.2 29.0 34.4 15.7 31.5 8.5 2.0 5.6 5.3 2.5 SI6.2 -19.1 2.0 17.1 6.0 71.0 27.1 44.1 6.4 -2.5 8.7 5.1 3.2 SK-1.6 -69.1 2.5 7.4 11.7 49.3 42.2 48.2 10.0 2.4 7.4 6.5 1.5 FI-1.4 -5.0 3.0 8.6 -1.7 65.4 65.6 79.3 4.6 5.4 0.9 7.5 2.2 SE2.1 8.2 -3.8 -3.1 8.6 39.8 88.8 108.4 5.4 7.3 -0.9 6.5 1.0 Employment indicators¹2018External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.4)Labourforceparticipationrate:b=forLU,theflagisreferringtoabreakinitst-3counterpartaspart of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.7: MIP Scoreboard 2017   

23 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU3.0 -16.9e-4.2 0.2 1.6 81.5 57.4 80.4 3.0 2.1 4.8 8.3 1.2 EA3.2 -16.4 -3.3 2.3 1.6 87.5 57.4 81.6 2.8 1.7 4.4 9.1 0.8 BE0.9 56.2 1.1 -2.5 1.6 102.5 59.1 127.2 4.6 -3.1 3.5 7.2b0.2bBG2.1 -43.6 -3.2 8.3 15.9 25.1 22.6 76.2 9.6 1.6 8.7 7.2 2.3 CZ1.2 -24.7 5.6 2.9 7.0 33.8 31.1 48.2 8.3 10.6 11.7 2.9 2.4 DK7.5 49.5 -1.9 -3.2 0.9 40.2 113.8 107.3 0.5 0.2 5.0 5.8b1.3bDE8.4 44.0 -1.7 -2.0 4.4 64.0 51.9 53.7 3.3 1.5 6.1 3.6 0.5 EE1.4 -32.7 3.3 -4.7 12.4 9.4 38.5 65.5 7.4 3.0 5.5 5.8 3.3 IE2.0 -169.6 -5.9 48.5 -14.1 65.2 54.2 213.8 -5.8 -14.7 10.9 6.7 0.8 EL-1.5 -143.0 -2.8 -6.7 -5.2 182.1 58.2 62.3 -2.2 -0.2 -1.0e21.8 0.9 ES2.7 -84.4 -2.4 2.4 -0.5 101.2 60.9 82.6 -0.6 2.7 6.2 17.2 -0.3 FR-0.5 -25.6 -2.8 -3.6 2.0 98.7 59.4 86.4 5.2 5.3 3.2 9.4 0.4 HR2.9 -67.1 0.3 13.2 -2.8 76.2 34.7 62.5 4.2 -1.7 3.8 11.2 0.3 IT2.0 -8.9 -2.9 -2.8 0.6 133.7 40.8 67.3 2.5 0.8 -1.1 11.3 1.7 CY-3.1 -136.6 -6.2 12.5 -5.2 96.5 106.1 201.6 0.7 9.6 2.2 11.1 -0.4 LV1.0 -53.0 2.0 -0.3 14.0 40.3 23.6 55.1 2.0 7.8 8.8 8.7 2.5 LT-0.8 -37.6 3.0 1.8 14.6 39.1 22.4 35.1 7.4 9.8 8.9 7.1 2.2 LU6.5 70.7 -0.9 3.8 5.9 21.8 62.5 227.7 7.1 -0.9 5.6 5.5 -0.6 HU2.7 -50.7 0.2 2.0 8.7 72.0 18.8 51.2 2.3 4.6 12.2 4.0 4.3 MT7.0 71.2 -2.2 3.0 1.0 45.6 50.7 75.3 9.6 2.9 5.3 4.0 4.4 NL6.8 39.3 -1.6 0.2 0.8 55.9 114.7 143.6 2.4 0.9 8.1 5.9 0.7 AT1.8 3.7 0.4 -3.0 4.2 79.1 50.2 72.4 2.4 2.5 5.1 5.9 1.1 PL-1.2 -60.7 -3.3 11.1 3.8 50.4 34.8 41.5 5.0 5.8 3.9 5.0 2.3 PT1.1 -110.7 -0.6 3.5 2.4 126.0 68.4 92.5 0.7 -3.2 9.2 9.2 2.0 RO-1.8 -47.8 -5.5 9.3 18.0 35.3 16.3 35.1 7.8 -0.5 6.0 6.1 3.0 SI5.4 -24.4 -1.8 8.3 3.2 74.9 27.3 47.2 6.3 -2.2 8.3 6.6 3.2 SK-1.8 -67.9 -1.8 0.6 7.9 51.4 40.7 48.8 11.3 -5.7 5.9 8.1 1.9 FI-1.2 1.2 -2.3 -2.1 -3.5 66.6 64.8 83.9 4.0 4.7 1.1 8.7 1.2 SE2.2 -0.8 -5.4 -4.6 4.4 41.6 88.0 113.8 6.6 7.0 6.6 6.8 0.9 Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrateandlabourforceparticipationrate:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 2017External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.8: MIP Scoreboard 2016   

24 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.8 -17.4e-6.4 1.9 0.8 84.0 58.0 82.5 2.4 3.5 4.3 9.3 1.1 EA2.9 -16.9 -4.3 2.9 1.4 89.9 57.9 83.7 2.1 3.5 4.0 10.1 0.8 BE0.9 54.7 -0.3 -4.4 -0.6 105.4 58.5 135.7 4.1 11.2 2.3 7.9 0.1 BG1.7 -47.5 -4.7 3.2 11.2 29.1 22.6 81.3 5.6 3.0 7.0 8.6 0.4 CZ0.8 -26.9 -3.7 4.0 4.3 36.2 30.8 48.8 7.8 5.6 7.2 4.0 2.1 DK7.8 46.4 -1.6 -4.3 1.8 41.7 116.9 110.8 0.9 3.8 4.6 6.0b0.9bDE8.1 38.8 -2.0 0.1 4.6 68.3 52.3 53.4 2.9 6.5 7.4 3.9 0.3 EE1.0 -39.0 4.4 -5.9 12.6 10.2 39.2 70.4 6.8 6.8 4.7 6.8 2.1 IE2.3 -174.0 -6.8 59.6 -15.5 72.6 55.0 244.9 -4.7 -14.7 7.5 8.4 0.8 EL-1.1 -139.2 -4.0 -9.8 -7.4 183.1 61.3 66.1 -2.9 -0.5 -2.4e23.9 0.8 ES2.3 -84.3 -4.2 0.9 -0.9 102.0 64.1 86.2 -1.7 2.3 4.6 19.6 -0.1 FR-0.6 -19.0 -3.1 -2.6 1.8 98.1 58.1 86.0 4.4 6.1 1.0 10.1 0.5 HR1.9 -74.6 0.0 12.8 -4.2 79.3 35.7 68.2 0.7 -0.2 0.9 13.1 1.9 IT1.8 -12.1 -3.3 -3.4 0.9 134.2 41.1 69.5 1.2 -1.1 0.3 11.7 1.9 CY-2.7 -133.4 -7.3 8.9 -9.6 106.9 117.8 206.1 -0.3 2.3 0.3 13.0 -0.2 LV0.1 -55.8 4.8 -0.5 14.7 41.7 24.9 56.7 -3.6 -2.7 8.5 9.7 2.4 LT0.0 -43.1 5.3 -14.3 13.2 39.8 22.8 35.3 7.3 9.4 5.4 7.9 3.1 LU5.7 62.7 -1.4 11.5 2.7 19.6 60.5 219.2 6.4 -2.1 6.0 6.3 0.1 HU2.4 -53.7 -5.2 3.4 4.6 74.6 20.3 56.3 0.8 3.6 13.4 5.0 5.4 MT2.5 46.4 -2.8 13.3 4.9 53.1 48.8 81.4 5.1 12.2 5.4 4.7 4.3 NL7.0 39.2 -2.2 -2.1 0.2 60.8 116.8 149.8 2.1 6.3 5.3 7.0 0.3 AT2.2 2.9 1.0 -2.7 4.8 83.4 51.0 73.1 2.5 2.5 6.7 6.5 0.8 PL-1.7 -60.0 -5.1 7.4 2.3 54.1 36.5 44.8 4.4 5.7 1.9 6.3 2.4 PT0.8 -111.0 -1.8 -0.5 -0.4 131.2 71.6 97.9 -1.7 -1.0 7.1 11.5 1.5 RO-0.9 -50.0 -2.5 11.0 12.3 37.8 17.0 37.7 4.2 -3.6 6.0 7.2 2.3 SI4.9 -29.1 -0.6 4.4 1.7 79.4 27.5 50.8 3.9 -3.2 3.3 8.0 1.1 SK-0.6 -66.3 -1.6 -1.9 3.6 52.1 38.1 49.5 13.1 6.1 6.7 9.6 2.1 FI-1.4 5.4 0.5 -12.0 0.7 68.6 64.6 84.7 4.3 2.0 1.3 8.9 0.6 SE2.6 -1.6 -9.0 -4.5 3.1 42.8 85.9 108.4 6.9 3.8 8.2 7.1 1.0 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: b = data collection improvement; for DK, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹2016External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.9: MIP Scoreboard 2015   

25 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.6 -22.6e-5.2 3.2 1.2 85.0 58.5 82.9 1.7 1.3 2.3 10.2 1.1 EA2.4 -21.9 -3.4 na2.0 91.0 58.4 84.0 1.4 1.1 1.6 11.0 0.7 BE1.0 45.4 -1.6 -7.8 1.0 105.6 58.1 116.0 4.1 9.1 1.8 8.7 0.7 BG1.1 -61.5 -4.3 3.2 17.3 25.9 23.2 85.5 -0.4 -3.5 2.8b10.1 2.2 CZ0.0 -32.7 -8.2 -0.1 0.8 39.5 30.0 47.9 6.5 -4.4 4.0 5.1 2.4 DK7.9 27.9 -1.6 -2.3 2.5 44.6 118.7 109.8 1.2 3.5 7.0 6.3 -0.3 DE7.3 34.1 -1.4 -0.8 5.8 71.2 52.6 52.1 2.4 2.5 4.8 4.4 0.4 EE0.6 -39.9 5.8 -6.8 13.5 10.8 39.0 72.3 5.3 0.9 6.9 6.4 1.4 IE3.5 -197.4 -6.2 69.9 -19.6 74.0 59.2 255.7 0.5 -0.5 11.5 9.9 0.9 EL-1.0 -136.9 -5.6 -5.8 -12.3 179.6 63.2 67.0 -3.4 -1.5 -5.1e25.0 0.4 ES2.0 -87.7 -3.1 0.6 -0.6 102.5 67.6 89.3 -2.3 -2.3 3.6 22.1 0.0 FR-0.6 -18.7 -2.8 -0.2 2.3 96.9 56.9 85.2 3.1 3.7 -1.3 10.3 0.8 HR0.8 -81.0 0.1 30.7 -5.0 82.8 38.7 72.4 -2.1 0.2 -2.9 16.2 3.0 IT1.3 -19.4 -2.4 -4.6 1.6 134.7 41.6 72.7 0.0 -1.7 -3.8 12.0 0.8 CY-1.9 -152.8 -6.1 5.1 -10.7 111.6 128.1 213.6 -0.5 1.4 -1.5b15.0 0.4 LV-1.5 -61.7 2.5 -0.5 16.9 38.3 27.0 55.8 -2.4 -0.3 -3.4 9.9 1.4 LT0.9 -43.9 4.1 -11.4 10.1 42.4 22.2 34.3 7.0 3.6 3.7 9.1 2.3 LU4.5 70.7 -0.6 19.7 5.8 21.1 59.0 239.4 5.3 25.8 5.4 6.7b1.5bHU2.0 -62.9 -7.3 3.3 0.2 75.7 21.4 62.4 -13.7 -3.3 13.1 6.6 4.8 MT2.8 35.3 -2.7 12.6 1.1 55.0 49.6 78.7 3.1 -7.7 5.8 5.4 4.9 NL7.4 27.9 -0.8 1.0 -0.3 63.8 117.9 151.6 1.8 -3.0 3.5 7.9 0.6 AT1.9 2.8 1.4 -3.2 5.9 85.6 51.3 74.2 1.6 3.3 5.6 6.1 0.4 PL-2.1 -60.9 -1.5 7.7 0.5 51.1 35.8 43.0 4.0 9.2 1.5 7.7 2.0 PT0.8 -119.7 -3.0 3.9 0.4 131.0 76.0 102.7 -2.2 5.1 3.1 13.0 0.9 RO-0.7 -54.7 2.6 20.1 4.1 37.7 17.4 40.8 4.9 -3.0 2.9 8.4 2.3 SI4.3 -31.5 0.3 2.0 -0.6 83.4 27.8 56.0 0.8 -8.9 0.8 9.0 1.4 SK0.9 -63.5 -1.2 -2.3 1.9 51.6 34.2 45.7 11.2 1.3 5.3 11.5 1.6 FI-1.4 4.7 2.1 -13.1 3.2 68.8 63.6 89.4 3.6 -2.9 0.0b9.4 0.4 SE3.4 -5.0 -8.2 -6.0 2.8 44.5 83.0 109.7 7.1 4.0 13.1 7.5 1.5 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1)Foremploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindex:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBGandCY;forFI,breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodfornewdwellings(apartments);e=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Unemploymentrate and labour force participation rate: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Employment indicators¹2015External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.10: MIP Scoreboard 2014  

26 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average )Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(3 year % change)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (% of GDP)NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated(% debt stock t-1 excl. FDI)House price index, nominal (1 year % change) Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74)Labour force participation rate (3 year change in pps)(% pop Y15-64)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±3% (EA)±10% (Non-EA)-3% 9% (EA)  12% (Non-EA)60% 55% 85% 14% 13% 9%10%-0.2 %EU2.2 -22.5e-2.3 2.5 3.5 86.9 59.7 81.9 0.4 0.0 0.7 11.0 1.3 EAna-21.8 -0.9 na4.0 92.9 59.7 82.9 0.1 -0.4 0.3 11.7 1.0 BE0.5 44.6 -0.5 -3.4 5.0 106.5 57.2 102.9 5.0 -11.0 -0.3 8.7 1.0 BG0.8 -72.0 -2.8 4.5 19.2 27.0 25.1 100.1 0.9 0.3 1.4 12.4 3.1bCZ-0.6 -36.0 -10.0 0.2 2.9 41.5 30.0 52.4 1.8 -0.4 2.5 6.1 3.0bDK7.3 43.4 -1.1 -1.6 2.1 48.7 122.7 107.7 0.3 4.4 3.8 6.9 -1.2 DE7.0 28.7 -0.3 -1.4 7.2 74.5 53.2 52.1 1.3 -0.6 3.2 4.7 0.5bEE-0.5 -46.3 4.7 3.0 13.1 11.6 38.3 76.8 2.6 6.7 13.7 7.3 0.7 IE0.4 -171.9 -3.5 18.0 -4.5 101.3 82.5 208.0 -7.4 -11.5 16.5 11.9 0.6 EL-1.9 -133.9 -5.6 0.4 -6.7 182.7 65.0 68.7 -3.2 -1.6 -7.5e26.6 0.2 ES1.3 -95.2 -1.0 -0.4 -2.8 104.4 73.1 97.1 -3.6 -6.0 0.3 24.5 0.3 FR-0.8 -18.7 -1.3 -0.5 4.5 96.1 56.5 84.7 1.9 4.2 -1.5 10.3 1.2 HR-0.7 -91.8 -0.9 18.8 -5.4 83.2 40.5 75.6 -0.3 -2.4 -1.6 17.3 2.0 IT0.9 -20.9 0.2 -3.8 2.8 134.8 42.3 75.7 -0.8 -0.3 -4.7 12.9 1.9 CY-3.1 -163.9 -1.6 -1.5 -6.5 112.7 132.6 215.3 -1.6 0.1 -1.8 16.1 0.8 LV-2.7 -65.9 0.2 10.9 12.1 43.1 27.3 58.0 -5.0 26.0 6.0 10.9 1.8 LT1.2 -47.2 1.5 5.0 7.0 40.7 21.6 34.3 2.0 2.9 6.4 10.7 2.3 LU4.3 74.1 0.6 18.0 6.1 21.9 58.5 233.6 8.4 81.5 4.4 5.9 2.9 HU1.6 -75.2 -7.0 -4.5 4.7 76.5 25.9 65.5 -3.9 -3.4 4.2 7.5 4.3 MT1.7 40.9 0.1 3.8 1.4 60.7 53.6 83.6 0.2 7.6 2.6 5.7 6.0 NL8.3 24.6 0.8 1.5 3.6 67.2 119.5 154.3 -0.3 1.5 0.8 8.4 0.9 AT1.9 2.3 1.9 -2.3 6.9 85.2 51.6 75.1 0.9 0.2 3.8 6.0 0.9 PL-3.0 -69.0 -1.2 6.6 3.1 51.1 35.8 42.6 4.5 7.5 1.0 9.2 2.5 PT0.1 -124.4 -1.7 3.8 -3.4 132.5 80.9 103.9 -3.6 -3.4 4.2 14.6 0.2 RO-2.0 -57.0 -1.1 16.0 9.7 39.1 18.0 44.1 -1.6 -7.0 -2.1 8.6 1.7 SI3.4 -38.7 1.2 -0.4 0.5 81.1 28.5 63.7 -0.9 -6.8 -6.6 9.7 0.7 SK1.9 -62.9 1.2 3.9 2.5 53.4 32.3 46.4 12.1 6.2 1.4 13.1 1.6bFI-1.8 -3.3 2.6 -10.8 7.1 64.8 62.8 86.7 2.6 -5.7 -0.4 8.7 0.6 SE4.4 -3.4 -3.6 -7.2 7.7 45.7 82.7 111.7 5.7 4.7 9.4 8.0 1.6 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Labour force participation rate: b = for BG, CZ, DE and SK, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹2014External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 2: Tables by year - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP scoreboard   
Table 2.1: Auxiliary indicators, 2023 

27 

2023 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-19.6e1.8 -2.3 31030.0 22.0 na-5.0 -0.5 0.7 EA-24.3 2.0 -2.4 34110.0 21.9 na-5.0 -0.9 0.0 BE31.3 -0.5 -3.0p40370.0p24.4p3.3p-6.4 0.3p1.0 BG46.0 2.4 -2.2 8850.0 18.7 0.8p15.0 -1.6 4.0 CZ28.6 1.5 -2.7 18230.0 27.3 1.8p0.4 -0.8 4.4 DK37.1 9.5 -0.6 55280.0 22.6 na2.1 1.5 -0.4 DE53.1 5.3 -2.1p39380.0p21.5p3.3p-8.2 -0.6p0.2 EE30.5 -0.5 -1.8 18200.0 27.9 na7.3 -6.3 3.8 IE-279.2 6.4 -1.8 82780.0 23.2 na-9.5 -7.1 -0.5 EL-110.7 -5.0 -2.8p18800.0p15.2p1.5p31.5 0.5p0.4 ES-23.8 3.7 -2.1p25730.0p19.7pna13.5 0.6p-0.8 FR-29.4 -0.7 -2.4p35260.0p23.1pna1.7 0.2p-1.0 HR20.5 3.5 -4.8p14970.0p22.5p1.4 36.1 0.5p3.9 IT5.1 0.7 -2.9 30720.0 22.5 1.3p2.7 -1.7 -0.4 CY-133.8 -9.6 -4.4p29150.0p21.2pna16.9 1.0p-1.1 LV20.6 -2.0 -3.4 15020.0 24.9 0.8 -2.1 1.9 3.5 LT26.7 2.7 -3.8 16840.0 23.7 1.1p6.2 -2.0 4.6 LU-3867.0 5.6 -3.9 95660.0 18.1 na-14.7 -2.8 -1.1 HU-6.7 1.7 -4.7p14740.0p26.0p1.4d0.8 0.7p9.1 MT142.5 7.6 -5.2 29700.0 18.6p0.6 -11.1 1.3 0.0 NL13.8 9.6 -1.2 46240.0p20.1 na-2.3 -1.3p1.4 AT-5.6 1.8 -2.3 41770.0 24.9 3.3p-1.8 -1.9 2.4 PL5.2 1.9 -2.6 15280.0 17.7 1.6p7.2 1.1p4.3 PT-19.4 1.9 -2.7e20090.0e20.1e1.7p15.7 0.5e0.4 RO-4.8 -4.9 -1.6p11170.0p27.0p0.5p6.4 2.6p4.7 SI18.2 4.5 -3.0 23170.0 21.3 2.1p-0.2 1.9 1.7 SK-14.8 -0.4 -3.2 17240.0 22.3 1.0 -3.5 0.4 4.5 FI6.7 -0.5 -1.4 41140.0 23.2 3.1 -6.3 -1.4 -0.9 SE-7.0 6.5 -1.0 48840.0 25.0 3.6p-3.3 -1.2 1.6 Flags:d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D: For EU, EA, DK, EE, IE, ES, FR, CY, LU and NL the data were not available on 31 October 2024.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2023 

28 

2023 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU70.5 1.9p17.5p9.0p100.9 372.9 2.1 14.5 75.3 11.2 21.3 16.2 6.8 8.0 EA71.0 1.9p17.3p8.6p100.0 346.6 2.4 14.5 74.7 11.3 21.6 16.4 6.4 8.8 BE76.3 1.6p17.9p11.4p102.9 670.3p2.2 16.1 72.1 9.6 18.6 12.3 6.1 10.5 BGna2.9p20.9p16.3p58.3d833.0 2.3 12.1 76.2 13.8 30.0 20.6 18.0 7.0 CZ44.3 1.2p19.5p13.7p115.1 339.2 0.8 8.3 81.7 10.1 12.0 9.8 2.7 5.1 DK139.6 1.3p21.0p11.7p105.1 420.3p0.5b11.5b79.8b8.6b17.9 11.8 4.9 9.8 DE66.1 1.3p17.7p5.7p103.3 297.8p1.0 5.9 81.1 8.8 21.3 14.4 6.9 9.9 EE54.9 1.1p21.5p18.5p105.3 402.7 1.3 17.3 82.1 9.6 24.2 22.5 2.5 5.9 IE72.4 1.3p21.8p7.6p95.2 864.8 1.1 10.7 79.1 8.5 19.2 12.0 6.0 9.1 EL53.1 5.0p16.2p12.0p103.3ep260.7p6.2 26.7 67.4 15.9 26.1 18.9 13.5 8.3 ES61.6 2.7p14.7p11.8p96.6 299.7ps4.3d28.7d70.5d12.3d26.5 20.2 9.0 8.4 FR77.4 1.9p17.3p5.9p103.2 430.4p1.8d17.2d74.4d12.3d20.4 15.4 6.6 9.2 HR42.2 2.5p21.7p15.7p93.3 520.0 2.1 18.9 70.8 11.8 20.7b19.3b2.8 5.5 IT49.4 2.7p16.9p12.7p85.1 80.2 4.2 22.7 66.3 16.1 22.8 18.9 4.7 8.9 CY83.7 3.7p23.4p21.8p71.1 2103.3 1.8b16.6b79.5b13.9b16.7 13.9 2.4 4.4 LV26.4 1.3p20.6p20.3p87.4 345.5 1.8 12.3 77.5 10.0 25.6 22.5 6.2 7.0 LT30.1 0.8p18.6p21.2p90.4 445.7 2.3 13.8 78.5 13.5 24.3 20.6 6.1 8.0 LU134.5 1.3p18.5p8.3p132.5 913.5p1.7 18.8 74.8 8.5 21.4 18.8 2.5 3.9 HU24.1 2.5p17.0p21.8p102.6p259.6p1.4 12.8 80.7 10.9 19.7 13.1 10.4 4.9 MT80.0 2.0p22.1p10.7p100.1p2221.9 0.8 9.2 81.3 7.6 19.8 16.6 4.1 3.6 NL143.8 1.3p18.6p11.1p106.8 464.3p0.5 8.2 83.5 4.7 15.8 13.0 2.7 8.2 AT60.7 2.1p18.1p12.8p125.6 467.7e1.1 10.4 77.2 9.4 17.7 14.9 3.7 5.7 PL34.3 4.1p18.1p11.6p87.9 540.5 0.8 11.4 77.9 9.1 16.3 14.0 3.0 3.9 PT71.4 2.7p17.9p13.8p127.8 628.7ep2.5 20.5 78.0 8.9 20.1 17.0 4.9 6.3 RO20.0 2.5p19.9p16.8p58.7 456.9p2.2 21.8 68.7 19.3 32.0 21.1 19.8 5.2 SI33.2 1.5p18.0p16.8p103.8 466.9 1.4 9.9 77.5 7.8 13.7 12.7 2.0 3.8 SK61.1 1.8p18.6p11.5p97.2 372.0 3.8 19.8 77.5 11.2 17.6 14.3 7.0 4.6 FI85.1 1.1p19.7p13.5p83.5 355.0 1.6 16.2 78.2 9.2 15.8 12.2 2.8 8.7 SE123.6 1.0p20.4p13.1p112.9 329.5 1.6 22.1 82.6 5.7 18.4 16.1 2.5 8.0 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=DKextendedthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023,CYmadecensusrevisionsofthepopulationcounts;d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesame job. 4) People at risk of poverty or social exclusion & people at risk of poverty after social tranfers: b = for HR, administrative sources used for part of income data: employee cash or near cash income, wages and salaries, social benefits, old age, survivor's and disability pensions.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2: Auxiliary indicators, 2022 

29 

2022 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-19.7e0.7 -4.0 31060.0 22.1 2.3e-7.5 0.5 0.8 EA-25.1 1.1 -4.3 34190.0 22.0 2.3e-9.0 0.0 0.0 BE29.5 -1.2 -4.1 40180.0 23.9 3.4e-0.1 -0.2 0.0 BG44.0 -1.7 -4.4 8660.0 17.0 0.8 13.3 3.1 3.7 CZ25.7 -4.1 -4.5 18450.0 27.7 1.9 -7.6 -1.5 8.1 DK31.4 11.7 -0.9 54310.0 22.8 2.9 9.7 -2.1 0.3 DE51.6 3.9 -3.4p39820.0p21.7p3.1 -10.8 0.1p0.0 EE27.6 -3.5 -2.3 19240.0 25.8 1.8 14.0 -2.9 6.3 IE-228.4 8.6 -2.1 89250.0 21.2 2.2be12.6 -0.2 0.6 EL-119.0 -8.7 -6.0p18310.0p14.9p1.5 3.5 1.7p0.6 ES-29.8 1.3 -3.8p25380.0p20.4p1.4 -7.1 1.4p-0.2 FR-27.9 -0.8 -4.4p35040.0p23.7p2.2 -9.2 -1.4p-0.5 HR14.3 -0.7 -9.1 14580.0 21.6 1.4 5.7 5.4 3.6 IT0.3 -1.2 -5.4 30500.0 21.8 1.4 -7.2 0.4 -0.7 CY-163.5 -5.3 -6.3 28860.0 19.9 0.8 25.5 2.1 1.0 LV18.9 -4.7 -7.8 14730.0 23.0 0.8 11.9 -0.4 3.6 LT21.0 -4.6 -10.5 17020.0 22.5 1.1 14.5 -2.6 6.5 LU-3714.7 6.4 -5.1 98560.0 17.5 1.1 -5.6 -1.4 0.3 HU-4.5 -6.7 -9.9 14860.0 27.9 1.4d-6.4 2.1 6.7 MT147.7 0.5 -7.6 28750.0 24.2p0.6 -12.8 -1.1 1.8 NL5.0 17.2 -1.1 46670.0p20.5 2.2b0.2 1.0p0.8 AT-5.2 -0.9 -4.4 42540.0 25.5 3.2e-7.1 2.8 1.1 PL2.4 -2.1 -3.4 15190.0b16.4 1.5 8.5 4.6 5.8 PT-28.0 -1.0 -4.7 19800.0 20.6 1.7 -5.0 0.8 1.0 RO-4.3 -6.8 -2.8 10910.0 25.0 0.5 1.0 4.4 2.0 SI15.3 -1.4 -3.8 22810.0 21.9 2.1 -2.6 -1.2 1.9 SK-18.6 -8.4 -6.6 17010.0 19.6 1.0 -7.2 -3.0 4.3 FI7.1 -2.2 -3.6 41770.0 24.9 3.0 -6.3 -1.1 -0.4 SE-7.8 5.1 -1.2 49370.0 25.5 3.5 -4.0 -1.6 0.8 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2022 

30 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU75.0 1.8e16.9e6.9e107.9 481.6 2.4 14.5 74.6 11.7 21.6 16.5 6.7 8.3 EA75.6 1.8e16.8e6.8e107.6 440.2 2.7 14.6 74.0 11.7 21.8 16.8 6.0 9.1 BE80.5 1.5e18.5e9.9e107.8 738.9p2.3 16.4 71.9 9.2 18.7 13.2 5.8 11.5 BGna3.7e20.9e11.2e61.2bd873.9 2.2 10.6 75.9 14.8 32.2 22.9 18.7 8.6 CZ45.3 1.4e19.5e14.4e124.5 417.3 0.6 6.8 81.3 11.4 11.8 10.2 2.1 4.5 DK140.9 1.5e20.0e3.8e113.4 624.7s0.5 10.6 80.1 7.9 17.1 12.4 3.2 8.8 DE69.6 1.1e16.6e4.3e118.8 452.0p1.1 6.0 80.6 8.8 21.1 14.8 6.2 9.8 EE56.1 0.8e21.2e10.9e105.2 473.0 1.3 18.6 81.9 10.6 25.2 22.8 3.3 5.7 IE78.1 1.7e22.4e3.3e100.7 813.5 1.3 10.1 78.2 8.6 19.6 13.4 5.3 9.6 EL58.3 6.2e14.9e12.7e98.3e207.0p7.7 31.4 66.3 15.3 26.3 18.8 13.9 9.5 ES69.4 2.7e14.4e9.9e100.9 309.1ps5.1d29.7d69.3d12.7d26.0 20.4 7.7 8.7 FR82.0 1.8e16.8e6.1e110.6 594.9p2.0d17.3d74.0d12.0d20.7b15.6b7.0b9.9bHR44.3 3.0e22.3e9.4e95.0 520.7 2.4 17.7 70.2 13.1 19.9 18.0 4.0 6.3 IT52.2 2.9e16.7e9.1e87.9 88.1 4.6 23.7 64.8 19.0 24.4 20.1 4.5 9.8 CY89.6 4.5e19.7e5.1e71.9 1983.1 2.3 18.6 77.9 14.7 16.7 13.9 2.7 4.1 LV27.6 1.4e23.6e10.2e92.5 376.4 2.0 15.3 77.0 11.3 26.0 22.5 7.8 7.2 LT31.5 0.9e20.2e13.5e90.5 600.4 2.3 11.9 79.0 10.7 24.6 20.9 6.0 8.3 LU139.2 1.2e18.2e5.2e154.0 1098.8 1.3 17.6 74.8 6.8 19.4b17.3b2.0b3.5bHU27.2 3.1e17.1e12.1e111.4 422.7 1.2 10.6 80.2 10.8 18.4 12.1 9.1 6.2 MT86.1 2.3e21.3e4.3e103.5 2744.4 1.2 9.0 80.1 7.6 20.1 16.7 4.9 3.8 NL154.0 1.3e18.3e7.7e116.7 633.3p0.7 7.6 82.9 4.2 16.5 14.5 2.5 8.4 AT66.2 1.8e17.3e10.0e137.6 711.4e1.2 9.5 77.3 9.1 17.5 14.8 2.3 5.7 PL38.3 4.3e16.3e7.3e90.0 692.7b0.9 10.8 76.7 10.7 15.9 13.7 2.8 3.8 PT76.3 3.0e16.2e8.7e124.9 631.4p2.8 19.2 77.1 8.5 20.1 16.4 5.3 5.6 RO21.5 2.8e19.6e15.7e62.8 601.0 2.2 22.8 68.5 19.8 34.4 21.2 24.3 4.2 SI34.8 1.8e16.2e13.3e104.5 516.7 1.6 10.1 77.9 8.4 13.3 12.1 1.4 3.8 SK63.3 1.7e18.0e9.4e105.5 421.5 4.1 19.9 76.7 12.3 16.5 13.7 6.3 3.8 FI90.8 1.0e18.6e9.6e93.5 597.5 1.5 14.2 78.4 9.3 16.3b12.7 1.9 10.1bSE131.1 0.8e20.2e9.8e126.1 675.4 1.9 21.7 82.0 5.6 18.6 16.0 2.3 8.1 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasourceforBG;d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:d=ESandFRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.4)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.5)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensity:b=forFI,disruptionoftheregisters'useforthedefinition of persons permanently disable or/and unable to work.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2022 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.3: Auxiliary indicators, 2021 

31 

2021 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-26.2e2.7 -1.9 30200.0 21.8 2.3e-1.2 0.6 0.3 EA-32.5 3.0 -2.0 33180.0 21.7 2.3 -3.6 0.2 0.0 BE40.0 2.0 -3.0 38860.0 23.9 3.4 6.5 -1.8 -0.2 BG46.6 -0.4 -3.4 8270.0 16.3 0.8 7.3 6.9 -0.1 CZ34.8 -0.4 -2.4 18380.0 26.2 1.9 -4.3 0.1 2.1 DK27.6 8.7 -0.5 53970.0 22.5 2.7p6.3 1.3 -0.7 DE54.8 6.8 -1.9p39570.0p21.2p3.1 -3.9 1.3p0.7 EE40.9 5.4 -0.3 19260.0 28.7 1.8 16.6 7.8 1.3 IE-307.9 12.5 -1.2 83910.0 22.0 1.1 30.1 8.3 0.3 EL-148.5 -4.5 -3.1 17220.0 13.8 1.5 -4.0 -3.2 -2.5 ES-39.1 1.6 -2.2 24120.0 20.2 1.4 -11.4 -0.5 -0.9 FR-35.2 0.6 -1.8 34260.0 23.5 2.2 -8.0 -1.4 -0.2 HR11.8 3.2 -3.8 13580.0 20.9 1.2 0.3 11.6 -0.1 IT3.8 2.2 -2.6 29080.0 20.8 1.4 -6.0 -1.2 -0.7 CY-226.4 -5.1 -4.1 27240.0 19.2 0.8 28.8 2.7 -0.1 LV20.4 -2.7 -2.6 14480.0 22.9 0.8 7.7 6.5 0.4 LT22.2 2.9 -4.8 16740.0 22.5 1.1 18.3 3.5 2.0 LU-4547.8 12.0 -2.8 99360.0 18.2 1.0 20.0 0.0 0.1 HU-0.8 -1.5 -4.4 14210.0 27.3 1.6 -3.0 3.6 2.0 MT149.2 10.9 -5.4 28340.0 22.9 0.7 4.2 10.0 -0.7 NL10.3 10.1 -1.2 44870.0 20.7 2.2 1.0 1.6 0.3 AT-3.6 1.8 -2.4 40860.0 25.9 3.3 -4.0 -0.2 0.8 PL0.6 -0.6 -2.0 14750.0 16.9 1.4 13.4 1.2 3.3 PT-34.4 1.0 -2.7 18620.0 20.5 1.7 -10.1 1.0 -1.2 RO-6.5 -5.0 -2.0 10450.0 24.4 0.5 2.8 0.9 1.2 SI9.5 4.1 -2.8 22230.0 20.3 2.1 0.8 2.9 -0.6 SK-14.1 -3.8 -3.5 16980.0b19.6 0.9 -3.1 5.7 1.9 FI19.0 0.4 -1.9 41290.0 24.4 3.0 -1.8 0.6 -0.3 SE-0.6 7.0 -0.7 49110.0 25.1 3.4 6.3 3.3 0.3 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2021 

32 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.4 2.0e17.1e6.6e106.8 520.3 2.8 16.6 73.0 13.1 21.7 16.8 6.3 9.0 EA77.9 2.0e16.9e6.3e106.9 465.5 3.2 16.9 72.4 13.0 21.9 17.0 5.6 10.0 BE83.5 1.6e18.8e9.9e110.5 844.1p2.6 18.2 70.6 10.1b18.8 12.7 6.3 11.9 BGna4.8e22.3e8.8e62.1d720.7 2.6 15.8 73.3 17.4 31.7 22.1 19.1 8.4 CZ48.2 1.7e20.6e10.6e116.3 469.5 0.8 8.2 80.0 10.9 10.7 8.6 1.8 5.4 DK163.3 1.8e20.3e8.2e114.5 761.8s1.0 10.8 79.0 8.4 17.3 12.3 3.1 9.7 DE72.1 1.1e16.4e4.0e121.3 503.3p1.2 7.0 79.4 9.5 21.0 16.0 4.3 9.5 EE57.2 1.1e23.5e9.5e97.2 609.0 1.6 16.7 79.3 11.2 22.2 20.6 1.9 5.1 IE79.8 2.4e23.3e4.5e95.8 954.5 1.8b14.6b74.9b9.7b19.6 12.8 4.8 12.4 EL66.8 8.6e14.0e-20.1e93.6e203.9p9.2 35.5 62.6 17.2 28.3 19.6 13.9 12.1 ES72.9 2.9e15.0e10.2e97.9 257.0s6.2b35.0b67.5b14.2b27.8 21.7 8.3 11.6 FR81.9 1.9e17.1e7.1e108.7 594.4 2.3d18.9d73.2d12.8d19.0 14.3 5.5 10.8 HR47.1 4.2e24.0e7.7e92.7 441.0 2.7 21.5 68.6 14.9 20.9 19.2 3.5 7.5 IT53.8 3.5e16.5e5.7e90.1 88.3 5.4 29.7 62.7 23.1 25.2 20.1 5.9 10.8 CY101.2 5.6e19.3e0.6e77.9 2221.4 2.6 17.1 75.9 15.4 17.3 13.8 2.6 5.8 LV28.6 2.1e29.2e4.5e88.7 371.4 2.3 14.8 75.3 12.1 26.1 23.4 5.3 6.6 LT32.2 1.2e23.2e10.4e85.7 762.0 2.6 14.3 77.4 12.7 23.5 20.0 6.4 8.1 LU139.4 0.6e18.8e5.5e148.1 1684.5 1.8 16.9 74.1 8.8 21.1b18.1b2.4b5.5bHU30.5 3.2e18.0e12.7e108.4 373.8 1.3 13.5 78.8 11.7 19.4 12.6 10.2 5.4 MT85.3 3.0e22.2e3.5e100.3 2354.4 1.0 9.9 77.8 10.5 20.3 16.9 5.4 5.3 NL159.8 1.4e19.7e8.3e110.0 768.8p0.8 9.3 81.7 3.9 16.6 14.4 2.1 8.6 AT69.8 1.8e17.1e6.4e132.5 909.3e2.0 11.0 75.6 9.4 17.3 14.7 1.8 7.4 PL45.8 5.0e16.1e4.8e90.3 857.9 0.9 11.9 75.5 13.2 16.8 14.8 2.9 4.2 PT80.5 3.6e16.3e4.9e119.8 593.8 2.9 23.4 75.5 9.7 22.4 18.4 6.0 5.3 RO23.4 3.4e20.0e13.1e67.0 634.3 2.0 21.0 67.1 20.3 34.4 22.5 23.1 3.5 SI35.3 2.1e16.9e9.5e99.1 441.2 1.9 12.8 76.1 7.3 13.2 11.7 1.8 3.6 SK63.8 2.0e17.9e8.4e102.2 479.7b3.9 20.6 74.6 14.2 15.6 12.3 5.7 4.9 FI91.9 1.2e19.3e9.2e96.2 727.2 1.8 17.1 76.8 9.2 14.2 10.8 1.1 8.6 SE134.3 1.0e20.6e10.0e128.1 865.0 1.8 24.7 80.4 6.1 17.2 15.7 1.4 8.8 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 20211)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=censusrevisionofpopulationcountsofIEandES;d=FRhaveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.4)Youngpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining:b=changesinthenational questionnaire regarding the variables on the participation in education and training for BE. 5) Income and living conditions indicators: b = Introduction of a CAWI component for the newly selected households for LU.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.4: Auxiliary indicators, 2020 

33 

2020 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-25.7e2.1 -1.2 28390.0b21.9 2.3e2.5 1.3 0.4 EA-30.7 1.8 -1.2 31220.0 21.8 2.3e0.0 2.1 0.0 BE37.3 0.8 -1.6 36740.0 24.0 3.4 3.0 3.7 0.7 BG47.1 1.9 -2.0 7620.0 19.0 0.9 3.1 0.9 0.5 CZ36.4 2.9 -1.5 17670.0 25.5 2.0 0.8 3.3 2.4 DK28.2 7.2 -0.3 50470.0 22.2 3.0 9.5 1.7 0.0 DE55.5 6.0 -1.2 38180.0 21.3 3.1 -0.7 0.9 0.0 EE41.1 -0.7 -0.5 17990.0 31.2 1.8 9.1 3.3 -0.7 IE-285.6 -10.2 -0.7 73000.0 41.3 1.1 39.8 18.2 -0.8 EL-153.1 -4.9 -1.8 15760.0 12.3 1.5 -13.2 3.0 -1.9 ES-51.6 1.2 -1.3 22610.0 20.6 1.4 -12.5 0.0 -0.2 FR-38.8 -2.0 -1.1 32170.0 22.4 2.3 -7.0 0.2 -0.1 HR3.2 1.1 -2.0 11970.0 22.4 1.2 -11.6 -6.4 -0.3 IT-1.1 3.8 -1.3 26560.0 18.2 1.5 -5.3 3.3 -0.2 CY-249.6 -9.8 -3.2 24690.0 20.8 0.8 23.3 2.1 -1.5 LV14.9 4.8 -1.6 13430.0 23.0 0.7 13.9 2.8 0.2 LT14.6 8.9 -2.4 15720.0 21.4 1.1 21.5 6.1 1.9 LU-4043.3 9.3 -2.0 94180.0 16.7 1.1e20.3 3.2 0.5 HU-1.7 1.1 -2.3 13210.0 26.5 1.6 3.3 0.1 2.1 MT86.9 18.0 -5.4 25110.0 21.0 0.7 31.6 1.7 -0.1 NL4.7 5.4 -0.4 42440.0 21.3 2.3 7.7 0.4 1.2 AT-5.1 3.3 -1.4 39140.0 25.1 3.2e2.2 2.7 1.3 PL-4.5 4.1 -1.5 13720.0b18.4 1.4 19.4 -1.3 3.6 PT-44.5 0.4 -1.7 17680.0 19.5 1.6 -7.6 0.4 -0.9 RO-7.0 -3.0 -1.2 9820.0 23.3 0.5 7.0 1.0 1.8 SI1.5 7.2 -2.0 20560.0 19.0 2.1 6.2 0.9 0.1 SK-14.6 0.3 -2.1 16010.0 19.8 0.9 3.4 6.9 1.7 FI5.8 0.5 -0.9 40270.0 24.7 2.9 3.6 0.3 -0.2 SE-12.7 5.9 -0.7 46640.0 24.5 3.5 4.9 1.3 0.7 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2020 

34 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU79.3 2.5e17.2e2.2e104.0 448.2b2.4 17.5 71.7 13.9 21.5b16.7b6.7 8.3 EA78.6 2.5e17.0e1.9e104.2 410.8 2.8 18.1 71.1 14.0 21.5b16.8b5.9 9.1 BE84.2 2.1e18.2e5.9e109.3 759.2p2.1 15.9 69.7 11.3 20.3 14.1 6.7 12.3 BGna5.9e22.4e4.9e64.6d572.5 2.7 17.5 72.7 18.2 33.5 23.8 22.1 8.4 CZ47.9 1.9e21.4e6.7e106.6 385.6 0.6 8.0 79.7 11.0 11.5 9.5 1.9 4.4 DK169.9 1.9e20.6e4.5e106.6 699.9s0.9 11.7 77.8 10.2 16.8b12.1b3.5 9.1 DE71.4 1.2e16.7e2.2e113.3 493.9 1.1b8.0b78.2b9.6b20.4b16.1b4.4b8.3bEE57.9 1.6e27.2e7.4e91.9 571.9 1.2 18.3 79.1 11.1 22.8 20.7 2.3 4.8 IE82.7 3.4e23.3e-2.2e92.7 929.6 1.4 15.8 72.1 14.1 19.1b12.8b6.1b11.4bEL71.4 26.5e15.0e-7.9e95.9e129.9p10.5 38.0 58.3 18.5 27.4 17.7 14.9 11.8 ES76.2 2.8e14.7e-3.5e99.4 183.8s5.0 38.3 65.7 17.3 27.0 21.0 8.5 10.0 FR82.1 2.2e17.1e4.1e107.6 488.4 1.9 21.5 72.1 13.4 19.0b14.2b6.4b9.7bHR48.9 5.3e22.8e4.7e93.9 364.5 2.1 20.6 66.9 14.5 20.5 18.3 4.4 7.2 IT54.6 4.5e16.9e1.0e92.8 73.4 5.1 29.8 61.9 23.5 24.9 20.0 6.2 10.2 CY108.1 11.0e19.2e-3.3e87.5 2074.0 2.1 18.2 74.9 15.3 17.6 14.3 3.2 5.3 LV28.8 4.6e25.7e5.2e88.1 342.0 2.4 14.9 76.9 11.9 25.1 21.6 7.0 7.4 LT32.5 2.2e21.5e10.0e82.0 544.4 2.5 19.6 76.7 13.0 24.5 20.9 8.1 7.2 LU132.4 0.7e20.0e4.4e131.9 1505.2 1.7 23.2 72.1 7.7 19.9b17.4b1.7b7.1bHU30.0 3.6e16.2e7.6e105.9 264.7 1.1 12.5 77.5 12.3 19.4 12.3 10.7 4.9 MT86.9 3.6e22.8e0.3e103.7 2444.9 1.3 11.5 76.0 9.7 19.9 16.9 5.1 5.4 NL164.5 1.9e19.7e3.1e102.1 681.7p0.7 10.6 80.8 6.3 16.0 13.4 2.2 8.7 AT70.7 2.0e17.2e4.1e125.4 893.8e1.7 11.7 74.8 9.9 16.7 13.9 3.0 6.1 PL45.7 6.0e17.5e3.1e86.8 678.6b0.6 10.8 72.8 12.5 17.0 14.8 2.6 4.3 PT82.2 4.9e16.6e0.0e116.0 534.4 2.3 22.4 73.9 11.0 20.0 16.2 5.4 5.0 RO23.1 3.9e21.9e9.0e69.8 545.2 1.8 21.6 65.2 20.6 35.6 23.4 25.3 4.7 SI36.2 3.0e16.7e11.3e96.0 370.9 1.9 14.3 74.8 7.9 14.3 12.4 2.6 3.9 SK62.7 2.5e17.8e5.3e102.7 408.4 3.7 20.4 74.6 14.4 13.8 11.4 4.5 4.3 FI92.0 1.5e19.3e5.8e95.3 645.5 1.5 21.0 75.5 9.8 14.9 12.2 1.8 8.3 SE133.6 1.0e20.4e8.4e122.9 707.0 1.0 23.6 80.2 6.9 17.7 16.1 2.0 7.9 2020Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.4)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators:forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,increaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.5)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&people at risk of poverty after social transfers: b = methodological revisions on income variables for DK.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5: Auxiliary indicators, 2019 

35 

2019 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-24.1e2.1 -1.8 30040.0 22.0 2.2e-2.2 0.8 0.1 EA-28.5 2.2 -1.9 33280.0 21.9 2.3 -1.0 0.6 0.0 BE37.2 0.3 -2.5 38760.0 24.2 3.2 -1.1 0.9 0.5 BG39.8 3.1 -3.0 7800.0 18.7 0.8 7.4 5.2 0.8 CZ29.6 0.8 -2.4 18570.0 25.8 1.9 1.1 3.7 1.1 DK22.4 7.5 -0.2 51500.0 21.4 3.0p1.8 0.9 -0.3 DE51.2 7.7 -1.8 39840.0 21.2 3.2 -4.5 0.7 0.3 EE30.1 3.7 -1.2 18580.0 26.6 1.6 4.0 3.2 1.4 IE-275.6 -30.4 -1.2 69040.0 53.2 1.1 13.7 1.8 -0.1 EL-132.2 -1.1 -2.3 17320.0 11.0 1.3 13.3 2.4 -0.2 ES-45.7 2.5 -1.9 25520.0 20.3 1.3 -2.1 0.2 0.0 FR-33.2 0.7 -1.8 34880.0 22.4 2.2 -3.3 0.5 -0.4 HR1.3 4.3 -2.8 12940.0b21.9 1.1 7.7 -5.4b-0.3 IT-2.5 3.1 -2.0 29000.0 18.1 1.5 -3.4 0.4 -0.5 CY-333.9 -5.6 -3.9 25800.0 18.7 0.7 12.3 0.7 -0.2 LV6.5 1.4 -2.8 13820.0 22.7 0.6 3.5 -1.8b1.2 LT5.4 5.4 -3.6 15710.0 21.2 1.0 22.2 4.0 1.3 LU-3953.8 8.4 -3.2 96520.0 18.1 1.2 2.1 -0.2 0.8 HU-2.5 1.2 -3.8 13780.0 27.1 1.5 1.1 4.5 1.8 MT103.4 20.4 -5.8 26570.0 20.1 0.6 7.0 -4.8 0.1 NL-0.8 6.6 -0.9 44390.0 20.9 2.1 3.2 -0.3 0.8 AT-1.8 2.4 -2.2 41970.0 25.1 3.1 0.4 0.1 0.6 PL-10.7 1.4 -2.3 13720.0 19.1 1.3 12.7 1.6b0.9 PT-45.5 1.7 -2.5 19310.0 18.4 1.4 5.4 1.7 -0.6 RO-4.0 -3.6 -1.7 10140.0 23.1 0.5 7.7 2.9 1.9 SI0.7 6.0 -3.5 21570.0 19.8 2.0 9.9 1.1 0.8 SK-14.0 -2.8 -3.1 16450.0 21.7 0.8 -2.1 1.9 1.0 FI6.9 0.0 -1.7 41370.0 24.4 2.8 7.9 0.5 -0.3 SE-10.5 5.5 -1.1 47940.0 23.8 3.4 -2.8 2.8 0.2 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2019 

36 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.1 2.6e16.6e5.2e99.8 472.3 2.7 15.6 72.7 12.8 21.1 16.5 6.7 8.0 EA77.4 3.1e16.1e5.1e99.8 440.6 3.1 16.3 72.4 12.8 20.7 16.4 5.8 8.7 BE82.5 2.1e16.6e8.6e106.2 779.9p2.1 14.5 70.5 11.2 20.0b14.8b6.3 12.8 BGna6.5e18.8e11.2e65.0d622.7 2.9b12.1b74.3b16.7b33.2 22.6 22.1 9.2 CZ47.8 1.7e19.2e13.9e104.5 409.5 0.6 5.6 80.3 9.8 12.1 10.1 2.1 4.4 DK168.7 1.9e19.9e8.7e103.0 696.2s0.8 10.1 78.3 9.6 17.3 12.5 3.8 9.5 DE69.8 1.2e16.1e2.1e106.7 472.2 1.2 6.2 79.6 8.6 17.3 14.8 3.0 7.6 EE57.1 1.6e25.9e8.3e88.6 535.9 0.9 11.6 80.5 9.7 23.7 21.7 2.6 5.3 IE100.6 3.4e23.0e3.7e96.6 954.2 1.6 12.5 75.0 11.4 20.2b13.4b6.5b12.9bEL71.8 35.5e16.3e0.7e88.9e103.5p11.3 37.5 60.8 17.5 29.0 17.9 15.8 12.7 ES76.3 3.1e13.8e6.7e95.8 345.9s5.3 32.5 68.0 14.9 26.2 20.7 7.7 10.9 FR79.9 2.5e16.1e6.0e103.4 553.7 2.3 20.7 72.3 12.4 18.8 13.6 7.3 7.1 HR49.2 5.2e21.8e9.1e90.2 386.2b2.4b16.7b66.4b14.3b20.8 18.3 4.6 7.5 IT53.2 6.7e14.9e4.9e90.1 83.5 5.9 29.2 63.5 22.3 24.6 20.1 6.4 9.6 CY113.2 18.1e19.0e3.5e89.2 2437.8 2.1 16.6 75.7 14.1 18.6 14.7 3.2 6.6 LV29.4 3.9e22.0e9.6e87.3 313.6 2.7 12.7 77.3 10.2 26.7 22.9 7.5 7.4 LT33.3 1.7e19.5e14.5e83.9 508.7 1.9 11.9 78.2 10.9 25.5 20.6 9.7 7.6 LU134.6 0.6e19.3e5.2e122.3 1657.2 1.3 17.0 72.8 6.5 20.1 17.5 1.4 6.9 HU27.3 4.2e15.9e14.3e105.1 398.2 1.1 11.2 77.6 11.0 20.0 12.3 10.9 4.9 MT85.9 3.2e21.6e6.0e102.3 4003.5 1.0 10.1 75.6 8.5 20.7 17.1 5.0 4.9 NL165.5 1.8e19.0e7.7e97.4 584.6 0.9 8.5 81.0 6.3 16.5 13.2 2.8 8.9 AT69.6 2.2e16.3e7.8e117.4 946.2 1.4 9.1 76.8 8.6 16.5 13.3 2.7 6.6 PL47.9 6.1e15.9e6.9e86.4 648.8 0.7b9.7b72.6b11.4b17.9 15.4 3.5 5.0 PT80.6 6.1e15.2e4.3e106.1 511.9 2.8 18.4 75.4 9.1 21.1 17.2 5.6 6.2 RO22.5 4.3e19.1e12.3e68.2 570.8 2.0 21.0 65.1 20.9 36.1 23.8 24.5 4.5 SI38.0 3.4e17.8e10.3e96.1 339.9 1.9 8.1 75.9 7.5 13.7 12.0 2.2 4.3 SK61.7 2.9e16.5e8.3e97.7 445.6 3.9 17.1 75.6 13.7 14.8 11.9 5.9 6.3 FI89.7 1.4e19.2e4.9e94.9 621.2 1.5 17.7 76.2 9.1 14.5b11.6 1.9 8.1bSE127.8 1.1e19.6e10.9e118.2 611.0 0.8 19.3 81.7 5.9 18.4 17.1 1.5 8.3 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=censusrevisionofpopulationcountsforBG,HR,PL.4)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators:forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata.5)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion:b=majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchangesforBE;forFI,duetochangesinthequestionnaire.6)Peopleatriskofpoverty after social transfers: b = major substantive and methodological changes for BE. 7) People living in households with very low work intensity: b = for FI, due to changes in the questionnaire.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2019 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6: Auxiliary indicators, 2018 

37 

2018 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-26.0e2.4 -2.0 29540.0 20.9 2.2e-1.0 0.7 0.0 EA-29.4 2.7 -2.1 32830.0 20.7 2.2e0.9 0.1 0.0 BE34.5 -0.8 -3.4 38040.0 23.8 2.9 5.2 0.2 0.3 BG35.9 1.7 -3.4 7410.0 18.8 0.8 12.8 2.6 1.1 CZ27.5 0.9 -2.9 17960.0 24.8 1.9 6.4 1.2 0.7 DK10.7 6.3 -0.2 50830.0 21.8 3.0 0.8 2.0 -0.5 DE46.0 8.3 -1.9 39540.0 20.8 3.1 -0.7 0.3 0.3 EE23.9 2.0 -1.0 17990.0 26.6 1.4 7.7 6.4 0.6 IE-250.4 -11.2 -1.4 66760.0 27.9 1.1e9.2 3.6 -0.7 EL-134.3 -2.7 -2.5 16920.0 11.3 1.2 9.9 -3.1 -0.7 ES-51.8 2.4 -2.1 25230.0 19.7 1.2 4.2 -0.1 0.0 FR-32.8 -0.6 -1.9 34320.0 21.9 2.2 -1.5 0.1 -0.1 HR-11.6 2.7 -3.1 12230.0 20.0 0.9 12.3 1.0 0.0 IT-7.7 2.5 -2.2 28810.0 18.0 1.4 0.9 -0.2 -0.4 CY-354.7 -3.3 -4.1 24700.0 18.6 0.6 15.4 1.1 -0.9 LV0.7 1.4 -3.5 13630.0 22.9 0.6 8.0 2.1 0.9 LT-2.7 1.8 -3.9 14970.0 20.7 0.9 19.0 3.1 0.9 LU-3533.6 11.1 -3.3 95740.0 16.2 1.2 0.1 -1.7 -0.1 HU-3.3 2.5 -3.8 13100.0 24.9 1.5b3.0 4.7 0.6 MT81.5 15.4 -8.2 26600.0 19.1 0.6 -0.9 -1.1 0.7 NL-12.2 7.8 -1.4 43680.0 20.0 2.1 4.2 -0.4 0.0 AT-6.5 0.3 -2.5 41430.0 24.3 3.1e4.4 0.4 0.8 PL-14.8 -0.4 -2.7 13120.0 18.8 1.2 15.1 7.1 -0.8 PT-54.9 1.8 -2.5 18830.0 17.8 1.4 8.4 0.2 -0.2 RO-3.9 -3.4 -1.6 9720.0 21.1 0.5 15.3 6.0 1.1 SI-1.0 6.1 -3.0 21010.0 19.5 2.0 16.2 2.3 0.0 SK-16.5 -0.7 -3.9 16110.0 21.3 0.8 6.5 2.6 1.0 FI-0.8 -1.5 -2.0 40860.0 24.6 2.8 7.7 -1.3 -0.7 SE-15.0 2.3 -1.3 47220.0 24.6 3.4 -3.9 0.3 0.0 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2018 

38 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.3 3.1e16.4e5.9e98.5 472.5 3.1 16.7 71.9 13.3 21.7 16.8 7.1 8.5 EA77.3 3.6e15.8e5.7e98.5 442.4 3.6 17.5 71.7 13.4 21.4 17.0 6.1 9.1 BE80.7 2.3e16.5e8.2e106.1 855.0 2.6 16.0 69.7 11.4 20.5 16.4 6.5 13.1 BGna7.7e19.7e11.8e67.5d666.1 3.6 15.9 71.7 18.2 33.0 22.0 22.3 9.0 CZ48.2 2.1e17.8e13.3e102.4 347.4 0.7 6.7 79.9 9.5 11.8 9.6 2.4 4.5 DK170.4 2.3e19.7e8.0e102.8 754.2s1.0 10.5 77.5 9.6 17.5 12.7 3.5 10.0 DE68.7 1.4e16.3e2.4e103.8 458.8 1.4 6.6 78.9 9.0 18.5 16.0 3.4 8.0 EE56.9 1.3e30.4e9.8e88.1 477.6 1.3 12.0 79.7 11.5 23.6 21.9 3.1 5.3 IE115.8 5.5e23.4e4.9e99.9 844.5 2.1 13.8 74.0 11.6 20.8 14.9 6.1 13.2 EL79.2 41.6e15.3e-0.4e89.0e85.7p12.5 41.2 59.0 19.2 30.3 18.5 16.1 13.6 ES80.3 3.7e13.5e8.2e94.9 368.6s6.4 34.3 67.0 15.3 27.3 21.5 8.7 10.8 FR77.8 2.7e15.6e6.5e102.7 566.2 2.5 22.0 72.0 12.9 17.9 13.4 6.7 7.5 HR48.0 7.3e20.2e8.8e88.5 305.6 3.4 23.7 65.2 15.6 22.1 19.3 6.1 9.3 IT52.4 8.4e13.9e5.8e91.1 80.8 6.5b32.2b63.0b23.5b25.7 20.3 6.5 10.7 CY130.5 20.2e16.1e7.1e94.2 1540.1 2.7 20.2 73.9 14.9 19.1 15.4 3.8 8.1 LV30.7 5.3e20.3e9.2e85.6 327.1 3.4 12.2 76.8 11.6 28.4 23.3 10.4 7.3 LT33.5 2.6e18.4e12.3e86.6 539.2 2.0 11.1 77.8 9.3 28.5 22.9 12.0 9.2 LU134.6 0.8e20.8e5.5e115.4 1741.1 1.4 14.2 72.1 7.5 20.1 16.7 1.6 7.8 HU26.4 5.4e16.7e14.7e99.5 403.8 1.4 9.9 76.7 10.6 20.6 12.8 11.9 5.5 MT83.7 3.1e20.2e5.2e102.1 4025.8 1.9 9.4 74.9 7.4 19.2 16.8 4.7 5.3 NL171.0 1.9e19.0e8.1e95.3 706.8 1.2 8.9 80.0 6.3 16.5 13.3 2.6 8.4 AT69.3 2.6e16.0e8.6e113.0 860.0 1.7 10.0 76.2 8.8 16.8 14.3 2.8 6.4 PL48.5 6.2e16.1e7.0e85.3 620.7 1.0 11.8 71.4 12.2 18.2 14.8 4.5 5.7 PT83.9 9.4e13.9e2.7e100.9 467.4 3.2 20.2 74.6 9.5 21.6 17.3 6.6 6.9 RO24.9 5.0e17.7e13.6e79.8 552.8 2.2 20.5 63.9 21.3 38.7 23.5 28.3 6.0 SI38.5 6.0e17.6e10.7e95.2 376.5 2.2 8.9 74.9 7.5 15.4 13.3 3.2 4.4 SK60.4 3.2e16.2e9.3e94.3 440.7 4.7 15.8 74.5 13.8 15.2 12.2 5.4 5.2 FI89.6 1.5e18.6e8.1e97.8 661.7 2.0 17.3 75.3 9.6 16.6 12.0 2.2 11.1 SE126.4 1.0e18.5e12.2e118.8 691.9 0.9 16.8 82.0 6.5 17.7 16.4 1.4 8.3 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024forBG.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators: b = census revision of population counts for IT.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2018 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.7: Auxiliary indicators, 2017 

39 

2017 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-27.4e2.8 -1.7 28990.0 20.5 2.2 2.2 1.7 0.0 EA-30.9 3.2 -1.7 32340.0 20.3 2.2 4.2 1.5 0.0 BE44.9 0.8 -2.5 37510.0 23.5 2.7 -0.9 -0.2 0.5 BG32.3 4.2 -3.0 7130.0 18.3 0.7 10.0 1.0 -1.5 CZ26.0 2.4 -2.5 17490.0 23.7 1.8 4.6 3.6 0.9 DK12.8 7.3 -0.1 50150.0 21.2 2.9 -1.7 2.1 -0.3 DE44.8 7.9 -1.7 39220.0 20.1 3.1 -0.4 1.9 0.3 EE19.1 2.6 -0.6 17390.0 25.4 1.3 -3.2 2.8 1.0 IE-256.9 -7.2 -1.1 62970.0 32.5 1.2 50.9 5.3 -0.8 EL-128.6 -1.4 -1.8 16540.0 12.0 1.2 -5.2 1.8 -0.7 ES-57.2 3.0 -1.8 24750.0 18.9 1.2 4.0 0.7 0.2 FR-31.0 -0.5 -1.7 33920.0 21.4 2.2 -2.0 1.9 -0.5 HR-17.8 4.5 -2.8 11770.0 19.5 0.8 15.0 1.4 0.0 IT-7.5 2.5 -1.9 28510.0 17.6 1.4 -1.2 0.5 -0.2 CY-270.1 -4.6 -4.0 23530.0 20.8 0.5 14.4 1.3 -0.6 LV-2.9 2.5 -3.0 12970.0 21.5 0.5 1.3 4.3 0.7 LT-7.6 2.2 -3.0 14150.0 20.1 0.9 3.5 7.7 1.6 LU-3730.3 6.1 -2.7 96460.0 17.8 1.2 5.5 -1.5 0.4 HU-8.0 2.6 -3.7 12380.0 22.3 1.3 3.6 3.2 0.4 MT71.9 20.1 -5.8 25710.0 18.7 0.6 4.6 8.6 -0.1 NL-15.5 7.8 -0.7 42970.0 19.8 2.1 1.8 0.4 -0.3 AT-4.2 1.2 -2.2 40620.0 23.8 3.1 -1.4 1.3 1.1 PL-18.7 -0.1 -2.0 12340.0 17.5 1.0 12.9 4.9 -0.3 PT-58.2 2.4 -2.2 18280.0 17.1 1.3 5.2 1.0 0.2 RO-5.6 -1.9 -1.3 9100.0 22.9 0.5 11.1 7.0 -0.8 SI-9.7 6.0 -2.6 20190.0 18.5 1.9 10.1 4.2 -0.3 SK-15.0 -1.7 -2.9 15500.0 21.3 0.9 2.2 2.2 0.4 FI4.8 -0.6 -1.6 40430.0 23.7 2.7 -0.5 3.1 -0.4 SE-9.6 2.0 -0.9 46880.0 24.6 3.4 -3.1 0.2 0.4 Flags:e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2017 

40 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU78.8 4.0e16.3e5.6e96.6 455.7 3.7 18.5 70.9 14.0 22.4 16.9 7.8 9.1 EA77.8 4.7e15.8e5.6e96.8 428.3 4.2 19.4 70.7 14.0 21.8 17.1 6.3 9.9 BE80.3 2.7e16.9e8.8e106.1 730.5 3.1b19.4b68.5b11.8b22.0 15.9 7.2 14.5 BG34.1 10.2e20.6e10.2e71.1d473.3 3.9 16.1 70.6 18.9 38.0 23.4 30.0 11.1 CZ48.6 2.8e17.5e13.0e101.4 342.2 1.0 7.9 78.5 10.0 12.1 9.1 3.4 5.7 DK174.1 2.5e19.7e10.8e101.1 614.0s1.2b12.4b76.6b9.8b17.8 12.4 3.6 10.5 DE69.7 1.8e16.4e2.9e100.9 454.8 1.5 7.2 78.2 9.6 18.8 16.1 3.7 8.7 EE60.2 1.9e30.1e9.2e93.4 532.1 2.0 12.1 79.2 10.5 23.3 21.0 4.0 5.4 IE125.8 9.9e23.4e5.0e93.7 659.6 3.0 14.4 72.9 12.8 22.4 15.6 6.9 16.1 EL76.7 45.0e17.0e-1.3e86.8e63.2p14.3 44.5 57.4 21.0 32.2 20.2 18.3 14.3 ES83.0 4.4e13.2e7.0e91.3 300.1s7.7 38.6 65.5 16.4 27.5 21.6 8.3 12.8 FR75.8 3.1e15.3e6.4e101.8 601.5 2.9 23.5 71.3 13.2 17.8 13.2 6.3 7.7 HR48.3 8.8e20.2e5.9e88.7 302.7 4.6 27.4 63.6 17.9 23.7 20.0 7.1 10.6 IT52.1 11.2e14.4e7.1e93.1 75.5 6.9 34.6 62.3 24.2 25.9 20.3 6.6 10.8 CY142.4 30.7e15.4e-11.9e97.4 1314.7 4.5 24.7 70.8 17.6 21.4 15.7 6.1 8.7 LV33.9 5.6e18.4e7.6e84.7 273.0 3.6 17.0 74.6 12.3 28.5 22.1 12.9 7.3 LT33.2 3.2e18.8e9.1e87.7 545.3 2.7 13.3 76.0 10.2 29.8 22.9 14.4 9.4 LU130.3 0.7e21.8e5.7e111.1 1524.3 2.1 15.4 71.5 6.6 19.3 16.4 1.9 6.5 HU28.0 8.4e14.2e14.5e96.7 417.4 1.6 10.5 75.4 11.2 25.9 13.4 16.1 6.3 MT84.0 3.1e18.8e7.2e102.4 3102.3 2.0 10.6 73.0 8.8 19.4 16.7 4.3 6.6 NL176.2 2.1e18.6e8.8e91.3 719.7 1.7 10.4 78.9 6.5 16.6 13.2 2.6 9.4 AT69.8 3.5e15.9e8.7e110.0 996.0 2.3 10.5 75.4 8.8 17.1 14.4 3.4 7.2 PL48.0 6.6e16.3e6.9e84.9 594.0 1.5 14.9 70.0 13.0 18.7 15.0 5.3 5.8 PT87.5 13.3e14.5e-0.8e95.8 334.6 4.6 23.8 72.5 10.6 23.4 18.3 8.0 7.7 RO24.8 6.6e17.4e11.7e82.4 501.2 2.4 23.0 62.7 22.1 42.5 23.6 32.4 5.4 SI38.6 9.2e17.7e9.1e92.7 329.2 3.1 11.3 72.9 7.9 16.6 13.3 4.5 5.2 SK59.9 3.7e16.6e9.3e95.6 400.9 5.9 20.0 73.2 15.1 15.8 12.4 6.3 5.3 FI88.8 1.2e21.5e8.8e100.2 744.3 2.6 20.0 73.2 10.4 16.0 11.5 1.8 11.4 SE124.9 1.3e23.0e10.9e123.5 834.2 1.1 17.1 81.4 6.5 17.2 15.8 1.0 8.2 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourFourceSurveyindicators:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;improvementinthedatacollectionandintroductionofCAWI(computer-assisted web interviewing) technique for DK.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2017 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.8: Auxiliary indicators, 2016 

41 

2016 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-36.8e3.1 -1.4 28250.0 20.2 2.1e6.6 0.4 -0.1 EA-33.7 3.3 -1.4 31590.0 20.0 2.1e7.7 0.2 0.0 BE52.4 0.7 -2.2 37110.0 23.5 2.5 -0.5 -0.1 0.9 BG30.1 5.2 -2.4 6840.0 18.4 0.8 7.3 2.6 -1.8 CZ27.3 2.8 -2.0 16640.0 24.3 1.7 8.2 0.2 0.4 DK9.6 7.1 0.0 48970.0 21.0 3.1 -0.5 1.0 -0.3 DE37.5 8.9 -1.5 38330.0 20.0 2.9 4.1 1.4 0.2 EE17.4 2.0 -1.0 16460.0 23.9 1.2 -2.1 2.6 0.4 IE-249.0 -2.8 -1.1 58050.0 34.1 1.2 66.0 -3.8 -0.2 EL-128.4 -1.2 -1.6 16270.0 11.4 1.0 -6.2 -3.7 -0.2 ES-60.9 3.4 -1.5 24100.0 18.2 1.2 4.9 0.4 -0.2 FR-29.6 -0.5 -1.4 33360.0 20.9 2.2 1.3 -0.1 -0.2 HR-26.7 3.8 -2.6 11280.0 19.6 0.8 17.3 2.8 -0.6 IT-11.8 2.3 -1.5 28010.0 17.3 1.4b0.5 -0.4 -0.3 CY-225.3 -3.9 -3.3 22460.0 18.0 0.5 13.3 1.0 -1.6 LV-6.9 3.0 -2.5 12430.0 20.2 0.4 3.5 2.8 0.3 LT-12.8 0.5 -2.6 13360.0 19.9 0.8 -10.9 -0.9 0.9 LU-3552.1 7.1 -2.3 97300.0 17.3 1.3 16.0 2.0 0.2 HU-11.3 4.3 -3.1 11850.0 19.6 1.2 7.5 -1.7 0.7 MT207.3 -0.2 -7.8 23400.0 21.3 0.6 17.8 -4.2 0.2 NL-35.4 7.2 -0.6 42050.0 19.3 2.1 1.8 0.0 -0.2 AT-10.8 2.5 -1.9 39970.0 23.3 3.1e1.2 0.0 0.8 PL-20.7 -0.1 -1.4 11740.0 18.3 1.0 11.7 2.1 -0.7 PT-63.9 2.4 -1.6 17670.0 15.7 1.3 3.5 0.7 0.0 RO-6.5 0.9 -1.0 8370.0 23.0 0.5 15.5 2.7 -0.8 SI-14.8 4.5 -2.1 19210.0 17.8 2.0 8.6 3.3 -0.1 SK-14.7 0.2 -2.5 15090.0 21.7 0.8 2.0 0.4 0.0 FI10.3 -1.9 -1.4 39230.0 23.1 2.7 -8.5 2.0 0.3 SE-12.1 1.8 -0.8 46660.0 23.9 3.3e-0.6 -0.4 0.3 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2016 

42 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU79.0 5.2e15.6e3.4e95.1 421.8 4.3 20.7 69.6 14.8 23.7 17.5 9.0 10.0 EA77.8 6.3e15.0e3.4e95.2 404.0 4.8 21.5 69.7 14.7 22.8 17.4 7.4 10.8 BE79.6 3.2e16.2e8.9e105.7 785.4 3.7 20.3 67.7 12.2 22.2 15.5 8.4 15.2 BG34.0 12.8e20.3e11.3e73.4d352.5 5.0 20.4 67.0 22.4 41.0b22.9b33.5 11.5 CZ48.6 4.0e17.1e11.9e97.8 292.0 1.7 10.5 76.7 11.1 12.4 9.7 3.5 6.7 DK176.4 3.3e18.4e9.7e98.4 614.4s1.2b12.2b76.0b8.4b17.5 11.9 2.6 11.1 DE69.7 2.6e15.6e2.2e98.0 479.9 1.7 7.5 77.6 10.0 19.8 16.5 4.7 9.4 EE60.0 1.7e33.8e11.1e95.2 433.2 2.2 14.0 77.0 13.3 23.1 21.7 2.2 5.5 IE121.8 13.1e23.0e6.3e88.8 534.5 4.2 16.8 71.3 14.5 23.8 16.8 8.0 17.8 EL80.8 46.3e16.9e-7.5e89.3e52.9p15.4 48.2 55.9 21.9 32.6 21.2 18.4 15.7 ES86.4 5.7e13.0e5.0e88.4 272.7s9.5 44.4 63.9 18.1 28.8 22.3 8.5 14.9 FR74.1 3.6e15.0e6.5e100.9 564.1 3.1 26.0 70.7 13.6 18.7 13.6 6.7 7.8 HR49.2 10.7e19.4e8.9e89.3 222.9 6.6 31.3 61.4 19.5 23.5 19.5 7.3 11.1 IT52.5 15.0e11.5e-7.7e96.3 65.2 7.1 37.7 61.4 24.4 27.8 20.6 10.1 12.1 CY156.6 35.4e16.4e1.7e100.0 974.7 5.8 29.1 68.7 18.0 22.6 16.1 6.6 10.1 LV36.0 6.3e17.3e14.3e83.9 188.8 4.4 17.5 73.0 13.3 28.2 21.8 12.6 7.0 LT31.7 4.0e19.1e11.9e82.9 625.6 3.0 14.5 75.2 10.7 30.0 21.9 15.4 10.2 LU130.1 0.8e23.6e7.5e110.0 1335.3 2.2 18.9 70.7 6.8 19.1b15.8b2.0 6.5 HU30.5 11.9e15.9e11.7e94.6 337.1 2.3 12.7 73.7 12.0 28.6 14.5 20.6 7.7 MT76.3 4.1e17.7e8.1e103.0 2793.8e2.4 10.7 71.1 9.4 20.2 16.5 5.2 6.8 NL177.2 2.4e17.9e7.3e86.4 552.6 2.3 12.1 77.9 6.9 16.3b12.7b2.6 9.5 AT70.5 5.1e14.9e7.1e106.9 906.2 2.4 12.0 74.8 9.3 17.2 14.1 3.3 7.0 PL49.6 6.4e15.4e7.5e86.0 508.7 2.2 17.8 68.2 14.0 20.6 17.3 5.4 6.6 PT89.8 17.2e11.7e-5.5e90.3 271.3 6.4 27.8 69.5 12.7 24.9 19.0 9.1 8.5 RO26.3 9.7e17.1e10.6e89.7 454.7 3.4 25.9 60.3 24.3 46.0 25.3 35.9 6.4 SI38.2 12.3e18.5e7.8e89.7 310.0 4.3 15.3 69.5 9.3 16.9 13.9 4.1 6.0 SK56.3 4.6e16.2e9.9e94.4 430.9 6.8 23.4 71.8 15.1 17.1 12.7 7.6 6.4 FI86.6 1.4e23.1e8.7e100.8 636.9 2.9 20.5 72.4 11.2 16.5 11.6 1.2 12.1 SE121.7 1.2e22.7e11.9e118.6 800.2 1.2 18.2 80.8 6.7 17.7 16.2 0.7 7.8 2016Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG;e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)LabourForceSurveyindicators:b=datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)techniqueforDK.3)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers:b=forBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize.Thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime;forLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimation,imputationandadjustment.BettercoverageofcertainsegmentsoftheresidentpopulationbyuseofLuxembourg'sNationalPopulationRegister;forNL,introductionofCAWI,oversamplingoflowerincomegroups,useofregisterinformationforhousingcosts, changes in fieldwork period, weighting, calculation of imputed rent.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.9: Auxiliary indicators, 2015 

43 

2015 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-40.9e2.7 -1.8 27770.0 20.0 2.1 6.5 1.4 0.0 EA-35.9 2.9 -1.9 31120.0 19.7 2.1 na1.2 0.0 BE51.9 1.4 -2.7 36860.0 23.2 2.4 -5.4 1.0 0.6 BG21.4 3.1 -3.8 6560.0 20.9 1.0 5.9 3.0 -1.7 CZ20.2 2.6 -2.4 16230.0 25.7 1.9 2.5 4.8 -0.3 DK5.1 7.6 0.0 47900.0 19.8 3.1 0.3 1.1 0.1 DE34.2 8.0 -1.9 37770.0 19.8 2.9 1.8 0.6 0.8 EE16.1 3.5 -1.5 16000.0 24.1 1.5 -4.4 -0.6 0.1 IE-231.8 5.7 -1.5 58040.0 24.3 1.1 74.3 20.9 0.5 EL-129.2 0.3 -2.2 16210.0 11.2 1.0 -3.3 3.6 -1.5 ES-64.4 2.7 -2.0 23440.0 18.3 1.2 3.2 1.0 -0.7 FR-29.2 -0.3 -1.8 33200.0 20.6 2.2 2.4 0.8 -0.4 HR-37.3 3.5 -3.3 10810.0 19.1 0.8 34.2 4.6 -0.2 IT-17.4 1.6 -2.0 27620.0 17.1 1.3 -2.1 0.1 -0.3 CY-281.5 -0.2 -4.0 21220.0 12.8 0.5 7.8 1.3 -1.5 LV-10.8 2.8 -3.6 12010.0 22.3 0.6 2.1 4.3 0.4 LT-13.7 0.5 -3.6 12860.0 19.6 1.0 -9.1 0.0 0.8 LU-3592.1 5.3 -2.9 95090.0 17.3 1.3 22.9 -0.8 0.6 HU-17.8 6.6 -4.1 11520.0 22.3 1.3 6.0 1.3 0.6 MT187.1 5.3 -8.3 23000.0 23.7 0.7 15.6 5.6 0.4 NL-39.0 2.1 -1.0 41270.0 21.8 2.1 3.7 1.3 -0.1 AT-11.0 1.5 -2.3 39640.0 22.9 3.1 -0.7 2.1 0.7 PL-24.0 1.3 -1.6 11390.0 20.2 1.0 10.5 2.5 -0.6 PT-72.1 1.8 -2.3 17280.0 15.7 1.2 6.6 -0.2 -0.5 RO-12.9 1.6 -0.9 8090.0 24.9 0.5 23.3 4.9 0.5 SI-19.1 5.1 -3.1 18660.0 18.9 2.2 4.7 0.7 -0.8 SK-13.9 0.9 -3.0 14820.0 24.3 1.2 0.2 3.5 -0.6 FI15.3 -0.7 -1.8 38350.0 21.4 2.9 -10.9 0.3 -0.3 SE-12.4 2.4 -0.8 46170.0 23.2 3.2 -3.6 2.8 -0.1 Flags:e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2015 

44 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU79.6 6.8e14.9e4.3e93.5 371.4 4.9 22.4 68.5 15.5 24.0 17.4 9.7 10.1 EA78.3 7.2e14.6e4.5e93.6 359.8 5.4 23.1 68.7 15.3 23.0 17.3 7.9 10.9 BE79.0 3.8e16.0e10.3e105.8 777.0 4.0 22.5 67.2 13.6 21.6 14.9 7.2 15.0 BG34.2 14.5e19.9e8.0e74.9bd332.2 6.1 24.7 66.5 22.2 43.3 22.0 36.8 11.5 CZ47.2 10.1e17.1e11.3e94.9 279.8 2.4 12.6 74.8 11.8 13.0 9.7 4.5 6.8 DK180.3 3.9e17.6e6.8e97.2 501.5s1.6 12.2 75.4 8.5 18.6 12.2 3.2 11.9 DE70.1 3.0e15.4e1.7e93.6 429.1 2.0 7.7 76.9 9.6 20.0 16.7 5.7 9.5 EE59.5 2.2e34.9e6.8e95.2 403.6 2.4 14.3 76.7 12.4 23.6 21.6 3.5 6.2 IE135.7 14.9e23.2e6.8e85.7 457.9 5.3 20.2 69.8 16.5 25.4 16.2 9.4 18.8 EL83.0 46.8e16.3e-24.2e91.1e49.9p16.4 50.3 54.8 23.8 32.4 21.4 17.6 15.3 ES90.6 6.3e12.7e6.6e86.6 212.6s11.4 48.3 62.0 19.4 28.7 22.1 7.4 15.4 FR72.7 4.0e13.8e6.8e101.1 499.7 3.1 26.1 70.3 13.9 18.4 13.6 6.8 8.3 HR52.7 13.0e17.7e-6.8e91.2 166.4 10.2 42.3 60.6 19.9 24.4 20.0 8.4 12.3 IT52.5 16.5e12.3e3.1e97.5 62.3 7.4 40.3 60.2 25.8 28.4 19.9 12.1 11.2 CY168.5 36.3e16.0e-7.7e103.8b804.1 6.8 32.8 67.9 18.5 22.8 16.2 7.9 10.4 LV39.8 6.5e19.0e10.7e82.1 172.0 4.9 16.3 72.5 13.8 30.0 22.5 15.4 7.7 LT31.9 5.6e24.3e7.5e85.4 494.7 3.9 16.3 73.3 11.8 29.4 22.2 14.6 9.1 LU125.3 1.1e20.2e7.2e103.6 1563.0 1.9b17.3b70.9b7.6b18.4 15.3 2.5 5.4 HU32.7 15.2e13.9e0.3e88.3 140.8 3.0 17.1 70.9 13.1 30.6 14.9 24.1 8.8 MT78.6 5.1e18.8e6.3e102.8 1845.2e2.7 11.6 69.0 11.8 22.2 16.6 8.2 9.2 NL179.0 2.7e16.6e7.0e84.2 573.2 2.7 12.5 77.2 7.3 16.4 11.6 3.2 10.0 AT71.0 6.5e12.7e7.6e102.9 826.2 2.0 11.3 74.3 9.0 16.9 13.9 2.9 6.3 PL49.3 6.6e14.5e7.7e88.3 456.0 3.0 21.0 66.3 14.9 22.5 17.6 7.8 6.9 PT94.7 17.5e12.6e0.9e87.2 207.1 7.4 31.8 67.9 13.1 26.4 19.5 10.9 10.2 RO28.0 13.4e16.4e11.3e93.6 405.6 3.6 27.3 59.2 25.8 44.5 25.4 34.0 6.2 SI38.8 17.9e18.0e3.5e90.6 295.6 4.7 16.4 68.6 10.5 17.7 14.3 4.8 5.8 SK51.2 4.4e16.5e9.7e90.8 363.3 8.8 27.7 69.6 16.4 17.3 12.3 8.4 7.0 FI84.3 1.5e22.4e8.3e100.7b558.3 2.9 22.5 71.8 11.8 16.9 12.4 1.0 11.5 SE118.9 1.3e21.0e11.2e113.9 663.3p1.3 19.7 80.1 7.1 18.2 16.3 1.1 7.8 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:b=forBGandCY,breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodology;forFI,breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodfornewdwellings(apartments);d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG; e = source NCB for house prices for EL. 2) Labour Force Survey indicators: b = change in the sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2015 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.10: Auxiliary indicators, 2014 

45 

2014 Net international investment position (excl. Non-defaultable instruments) Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing) Net trade balance of energy products Real GDP per capita Gross fixed capital formation  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D Export market share(% world exports) Labour productivity (per hour worked) Core inflation differential vis-à-vis  the euro area  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (% of GDP) (2015 EUR) (% of GDP)  (% of GDP)  (3 year % change)  (1 year % change)  (pps) EU-41.3e2.3 -2.7 27190.0 19.6 2.1e1.3 0.7 0.0 EA-37.6 2.4 -2.7 30560.0 19.3 2.1ena0.8 0.0 BE51.5 0.6 -3.8 36530.0 22.8 2.4 -4.6 1.6 0.7 BG10.8 4.3 -5.6 6260.0 21.1 0.8 3.2 0.6 -2.4 CZ18.9 0.9 -3.9 15470.0 24.7 1.9 -1.1 1.1 -0.3 DK11.4 8.2 0.0 47240.0 19.3 2.9 -2.8 1.5 -0.2 DE31.5 7.2 -2.8 37480.0 19.8 2.9 -2.6 1.0 0.3 EE12.6 1.7 -2.1 15680.0 25.3 1.4 1.7 2.9 0.5 IE-337.8 -1.3 -2.6 47010.0 20.2 1.5 16.5 5.8 -0.1 EL-130.5 0.7 -3.4 16140.0 11.2 0.8 -0.9 -0.3 -2.3 ES-70.2 2.2 -2.9 22500.0 18.0 1.2 -1.6 0.5 -0.9 FR-29.0 -0.9 -2.5 32990.0 21.0 2.2 -1.8 1.0 0.2 HR-44.6 0.9 -3.9 10500.0 18.8 0.8 17.3 -2.2 -0.3 IT-21.0 1.9 -2.6 27330.0 16.8 1.3e-5.0 0.1 -0.1 CY-242.2 -3.2 -5.9 20350.0 13.3 0.5 -2.8 0.0 -0.6 LV-17.3 1.6 -4.9 11470.0 23.6 0.7 9.5 2.9 0.9 LT-17.1 6.3 -4.7 12400.0 19.1 1.0 3.7 2.2 -0.1 LU-3257.4 3.1 -4.2 94820.0 19.2 1.2 16.5 -0.2 0.5 HU-28.9 4.4 -6.1 11070.0 22.1 1.3 -5.8 -1.0 0.6 MT201.1 7.1 -14.1 21490.0 16.8 0.7 2.5 4.4 0.7 NL-48.6 6.6 -1.5 40600.0 17.4 2.2 0.2 0.9 -0.2 AT-11.1 2.3 -3.0 39520.0 23.0 3.1e-3.5 0.3 0.9 PL-25.3 -1.1 -2.6 10900.0 20.0 1.0 5.3 1.8 -0.6 PT-77.5 1.7 -3.6 16950.0 15.1 1.3 2.5 -1.1 -0.6 RO-14.5 2.4 -1.4 7800.0 24.6 0.4 14.5 4.1 1.5 SI-28.8 5.5 -4.1 18230.0 19.4 2.4 -1.7 1.1 -0.2 SK-12.7 2.7 -4.0 14100.0 21.2 0.9 2.6 2.0 -0.3 FI0.1 -1.3 -2.8 38300.0 21.7 3.2 -12.0 0.3 0.8 SE-21.2 3.2 -1.3 44690.0 22.7 3.1e-8.4 0.8 -0.4 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services). Flags:e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2014 

46 

 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entitiesTier-1 capital ratio banking sectorReturn on equity of banks Standardised house price-to-income ratio Building permitsLong-term unemployment rate -  % labour force Y15-74Youth unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-24Employment rate% pop Y20-64Young people neither in employment nor in education or training-  % pop Y15-29  People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population   People at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population Severely materially and socially deprived people -% of total population People living in households with very low work intensity - % pop Y0-64  (% of GDI)  (% gross loan)  (% risk-weighted assets) (%)  (ratio vs the average, since 2000)  (m² per 1000 inh)  (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   (%)   %  %  % EU80.2 6.7e18.9e3.4e93.4 344.0 5.4 24.1 67.6 16.0 na17.3 nanaEA79.3 8.1e13.6e3.1e94.0 342.4 5.9 24.5 67.8 15.8 na17.2 nanaBE76.8 4.3e15.3e7.8e104.7 900.2 3.9 23.4 67.3 13.3 na15.5 nanaBG35.9 16.0e19.6e7.2e78.7d289.8 7.4 26.9 64.4 24.0 na21.8 nanaCZ45.8 10.0e16.5e11.4e94.0 264.7 2.7 15.9 73.5 12.1 na9.7 nanaDK188.9 5.1e16.2e4.7e93.8 373.9s1.7 14.2 74.7 8.0 na12.1 nanaDE70.8 3.9e14.8e2.5e91.6 405.4 2.2 8.3 76.7 9.8 na16.7 nanaEE60.5 3.2e41.3e9.7e95.5 319.2 3.3 14.9 75.0 13.2 na21.8 nanaIE146.4 21.6e20.5e8.5e80.0 294.5 6.6 23.4 68.1 17.8 na16.8 nanaEL84.5 39.7e13.8e-10.6e95.3e51.4p17.5 53.0 53.1 26.3 na22.1 nanaES97.6 8.1e11.8e6.7e87.2 214.3s12.9 53.2 59.9 20.7 na22.2 nanaFR71.5 4.2e13.1e4.4e103.4 478.5 3.1 25.7 70.0 13.4 na13.3 nanaHR55.0 13.6e19.4e3.9e96.5 177.1 10.1 45.5 59.2 21.8 na19.4 nanaIT53.1 16.5e11.8e-2.8e102.6 65.3 8.2 42.7 59.5 26.3 na19.4 nanaCY170.1 38.6e14.6e-7.1e106.3 692.1 7.7 36.0 67.6 19.5 na14.4 nanaLV40.8 9.7e17.5e10.2e90.5 225.6 5.1 19.6 70.6 15.2 na21.2 nanaLT31.4 6.8e20.9e7.7e86.6 429.0 4.8 19.3 71.8 12.9 na19.1 nanaLU121.2 1.4e18.5e7.2e98.3 2023.9 1.6 22.6 72.1 6.5 na16.4 nanaHU38.9 19.4e13.8e-21.9e82.1 109.8 3.6 20.1 68.7 14.7 na15.0 nanaMT81.2 6.0e23.1e4.4e103.7 1313.7e2.9 11.7 67.9 11.6 na15.8 nanaNL179.2 3.4e15.4e3.3e82.4 439.4 2.7 13.8 76.3 8.2 na11.6 nanaAT70.6 7.5e11.8e1.1e98.8 804.1 1.9 11.0 74.2 9.7 na14.1 nanaPL48.0 7.2e13.7e9.4e89.6 386.8 3.9 24.1 64.9 15.7 na17.0 nanaPT100.8 16.6e11.4e-3.5e88.0 174.7 8.7 34.7 66.1 14.6 na19.5 nanaRO29.2 20.7e14.5e-15.2e97.9 369.5 3.4 30.0 58.0 24.8 na25.1 nanaSI39.2 22.8e17.1e-2.5e91.6 286.2 5.3 20.5 67.3 11.0 na14.5 nanaSK48.4 5.2e16.0e9.2e90.7 306.4 10.7 31.0 67.8 17.5 na12.6 nanaFI83.2 1.6e16.6e9.1e102.6 569.3 2.4 20.5 72.2 11.2 na12.8 nanaSE115.8 1.3e19.2e11.8e103.9 525.9p1.3 22.2 79.6 7.5 na15.6 nanaFlags:d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio: d = due to missing adjusted gross disposable income, compensation of employees used instead for BG; e = source NCB for house prices for EL.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).2014 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 3: Tables by indicator 
Table 3.1: Current account balance, % of GDP (3 year average) 

47 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.6 EAna2.4 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.4 BE0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5 -0.1 BG0.8 1.1 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.3 -1.1 -0.9 CZ-0.6 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.0 -1.7 -2.1 DK7.3 7.9 7.8 7.5 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.8 9.2 10.1 DE7.0 7.3 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.1 7.5 7.0 5.9 5.8 EE-0.5 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.0 -1.4 -3.3 -3.1 IE0.4 3.5 2.3 2.0 1.4 -5.1 -7.8 -5.2 4.6 9.7 EL-1.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 -3.6 -4.9 -7.8 -7.7 ES1.3 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.6 1.3 FR-0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 -0.6 HR-0.7 0.8 1.9 2.9 2.5 2.6 1.0 0.8 -1.1 -0.6 IT0.9 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 1.4 0.1 CY-3.1 -1.9 -2.7 -3.1 -4.3 -4.8 -6.4 -6.9 -6.8 -6.7 LV-2.7 -1.5 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.8 -0.4 -2.2 -4.5 LT1.2 0.9 0.0 -0.8 0.1 1.7 3.8 4.1 0.9 -1.2 LU4.3 4.5 5.7 6.5 7.4 7.8 8.8 9.7 9.1 7.9 HU1.6 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.1 0.5 -0.4 -1.8 -4.5 -3.9 MT1.7 2.8 2.5 7.0 10.6 16.7 15.8 14.4 8.2 5.0 NL8.3 7.4 7.0 6.8 8.1 8.0 7.1 7.5 7.4 8.8 AT1.9 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.4 0.7 PL-3.0 -2.1 -1.7 -1.2 -1.4 -1.1 0.1 0.3 -0.4 -0.6 PT0.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 -0.2 -1.1 -0.7 RO-2.0 -0.7 -0.9 -1.8 -3.1 -4.2 -4.8 -5.7 -7.1 -7.8 SI3.4 4.3 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.6 6.9 6.0 3.4 2.4 SK1.9 0.9 -0.6 -1.8 -1.6 -2.3 -1.9 -2.9 -5.0 -5.4 FI-1.8 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.4 0.2 -0.5 -0.8 SE4.4 3.4 2.6 2.2 2.1 3.2 4.5 6.0 5.9 6.1 Thecurrentaccountprovidesinformationaboutthetransactionsofacountrywiththerestoftheworld.Itcoversalltransactions(otherthanthoseinfinancialitems)ingoods,services,primaryincomeandsecondaryincome,whichoccurbetweenresidentandnon-residentunits.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhethree-yearbackwardmovingaverageofthecurrentaccountbalanceexpressedinpercentageofGDP.Theindicatorisbasedonbalanceofpayments (BoP) data. Definitions are based on the Sixth Edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.2: Current account balance (% of GDP)  

48 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU2.5 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.8 0.2 1.9 EA2.4 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.4 1.8 2.6 0.0 1.7 BE0.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 -0.9 0.1 0.9 1.8 -1.3 -0.7 BG2.1 0.0 3.0 3.2 0.7 1.7 0.4 -1.1 -2.6 0.9 CZ0.2 0.4 1.8 1.5 0.4 0.3 1.8 -2.1 -4.7 0.3 DK8.4 8.0 7.1 7.3 6.3 7.4 7.2 8.7 11.7 9.8 DE7.2 8.1 8.9 8.1 8.4 7.9 6.3 6.9 4.4 5.9 EE0.6 1.5 1.0 1.7 0.6 2.0 -2.5 -3.6 -3.9 -1.7 IE2.1 6.1 -1.2 1.1 4.3 -20.7 -7.1 12.2 8.8 8.1 EL-0.7 -0.8 -1.7 -1.9 -2.9 -1.5 -6.5 -6.6 -10.2 -6.2 ES1.8 2.0 3.1 2.8 1.9 2.1 0.8 0.8 0.4 2.7 FR-0.9 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7 0.6 -2.1 0.3 -1.2 -1.0 HR0.5 2.8 2.4 3.6 1.4 2.7 -1.0 0.8 -3.2 0.7 IT1.8 1.2 2.5 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.8 2.1 -1.7 0.0 CY-4.0 -0.3 -4.0 -5.0 -3.9 -5.5 -9.7 -5.4 -5.4 -9.5 LV-1.5 -0.1 1.8 1.5 -0.4 -0.2 3.0 -4.1 -5.5 -3.9 LT3.6 -2.5 -1.0 1.0 0.4 3.8 7.2 1.4 -6.1 1.1 LU4.1 5.6 7.4 6.4 8.3 8.5 9.5 11.1 6.7 6.0 HU0.8 2.1 4.4 1.8 0.3 -0.6 -0.9 -3.9 -8.5 0.8 MT5.5 2.6 -0.6 18.9 13.3 17.9 16.0 9.4 -0.8 6.4 NL8.9 4.9 7.3 8.1 9.0 6.8 5.6 10.0 6.6 9.9 AT2.4 1.6 2.6 1.3 0.8 2.4 3.4 1.7 -0.9 1.3 PL-2.9 -1.3 -1.0 -1.2 -2.0 -0.3 2.4 -1.3 -2.2 1.8 PT0.3 0.5 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -1.9 0.5 RO-0.3 -0.8 -1.6 -3.1 -4.6 -4.9 -4.9 -7.2 -9.2 -7.0 SI5.3 4.1 5.3 6.8 6.5 6.4 7.7 3.8 -1.1 4.5 SK1.7 -2.1 -1.5 -1.7 -1.6 -3.5 -0.5 -4.8 -9.6 -1.7 FI-1.4 -0.9 -2.0 -0.7 -1.6 -0.1 0.4 0.3 -2.2 -0.4 SE3.3 2.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 5.3 5.8 6.9 5.0 6.5 Thecurrentaccountprovidesinformationaboutthetransactionsofacountrywiththerestoftheworld.Itcoversalltransactions(otherthanthoseinfinancialitems)ingoods,services,primaryincomeandsecondaryincome,whichoccurbetweenresidentandnon-residentunits.TheindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDPandbasedonbalanceofpayments(BoP)data.DefinitionsarebasedontheSixthEditionoftheIMF'sBalanceofPaymentsandInternational Investment Position Manual (BPM6).Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.3: Net international investment position (% of GDP)   

49 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU-22.5e-22.6e-17.4e-16.9e-12.7e-9.4e-6.5e-2.0e0.1e0.9eEA-21.8 -21.9 -16.9 -16.4 -12.3 -9.2 -5.6 -0.7 1.8 2.7 BE44.6 45.4 54.7 56.2 34.4 47.2 51.9 67.7 57.0 51.5 BG-72.0 -61.5 -47.5 -43.6 -37.6 -30.8 -23.4 -15.6 -10.2 -6.8 CZ-36.0 -32.7 -26.9 -24.7 -24.2 -19.5 -16.0 -14.9 -20.2 -13.4 DK43.4 27.9 46.4 49.5 58.4 69.9 60.0 65.7 51.1 51.3 DE28.7 34.1 38.8 44.0 52.5 58.5 64.2 69.8 69.7 70.8 EE-46.3 -39.9 -39.0 -32.7 -29.4 -22.1 -19.9 -15.1 -21.4 -21.1 IE-171.9 -197.4 -174.0 -169.6 -182.3 -188.8 -158.9 -120.9 -110.3 -101.4 EL-133.9 -136.9 -139.2 -143.0 -147.8 -152.6 -171.6 -170.1 -143.4 -139.3 ES-95.2 -87.7 -84.3 -84.4 -78.0 -72.0 -83.7 -69.4 -57.7 -51.7 FR-18.7 -18.7 -19.0 -25.6 -23.3 -28.2 -32.3 -33.5 -24.8 -28.1 HR-91.8 -81.0 -74.6 -67.1 -59.6 -51.0 -50.8 -39.5 -33.9 -26.0 IT-20.9 -19.4 -12.1 -8.9 -6.4 -3.1 -0.2 6.3 4.2 7.4 CY-163.9 -152.8 -133.4 -136.6 -124.9 -113.2 -123.8 -105.7 -95.1 -92.7 LV-65.9 -61.7 -55.8 -53.0 -47.0 -41.4 -35.0 -27.9 -28.2 -26.0 LT-47.2 -43.9 -43.1 -37.6 -30.1 -23.5 -18.2 -9.9 -12.0 -4.6 LU74.1 70.7 62.7 70.7 48.7 52.0 36.9 53.6 45.8 33.1 HU-75.2 -62.9 -53.7 -50.7 -45.9 -42.9 -50.6 -49.7 -44.6 -36.8 MT40.9 35.3 46.4 71.2 75.5 101.2 114.6 104.8 99.9 92.9 NL24.6 27.9 39.2 39.3 50.5 68.1 87.9 70.9 53.4 52.9 AT2.3 2.8 2.9 3.7 5.4 13.3 11.5 14.4 16.1 16.6 PL-69.0 -60.9 -60.0 -60.7 -55.0 -49.2 -44.5 -40.6 -34.6 -32.6 PT-124.4 -119.7 -111.0 -110.7 -106.4 -99.5 -103.1 -93.0 -83.1 -72.3 RO-57.0 -54.7 -50.0 -47.8 -43.4 -43.3 -47.5 -46.9 -41.2 -39.5 SI-38.7 -31.5 -29.1 -24.4 -19.1 -16.4 -15.8 -7.7 -1.6 2.3 SK-62.9 -63.5 -66.3 -67.9 -69.1 -65.6 -64.1 -59.5 -63.2 -54.9 FI-3.3 4.7 5.4 1.2 -5.0 -0.8 -3.5 2.3 0.2 12.6 SE-3.4 -5.0 -1.6 -0.8 8.2 13.9 7.4 21.2 33.6 36.1 Theinternationalinvestmentposition(IIP)isastatisticalstatementthatshowsatapointintimethevalueandcompositionoffinancialassetsofresidentsofaneconomythatareclaimsonnon-residentsandgoldbullionheldasreserveassets,andliabilitiesofresidentsofaneconomytonon-residents.Thedifferencebetweenaneconomy’sexternalfinancialassetsandliabilitiesistheeconomy’snetIIP(NIIP),whichmaybepositiveornegative.TheNIIPprovidesanaggregateviewofthenetfinancialposition(assetsminusliabilities)ofacountryvis-à-vistherestoftheworld.TheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDPandbasedonbalanceofpayments(BoP) statistics. Definitions are based on the Sixth Edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6). Flags:e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.4: Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP)  

50 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU-41.3e-40.9e-36.8e-27.4e-26.0e-24.1e-25.7e-26.2e-19.7e-19.6eEA-37.6 -35.9 -33.7 -30.9 -29.4 -28.5 -30.7 -32.5 -25.1 -24.3 BE51.5 51.9 52.4 44.9 34.5 37.2 37.3 40.0 29.5 31.3 BG10.8 21.4 30.1 32.3 35.9 39.8 47.1 46.6 44.0 46.0 CZ18.9 20.2 27.3 26.0 27.5 29.6 36.4 34.8 25.7 28.6 DK11.4 5.1 9.6 12.8 10.7 22.4 28.2 27.6 31.4 37.1 DE31.5 34.2 37.5 44.8 46.0 51.2 55.5 54.8 51.6 53.1 EE12.6 16.1 17.4 19.1 23.9 30.1 41.1 40.9 27.6 30.5 IE-337.8 -231.8 -249.0 -256.9 -250.4 -275.6 -285.6 -307.9 -228.4 -279.2 EL-130.5 -129.2 -128.4 -128.6 -134.3 -132.2 -153.1 -148.5 -119.0 -110.7 ES-70.2 -64.4 -60.9 -57.2 -51.8 -45.7 -51.6 -39.1 -29.8 -23.8 FR-29.0 -29.2 -29.6 -31.0 -32.8 -33.2 -38.8 -35.2 -27.9 -29.4 HR-44.6 -37.3 -26.7 -17.8 -11.6 1.3 3.2 11.8 14.3 20.5 IT-21.0 -17.4 -11.8 -7.5 -7.7 -2.5 -1.1 3.8 0.3 5.1 CY-242.2 -281.5 -225.3 -270.1 -354.7 -333.9 -249.6 -226.4 -163.5 -133.8 LV-17.3 -10.8 -6.9 -2.9 0.7 6.5 14.9 20.4 18.9 20.6 LT-17.1 -13.7 -12.8 -7.6 -2.7 5.4 14.6 22.2 21.0 26.7 LU-3257.4 -3592.1 -3552.1 -3730.3 -3533.6 -3953.8 -4043.3 -4547.8 -3714.7 -3867.0 HU-28.9 -17.8 -11.3 -8.0 -3.3 -2.5 -1.7 -0.8 -4.5 -6.7 MT201.1 187.1 207.3 71.9 81.5 103.4 86.9 149.2 147.7 142.5 NL-48.6 -39.0 -35.4 -15.5 -12.2 -0.8 4.7 10.3 5.0 13.8 AT-11.1 -11.0 -10.8 -4.2 -6.5 -1.8 -5.1 -3.6 -5.2 -5.6 PL-25.3 -24.0 -20.7 -18.7 -14.8 -10.7 -4.5 0.6 2.4 5.2 PT-77.5 -72.1 -63.9 -58.2 -54.9 -45.5 -44.5 -34.4 -28.0 -19.4 RO-14.5 -12.9 -6.5 -5.6 -3.9 -4.0 -7.0 -6.5 -4.3 -4.8 SI-28.8 -19.1 -14.8 -9.7 -1.0 0.7 1.5 9.5 15.3 18.2 SK-12.7 -13.9 -14.7 -15.0 -16.5 -14.0 -14.6 -14.1 -18.6 -14.8 FI0.1 15.3 10.3 4.8 -0.8 6.9 5.8 19.0 7.1 6.7 SE-21.2 -12.4 -12.1 -9.6 -15.0 -10.5 -12.7 -0.6 -7.8 -7.0 Theindicatorisasubsetofthenetinternationalinvestmentposition(NIIP)thatabstractsfromitspureequity-relatedcomponents,i.e.foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)equityandequityshares,andfromintra-companycross-borderFDIdebt,andrepresentstheNIIPexcludinginstrumentsthatcannotbesubjecttodefault.TheindicatorisbasedonBalanceofPayments(BoP)statisticsandisdefinedastheNIIPminusnetdirectinvestmentminusnetportfolioequity. The indicator is calculated as a percentage of GDP.Flags:e:Estimated. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.5: Current plus capital account - Net lending-borrowing (% of GDP) 

51 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU2.3 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.7 0.7 1.8 EA2.4 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 3.0 1.1 2.0 BE0.6 1.4 0.7 0.8 -0.8 0.3 0.8 2.0 -1.2 -0.5 BG4.3 3.1 5.2 4.2 1.7 3.1 1.9 -0.4 -1.7 2.4 CZ0.9 2.6 2.8 2.4 0.9 0.8 2.9 -0.4 -4.1 1.5 DK8.2 7.6 7.1 7.3 6.3 7.5 7.2 8.7 11.7 9.5 DE7.2 8.0 8.9 7.9 8.3 7.7 6.0 6.8 3.9 5.3 EE1.7 3.5 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.7 -0.7 5.4 -3.5 -0.5 IE-1.3 5.7 -2.8 -7.2 -11.2 -30.4 -10.2 12.5 8.6 6.4 EL0.7 0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 -4.9 -4.5 -8.7 -5.0 ES2.2 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 3.7 FR-0.9 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 0.7 -2.0 0.6 -0.8 -0.7 HR0.9 3.5 3.8 4.5 2.7 4.3 1.1 3.2 -0.7 3.5 IT1.9 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 2.2 -1.2 0.7 CY-3.2 -0.2 -3.9 -4.6 -3.3 -5.6 -9.8 -5.1 -5.3 -9.6 LV1.6 2.8 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 4.8 -2.7 -4.7 -2.0 LT6.3 0.5 0.5 2.2 1.8 5.4 8.9 2.9 -4.6 2.7 LU3.1 5.3 7.1 6.1 11.1 8.4 9.3 12.0 6.4 5.6 HU4.4 6.6 4.3 2.6 2.5 1.2 1.1 -1.5 -6.7 1.7 MT7.1 5.3 -0.2 20.1 15.4 20.4 18.0 10.9 0.5 7.6 NL6.6 2.1 7.2 7.8 7.8 6.6 5.4 10.1 17.2 9.6 AT2.3 1.5 2.5 1.2 0.3 2.4 3.3 1.8 -0.9 1.8 PL-1.1 1.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 1.4 4.1 -0.6 -2.1 1.9 PT1.7 1.8 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.7 0.4 1.0 -1.0 1.9 RO2.4 1.6 0.9 -1.9 -3.4 -3.6 -3.0 -5.0 -6.8 -4.9 SI5.5 5.1 4.5 6.0 6.1 6.0 7.2 4.1 -1.4 4.5 SK2.7 0.9 0.2 -1.7 -0.7 -2.8 0.3 -3.8 -8.4 -0.4 FI-1.3 -0.7 -1.9 -0.6 -1.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 -2.2 -0.5 SE3.2 2.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 5.5 5.9 7.0 5.1 6.5 Netlending/borrowingofacountrycorrespondstothesumoftotalcurrentandcapitalaccounts’balancesinbalanceofpayments.Itrepresentsthenetresourcesthatthetotaleconomymakesavailabletotherestoftheworld(ifitis positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative). The indicator is based on the balance of payments data. Definitions are based on the IMF's Sixth Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6). Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.6: Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP) 

52 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU-2.7 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9 -4.0 -2.3 EA-2.7 -1.9 -1.4 -1.7 -2.1 -1.9 -1.2 -2.0 -4.3 -2.4 BE-3.8 -2.7 -2.2 -2.5 -3.4 -2.5 -1.6 -3.0 -4.1 -3.0pBG-5.6 -3.8 -2.4 -3.0 -3.4 -3.0 -2.0 -3.4 -4.4 -2.2 CZ-3.9 -2.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 -1.5 -2.4 -4.5 -2.7 DK0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.9 -0.6 DE-2.8 -1.9 -1.5 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9p-3.4p-2.1pEE-2.1 -1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.2 -0.5 -0.3 -2.3 -1.8 IE-2.6 -1.5 -1.1 -1.1 -1.4 -1.2 -0.7 -1.2 -2.1 -1.8 EL-3.4 -2.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.5 -2.3 -1.8 -3.1 -6.0p-2.8pES-2.9 -2.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1 -1.9 -1.3 -2.2 -3.8p-2.1pFR-2.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.1 -1.8 -4.4p-2.4pHR-3.9 -3.3 -2.6 -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 -2.0 -3.8 -9.1 -4.8pIT-2.6 -2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.2 -2.0 -1.3 -2.6 -5.4 -2.9 CY-5.9 -4.0 -3.3 -4.0 -4.1 -3.9 -3.2 -4.1 -6.3 -4.4pLV-4.9 -3.6 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -2.8 -1.6 -2.6 -7.8 -3.4 LT-4.7 -3.6 -2.6 -3.0 -3.9 -3.6 -2.4 -4.8 -10.5 -3.8 LU-4.2 -2.9 -2.3 -2.7 -3.3 -3.2 -2.0 -2.8 -5.1 -3.9 HU-6.1 -4.1 -3.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.8 -2.3 -4.4 -9.9 -4.7pMT-14.1 -8.3 -7.8 -5.8 -8.2 -5.8 -5.4 -5.4 -7.6 -5.2 NL-1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 -1.2 -1.1 -1.2 AT-3.0 -2.3 -1.9 -2.2 -2.5 -2.2 -1.4 -2.4 -4.4 -2.3 PL-2.6 -1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.7 -2.3 -1.5 -2.0 -3.4 -2.6 PT-3.6 -2.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.5 -2.5 -1.7 -2.7 -4.7 -2.7eRO-1.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 -1.2 -2.0 -2.8 -1.6pSI-4.1 -3.1 -2.1 -2.6 -3.0 -3.5 -2.0 -2.8 -3.8 -3.0 SK-4.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.9 -3.9 -3.1 -2.1 -3.5 -6.6 -3.2 FI-2.8 -1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.0 -1.7 -0.9 -1.9 -3.6 -1.4 SE-1.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -0.7 -0.7 -1.2 -1.0 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: EurostatThetradebalanceofenergyproductsiscalculated,foreachMemberState,asthedifferencebetweenexportsandimportsfromtherestoftheworld(intra-EUandextra-EUtrade)ofgoodsincludedintheSITCsection3-Mineralfuels, lubricants and related materials. The indicator is expressed as percentage of GDP (according to ESA 2010 transmission programme).    
 
 
 
 
Table 3.7: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change) 

53 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU-2.3 -5.2 -6.4 -4.2 9.7 3.6 4.0 0.3 -1.1 3.4 EA-0.9 -3.4 -4.3 -3.3 8.5 3.3 3.7 0.1 -1.2 1.4 BE-0.5 -1.6 -0.3 1.1 7.1 2.8 2.4 0.6 1.7 0.0 BG-2.8 -4.3 -4.7 -3.2 4.2 4.8 6.8 3.7 5.6 8.5 CZ-10.0 -8.2 -3.7 5.6 11.1 8.8 5.5 5.0 13.6 24.2 DK-1.1 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 2.7 -0.2 0.9 -1.1 -1.3 -1.0 DE-0.3 -1.4 -2.0 -1.7 5.4 2.1 2.4 0.5 -0.5 1.9 EE4.7 5.8 4.4 3.3 7.7 5.9 4.9 1.9 8.5 15.7 IE-3.5 -6.2 -6.8 -5.9 2.6 -1.3 -1.3 -2.6 -4.5 -1.2 EL-5.6 -5.6 -4.0 -2.8 3.8 0.5 0.2 -3.2 -2.6 -1.2 ES-1.0 -3.1 -4.2 -2.4 4.3 1.8 0.9 -0.5 -0.8 -0.8 FR-1.3 -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 4.6 1.7 2.6 -0.5 -3.8 -1.8 HR-0.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 4.3 1.6 0.5 -1.5 -0.8 4.3 IT0.2 -2.4 -3.3 -2.9 3.5 0.3 0.5 -1.8 -1.9 0.7 CY-1.6 -6.1 -7.3 -6.2 2.1 -0.2 -0.4 -2.4 -3.1 0.3 LV0.2 2.5 4.8 2.0 5.1 3.8 5.8 2.3 5.3 10.8 LT1.5 4.1 5.3 3.0 6.7 3.9 6.7 4.4 9.4 12.8 LU0.6 -0.6 -1.4 -0.9 3.4 2.1 1.4 0.7 -0.6 -1.5 HU-7.0 -7.3 -5.2 0.2 2.1 0.5 -5.0 -4.1 -7.9 10.2 MT0.1 -2.7 -2.8 -2.2 4.6 1.7 1.9 -1.2 -3.2 -0.5 NL0.8 -0.8 -2.2 -1.6 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.3 3.1 2.4 AT1.9 1.4 1.0 0.4 4.9 2.2 3.1 1.2 0.0 1.8 PL-1.2 -1.5 -5.1 -3.3 0.2 2.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.2 9.2 PT-1.7 -3.0 -1.8 -0.6 3.3 -0.2 -0.2 -2.8 -2.9 -1.4 RO-1.1 2.6 -2.5 -5.5 -0.7 0.3 3.4 1.1 2.5 6.7 SI1.2 0.3 -0.6 -1.8 2.0 1.1 1.7 -0.4 -1.4 1.1 SK1.2 -1.2 -1.6 -1.8 2.5 2.6 5.2 3.1 3.8 7.5 FI2.6 2.1 0.5 -2.3 3.0 0.2 2.3 -0.7 -3.3 -1.9 SE-3.6 -8.2 -9.0 -5.4 -3.8 -8.3 -4.7 2.0 -1.4 -7.5 Realeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMacroeconomicImbalanceProcedureisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetoapanelof42countries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflectingnotonlycompetitioninthehomemarketsofthevariouscompetitors,butalsocompetitioninexportmarketselsewhere).Apositivevaluemeansrealappreciation.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhe3-year percentage change of the real effective exchange rate based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners.Source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.8: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (1 year % change) 

54 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.0 -8.8 2.7 2.3 4.4 -3.0 2.7 0.7 -4.3 7.3 EA0.6 -7.4 2.6 1.7 4.0 -2.3 2.2 0.3 -3.5 4.8 BE0.2 -3.3 2.9 1.6 2.4 -1.2 1.2 0.6 -0.1 -0.4 BG-0.9 -3.5 -0.3 0.7 3.8 0.2 2.6 0.8 2.1 5.4 CZ-5.3 -0.9 2.5 3.9 4.3 0.4 0.8 3.8 8.6 10.1 DK0.8 -3.4 1.0 0.5 1.1 -1.8 1.6 -0.9 -1.9 1.8 DE0.8 -4.4 1.6 1.1 2.6 -1.5 1.4 0.7 -2.6 3.8 EE2.6 0.2 1.5 1.6 4.4 -0.2 0.6 1.5 6.3 7.2 IE-0.7 -7.0 1.0 0.3 1.3 -2.8 0.3 -0.1 -4.7 3.7 EL-0.6 -4.5 1.2 0.6 2.0 -2.0 0.3 -1.5 -1.3 1.7 ES-0.4 -4.5 0.7 1.5 2.0 -1.6 0.6 0.6 -1.9 0.6 FR0.4 -4.7 1.4 0.6 2.6 -1.4 1.5 -0.5 -4.7 3.6 HR0.4 -1.5 1.1 0.6 2.5 -1.4 -0.5 0.5 -0.7 4.6 IT0.3 -4.4 0.9 0.7 1.9 -2.2 0.8 -0.4 -2.3 3.5 CY-0.8 -6.5 -0.2 0.5 1.7 -2.4 0.3 -0.2 -3.1 3.8 LV2.7 0.7 1.3 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 2.9 7.3 LT2.7 0.5 2.0 0.5 4.1 -0.7 3.2 1.9 4.0 6.4 LU0.5 -2.7 0.7 1.1 1.5 -0.5 0.4 0.8 -1.8 -0.5 HU-3.6 -2.4 0.8 1.8 -0.5 -0.8 -3.7 0.4 -4.7 15.2 MT0.6 -4.7 1.4 1.2 1.9 -1.4 1.4 -1.2 -3.4 4.2 NL-0.1 -3.4 1.2 0.6 1.5 0.4 1.8 0.0 1.2 1.1 AT1.7 -2.3 1.7 1.1 2.0 -1.0 2.1 0.1 -2.1 3.9 PL1.0 -2.6 -3.5 2.8 0.9 -1.0 1.1 -0.5 -0.8 10.6 PT-0.5 -2.9 1.6 0.7 1.0 -1.8 0.7 -1.7 -1.9 2.3 RO1.3 -2.6 -1.2 -1.7 2.3 -0.2 1.3 0.0 1.2 5.5 SI1.1 -2.1 0.5 -0.2 1.7 -0.4 0.4 -0.4 -1.4 2.9 SK0.2 -2.3 0.5 0.0 2.0 0.6 2.5 0.0 1.2 6.2 FI2.4 -3.1 1.2 -0.4 2.2 -1.5 1.6 -0.7 -4.1 3.1 SE-4.5 -5.5 0.9 -0.7 -3.9 -3.8 3.1 2.9 -7.0 -3.3 Realeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMIPisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetoapanelof42countries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflectingnotonlycompetition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). A positive value means appreciation in real terms. The indicator is the 1-year percentage change of REER.Source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.9: Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change) 

55 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU2.5 3.2 1.9 0.2 0.8 -0.2 4.0 2.5 -2.6 -4.0 EAnana2.9 2.3 2.4 0.9 0.6 -0.9 -5.1 -4.3 BE-3.4 -7.8 -4.4 -2.5 6.0 0.4 3.5 8.9 3.4 -6.0 BG4.5 3.2 3.2 8.3 13.7 9.0 3.6 9.7 17.3 15.4 CZ0.2 -0.1 4.0 2.9 7.2 2.7 1.3 -2.2 -4.3 0.8 DK-1.6 -2.3 -4.3 -3.2 1.6 3.4 10.0 8.7 13.6 2.5 DE-1.4 -0.8 0.1 -2.0 0.1 -3.0 -0.2 -1.7 -7.6 -7.8 EE3.0 -6.8 -5.9 -4.7 8.5 5.6 9.6 19.2 18.0 7.7 IE18.0 69.9 59.6 48.5 10.1 15.5 40.5 33.0 16.6 -9.2 EL0.4 -5.8 -9.8 -6.7 10.8 15.1 -12.7 -1.8 7.2 32.1 ES-0.4 0.6 0.9 2.4 5.1 -0.6 -12.1 -9.5 -3.7 14.0 FR-0.5 -0.2 -2.6 -3.6 -0.7 -1.8 -6.6 -6.0 -6.0 2.1 HR18.8 30.7 12.8 13.2 13.2 9.4 -11.1 2.5 9.4 36.6 IT-3.8 -4.6 -3.4 -2.8 1.7 -1.9 -4.9 -3.9 -3.9 3.1 CY-1.5 5.1 8.9 12.5 16.3 14.1 23.9 31.6 30.0 17.4 LV10.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 8.8 5.1 14.5 10.1 15.9 -1.7 LT5.0 -11.4 -14.3 1.8 19.9 24.1 22.0 21.0 18.6 6.6 LU18.0 19.7 11.5 3.8 0.8 3.7 20.9 22.6 -2.2 -14.4 HU-4.5 3.3 3.4 2.0 3.8 2.6 3.8 -0.8 -3.1 1.2 MT3.8 12.6 13.3 3.0 -0.1 8.7 32.2 6.5 -9.7 -10.7 NL1.5 1.0 -2.1 0.2 5.0 4.8 8.2 3.2 3.7 -2.0 AT-2.3 -3.2 -2.7 -3.0 5.2 1.9 2.7 -1.9 -3.8 -1.4 PL6.6 7.7 7.4 11.1 16.0 14.5 19.9 15.9 12.3 7.7 PT3.8 3.9 -0.5 3.5 9.2 7.0 -7.2 -8.1 -1.6 16.2 RO16.0 20.1 11.0 9.3 16.2 9.4 7.5 5.1 4.6 6.8 SI-0.4 2.0 4.4 8.3 17.1 11.6 6.8 3.1 0.9 0.2 SK3.9 -2.3 -1.9 0.6 7.4 -0.6 3.9 -1.0 -3.9 -3.1 FI-10.8 -13.1 -12.0 -2.1 8.6 9.6 4.1 0.4 -3.0 -6.0 SE-7.2 -6.0 -4.5 -4.6 -3.1 -1.3 5.4 8.7 -0.6 -2.9 Source: Eurostat and OECD (for data on non-EU countries)TheindicatorshowsdevelopmentsinsharesofexportsofgoodsandservicesofEUMemberStatesinrelationtototalexportsofgoodsandservicesofOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEUMemberStates.Tocapturethestructurallossesincompetitivenessthatcanaccumulateoverlongertimeperiods,theMIPindicatoriscalculatedasthe3year%change(comparingyearYwithyearY-3).TheMIPScoreboardindicatorispresentedas3year%changeandasshareoftotalexportsofOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEUMemberStates.TheindicatorisbasedonthebalanceofpaymentsdatareportedtoEurostatbytheEUMemberStates.Sourceofdatafornon-EUcountriesisOECD. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.10: Export performance against advanced economies (1 year % change) 

56 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU1.3 -0.5 1.2 -0.5 0.1 0.2 3.7 -1.3 -4.8 2.2 EA1.6 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.3 -0.5 0.8 -1.2 -4.7 1.7 BE-0.5 -8.7 5.3 1.5 -0.8 -0.3 4.7 4.4 -5.4 -4.9 BG0.9 -4.0 6.4 5.9 0.9 2.1 0.6 6.8 9.2 -1.0 CZ3.8 -2.4 2.7 2.7 1.7 -1.7 1.3 -1.8 -3.8 6.8 DK-0.5 -3.6 -0.2 0.6 1.2 1.6 7.0 -0.0 6.2 -3.5 DE1.4 -2.4 1.1 -0.7 -0.3 -2.0 2.2 -1.8 -7.9 1.9 EE-0.1 -10.0 4.7 1.1 2.5 1.9 5.0 11.4 0.9 -4.2 IE11.9 38.1 3.2 4.2 2.4 8.3 26.7 -3.1 -5.0 -1.3 EL2.7 -8.8 -3.7 6.3 8.3 -0.0 -19.4 21.8 9.1 -0.7 ES-0.0 -3.0 4.1 1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -10.3 2.4 4.7 6.3 FR-0.5 -2.2 0.1 -1.5 0.7 -1.0 -6.3 1.4 -1.0 1.7 HR3.3 1.8 7.2 3.7 1.8 3.6 -15.7 17.5 10.6 5.2 IT-0.3 -4.3 1.2 0.4 0.1 -2.4 -2.7 1.2 -2.4 4.4 CY1.5 0.7 6.6 4.9 4.1 4.5 13.9 10.6 3.2 2.9 LV2.9 -5.2 2.0 3.1 3.5 -1.5 12.2 -0.4 3.7 -4.8 LT-6.7 -10.2 2.2 10.9 5.7 5.8 9.1 4.8 3.7 -1.9 LU6.7 3.4 1.0 -0.6 0.4 3.8 15.9 1.9 -17.2 1.5 HU3.2 -1.4 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.5 2.9 -4.1 -1.8 7.5 MT2.0 9.1 1.7 -7.2 5.8 10.7 12.9 -14.8 -6.2 11.7 NL0.5 -1.7 -0.9 2.9 3.0 -1.1 6.2 -1.8 -0.6 0.4 AT0.1 -5.2 2.5 -0.1 2.8 -0.8 0.7 -1.8 -2.7 3.2 PL3.0 -0.2 4.5 6.5 4.3 3.1 11.6 0.8 -0.1 7.0 PT0.3 -2.9 2.3 4.3 2.4 0.2 -9.6 1.4 7.3 6.7 RO5.7 -1.9 7.1 4.1 4.3 0.8 2.3 2.0 0.3 4.4 SI2.9 -3.3 4.9 6.7 4.6 0.0 2.1 1.0 -2.1 1.3 SK-3.2 -3.4 4.8 -0.7 3.2 -3.0 3.8 -1.7 -5.8 4.7 FI-5.3 -8.2 1.2 5.4 1.7 2.2 0.2 -1.9 -1.2 -2.9 SE-2.1 -3.0 0.6 -2.2 -1.5 2.5 4.4 1.6 -6.2 2.0 TheindicatorshowsdevelopmentsinsharesofexportsofgoodsandservicesofEUMemberStatesinrelationtototalexportsofgoodsandservicesofOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEUMemberStates.Tocapturethestructurallossesincompetitivenessthatcanaccumulateoverlongertimeperiods.Thedataarepresentedas1year%changeandasshareoftotalexportsofOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEUMemberStates.Theindicatorisbasedonthe balance of payments data reported to Eurostat by the EU Member States. Source of data for non-EU countries is OECD.Source: Eurostat and OECD (for data on non-EU countries) 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.11: Nominal unit labour cost per hour worked (3 year % change) 

57 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU3.5 1.2 0.8 1.6 3.4 4.5 7.3 5.7 7.7 10.7 EA4.0 2.0 1.4 1.6 3.3 4.5 7.5 5.6 7.2 10.0 BE5.0 1.0 -0.6 1.6 3.6 4.5 4.1 5.1 9.2 15.8pBG19.2 17.3 11.2 15.9 20.8 18.8 17.8 14.0 24.1 26.9 CZ2.9 0.8 4.3 7.0 14.2 14.3 18.1 14.8 17.0 17.2 DK2.1 2.5 1.8 0.9 0.9 2.3 5.6 2.9 7.0 5.7 DE7.2 5.8 4.6 4.4 5.6 7.6 9.7 6.1p7.4p11.0pEE13.1 13.5 12.6 12.4 15.4 16.7 17.5 12.3 20.2 32.5 IE-4.5 -19.6 -15.5 -14.1 -0.7 -3.3 -8.3 -11.4 -12.1 11.9 EL-6.7 -12.3 -7.4 -5.2 -2.6 -2.5 4.6 4.2 3.4p-1.8pES-2.8 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5 1.2 6.3 12.8 13.0 10.3p10.0pFR4.5 2.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 0.8 4.3 3.9 9.7p9.5pHR-5.4 -5.0 -4.2 -2.8 1.2 2.3b11.6b2.2b10.9 17.1pIT2.8 1.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 2.9 5.0 3.5 3.0 5.0 CY-6.5 -10.7 -9.6 -5.2 -0.7 6.8 9.3 3.8 3.3 3.7pLV12.1 16.9 14.7 14.0 13.2 16.0b17.4b11.2b16.2 25.8 LT7.0 10.1 13.2 14.6 14.4 15.0 15.2 17.5 27.2 37.3 LU6.1 5.8 2.7 5.9 9.0 13.1 11.5 7.3 13.0 20.9 HU4.7 0.2 4.6 8.7 11.0 12.1 14.1 14.1 24.6 35.4pMT1.4 1.1 4.9 1.0 8.3 9.1 21.3 7.7 7.7 0.4 NL3.6 -0.3 0.2 0.8 4.5 6.5 13.2 8.6 8.2p9.2pAT6.9 5.9 4.8 4.2 5.1 5.6 11.9 8.8 8.9 10.3 PL3.1 0.5 2.3 3.8 6.1 7.1b12.6b12.4b17.3 23.9pPT-3.4 0.4 -0.4 2.4 5.3 7.8 14.5 11.9 11.5 11.0eRO9.7 4.1 12.3 18.0 29.0 23.7 21.0 15.9 19.5 27.5pSI0.5 -0.6 1.7 3.2 6.0 7.7 14.5 12.0 14.0 15.2 SK2.5 1.9 3.6 7.9 11.7 14.8 14.0 10.1 12.2 17.8 FI7.1 3.2 0.7 -3.5 -1.7 1.1 5.1 6.2 9.0 14.0 SE7.7 2.8 3.1 4.4 8.6 7.7 7.9 3.9 7.2 11.3 Thenominalunitlabourcost(NULC)indexisdefinedastheratiooflabourcosttolabourproductivity,wherelabourcostistheratioofcompensationofemployees(currentprices)tohoursworkedbyemployees,andlabourproductivityistheratioofgrossdomesticproduct(atmarketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2015)tototalhoursworked.Dataonemploymentarepresentedaccordingtothedomesticconceptusedinnational accounts. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the 3-year percentage change. Input data are obtained from the official national accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) 2020-2021: b = for HR, LV and PL, the flag is inherited from the corresponding break in 2019 as part of the three-year change calculation.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.12: Nominal unit labour cost per hour worked (1 year % change) 

58 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.9 1.8 1.7 3.6 0.3 3.6 6.5 EA0.5 0.2 0.7 0.6 1.9 1.9 3.6 0.0 3.4 6.3 BE-0.4 -0.6 0.4 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.3 5.2 7.6pBG5.0 2.6 3.2 9.5 6.9 1.6 8.5 3.4 10.6 11.0 CZ1.2 -0.2 3.3 3.8 6.6 3.4 7.2 3.6 5.4 7.4 DK0.8 1.4 -0.4 0.0 1.3 1.0 3.2 -1.3 5.0 1.9 DE1.4 1.9 1.2 1.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 -0.3p4.4p6.7pEE3.8 4.2 4.1 3.6 7.0 5.3 4.4 2.2 12.7 15.0 IE-5.1 -15.0 4.7 -3.5 -1.8 2.0 -8.4 -5.1 1.2 16.6 EL-2.5 -4.0 -1.2 -0.1 -1.4 -1.0 7.2 -1.7 -1.8p1.8pES-0.1 -0.1 -0.7 0.3 1.6 4.4 6.4 1.7 1.9p6.2pFR0.7 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 -0.9 4.4 0.4 4.7p4.2pHR-1.7 -0.4 -2.2 -0.2 3.7 -1.2b8.9 -5.0 7.3 14.9pIT0.2 0.6 0.1 -0.1 1.5 1.5 1.9 0.1 1.0 3.9 CY-3.5 -3.4 -3.0 1.2 1.2 4.4 3.5 -3.9 3.9 3.8pLV4.6 5.5 4.0 3.9 4.8 6.6b5.1 -0.8 11.4 13.8 LT2.7 4.5 5.5 4.0 4.3 6.1 4.1 6.4 14.8 12.4 LU2.0 1.8 -1.2 5.2 4.9 2.5 3.7 1.0 7.9 10.9 HU0.4 0.5 3.7 4.3 2.7 4.7 6.1 2.6 14.4 15.3pMT0.2 0.1 4.5 -3.5 7.3 5.4 7.3 -4.7 5.5 -0.1 NL0.1 -1.0 1.2 0.6 2.7 3.1 6.9 -1.4 2.7p7.9pAT1.7 1.6 1.5 1.1 2.4 2.0 7.2 -0.5 2.1 8.6 PL0.1 -0.5 2.6 1.6 1.7 3.6b6.9 1.5 8.1 12.8pPT-1.3 0.4 0.5 1.5 3.3 2.9 7.7 0.9 2.5 7.2eRO3.2 -2.7 11.8 8.5 6.3 7.2 6.2 1.8 10.6 13.3pSI-0.8 0.1 2.5 0.7 2.7 4.1 7.0 0.5 6.0 8.2 SK0.5 0.3 2.7 4.7 3.8 5.6 4.0 0.3 7.6 9.2 FI0.9 0.8 -1.0 -3.2 2.7 1.8 0.6 3.8 4.4 5.2 SE1.5 -0.3 1.9 2.8 3.6 1.0 3.1 -0.2 4.2 7.0 Thenominalunitlabourcost(NULC)indexisdefinedastheratiooflabourcosttolabourproductivity,wherelabourcostistheratioofcompensationofemployees(currentprices)tohoursworkedbyemployees,andlabourproductivityistheratioofgrossdomesticproduct(atmarketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2015)tototalhoursworked.Dataonemploymentarepresentedaccordingtothedomesticconceptusedinnational accounts. Input data are obtained from the official national accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.13: Real GDP per capita (EUR)   

59 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU27190.0 27770.0 28250.0 28990.0 29540.0 30040.0 28390.0b30200.0 31060.0 31030.0 EA30560.0 31120.0 31590.0 32340.0 32830.0 33280.0 31220.0 33180.0 34190.0 34110.0 BE36530.0 36860.0 37110.0 37510.0 38040.0 38760.0 36740.0 38860.0 40180.0 40370.0pBG6260.0 6560.0 6840.0 7130.0 7410.0 7800.0 7620.0 8270.0 8660.0 8850.0 CZ15470.0 16230.0 16640.0 17490.0 17960.0 18570.0 17670.0 18380.0 18450.0 18230.0 DK47240.0 47900.0 48970.0 50150.0 50830.0 51500.0 50470.0 53970.0 54310.0 55280.0 DE37480.0 37770.0 38330.0 39220.0 39540.0 39840.0 38180.0 39570.0p39820.0p39380.0pEE15680.0 16000.0 16460.0 17390.0 17990.0 18580.0 17990.0 19260.0 19240.0 18200.0 IE47010.0 58040.0 58050.0 62970.0 66760.0 69040.0 73000.0 83910.0 89250.0 82780.0 EL16140.0 16210.0 16270.0 16540.0 16920.0 17320.0 15760.0 17220.0 18310.0p18800.0pES22500.0 23440.0 24100.0 24750.0 25230.0 25520.0 22610.0 24120.0 25380.0p25730.0pFR32990.0 33200.0 33360.0 33920.0 34320.0 34880.0 32170.0 34260.0 35040.0p35260.0pHR10500.0 10810.0 11280.0 11770.0 12230.0 12940.0b11970.0 13580.0 14580.0 14970.0pIT27330.0 27620.0 28010.0 28510.0 28810.0 29000.0 26560.0 29080.0 30500.0 30720.0 CY20350.0 21220.0 22460.0 23530.0 24700.0 25800.0 24690.0 27240.0 28860.0 29150.0pLV11470.0 12010.0 12430.0 12970.0 13630.0 13820.0 13430.0 14480.0 14730.0 15020.0 LT12400.0 12860.0 13360.0 14150.0 14970.0 15710.0 15720.0 16740.0 17020.0 16840.0 LU94820.0 95090.0 97300.0 96460.0 95740.0 96520.0 94180.0 99360.0 98560.0 95660.0 HU11070.0 11520.0 11850.0 12380.0 13100.0 13780.0 13210.0 14210.0 14860.0 14740.0pMT21490.0 23000.0 23400.0 25710.0 26600.0 26570.0 25110.0 28340.0 28750.0 29700.0 NL40600.0 41270.0 42050.0 42970.0 43680.0 44390.0 42440.0 44870.0 46670.0p46240.0pAT39520.0 39640.0 39970.0 40620.0 41430.0 41970.0 39140.0 40860.0 42540.0 41770.0 PL10900.0 11390.0 11740.0 12340.0 13120.0 13720.0 13720.0b14750.0 15190.0b15280.0 PT16950.0 17280.0 17670.0 18280.0 18830.0 19310.0 17680.0 18620.0 19800.0 20090.0eRO7800.0 8090.0 8370.0 9100.0 9720.0 10140.0 9820.0 10450.0 10910.0 11170.0pSI18230.0 18660.0 19210.0 20190.0 21010.0 21570.0 20560.0 22230.0 22810.0 23170.0 SK14100.0 14820.0 15090.0 15500.0 16110.0 16450.0 16010.0 16980.0b17010.0 17240.0 FI38300.0 38350.0 39230.0 40430.0 40860.0 41370.0 40270.0 41290.0 41770.0 41140.0 SE44690.0 46170.0 46660.0 46880.0 47220.0 47940.0 46640.0 49110.0 49370.0 48840.0 Theindicatoriscalculatedastheratioofrealgrossdomesticproducttotheaveragepopulationofaspecificyear.GDPmeasuresthevalueoftotalfinaloutputofgoodsandservicesproducedbyaneconomywithinacertainperiodof time.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.14: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)   

60 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU19.6 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.9 22.0 21.9 21.8 22.1 22.0 EA19.3 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.9 21.8 21.7 22.0 21.9 BE22.8 23.2 23.5 23.5 23.8 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.9 24.4pBG21.1 20.9 18.4 18.3 18.8 18.7 19.0 16.3 17.0 18.7 CZ24.7 25.7 24.3 23.7 24.8 25.8 25.5 26.2 27.7 27.3 DK19.3 19.8 21.0 21.2 21.8 21.4 22.2 22.5 22.8 22.6 DE19.8 19.8 20.0 20.1 20.8 21.2 21.3 21.2p21.7p21.5pEE25.3 24.1 23.9 25.4 26.6 26.6 31.2 28.7 25.8 27.9 IE20.2 24.3 34.1 32.5 27.9 53.2 41.3 22.0 21.2 23.2 EL11.2 11.2 11.4 12.0 11.3 11.0 12.3 13.8 14.9p15.2pES18.0 18.3 18.2 18.9 19.7 20.3 20.6 20.2 20.4p19.7pFR21.0 20.6 20.9 21.4 21.9 22.4 22.4 23.5 23.7p23.1pHR18.8 19.1 19.6 19.5 20.0 21.9 22.4 20.9 21.6 22.5pIT16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.1 18.2 20.8 21.8 22.5 CY13.3 12.8 18.0 20.8 18.6 18.7 20.8 19.2 19.9 21.2pLV23.6 22.3 20.2 21.5 22.9 22.7 23.0 22.9 23.0 24.9 LT19.1 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.7 21.2 21.4 22.5 22.5 23.7 LU19.2 17.3 17.3 17.8 16.2 18.1 16.7 18.2 17.5 18.1 HU22.1 22.3 19.6 22.3 24.9 27.1 26.5 27.3 27.9 26.0pMT16.8 23.7 21.3 18.7 19.1 20.1 21.0 22.9 24.2p18.6pNL17.4 21.8 19.3 19.8 20.0 20.9 21.3 20.7 20.5 20.1 AT23.0 22.9 23.3 23.8 24.3 25.1 25.1 25.9 25.5 24.9 PL20.0 20.2 18.3 17.5 18.8 19.1 18.4 16.9 16.4 17.7 PT15.1 15.7 15.7 17.1 17.8 18.4 19.5 20.5 20.6 20.1eRO24.6 24.9 23.0 22.9 21.1 23.1 23.3 24.4 25.0 27.0pSI19.4 18.9 17.8 18.5 19.5 19.8 19.0 20.3 21.9 21.3 SK21.2 24.3 21.7 21.3 21.3 21.7 19.8 19.6 19.6 22.3 FI21.7 21.4 23.1 23.7 24.6 24.4 24.7 24.4 24.9 23.2 SE22.7 23.2 23.9 24.6 24.6 23.8 24.5 25.1 25.5 25.0 Grossfixedcapitalformation(GFCF)consistsofresidentproducers'acquisitions,lessdisposals,offixedassetsduringagivenperiodpluscertainadditionstothevalueofnon-producedassetsrealisedbytheproductiveactivityofproducerorinstitutionalunits.GFCFincludesacquisitionlessdisposalsof,e.g.buildings,structures,machineryandequipment,mineralexploration,computersoftware,literaryorartisticoriginalsandmajorimprovementstolandsuch as the clearance of forests. Input data are obtained from the official national accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme. Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.15: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)  

61 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU2.1e2.1 2.1e2.2 2.2e2.2e2.3e2.3e2.3enaEA2.1e2.1 2.1e2.2 2.2e2.3 2.3e2.3 2.3enaBE2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4e3.3pBG0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8pCZ1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8pDK2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0p3.0 2.7p2.9 naDE2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3pEE1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 naIE1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2benaEL0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5pES1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 naFR2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 naHR0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 IT1.3e1.3 1.4b1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3pCY0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 naLV0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 LT1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1pLU1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.0 1.1 naHU1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5b1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4d1.4dMT0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 NL2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2bnaAT3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.2e3.3 3.2e3.3pPL1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6pPT1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7pRO0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5pSI2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1pSK0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 FI3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 SE3.1e3.2 3.3e3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6pResearchandexperimentaldevelopment(R&D)comprisecreativeandsystematicworkundertakeninordertoincreasethestockofknowledge–includingknowledgeofhumankind,cultureandsociety–andtodevisenewapplications of available knowledge (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 and OECD Frascati Manual, 2015 edition, § 2.5).Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) 2023: For EU, EA, DK, EE, IE, ES, FR, CY, LU and NL the data were not available on 31 October 2024.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.16: Export market share - % of world exports (3 year % change) 

62 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU1.3 6.5 6.6 2.2 -1.0 -2.2 2.5 -1.2 -7.5 -5.0 EAnana7.7 4.2 0.9 -1.0 0.0 -3.6 -9.0 -5.0 BE-4.6 -5.4 -0.5 -0.9 5.2 -1.1 3.0 6.5 -0.1 -6.4 BG3.2 5.9 7.3 10.0 12.8 7.4 3.1 7.3 13.3 15.0 CZ-1.1 2.5 8.2 4.6 6.4 1.1 0.8 -4.3 -7.6 0.4 DK-2.8 0.3 -0.5 -1.7 0.8 1.8 9.5 6.3 9.7 2.1 DE-2.6 1.8 4.1 -0.4 -0.7 -4.5 -0.7 -3.9 -10.8 -8.2 EE1.7 -4.4 -2.1 -3.2 7.7 4.0 9.1 16.6 14.0 7.3 IE16.5 74.3 66.0 50.9 9.2 13.7 39.8 30.1 12.6 -9.5 EL-0.9 -3.3 -6.2 -5.2 9.9 13.3 -13.2 -4.0 3.5 31.5 ES-1.6 3.2 4.9 4.0 4.2 -2.1 -12.5 -11.4 -7.1 13.5 FR-1.8 2.4 1.3 -2.0 -1.5 -3.3 -7.0 -8.0 -9.2 1.7 HR17.3 34.2 17.3 15.0 12.3 7.7 -11.6 0.3 5.7 36.1 IT-5.0 -2.1 0.5 -1.2 0.9 -3.4 -5.3 -6.0 -7.2 2.7 CY-2.8 7.8 13.3 14.4 15.4 12.3 23.3 28.8 25.5 16.9 LV9.5 2.1 3.5 1.3 8.0 3.5 13.9 7.7 11.9 -2.1 LT3.7 -9.1 -10.9 3.5 19.0 22.2 21.5 18.3 14.5 6.2 LU16.5 22.9 16.0 5.5 0.1 2.1 20.3 20.0 -5.6 -14.7 HU-5.8 6.0 7.5 3.6 3.0 1.1 3.3 -3.0 -6.4 0.8 MT2.5 15.6 17.8 4.6 -0.9 7.0 31.6 4.2 -12.8 -11.1 NL0.2 3.7 1.8 1.8 4.2 3.2 7.7 1.0 0.2 -2.3 AT-3.5 -0.7 1.2 -1.4 4.4 0.4 2.2 -4.0 -7.1 -1.8 PL5.3 10.5 11.7 12.9 15.1 12.7 19.4 13.4 8.5 7.2 PT2.5 6.6 3.5 5.2 8.4 5.4 -7.6 -10.1 -5.0 15.7 RO14.5 23.3 15.5 11.1 15.3 7.7 7.0 2.8 1.0 6.4 SI-1.7 4.7 8.6 10.1 16.2 9.9 6.2 0.8 -2.6 -0.2 SK2.6 0.2 2.0 2.2 6.5 -2.1 3.4 -3.1 -7.2 -3.5 FI-12.0 -10.9 -8.5 -0.5 7.7 7.9 3.6 -1.8 -6.3 -6.3 SE-8.4 -3.6 -0.6 -3.1 -3.9 -2.8 4.9 6.3 -4.0 -3.3 The export market share is calculated by dividing the exports (goods and services) of the country by the total exports of the region/world. The total world export data are based on International Monetary Fund (IMF) data.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.17: Labour productivity per hour worked (1 year % change)   

63 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.7 1.4 0.4 1.7 0.7 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.5 -0.5 EA0.8 1.2 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.6 2.1 0.2 0.0 -0.9 BE1.6 1.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.9 3.7 -1.8 -0.2 0.3pBG0.6 3.0 2.6 1.0 2.6 5.2 0.9 6.9 3.1 -1.6 CZ1.1 4.8 0.2 3.6 1.2 3.7 3.3 0.1 -1.5 -0.8 DK1.5 1.1 1.0 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.7 1.3 -2.1 1.5 DE1.0 0.6 1.4 1.9 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.3p0.1p-0.6pEE2.9 -0.6 2.6 2.8 6.4 3.2 3.3 7.8 -2.9 -6.3 IE5.8 20.9 -3.8 5.3 3.6 1.8 18.2 8.3 -0.2 -7.1 EL-0.3 3.6 -3.7 1.8 -3.1 2.4 3.0 -3.2 1.7p0.5pES0.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 -0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.5 1.4p0.6pFR1.0 0.8 -0.1 1.9 0.1 0.5 0.2 -1.4 -1.4p0.2pHR-2.2 4.6 2.8 1.4 1.0 -5.4b-6.4 11.6 5.4 0.5pIT0.1 0.1 -0.4 0.5 -0.2 0.4 3.3 -1.2 0.4 -1.7 CY0.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.7 2.1 2.7 2.1 1.0pLV2.9 4.3 2.8 4.3 2.1 -1.8b2.8 6.5 -0.4 1.9 LT2.2 0.0 -0.9 7.7 3.1 4.0 6.1 3.5 -2.6 -2.0 LU-0.2 -0.8 2.0 -1.5 -1.7 -0.2 3.2 0.0 -1.4 -2.8 HU-1.0 1.3 -1.7 3.2 4.7 4.5 0.1 3.6 2.1 0.7pMT4.4 5.6 -4.2 8.6 -1.1 -4.8 1.7 10.0 -1.1 1.3 NL0.9 1.3 0.0 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 0.4 1.6 1.0p-1.3pAT0.3 2.1 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 2.7 -0.2 2.8 -1.9 PL1.8 2.5 2.1 4.9 7.1 1.6b-1.3 1.2 4.6 1.1pPT-1.1 -0.2 0.7 1.0 0.2 1.7 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.5eRO4.1 4.9 2.7 7.0 6.0 2.9 1.0 0.9 4.4 2.6pSI1.1 0.7 3.3 4.2 2.3 1.1 0.9 2.9 -1.2 1.9 SK2.0 3.5 0.4 2.2 2.6 1.9 6.9 5.7 -3.0 0.4 FI0.3 0.3 2.0 3.1 -1.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 -1.1 -1.4 SE0.8 2.8 -0.4 0.2 0.3 2.8 1.3 3.3 -1.6 -1.2 Thelabourproductivityistheratioofgrossdomesticproduct(marketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2015)tototalhoursworked(domesticconcept).TheGDPperhourworkedgivesanindicationofhowmucheconomicproductionactivitycanbeattributedtoeachhourworkedintheeconomy.Inputdataareobtainedfromtheofficialnationalaccounts'countrydata,throughESA2010transmissionprogramme.Theindicatorisexpressed as 1-year percentage change.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.18: Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area   

64 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 EA0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 BE0.7 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 -0.2 0.0 1.0 BG-2.4 -1.7 -1.8 -1.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 -0.1 3.7 4.0 CZ-0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 2.4 2.1 8.1 4.4 DK-0.2 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 -0.7 0.3 -0.4 DE0.3 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 EE0.5 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.4 -0.7 1.3 6.3 3.8 IE-0.1 0.5 -0.2 -0.8 -0.7 -0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.6 -0.5 EL-2.3 -1.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.2 -1.9 -2.5 0.6 0.4 ES-0.9 -0.7 -0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -0.2 -0.8 FR0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -1.0 HR-0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 3.6 3.9 IT-0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.4 CY-0.6 -1.5 -1.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1.5 -0.1 1.0 -1.1 LV0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.2 0.4 3.6 3.5 LT-0.1 0.8 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.0 6.5 4.6 LU0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.1 HU0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 6.7 9.1 MT0.7 0.4 0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.7 1.8 0.0 NL-0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.8 1.2 0.3 0.8 1.4 AT0.9 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.1 2.4 PL-0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.8 0.9 3.6 3.3 5.8 4.3 PT-0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.9 -1.2 1.0 0.4 RO1.5 0.5 -0.8 -0.8 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.2 2.0 4.7 SI-0.2 -0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.8 0.1 -0.6 1.9 1.7 SK-0.3 -0.6 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.9 4.3 4.5 FI0.8 -0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 SE-0.4 -0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.6 Source: EurostatThecoreinflationdifferentialvis-à-vistheeuroareaisanannualdataindicatormeasuringtheHICPannualaveragerateofchangeoftheall-itemsexcludingenergy,food,alcoholandtobacco(TOT_X_NRG_FOOD)aggregateoftheEUmemberstatesincomparisontotheeuroarea.ItiscalculatedinpercentagepointsbysubtractingtheeuroareaannualaverageTOT_X_NRG_FOODrateofchangefromtheoneoftherespectivememberstate.Itisalsomeasured for the European fixed country composition aggregates – EU27 and EA20 – being by definition equal to 0.0 for the latter.  
 
 
 
Table 3.19: General government gross debt (% of GDP) 

65 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU86.9 85.0 84.0 81.5 79.5 77.4 89.5 86.7 82.5 80.8 EA92.9 91.0 89.9 87.5 85.5 83.6 96.5 93.8 89.5 87.4 BE106.5 105.6 105.4 102.5 100.0 97.5 111.2 108.4 102.6 103.1 BG27.0 25.9 29.1 25.1 22.1 20.1 24.4 23.8 22.5 22.9 CZ41.5 39.5 36.2 33.8 31.7 29.6 36.9 40.7 42.5 42.4 DK48.7 44.6 41.7 40.2 38.5 38.3 46.3 40.5 34.1 33.6 DE74.5 71.2 68.3 64.0 60.8 58.7 68.0 68.1 65.0 62.9 EE11.6 10.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 9.0 19.1 18.4 19.1 20.2 IE101.3 74.0 72.6 65.2 61.5 55.9 57.0 52.6 43.1 43.3 EL182.7 179.6 183.1 182.1 189.0 183.2 209.4 197.3 177.0 163.9 ES104.4 102.5 102.0 101.2 99.8 97.7 119.3 115.7 109.5 105.1 FR96.1 96.9 98.1 98.7 98.5 98.1 114.8 112.7 111.2 109.9 HR83.2 82.8 79.3 76.2 72.8 70.9 86.5 78.2 68.5 61.8 IT134.8 134.7 134.2 133.7 134.1 133.8 154.3 145.7 138.3 134.8 CY112.7 111.6 106.9 96.5 100.7 92.3 113.6 96.5 81.0 73.6 LV43.1 38.3 41.7 40.3 38.3 37.9 44.0 45.9 44.4 45.0 LT40.7 42.4 39.8 39.1 33.3 35.6 45.9 43.3 38.1 37.3 LU21.9 21.1 19.6 21.8 20.9 22.3 24.5 24.4 24.6 25.5 HU76.5 75.7 74.6 72.0 68.8 65.0 78.7 76.2 73.8 73.4 MT60.7 55.0 53.1 45.6 41.4 39.2 48.7 49.6 49.4 47.4 NL67.2 63.8 60.8 55.9 51.5 47.6 53.3 50.4 48.3 45.1 AT85.2 85.6 83.4 79.1 74.6 71.0 83.2 82.4 78.4 78.6 PL51.1 51.1 54.1 50.4 48.2 45.2 56.6 53.0 48.8 49.7 PT132.5 131.0 131.2 126.0 121.1 116.1 134.1 123.9 111.2 97.9 RO39.1 37.7 37.8 35.3 34.4 35.0 46.6 48.3 47.9 48.9 SI81.1 83.4 79.4 74.9 71.0 66.0 80.2 74.8 72.7 68.4 SK53.4 51.6 52.1 51.4 49.3 48.0 58.4 60.2 57.7 56.1 FI64.8 68.8 68.6 66.6 65.4 65.3 75.4 73.2 74.0 77.1 SE45.7 44.5 42.8 41.6 39.8 35.7 40.1 36.7 33.6 31.5 Debtmeanstotalgrossdebtatnominal(face)valueoutstandingattheendoftheyearandconsolidatedbetweenandwithinthegeneralgovernment(asdefinedinthecurrentProtocol12,annexedtothe2012consolidatedversionoftheTreatyontheFunctioningoftheEuropeanUnion).ThisdefinitionissupplementedbyCouncilRegulation(EC)No479/2009,asamendedbytheCommissionRegulation(EU)No220/2014.ThestockofgovernmentdebtintheExcessiveDeficitProcedure(EDPdebt)isequaltothesumofliabilities,attheendofyear,ofallunitsclassifiedwithinthegeneralgovernment(S.13)intheinstrumentscurrencyanddeposits(F.2),debtsecurities(F.3)andloans (F.4). The MIP Scoreboard indicator is expressed in % of GDP. Data source from Government finance statistics.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.20: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDP)  

66 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU59.7 58.5 58.0 57.4 56.9 56.8 60.7 58.2 54.7 51.8pEA59.7 58.4 57.9 57.4 57.0 57.1 61.1 58.7 56.0 52.9pBE57.2 58.1 58.5 59.1 59.2 60.4 64.9 62.6 59.1 57.1pBG25.1 23.2 22.6 22.6 23.0 23.1 24.2 23.7 22.4 23.5 CZ30.0 30.0 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.0 33.2 33.9 31.9 31.0 DK122.7 118.7 116.9 113.8 112.3 110.8 111.8 101.5 84.5 88.3 DE53.2 52.6 52.3 51.9 51.6 52.5 56.0 55.3p53.6p51.0pEE38.3 39.0 39.2 38.5 37.7 37.5 39.9 38.0 36.4 36.8 IE82.5 59.2 55.0 54.2 48.2 41.4 34.3 29.9 27.5 28.9 EL65.0 63.2 61.3 58.2 58.5 55.4 58.9 54.8 45.0p40.9pES73.1 67.6 64.1 60.9 58.6 56.5 62.1 57.2 51.5p46.1pFR56.5 56.9 58.1 59.4 60.9 62.3 68.2 66.4 65.8p62.6pHR40.5 38.7 35.7 34.7 34.5 35.1 38.7 34.9 31.7 30.1pIT42.3 41.6 41.1 40.8 40.8 41.1 44.8 42.1 40.0 37.2 CY132.6 128.1 117.8 106.1 96.6 86.6 89.1 79.7 69.4 64.3pLV27.3 27.0 24.9 23.6 21.2 20.5 20.7 20.3 19.2 18.6 LT21.6 22.2 22.8 22.4 22.4 22.8 24.0 23.3 21.8 21.2 LU58.5 59.0 60.5 62.5 65.7 67.1 68.8 66.6 66.8 67.9 HU25.9 21.4 20.3 18.8 17.7 18.4 20.7 20.9 18.6 16.9pMT53.6 49.6 48.8 50.7 50.9 54.0 57.9 53.4 52.3 49.1 NL119.5 117.9 116.8 114.7 111.9 108.4 113.4 107.9 100.5 94.5pAT51.6 51.3 51.0 50.2 49.5 49.4 52.8 51.6 48.3 45.0 PL35.8 35.8 36.5 34.8 34.6 34.0 34.3 31.9 26.2 23.7 PT80.9 76.0 71.6 68.4 65.4 62.9 68.3 66.0 60.4 55.0eRO18.0 17.4 17.0 16.3 15.7 15.3 16.0 15.7 14.1 12.5pSI28.5 27.8 27.5 27.3 27.1 26.9 27.9 26.4 25.9 23.9 SK32.3 34.2 38.1 40.7 42.2 43.4 46.1 46.2 47.0 44.0 FI62.8 63.6 64.6 64.8 65.6 66.2 69.5 68.5 66.0 63.9 SE82.7 83.0 85.9 88.0 88.8 88.8 94.0 92.2 89.1 84.6 Thehouseholddebtindicatoristhestockofliabilitiesheldbyhouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholddebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.nottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andtheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDP.Definitionsregardingsector and instruments are based on ESA 2010.Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.21: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (Million units of national currency)   

67 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU7082755.8 7196269.1 7337708.9 7563226.2 7760055.6 8027840.0 8249093.2 8606853.1 8834210.0 8905308.7pEA6151990.4 6225599.1 6338505.8 6524059.9 6698932.6 6926255.6 7100246.6 7407905.9 7684758.6 7722430.6pBE231815.3 241302.2 250505.7 261930.8 272163.9 289675.1 300946.5 316661.4 332893.0 340758.7 BG21098.8 20812.1 21587.9 23156.7 25237.3 27649.0 29266.5 33130.1 37713.4 43582.1 CZ1313686.0 1395031.0 1493328.0 1608506.0 1718744.0 1826985.0 1936875.0 2137625.0 2247050.0 2364807.0 DK2429680.0 2410842.0 2456236.0 2492087.0 2519659.0 2553255.0 2600069.0 2607073.0 2402998.0 2476658.0 DE1587016.0 1622955.0 1671254.0 1728853.0 1771761.0 1857514.0 1930957.0 2031691.0 2119314.0 2135973.0 EE7792.0 8197.1 8687.6 9366.7 9966.4 10688.1 11106.4 11939.5 13266.3 14071.0 IE165627.0 161228.0 151938.0 167163.0 161386.0 150690.0 131275.0 134311.0 143317.0 147505.0 EL114432.3 110848.5 106958.6 103247.2 105621.7 102657.7 98686.6 101152.7 93587.7 92031.4 ES759924.0 735011.0 719782.0 711993.0 710497.0 708638.0 701674.0 706438.0 706867.0 690565.0 FR1216823.0 1252914.0 1297213.0 1362207.0 1433641.0 1516406.0 1581169.0 1665553.0 1747839.0 1766642.0pHR18166.1 17785.3 16959.3 17234.3 18017.4 19247.8 19618.9 20391.9 21450.8 23455.7 IT692500.0 692487.0 700822.0 710984.0 724777.0 741256.0 748900.0 776477.0 798704.0 791268.0 CY23176.7 22993.0 22388.8 21561.4 21067.1 20275.1 19928.6 20455.2 20416.0 20154.1 LV6229.0 6407.0 6095.0 6137.0 5976.0 6073.0 6058.0 6558.0 6925.0 7268.0 LT7853.3 8327.9 8862.2 9450.6 10286.6 11241.3 12040.2 13226.7 14693.8 15653.3 LU30290.8 31922.9 33977.9 36339.8 39473.7 41891.6 44394.4 48158.4 51791.7 53889.9 HU8497859.0 7478093.0 7354068.0 7382943.0 7726792.0 8819418.0 10091250.0 11605307.0 12308114.0 12670983.0 MT4794.5 5072.8 5300.8 6355.7 6967.5 7888.1 8305.5 8910.3 9541.6 10140.5 NL810925.0 824563.0 841473.0 860882.0 880573.0 899551.0 926212.0 962028.0 998573.0 1009162.0pAT170227.4 175509.9 181361.5 184475.1 189750.6 195448.0 200809.8 209780.8 216277.8 212822.2 PL612323.0 648522.0 681672.0 694557.0 743359.0 787752.0 809307.0 848025.0 812687.0 806216.0 PT140163.7 136346.0 133488.4 133721.0 134146.1 134989.7 137339.3 142847.9 147233.0 147139.0 RO120513.0 123741.0 127704.0 138430.0 150774.0 163674.0 171236.0 187322.0 195601.0 201357.0 SI10607.0 10700.0 10996.0 11635.0 12314.0 12971.0 13027.0 13747.0 14758.0 15296.0 SK24711.3 27484.6 31083.5 34606.4 38057.0 41057.2 43485.8 47144.9 51691.7 54057.8 FI129209.0 133785.0 139415.0 145698.0 152193.0 157851.0 164358.0 170382.0 175624.0 174578.0 SE3279718.0 3512539.0 3783531.0 4034079.0 4253257.0 4469654.0 4718615.0 5039755.0 5227379.0 5251551.0 Source: EurostatThehouseholddebtindicatoristhestockofliabilitiesheldbyhouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholddebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.nottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andexpressedinmillionsofnationalcurrency.Definitionsregardingsectorandinstrumentsare based on ESA 2010.Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.22: Non-financial corporations debt, consolidated (% of GDP) 

68 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU81.9 82.9 82.5 80.4 79.2 79.0 86.4 83.3 78.4 73.5pEA82.9 84.0 83.7 81.6 80.8 80.5 88.8 85.4 80.3 75.1pBE102.9 116.0 135.7 127.2 121.3 119.8 121.3 115.1 103.7 96.4pBG100.1 85.5 81.3 76.2 72.2 68.1 66.9 59.4 50.7 48.3 CZ52.4 47.9 48.8 48.2 50.6 46.3 46.8 46.5 44.6 41.8 DK107.7 109.8 110.8 107.3 107.7 114.7 108.7 104.4 102.8 108.6 DE52.1 52.1 53.4 53.7 55.0 57.9 63.7 63.6p62.6p59.6pEE76.8 72.3 70.4 65.5 61.5 58.8 60.0 57.9 56.1 54.5 IE208.0 255.7 244.9 213.8 197.8 173.2 152.7 130.8 118.1 109.7 EL68.7 67.0 66.1 62.3 60.3 54.3 65.3 65.6 54.6p52.4pES97.1 89.3 86.2 82.6 77.1 75.6 89.9 84.4 73.2p65.9pFR84.7 85.2 86.0 86.4 88.4 91.1 105.6 100.2 95.9p91.9pHR75.6 72.4 68.2 62.5 58.7 54.5 58.5 52.2 47.9 42.8pIT75.7 72.7 69.5 67.3 65.7 63.6 72.0 67.2 62.1 58.1 CY215.3 213.6 206.1 201.6 189.5 182.7 181.1 163.5 138.5 130.2pLV58.0 55.8 56.7 55.1 49.4 47.3 45.3 39.9 37.2 35.8 LT34.3 34.3 35.3 35.1 34.4 33.2 31.2 31.1 29.5 29.9 LU233.6 239.4 219.2 227.7 228.0 239.3 268.6 263.1 267.0 273.1 HU65.5 62.4 56.3 51.2 50.9 48.8 55.9 61.6 63.0 55.5pMT83.6 78.7 81.4 75.3 67.0 74.0 79.1 73.1 69.6 69.6 NL154.3 151.6 149.8 143.6 140.8 133.6 140.3 138.7 129.3 114.3pAT75.1 74.2 73.1 72.4 73.4 72.3 78.0 78.8 74.1 71.4 PL42.6 43.0 44.8 41.5 40.7 38.6 39.8 37.4 35.3 32.2 PT103.9 102.7 97.9 92.5 87.7 84.0 92.3 87.9 78.6 70.8eRO44.1 40.8 37.7 35.1 31.5 31.1 32.0 32.0 30.0 28.2pSI63.7 56.0 50.8 47.2 44.1 40.7 40.8 39.2 39.4 34.7 SK46.4 45.7 49.5 48.8 48.2 48.3 47.8 44.8 46.3 41.4 FI86.7 89.4 84.7 83.9 79.3 80.7 84.2 82.7 79.8 76.3 SE111.7 109.7 108.4 113.8 108.4 110.6 117.7 121.2 121.4 117.2 Thenon-financialcorporationsdebtindicatoristhestockofnon-financialcorporationssectordebt(S11)inpercentageofGDP.Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationsdebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.donottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andtheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDP.Definitionsregarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010.Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.23: Household debt including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of GDI) 

69 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU80.2 79.6 79.0 78.8 78.3 78.1 79.3 78.4 75.0 70.5 EA79.3 78.3 77.8 77.8 77.3 77.4 78.6 77.9 75.6 71.0 BE76.8 79.0 79.6 80.3 80.7 82.5 84.2 83.5 80.5 76.3 BG35.9 34.2 34.0 34.1 nanananananaCZ45.8 47.2 48.6 48.6 48.2 47.8 47.9 48.2 45.3 44.3 DK188.9 180.3 176.4 174.1 170.4 168.7 169.9 163.3 140.9 139.6 DE70.8 70.1 69.7 69.7 68.7 69.8 71.4 72.1 69.6 66.1 EE60.5 59.5 60.0 60.2 56.9 57.1 57.9 57.2 56.1 54.9 IE146.4 135.7 121.8 125.8 115.8 100.6 82.7 79.8 78.1 72.4 EL84.5 83.0 80.8 76.7 79.2 71.8 71.4 66.8 58.3 53.1 ES97.6 90.6 86.4 83.0 80.3 76.3 76.2 72.9 69.4 61.6 FR71.5 72.7 74.1 75.8 77.8 79.9 82.1 81.9 82.0 77.4 HR55.0 52.7 49.2 48.3 48.0 49.2 48.9 47.1 44.3 42.2 IT53.1 52.5 52.5 52.1 52.4 53.2 54.6 53.8 52.2 49.4 CY170.1 168.5 156.6 142.4 130.5 113.2 108.1 101.2 89.6 83.7 LV40.8 39.8 36.0 33.9 30.7 29.4 28.8 28.6 27.6 26.4 LT31.4 31.9 31.7 33.2 33.5 33.3 32.5 32.2 31.5 30.1 LU121.2 125.3 130.1 130.3 134.6 134.6 132.4 139.4 139.2 134.5 HU38.9 32.7 30.5 28.0 26.4 27.3 30.0 30.5 27.2 24.1 MT81.2 78.6 76.3 84.0 83.7 85.9 86.9 85.3 86.1 80.0 NL179.2 179.0 177.2 176.2 171.0 165.5 164.5 159.8 154.0 143.8 AT70.6 71.0 70.5 69.8 69.3 69.6 70.7 69.8 66.2 60.7 PL48.0 49.3 49.6 48.0 48.5 47.9 45.7 45.8 38.3 34.3 PT100.8 94.7 89.8 87.5 83.9 80.6 82.2 80.5 76.3 71.4 RO29.2 28.0 26.3 24.8 24.9 22.5 23.1 23.4 21.5 20.0 SI39.2 38.8 38.2 38.6 38.5 38.0 36.2 35.3 34.8 33.2 SK48.4 51.2 56.3 59.9 60.4 61.7 62.7 63.8 63.3 61.1 FI83.2 84.3 86.6 88.8 89.6 89.7 92.0 91.9 90.8 85.1 SE115.8 118.9 121.7 124.9 126.4 127.8 133.6 134.3 131.1 123.6 Thehouseholddebtindicatoristhestockofliabilitiesheldbyhouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholddebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.donottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andexpressedin%ofgrossadjusteddisposableincome(adjustedGDI,B7G).Definitionsregarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. The indicator is the stock of household debt in percentage of adjusted GDI.1) 2018-2023, BG: Gross adjusted disposable income data were not available on 31 October 2024.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.24: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (% of debt stock t-1) 

70 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.4 1.7 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.1 4.5 3.6 0.7pEA0.1 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.0 4.4 3.8 0.6pBE5.0 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.8 6.4 3.9 5.2 5.2 2.3 BG0.9 -0.4 5.6 9.6 9.8 10.5 6.6 14.1 15.1 16.3 CZ1.8 6.5 7.8 8.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 9.5 5.0 4.9 DK0.3 1.2 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 2.7 1.4 0.4 DE1.3 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.1 0.7 EE2.6 5.3 6.8 7.4 6.7 7.8 4.2 7.3 11.2 6.3 IE-7.4 0.5 -4.7 -5.8 -1.5 -0.1 -4.4 3.3 0.5 3.7 EL-3.2 -3.4 -2.9 -2.2 -1.9 -2.4 -3.1 -1.9 -2.1 -1.0 ES-3.6 -2.3 -1.7 -0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 1.1 0.7 -1.9 FR1.9 3.1 4.4 5.2 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.6 5.0 1.3pHR-0.3 -2.1 0.7 4.2 6.1 7.3 1.7 4.6 5.7 9.5 IT-0.8 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 1.1 3.7 3.4 -0.5 CY-1.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.7 2.9 0.4 3.7 3.6 -2.2 1.0 LV-5.0 -2.4 -3.6 2.0 1.6 2.4 0.3 8.7 6.1 5.2 LT2.0 7.0 7.3 7.4 8.8 8.6 7.6 10.5 11.5 6.6 LU8.4 5.3 6.4 7.1 8.6 6.1 6.0 8.5 7.5 1.0 HU-3.9 -13.7 0.8 2.3 5.2 14.9 14.8 15.2 6.0 3.4 MT0.2 3.1 5.1 9.6 9.0 12.1 5.4 7.1 6.8 6.8 NL-0.3 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.9 3.8 1.1pAT0.9 1.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 3.2 2.8 4.3 3.0 -1.6 PL4.5 4.0 4.4 5.0 6.1 5.9 1.6 4.6 -3.4 -0.2 PT-3.6 -2.2 -1.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.7 3.7 3.2 0.1 RO-1.6 4.9 4.2 7.8 8.5 7.6 3.6 8.9 4.6 2.8 SI-0.9 0.8 3.9 6.3 6.4 5.7 1.0 5.7 7.6 3.9 SK12.1 11.2 13.1 11.3 10.0 8.2 5.9 8.4 9.6 4.6 FI2.6 3.6 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.8 4.4 3.9 3.0 -0.4 SE5.7 7.1 6.9 6.6 5.4 5.2 5.7 6.9 3.9 0.6 Source: EurostatThehouseholdcreditflowindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthehouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15)haveincurredalongtheyear.Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholdcreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedin%oftherelatedstocksattheendofthepreviousyear.DefinitionsregardingsectorsandinstrumentsarebasedontheESA2010.TheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedin%oftherelatedstocksattheendofthepreviousyear.Itisthe flow counterpart of household debt (which is a stock indicator).Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.25: Household credit flow including non-profit institutions serving households, consolidated (Million units of national currency)  

71 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU30475.1 122962.2 170231.8 220001.7 254908.1 291717.5 250503.3 375237.1 307663.1 60016.4pEA4128.0 87493.2 129311.2 175975.3 209455.6 244572.5 209858.5 308862.9 280087.7 46534.1pBE10954.3 9493.2 9906.8 11437.9 12699.6 17449.3 11215.6 15701.6 16410.8 7747.1 BG186.5 -74.7 1164.0 2079.8 2259.6 2641.5 1822.8 4127.3 4987.3 6140.4 CZ23476.0 85017.0 108709.0 123205.0 111397.0 111968.0 112706.0 184367.0 107101.0 109746.0 DK8433.0 28842.0 20746.0 12569.0 37603.0 34390.0 26373.0 69693.0 36687.0 9018.0 DE20857.0 37888.0 47768.0 55679.0 65227.0 82663.0 85909.0 98357.0 83719.0 14295.0 EE200.6 415.5 556.9 641.6 626.7 780.9 444.4 810.3 1340.9 833.4 IE-13245.0 748.0 -7532.0 -8788.0 -2532.0 -89.0 -6556.0 4301.0 619.0 5306.0 EL-3758.1 -3891.9 -3167.5 -2341.1 -2013.1 -2587.5 -3150.8 -1861.8 -2117.0 -958.3 ES-28871.0 -17696.0 -12576.0 -4302.0 1309.0 611.0 -4257.0 7749.0 4657.0 -13226.0 FR22450.0 37438.0 54630.0 66832.0 72833.0 85645.0 69180.0 88236.0 83857.0 22437.0pHR-59.5 -382.1 126.3 709.5 1055.1 1307.0 335.9 900.5 1158.2 2038.8 IT-5592.0 -34.0 8113.0 17273.0 18229.0 17744.0 8100.0 27392.0 26570.0 -4332.0 CY-365.4 -126.9 -66.9 151.2 622.0 86.1 746.7 712.7 -442.8 202.2 LV-335.0 -150.0 -233.0 120.0 99.0 146.0 17.0 528.0 399.0 358.0 LT159.7 547.1 604.4 656.7 830.2 885.8 854.8 1269.0 1516.0 973.9 LU2362.6 1613.0 2049.3 2417.2 3126.5 2392.7 2508.6 3754.9 3622.5 524.1 HU-332759.0 -1168435.0 57565.0 167271.0 381936.0 1150711.0 1303748.0 1532283.0 695096.0 418401.0 MT7.0 146.3 257.5 507.7 572.0 843.0 428.6 591.4 607.9 647.9 NL-2779.0 14396.0 17008.0 19927.0 19411.0 19226.0 26914.0 35899.0 36652.0 10749.0pAT1509.7 2719.9 4334.5 4344.8 5448.2 6135.1 5409.8 8623.2 6208.6 -3476.0 PL26066.0 24712.0 28267.0 34237.0 42584.0 43541.0 12445.0 37239.0 -29016.0 -1863.0 PT-5232.7 -3088.2 -2276.2 925.1 980.4 1657.2 2331.5 5137.4 4641.8 186.0 RO-1964.0 5862.0 5242.0 9981.0 11702.0 11469.0 5870.0 15319.0 8624.0 5429.0 SI-99.0 87.0 421.0 696.0 746.0 701.0 126.0 737.0 1043.0 570.0 SK2659.2 2773.2 3598.9 3523.0 3450.5 3120.2 2428.6 3659.1 4546.8 2366.1 FI3304.0 4593.0 5788.0 5558.0 6719.0 5835.0 6872.0 6365.0 5078.0 -708.0 SE177951.0 234474.0 243229.0 248828.0 217513.0 219625.0 253611.0 326296.0 195596.0 31881.0 Thehouseholdcreditflowindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthehouseholdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholdssectors(S.14_S.15)haveincurredalongtheyear.Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethehouseholdcreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandareexpressedinmillion units of national currency. Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. It is the flow counterpart of household debt (which is a stock indicator).Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.26: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (% of debt stock t-1, excl. FDI) 

72 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.0 1.3 3.5 2.1 1.8 2.1 8.5 3.6 4.9 1.5 EA-0.4 1.1 3.5 1.7 1.2 1.6 9.0 3.3 4.4 1.2 BE-11.0 9.1 11.2 -3.1 -2.7 4.6 2.6 0.0 0.8 3.2 BG0.3 -3.5 3.0 1.6 4.4 4.0 0.3 5.7 6.4 8.5 CZ-0.4 -4.4 5.6 10.6 12.7 -1.7 -5.6 7.5 13.3 0.6 DK4.4 3.5 3.8 0.2 2.1 5.3 5.1 3.2 9.5 4.7 DE-0.6 2.5 6.5 1.5 6.1 8.5 6.5 6.5 10.1 2.7 EE6.7 0.9 6.8 3.0 2.0 -0.5 1.7 8.5 7.8 3.8 IE-11.5 -0.5 -14.7 -14.7 -46.0 -96.1 -1340.5 1.7 28.6 39.5 EL-1.6 -1.5 -0.5 -0.2 0.9 0.6 12.6 2.2 6.1 4.6 ES-6.0 -2.3 2.3 2.7 -4.1 2.7 8.3 2.2 -2.9 -3.1 FR4.2 3.7 6.1 5.3 6.1 5.1 13.4 1.3 4.7 3.1 HR-2.4 0.2 -0.2 -1.7 1.5 -10.0 -0.6 0.5 8.6 7.7 IT-0.3 -1.7 -1.1 0.8 0.5 -3.0 5.9 3.1 -0.5 -1.9 CY0.1 1.4 2.3 9.6 2.4 -3.5 1.3 1.5 -2.8 0.4 LV26.0 -0.3 -2.7 7.8 -4.4 1.9 -4.3 -4.6 7.7 1.8 LT2.9 3.6 9.4 9.8 10.5 1.7 -8.3 16.5 20.0 12.1 LU81.5 25.8 -2.1 -0.9 -11.5 -11.1 13.0 -10.8 3.1 -25.7 HU-3.4 -3.3 3.6 4.6 8.1 15.0 18.4 21.8 15.1 8.0 MT7.6 -7.7 12.2 2.9 -1.2 14.0 5.6 12.1 7.5 18.1 NL1.5 -3.0 6.3 0.9 0.2 -1.6 2.3 7.2 7.1 -1.4 AT0.2 3.3 2.5 2.5 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.7 5.1 1.3 PL7.5 9.2 5.7 5.8 2.7 3.6 1.3 3.1 7.2 4.0 PT-3.4 5.1 -1.0 -3.2 -0.6 0.3 5.2 2.8 1.2 -0.6 RO-7.0 -3.0 -3.6 -0.5 2.0 1.6 7.8 11.4 12.9 9.6 SI-6.8 -8.9 -3.2 -2.2 -2.5 -3.0 -2.8 1.1 11.1 -2.1 SK6.2 1.3 6.1 -5.7 2.4 5.5 5.4 3.4 9.3 2.5 FI-5.7 -2.9 2.0 4.7 5.4 3.7 8.4 0.0 -3.2 2.6 SE4.7 4.0 3.8 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.4 6.5 7.2 0.8 Thenon-financialcorporationscreditflowexcludingforeigndirectinvestmentindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectornon-financialcorporations(S.11)haveincurredalongtheyear,minusforeigndirectinvestments(FDI).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationscreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4),fromwhichFDIareexcluded.FDIaretakenfrombalanceofpayments(BoP).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedin%oftherelatedstocks(excludingFDI)attheendofthepreviousyear.Definitionsregardingsectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010 and BPM6 (for FDI). The MIP Scoreboard indicator is expressed in % of the related stocks (excluding FDI) at the end of the previous year.1) 2020, IE: The value is not reliable, as the stocks are negative due to different composition of the financial instruments between financial accounts and balance of payments statistics.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.27: Non-financial corporations credit flow excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (Millions of national currency) 

73 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU1028.7 95420.6 255975.9 153241.5 132342.0 158203.0 651144.9 302845.4 423660.1 129671.5 EA-27361.2 69591.7 220937.7 109587.7 80689.5 105991.3 596808.4 238077.0 326591.6 93933.8 BE-29411.5 23418.4 33501.7 -10144.5 -8540.1 13095.9 8297.7 163.0 2640.9 10421.5 BG187.8 -1948.1 1598.3 859.0 2360.1 2191.7 177.9 3131.6 3705.5 5127.5 CZ-6819.0 -70153.0 87436.0 169821.0 221267.0 -33186.0 -108523.0 143674.0 274208.0 14415.0 DK79596.0 66402.0 75829.0 4489.0 44600.0 112842.0 118597.0 67417.0 207880.0 108136.0 DE-6244.0 25825.0 67916.0 16786.0 70369.0 100220.0 84391.0 90126.0 147110.0 41937.0 EE774.8 108.7 808.9 373.5 254.8 -60.1 220.6 1092.7 1105.8 597.9 IE-19828.0 -1009.0 -26792.0 -25112.0 -67904.0 -78950.0 72939.0 1279.0 20250.0 37038.0 EL-1814.3 -1720.5 -582.9 -238.5 921.4 582.9 11596.4 2247.7 6911.0 4819.0 ES-50832.0 -18581.0 17439.0 20483.0 -31056.0 19617.0 60997.0 17601.0 -23126.0 -23555.0 FR57305.0 53972.0 92832.0 83013.0 98868.0 85967.0 241393.0 26803.0 97450.0 64205.0 HR-706.1 43.5 -58.6 -448.7 377.1 -2447.2 -139.7 101.7 1842.7 1789.5 IT-2886.0 -19037.0 -11885.0 8935.0 5164.0 -31434.0 59105.0 32228.0 -5412.0 -19456.0 CY42.7 420.7 710.4 2836.0 725.8 -1054.5 390.2 446.0 -838.4 110.7 LV2739.0 -32.0 -269.0 784.0 -482.0 192.0 -424.0 -427.0 676.0 170.0 LT268.6 340.1 910.0 1016.5 1200.7 213.3 -1064.1 1932.8 2718.8 1874.3 LU27385.7 16155.3 -1339.1 -560.0 -7737.5 -8674.2 10610.6 -8707.9 2576.2 -23523.9 HU-386843.1 -371450.4 375463.4 486044.3 878913.7 1783527.9 2500167.7 3628122.5 3047941.2 1878433.1 MT428.6 -445.2 605.8 177.1 -74.8 931.3 423.7 999.6 685.2 1769.6 NL8536.0 -19340.0 39622.0 6304.0 1009.0 -10120.0 15041.0 51868.0 56261.0 -11388.0 AT452.5 7034.9 5569.9 5639.9 10868.1 11418.4 12925.9 14932.8 14107.0 3605.6 PL30416.0 40045.0 26873.0 28845.0 13914.0 19273.0 7326.0 17243.0 41144.0 23995.0 PT-5499.2 7758.6 -1591.2 -4863.9 -808.6 410.5 7249.5 4119.1 1751.0 -957.7 RO-14167.0 -5598.0 -6454.0 -727.0 3365.0 2491.0 12327.0 18812.0 23694.0 19773.0 SI-1559.4 -1805.6 -579.6 -382.3 -409.7 -478.1 -422.6 157.8 1648.2 -348.5 SK1402.2 313.2 1516.4 -1466.1 650.1 1523.7 1614.2 1046.1 2987.3 866.7 FI-7922.0 -3832.0 2603.0 6457.0 7293.0 5047.0 11664.0 67.0 -4753.0 3958.0 SE138270.0 125341.0 140496.0 268029.0 299594.0 284368.0 327367.0 312132.0 369875.0 41191.0 Source: EurostatThenon-financialcorporationscreditflowexcludingforeigndirectinvestmentindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectornon-financialcorporations(S.11)haveincurredalongtheyear,minusforeigndirectinvestments(FDI).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationscreditflowaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4),fromwhichFDIareexcluded.FDIaretakenfrombalanceofpayments(BoP).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedinmillionunitsofnationalcurrency.Definitionsregardingsectorsandinstrumentsarebasedonthe ESA 2010 and BPM6 (for FDI). 
 
 
 
Table 3.28: Non-financial corporations debt excluding foreign direct investment, consolidated (Million units of national currency)   

74 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU7177055.7 7285043.5 7426369.3 7505884.5 7480755.1 7659930.3 8333780.0 8630264.9 8762270.6 8916544.5 EA6323002.5 6346204.7 6475712.5 6519049.6 6490701.7 6620009.2 7265792.8 7503739.5 7606344.3 7707235.9 BE257166.1 299702.6 330816.6 316903.3 287264.1 315071.7 326732.5 319935.4 325320.0 332678.9 BG55571.7 53547.5 54626.3 53887.5 55073.8 56238.1 54811.8 57685.8 60621.4 64935.5 CZ1603994.0 1568735.0 1603734.0 1740327.0 1982470.0 1939447.0 1907907.0 2066753.0 2248269.0 2260967.0 DK1919755.0 1981007.0 2069715.0 2092885.0 2142629.0 2307876.0 2128726.0 2184788.0 2294170.0 2418711.0 DE1024169.0 1042124.0 1107168.0 1145407.0 1174491.0 1291872.0 1376022.0 1456166.0 1563693.0 1612320.0 EE12111.8 11892.4 12334.3 12883.8 12869.0 13068.1 12800.5 14130.7 15784.1 15732.9 IE189766.0 182261.0 171238.0 147608.0 82114.0 -5441.0 75946.0 70904.0 93699.0 113125.0 EL113077.9 109396.9 106853.1 101484.1 100559.8 91950.7 101624.0 112591.8 104975.4 109336.9 ES815419.0 770573.0 765402.0 761378.0 720799.0 734273.0 796382.0 808377.0 754247.0 734823.0 FR1472532.0 1519425.0 1554346.0 1619686.0 1697008.0 1802131.0 2041147.0 2055286.0 2051956.0 2140768.0 HR27998.7 27662.8 26505.6 24585.9 24479.5 21765.4 21458.2 21340.4 23142.3 24760.8 IT1114990.0 1088518.0 1062253.0 1055453.0 1038694.0 998169.0 1052454.0 1080623.0 1046331.0 1036193.0 CY30028.9 30317.9 29443.0 30569.9 29712.4 29957.2 29261.9 29596.0 28320.3 27922.8 LV9972.0 9894.0 10116.0 10853.0 10038.0 9841.0 9189.0 8810.0 9233.0 9707.0 LT9468.2 9673.0 10410.0 11419.8 12547.2 12847.9 11730.3 13600.7 15522.7 17378.2 LU62546.4 63957.3 62974.0 67382.9 78350.3 81354.6 80632.2 83738.4 91571.2 89182.3 HU11222629.7 10398552.3 10533334.4 10858968.5 11886931.7 13576557.6 16636418.2 20232469.1 23596513.0 25303092.2 MT5798.9 4952.5 6177.0 6434.3 6631.1 7510.7 8226.9 9194.7 9801.7 11579.9 NL636031.0 627265.0 664479.0 653033.0 650031.0 641536.0 717424.0 796128.0 841170.0 789614.0 AT212806.9 220756.2 224937.8 230018.5 243673.5 249281.1 261444.8 277301.4 277264.0 283210.8 PL436891.0 471385.0 501527.0 515337.0 531888.0 545405.0 554520.0 569135.0 603716.0 619571.0 PT150945.2 155599.5 151621.3 145496.0 142653.2 140132.1 146339.4 149460.5 149782.0 147868.0 RO189084.0 179630.0 160613.0 164164.0 155378.0 157887.0 165231.0 184253.0 205896.0 222799.0 SI20243.8 18151.7 17015.1 16527.2 16106.1 15217.4 14701.7 14867.5 16590.6 16077.3 SK24426.9 25029.8 25630.8 26537.8 27560.9 29812.4 31110.9 32012.6 35364.6 37982.1 FI134051.0 129503.0 136100.0 134993.0 134615.0 139277.0 151234.0 149599.0 152585.0 156975.0 SE3099433.0 3719749.0 3838945.0 4099007.0 4141775.0 4426655.0 4815474.0 5168722.0 5491526.0 5619823.0 Thenon-financialcorporationsdebtexcludingforeigndirectinvestmentindicatorrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectornon-financialcorporations(S.11)haveincurredalongtheyear,minusforeigndirectinvestments(FDI).Theinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilethenon-financialcorporationsdebtaredebtsecurities(F.3)andloans(F.4),fromwhichFDIareexcluded.FDIaretakenfrombalanceofpayments(BoP).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandexpressedinmillionsofnationalcurrency.DefinitionsregardingsectorsandinstrumentsarebasedontheESA2010 and BPM6 (for FDI).1) 2019, IE: The value is not reliable, as the stocks are negative due to different composition of the financial instruments between financial accounts and balance of payments statistics. Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.29: Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans)  

75 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU6.7e6.8e5.2e4.0e3.1e2.6e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.9pEA8.1e7.2e6.3e4.7e3.6e3.1e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.9pBE4.3e3.8e3.2e2.7e2.3e2.1e2.1e1.6e1.5e1.6pBG16.0e14.5e12.8e10.2e7.7e6.5e5.9e4.8e3.7e2.9pCZ10.0e10.1e4.0e2.8e2.1e1.7e1.9e1.7e1.4e1.2pDK5.1e3.9e3.3e2.5e2.3e1.9e1.9e1.8e1.5e1.3pDE3.9e3.0e2.6e1.8e1.4e1.2e1.2e1.1e1.1e1.3pEE3.2e2.2e1.7e1.9e1.3e1.6e1.6e1.1e0.8e1.1pIE21.6e14.9e13.1e9.9e5.5e3.4e3.4e2.4e1.7e1.3pEL39.7e46.8e46.3e45.0e41.6e35.5e26.5e8.6e6.2e5.0pES8.1e6.3e5.7e4.4e3.7e3.1e2.8e2.9e2.7e2.7pFR4.2e4.0e3.6e3.1e2.7e2.5e2.2e1.9e1.8e1.9pHR13.6e13.0e10.7e8.8e7.3e5.2e5.3e4.2e3.0e2.5pIT16.5e16.5e15.0e11.2e8.4e6.7e4.5e3.5e2.9e2.7pCY38.6e36.3e35.4e30.7e20.2e18.1e11.0e5.6e4.5e3.7pLV9.7e6.5e6.3e5.6e5.3e3.9e4.6e2.1e1.4e1.3pLT6.8e5.6e4.0e3.2e2.6e1.7e2.2e1.2e0.9e0.8pLU1.4e1.1e0.8e0.7e0.8e0.6e0.7e0.6e1.2e1.3pHU19.4e15.2e11.9e8.4e5.4e4.2e3.6e3.2e3.1e2.5pMT6.0e5.1e4.1e3.1e3.1e3.2e3.6e3.0e2.3e2.0pNL3.4e2.7e2.4e2.1e1.9e1.8e1.9e1.4e1.3e1.3pAT7.5e6.5e5.1e3.5e2.6e2.2e2.0e1.8e1.8e2.1pPL7.2e6.6e6.4e6.6e6.2e6.1e6.0e5.0e4.3e4.1pPT16.6e17.5e17.2e13.3e9.4e6.1e4.9e3.6e3.0e2.7pRO20.7e13.4e9.7e6.6e5.0e4.3e3.9e3.4e2.8e2.5pSI22.8e17.9e12.3e9.2e6.0e3.4e3.0e2.1e1.8e1.5pSK5.2e4.4e4.6e3.7e3.2e2.9e2.5e2.0e1.7e1.8pFI1.6e1.5e1.4e1.2e1.5e1.4e1.5e1.2e1.0e1.1pSE1.3e1.3e1.2e1.3e1.0e1.1e1.0e1.0e0.8e1.0pAloan,otherthanheldfortrading,isconsideredasnon-performingifitsatisfieseitherorbothofthefollowingcriteria:(a)Itisamaterialloanwhichismorethan90dayspast-due;(b)Thedebtorisassessedasunlikelytopayitscreditobligationsinfullwithoutrealisationofcollateral,regardlessoftheexistenceofanypast-dueamountorofthenumberofdayspast-due.Non-performingloansincludedefaultedandimpairedloans.Theindicatorisdefinedastotalgrossnon-performingloansandadvancesaspercentageoftotalgrossloansandadvances(grosscarryingamount),forthereportingsector"domesticbankinggroupsandstand-alonebanks,foreigncontrolledsubsidiariesand foreign controlled branches, all institutions". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors.Source: European Central BankFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.30: Tier-1 capital ratio banking sector 

76 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU18.9e14.9e15.6e16.3e16.4e16.6e17.2e17.1e16.9e17.5pEA13.6e14.6e15.0e15.8e15.8e16.1e17.0e16.9e16.8e17.3pBE15.3e16.0e16.2e16.9e16.5e16.6e18.2e18.8e18.5e17.9pBG19.6e19.9e20.3e20.6e19.7e18.8e22.4e22.3e20.9e20.9pCZ16.5e17.1e17.1e17.5e17.8e19.2e21.4e20.6e19.5e19.5pDK16.2e17.6e18.4e19.7e19.7e19.9e20.6e20.3e20.0e21.0pDE14.8e15.4e15.6e16.4e16.3e16.1e16.7e16.4e16.6e17.7pEE41.3e34.9e33.8e30.1e30.4e25.9e27.2e23.5e21.2e21.5pIE20.5e23.2e23.0e23.4e23.4e23.0e23.3e23.3e22.4e21.8pEL13.8e16.3e16.9e17.0e15.3e16.3e15.0e14.0e14.9e16.2pES11.8e12.7e13.0e13.2e13.5e13.8e14.7e15.0e14.4e14.7pFR13.1e13.8e15.0e15.3e15.6e16.1e17.1e17.1e16.8e17.3pHR19.4e17.7e19.4e20.2e20.2e21.8e22.8e24.0e22.3e21.7pIT11.8e12.3e11.5e14.4e13.9e14.9e16.9e16.5e16.7e16.9pCY14.6e16.0e16.4e15.4e16.1e19.0e19.2e19.3e19.7e23.4pLV17.5e19.0e17.3e18.4e20.3e22.0e25.7e29.2e23.6e20.6pLT20.9e24.3e19.1e18.8e18.4e19.5e21.5e23.2e20.2e18.6pLU18.5e20.2e23.6e21.8e20.8e19.3e20.0e18.8e18.2e18.5pHU13.8e13.9e15.9e14.2e16.7e15.9e16.2e18.0e17.1e17.0pMT23.1e18.8e17.7e18.8e20.2e21.6e22.8e22.2e21.3e22.1pNL15.4e16.6e17.9e18.6e19.0e19.0e19.7e19.7e18.3e18.6pAT11.8e12.7e14.9e15.9e16.0e16.3e17.2e17.1e17.3e18.1pPL13.7e14.5e15.4e16.3e16.1e15.9e17.5e16.1e16.3e18.1pPT11.4e12.6e11.7e14.5e13.9e15.2e16.6e16.3e16.2e17.9pRO14.5e16.4e17.1e17.4e17.7e19.1e21.9e20.0e19.6e19.9pSI17.1e18.0e18.5e17.7e17.6e17.8e16.7e16.9e16.2e18.0pSK16.0e16.5e16.2e16.6e16.2e16.5e17.8e17.9e18.0e18.6pFI16.6e22.4e23.1e21.5e18.6e19.2e19.3e19.3e18.6e19.7pSE19.2e21.0e22.7e23.0e18.5e19.6e20.4e20.6e20.2e20.4pEUbankingrulesrequirebankstomaintainenoughcapitaltocoverunexpectedlosses,whicharedrivenbytherisksbankshaveontheirbooks.IntheConsolidatedBankingData(CBD2)dataset,theaggregatetier1ratioshowstherelationshipbetweenaggregatetier1capitalandaggregaterisk-weightedassetsofabankingsystem.Tier1capitalprovideslossabsorptiononagoing-concernbasis.Itconsistsofthesumofthecommonequitytier1(CET1)capitalandadditionaltier1(AT1)capital.CET1capitalisthehighestqualityofcapitalasdefinedbybankinglaw,asitabsorbslossesimmediatelywhentheyoccur.Ittypicallyincludesshares,retainedearningsandotherreserves.Somedebtinstruments,suchasperpetualcontingentconvertiblecapitalinstruments,maybeincludedinAT1butnotinCET1.Risk-weightedassetsareameasureoftherisksthebankshaveontheirbooks.Thehigherthetier1ratio, the better the loss absorption capacity on a going-concern basis.Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: European Central Bank 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.31: Return on equity of banks 

77 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU3.4e4.3e3.4e5.6e5.9e5.2e2.2e6.6e6.9e9.0pEA3.1e4.5e3.4e5.6e5.7e5.1e1.9e6.3e6.8e8.6pBE7.8e10.3e8.9e8.8e8.2e8.6e5.9e9.9e9.9e11.4pBG7.2e8.0e11.3e10.2e11.8e11.2e4.9e8.8e11.2e16.3pCZ11.4e11.3e11.9e13.0e13.3e13.9e6.7e10.6e14.4e13.7pDK4.7e6.8e9.7e10.8e8.0e8.7e4.5e8.2e3.8e11.7pDE2.5e1.7e2.2e2.9e2.4e2.1e2.2e4.0e4.3e5.7pEE9.7e6.8e11.1e9.2e9.8e8.3e7.4e9.5e10.9e18.5pIE8.5e6.8e6.3e5.0e4.9e3.7e-2.2e4.5e3.3e7.6pEL-10.6e-24.2e-7.5e-1.3e-0.4e0.7e-7.9e-20.1e12.7e12.0pES6.7e6.6e5.0e7.0e8.2e6.7e-3.5e10.2e9.9e11.8pFR4.4e6.8e6.5e6.4e6.5e6.0e4.1e7.1e6.1e5.9pHR3.9e-6.8e8.9e5.9e8.8e9.1e4.7e7.7e9.4e15.7pIT-2.8e3.1e-7.7e7.1e5.8e4.9e1.0e5.7e9.1e12.7pCY-7.1e-7.7e1.7e-11.9e7.1e3.5e-3.3e0.6e5.1e21.8pLV10.2e10.7e14.3e7.6e9.2e9.6e5.2e4.5e10.2e20.3pLT7.7e7.5e11.9e9.1e12.3e14.5e10.0e10.4e13.5e21.2pLU7.2e7.2e7.5e5.7e5.5e5.2e4.4e5.5e5.2e8.3pHU-21.9e0.3e11.7e14.5e14.7e14.3e7.6e12.7e12.1e21.8pMT4.4e6.3e8.1e7.2e5.2e6.0e0.3e3.5e4.3e10.7pNL3.3e7.0e7.3e8.8e8.1e7.7e3.1e8.3e7.7e11.1pAT1.1e7.6e7.1e8.7e8.6e7.8e4.1e6.4e10.0e12.8pPL9.4e7.7e7.5e6.9e7.0e6.9e3.1e4.8e7.3e11.6pPT-3.5e0.9e-5.5e-0.8e2.7e4.3e0.0e4.9e8.7e13.8pRO-15.2e11.3e10.6e11.7e13.6e12.3e9.0e13.1e15.7e16.8pSI-2.5e3.5e7.8e9.1e10.7e10.3e11.3e9.5e13.3e16.8pSK9.2e9.7e9.9e9.3e9.3e8.3e5.3e8.4e9.4e11.5pFI9.1e8.3e8.7e8.8e8.1e4.9e5.8e9.2e9.6e13.5pSE11.8e11.2e11.9e10.9e12.2e10.9e8.4e10.0e9.8e13.1pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: European Central BankReturnonequity(ROE)isameasureoffinancialperformancecalculatedbydividingtheprofitorlossfortheyearbyshareholders'equity.IntheConsolidatedBankingData(CBD2)dataset,aggregateROEisconsideredagaugeofprofitability and how efficient a banking system is in generating profits. Higher ROE indicates higher profitability. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.32: House price index, nominal (1 year % change) 

78 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU0.7 2.3 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.6 8.4 7.8 -0.3 EA0.3 1.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.4 5.3 7.9 7.1 -1.2 BE-0.3 1.8 2.3 3.5 3.0 3.7 4.3 6.7 5.5 2.3 BG1.4 2.8b7.0 8.7 6.6 6.0 4.6 8.7 13.8b9.9 CZ2.5 4.0 7.2 11.7 8.6 9.2 8.4 19.7 16.9 -1.7 DK3.8 7.0 4.6 5.0 4.5 2.2 4.3 11.7 4.8 -4.2 DE3.2 4.8 7.4 6.1 6.6 5.8 7.7 11.6 5.1 -8.5 EE13.7 6.9 4.7 5.5 5.9 7.0 6.0 15.0 22.2 5.9 IE16.5 11.5 7.5 10.9 10.2 2.3 0.3 8.3 12.3 3.1 EL-7.5e-5.1e-2.4e-1.0e1.8e7.2e4.5e7.6e11.9e13.8epES0.3 3.6 4.6 6.2 6.7 5.2 2.2 3.7 7.4 4.0 FR-1.5 -1.3 1.0 3.2 2.9 3.3 5.2 6.3 6.3 -0.4 HR-1.6 -2.9 0.9 3.8 6.1 9.0 7.7 7.3 14.8 11.9 IT-4.7 -3.8 0.3 -1.1 -0.6 -0.1 1.9 2.5 3.8 1.3 CY-1.8 -1.5b0.3 2.2 1.8 3.7 -0.2 -3.4 2.7 2.9 LV6.0 -3.4 8.5 8.8 9.6 9.0 3.5 10.9 13.8 3.7 LT6.4 3.7 5.4 8.9 7.3 6.8 7.3 16.1 19.0 9.8 LU4.4 5.4 6.0 5.6 7.1 10.1 14.5 13.9 9.6 -9.1 HU4.2 13.1 13.4 12.2 14.3 17.0 4.9 16.5 22.3 7.1pMT2.6 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.8 6.1 3.4 5.1 6.7 6.2pNL0.8 3.5 5.3 8.1 9.3 7.2 8.0 14.5 13.3 -1.9 AT3.8 5.6 6.7 5.1 6.0 6.0 7.6 11.4 11.6 -2.9 PL1.0 1.5 1.9 3.9 6.6 8.7 10.5 9.2 11.8 8.8 PT4.2 3.1 7.1 9.2 10.3 10.0 8.8 9.4 12.6 8.2 RO-2.1 2.9 6.0 6.0 5.6 3.4 4.7 4.4 7.2 3.3 SI-6.6 0.8 3.3 8.3 8.7 6.7 4.6 11.5 14.8 7.2 SK1.4 5.3 6.7 5.9 7.4 9.1 9.5 6.4 13.7 -0.2 FI-0.4 0.0b1.3 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.8 4.6 1.2 -5.7 SE9.4 13.1 8.2 6.6 -0.9 2.5 4.2 10.1 3.6 -5.3 Thehousepriceindex(HPI)capturespricechangesofallresidentialpropertiespurchasedbyhouseholds(flats,detachedhouses,terracedhouses,etc.),bothnewandexisting,independentlyoftheirfinaluseandtheirpreviousowners. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component is included. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is expressed as the 1-year percentage change of the HPI.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)e=sourceNCBforEL.2)2022:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasourceforBG.3)2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBGandCY;forFI,breakintimeseriesdueto new calculation method for new dwellings (apartments).Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.33: Standardised house price-to-income ratio 

79 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU93.4 93.5 95.1 96.6 98.5 99.8 104.0 106.8 107.9 100.9 EA94.0 93.6 95.2 96.8 98.5 99.8 104.2 106.9 107.6 100.0 BE104.7 105.8 105.7 106.1 106.1 106.2 109.3 110.5 107.8 102.9 BG78.7d74.9bd73.4d71.1d67.5d65.0d64.6d62.1d61.2bd58.3dCZ94.0 94.9 97.8 101.4 102.4 104.5 106.6 116.3 124.5 115.1 DK93.8 97.2 98.4 101.1 102.8 103.0 106.6 114.5 113.4 105.1 DE91.6 93.6 98.0 100.9 103.8 106.7 113.3 121.3 118.8 103.3 EE95.5 95.2 95.2 93.4 88.1 88.6 91.9 97.2 105.2 105.3 IE80.0 85.7 88.8 93.7 99.9 96.6 92.7 95.8 100.7 95.2 EL95.3e91.1e89.3e86.8e89.0e88.9e95.9e93.6e98.3e103.3epES87.2 86.6 88.4 91.3 94.9 95.8 99.4 97.9 100.9 96.6 FR103.4 101.1 100.9 101.8 102.7 103.4 107.6 108.7 110.6 103.2 HR96.5 91.2 89.3 88.7 88.5 90.2 93.9 92.7 95.0 93.3 IT102.6 97.5 96.3 93.1 91.1 90.1 92.8 90.1 87.9 85.1 CY106.3 103.8b100.0 97.4 94.2 89.2 87.5 77.9 71.9 71.1 LV90.5 82.1 83.9 84.7 85.6 87.3 88.1 88.7 92.5 87.4 LT86.6 85.4 82.9 87.7 86.6 83.9 82.0 85.7 90.5 90.4 LU98.3 103.6 110.0 111.1 115.4 122.3 131.9 148.1 154.0 132.5 HU82.1 88.3 94.6 96.7 99.5 105.1 105.9 108.4 111.4 102.6pMT103.7 102.8 103.0 102.4 102.1 102.3 103.7 100.3 103.5 100.1pNL82.4 84.2 86.4 91.3 95.3 97.4 102.1 110.0 116.7 106.8 AT98.8 102.9 106.9 110.0 113.0 117.4 125.4 132.5 137.6 125.6 PL89.6 88.3 86.0 84.9 85.3 86.4 86.8 90.3 90.0 87.9 PT88.0 87.2 90.3 95.8 100.9 106.1 116.0 119.8 124.9 127.8 RO97.9 93.6 89.7 82.4 79.8 68.2 69.8 67.0 62.8 58.7 SI91.6 90.6 89.7 92.7 95.2 96.1 96.0 99.1 104.5 103.8 SK90.7 90.8 94.4 95.6 94.3 97.7 102.7 102.2 105.5 97.2 FI102.6 100.7b100.8 100.2 97.8 94.9 95.3 96.2 93.5 83.5 SE103.9 113.9 118.6 123.5 118.8 118.2 122.9 128.1 126.1 112.9 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)e=sourceNCBforhousepricesforEL.2)d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinsteadforBG.3)2022:b=forBG,breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasource.4)2015:b=for BG and CY, break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology; for FI, break in time series due to new calculation method for new dwellings (apartments).  Source: EurostatThestandardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratioisdefinedastheratioofthecurrentprice-to-incomeratiorelativetothelong-termaverageprice-to-incomeratio,calculatedovertheperiod2000tothemostrecentyearlydataavailable.Iftheratioequals100,itmeansthecurrentprice-to-incomeratioisequaltoitslongtermaverage.HousepricesareprovidedbyEurostat,andincomeiscalculatedasadjustedhouseholdgrossdisposableincome(B7G)per head of population based on Eurostat data. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.34: Building permits 

80 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU344.0 371.4 421.8 455.7 472.5 472.3 448.2b520.3 481.6 372.9 EA342.4 359.8 404.0 428.3 442.4 440.6 410.8 465.5 440.2 346.6 BE900.2 777.0 785.4 730.5 855.0 779.9p759.2p844.1p738.9p670.3pBG289.8 332.2 352.5 473.3 666.1 622.7 572.5 720.7 873.9 833.0 CZ264.7 279.8 292.0 342.2 347.4 409.5 385.6 469.5 417.3 339.2 DK373.9s501.5s614.4s614.0s754.2s696.2s699.9s761.8s624.7s420.3pDE405.4 429.1 479.9 454.8 458.8 472.2 493.9 503.3p452.0p297.8pEE319.2 403.6 433.2 532.1 477.6 535.9 571.9 609.0 473.0 402.7 IE294.5 457.9 534.5 659.6 844.5 954.2 929.6 954.5 813.5 864.8 EL51.4p49.9p52.9p63.2p85.7p103.5p129.9p203.9p207.0p260.7pES214.3s212.6s272.7s300.1s368.6s345.9s183.8s257.0s309.1ps299.7psFR478.5 499.7 564.1 601.5 566.2 553.7 488.4 594.4 594.9p430.4pHR177.1 166.4 222.9 302.7 305.6 386.2b364.5 441.0 520.7 520.0 IT65.3 62.3 65.2 75.5 80.8 83.5 73.4 88.3 88.1 80.2 CY692.1 804.1 974.7 1314.7 1540.1 2437.8 2074.0 2221.4 1983.1 2103.3 LV225.6 172.0 188.8 273.0 327.1 313.6 342.0 371.4 376.4 345.5 LT429.0 494.7 625.6 545.3 539.2 508.7 544.4 762.0 600.4 445.7 LU2023.9 1563.0 1335.3 1524.3 1741.1 1657.2 1505.2 1684.5 1098.8 913.5pHU109.8 140.8 337.1 417.4 403.8 398.2 264.7 373.8 422.7 259.6pMT1313.7e1845.2e2793.8e3102.3 4025.8 4003.5 2444.9 2354.4 2744.4 2221.9 NL439.4 573.2 552.6 719.7 706.8 584.6 681.7p768.8p633.3p464.3pAT804.1 826.2 906.2 996.0 860.0 946.2 893.8e909.3e711.4e467.7ePL386.8 456.0 508.7 594.0 620.7 648.8 678.6b857.9 692.7b540.5 PT174.7 207.1 271.3 334.6 467.4 511.9 534.4 593.8 631.4p628.7epRO369.5 405.6 454.7 501.2 552.8 570.8 545.2 634.3 601.0 456.9pSI286.2 295.6 310.0 329.2 376.5 339.9 370.9 441.2 516.7 466.9 SK306.4 363.3 430.9 400.9 440.7 445.6 408.4 479.7b421.5 372.0 FI569.3 558.3 636.9 744.3 661.7 621.2 645.5 727.2 597.5 355.0 SE525.9p663.3p800.2 834.2 691.9 611.0 707.0 865.0 675.4 329.5 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. Source: EurostatTheannualbuildingpermitsdataarebusinesscycleindicatorsprovidinginformationonthedevelopmentofgrantedbuildingpermitsinoneyear.Buildersapplyforbuildingpermitsandlocalbuildingadministrationsissuethemnormallybeforethebeginningoftheconstructionwork.Thereforebuildingpermitsareconsideredasaleadingindicatorofthecreationofnewresidentialbuildings.Thedatacoverthepermitsforalltypesofresidentialbuildings(including residences for communities). The indicator is expressed in square meters of usable floor area per 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.35: Unemployment rate (% labour force Y15-74) 

81 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU11.0 10.2 9.3 8.3 7.4 6.8 7.2 7.1 6.2 6.1 EA11.7 11.0 10.1 9.1 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.8 6.8 6.6 BE8.7 8.7 7.9 7.2b6.0 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 BG12.4 10.1 8.6 7.2 6.2 5.2b6.1 5.2 4.2 4.3 CZ6.1 5.1 4.0 2.9 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.6 DK6.9 6.3 6.0b5.8b5.1 5.0 5.6 5.1 4.5 5.1bDE4.7 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.0 3.7b3.7 3.2 3.1 EE7.3 6.4 6.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 6.9 6.2 5.6 6.4 IE11.9 9.9 8.4 6.7 5.8 5.0 5.9 6.2b4.5 4.3 EL26.6 25.0 23.9 21.8 19.7 17.9 17.6 14.7 12.5 11.1 ES24.5 22.1 19.6 17.2 15.3 14.1 15.5 14.9b13.0d12.2dFR10.3 10.3 10.1 9.4 9.0 8.4 8.0 7.9d7.3d7.3dHR17.3 16.2 13.1 11.2 8.5 6.6b7.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 IT12.9 12.0 11.7 11.3 10.6b9.9 9.3 9.5 8.1 7.7 CY16.1 15.0 13.0 11.1 8.4 7.1 7.6 7.5 6.8 5.8bLV10.9 9.9 9.7 8.7 7.4 6.3 8.1 7.6 6.9 6.5 LT10.7 9.1 7.9 7.1 6.2 6.3 8.5 7.1 6.0 6.9 LU5.9 6.7b6.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.8 5.3 4.6 5.2 HU7.5 6.6 5.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 4.1 4.1 3.6 4.1 MT5.7 5.4 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 NL8.4 7.9 7.0 5.9 4.9 4.4 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 AT6.0 6.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.0 6.2 4.8 5.1 PL9.2 7.7 6.3 5.0 3.9 3.3b3.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 PT14.6 13.0 11.5 9.2 7.2 6.6 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.5 RO8.6 8.4 7.2 6.1 5.3 4.9 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 SI9.7 9.0 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.0 3.7 SK13.1 11.5 9.6 8.1 6.5 5.7 6.7 6.8 6.1 5.8 FI8.7 9.4 8.9 8.7 7.5 6.8 7.7 7.7 6.8 7.2 SE8.0 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.9 8.5 8.9 7.5 7.7 Theunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsexpressedasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed).Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werenotemployedduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.TheMIPScoreboardindicatorisexpressedaspercentageofthelabourforeaged15to74.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey (EU-LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurvey methodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 8) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.36: Labour force participation rate  - % of total population aged 15-64 (3 year change in pps) 

82 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.8 1.3 2.6 EA1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 -0.5 0.3 1.0 2.5 BE1.0 0.7 0.1 0.2b0.9 1.4 0.4b1.1 1.4 2.1 BG3.1b2.2 0.4 2.3 2.2 5.0b1.4 0.9 0.1b1.3 CZ3.0b2.4 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 DK-1.2 -0.3 0.9b1.3b1.3 1.6b1.1b1.4 1.3 1.8bDE0.5b0.4 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.3b1.0 1.3 2.4bEE0.7 1.4 2.1 3.3 2.3 1.3 0.4 -0.2 2.0 2.0 IE0.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 -1.8 1.8b3.6 6.7 EL0.2 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 -2.9 -0.8 0.9 4.2 ES0.3 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.4 -1.7 0.0b0.2d2.3dFR1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.4 0.2d1.0d1.9dHR2.0 3.0 1.9 0.3 -0.6 0.8b0.8 2.7 3.7b2.9 IT1.9 0.8 1.9 1.7 1.8b0.9 -1.8 -1.1b-0.2 3.2 CY0.8 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 1.1 2.6 1.9 1.7 2.2 4.2bLV1.8 1.4 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.1 -1.8 -0.5 -1.4 LT2.3 2.3 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 LU2.9 1.5b0.1 -0.6 0.2b2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.9 HU4.3 4.8 5.4 4.3 3.6 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.9 MT6.0 4.9 4.3 4.4 5.3 4.2 3.8 3.0 4.5 4.7 NL0.9 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 2.1 AT0.9 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.7 -0.4 0.1 0.5 1.8 PL2.5 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3b1.5 3.5 3.5b4.3 PT0.2 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.1 -0.2 0.4 1.4 4.0 RO1.7 2.3 2.3 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.3 3.2 3.5 2.7 SI0.7 1.4 1.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.4 SK1.6b1.6 2.1 1.9 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.4 2.0 FI0.6 0.4 0.6 1.2 2.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.6 SE1.6 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 -0.1 0.1 0.7 1.9 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(startingwith2016).8)2015:b=changeinsamplingstrategyanddatacollectiontechniqueforLU.9)b=for2023DE,2022 BG, 2022 HR, 2022 PL, 2021 IT, 2020 BE, 2020 DK, 2019 DK, 2018 LU, 2014 BG, 2014 CZ, 2014 DE, 2014 SK, the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: EurostatThelabourforceparticipationrateisthepercentageofeconomicallyactivepopulationaged15-64onthetotalpopulationofthesameage.AccordingtothedefinitionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)forthepurposesofthelabourmarketstatisticspeopleareclassifiedasemployed,unemployedandoutsidethelabourforce.Theeconomicallyactivepopulation(alsocalledlabourforce)isthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Personsoutsidethelabourforcearethosewho,duringthereferenceweek,wereneitheremployednorunemployed.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhethree-yearchangeinpercentagepoints,withanindicativethresholdof-0.2pp.Thedata source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS). The survey covers the resident population in private households. 
 
 
 
Table 3.37: Labour force participation rate  - % of total population aged 15-64 

83 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU71.2 71.5 71.9 72.4 72.8 73.2 72.4 73.6 74.5 75.0 EA72.2 72.4 72.7 73.0 73.3 73.5 72.5 73.6 74.5 75.0 BE67.8 67.7 67.7 68.0b68.6 69.1 68.4 69.7 70.5 70.5 BG68.9 69.2 68.6 71.2 71.4 73.6b72.6 72.3 73.7 73.9 CZ73.5 74.0 75.0 75.9 76.6 76.7 76.4 76.6 77.2 77.1 DK76.6 76.9 77.5b77.9b78.2 79.1 79.0 79.6 80.4 80.8bDE76.5 76.4 76.7 77.0 77.5 78.0 77.3b78.5 79.3 79.7 EE75.9 77.0 77.9 79.2 79.3 79.2 79.6 79.1 81.2 81.6 IE71.8 72.0 72.6 72.6 72.8 73.2 70.8 74.6b76.8 77.5 EL67.3 67.7 68.2 68.2 68.1 68.5 65.3 67.3 69.4 69.5 ES74.2 74.3 74.2 73.9 73.7 73.8 72.2 73.7b74.0d74.5dFR72.0 72.2 72.3 72.4 72.8 72.6 72.0 73.0d73.6d73.9dHR66.1 66.9 65.6 66.4 66.3 66.4b67.2 69.0 70.1 70.1 IT63.6 63.8 64.8 65.3 65.6b65.7 63.5 64.5 65.5 66.7 CY74.3 73.9 73.4 73.9 75.0 76.0 75.8 76.7 78.2 80.0bLV74.4 75.7 76.2 76.9 77.6 77.3 78.0 75.8 76.8 76.6 LT73.7 74.1 75.5 75.9 77.3 78.0 78.5 78.2 78.6 78.8 LU70.8 70.9b70.0 70.2 71.1 72.0 72.2 73.2 73.5 74.1 HU68.8 70.5 72.1 73.1 74.1 74.7 75.1 76.2 77.2 78.0 MT67.8 68.8 70.6 72.2 74.1 74.8 76.0 77.1 79.3 80.7 NL81.5 82.1 82.2 82.2 82.7 83.4 83.4 83.7 84.7 85.5 AT75.7 75.8 76.6 76.8 77.1 77.3 76.4 77.2 77.8 78.2 PL66.4 66.8 67.8 68.7 69.4 70.1b70.2 72.9 73.6 74.5 PT71.8 72.2 72.7 73.8 74.4 74.8 73.6 74.8 76.2 77.6 RO58.8 59.9 60.2 61.8 62.4 63.3 64.1 65.6 66.8 66.8 SI70.4 71.2 71.1 73.6 74.4 74.6 73.8 75.0 76.2 75.2 SK72.2 72.9 73.9 74.1 74.4 74.7 74.5 74.6 76.1 76.5 FI74.6 74.8 75.0 75.8 77.0 77.3 77.3 78.8 79.8 79.9 SE81.3 81.5 81.8 82.2 82.5 82.6 82.1 82.6 83.3 84.0 Thelabourforceparticipationrateisthepercentageofeconomicallyactivepopulationaged15-64onthetotalpopulationofthesameage.AccordingtothedefinitionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)forthepurposesofthelabourmarketstatisticspeopleareclassifiedasemployed,unemployedandoutsidethelabourforce.Theeconomicallyactivepopulation(alsocalledlabourforce)isthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Personsoutsidethelabourforcearethosewho,duringthereferenceweek,wereneitheremployednorunemployed.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS).Thesurveycoverstheresidentpopulationinprivatehouseholds.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurvey methodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 8) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.38: Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-74 

84 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU5.4 4.9 4.3 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.1 EA5.9 5.4 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.4 BE3.9 4.0 3.7 3.1b2.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 BG7.4 6.1 5.0 3.9 3.6 2.9b2.7 2.6 2.2 2.3 CZ2.7 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 DK1.7 1.6 1.2b1.2b1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5bDE2.2 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1b1.2 1.1 1.0 EE3.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 IE6.6 5.3 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.8b1.3 1.1 EL17.5 16.4 15.4 14.3 12.5 11.3 10.5 9.2 7.7 6.2 ES12.9 11.4 9.5 7.7 6.4 5.3 5.0 6.2b5.1d4.3dFR3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.3d2.0d1.8dHR10.1 10.2 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.4b2.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 IT8.2 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.5b5.9 5.1 5.4 4.6 4.2 CY7.7 6.8 5.8 4.5 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 1.8bLV5.1 4.9 4.4 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.8 LT4.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.3 LU1.6 1.9b2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 HU3.6 3.0 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 MT2.9 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.8 NL2.7 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 AT1.9 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.1 PL3.9 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.7b0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 PT8.7 7.4 6.4 4.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.5 RO3.4 3.6 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 SI5.3 4.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.4 SK10.7 8.8 6.8 5.9 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.8 FI2.4 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.6 SE1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 Thelong-termunemploymentrateisthenumberofpersonsunemployedfor12monthsorlongerasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed).Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werenotemployedduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS),whichcoverstheresidentpopulationinprivatehouseholds.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurvey methodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 8) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.39: Youth unemployment rate - % labour force aged 15-24 

85 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU24.1 22.4 20.7 18.5 16.7 15.6 17.5 16.6 14.5 14.5 EA24.5 23.1 21.5 19.4 17.5 16.3 18.1 16.9 14.6 14.5 BE23.4 22.5 20.3 19.4b16.0 14.5 15.9 18.2 16.4 16.1 BG26.9 24.7 20.4 16.1 15.9 12.1b17.5 15.8 10.6 12.1 CZ15.9 12.6 10.5 7.9 6.7 5.6 8.0 8.2 6.8 8.3 DK14.2 12.2 12.2b12.4b10.5 10.1 11.7 10.8 10.6 11.5bDE8.3 7.7 7.5 7.2 6.6 6.2 8.0b7.0 6.0 5.9 EE14.9 14.3 14.0 12.1 12.0 11.6 18.3 16.7 18.6 17.3 IE23.4 20.2 16.8 14.4 13.8 12.5 15.8 14.6b10.1 10.7 EL53.0 50.3 48.2 44.5 41.2 37.5 38.0 35.5 31.4 26.7 ES53.2 48.3 44.4 38.6 34.3 32.5 38.3 35.0b29.7d28.7dFR25.7 26.1 26.0 23.5 22.0 20.7 21.5 18.9d17.3d17.2dHR45.5 42.3 31.3 27.4 23.7 16.7b20.6 21.5 17.7 18.9 IT42.7 40.3 37.7 34.6 32.2b29.2 29.8 29.7 23.7 22.7 CY36.0 32.8 29.1 24.7 20.2 16.6 18.2 17.1 18.6 16.6bLV19.6 16.3 17.5 17.0 12.2 12.7 14.9 14.8 15.3 12.3 LT19.3 16.3 14.5 13.3 11.1 11.9 19.6 14.3 11.9 13.8 LU22.6 17.3b18.9 15.4 14.2 17.0 23.2 16.9 17.6 18.8 HU20.1 17.1 12.7 10.5 9.9 11.2 12.5 13.5 10.6 12.8 MT11.7 11.6 10.7 10.6 9.4 10.1 11.5 9.9 9.0 9.2 NL13.8 12.5 12.1 10.4 8.9 8.5 10.6 9.3 7.6 8.2 AT11.0 11.3 12.0 10.5 10.0 9.1 11.7 11.0 9.5 10.4 PL24.1 21.0 17.8 14.9 11.8 9.7b10.8 11.9 10.8 11.4 PT34.7 31.8 27.8 23.8 20.2 18.4 22.4 23.4 19.2 20.5 RO30.0 27.3 25.9 23.0 20.5 21.0 21.6 21.0 22.8 21.8 SI20.5 16.4 15.3 11.3 8.9 8.1 14.3 12.8 10.1 9.9 SK31.0 27.7 23.4 20.0 15.8 17.1 20.4 20.6 19.9 19.8 FI20.5 22.5 20.5 20.0 17.3 17.7 21.0 17.1 14.2 16.2 SE22.2 19.7 18.2 17.1 16.8 19.3 23.6 24.7 21.7 22.1 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurvey methodology for BE; for DK, Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 8) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: EurostatTheyouthunemploymentrateisthepercentageoftheunemployedintheage15to24yearsoldcomparedtothetotallabourforce(bothemployedandunemployed)intheagegroup.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonswhofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werenotemployedduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweekspreceding the reference week; or have already found a job to start within the next three months. The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which covers the resident population in private households. 
 
 
 
Table 3.40: Employment rate - % total population aged Y20-64 

86 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU67.6 68.5 69.6 70.9 71.9 72.7 71.7 73.0 74.6 75.3 EA67.8 68.7 69.7 70.7 71.7 72.4 71.1 72.4 74.0 74.7 BE67.3 67.2 67.7 68.5b69.7 70.5 69.7 70.6 71.9 72.1 BG64.4 66.5 67.0 70.6 71.7 74.3b72.7 73.3 75.9 76.2 CZ73.5 74.8 76.7 78.5 79.9 80.3 79.7 80.0 81.3 81.7 DK74.7 75.4 76.0b76.6b77.5 78.3 77.8 79.0 80.1 79.8bDE76.7 76.9 77.6 78.2 78.9 79.6 78.2b79.4 80.6 81.1 EE75.0 76.7 77.0 79.2 79.7 80.5 79.1 79.3 81.9 82.1 IE68.1 69.8 71.3 72.9 74.0 75.0 72.1 74.9b78.2 79.1 EL53.1 54.8 55.9 57.4 59.0 60.8 58.3 62.6 66.3 67.4 ES59.9 62.0 63.9 65.5 67.0 68.0 65.7 67.5b69.3d70.5dFR70.0 70.3 70.7 71.3 72.0 72.3 72.1 73.2d74.0d74.4dHR59.2 60.6 61.4 63.6 65.2 66.4b66.9 68.6 70.2 70.8 IT59.5 60.2 61.4 62.3 63.0b63.5 61.9 62.7 64.8 66.3 CY67.6 67.9 68.7 70.8 73.9 75.7 74.9 75.9 77.9 79.5bLV70.6 72.5 73.0 74.6 76.8 77.3 76.9 75.3 77.0 77.5 LT71.8 73.3 75.2 76.0 77.8 78.2 76.7 77.4 79.0 78.5 LU72.1 70.9b70.7 71.5 72.1 72.8 72.1 74.1 74.8 74.8 HU68.7 70.9 73.7 75.4 76.7 77.6 77.5 78.8 80.2 80.7 MT67.9 69.0 71.1 73.0 74.9 75.6 76.0 77.8 80.1 81.3 NL76.3 77.2 77.9 78.9 80.0 81.0 80.8 81.7 82.9 83.5 AT74.2 74.3 74.8 75.4 76.2 76.8 74.8 75.6 77.3 77.2 PL64.9 66.3 68.2 70.0 71.4 72.6b72.8 75.5 76.7 77.9 PT66.1 67.9 69.5 72.5 74.6 75.4 73.9 75.5 77.1 78.0 RO58.0 59.2 60.3 62.7 63.9 65.1 65.2 67.1 68.5 68.7 SI67.3 68.6 69.5 72.9 74.9 75.9 74.8 76.1 77.9 77.5 SK67.8 69.6 71.8 73.2 74.5 75.6 74.6 74.6 76.7 77.5 FI72.2 71.8 72.4 73.2 75.3 76.2 75.5 76.8 78.4 78.2 SE79.6 80.1 80.8 81.4 82.0 81.7 80.2 80.4 82.0 82.6 The employment rate of the total population is calculated by dividing the number of person aged 20 to 64 in employment by the total population of the same age group. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforCY,extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejobonceCOVID-19healthmeasuresallowit.3)2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIE,ES.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforGermanyin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(startingwith2016).8)2015:b=changeinsamplingstrategyanddata collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.41: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-29 

87 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU16.0 15.5 14.8 14.0 13.3 12.8 13.9 13.1 11.7 11.2 EA15.8 15.3 14.7 14.0 13.4 12.8 14.0 13.0 11.7 11.3 BE13.3 13.6 12.2 11.8b11.4 11.2 11.3 10.1b9.2 9.6 BG24.0 22.2 22.4 18.9 18.2 16.7b18.2 17.4 14.8 13.8 CZ12.1 11.8 11.1 10.0 9.5 9.8 11.0 10.9 11.4 10.1 DK8.0 8.5 8.4b9.8b9.6 9.6 10.2 8.4 7.9 8.6bDE9.8 9.6 10.0 9.6 9.0 8.6 9.6b9.5 8.8 8.8 EE13.2 12.4 13.3 10.5 11.5 9.7 11.1 11.2 10.6 9.6 IE17.8 16.5 14.5 12.8 11.6 11.4 14.1 9.7b8.6 8.5 EL26.3 23.8 21.9 21.0 19.2 17.5 18.5 17.2 15.3 15.9 ES20.7 19.4 18.1 16.4 15.3 14.9 17.3 14.2b12.7d12.3dFR13.4 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.4 13.4 12.8d12.0d12.3dHR21.8 19.9 19.5 17.9 15.6 14.3b14.5 14.9 13.1 11.8 IT26.3 25.8 24.4 24.2 23.5b22.3 23.5 23.1 19.0 16.1 CY19.5 18.5 18.0 17.6 14.9 14.1 15.3 15.4 14.7 13.9bLV15.2 13.8 13.3 12.3 11.6 10.2 11.9 12.1 11.3 10.0 LT12.9 11.8 10.7 10.2 9.3 10.9 13.0 12.7 10.7 13.5 LU6.5 7.6b6.8 6.6 7.5 6.5 7.7 8.8 6.8 8.5 HU14.7 13.1 12.0 11.2 10.6 11.0 12.3 11.7 10.8 10.9 MT11.6 11.8 9.4 8.8 7.4 8.5 9.7 10.5 7.6 7.6 NL8.2 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.9 4.2 4.7 AT9.7 9.0 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.6 9.9 9.4 9.1 9.4 PL15.7 14.9 14.0 13.0 12.2 11.4b12.5 13.2 10.7 9.1 PT14.6 13.1 12.7 10.6 9.5 9.1 11.0 9.7 8.5 8.9 RO24.8 25.8 24.3 22.1 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.3 19.8 19.3 SI11.0 10.5 9.3 7.9 7.5 7.5 7.9 7.3 8.4 7.8 SK17.5 16.4 15.1 15.1 13.8 13.7 14.4 14.2 12.3 11.2 FI11.2 11.8 11.2 10.4 9.6 9.1 9.8 9.2 9.3 9.2 SE7.5 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.5 5.9 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.7 Theindicatoryoungpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining(NEET)providesinformationonyoungpeoplewhomeetthefollowingtwoconditions:(a)theyarenotemployedand(b)theyhavenotreceivedanyeducationortraininginthefourweeksprecedingthesurvey.ForthepurposesoftheMIPScoreboardtheagegroup15-24isconsidered.Theindicatorisexpressedasapercentageofthetotalpopulationinthesameagegroup.The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. 1)2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023forDK;forCY,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)2022-2023forESand2021-2023forFR:d=haveassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.3)2021:b=changesinthenationalquestionnaireregardingthevariablesontheparticipationineducationandtrainingforBE;forIEandES,censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.4)2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEin2020arenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincludingadditionaldatafromotherintegratedhouseholdsurveys.5)2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforBG,HRandPL.6)2018:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcountsforIT.7)2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodologyforBE;forDK,LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI (starting with 2016). 8) 2015: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.42: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population 

88 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EUna24.0 23.7 22.4 21.7 21.1 21.5b21.7 21.6 21.3 EAna23.0 22.8 21.8 21.4 20.7 21.5b21.9 21.8 21.6 BEna21.6 22.2 22.0 20.5 20.0b20.3 18.8 18.7 18.6 BGna43.3 41.0b38.0 33.0 33.2 33.5 31.7 32.2 30.0 CZna13.0 12.4 12.1 11.8 12.1 11.5 10.7 11.8 12.0 DKna18.6 17.5 17.8 17.5 17.3 16.8b17.3 17.1 17.9 DEna20.0 19.8 18.8 18.5 17.3 20.4b21.0 21.1 21.3 EEna23.6 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.7 22.8 22.2 25.2 24.2 IEna25.4 23.8 22.4 20.8 20.2b19.1b19.6 19.6 19.2 ELna32.4 32.6 32.2 30.3 29.0 27.4 28.3 26.3 26.1 ESna28.7 28.8 27.5 27.3 26.2 27.0 27.8 26.0 26.5 FRna18.4 18.7 17.8 17.9 18.8 19.0b19.0 20.7b20.4 HRna24.4 23.5 23.7 22.1 20.8 20.5 20.9 19.9 20.7bITna28.4 27.8 25.9 25.7 24.6 24.9 25.2 24.4 22.8 CYna22.8 22.6 21.4 19.1 18.6 17.6 17.3 16.7 16.7 LVna30.0 28.2 28.5 28.4 26.7 25.1 26.1 26.0 25.6 LTna29.4 30.0 29.8 28.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 24.6 24.3 LUna18.4 19.1b19.3 20.1 20.1 19.9b21.1b19.4b21.4 HUna30.6 28.6 25.9 20.6 20.0 19.4 19.4 18.4 19.7 MTna22.2 20.2 19.4 19.2 20.7 19.9 20.3 20.1 19.8 NLna16.4 16.3b16.6 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.6 16.5 15.8 ATna16.9 17.2 17.1 16.8 16.5 16.7 17.3 17.5 17.7 PLna22.5 20.6 18.7 18.2 17.9 17.0 16.8 15.9 16.3 PTna26.4 24.9 23.4 21.6 21.1 20.0 22.4 20.1 20.1 ROna44.5 46.0 42.5 38.7 36.1 35.6 34.4 34.4 32.0 SIna17.7 16.9 16.6 15.4 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.3 13.7 SKna17.3 17.1 15.8 15.2 14.8 13.8 15.6 16.5 17.6 FIna16.9 16.5 16.0 16.6 14.5b14.9 14.2 16.3b15.8 SEna18.2 17.7 17.2 17.7 18.4 17.7 17.2 18.6 18.4 Flags:b:Break in series. 1)2023:b=forHR,administrativesourcesusedforpartofincomedata:employeecashornearcashincome,wagesandsalaries,socialbenefits,oldage,survivor’sanddisabilitypensions.2)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds;forFI,disruptionoftheregisters’useforthedefinitionofpersonspermanentlydisableor/andunabletowork.3)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.4)2020:b=methodologicalrevisionsonincomevariablesforDK;forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.5)2019:b=forBE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFI,duetochangesinthequestionnaire.6)2016:b=forBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize:thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime;forLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimation,imputationandadjustment.BettercoverageofcertainsegmentsoftheresidentpopulationbyuseofLuxembourg'sNationalPopulationRegister;forNL,introduction of CAWI, oversampling of lower income groups, use of register information for housing costs, changes in fieldwork period, weighting, calculation of imputed rent.Source: EurostatPeopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusioncorrespondstothesumofpersonswhoareatriskofpovertyorseverelymateriallydeprivedorlivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensity.Personsareonlycountedonce,evenwhentheyarepresentinmorethanoneofthethreesub-indicators.Atrisk-of-povertyarepersonswithanequaliseddisposableincomebelowtherisk-of-povertythreshold,whichissetat60%ofthenationalmedianequaliseddisposableincome(aftersocialtransfers).Severelymateriallydeprivedarepersonshavinglivingconditionsseverelyconstrainedbyalackofresources,theyexperienceatleastsevenoutofthirteendeprivationitems.Personslivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensityarethoseaged0-64livinginhouseholdswheretheadults(aged18-64)workedaworkingtimeequalorlessthan20%oftheirtotalcombinedwork-timepotentialduringthepastyear.Studentsaged18-24,peoplewhoareretiredorwhoreceiveanypension(exceptsurvivor’spension),peopleaged60-64whoareinactiveandlivinginahouseholdwherethemainincomeispensions,areexcluded.Thedatasourceis EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC). 
 
 
 
Table 3.43: People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population 

89 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EU17.3 17.4 17.5 16.9 16.8 16.5 16.7b16.8 16.5 16.2 EA17.2 17.3 17.4 17.1 17.0 16.4 16.8b17.0 16.8 16.4 BE15.5 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.4 14.8b14.1 12.7 13.2 12.3 BG21.8 22.0 22.9b23.4 22.0 22.6 23.8 22.1 22.9 20.6 CZ9.7 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.6 10.1 9.5 8.6 10.2 9.8 DK12.1 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.7 12.5 12.1b12.3 12.4 11.8 DE16.7 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.0 14.8 16.1b16.0 14.8 14.4 EE21.8 21.6 21.7 21.0 21.9 21.7 20.7 20.6 22.8 22.5 IE16.8 16.2 16.8 15.6 14.9 13.4b12.8b12.8 13.4 12.0 EL22.1 21.4 21.2 20.2 18.5 17.9 17.7 19.6 18.8 18.9 ES22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.5 20.7 21.0 21.7 20.4 20.2 FR13.3 13.6 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 14.2b14.3 15.6b15.4 HR19.4 20.0 19.5 20.0 19.3 18.3 18.3 19.2 18.0 19.3bIT19.4 19.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.1 18.9 CY14.4 16.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 14.7 14.3 13.8 13.9 13.9 LV21.2 22.5 21.8 22.1 23.3 22.9 21.6 23.4 22.5 22.5 LT19.1 22.2 21.9 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 20.0 20.9 20.6 LU16.4 15.3 15.8b16.4 16.7 17.5 17.4b18.1b17.3b18.8 HU15.0 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.8 12.3 12.3 12.6 12.1 13.1 MT15.8 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 16.9 16.9 16.7 16.6 NL11.6 11.6 12.7b13.2 13.3 13.2 13.4 14.4 14.5 13.0 AT14.1 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.3 13.3 13.9 14.7 14.8 14.9 PL17.0 17.6 17.3 15.0 14.8 15.4 14.8 14.8 13.7 14.0 PT19.5 19.5 19.0 18.3 17.3 17.2 16.2 18.4 16.4 17.0 RO25.1 25.4 25.3 23.6 23.5 23.8 23.4 22.5 21.2 21.1 SI14.5 14.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.0 12.4 11.7 12.1 12.7 SK12.6 12.3 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.4 12.3 13.7 14.3 FI12.8 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.0 11.6 12.2 10.8 12.7 12.2 SE15.6 16.3 16.2 15.8 16.4 17.1 16.1 15.7 16.0 16.1 1)2023:b=forHR,administrativesourcesusedforpartofincomedata:employeecashornearcashincome,wagesandsalaries,socialbenefits,oldage,survivor’sanddisabilitypensions.2)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.3)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.4)2020:b=methodologicalrevisionsonincomevariablesforDK;forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.5)2019:b=forBE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata.6)2016:b=forBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize:thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime;forLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimationandimputation,adjustment,bettercoverageofcertainsegmentsoftheresidentpopulationbyuseofLuxembourg'sNationalPopulationRegister;forNL,introductionofCAWI,oversamplingoflowerincomegroups,useofregisterinformationforhousingcosts,changesinfieldworkperiod,weighting,calculationof imputed rent.Source: EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. Theindicatormeasurespersonswithanequaliseddisposableincomebelowtherisk-of-povertythreshold,whichissetat60%ofthenationalmedianequaliseddisposableincome(aftersocialtransfers)asa%oftotalpopulation.The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). 
 
 
 
Table 3.44: Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population 

90 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EUna9.7 9.0 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.8 EAna7.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.4 BEna7.2 8.4 7.2 6.5 6.3 6.7 6.3 5.8 6.1 BGna36.8 33.5 30.0 22.3 22.1 22.1 19.1 18.7 18.0 CZna4.5 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.7 DKna3.2 2.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.2 4.9 DEna5.7 4.7 3.7 3.4 3.0 4.4b4.3 6.2 6.9 EEna3.5 2.2 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.9 3.3 2.5 IEna9.4 8.0 6.9 6.1 6.5b6.1b4.8 5.3 6.0 ELna17.6 18.4 18.3 16.1 15.8 14.9 13.9 13.9 13.5 ESna7.4 8.5 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.5 8.3 7.7 9.0 FRna6.8 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.3 6.4b5.5 7.0b6.6 HRna8.4 7.3 7.1 6.1 4.6 4.4 3.5 4.0 2.8 ITna12.1 10.1 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.9 4.5 4.7 CYna7.9 6.6 6.1 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 LVna15.4 12.6 12.9 10.4 7.5 7.0 5.3 7.8 6.2 LTna14.6 15.4 14.4 12.0 9.7 8.1 6.4 6.0 6.1 LUna2.5 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.7b2.4b2.0b2.5 HUna24.1 20.6 16.1 11.9 10.9 10.7 10.2 9.1 10.4 MTna8.2 5.2 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.4 4.9 4.1 NLna3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 ATna2.9 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.0 1.8 2.3 3.7 PLna7.8 5.4 5.3 4.5 3.5 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.0 PTna10.9 9.1 8.0 6.6 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.3 4.9 ROna34.0 35.9 32.4 28.3 24.5 25.3 23.1 24.3 19.8 SIna4.8 4.1 4.5 3.2 2.2 2.6 1.8 1.4 2.0 SKna8.4 7.6 6.3 5.4 5.9 4.5 5.7 6.3 7.0 FIna1.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.9 2.8 SEna1.1 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.4 2.3 2.5 Severelymateriallydeprivedpersonshavelivingconditionsseverelyconstrainedbyalackofresources,suchthattheyexperienceanenforcedlackofatleast7outof13deprivationitems:i)capacitytofaceunexpectedexpenses,ii)capacitytoaffordpayingforoneweekannualholidayawayfromhome,iii)capacitytobeingconfrontedwithpaymentarrears(onmortgageorrentalpayments,utilitybills,hirepurchaseinstalmentsorotherloanpayments),iv)capacitytoaffordamealwithmeat,chicken,fishorvegetarianequivalenteverysecondday,v)abilitytokeephomeadequately,vi)haveaccesstoacar/vanforpersonaluse,vii)replacingworn-outfurniture,viii)havinginternetconnection,ix)replacingworn-outclothesbysomenewones,x)havingtwopairsofproperlyfittingshoes(includingapairofall-weathershoes),xi)spendingasmallamountofmoneyeachweekonhim/herself,xii)havingregularleisure activities, or xiii) getting together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month. The data source is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC).Flags:b:Break in series. 1)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.2)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.3)2020:b=forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredintheduration of the panel for poverty longitudinal indicators (from 9 to 4 years); for LU, change from CAPI to CATI mode of data collection. 4) 2019: b= for IE, due to increased use of administrative data.Source: Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.45: People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64  

91 

2014201520162017201820192020202120222023EUna10.1 10.0 9.1 8.5 8.0 8.3 9.0 8.3 8.0 EAna10.9 10.8 9.9 9.1 8.7 9.1 10.0 9.1 8.8 BEna15.0 15.2 14.5 13.1 12.8 12.3 11.9 11.5 10.5 BGna11.5 11.5 11.1 9.0 9.2 8.4 8.4 8.6 7.0 CZna6.8 6.7 5.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 5.4 4.5 5.1 DKna11.9 11.1 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 9.7 8.8 9.8 DEna9.5 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.6 8.3b9.5 9.8 9.9 EEna6.2 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 5.7 5.9 IEna18.8 17.8 16.1 13.2 12.9b11.4b12.4 9.6 9.1 ELna15.3 15.7 14.3 13.6 12.7 11.8 12.1 9.5 8.3 ESna15.4 14.9 12.8 10.8 10.9 10.0 11.6 8.7 8.4 FRna8.3 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.1 9.7b10.8 9.9b9.2 HRna12.3 11.1 10.6 9.3 7.5 7.2 7.5 6.3 5.5 ITna11.2 12.1 10.8 10.7 9.6 10.2 10.8 9.8 8.9 CYna10.4 10.1 8.7 8.1 6.6 5.3 5.8 4.1 4.4 LVna7.7 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 6.6 7.2 7.0 LTna9.1 10.2 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.2 8.1 8.3 8.0 LUna5.4 6.5 6.5 7.8 6.9 7.1b5.5b3.5b3.9 HUna8.8 7.7 6.3 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.4 6.2 4.9 MTna9.2 6.8 6.6 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.3 3.8 3.6 NLna10.0 9.5 9.4 8.4 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.2 ATna6.3 7.0 7.2 6.4 6.6 6.1 7.4 5.7 5.7 PLna6.9 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.0 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 PTna10.2 8.5 7.7 6.9 6.2 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.3 ROna6.2 6.4 5.4 6.0 4.5 4.7 3.5 4.2 5.2 SIna5.8 6.0 5.2 4.4 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.8 SKna7.0 6.4 5.3 5.2 6.3 4.3 4.9 3.8 4.6 FIna11.5 12.1 11.4 11.1 8.1b8.3 8.6 10.1b8.7 SEna7.8 7.8 8.2 8.3 8.3 7.9 8.8 8.1 8.0 Flags:b:Break in series. 1)2022:b=forFR,inclusionoffouroverseasdepartments(FrenchGuiana,Réunion,MartiniqueandGuadeloupe)intheSILCexercise;forLU,introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds;forFI,disruptionoftheregisters'useforthedefinitionofpersonspermanentlydisableor/andunabletowork.2)2021:b=forLU,IntroductionofaCAWIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.3)2020:b=forDE,majorsubstantiveandmethodologicalchanges;forIE,duetoincreaseduseofadministrativedata;forFR,changeoccurredinthedurationofthepanelforpovertylongitudinalindicators(from9to4years);forLU,changefromCAPItoCATI mode of data collection. 4) 2019: for IE, due to increased use of administrative data; for FI, due to changes in the questionnaire.Source: EurostatPeoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensityarepeopleaged0-64livinginhouseholdswheretheadults(aged18-64)workedlessthan20%oftheirtotalworkpotentialduringthepastyear.Students,thosewhoareretired or who receive any pension (except survivors pension) are excluded. Data are expressed  in % of population aged 0-64. The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC). 
 
 
Chapter 4: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Headline indicators  
Table 4.1: The MIP scoreboard for European Union 

92 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-22.5e-22.6e-17.4e-16.9e-12.7e-9.4e-6.5e-2.0e0.1e0.9eReal effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-2.3 -5.2 -6.4 -4.2 9.7 3.6 4.0 0.3 -1.1 3.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%2.5 3.2 1.9 0.2 0.8 -0.2 4.0 2.5 -2.6 -4.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)3.5 1.2 0.8 1.6 3.4 4.5 7.3 5.7 7.7 10.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %86.9 85.0 84.0 81.5 79.5 77.4 89.5 86.7 82.5 80.8 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%59.7 58.5 58.0 57.4 56.9 56.8 60.7 58.2 54.7 51.8pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%81.9 82.9 82.5 80.4 79.2 79.0 86.4 83.3 78.4 73.5pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.4 1.7 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.1 4.5 3.6 0.7pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%0.0 1.3 3.5 2.1 1.8 2.1 8.5 3.6 4.9 1.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%0.7 2.3 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.9 5.6 8.4 7.8 -0.3 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %11.0 10.2 9.3 8.3 7.4 6.8 7.2 7.1 6.2 6.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.8 1.3 2.6 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).European UnionExternal imbalances and competitiveness Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.2: The MIP scoreboard for Euro Area 

93 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%na2.4 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-21.8 -21.9 -16.9 -16.4 -12.3 -9.2 -5.6 -0.7 1.8 2.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-0.9 -3.4 -4.3 -3.3 8.5 3.3 3.7 0.1 -1.2 1.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%nana2.9 2.3 2.4 0.9 0.6 -0.9 -5.1 -4.3 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)4.0 2.0 1.4 1.6 3.3 4.5 7.5 5.6 7.2 10.0 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %92.9 91.0 89.9 87.5 85.5 83.6 96.5 93.8 89.5 87.4 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%59.7 58.4 57.9 57.4 57.0 57.1 61.1 58.7 56.0 52.9pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%82.9 84.0 83.7 81.6 80.8 80.5 88.8 85.4 80.3 75.1pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.1 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.0 4.4 3.8 0.6pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-0.4 1.1 3.5 1.7 1.2 1.6 9.0 3.3 4.4 1.2  House price index, nominal1 year % change9%0.3 1.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.4 5.3 7.9 7.1 -1.2 Unemployment rate 3 year change in pp10 %11.7 11.0 10.1 9.1 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.8 6.8 6.6 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 -0.5 0.3 1.0 2.5 Euro AreaExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional.  Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.3: The MIP scoreboard for Belgium 

94 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5 -0.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%44.6 45.4 54.7 56.2 34.4 47.2 51.9 67.7 57.0 51.5 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-0.5 -1.6 -0.3 1.1 7.1 2.8 2.4 0.6 1.7 0.0 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-3.4 -7.8 -4.4 -2.5 6.0 0.4 3.5 8.9 3.4 -6.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)5.0 1.0 -0.6 1.6 3.6 4.5 4.1 5.1 9.2 15.8pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %106.5 105.6 105.4 102.5 100.0 97.5 111.2 108.4 102.6 103.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%57.2 58.1 58.5 59.1 59.2 60.4 64.9 62.6 59.1 57.1pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%102.9 116.0 135.7 127.2 121.3 119.8 121.3 115.1 103.7 96.4pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%5.0 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.8 6.4 3.9 5.2 5.2 2.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-11.0 9.1 11.2 -3.1 -2.7 4.6 2.6 0.0 0.8 3.2 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-0.3 1.8 2.3 3.5 3.0 3.7 4.3 6.7 5.5 2.3 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.7 8.7 7.9 7.2b6.0 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.0 0.7 0.1 0.2b0.9 1.4 0.4b1.1 1.4 2.1 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2017: b = change in the survey methodology. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2020: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).BelgiumInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.4: The MIP scoreboard for Bulgaria 

95 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.8 1.1 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.3 -1.1 -0.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-72.0 -61.5 -47.5 -43.6 -37.6 -30.8 -23.4 -15.6 -10.2 -6.8 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-2.8 -4.3 -4.7 -3.2 4.2 4.8 6.8 3.7 5.6 8.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%4.5 3.2 3.2 8.3 13.7 9.0 3.6 9.7 17.3 15.4 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)19.2 17.3 11.2 15.9 20.8 18.8 17.8 14.0 24.1 26.9 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %27.0 25.9 29.1 25.1 22.1 20.1 24.4 23.8 22.5 22.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%25.1 23.2 22.6 22.6 23.0 23.1 24.2 23.7 22.4 23.5 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%100.1 85.5 81.3 76.2 72.2 68.1 66.9 59.4 50.7 48.3 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.9 -0.4 5.6 9.6 9.8 10.5 6.6 14.1 15.1 16.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%0.3 -3.5 3.0 1.6 4.4 4.0 0.3 5.7 6.4 8.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%1.4 2.8b7.0 8.7 6.6 6.0 4.6 8.7 13.8b9.9 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %12.4 10.1 8.6 7.2 6.2 5.2b6.1 5.2 4.2 4.3 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp3.1b2.2 0.4 2.3 2.2 5.0b1.4 0.9 0.1b1.3 External imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹Bulgaria1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: b = break in time series in 2015 due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology and in 2022 due to new data source. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2019: b = census revision of the population counts. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2022 and 2014: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series.  Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.5: The MIP scoreboard for Czechia 

96 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-0.6 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.0 -1.7 -2.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-36.0 -32.7 -26.9 -24.7 -24.2 -19.5 -16.0 -14.9 -20.2 -13.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-10.0 -8.2 -3.7 5.6 11.1 8.8 5.5 5.0 13.6 24.2 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%0.2 -0.1 4.0 2.9 7.2 2.7 1.3 -2.2 -4.3 0.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.9 0.8 4.3 7.0 14.2 14.3 18.1 14.8 17.0 17.2 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %41.5 39.5 36.2 33.8 31.7 29.6 36.9 40.7 42.5 42.4 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%30.0 30.0 30.8 31.1 31.4 31.0 33.2 33.9 31.9 31.0 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%52.4 47.9 48.8 48.2 50.6 46.3 46.8 46.5 44.6 41.8 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.8 6.5 7.8 8.3 6.9 6.5 6.2 9.5 5.0 4.9 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-0.4 -4.4 5.6 10.6 12.7 -1.7 -5.6 7.5 13.3 0.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%2.5 4.0 7.2 11.7 8.6 9.2 8.4 19.7 16.9 -1.7 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.1 5.1 4.0 2.9 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.6 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp3.0b2.4 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Employment indicators¹Czechia Internal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate, 2014: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.6: The MIP scoreboard for Denmark 

97 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%7.3 7.9 7.8 7.5 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.8 9.2 10.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%43.4 27.9 46.4 49.5 58.4 69.9 60.0 65.7 51.1 51.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.1 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 2.7 -0.2 0.9 -1.1 -1.3 -1.0 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-1.6 -2.3 -4.3 -3.2 1.6 3.4 10.0 8.7 13.6 2.5 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.1 2.5 1.8 0.9 0.9 2.3 5.6 2.9 7.0 5.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %48.7 44.6 41.7 40.2 38.5 38.3 46.3 40.5 34.1 33.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%122.7 118.7 116.9 113.8 112.3 110.8 111.8 101.5 84.5 88.3 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%107.7 109.8 110.8 107.3 107.7 114.7 108.7 104.4 102.8 108.6 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.3 1.2 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 2.7 1.4 0.4 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%4.4 3.5 3.8 0.2 2.1 5.3 5.1 3.2 9.5 4.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.8 7.0 4.6 5.0 4.5 2.2 4.3 11.7 4.8 -4.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.9 6.3 6.0b5.8b5.1 5.0 5.6 5.1 4.5 5.1bLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp-1.2 -0.3 0.9b1.3b1.3 1.6b1.1b1.4 1.3 1.8bFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Denmark Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹External imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2023: b = extension of of the data collection period from two weeks to four weeks since Q4 2023. 2016-2017: b = data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2019-2020: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.7: The MIP scoreboard for Germany 

98 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%7.0 7.3 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.1 7.5 7.0 5.9 5.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%28.7 34.1 38.8 44.0 52.5 58.5 64.2 69.8 69.7 70.8 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-0.3 -1.4 -2.0 -1.7 5.4 2.1 2.4 0.5 -0.5 1.9 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-1.4 -0.8 0.1 -2.0 0.1 -3.0 -0.2 -1.7 -7.6 -7.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.2 5.8 4.6 4.4 5.6 7.6 9.7 6.1p7.4p11.0pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %74.5 71.2 68.3 64.0 60.8 58.7 68.0 68.1 65.0 62.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%53.2 52.6 52.3 51.9 51.6 52.5 56.0 55.3p53.6p51.0pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%52.1 52.1 53.4 53.7 55.0 57.9 63.7 63.6p62.6p59.6pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.3 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.1 0.7 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-0.6 2.5 6.5 1.5 6.1 8.5 6.5 6.5 10.1 2.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.2 4.8 7.4 6.1 6.6 5.8 7.7 11.6 5.1 -8.5 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %4.7 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.0 3.7b3.7 3.2 3.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.5b0.4 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.3b1.0 1.3 2.4bGermanyExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Internal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2020: b = due to technical issues with the introduction of the new German system of integrated household surveys, including the LFS, the figures for DE in 2020 are not direct estimates from LFS micro-data, but based on a larger sample including additional data from other integrated household surveys. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2023 and 2014: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Employment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.8: The MIP scoreboard for Estonia 

99 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-0.5 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.0 -1.4 -3.3 -3.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-46.3 -39.9 -39.0 -32.7 -29.4 -22.1 -19.9 -15.1 -21.4 -21.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)4.7 5.8 4.4 3.3 7.7 5.9 4.9 1.9 8.5 15.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.0 -6.8 -5.9 -4.7 8.5 5.6 9.6 19.2 18.0 7.7 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)13.1 13.5 12.6 12.4 15.4 16.7 17.5 12.3 20.2 32.5 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %11.6 10.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 9.0 19.1 18.4 19.1 20.2 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%38.3 39.0 39.2 38.5 37.7 37.5 39.9 38.0 36.4 36.8 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%76.8 72.3 70.4 65.5 61.5 58.8 60.0 57.9 56.1 54.5 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%2.6 5.3 6.8 7.4 6.7 7.8 4.2 7.3 11.2 6.3 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%6.7 0.9 6.8 3.0 2.0 -0.5 1.7 8.5 7.8 3.8 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%13.7 6.9 4.7 5.5 5.9 7.0 6.0 15.0 22.2 5.9 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %7.3 6.4 6.8 5.8 5.4 4.5 6.9 6.2 5.6 6.4 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.7 1.4 2.1 3.3 2.3 1.3 0.4 -0.2 2.0 2.0 EstoniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.Employment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.9: The MIP scoreboard for Ireland 

100 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.4 3.5 2.3 2.0 1.4 -5.1 -7.8 -5.2 4.6 9.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-171.9 -197.4 -174.0 -169.6 -182.3 -188.8 -158.9 -120.9 -110.3 -101.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-3.5 -6.2 -6.8 -5.9 2.6 -1.3 -1.3 -2.6 -4.5 -1.2 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%18.0 69.9 59.6 48.5 10.1 15.5 40.5 33.0 16.6 -9.2 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-4.5 -19.6 -15.5 -14.1 -0.7 -3.3 -8.3 -11.4 -12.1 11.9 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %101.3 74.0 72.6 65.2 61.5 55.9 57.0 52.6 43.1 43.3 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%82.5 59.2 55.0 54.2 48.2 41.4 34.3 29.9 27.5 28.9 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%208.0 255.7 244.9 213.8 197.8 173.2 152.7 130.8 118.1 109.7 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-7.4 0.5 -4.7 -5.8 -1.5 -0.1 -4.4 3.3 0.5 3.7 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-11.5 -0.5 -14.7 -14.7 -46.0 -96.1 -1340.5 1.7 28.6 39.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%16.5 11.5 7.5 10.9 10.2 2.3 0.3 8.3 12.3 3.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %11.9 9.9 8.4 6.7 5.8 5.0 5.9 6.2b4.5 4.3 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 -1.8 1.8b3.6 6.7 Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. IrelandExternal imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow consolidated, 2020: The value is not reliable, as the stocks are negative due to different composition of the financial instruments between financial accounts and balance of payments statistics. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2021: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.10: The MIP scoreboard for Greece 

101 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-1.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 -3.6 -4.9 -7.8 -7.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-133.9 -136.9 -139.2 -143.0 -147.8 -152.6 -171.6 -170.1 -143.4 -139.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-5.6 -5.6 -4.0 -2.8 3.8 0.5 0.2 -3.2 -2.6 -1.2 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%0.4 -5.8 -9.8 -6.7 10.8 15.1 -12.7 -1.8 7.2 32.1 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-6.7 -12.3 -7.4 -5.2 -2.6 -2.5 4.6 4.2 3.4p-1.8pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %182.7 179.6 183.1 182.1 189.0 183.2 209.4 197.3 177.0 163.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%65.0 63.2 61.3 58.2 58.5 55.4 58.9 54.8 45.0p40.9pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%68.7 67.0 66.1 62.3 60.3 54.3 65.3 65.6 54.6p52.4pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-3.2 -3.4 -2.9 -2.2 -1.9 -2.4 -3.1 -1.9 -2.1 -1.0 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-1.6 -1.5 -0.5 -0.2 0.9 0.6 12.6 2.2 6.1 4.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-7.5e-5.1e-2.4e-1.0e1.8e7.2e4.5e7.6e11.9e13.8epUnemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %26.6 25.0 23.9 21.8 19.7 17.9 17.6 14.7 12.5 11.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.2 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 -2.9 -0.8 0.9 4.2 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).GreeceExternal imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.11: The MIP scoreboard for Spain 

102 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.3 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.6 1.3 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-95.2 -87.7 -84.3 -84.4 -78.0 -72.0 -83.7 -69.4 -57.7 -51.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.0 -3.1 -4.2 -2.4 4.3 1.8 0.9 -0.5 -0.8 -0.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.4 0.6 0.9 2.4 5.1 -0.6 -12.1 -9.5 -3.7 14.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-2.8 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5 1.2 6.3 12.8 13.0 10.3p10.0pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %104.4 102.5 102.0 101.2 99.8 97.7 119.3 115.7 109.5 105.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%73.1 67.6 64.1 60.9 58.6 56.5 62.1 57.2 51.5p46.1pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%97.1 89.3 86.2 82.6 77.1 75.6 89.9 84.4 73.2p65.9pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-3.6 -2.3 -1.7 -0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.6 1.1 0.7 -1.9 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-6.0 -2.3 2.3 2.7 -4.1 2.7 8.3 2.2 -2.9 -3.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%0.3 3.6 4.6 6.2 6.7 5.2 2.2 3.7 7.4 4.0 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %24.5 22.1 19.6 17.2 15.3 14.1 15.5 14.9b13.0d12.2dLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.3 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.4 -1.7 0.0b0.2d2.3dFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. Internal imbalancesSpainExternal imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.  2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2022-2023: d = ES has assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job. 2021: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Employment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.12: The MIP scoreboard for France 

103 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 -0.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-18.7 -18.7 -19.0 -25.6 -23.3 -28.2 -32.3 -33.5 -24.8 -28.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.3 -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 4.6 1.7 2.6 -0.5 -3.8 -1.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.5 -0.2 -2.6 -3.6 -0.7 -1.8 -6.6 -6.0 -6.0 2.1 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)4.5 2.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 0.8 4.3 3.9 9.7p9.5pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %96.1 96.9 98.1 98.7 98.5 98.1 114.8 112.7 111.2 109.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%56.5 56.9 58.1 59.4 60.9 62.3 68.2 66.4 65.8p62.6pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%84.7 85.2 86.0 86.4 88.4 91.1 105.6 100.2 95.9p91.9pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%1.9 3.1 4.4 5.2 5.3 6.0 4.6 5.6 5.0 1.3pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%4.2 3.7 6.1 5.3 6.1 5.1 13.4 1.3 4.7 3.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-1.5 -1.3 1.0 3.2 2.9 3.3 5.2 6.3 6.3 -0.4 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %10.3 10.3 10.1 9.4 9.0 8.4 8.0 7.9d7.3d7.3dLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.4 0.2d1.0d1.9dFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. FranceExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate: d = FR has assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.13: The MIP scoreboard for Croatia 

104 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-0.7 0.8 1.9 2.9 2.5 2.6 1.0 0.8 -1.1 -0.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-91.8 -81.0 -74.6 -67.1 -59.6 -51.0 -50.8 -39.5 -33.9 -26.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-0.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 4.3 1.6 0.5 -1.5 -0.8 4.3 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%18.8 30.7 12.8 13.2 13.2 9.4 -11.1 2.5 9.4 36.6 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-5.4 -5.0 -4.2 -2.8 1.2 2.3b11.6b2.2b10.9 17.1pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %83.2 82.8 79.3 76.2 72.8 70.9 86.5 78.2 68.5 61.8 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%40.5 38.7 35.7 34.7 34.5 35.1 38.7 34.9 31.7 30.1pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%75.6 72.4 68.2 62.5 58.7 54.5 58.5 52.2 47.9 42.8pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-0.3 -2.1 0.7 4.2 6.1 7.3 1.7 4.6 5.7 9.5 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-2.4 0.2 -0.2 -1.7 1.5 -10.0 -0.6 0.5 8.6 7.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-1.6 -2.9 0.9 3.8 6.1 9.0 7.7 7.3 14.8 11.9 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %17.3 16.2 13.1 11.2 8.5 6.6b7.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.0 3.0 1.9 0.3 -0.6 0.8b0.8 2.7 3.7b2.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Nominal unit labour cost index, 2020-2021: b = the flag is inherited from the corresponding break in 2019 as part of the three-year change calculation. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2019: b = census revision of the population counts. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2022: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).CroatiaExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹ Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.14: The MIP scoreboard for Italy  

105 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.9 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 1.4 0.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-20.9 -19.4 -12.1 -8.9 -6.4 -3.1 -0.2 6.3 4.2 7.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.2 -2.4 -3.3 -2.9 3.5 0.3 0.5 -1.8 -1.9 0.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-3.8 -4.6 -3.4 -2.8 1.7 -1.9 -4.9 -3.9 -3.9 3.1 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.8 1.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 2.9 5.0 3.5 3.0 5.0 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %134.8 134.7 134.2 133.7 134.1 133.8 154.3 145.7 138.3 134.8 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%42.3 41.6 41.1 40.8 40.8 41.1 44.8 42.1 40.0 37.2 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%75.7 72.7 69.5 67.3 65.7 63.6 72.0 67.2 62.1 58.1 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-0.8 0.0 1.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 1.1 3.7 3.4 -0.5 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-0.3 -1.7 -1.1 0.8 0.5 -3.0 5.9 3.1 -0.5 -1.9 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-4.7 -3.8 0.3 -1.1 -0.6 -0.1 1.9 2.5 3.8 1.3 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %12.9 12.0 11.7 11.3 10.6b9.9 9.3 9.5 8.1 7.7 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.9 0.8 1.9 1.7 1.8b0.9 -1.8 -1.1b-0.2 3.2 Italy1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2018: b = census revision of the population counts. 3) Labour force participation rate, 2021: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.15: The MIP scoreboard for Cyprus 

106 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-3.1 -1.9 -2.7 -3.1 -4.3 -4.8 -6.4 -6.9 -6.8 -6.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-163.9 -152.8 -133.4 -136.6 -124.9 -113.2 -123.8 -105.7 -95.1 -92.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.6 -6.1 -7.3 -6.2 2.1 -0.2 -0.4 -2.4 -3.1 0.3 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-1.5 5.1 8.9 12.5 16.3 14.1 23.9 31.6 30.0 17.4 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-6.5 -10.7 -9.6 -5.2 -0.7 6.8 9.3 3.8 3.3 3.7pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %112.7 111.6 106.9 96.5 100.7 92.3 113.6 96.5 81.0 73.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%132.6 128.1 117.8 106.1 96.6 86.6 89.1 79.7 69.4 64.3pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%215.3 213.6 206.1 201.6 189.5 182.7 181.1 163.5 138.5 130.2pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-1.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.7 2.9 0.4 3.7 3.6 -2.2 1.0 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%0.1 1.4 2.3 9.6 2.4 -3.5 1.3 1.5 -2.8 0.4 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-1.8 -1.5b0.3 2.2 1.8 3.7 -0.2 -3.4 2.7 2.9 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %16.1 15.0 13.0 11.1 8.4 7.1 7.6 7.5 6.8 5.8bLabour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.8 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 1.1 2.6 1.9 1.7 2.2 4.2b1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index, 2015: b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2023: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).CyprusExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.16: The MIP scoreboard for Latvia 

107 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-2.7 -1.5 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.8 -0.4 -2.2 -4.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-65.9 -61.7 -55.8 -53.0 -47.0 -41.4 -35.0 -27.9 -28.2 -26.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.2 2.5 4.8 2.0 5.1 3.8 5.8 2.3 5.3 10.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%10.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 8.8 5.1 14.5 10.1 15.9 -1.7 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)12.1 16.9 14.7 14.0 13.2 16.0b17.4b11.2b16.2 25.8 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %43.1 38.3 41.7 40.3 38.3 37.9 44.0 45.9 44.4 45.0 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%27.3 27.0 24.9 23.6 21.2 20.5 20.7 20.3 19.2 18.6 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%58.0 55.8 56.7 55.1 49.4 47.3 45.3 39.9 37.2 35.8 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-5.0 -2.4 -3.6 2.0 1.6 2.4 0.3 8.7 6.1 5.2 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%26.0 -0.3 -2.7 7.8 -4.4 1.9 -4.3 -4.6 7.7 1.8 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%6.0 -3.4 8.5 8.8 9.6 9.0 3.5 10.9 13.8 3.7 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %10.9 9.9 9.7 8.7 7.4 6.3 8.1 7.6 6.9 6.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.8 1.4 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.1 1.1 -1.8 -0.5 -1.4 Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Nominal unit labour cost index, 2020-2021: b = the flag is inherited from the corresponding break in 2019 as part of the three-year change calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).LatviaExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.17: The MIP scoreboard for Lithuania 

108 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.2 0.9 0.0 -0.8 0.1 1.7 3.8 4.1 0.9 -1.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-47.2 -43.9 -43.1 -37.6 -30.1 -23.5 -18.2 -9.9 -12.0 -4.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)1.5 4.1 5.3 3.0 6.7 3.9 6.7 4.4 9.4 12.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%5.0 -11.4 -14.3 1.8 19.9 24.1 22.0 21.0 18.6 6.6 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.0 10.1 13.2 14.6 14.4 15.0 15.2 17.5 27.2 37.3 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %40.7 42.4 39.8 39.1 33.3 35.6 45.9 43.3 38.1 37.3 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%21.6 22.2 22.8 22.4 22.4 22.8 24.0 23.3 21.8 21.2 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%34.3 34.3 35.3 35.1 34.4 33.2 31.2 31.1 29.5 29.9 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%2.0 7.0 7.3 7.4 8.8 8.6 7.6 10.5 11.5 6.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%2.9 3.6 9.4 9.8 10.5 1.7 -8.3 16.5 20.0 12.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%6.4 3.7 5.4 8.9 7.3 6.8 7.3 16.1 19.0 9.8 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %10.7 9.1 7.9 7.1 6.2 6.3 8.5 7.1 6.0 6.9 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.3 2.3 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.LithuaniaExternal imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.18: The MIP scoreboard for Luxembourg 

109 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%4.3 4.5 5.7 6.5 7.4 7.8 8.8 9.7 9.1 7.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%74.1 70.7 62.7 70.7 48.7 52.0 36.9 53.6 45.8 33.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.6 -0.6 -1.4 -0.9 3.4 2.1 1.4 0.7 -0.6 -1.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%18.0 19.7 11.5 3.8 0.8 3.7 20.9 22.6 -2.2 -14.4 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6.1 5.8 2.7 5.9 9.0 13.1 11.5 7.3 13.0 20.9 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %21.9 21.1 19.6 21.8 20.9 22.3 24.5 24.4 24.6 25.5 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%58.5 59.0 60.5 62.5 65.7 67.1 68.8 66.6 66.8 67.9 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%233.6 239.4 219.2 227.7 228.0 239.3 268.6 263.1 267.0 273.1 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%8.4 5.3 6.4 7.1 8.6 6.1 6.0 8.5 7.5 1.0 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%81.5 25.8 -2.1 -0.9 -11.5 -11.1 13.0 -10.8 3.1 -25.7 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%4.4 5.4 6.0 5.6 7.1 10.1 14.5 13.9 9.6 -9.1 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %5.9 6.7b6.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.8 5.3 4.6 5.2 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.9 1.5b0.1 -0.6 0.2b2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.9 Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2015: b = change in the sampling strategy and data collection technique. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2018: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).LuxembourgExternal imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.19: The MIP scoreboard for Hungary 

110 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.6 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.1 0.5 -0.4 -1.8 -4.5 -3.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-75.2 -62.9 -53.7 -50.7 -45.9 -42.9 -50.6 -49.7 -44.6 -36.8 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-7.0 -7.3 -5.2 0.2 2.1 0.5 -5.0 -4.1 -7.9 10.2 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-4.5 3.3 3.4 2.0 3.8 2.6 3.8 -0.8 -3.1 1.2 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)4.7 0.2 4.6 8.7 11.0 12.1 14.1 14.1 24.6 35.4pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %76.5 75.7 74.6 72.0 68.8 65.0 78.7 76.2 73.8 73.4 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%25.9 21.4 20.3 18.8 17.7 18.4 20.7 20.9 18.6 16.9pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%65.5 62.4 56.3 51.2 50.9 48.8 55.9 61.6 63.0 55.5pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-3.9 -13.7 0.8 2.3 5.2 14.9 14.8 15.2 6.0 3.4 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-3.4 -3.3 3.6 4.6 8.1 15.0 18.4 21.8 15.1 8.0 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%4.2 13.1 13.4 12.2 14.3 17.0 4.9 16.5 22.3 7.1pUnemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %7.5 6.6 5.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 4.1 4.1 3.6 4.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp4.3 4.8 5.4 4.3 3.6 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Hungary Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.20: The MIP scoreboard for Malta 

111 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.7 2.8 2.5 7.0 10.6 16.7 15.8 14.4 8.2 5.0 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%40.9 35.3 46.4 71.2 75.5 101.2 114.6 104.8 99.9 92.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.1 -2.7 -2.8 -2.2 4.6 1.7 1.9 -1.2 -3.2 -0.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.8 12.6 13.3 3.0 -0.1 8.7 32.2 6.5 -9.7 -10.7 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)1.4 1.1 4.9 1.0 8.3 9.1 21.3 7.7 7.7 0.4 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %60.7 55.0 53.1 45.6 41.4 39.2 48.7 49.6 49.4 47.4 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%53.6 49.6 48.8 50.7 50.9 54.0 57.9 53.4 52.3 49.1 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%83.6 78.7 81.4 75.3 67.0 74.0 79.1 73.1 69.6 69.6 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.2 3.1 5.1 9.6 9.0 12.1 5.4 7.1 6.8 6.8 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%7.6 -7.7 12.2 2.9 -1.2 14.0 5.6 12.1 7.5 18.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%2.6 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.8 6.1 3.4 5.1 6.7 6.2pUnemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %5.7 5.4 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp6.0 4.9 4.3 4.4 5.3 4.2 3.8 3.0 4.5 4.7 MaltaEmployment indicators¹External imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Internal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.21: The MIP scoreboard for Netherlands 

112 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%8.3 7.4 7.0 6.8 8.1 8.0 7.1 7.5 7.4 8.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%24.6 27.9 39.2 39.3 50.5 68.1 87.9 70.9 53.4 52.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)0.8 -0.8 -2.2 -1.6 3.3 2.4 3.7 2.3 3.1 2.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%1.5 1.0 -2.1 0.2 5.0 4.8 8.2 3.2 3.7 -2.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)3.6 -0.3 0.2 0.8 4.5 6.5 13.2 8.6 8.2p9.2pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %67.2 63.8 60.8 55.9 51.5 47.6 53.3 50.4 48.3 45.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%119.5 117.9 116.8 114.7 111.9 108.4 113.4 107.9 100.5 94.5pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%154.3 151.6 149.8 143.6 140.8 133.6 140.3 138.7 129.3 114.3pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-0.3 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.0 3.9 3.8 1.1pNFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%1.5 -3.0 6.3 0.9 0.2 -1.6 2.3 7.2 7.1 -1.4 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%0.8 3.5 5.3 8.1 9.3 7.2 8.0 14.5 13.3 -1.9 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.4 7.9 7.0 5.9 4.9 4.4 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.9 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 2.1 Internal imbalancesNetherlandsFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. External imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Employment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.22: The MIP scoreboard for Austria 

113 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.9 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.4 0.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%2.3 2.8 2.9 3.7 5.4 13.3 11.5 14.4 16.1 16.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)1.9 1.4 1.0 0.4 4.9 2.2 3.1 1.2 0.0 1.8 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-2.3 -3.2 -2.7 -3.0 5.2 1.9 2.7 -1.9 -3.8 -1.4 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6.9 5.9 4.8 4.2 5.1 5.6 11.9 8.8 8.9 10.3 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %85.2 85.6 83.4 79.1 74.6 71.0 83.2 82.4 78.4 78.6 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%51.6 51.3 51.0 50.2 49.5 49.4 52.8 51.6 48.3 45.0 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%75.1 74.2 73.1 72.4 73.4 72.3 78.0 78.8 74.1 71.4 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%0.9 1.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 3.2 2.8 4.3 3.0 -1.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%0.2 3.3 2.5 2.5 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.7 5.1 1.3 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%3.8 5.6 6.7 5.1 6.0 6.0 7.6 11.4 11.6 -2.9 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %6.0 6.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.0 6.2 4.8 5.1 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.9 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.7 -0.4 0.1 0.5 1.8 Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).AustriaInternal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.23: The MIP scoreboard for Poland 

114 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-3.0 -2.1 -1.7 -1.2 -1.4 -1.1 0.1 0.3 -0.4 -0.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-69.0 -60.9 -60.0 -60.7 -55.0 -49.2 -44.5 -40.6 -34.6 -32.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.2 -1.5 -5.1 -3.3 0.2 2.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.2 9.2 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%6.6 7.7 7.4 11.1 16.0 14.5 19.9 15.9 12.3 7.7 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)3.1 0.5 2.3 3.8 6.1 7.1b12.6b12.4b17.3 23.9pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %51.1 51.1 54.1 50.4 48.2 45.2 56.6 53.0 48.8 49.7 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%35.8 35.8 36.5 34.8 34.6 34.0 34.3 31.9 26.2 23.7 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%42.6 43.0 44.8 41.5 40.7 38.6 39.8 37.4 35.3 32.2 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%4.5 4.0 4.4 5.0 6.1 5.9 1.6 4.6 -3.4 -0.2 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%7.5 9.2 5.7 5.8 2.7 3.6 1.3 3.1 7.2 4.0 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%1.0 1.5 1.9 3.9 6.6 8.7 10.5 9.2 11.8 8.8 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.2 7.7 6.3 5.0 3.9 3.3b3.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp2.5 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3b1.5 3.5 3.5b4.3 Employment indicators¹Poland Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Nominal unit labour cost index, 2020-2021: b = the flag is inherited from the corresponding break in 2019 as part of the three-year change calculation. 3) Unemployment rate and labour force participation rate, 2019: b = census revision of the population counts. 4) Labour force participation rate, 2022: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.24: The MIP scoreboard for Portugal 

115 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%0.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 -0.2 -1.1 -0.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-124.4 -119.7 -111.0 -110.7 -106.4 -99.5 -103.1 -93.0 -83.1 -72.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.7 -3.0 -1.8 -0.6 3.3 -0.2 -0.2 -2.8 -2.9 -1.4 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.8 3.9 -0.5 3.5 9.2 7.0 -7.2 -8.1 -1.6 16.2 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-3.4 0.4 -0.4 2.4 5.3 7.8 14.5 11.9 11.5 11.0eGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %132.5 131.0 131.2 126.0 121.1 116.1 134.1 123.9 111.2 97.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%80.9 76.0 71.6 68.4 65.4 62.9 68.3 66.0 60.4 55.0eNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%103.9 102.7 97.9 92.5 87.7 84.0 92.3 87.9 78.6 70.8eHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-3.6 -2.2 -1.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.7 3.7 3.2 0.1 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-3.4 5.1 -1.0 -3.2 -0.6 0.3 5.2 2.8 1.2 -0.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%4.2 3.1 7.1 9.2 10.3 10.0 8.8 9.4 12.6 8.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %14.6 13.0 11.5 9.2 7.2 6.6 7.1 6.7 6.2 6.5 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.2 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.1 -0.2 0.4 1.4 4.0 PortugalExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.25: The MIP scoreboard for Romania 

116 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-2.0 -0.7 -0.9 -1.8 -3.1 -4.2 -4.8 -5.7 -7.1 -7.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-57.0 -54.7 -50.0 -47.8 -43.4 -43.3 -47.5 -46.9 -41.2 -39.5 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-1.1 2.6 -2.5 -5.5 -0.7 0.3 3.4 1.1 2.5 6.7 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%16.0 20.1 11.0 9.3 16.2 9.4 7.5 5.1 4.6 6.8 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)9.7 4.1 12.3 18.0 29.0 23.7 21.0 15.9 19.5 27.5pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60 %39.1 37.7 37.8 35.3 34.4 35.0 46.6 48.3 47.9 48.9 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%18.0 17.4 17.0 16.3 15.7 15.3 16.0 15.7 14.1 12.5pNFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%44.1 40.8 37.7 35.1 31.5 31.1 32.0 32.0 30.0 28.2pHousehold (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-1.6 4.9 4.2 7.8 8.5 7.6 3.6 8.9 4.6 2.8 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-7.0 -3.0 -3.6 -0.5 2.0 1.6 7.8 11.4 12.9 9.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-2.1 2.9 6.0 6.0 5.6 3.4 4.7 4.4 7.2 3.3 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.6 8.4 7.2 6.1 5.3 4.9 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.7 2.3 2.3 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.3 3.2 3.5 2.7 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional.  Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessRomania 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.26: The MIP scoreboard for Slovenia 

117 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%3.4 4.3 4.9 5.4 6.2 6.6 6.9 6.0 3.4 2.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-38.7 -31.5 -29.1 -24.4 -19.1 -16.4 -15.8 -7.7 -1.6 2.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)1.2 0.3 -0.6 -1.8 2.0 1.1 1.7 -0.4 -1.4 1.1 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-0.4 2.0 4.4 8.3 17.1 11.6 6.8 3.1 0.9 0.2 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)0.5 -0.6 1.7 3.2 6.0 7.7 14.5 12.0 14.0 15.2 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %81.1 83.4 79.4 74.9 71.0 66.0 80.2 74.8 72.7 68.4 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%28.5 27.8 27.5 27.3 27.1 26.9 27.9 26.4 25.9 23.9 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%63.7 56.0 50.8 47.2 44.1 40.7 40.8 39.2 39.4 34.7 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%-0.9 0.8 3.9 6.3 6.4 5.7 1.0 5.7 7.6 3.9 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-6.8 -8.9 -3.2 -2.2 -2.5 -3.0 -2.8 1.1 11.1 -2.1 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-6.6 0.8 3.3 8.3 8.7 6.7 4.6 11.5 14.8 7.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %9.7 9.0 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.0 3.7 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.7 1.4 1.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.4 Internal imbalancesExternal imbalances and competitivenessSloveniaEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.27: The MIP scoreboard for Slovakia 

118 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%1.9 0.9 -0.6 -1.8 -1.6 -2.3 -1.9 -2.9 -5.0 -5.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-62.9 -63.5 -66.3 -67.9 -69.1 -65.6 -64.1 -59.5 -63.2 -54.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)1.2 -1.2 -1.6 -1.8 2.5 2.6 5.2 3.1 3.8 7.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%3.9 -2.3 -1.9 0.6 7.4 -0.6 3.9 -1.0 -3.9 -3.1 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)2.5 1.9 3.6 7.9 11.7 14.8 14.0 10.1 12.2 17.8 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %53.4 51.6 52.1 51.4 49.3 48.0 58.4 60.2 57.7 56.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%32.3 34.2 38.1 40.7 42.2 43.4 46.1 46.2 47.0 44.0 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%46.4 45.7 49.5 48.8 48.2 48.3 47.8 44.8 46.3 41.4 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%12.1 11.2 13.1 11.3 10.0 8.2 5.9 8.4 9.6 4.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%6.2 1.3 6.1 -5.7 2.4 5.5 5.4 3.4 9.3 2.5 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%1.4 5.3 6.7 5.9 7.4 9.1 9.5 6.4 13.7 -0.2 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %13.1 11.5 9.6 8.1 6.5 5.7 6.7 6.8 6.1 5.8 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.6b1.6 2.1 1.9 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 1.4 2.0 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. SlovakiaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate, 2014: b = the flag is referring to a break in its t-3 counterpart as part of the three-year difference calculation.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.28: The MIP scoreboard for Finland 

119 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%-1.8 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.4 0.2 -0.5 -0.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-3.3 4.7 5.4 1.2 -5.0 -0.8 -3.5 2.3 0.2 12.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)2.6 2.1 0.5 -2.3 3.0 0.2 2.3 -0.7 -3.3 -1.9 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-10.8 -13.1 -12.0 -2.1 8.6 9.6 4.1 0.4 -3.0 -6.0 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.1 3.2 0.7 -3.5 -1.7 1.1 5.1 6.2 9.0 14.0 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %64.8 68.8 68.6 66.6 65.4 65.3 75.4 73.2 74.0 77.1 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%62.8 63.6 64.6 64.8 65.6 66.2 69.5 68.5 66.0 63.9 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%86.7 89.4 84.7 83.9 79.3 80.7 84.2 82.7 79.8 76.3 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%2.6 3.6 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.8 4.4 3.9 3.0 -0.4 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%-5.7 -2.9 2.0 4.7 5.4 3.7 8.4 0.0 -3.2 2.6 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%-0.4 0.0b1.3 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.8 4.6 1.2 -5.7 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.7 9.4 8.9 8.7 7.5 6.8 7.7 7.7 6.8 7.2 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp0.6 0.4 0.6 1.2 2.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.6 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. FinlandExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index, 2015: b = break in time series due to new calculation method for new dwellings (apartments).Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.29: The MIP scoreboard for Sweden 

120 

Thresholds2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average  -4%/+6%4.4 3.4 2.6 2.2 2.1 3.2 4.5 6.0 5.9 6.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-3.4 -5.0 -1.6 -0.8 8.2 13.9 7.4 21.2 33.6 36.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±3% (EA) ±10% (Non-EA)-3.6 -8.2 -9.0 -5.4 -3.8 -8.3 -4.7 2.0 -1.4 -7.5 Export performance against advanced economies3 year % change-3%-7.2 -6.0 -4.5 -4.6 -3.1 -1.3 5.4 8.7 -0.6 -2.9 Nominal unit labour cost index(per hour worked)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.7 2.8 3.1 4.4 8.6 7.7 7.9 3.9 7.2 11.3 General government gross debt% of GDP60 %45.7 44.5 42.8 41.6 39.8 35.7 40.1 36.7 33.6 31.5 Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated % of GDP55%82.7 83.0 85.9 88.0 88.8 88.8 94.0 92.2 89.1 84.6 NFC debt, consolidated % of GDP85%111.7 109.7 108.4 113.8 108.4 110.6 117.7 121.2 121.4 117.2 Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1 14%5.7 7.1 6.9 6.6 5.4 5.2 5.7 6.9 3.9 0.6 NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated% debt stock t-1, excl. FDI13%4.7 4.0 3.8 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.4 6.5 7.2 0.8 House price index, nominal1 year % change9%9.4 13.1 8.2 6.6 -0.9 2.5 4.2 10.1 3.6 -5.3 Unemployment rate % labour force Y15-7410 %8.0 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.9 8.5 8.9 7.5 7.7 Labour force participation rate3 year change in pps (% pop Y15-64)-0.2 pp1.6 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 -0.1 0.1 0.7 1.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).SwedenExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹ Internal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 5: Tables by Member State and Aggregates - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP 
scoreboard   
Table 5.1: Auxiliary indicators for European Union 

121 

   European Union2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -41.3e-40.9e-36.8e-27.4e-26.0e-24.1e-25.7e-26.2e-19.7e-19.6eCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.3 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.7 0.7 1.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.7 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9 -4.0 -2.3 Real GDP per capita (EUR)27190.0 27770.0 28250.0 28990.0 29540.0 30040.0 28390.0b30200.0 31060.0 31030.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.6 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.9 22.0 21.9 21.8 22.1 22.0    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1e2.1 2.1e2.2 2.2e2.2e2.3e2.3e2.3ena   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)1.3 6.5 6.6 2.2 -1.0 -2.2 2.5 -1.2 -7.5 -5.0 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.7 1.4 0.4 1.7 0.7 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.5 -0.5 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.7 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for European Union 

122 

European Union2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI80.2 79.6 79.0 78.8 78.3 78.1 79.3 78.4 75.0 70.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.7e6.8e5.2e4.0e3.1e2.6e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 18.9e14.9e15.6e16.3e16.4e16.6e17.2e17.1e16.9e17.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 3.4e4.3e3.4e5.6e5.9e5.2e2.2e6.6e6.9e9.0pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 93.4 93.5 95.1 96.6 98.5 99.8 104.0 106.8 107.9 100.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  344.0 371.4 421.8 455.7 472.5 472.3 448.2b520.3 481.6 372.9 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 5.4 4.9 4.3 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.1 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  24.1 22.4 20.7 18.5 16.7 15.6 17.5 16.6 14.5 14.5 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.6 68.5 69.6 70.9 71.9 72.7 71.7 73.0 74.6 75.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 16.0 15.5 14.8 14.0 13.3 12.8 13.9 13.1 11.7 11.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na24.0 23.7 22.4 21.7 21.1 21.5b21.7 21.6 21.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 17.3 17.4 17.5 16.9 16.8 16.5 16.7b16.8 16.5 16.2 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na9.7 9.0 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.8 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na10.1 10.0 9.1 8.5 8.0 8.3 9.0 8.3 8.0 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.2: Auxiliary indicators for Euro Area 

123 

    Euro Area2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -37.6 -35.9 -33.7 -30.9 -29.4 -28.5 -30.7 -32.5 -25.1 -24.3 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.4 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 3.0 1.1 2.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.7 -1.9 -1.4 -1.7 -2.1 -1.9 -1.2 -2.0 -4.3 -2.4 Real GDP per capita (EUR)30560.0 31120.0 31590.0 32340.0 32830.0 33280.0 31220.0 33180.0 34190.0 34110.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.3 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.7 21.9 21.8 21.7 22.0 21.9    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1e2.1 2.1e2.2 2.2e2.3 2.3e2.3 2.3ena   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)nana7.7 4.2 0.9 -1.0 0.0 -3.6 -9.0 -5.0 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.8 1.2 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.6 2.1 0.2 0.0 -0.9 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Flags:e:Estimated. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Euro Area 

124 

Euro Area2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI79.3 78.3 77.8 77.8 77.3 77.4 78.6 77.9 75.6 71.0 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 8.1e7.2e6.3e4.7e3.6e3.1e2.5e2.0e1.8e1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.6e14.6e15.0e15.8e15.8e16.1e17.0e16.9e16.8e17.3pReturn on equity of banks   % 3.1e4.5e3.4e5.6e5.7e5.1e1.9e6.3e6.8e8.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 94.0 93.6 95.2 96.8 98.5 99.8 104.2 106.9 107.6 100.0 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  342.4 359.8 404.0 428.3 442.4 440.6 410.8 465.5 440.2 346.6 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 5.9 5.4 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.4 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  24.5 23.1 21.5 19.4 17.5 16.3 18.1 16.9 14.6 14.5 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.8 68.7 69.7 70.7 71.7 72.4 71.1 72.4 74.0 74.7 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 15.8 15.3 14.7 14.0 13.4 12.8 14.0 13.0 11.7 11.3 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na23.0 22.8 21.8 21.4 20.7 21.5b21.9 21.8 21.6 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.1 17.0 16.4 16.8b17.0 16.8 16.4 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na7.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.4 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na10.9 10.8 9.9 9.1 8.7 9.1 10.0 9.1 8.8 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.3: Auxiliary indicators for Belgium 

125 

Belgium2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 51.5 51.9 52.4 44.9 34.5 37.2 37.3 40.0 29.5 31.3 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.6 1.4 0.7 0.8 -0.8 0.3 0.8 2.0 -1.2 -0.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.8 -2.7 -2.2 -2.5 -3.4 -2.5 -1.6 -3.0 -4.1 -3.0pReal GDP per capita (EUR)36530.0 36860.0 37110.0 37510.0 38040.0 38760.0 36740.0 38860.0 40180.0 40370.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.8 23.2 23.5 23.5 23.8 24.2 24.0 23.9 23.9 24.4p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4e3.3p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-4.6 -5.4 -0.5 -0.9 5.2 -1.1 3.0 6.5 -0.1 -6.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.6 1.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.9 3.7 -1.8 -0.2 0.3pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.7 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 -0.2 0.0 1.0 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Belgium 

126 

Belgium2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI76.8 79.0 79.6 80.3 80.7 82.5 84.2 83.5 80.5 76.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 4.3e3.8e3.2e2.7e2.3e2.1e2.1e1.6e1.5e1.6pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 15.3e16.0e16.2e16.9e16.5e16.6e18.2e18.8e18.5e17.9pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.8e10.3e8.9e8.8e8.2e8.6e5.9e9.9e9.9e11.4pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 104.7 105.8 105.7 106.1 106.1 106.2 109.3 110.5 107.8 102.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  900.2 777.0 785.4 730.5 855.0 779.9p759.2p844.1p738.9p670.3pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.1b2.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  23.4 22.5 20.3 19.4b16.0 14.5 15.9 18.2 16.4 16.1 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.3 67.2 67.7 68.5b69.7 70.5 69.7 70.6 71.9 72.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.3 13.6 12.2 11.8b11.4 11.2 11.3 10.1b9.2 9.6 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na21.6 22.2 22.0 20.5 20.0b20.3 18.8 18.7 18.6 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 15.5 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.4 14.8b14.1 12.7 13.2 12.3 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na7.2 8.4 7.2 6.5 6.3 6.7 6.3 5.8 6.1 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na15.0 15.2 14.5 13.1 12.8 12.3 11.9 11.5 10.5 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2017:b=changeinthesurveymethodology.2)Youngpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining,2021:b=changesinthenationalquestionnaireregardingthevariablesontheparticipationineducationandtraining. 3) People at risk of poverty or social exclusion & people at risk of poverty after social transfers, 2019: b = major substantive and methodological changes.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.4: Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria 

127 

Bulgaria2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 10.8 21.4 30.1 32.3 35.9 39.8 47.1 46.6 44.0 46.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)4.3 3.1 5.2 4.2 1.7 3.1 1.9 -0.4 -1.7 2.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.6 -3.8 -2.4 -3.0 -3.4 -3.0 -2.0 -3.4 -4.4 -2.2 Real GDP per capita (EUR)6260.0 6560.0 6840.0 7130.0 7410.0 7800.0 7620.0 8270.0 8660.0 8850.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.1 20.9 18.4 18.3 18.8 18.7 19.0 16.3 17.0 18.7    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)3.2 5.9 7.3 10.0 12.8 7.4 3.1 7.3 13.3 15.0 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.6 3.0 2.6 1.0 2.6 5.2 0.9 6.9 3.1 -1.6 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-2.4 -1.7 -1.8 -1.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 -0.1 3.7 4.0 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria 

128 

Bulgaria2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI35.9 34.2 34.0 34.1 nanananananaGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 16.0e14.5e12.8e10.2e7.7e6.5e5.9e4.8e3.7e2.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 19.6e19.9e20.3e20.6e19.7e18.8e22.4e22.3e20.9e20.9pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.2e8.0e11.3e10.2e11.8e11.2e4.9e8.8e11.2e16.3pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 78.7d74.9bd73.4d71.1d67.5d65.0d64.6d62.1d61.2bd58.3dBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  289.8 332.2 352.5 473.3 666.1 622.7 572.5 720.7 873.9 833.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 7.4 6.1 5.0 3.9 3.6 2.9b2.7 2.6 2.2 2.3 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  26.9 24.7 20.4 16.1 15.9 12.1b17.5 15.8 10.6 12.1 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 64.4 66.5 67.0 70.6 71.7 74.3b72.7 73.3 75.9 76.2 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 24.0 22.2 22.4 18.9 18.2 16.7b18.2 17.4 14.8 13.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na43.3 41.0b38.0 33.0 33.2 33.5 31.7 32.2 30.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 21.8 22.0 22.9b23.4 22.0 22.6 23.8 22.1 22.9 20.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na36.8 33.5 30.0 22.3 22.1 22.1 19.1 18.7 18.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na11.5 11.5 11.1 9.0 9.2 8.4 8.4 8.6 7.0 1)Household(incl.NPISH)debt,2018-2023:Grossadjusteddisposableincomedatawerenotavailableon31October2024.2)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio:d=duetomissingadjustedgrossdisposableincome,compensationofemployeesusedinstead.2022:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewdatasource.2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodology.3)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.4)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtranfers,2016:b=increaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize.Thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariable for the first time. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.5: Auxiliary indicators for Czechia 

129 

Czechia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 18.9 20.2 27.3 26.0 27.5 29.6 36.4 34.8 25.7 28.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.9 2.6 2.8 2.4 0.9 0.8 2.9 -0.4 -4.1 1.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.9 -2.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 -1.5 -2.4 -4.5 -2.7 Real GDP per capita (EUR)15470.0 16230.0 16640.0 17490.0 17960.0 18570.0 17670.0 18380.0 18450.0 18230.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)24.7 25.7 24.3 23.7 24.8 25.8 25.5 26.2 27.7 27.3    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-1.1 2.5 8.2 4.6 6.4 1.1 0.8 -4.3 -7.6 0.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.1 4.8 0.2 3.6 1.2 3.7 3.3 0.1 -1.5 -0.8 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 2.4 2.1 8.1 4.4 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Czechia  

130 

Czechia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI45.8 47.2 48.6 48.6 48.2 47.8 47.9 48.2 45.3 44.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 10.0e10.1e4.0e2.8e2.1e1.7e1.9e1.7e1.4e1.2pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.5e17.1e17.1e17.5e17.8e19.2e21.4e20.6e19.5e19.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 11.4e11.3e11.9e13.0e13.3e13.9e6.7e10.6e14.4e13.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 94.0 94.9 97.8 101.4 102.4 104.5 106.6 116.3 124.5 115.1 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  264.7 279.8 292.0 342.2 347.4 409.5 385.6 469.5 417.3 339.2 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  15.9 12.6 10.5 7.9 6.7 5.6 8.0 8.2 6.8 8.3 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 73.5 74.8 76.7 78.5 79.9 80.3 79.7 80.0 81.3 81.7 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 12.1 11.8 11.1 10.0 9.5 9.8 11.0 10.9 11.4 10.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na13.0 12.4 12.1 11.8 12.1 11.5 10.7 11.8 12.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.6 10.1 9.5 8.6 10.2 9.8 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na4.5 3.5 3.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.7 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na6.8 6.7 5.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 5.4 4.5 5.1 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.6: Auxiliary indicators for Denmark 

131 

Denmark2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 11.4 5.1 9.6 12.8 10.7 22.4 28.2 27.6 31.4 37.1 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)8.2 7.6 7.1 7.3 6.3 7.5 7.2 8.7 11.7 9.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.9 -0.6 Real GDP per capita (EUR)47240.0 47900.0 48970.0 50150.0 50830.0 51500.0 50470.0 53970.0 54310.0 55280.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.3 19.8 21.0 21.2 21.8 21.4 22.2 22.5 22.8 22.6    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0p3.0 2.7p2.9 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-2.8 0.3 -0.5 -1.7 0.8 1.8 9.5 6.3 9.7 2.1 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.5 1.1 1.0 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.7 1.3 -2.1 1.5 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.2 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 0.0 -0.7 0.3 -0.4 Flags:p:Provisional. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Denmark 

132 

Denmark2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI188.9 180.3 176.4 174.1 170.4 168.7 169.9 163.3 140.9 139.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 5.1e3.9e3.3e2.5e2.3e1.9e1.9e1.8e1.5e1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.2e17.6e18.4e19.7e19.7e19.9e20.6e20.3e20.0e21.0pReturn on equity of banks   % 4.7e6.8e9.7e10.8e8.0e8.7e4.5e8.2e3.8e11.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 93.8 97.2 98.4 101.1 102.8 103.0 106.6 114.5 113.4 105.1 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  373.9s501.5s614.4s614.0s754.2s696.2s699.9s761.8s624.7s420.3pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.7 1.6 1.2b1.2b1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5bYouth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  14.2 12.2 12.2b12.4b10.5 10.1 11.7 10.8 10.6 11.5bEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 74.7 75.4 76.0b76.6b77.5 78.3 77.8 79.0 80.1 79.8bYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 8.0 8.5 8.4b9.8b9.6 9.6 10.2 8.4 7.9 8.6bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na18.6 17.5 17.8 17.5 17.3 16.8b17.3 17.1 17.9 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.7 12.5 12.1b12.3 12.4 11.8 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na3.2 2.6 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.2 4.9 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na11.9 11.1 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 9.7 8.8 9.8 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2023:b=extensionofofthedatacollectionperiodfromtwoweekstofourweekssinceQ42023.2016-2017:b=improvementinthedatacollectionandintroductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique.2)People at risk of poverty or social exclusion & people at risk of poverty after social transfers, 2020: b = methodological revisions on income variables.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.7: Auxiliary indicators for Germany 

133 

Germany2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 31.5 34.2 37.5 44.8 46.0 51.2 55.5 54.8 51.6 53.1 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)7.2 8.0 8.9 7.9 8.3 7.7 6.0 6.8 3.9 5.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.8 -1.9 -1.5 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.2 -1.9p-3.4p-2.1pReal GDP per capita (EUR)37480.0 37770.0 38330.0 39220.0 39540.0 39840.0 38180.0 39570.0p39820.0p39380.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.8 19.8 20.0 20.1 20.8 21.2 21.3 21.2p21.7p21.5p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-2.6 1.8 4.1 -0.4 -0.7 -4.5 -0.7 -3.9 -10.8 -8.2 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.0 0.6 1.4 1.9 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.3p0.1p-0.6pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.3 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Germany 

134 

Germany2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI70.8 70.1 69.7 69.7 68.7 69.8 71.4 72.1 69.6 66.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 3.9e3.0e2.6e1.8e1.4e1.2e1.2e1.1e1.1e1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 14.8e15.4e15.6e16.4e16.3e16.1e16.7e16.4e16.6e17.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 2.5e1.7e2.2e2.9e2.4e2.1e2.2e4.0e4.3e5.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 91.6 93.6 98.0 100.9 103.8 106.7 113.3 121.3 118.8 103.3 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  405.4 429.1 479.9 454.8 458.8 472.2 493.9 503.3p452.0p297.8pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1b1.2 1.1 1.0 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  8.3 7.7 7.5 7.2 6.6 6.2 8.0b7.0 6.0 5.9 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 76.7 76.9 77.6 78.2 78.9 79.6 78.2b79.4 80.6 81.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 9.8 9.6 10.0 9.6 9.0 8.6 9.6b9.5 8.8 8.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na20.0 19.8 18.8 18.5 17.3 20.4b21.0 21.1 21.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.0 14.8 16.1b16.0 14.8 14.4 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na5.7 4.7 3.7 3.4 3.0 4.4b4.3 6.2 6.9 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na9.5 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.6 8.3b9.5 9.8 9.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2020:b=duetotechnicalissueswiththeintroductionofthenewGermansystemofintegratedhouseholdsurveys,includingtheLFS,thefiguresforDEarenotdirectestimatesfromLFSmicro-data,butbasedonalargersampleincluding additional data from other integrated household surveys. 2) Income and living conditions indicators, 2020: b = major substantive and methodological changes.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.8: Auxiliary indicators for Estonia 

135 

Estonia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 12.6 16.1 17.4 19.1 23.9 30.1 41.1 40.9 27.6 30.5 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.7 3.5 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.7 -0.7 5.4 -3.5 -0.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.1 -1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.2 -0.5 -0.3 -2.3 -1.8 Real GDP per capita (EUR)15680.0 16000.0 16460.0 17390.0 17990.0 18580.0 17990.0 19260.0 19240.0 18200.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)25.3 24.1 23.9 25.4 26.6 26.6 31.2 28.7 25.8 27.9    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)1.7 -4.4 -2.1 -3.2 7.7 4.0 9.1 16.6 14.0 7.3 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.9 -0.6 2.6 2.8 6.4 3.2 3.3 7.8 -2.9 -6.3 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.5 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.4 -0.7 1.3 6.3 3.8 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Estonia  

136 

Estonia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI60.5 59.5 60.0 60.2 56.9 57.1 57.9 57.2 56.1 54.9 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 3.2e2.2e1.7e1.9e1.3e1.6e1.6e1.1e0.8e1.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 41.3e34.9e33.8e30.1e30.4e25.9e27.2e23.5e21.2e21.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 9.7e6.8e11.1e9.2e9.8e8.3e7.4e9.5e10.9e18.5pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 95.5 95.2 95.2 93.4 88.1 88.6 91.9 97.2 105.2 105.3 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  319.2 403.6 433.2 532.1 477.6 535.9 571.9 609.0 473.0 402.7 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  14.9 14.3 14.0 12.1 12.0 11.6 18.3 16.7 18.6 17.3 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 75.0 76.7 77.0 79.2 79.7 80.5 79.1 79.3 81.9 82.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.2 12.4 13.3 10.5 11.5 9.7 11.1 11.2 10.6 9.6 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na23.6 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.7 22.8 22.2 25.2 24.2 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 21.8 21.6 21.7 21.0 21.9 21.7 20.7 20.6 22.8 22.5 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na3.5 2.2 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.9 3.3 2.5 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na6.2 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 5.7 5.9 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.9: Auxiliary indicators for Ireland 

137 

Ireland2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -337.8 -231.8 -249.0 -256.9 -250.4 -275.6 -285.6 -307.9 -228.4 -279.2 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-1.3 5.7 -2.8 -7.2 -11.2 -30.4 -10.2 12.5 8.6 6.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.6 -1.5 -1.1 -1.1 -1.4 -1.2 -0.7 -1.2 -2.1 -1.8 Real GDP per capita (EUR)47010.0 58040.0 58050.0 62970.0 66760.0 69040.0 73000.0 83910.0 89250.0 82780.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.2 24.3 34.1 32.5 27.9 53.2 41.3 22.0 21.2 23.2    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2bena   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)16.5 74.3 66.0 50.9 9.2 13.7 39.8 30.1 12.6 -9.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)5.8 20.9 -3.8 5.3 3.6 1.8 18.2 8.3 -0.2 -7.1 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.1 0.5 -0.2 -0.8 -0.7 -0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.6 -0.5 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024.Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Ireland   

138 

Ireland2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI146.4 135.7 121.8 125.8 115.8 100.6 82.7 79.8 78.1 72.4 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 21.6e14.9e13.1e9.9e5.5e3.4e3.4e2.4e1.7e1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 20.5e23.2e23.0e23.4e23.4e23.0e23.3e23.3e22.4e21.8pReturn on equity of banks   % 8.5e6.8e6.3e5.0e4.9e3.7e-2.2e4.5e3.3e7.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 80.0 85.7 88.8 93.7 99.9 96.6 92.7 95.8 100.7 95.2 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  294.5 457.9 534.5 659.6 844.5 954.2 929.6 954.5 813.5 864.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 6.6 5.3 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.8b1.3 1.1 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  23.4 20.2 16.8 14.4 13.8 12.5 15.8 14.6b10.1 10.7 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 68.1 69.8 71.3 72.9 74.0 75.0 72.1 74.9b78.2 79.1 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 17.8 16.5 14.5 12.8 11.6 11.4 14.1 9.7b8.6 8.5 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na25.4 23.8 22.4 20.8 20.2b19.1b19.6 19.6 19.2 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.8 16.2 16.8 15.6 14.9 13.4b12.8b12.8 13.4 12.0 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na9.4 8.0 6.9 6.1 6.5b6.1b4.8 5.3 6.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na18.8 17.8 16.1 13.2 12.9b11.4b12.4 9.6 9.1 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2021: b = census revision of the population counts. 2) Income and living conditions indicators, 2019-2020: b = due to increased use of administrative data.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10: Auxiliary indicators for Greece 

139 

Greece2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -130.5 -129.2 -128.4 -128.6 -134.3 -132.2 -153.1 -148.5 -119.0 -110.7 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.7 0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 -4.9 -4.5 -8.7 -5.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.4 -2.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.5 -2.3 -1.8 -3.1 -6.0p-2.8pReal GDP per capita (EUR)16140.0 16210.0 16270.0 16540.0 16920.0 17320.0 15760.0 17220.0 18310.0p18800.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)11.2 11.2 11.4 12.0 11.3 11.0 12.3 13.8 14.9p15.2p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-0.9 -3.3 -6.2 -5.2 9.9 13.3 -13.2 -4.0 3.5 31.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-0.3 3.6 -3.7 1.8 -3.1 2.4 3.0 -3.2 1.7p0.5pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-2.3 -1.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.2 -1.9 -2.5 0.6 0.4 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Greece 

140 

Greece2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI84.5 83.0 80.8 76.7 79.2 71.8 71.4 66.8 58.3 53.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 39.7e46.8e46.3e45.0e41.6e35.5e26.5e8.6e6.2e5.0pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.8e16.3e16.9e17.0e15.3e16.3e15.0e14.0e14.9e16.2pReturn on equity of banks   % -10.6e-24.2e-7.5e-1.3e-0.4e0.7e-7.9e-20.1e12.7e12.0pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 95.3e91.1e89.3e86.8e89.0e88.9e95.9e93.6e98.3e103.3epBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  51.4p49.9p52.9p63.2p85.7p103.5p129.9p203.9p207.0p260.7pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 17.5 16.4 15.4 14.3 12.5 11.3 10.5 9.2 7.7 6.2 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  53.0 50.3 48.2 44.5 41.2 37.5 38.0 35.5 31.4 26.7 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 53.1 54.8 55.9 57.4 59.0 60.8 58.3 62.6 66.3 67.4 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 26.3 23.8 21.9 21.0 19.2 17.5 18.5 17.2 15.3 15.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na32.4 32.6 32.2 30.3 29.0 27.4 28.3 26.3 26.1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 22.1 21.4 21.2 20.2 18.5 17.9 17.7 19.6 18.8 18.9 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na17.6 18.4 18.3 16.1 15.8 14.9 13.9 13.9 13.5 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na15.3 15.7 14.3 13.6 12.7 11.8 12.1 9.5 8.3 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio: e = source NCB for house prices.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11: Auxiliary indicators for Spain 

141 

Spain2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -70.2 -64.4 -60.9 -57.2 -51.8 -45.7 -51.6 -39.1 -29.8 -23.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.2 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 3.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.9 -2.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1 -1.9 -1.3 -2.2 -3.8p-2.1pReal GDP per capita (EUR)22500.0 23440.0 24100.0 24750.0 25230.0 25520.0 22610.0 24120.0 25380.0p25730.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)18.0 18.3 18.2 18.9 19.7 20.3 20.6 20.2 20.4p19.7p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-1.6 3.2 4.9 4.0 4.2 -2.1 -12.5 -11.4 -7.1 13.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 -0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.5 1.4p0.6pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.9 -0.7 -0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -0.2 -0.8 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Spain   

142 

Spain2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI97.6 90.6 86.4 83.0 80.3 76.3 76.2 72.9 69.4 61.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 8.1e6.3e5.7e4.4e3.7e3.1e2.8e2.9e2.7e2.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 11.8e12.7e13.0e13.2e13.5e13.8e14.7e15.0e14.4e14.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 6.7e6.6e5.0e7.0e8.2e6.7e-3.5e10.2e9.9e11.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 87.2 86.6 88.4 91.3 94.9 95.8 99.4 97.9 100.9 96.6 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  214.3s212.6s272.7s300.1s368.6s345.9s183.8s257.0s309.1ps299.7psLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 12.9 11.4 9.5 7.7 6.4 5.3 5.0 6.2b5.1d4.3dYouth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  53.2 48.3 44.4 38.6 34.3 32.5 38.3 35.0b29.7d28.7dEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 59.9 62.0 63.9 65.5 67.0 68.0 65.7 67.5b69.3d70.5dYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 20.7 19.4 18.1 16.4 15.3 14.9 17.3 14.2b12.7d12.3dPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na28.7 28.8 27.5 27.3 26.2 27.0 27.8 26.0 26.5 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.5 20.7 21.0 21.7 20.4 20.2 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na7.4 8.5 8.3 8.7 7.7 8.5 8.3 7.7 9.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na15.4 14.9 12.8 10.8 10.9 10.0 11.6 8.7 8.4 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. s:Eurostat estimate. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2022-2023:d=EShasassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.2021:b=censusrevisionofthepopulation counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.12: Auxiliary indicators for France 

143 

France2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -29.0 -29.2 -29.6 -31.0 -32.8 -33.2 -38.8 -35.2 -27.9 -29.4 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-0.9 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 0.7 -2.0 0.6 -0.8 -0.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -1.1 -1.8 -4.4p-2.4pReal GDP per capita (EUR)32990.0 33200.0 33360.0 33920.0 34320.0 34880.0 32170.0 34260.0 35040.0p35260.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.0 20.6 20.9 21.4 21.9 22.4 22.4 23.5 23.7p23.1p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-1.8 2.4 1.3 -2.0 -1.5 -3.3 -7.0 -8.0 -9.2 1.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.0 0.8 -0.1 1.9 0.1 0.5 0.2 -1.4 -1.4p0.2pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -0.5 -1.0 Flags:p:Provisional. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.12 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for France  

144 

France2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI71.5 72.7 74.1 75.8 77.8 79.9 82.1 81.9 82.0 77.4 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 4.2e4.0e3.6e3.1e2.7e2.5e2.2e1.9e1.8e1.9pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.1e13.8e15.0e15.3e15.6e16.1e17.1e17.1e16.8e17.3pReturn on equity of banks   % 4.4e6.8e6.5e6.4e6.5e6.0e4.1e7.1e6.1e5.9pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 103.4 101.1 100.9 101.8 102.7 103.4 107.6 108.7 110.6 103.2 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  478.5 499.7 564.1 601.5 566.2 553.7 488.4 594.4 594.9p430.4pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.3d2.0d1.8dYouth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  25.7 26.1 26.0 23.5 22.0 20.7 21.5 18.9d17.3d17.2dEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 70.0 70.3 70.7 71.3 72.0 72.3 72.1 73.2d74.0d74.4dYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 13.4 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.4 13.4 12.8d12.0d12.3dPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na18.4 18.7 17.8 17.9 18.8 19.0b19.0 20.7b20.4 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 13.3 13.6 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 14.2b14.3 15.6b15.4 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na6.8 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.3 6.4b5.5 7.0b6.6 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na8.3 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.1 9.7b10.8 9.9b9.2 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2021-2023:d=FRhasassessedtheattachmenttothejobandincludedinemploymentthosewhohadanunknowndurationofabsencefromwork,butareexpectedtoreturntothesamejob.2)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators, 2022: b = inclusion of four overseas departments (French Guiana, Reunion, Martinique and Guadeloupe) in the SILC exercise. 2020: b = change occurred in the duration of the panel for poverty longitudinal indicators (from 9 to 4 years).Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13: Auxiliary indicators for Croatia 

145 

Croatia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -44.6 -37.3 -26.7 -17.8 -11.6 1.3 3.2 11.8 14.3 20.5 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)0.9 3.5 3.8 4.5 2.7 4.3 1.1 3.2 -0.7 3.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.9 -3.3 -2.6 -2.8 -3.1 -2.8 -2.0 -3.8 -9.1 -4.8pReal GDP per capita (EUR)10500.0 10810.0 11280.0 11770.0 12230.0 12940.0b11970.0 13580.0 14580.0 14970.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)18.8 19.1 19.6 19.5 20.0 21.9 22.4 20.9 21.6 22.5p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)17.3 34.2 17.3 15.0 12.3 7.7 -11.6 0.3 5.7 36.1 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-2.2 4.6 2.8 1.4 1.0 -5.4b-6.4 11.6 5.4 0.5pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.3 -0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 3.6 3.9 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Croatia 

146 

Croatia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI55.0 52.7 49.2 48.3 48.0 49.2 48.9 47.1 44.3 42.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 13.6e13.0e10.7e8.8e7.3e5.2e5.3e4.2e3.0e2.5pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 19.4e17.7e19.4e20.2e20.2e21.8e22.8e24.0e22.3e21.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 3.9e-6.8e8.9e5.9e8.8e9.1e4.7e7.7e9.4e15.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 96.5 91.2 89.3 88.7 88.5 90.2 93.9 92.7 95.0 93.3 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  177.1 166.4 222.9 302.7 305.6 386.2b364.5 441.0 520.7 520.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 10.1 10.2 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.4b2.1 2.7 2.4 2.1 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  45.5 42.3 31.3 27.4 23.7 16.7b20.6 21.5 17.7 18.9 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 59.2 60.6 61.4 63.6 65.2 66.4b66.9 68.6 70.2 70.8 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 21.8 19.9 19.5 17.9 15.6 14.3b14.5 14.9 13.1 11.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na24.4 23.5 23.7 22.1 20.8 20.5 20.9 19.9 20.7bPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 19.4 20.0 19.5 20.0 19.3 18.3 18.3 19.2 18.0 19.3bSeverely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na8.4 7.3 7.1 6.1 4.6 4.4 3.5 4.0 2.8 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na12.3 11.1 10.6 9.3 7.5 7.2 7.5 6.3 5.5 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2019:b=censusrevisionofthepopulationcounts.2)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2023:b=administrativesourcesusedforpartofincomedata:employeecashornear cash income, wages and salaries, social benefits, old age, survivor's and disability pensions.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.14: Auxiliary indicators for Italy  

147 

Italy2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -21.0 -17.4 -11.8 -7.5 -7.7 -2.5 -1.1 3.8 0.3 5.1 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.9 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 2.2 -1.2 0.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.6 -2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.2 -2.0 -1.3 -2.6 -5.4 -2.9 Real GDP per capita (EUR)27330.0 27620.0 28010.0 28510.0 28810.0 29000.0 26560.0 29080.0 30500.0 30720.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 18.0 18.1 18.2 20.8 21.8 22.5    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3e1.3 1.4b1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-5.0 -2.1 0.5 -1.2 0.9 -3.4 -5.3 -6.0 -7.2 2.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.1 0.1 -0.4 0.5 -0.2 0.4 3.3 -1.2 0.4 -1.7 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.4 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 5.14 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Italy 

148 

Italy2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI53.1 52.5 52.5 52.1 52.4 53.2 54.6 53.8 52.2 49.4 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 16.5e16.5e15.0e11.2e8.4e6.7e4.5e3.5e2.9e2.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 11.8e12.3e11.5e14.4e13.9e14.9e16.9e16.5e16.7e16.9pReturn on equity of banks   % -2.8e3.1e-7.7e7.1e5.8e4.9e1.0e5.7e9.1e12.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 102.6 97.5 96.3 93.1 91.1 90.1 92.8 90.1 87.9 85.1 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  65.3 62.3 65.2 75.5 80.8 83.5 73.4 88.3 88.1 80.2 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 8.2 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.5b5.9 5.1 5.4 4.6 4.2 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  42.7 40.3 37.7 34.6 32.2b29.2 29.8 29.7 23.7 22.7 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 59.5 60.2 61.4 62.3 63.0b63.5 61.9 62.7 64.8 66.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 26.3 25.8 24.4 24.2 23.5b22.3 23.5 23.1 19.0 16.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na28.4 27.8 25.9 25.7 24.6 24.9 25.2 24.4 22.8 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 19.4 19.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 20.1 20.0 20.1 20.1 18.9 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na12.1 10.1 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.9 4.5 4.7 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na11.2 12.1 10.8 10.7 9.6 10.2 10.8 9.8 8.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2018: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.15: Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus 

149 

Cyprus2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -242.2 -281.5 -225.3 -270.1 -354.7 -333.9 -249.6 -226.4 -163.5 -133.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-3.2 -0.2 -3.9 -4.6 -3.3 -5.6 -9.8 -5.1 -5.3 -9.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.9 -4.0 -3.3 -4.0 -4.1 -3.9 -3.2 -4.1 -6.3 -4.4pReal GDP per capita (EUR)20350.0 21220.0 22460.0 23530.0 24700.0 25800.0 24690.0 27240.0 28860.0 29150.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)13.3 12.8 18.0 20.8 18.6 18.7 20.8 19.2 19.9 21.2p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-2.8 7.8 13.3 14.4 15.4 12.3 23.3 28.8 25.5 16.9 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.7 2.1 2.7 2.1 1.0pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.6 -1.5 -1.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1.5 -0.1 1.0 -1.1 Flags:p:Provisional. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.15 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus 

150 

Cyprus2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI170.1 168.5 156.6 142.4 130.5 113.2 108.1 101.2 89.6 83.7 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 38.6e36.3e35.4e30.7e20.2e18.1e11.0e5.6e4.5e3.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 14.6e16.0e16.4e15.4e16.1e19.0e19.2e19.3e19.7e23.4pReturn on equity of banks   % -7.1e-7.7e1.7e-11.9e7.1e3.5e-3.3e0.6e5.1e21.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 106.3 103.8b100.0 97.4 94.2 89.2 87.5 77.9 71.9 71.1 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  692.1 804.1 974.7 1314.7 1540.1 2437.8 2074.0 2221.4 1983.1 2103.3 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 7.7 6.8 5.8 4.5 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.3 1.8bYouth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  36.0 32.8 29.1 24.7 20.2 16.6 18.2 17.1 18.6 16.6bEmployment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.6 67.9 68.7 70.8 73.9 75.7 74.9 75.9 77.9 79.5bYoung people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 19.5 18.5 18.0 17.6 14.9 14.1 15.3 15.4 14.7 13.9bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na22.8 22.6 21.4 19.1 18.6 17.6 17.3 16.7 16.7 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 14.4 16.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 14.7 14.3 13.8 13.9 13.9 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na7.9 6.6 6.1 3.8 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na10.4 10.1 8.7 8.1 6.6 5.3 5.8 4.1 4.4 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Standardised house price-to-income ratio, 2015: b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology. 2) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2023: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.16: Auxiliary indicators for Latvia 

151 

Latvia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -17.3 -10.8 -6.9 -2.9 0.7 6.5 14.9 20.4 18.9 20.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.6 2.8 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 4.8 -2.7 -4.7 -2.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.9 -3.6 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -2.8 -1.6 -2.6 -7.8 -3.4 Real GDP per capita (EUR)11470.0 12010.0 12430.0 12970.0 13630.0 13820.0 13430.0 14480.0 14730.0 15020.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)23.6 22.3 20.2 21.5 22.9 22.7 23.0 22.9 23.0 24.9    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)9.5 2.1 3.5 1.3 8.0 3.5 13.9 7.7 11.9 -2.1 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.9 4.3 2.8 4.3 2.1 -1.8b2.8 6.5 -0.4 1.9 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.2 0.4 3.6 3.5 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.16 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Latvia  

152 

Latvia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI40.8 39.8 36.0 33.9 30.7 29.4 28.8 28.6 27.6 26.4 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 9.7e6.5e6.3e5.6e5.3e3.9e4.6e2.1e1.4e1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 17.5e19.0e17.3e18.4e20.3e22.0e25.7e29.2e23.6e20.6pReturn on equity of banks   % 10.2e10.7e14.3e7.6e9.2e9.6e5.2e4.5e10.2e20.3pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 90.5 82.1 83.9 84.7 85.6 87.3 88.1 88.7 92.5 87.4 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  225.6 172.0 188.8 273.0 327.1 313.6 342.0 371.4 376.4 345.5 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 5.1 4.9 4.4 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.8 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  19.6 16.3 17.5 17.0 12.2 12.7 14.9 14.8 15.3 12.3 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 70.6 72.5 73.0 74.6 76.8 77.3 76.9 75.3 77.0 77.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 15.2 13.8 13.3 12.3 11.6 10.2 11.9 12.1 11.3 10.0 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na30.0 28.2 28.5 28.4 26.7 25.1 26.1 26.0 25.6 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 21.2 22.5 21.8 22.1 23.3 22.9 21.6 23.4 22.5 22.5 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na15.4 12.6 12.9 10.4 7.5 7.0 5.3 7.8 6.2 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na7.7 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 6.6 7.2 7.0 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.17: Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania 

153 

Lithuania2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -17.1 -13.7 -12.8 -7.6 -2.7 5.4 14.6 22.2 21.0 26.7 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)6.3 0.5 0.5 2.2 1.8 5.4 8.9 2.9 -4.6 2.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.7 -3.6 -2.6 -3.0 -3.9 -3.6 -2.4 -4.8 -10.5 -3.8 Real GDP per capita (EUR)12400.0 12860.0 13360.0 14150.0 14970.0 15710.0 15720.0 16740.0 17020.0 16840.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.1 19.6 19.9 20.1 20.7 21.2 21.4 22.5 22.5 23.7    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)3.7 -9.1 -10.9 3.5 19.0 22.2 21.5 18.3 14.5 6.2 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.2 0.0 -0.9 7.7 3.1 4.0 6.1 3.5 -2.6 -2.0 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.1 0.8 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.0 6.5 4.6 Flags:p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.17 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania 

154 

Lithuania2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI31.4 31.9 31.7 33.2 33.5 33.3 32.5 32.2 31.5 30.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.8e5.6e4.0e3.2e2.6e1.7e2.2e1.2e0.9e0.8pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 20.9e24.3e19.1e18.8e18.4e19.5e21.5e23.2e20.2e18.6pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.7e7.5e11.9e9.1e12.3e14.5e10.0e10.4e13.5e21.2pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 86.6 85.4 82.9 87.7 86.6 83.9 82.0 85.7 90.5 90.4 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  429.0 494.7 625.6 545.3 539.2 508.7 544.4 762.0 600.4 445.7 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 4.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.3 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  19.3 16.3 14.5 13.3 11.1 11.9 19.6 14.3 11.9 13.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 71.8 73.3 75.2 76.0 77.8 78.2 76.7 77.4 79.0 78.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 12.9 11.8 10.7 10.2 9.3 10.9 13.0 12.7 10.7 13.5 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na29.4 30.0 29.8 28.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 24.6 24.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 19.1 22.2 21.9 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 20.0 20.9 20.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na14.6 15.4 14.4 12.0 9.7 8.1 6.4 6.0 6.1 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na9.1 10.2 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.2 8.1 8.3 8.0 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.18: Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg 

155 

Luxembourg2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -3257.4 -3592.1 -3552.1 -3730.3 -3533.6 -3953.8 -4043.3 -4547.8 -3714.7 -3867.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)3.1 5.3 7.1 6.1 11.1 8.4 9.3 12.0 6.4 5.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.2 -2.9 -2.3 -2.7 -3.3 -3.2 -2.0 -2.8 -5.1 -3.9 Real GDP per capita (EUR)94820.0 95090.0 97300.0 96460.0 95740.0 96520.0 94180.0 99360.0 98560.0 95660.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.2 17.3 17.3 17.8 16.2 18.1 16.7 18.2 17.5 18.1    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1e1.0 1.1 na   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)16.5 22.9 16.0 5.5 0.1 2.1 20.3 20.0 -5.6 -14.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-0.2 -0.8 2.0 -1.5 -1.7 -0.2 3.2 0.0 -1.4 -2.8 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.1 Flags:e:Estimated. 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.18 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg   

156 

Luxembourg2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI121.2 125.3 130.1 130.3 134.6 134.6 132.4 139.4 139.2 134.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 1.4e1.1e0.8e0.7e0.8e0.6e0.7e0.6e1.2e1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 18.5e20.2e23.6e21.8e20.8e19.3e20.0e18.8e18.2e18.5pReturn on equity of banks   % 7.2e7.2e7.5e5.7e5.5e5.2e4.4e5.5e5.2e8.3pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 98.3 103.6 110.0 111.1 115.4 122.3 131.9 148.1 154.0 132.5 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  2023.9 1563.0 1335.3 1524.3 1741.1 1657.2 1505.2 1684.5 1098.8 913.5pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.6 1.9b2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  22.6 17.3b18.9 15.4 14.2 17.0 23.2 16.9 17.6 18.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 72.1 70.9b70.7 71.5 72.1 72.8 72.1 74.1 74.8 74.8 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 6.5 7.6b6.8 6.6 7.5 6.5 7.7 8.8 6.8 8.5 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na18.4 19.1b19.3 20.1 20.1 19.9b21.1b19.4b21.4 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 16.4 15.3 15.8b16.4 16.7 17.5 17.4b18.1b17.3b18.8 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na2.5 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.7b2.4b2.0b2.5 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na5.4 6.5 6.5 7.8 6.9 7.1b5.5b3.5b3.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,2015:b=changeinthesamplingstrategyanddatacollectiontechnique.2)Incomeandlivingconditionsindicators,2022:b=introductionofaCAPIcomponentforthenewlyselectedhouseholds.2021:b=introductionofaCAWIcomponentfornewlyselectedhouseholds.2020:b=changefromCAPItoCATImodeofdatacollection.3)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2016:b=newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation, weighting, estimation, imputation and adjustment. Better coverage of certain segments of the resident population by use of Luxembourg's National Population Register.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.19: Auxiliary indicators for Hungary 

157 

Hungary2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -28.9 -17.8 -11.3 -8.0 -3.3 -2.5 -1.7 -0.8 -4.5 -6.7 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)4.4 6.6 4.3 2.6 2.5 1.2 1.1 -1.5 -6.7 1.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-6.1 -4.1 -3.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.8 -2.3 -4.4 -9.9 -4.7pReal GDP per capita (EUR)11070.0 11520.0 11850.0 12380.0 13100.0 13780.0 13210.0 14210.0 14860.0 14740.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.1 22.3 19.6 22.3 24.9 27.1 26.5 27.3 27.9 26.0p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5b1.5 1.6 1.6 1.4d1.4d   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-5.8 6.0 7.5 3.6 3.0 1.1 3.3 -3.0 -6.4 0.8 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-1.0 1.3 -1.7 3.2 4.7 4.5 0.1 3.6 2.1 0.7pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 6.7 9.1 Flags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.19 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Hungary 

158 

Hungary2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI38.9 32.7 30.5 28.0 26.4 27.3 30.0 30.5 27.2 24.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 19.4e15.2e11.9e8.4e5.4e4.2e3.6e3.2e3.1e2.5pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.8e13.9e15.9e14.2e16.7e15.9e16.2e18.0e17.1e17.0pReturn on equity of banks   % -21.9e0.3e11.7e14.5e14.7e14.3e7.6e12.7e12.1e21.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 82.1 88.3 94.6 96.7 99.5 105.1 105.9 108.4 111.4 102.6pBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  109.8 140.8 337.1 417.4 403.8 398.2 264.7 373.8 422.7 259.6pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.6 3.0 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  20.1 17.1 12.7 10.5 9.9 11.2 12.5 13.5 10.6 12.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 68.7 70.9 73.7 75.4 76.7 77.6 77.5 78.8 80.2 80.7 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 14.7 13.1 12.0 11.2 10.6 11.0 12.3 11.7 10.8 10.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na30.6 28.6 25.9 20.6 20.0 19.4 19.4 18.4 19.7 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 15.0 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.8 12.3 12.3 12.6 12.1 13.1 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na24.1 20.6 16.1 11.9 10.9 10.7 10.2 9.1 10.4 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na8.8 7.7 6.3 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.4 6.2 4.9 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.20: Auxiliary indicators for Malta 

159 

Malta2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 201.1 187.1 207.3 71.9 81.5 103.4 86.9 149.2 147.7 142.5 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)7.1 5.3 -0.2 20.1 15.4 20.4 18.0 10.9 0.5 7.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-14.1 -8.3 -7.8 -5.8 -8.2 -5.8 -5.4 -5.4 -7.6 -5.2 Real GDP per capita (EUR)21490.0 23000.0 23400.0 25710.0 26600.0 26570.0 25110.0 28340.0 28750.0 29700.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)16.8 23.7 21.3 18.7 19.1 20.1 21.0 22.9 24.2p18.6p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)2.5 15.6 17.8 4.6 -0.9 7.0 31.6 4.2 -12.8 -11.1 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)4.4 5.6 -4.2 8.6 -1.1 -4.8 1.7 10.0 -1.1 1.3 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.7 0.4 0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.7 1.8 0.0 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.20 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Malta   

160 

Malta2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI81.2 78.6 76.3 84.0 83.7 85.9 86.9 85.3 86.1 80.0 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 6.0e5.1e4.1e3.1e3.1e3.2e3.6e3.0e2.3e2.0pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 23.1e18.8e17.7e18.8e20.2e21.6e22.8e22.2e21.3e22.1pReturn on equity of banks   % 4.4e6.3e8.1e7.2e5.2e6.0e0.3e3.5e4.3e10.7pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 103.7 102.8 103.0 102.4 102.1 102.3 103.7 100.3 103.5 100.1pBuilding permits    m² per 1000 inh  1313.7e1845.2e2793.8e3102.3 4025.8 4003.5 2444.9 2354.4 2744.4 2221.9 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.8 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  11.7 11.6 10.7 10.6 9.4 10.1 11.5 9.9 9.0 9.2 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.9 69.0 71.1 73.0 74.9 75.6 76.0 77.8 80.1 81.3 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.6 11.8 9.4 8.8 7.4 8.5 9.7 10.5 7.6 7.6 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na22.2 20.2 19.4 19.2 20.7 19.9 20.3 20.1 19.8 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 15.8 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 16.9 16.9 16.7 16.6 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na8.2 5.2 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.4 4.9 4.1 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na9.2 6.8 6.6 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.3 3.8 3.6 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.21: Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands  

161 

Netherlands2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -48.6 -39.0 -35.4 -15.5 -12.2 -0.8 4.7 10.3 5.0 13.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)6.6 2.1 7.2 7.8 7.8 6.6 5.4 10.1 17.2 9.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 -1.2 -1.1 -1.2 Real GDP per capita (EUR)40600.0 41270.0 42050.0 42970.0 43680.0 44390.0 42440.0 44870.0 46670.0p46240.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)17.4 21.8 19.3 19.8 20.0 20.9 21.3 20.7 20.5 20.1    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2bna   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)0.2 3.7 1.8 1.8 4.2 3.2 7.7 1.0 0.2 -2.3 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.9 1.3 0.0 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 0.4 1.6 1.0p-1.3pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.8 1.2 0.3 0.8 1.4 1) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2023: The data were not available on 31 October 2024. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 5.21 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands   

162 

Netherlands2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI179.2 179.0 177.2 176.2 171.0 165.5 164.5 159.8 154.0 143.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 3.4e2.7e2.4e2.1e1.9e1.8e1.9e1.4e1.3e1.3pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 15.4e16.6e17.9e18.6e19.0e19.0e19.7e19.7e18.3e18.6pReturn on equity of banks   % 3.3e7.0e7.3e8.8e8.1e7.7e3.1e8.3e7.7e11.1pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 82.4 84.2 86.4 91.3 95.3 97.4 102.1 110.0 116.7 106.8 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  439.4 573.2 552.6 719.7 706.8 584.6 681.7p768.8p633.3p464.3pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.7 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  13.8 12.5 12.1 10.4 8.9 8.5 10.6 9.3 7.6 8.2 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 76.3 77.2 77.9 78.9 80.0 81.0 80.8 81.7 82.9 83.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 8.2 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.9 4.2 4.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na16.4 16.3b16.6 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.6 16.5 15.8 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 11.6 11.6 12.7b13.2 13.3 13.2 13.4 14.4 14.5 13.0 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na10.0 9.5 9.4 8.4 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.2 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peopleatriskofpovertyaftersocialtransfers,2016:b=introductionofCAWI,oversamplingoflowerincomegroups,useofregisterinformationforhousingcosts,changesinfieldworkperiod,weighting,calculationofimputed rent. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22: Auxiliary indicators for Austria 

163 

Austria2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -11.1 -11.0 -10.8 -4.2 -6.5 -1.8 -5.1 -3.6 -5.2 -5.6 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.3 1.5 2.5 1.2 0.3 2.4 3.3 1.8 -0.9 1.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.0 -2.3 -1.9 -2.2 -2.5 -2.2 -1.4 -2.4 -4.4 -2.3 Real GDP per capita (EUR)39520.0 39640.0 39970.0 40620.0 41430.0 41970.0 39140.0 40860.0 42540.0 41770.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)23.0 22.9 23.3 23.8 24.3 25.1 25.1 25.9 25.5 24.9    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.2e3.3 3.2e3.3p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-3.5 -0.7 1.2 -1.4 4.4 0.4 2.2 -4.0 -7.1 -1.8 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.3 2.1 0.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 2.7 -0.2 2.8 -1.9 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.9 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.1 2.4 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Austria 

164 

Austria2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI70.6 71.0 70.5 69.8 69.3 69.6 70.7 69.8 66.2 60.7 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 7.5e6.5e5.1e3.5e2.6e2.2e2.0e1.8e1.8e2.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 11.8e12.7e14.9e15.9e16.0e16.3e17.2e17.1e17.3e18.1pReturn on equity of banks   % 1.1e7.6e7.1e8.7e8.6e7.8e4.1e6.4e10.0e12.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 98.8 102.9 106.9 110.0 113.0 117.4 125.4 132.5 137.6 125.6 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  804.1 826.2 906.2 996.0 860.0 946.2 893.8e909.3e711.4e467.7eLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.1 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  11.0 11.3 12.0 10.5 10.0 9.1 11.7 11.0 9.5 10.4 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 74.2 74.3 74.8 75.4 76.2 76.8 74.8 75.6 77.3 77.2 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 9.7 9.0 9.3 8.8 8.8 8.6 9.9 9.4 9.1 9.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na16.9 17.2 17.1 16.8 16.5 16.7 17.3 17.5 17.7 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 14.1 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.3 13.3 13.9 14.7 14.8 14.9 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na2.9 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.0 1.8 2.3 3.7 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na6.3 7.0 7.2 6.4 6.6 6.1 7.4 5.7 5.7 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23: Auxiliary indicators for Poland 

165 

Poland2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -25.3 -24.0 -20.7 -18.7 -14.8 -10.7 -4.5 0.6 2.4 5.2 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-1.1 1.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 1.4 4.1 -0.6 -2.1 1.9 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.6 -1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.7 -2.3 -1.5 -2.0 -3.4 -2.6 Real GDP per capita (EUR)10900.0 11390.0 11740.0 12340.0 13120.0 13720.0 13720.0b14750.0 15190.0b15280.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.0 20.2 18.3 17.5 18.8 19.1 18.4 16.9 16.4 17.7    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)5.3 10.5 11.7 12.9 15.1 12.7 19.4 13.4 8.5 7.2 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.8 2.5 2.1 4.9 7.1 1.6b-1.3 1.2 4.6 1.1pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.8 0.9 3.6 3.3 5.8 4.3 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Poland  

166 

Poland2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI48.0 49.3 49.6 48.0 48.5 47.9 45.7 45.8 38.3 34.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 7.2e6.6e6.4e6.6e6.2e6.1e6.0e5.0e4.3e4.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 13.7e14.5e15.4e16.3e16.1e15.9e17.5e16.1e16.3e18.1pReturn on equity of banks   % 9.4e7.7e7.5e6.9e7.0e6.9e3.1e4.8e7.3e11.6pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 89.6 88.3 86.0 84.9 85.3 86.4 86.8 90.3 90.0 87.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  386.8 456.0 508.7 594.0 620.7 648.8 678.6b857.9 692.7b540.5 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.9 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.7b0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  24.1 21.0 17.8 14.9 11.8 9.7b10.8 11.9 10.8 11.4 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 64.9 66.3 68.2 70.0 71.4 72.6b72.8 75.5 76.7 77.9 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 15.7 14.9 14.0 13.0 12.2 11.4b12.5 13.2 10.7 9.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na22.5 20.6 18.7 18.2 17.9 17.0 16.8 15.9 16.3 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 17.0 17.6 17.3 15.0 14.8 15.4 14.8 14.8 13.7 14.0 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na7.8 5.4 5.3 4.5 3.5 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na6.9 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.0 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, 2019: b = census revision of the population counts.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.24: Auxiliary indicators for Portugal 

167 

Portugal2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -77.5 -72.1 -63.9 -58.2 -54.9 -45.5 -44.5 -34.4 -28.0 -19.4 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)1.7 1.8 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.7 0.4 1.0 -1.0 1.9 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.6 -2.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.5 -2.5 -1.7 -2.7 -4.7 -2.7eReal GDP per capita (EUR)16950.0 17280.0 17670.0 18280.0 18830.0 19310.0 17680.0 18620.0 19800.0 20090.0e   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)15.1 15.7 15.7 17.1 17.8 18.4 19.5 20.5 20.6 20.1e   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)2.5 6.6 3.5 5.2 8.4 5.4 -7.6 -10.1 -5.0 15.7 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)-1.1 -0.2 0.7 1.0 0.2 1.7 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.5eCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.9 -1.2 1.0 0.4 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.24 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Portugal 

168 

Portugal2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI100.8 94.7 89.8 87.5 83.9 80.6 82.2 80.5 76.3 71.4 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 16.6e17.5e17.2e13.3e9.4e6.1e4.9e3.6e3.0e2.7pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 11.4e12.6e11.7e14.5e13.9e15.2e16.6e16.3e16.2e17.9pReturn on equity of banks   % -3.5e0.9e-5.5e-0.8e2.7e4.3e0.0e4.9e8.7e13.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 88.0 87.2 90.3 95.8 100.9 106.1 116.0 119.8 124.9 127.8 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  174.7 207.1 271.3 334.6 467.4 511.9 534.4 593.8 631.4p628.7epLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 8.7 7.4 6.4 4.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.5 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  34.7 31.8 27.8 23.8 20.2 18.4 22.4 23.4 19.2 20.5 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 66.1 67.9 69.5 72.5 74.6 75.4 73.9 75.5 77.1 78.0 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 14.6 13.1 12.7 10.6 9.5 9.1 11.0 9.7 8.5 8.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na26.4 24.9 23.4 21.6 21.1 20.0 22.4 20.1 20.1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 19.5 19.5 19.0 18.3 17.3 17.2 16.2 18.4 16.4 17.0 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na10.9 9.1 8.0 6.6 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.3 4.9 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na10.2 8.5 7.7 6.9 6.2 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.3 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.25: Auxiliary indicators for Romania 

169 

Romania2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -14.5 -12.9 -6.5 -5.6 -3.9 -4.0 -7.0 -6.5 -4.3 -4.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.4 1.6 0.9 -1.9 -3.4 -3.6 -3.0 -5.0 -6.8 -4.9 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 -1.2 -2.0 -2.8 -1.6pReal GDP per capita (EUR)7800.0 8090.0 8370.0 9100.0 9720.0 10140.0 9820.0 10450.0 10910.0 11170.0p   Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)24.6 24.9 23.0 22.9 21.1 23.1 23.3 24.4 25.0 27.0p   Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)14.5 23.3 15.5 11.1 15.3 7.7 7.0 2.8 1.0 6.4 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)4.1 4.9 2.7 7.0 6.0 2.9 1.0 0.9 4.4 2.6pCore inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)1.5 0.5 -0.8 -0.8 1.1 1.9 1.8 1.2 2.0 4.7 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.25 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Romania 

170 

Romania2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI29.2 28.0 26.3 24.8 24.9 22.5 23.1 23.4 21.5 20.0 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 20.7e13.4e9.7e6.6e5.0e4.3e3.9e3.4e2.8e2.5pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 14.5e16.4e17.1e17.4e17.7e19.1e21.9e20.0e19.6e19.9pReturn on equity of banks   % -15.2e11.3e10.6e11.7e13.6e12.3e9.0e13.1e15.7e16.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 97.9 93.6 89.7 82.4 79.8 68.2 69.8 67.0 62.8 58.7 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  369.5 405.6 454.7 501.2 552.8 570.8 545.2 634.3 601.0 456.9pLong-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 3.4 3.6 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  30.0 27.3 25.9 23.0 20.5 21.0 21.6 21.0 22.8 21.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 58.0 59.2 60.3 62.7 63.9 65.1 65.2 67.1 68.5 68.7 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 24.8 25.8 24.3 22.1 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.3 19.8 19.3 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na44.5 46.0 42.5 38.7 36.1 35.6 34.4 34.4 32.0 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 25.1 25.4 25.3 23.6 23.5 23.8 23.4 22.5 21.2 21.1 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na34.0 35.9 32.4 28.3 24.5 25.3 23.1 24.3 19.8 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na6.2 6.4 5.4 6.0 4.5 4.7 3.5 4.2 5.2 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.26: Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia 

171 

Slovenia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -28.8 -19.1 -14.8 -9.7 -1.0 0.7 1.5 9.5 15.3 18.2 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)5.5 5.1 4.5 6.0 6.1 6.0 7.2 4.1 -1.4 4.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.1 -3.1 -2.1 -2.6 -3.0 -3.5 -2.0 -2.8 -3.8 -3.0 Real GDP per capita (EUR)18230.0 18660.0 19210.0 20190.0 21010.0 21570.0 20560.0 22230.0 22810.0 23170.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.4 18.9 17.8 18.5 19.5 19.8 19.0 20.3 21.9 21.3    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-1.7 4.7 8.6 10.1 16.2 9.9 6.2 0.8 -2.6 -0.2 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)1.1 0.7 3.3 4.2 2.3 1.1 0.9 2.9 -1.2 1.9 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.2 -0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.8 0.1 -0.6 1.9 1.7 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.26 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia 

172 

Slovenia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI39.2 38.8 38.2 38.6 38.5 38.0 36.2 35.3 34.8 33.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 22.8e17.9e12.3e9.2e6.0e3.4e3.0e2.1e1.8e1.5pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 17.1e18.0e18.5e17.7e17.6e17.8e16.7e16.9e16.2e18.0pReturn on equity of banks   % -2.5e3.5e7.8e9.1e10.7e10.3e11.3e9.5e13.3e16.8pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 91.6 90.6 89.7 92.7 95.2 96.1 96.0 99.1 104.5 103.8 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  286.2 295.6 310.0 329.2 376.5 339.9 370.9 441.2 516.7 466.9 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 5.3 4.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.4 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  20.5 16.4 15.3 11.3 8.9 8.1 14.3 12.8 10.1 9.9 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.3 68.6 69.5 72.9 74.9 75.9 74.8 76.1 77.9 77.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.0 10.5 9.3 7.9 7.5 7.5 7.9 7.3 8.4 7.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na17.7 16.9 16.6 15.4 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.3 13.7 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 14.5 14.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.0 12.4 11.7 12.1 12.7 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na4.8 4.1 4.5 3.2 2.2 2.6 1.8 1.4 2.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na5.8 6.0 5.2 4.4 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.8 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.27: Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia 

173 

Slovakia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -12.7 -13.9 -14.7 -15.0 -16.5 -14.0 -14.6 -14.1 -18.6 -14.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)2.7 0.9 0.2 -1.7 -0.7 -2.8 0.3 -3.8 -8.4 -0.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.9 -3.9 -3.1 -2.1 -3.5 -6.6 -3.2 Real GDP per capita (EUR)14100.0 14820.0 15090.0 15500.0 16110.0 16450.0 16010.0 16980.0b17010.0 17240.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.2 24.3 21.7 21.3 21.3 21.7 19.8 19.6 19.6 22.3    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)2.6 0.2 2.0 2.2 6.5 -2.1 3.4 -3.1 -7.2 -3.5 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)2.0 3.5 0.4 2.2 2.6 1.9 6.9 5.7 -3.0 0.4 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.3 -0.6 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.9 4.3 4.5 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.27 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia 

174 

Slovakia2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI48.4 51.2 56.3 59.9 60.4 61.7 62.7 63.8 63.3 61.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 5.2e4.4e4.6e3.7e3.2e2.9e2.5e2.0e1.7e1.8pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.0e16.5e16.2e16.6e16.2e16.5e17.8e17.9e18.0e18.6pReturn on equity of banks   % 9.2e9.7e9.9e9.3e9.3e8.3e5.3e8.4e9.4e11.5pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 90.7 90.8 94.4 95.6 94.3 97.7 102.7 102.2 105.5 97.2 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  306.4 363.3 430.9 400.9 440.7 445.6 408.4 479.7b421.5 372.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 10.7 8.8 6.8 5.9 4.7 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.8 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  31.0 27.7 23.4 20.0 15.8 17.1 20.4 20.6 19.9 19.8 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 67.8 69.6 71.8 73.2 74.5 75.6 74.6 74.6 76.7 77.5 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 17.5 16.4 15.1 15.1 13.8 13.7 14.4 14.2 12.3 11.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na17.3 17.1 15.8 15.2 14.8 13.8 15.6 16.5 17.6 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 12.6 12.3 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.4 12.3 13.7 14.3 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na8.4 7.6 6.3 5.4 5.9 4.5 5.7 6.3 7.0 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na7.0 6.4 5.3 5.2 6.3 4.3 4.9 3.8 4.6 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.28: Auxiliary indicators for Finland 

175 

Finland2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) 0.1 15.3 10.3 4.8 -0.8 6.9 5.8 19.0 7.1 6.7 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)-1.3 -0.7 -1.9 -0.6 -1.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 -2.2 -0.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.8 -1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.0 -1.7 -0.9 -1.9 -3.6 -1.4 Real GDP per capita (EUR)38300.0 38350.0 39230.0 40430.0 40860.0 41370.0 40270.0 41290.0 41770.0 41140.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.7 21.4 23.1 23.7 24.6 24.4 24.7 24.4 24.9 23.2    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1    Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-12.0 -10.9 -8.5 -0.5 7.7 7.9 3.6 -1.8 -6.3 -6.3 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.3 0.3 2.0 3.1 -1.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 -1.1 -1.4 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)0.8 -0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).   
 
 
 
 
Table 5.28 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Finland 

176 

Finland2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI83.2 84.3 86.6 88.8 89.6 89.7 92.0 91.9 90.8 85.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 1.6e1.5e1.4e1.2e1.5e1.4e1.5e1.2e1.0e1.1pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 16.6e22.4e23.1e21.5e18.6e19.2e19.3e19.3e18.6e19.7pReturn on equity of banks   % 9.1e8.3e8.7e8.8e8.1e4.9e5.8e9.2e9.6e13.5pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 102.6 100.7b100.8 100.2 97.8 94.9 95.3 96.2 93.5 83.5 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  569.3 558.3 636.9 744.3 661.7 621.2 645.5 727.2 597.5 355.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.6 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  20.5 22.5 20.5 20.0 17.3 17.7 21.0 17.1 14.2 16.2 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 72.2 71.8 72.4 73.2 75.3 76.2 75.5 76.8 78.4 78.2 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 11.2 11.8 11.2 10.4 9.6 9.1 9.8 9.2 9.3 9.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na16.9 16.5 16.0 16.6 14.5b14.9 14.2 16.3b15.8 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 12.8 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.0 11.6 12.2 10.8 12.7 12.2 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na1.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.9 2.8 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na11.5 12.1 11.4 11.1 8.1b8.3 8.6 10.1b8.7 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Standardisedhouseprice-to-incomeratio,2015:b=breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodfornewdwellings(apartments).2)Peopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion&peoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensity,2022:b=disruptionof the registers' use for the definition of persons permanently disable or/and unable to work. 2019: b = due to changes in the questionnaire.Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.29: Auxiliary indicators for Sweden 

177 

Sweden2014201520162017201820192020202120222023NIIP (excl. Non-defaultable instruments)  (% GDP) -21.2 -12.4 -12.1 -9.6 -15.0 -10.5 -12.7 -0.6 -7.8 -7.0 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)3.2 2.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 5.5 5.9 7.0 5.1 6.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -0.7 -0.7 -1.2 -1.0 Real GDP per capita (EUR)44690.0 46170.0 46660.0 46880.0 47220.0 47940.0 46640.0 49110.0 49370.0 48840.0    Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.7 23.2 23.9 24.6 24.6 23.8 24.5 25.1 25.5 25.0    Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.1e3.2 3.3e3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6p   Export market share (% world exports)    (3 year % change)-8.4 -3.6 -0.6 -3.1 -3.9 -2.8 4.9 6.3 -4.0 -3.3 Labour productivity (per hour worked) (1 year % change)0.8 2.8 -0.4 0.2 0.3 2.8 1.3 3.3 -1.6 -1.2 Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)-0.4 -0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.6 Source: Eurostat and the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, for world exports of goods and services).  Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 5.29 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Sweden 

178 

Sweden2014201520162017201820192020202120222023Household (incl. NPISH) debt – consolidated % of GDI115.8 118.9 121.7 124.9 126.4 127.8 133.6 134.3 131.1 123.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities   % of gross loans 1.3e1.3e1.2e1.3e1.0e1.1e1.0e1.0e0.8e1.0pTier-1 capital ratio banking sector % risk-weighted assets 19.2e21.0e22.7e23.0e18.5e19.6e20.4e20.6e20.2e20.4pReturn on equity of banks   % 11.8e11.2e11.9e10.9e12.2e10.9e8.4e10.0e9.8e13.1pStandardised house price-to-income ratioratio vs the average, since 2000 103.9 113.9 118.6 123.5 118.8 118.2 122.9 128.1 126.1 112.9 Building permits    m² per 1000 inh  525.9p663.3p800.2 834.2 691.9 611.0 707.0 865.0 675.4 329.5 Long-term unemployment rate - % labour force Y15-74% 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 Youth unemployment rate -% labour force  Y15-24%  22.2 19.7 18.2 17.1 16.8 19.3 23.6 24.7 21.7 22.1 Employment rate - % pop Y20-64% 79.6 80.1 80.8 81.4 82.0 81.7 80.2 80.4 82.0 82.6 Young people neither in employment nor in education or training - % pop Y15-29 % 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.5 5.9 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion- % of total population  % na18.2 17.7 17.2 17.7 18.4 17.7 17.2 18.6 18.4 People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population% 15.6 16.3 16.2 15.8 16.4 17.1 16.1 15.7 16.0 16.1 Severely materially and socially deprived people - % of total population% na1.1 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.4 2.3 2.5 People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-64%  na7.8 7.8 8.2 8.3 8.3 7.9 8.8 8.1 8.0 Source: Eurostat and the European Central Bank (for gross non-performing loans - domestic and foreign entities, tier-1 capital banking sector and return on equity of banks).Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 6: Tables by year - MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 
Table 6.1: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2023 

179 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU1.9 7.3 2.2 6.5 8905308.7p8916544.5 60016.4p129671.5 75.0 EA1.7 4.8 1.7 6.3 7722430.6p7707235.9 46534.1p93933.8 75.0 BE-0.7 -0.4 -4.9 7.6p340758.7 332678.9 7747.1 10421.5 70.5 BG0.9 5.4 -1.0 11.0 43582.1 64935.5 6140.4 5127.5 73.9 CZ0.3 10.1 6.8 7.4 2364807.0 2260967.0 109746.0 14415.0 77.1 DK9.8 1.8 -3.5 1.9 2476658.0 2418711.0 9018.0 108136.0 80.8bDE5.9 3.8 1.9 6.7p2135973.0 1612320.0 14295.0 41937.0 79.7 EE-1.7 7.2 -4.2 15.0 14071.0 15732.9 833.4 597.9 81.6 IE8.1 3.7 -1.3 16.6 147505.0 113125.0 5306.0 37038.0 77.5 EL-6.2 1.7 -0.7 1.8p92031.4 109336.9 -958.3 4819.0 69.5 ES2.7 0.6 6.3 6.2p690565.0 734823.0 -13226.0 -23555.0 74.5dFR-1.0 3.6 1.7 4.2p1766642.0p2140768.0 22437.0p64205.0 73.9dHR0.7 4.6 5.2 14.9p23455.7 24760.8 2038.8 1789.5 70.1 IT0.0 3.5 4.4 3.9 791268.0 1036193.0 -4332.0 -19456.0 66.7 CY-9.5 3.8 2.9 3.8p20154.1 27922.8 202.2 110.7 80.0bLV-3.9 7.3 -4.8 13.8 7268.0 9707.0 358.0 170.0 76.6 LT1.1 6.4 -1.9 12.4 15653.3 17378.2 973.9 1874.3 78.8 LU6.0 -0.5 1.5 10.9 53889.9 89182.3 524.1 -23523.9 74.1 HU0.8 15.2 7.5 15.3p12670983.0 25303092.2 418401.0 1878433.1 78.0 MT6.4 4.2 11.7 -0.1 10140.5 11579.9 647.9 1769.6 80.7 NL9.9 1.1 0.4 7.9p1009162.0p789614.0 10749.0p-11388.0 85.5 AT1.3 3.9 3.2 8.6 212822.2 283210.8 -3476.0 3605.6 78.2 PL1.8 10.6 7.0 12.8p806216.0 619571.0 -1863.0 23995.0 74.5 PT0.5 2.3 6.7 7.2e147139.0 147868.0 186.0 -957.7 77.6 RO-7.0 5.5 4.4 13.3p201357.0 222799.0 5429.0 19773.0 66.8 SI4.5 2.9 1.3 8.2 15296.0 16077.3 570.0 -348.5 75.2 SK-1.7 6.2 4.7 9.2 54057.8 37982.1 2366.1 866.7 76.5 FI-0.4 3.1 -2.9 5.2 174578.0 156975.0 -708.0 3958.0 79.9 SE6.5 -3.3 2.0 7.0 5251551.0 5619823.0 31881.0 41191.0 84.0 2023External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = DK extended the data collection period from two weeks to four weeks since Q4 2023; CY made census revisions of the population counts; d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.2: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2022 

180 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU0.2 -4.3 -4.8 3.6 8834210.0 8762270.6 307663.1 423660.1 74.5 EA0.0 -3.5 -4.7 3.4 7684758.6 7606344.3 280087.7 326591.6 74.5 BE-1.3 -0.1 -5.4 5.2 332893.0 325320.0 16410.8 2640.9 70.5 BG-2.6 2.1 9.2 10.6 37713.4 60621.4 4987.3 3705.5 73.7 CZ-4.7 8.6 -3.8 5.4 2247050.0 2248269.0 107101.0 274208.0 77.2 DK11.7 -1.9 6.2 5.0 2402998.0 2294170.0 36687.0 207880.0 80.4 DE4.4 -2.6 -7.9 4.4p2119314.0 1563693.0 83719.0 147110.0 79.3 EE-3.9 6.3 0.9 12.7 13266.3 15784.1 1340.9 1105.8 81.2 IE8.8 -4.7 -5.0 1.2 143317.0 93699.0 619.0 20250.0 76.8 EL-10.2 -1.3 9.1 -1.8p93587.7 104975.4 -2117.0 6911.0 69.4 ES0.4 -1.9 4.7 1.9p706867.0 754247.0 4657.0 -23126.0 74.0dFR-1.2 -4.7 -1.0 4.7p1747839.0 2051956.0 83857.0 97450.0 73.6dHR-3.2 -0.7 10.6 7.3 21450.8 23142.3 1158.2 1842.7 70.1 IT-1.7 -2.3 -2.4 1.0 798704.0 1046331.0 26570.0 -5412.0 65.5 CY-5.4 -3.1 3.2 3.9 20416.0 28320.3 -442.8 -838.4 78.2 LV-5.5 2.9 3.7 11.4 6925.0 9233.0 399.0 676.0 76.8 LT-6.1 4.0 3.7 14.8 14693.8 15522.7 1516.0 2718.8 78.6 LU6.7 -1.8 -17.2 7.9 51791.7 91571.2 3622.5 2576.2 73.5 HU-8.5 -4.7 -1.8 14.4 12308114.0 23596513.0 695096.0 3047941.2 77.2 MT-0.8 -3.4 -6.2 5.5 9541.6 9801.7 607.9 685.2 79.3 NL6.6 1.2 -0.6 2.7p998573.0 841170.0 36652.0 56261.0 84.7 AT-0.9 -2.1 -2.7 2.1 216277.8 277264.0 6208.6 14107.0 77.8 PL-2.2 -0.8 -0.1 8.1 812687.0 603716.0 -29016.0 41144.0 73.6 PT-1.9 -1.9 7.3 2.5 147233.0 149782.0 4641.8 1751.0 76.2 RO-9.2 1.2 0.3 10.6 195601.0 205896.0 8624.0 23694.0 66.8 SI-1.1 -1.4 -2.1 6.0 14758.0 16590.6 1043.0 1648.2 76.2 SK-9.6 1.2 -5.8 7.6 51691.7 35364.6 4546.8 2987.3 76.1 FI-2.2 -4.1 -1.2 4.4 175624.0 152585.0 5078.0 -4753.0 79.8 SE5.0 -7.0 -6.2 4.2 5227379.0 5491526.0 195596.0 369875.0 83.3 Flags:d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: d = ES and FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).2022External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.3: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2021 

181 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.8 0.7 -1.3 0.3 8606853.1 8630264.9 375237.1 302845.4 73.6 EA2.6 0.3 -1.2 0.0 7407905.9 7503739.5 308862.9 238077.0 73.6 BE1.8 0.6 4.4 2.3 316661.4 319935.4 15701.6 163.0 69.7 BG-1.1 0.8 6.8 3.4 33130.1 57685.8 4127.3 3131.6 72.3 CZ-2.1 3.8 -1.8 3.6 2137625.0 2066753.0 184367.0 143674.0 76.6 DK8.7 -0.9 -0.0 -1.3 2607073.0 2184788.0 69693.0 67417.0 79.6 DE6.9 0.7 -1.8 -0.3p2031691.0 1456166.0 98357.0 90126.0 78.5 EE-3.6 1.5 11.4 2.2 11939.5 14130.7 810.3 1092.7 79.1 IE12.2 -0.1 -3.1 -5.1 134311.0 70904.0 4301.0 1279.0 74.6bEL-6.6 -1.5 21.8 -1.7 101152.7 112591.8 -1861.8 2247.7 67.3 ES0.8 0.6 2.4 1.7 706438.0 808377.0 7749.0 17601.0 73.7bFR0.3 -0.5 1.4 0.4 1665553.0 2055286.0 88236.0 26803.0 73.0dHR0.8 0.5 17.5 -5.0 20391.9 21340.4 900.5 101.7 69.0 IT2.1 -0.4 1.2 0.1 776477.0 1080623.0 27392.0 32228.0 64.5 CY-5.4 -0.2 10.6 -3.9 20455.2 29596.0 712.7 446.0 76.7 LV-4.1 0.4 -0.4 -0.8 6558.0 8810.0 528.0 -427.0 75.8 LT1.4 1.9 4.8 6.4 13226.7 13600.7 1269.0 1932.8 78.2 LU11.1 0.8 1.9 1.0 48158.4 83738.4 3754.9 -8707.9 73.2 HU-3.9 0.4 -4.1 2.6 11605307.0 20232469.1 1532283.0 3628122.5 76.2 MT9.4 -1.2 -14.8 -4.7 8910.3 9194.7 591.4 999.6 77.1 NL10.0 0.0 -1.8 -1.4 962028.0 796128.0 35899.0 51868.0 83.7 AT1.7 0.1 -1.8 -0.5 209780.8 277301.4 8623.2 14932.8 77.2 PL-1.3 -0.5 0.8 1.5 848025.0 569135.0 37239.0 17243.0 72.9 PT-0.7 -1.7 1.4 0.9 142847.9 149460.5 5137.4 4119.1 74.8 RO-7.2 0.0 2.0 1.8 187322.0 184253.0 15319.0 18812.0 65.6 SI3.8 -0.4 1.0 0.5 13747.0 14867.5 737.0 157.8 75.0 SK-4.8 0.0 -1.7 0.3 47144.9 32012.6 3659.1 1046.1 74.6 FI0.3 -0.7 -1.9 3.8 170382.0 149599.0 6365.0 67.0 78.8 SE6.9 2.9 1.6 -0.2 5039755.0 5168722.0 326296.0 312132.0 82.6 2021External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. d:Definition differs. p:Provisional. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = census revision of the population counts for IE and ES; d = FR have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who had an unknown duration of absence from work, but are expected to return to the same job.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.4: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2020 

182 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.2 2.7 3.7 3.6 8249093.2 8333780.0 250503.3 651144.9 72.4 EA1.8 2.2 0.8 3.6 7100246.6 7265792.8 209858.5 596808.4 72.5 BE0.9 1.2 4.7 1.5 300946.5 326732.5 11215.6 8297.7 68.4 BG0.4 2.6 0.6 8.5 29266.5 54811.8 1822.8 177.9 72.6 CZ1.8 0.8 1.3 7.2 1936875.0 1907907.0 112706.0 -108523.0 76.4 DK7.2 1.6 7.0 3.2 2600069.0 2128726.0 26373.0 118597.0 79.0 DE6.3 1.4 2.2 3.2 1930957.0 1376022.0 85909.0 84391.0 77.3bEE-2.5 0.6 5.0 4.4 11106.4 12800.5 444.4 220.6 79.6 IE-7.1 0.3 26.7 -8.4 131275.0 75946.0 -6556.0 72939.0 70.8 EL-6.5 0.3 -19.4 7.2 98686.6 101624.0 -3150.8 11596.4 65.3 ES0.8 0.6 -10.3 6.4 701674.0 796382.0 -4257.0 60997.0 72.2 FR-2.1 1.5 -6.3 4.4 1581169.0 2041147.0 69180.0 241393.0 72.0 HR-1.0 -0.5 -15.7 8.9 19618.9 21458.2 335.9 -139.7 67.2 IT3.8 0.8 -2.7 1.9 748900.0 1052454.0 8100.0 59105.0 63.5 CY-9.7 0.3 13.9 3.5 19928.6 29261.9 746.7 390.2 75.8 LV3.0 2.0 12.2 5.1 6058.0 9189.0 17.0 -424.0 78.0 LT7.2 3.2 9.1 4.1 12040.2 11730.3 854.8 -1064.1 78.5 LU9.5 0.4 15.9 3.7 44394.4 80632.2 2508.6 10610.6 72.2 HU-0.9 -3.7 2.9 6.1 10091250.0 16636418.2 1303748.0 2500167.7 75.1 MT16.0 1.4 12.9 7.3 8305.5 8226.9 428.6 423.7 76.0 NL5.6 1.8 6.2 6.9 926212.0 717424.0 26914.0 15041.0 83.4 AT3.4 2.1 0.7 7.2 200809.8 261444.8 5409.8 12925.9 76.4 PL2.4 1.1 11.6 6.9 809307.0 554520.0 12445.0 7326.0 70.2 PT-0.7 0.7 -9.6 7.7 137339.3 146339.4 2331.5 7249.5 73.6 RO-4.9 1.3 2.3 6.2 171236.0 165231.0 5870.0 12327.0 64.1 SI7.7 0.4 2.1 7.0 13027.0 14701.7 126.0 -422.6 73.8 SK-0.5 2.5 3.8 4.0 43485.8 31110.9 2428.6 1614.2 74.5 FI0.4 1.6 0.2 0.6 164358.0 151234.0 6872.0 11664.0 77.3 SE5.8 3.1 4.4 3.1 4718615.0 4815474.0 253611.0 327367.0 82.1 Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate, DE: b = due to technical issues with the introduction of the new German system of integrated household surveys, including the LFS, the figures for DE in 2020 are not direct estimates from LFS micro-data, but based on a larger sample including additional data from other integrated household surveys.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).2020External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.5: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2019 

183 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.4 -3.0 0.2 1.7 8027840.0 7659930.3 291717.5 158203.0 73.2 EA2.4 -2.3 -0.5 1.9 6926255.6 6620009.2 244572.5 105991.3 73.5 BE0.1 -1.2 -0.3 1.3 289675.1 315071.7 17449.3 13095.9 69.1 BG1.7 0.2 2.1 1.6 27649.0 56238.1 2641.5 2191.7 73.6bCZ0.3 0.4 -1.7 3.4 1826985.0 1939447.0 111968.0 -33186.0 76.7 DK7.4 -1.8 1.6 1.0 2553255.0 2307876.0 34390.0 112842.0 79.1 DE7.9 -1.5 -2.0 3.0 1857514.0 1291872.0 82663.0 100220.0 78.0 EE2.0 -0.2 1.9 5.3 10688.1 13068.1 780.9 -60.1 79.2 IE-20.7 -2.8 8.3 2.0 150690.0 -5441.0 -89.0 -78950.0 73.2 EL-1.5 -2.0 -0.0 -1.0 102657.7 91950.7 -2587.5 582.9 68.5 ES2.1 -1.6 -1.5 4.4 708638.0 734273.0 611.0 19617.0 73.8 FR0.6 -1.4 -1.0 -0.9 1516406.0 1802131.0 85645.0 85967.0 72.6 HR2.7 -1.4 3.6 -1.2b19247.8 21765.4 1307.0 -2447.2 66.4bIT3.2 -2.2 -2.4 1.5 741256.0 998169.0 17744.0 -31434.0 65.7 CY-5.5 -2.4 4.5 4.4 20275.1 29957.2 86.1 -1054.5 76.0 LV-0.2 0.0 -1.5 6.6b6073.0 9841.0 146.0 192.0 77.3 LT3.8 -0.7 5.8 6.1 11241.3 12847.9 885.8 213.3 78.0 LU8.5 -0.5 3.8 2.5 41891.6 81354.6 2392.7 -8674.2 72.0 HU-0.6 -0.8 0.5 4.7 8819418.0 13576557.6 1150711.0 1783527.9 74.7 MT17.9 -1.4 10.7 5.4 7888.1 7510.7 843.0 931.3 74.8 NL6.8 0.4 -1.1 3.1 899551.0 641536.0 19226.0 -10120.0 83.4 AT2.4 -1.0 -0.8 2.0 195448.0 249281.1 6135.1 11418.4 77.3 PL-0.3 -1.0 3.1 3.6b787752.0 545405.0 43541.0 19273.0 70.1bPT0.8 -1.8 0.2 2.9 134989.7 140132.1 1657.2 410.5 74.8 RO-4.9 -0.2 0.8 7.2 163674.0 157887.0 11469.0 2491.0 63.3 SI6.4 -0.4 0.0 4.1 12971.0 15217.4 701.0 -478.1 74.6 SK-3.5 0.6 -3.0 5.6 41057.2 29812.4 3120.2 1523.7 74.7 FI-0.1 -1.5 2.2 1.8 157851.0 139277.0 5835.0 5047.0 77.3 SE5.3 -3.8 2.5 1.0 4469654.0 4426655.0 219625.0 284368.0 82.6 2019External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) NFC (excl. FDI) debt consolidated, IE: The value is not reliable, as the stocks are negative due to different composition of the financial instruments between financial accounts and balance of payments statistics. 3) Labour force participation rate: b = census revision of population counts for BG, HR, PL.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.6: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2018 

184 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.8 4.4 0.1 1.8 7760055.6 7480755.1 254908.1 132342.0 72.8 EA3.0 4.0 0.3 1.9 6698932.6 6490701.7 209455.6 80689.5 73.3 BE-0.9 2.4 -0.8 1.3 272163.9 287264.1 12699.6 -8540.1 68.6 BG0.7 3.8 0.9 6.9 25237.3 55073.8 2259.6 2360.1 71.4 CZ0.4 4.3 1.7 6.6 1718744.0 1982470.0 111397.0 221267.0 76.6 DK6.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 2519659.0 2142629.0 37603.0 44600.0 78.2 DE8.4 2.6 -0.3 3.2 1771761.0 1174491.0 65227.0 70369.0 77.5 EE0.6 4.4 2.5 7.0 9966.4 12869.0 626.7 254.8 79.3 IE4.3 1.3 2.4 -1.8 161386.0 82114.0 -2532.0 -67904.0 72.8 EL-2.9 2.0 8.3 -1.4 105621.7 100559.8 -2013.1 921.4 68.1 ES1.9 2.0 -0.5 1.6 710497.0 720799.0 1309.0 -31056.0 73.7 FR-0.7 2.6 0.7 0.8 1433641.0 1697008.0 72833.0 98868.0 72.8 HR1.4 2.5 1.8 3.7 18017.4 24479.5 1055.1 377.1 66.3 IT2.5 1.9 0.1 1.5 724777.0 1038694.0 18229.0 5164.0 65.6bCY-3.9 1.7 4.1 1.2 21067.1 29712.4 622.0 725.8 75.0 LV-0.4 3.8 3.5 4.8 5976.0 10038.0 99.0 -482.0 77.6 LT0.4 4.1 5.7 4.3 10286.6 12547.2 830.2 1200.7 77.3 LU8.3 1.5 0.4 4.9 39473.7 78350.3 3126.5 -7737.5 71.1 HU0.3 -0.5 0.3 2.7 7726792.0 11886931.7 381936.0 878913.7 74.1 MT13.3 1.9 5.8 7.3 6967.5 6631.1 572.0 -74.8 74.1 NL9.0 1.5 3.0 2.7 880573.0 650031.0 19411.0 1009.0 82.7 AT0.8 2.0 2.8 2.4 189750.6 243673.5 5448.2 10868.1 77.1 PL-2.0 0.9 4.3 1.7 743359.0 531888.0 42584.0 13914.0 69.4 PT0.8 1.0 2.4 3.3 134146.1 142653.2 980.4 -808.6 74.4 RO-4.6 2.3 4.3 6.3 150774.0 155378.0 11702.0 3365.0 62.4 SI6.5 1.7 4.6 2.7 12314.0 16106.1 746.0 -409.7 74.4 SK-1.6 2.0 3.2 3.8 38057.0 27560.9 3450.5 650.1 74.4 FI-1.6 2.2 1.7 2.7 152193.0 134615.0 6719.0 7293.0 77.0 SE2.2 -3.9 -1.5 3.6 4253257.0 4141775.0 217513.0 299594.0 82.5 2018External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = census revision of population counts for IT.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.7: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2017 

185 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU3.1 2.3 -0.5 0.9 7563226.2 7505884.5 220001.7 153241.5 72.4 EA3.4 1.7 1.0 0.6 6524059.9 6519049.6 175975.3 109587.7 73.0 BE0.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 261930.8 316903.3 11437.9 -10144.5 68.0bBG3.2 0.7 5.9 9.5 23156.7 53887.5 2079.8 859.0 71.2 CZ1.5 3.9 2.7 3.8 1608506.0 1740327.0 123205.0 169821.0 75.9 DK7.3 0.5 0.6 0.0 2492087.0 2092885.0 12569.0 4489.0 77.9bDE8.1 1.1 -0.7 1.2 1728853.0 1145407.0 55679.0 16786.0 77.0 EE1.7 1.6 1.1 3.6 9366.7 12883.8 641.6 373.5 79.2 IE1.1 0.3 4.2 -3.5 167163.0 147608.0 -8788.0 -25112.0 72.6 EL-1.9 0.6 6.3 -0.1 103247.2 101484.1 -2341.1 -238.5 68.2 ES2.8 1.5 1.5 0.3 711993.0 761378.0 -4302.0 20483.0 73.9 FR-0.5 0.6 -1.5 0.9 1362207.0 1619686.0 66832.0 83013.0 72.4 HR3.6 0.6 3.7 -0.2 17234.3 24585.9 709.5 -448.7 66.4 IT2.4 0.7 0.4 -0.1 710984.0 1055453.0 17273.0 8935.0 65.3 CY-5.0 0.5 4.9 1.2 21561.4 30569.9 151.2 2836.0 73.9 LV1.5 0.0 3.1 3.9 6137.0 10853.0 120.0 784.0 76.9 LT1.0 0.5 10.9 4.0 9450.6 11419.8 656.7 1016.5 75.9 LU6.4 1.1 -0.6 5.2 36339.8 67382.9 2417.2 -560.0 70.2 HU1.8 1.8 1.8 4.3 7382943.0 10858968.5 167271.0 486044.3 73.1 MT18.9 1.2 -7.2 -3.5 6355.7 6434.3 507.7 177.1 72.2 NL8.1 0.6 2.9 0.6 860882.0 653033.0 19927.0 6304.0 82.2 AT1.3 1.1 -0.1 1.1 184475.1 230018.5 4344.8 5639.9 76.8 PL-1.2 2.8 6.5 1.6 694557.0 515337.0 34237.0 28845.0 68.7 PT1.5 0.7 4.3 1.5 133721.0 145496.0 925.1 -4863.9 73.8 RO-3.1 -1.7 4.1 8.5 138430.0 164164.0 9981.0 -727.0 61.8 SI6.8 -0.2 6.7 0.7 11635.0 16527.2 696.0 -382.3 73.6 SK-1.7 0.0 -0.7 4.7 34606.4 26537.8 3523.0 -1466.1 74.1 FI-0.7 -0.4 5.4 -3.2 145698.0 134993.0 5558.0 6457.0 75.8 SE2.1 -0.7 -2.2 2.8 4034079.0 4099007.0 248828.0 268029.0 82.2 2017External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = change in the survey methodology for BE; for DK, data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.8: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2016 

186 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU3.2 2.7 1.2 0.7 7337708.9 7426369.3 170231.8 255975.9 71.9 EA3.3 2.6 1.0 0.7 6338505.8 6475712.5 129311.2 220937.7 72.7 BE0.6 2.9 5.3 0.4 250505.7 330816.6 9906.8 33501.7 67.7 BG3.0 -0.3 6.4 3.2 21587.9 54626.3 1164.0 1598.3 68.6 CZ1.8 2.5 2.7 3.3 1493328.0 1603734.0 108709.0 87436.0 75.0 DK7.1 1.0 -0.2 -0.4 2456236.0 2069715.0 20746.0 75829.0 77.5bDE8.9 1.6 1.1 1.2 1671254.0 1107168.0 47768.0 67916.0 76.7 EE1.0 1.5 4.7 4.1 8687.6 12334.3 556.9 808.9 77.9 IE-1.2 1.0 3.2 4.7 151938.0 171238.0 -7532.0 -26792.0 72.6 EL-1.7 1.2 -3.7 -1.2 106958.6 106853.1 -3167.5 -582.9 68.2 ES3.1 0.7 4.1 -0.7 719782.0 765402.0 -12576.0 17439.0 74.2 FR-0.5 1.4 0.1 0.8 1297213.0 1554346.0 54630.0 92832.0 72.3 HR2.4 1.1 7.2 -2.2 16959.3 26505.6 126.3 -58.6 65.6 IT2.5 0.9 1.2 0.1 700822.0 1062253.0 8113.0 -11885.0 64.8 CY-4.0 -0.2 6.6 -3.0 22388.8 29443.0 -66.9 710.4 73.4 LV1.8 1.3 2.0 4.0 6095.0 10116.0 -233.0 -269.0 76.2 LT-1.0 2.0 2.2 5.5 8862.2 10410.0 604.4 910.0 75.5 LU7.4 0.7 1.0 -1.2 33977.9 62974.0 2049.3 -1339.1 70.0 HU4.4 0.8 1.6 3.7 7354068.0 10533334.4 57565.0 375463.4 72.1 MT-0.6 1.4 1.7 4.5 5300.8 6177.0 257.5 605.8 70.6 NL7.3 1.2 -0.9 1.2 841473.0 664479.0 17008.0 39622.0 82.2 AT2.6 1.7 2.5 1.5 181361.5 224937.8 4334.5 5569.9 76.6 PL-1.0 -3.5 4.5 2.6 681672.0 501527.0 28267.0 26873.0 67.8 PT1.4 1.6 2.3 0.5 133488.4 151621.3 -2276.2 -1591.2 72.7 RO-1.6 -1.2 7.1 11.8 127704.0 160613.0 5242.0 -6454.0 60.2 SI5.3 0.5 4.9 2.5 10996.0 17015.1 421.0 -579.6 71.1 SK-1.5 0.5 4.8 2.7 31083.5 25630.8 3598.9 1516.4 73.9 FI-2.0 1.2 1.2 -1.0 139415.0 136100.0 5788.0 2603.0 75.0 SE1.9 0.9 0.6 1.9 3783531.0 3838945.0 243229.0 140496.0 81.8 2016External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFlags:b:Break in series. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique for DK.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.9: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2015 

187 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.8 -8.8 -0.5 -0.1 7196269.1 7285043.5 122962.2 95420.6 71.5 EA2.9 -7.4 0.3 0.2 6225599.1 6346204.7 87493.2 69591.7 72.4 BE1.4 -3.3 -8.7 -0.6 241302.2 299702.6 9493.2 23418.4 67.7 BG0.0 -3.5 -4.0 2.6 20812.1 53547.5 -74.7 -1948.1 69.2 CZ0.4 -0.9 -2.4 -0.2 1395031.0 1568735.0 85017.0 -70153.0 74.0 DK8.0 -3.4 -3.6 1.4 2410842.0 1981007.0 28842.0 66402.0 76.9 DE8.1 -4.4 -2.4 1.9 1622955.0 1042124.0 37888.0 25825.0 76.4 EE1.5 0.2 -10.0 4.2 8197.1 11892.4 415.5 108.7 77.0 IE6.1 -7.0 38.1 -15.0 161228.0 182261.0 748.0 -1009.0 72.0 EL-0.8 -4.5 -8.8 -4.0 110848.5 109396.9 -3891.9 -1720.5 67.7 ES2.0 -4.5 -3.0 -0.1 735011.0 770573.0 -17696.0 -18581.0 74.3 FR-0.3 -4.7 -2.2 0.4 1252914.0 1519425.0 37438.0 53972.0 72.2 HR2.8 -1.5 1.8 -0.4 17785.3 27662.8 -382.1 43.5 66.9 IT1.2 -4.4 -4.3 0.6 692487.0 1088518.0 -34.0 -19037.0 63.8 CY-0.3 -6.5 0.7 -3.4 22993.0 30317.9 -126.9 420.7 73.9 LV-0.1 0.7 -5.2 5.5 6407.0 9894.0 -150.0 -32.0 75.7 LT-2.5 0.5 -10.2 4.5 8327.9 9673.0 547.1 340.1 74.1 LU5.6 -2.7 3.4 1.8 31922.9 63957.3 1613.0 16155.3 70.9bHU2.1 -2.4 -1.4 0.5 7478093.0 10398552.3 -1168435.0 -371450.4 70.5 MT2.6 -4.7 9.1 0.1 5072.8 4952.5 146.3 -445.2 68.8 NL4.9 -3.4 -1.7 -1.0 824563.0 627265.0 14396.0 -19340.0 82.1 AT1.6 -2.3 -5.2 1.6 175509.9 220756.2 2719.9 7034.9 75.8 PL-1.3 -2.6 -0.2 -0.5 648522.0 471385.0 24712.0 40045.0 66.8 PT0.5 -2.9 -2.9 0.4 136346.0 155599.5 -3088.2 7758.6 72.2 RO-0.8 -2.6 -1.9 -2.7 123741.0 179630.0 5862.0 -5598.0 59.9 SI4.1 -2.1 -3.3 0.1 10700.0 18151.7 87.0 -1805.6 71.2 SK-2.1 -2.3 -3.4 0.3 27484.6 25029.8 2773.2 313.2 72.9 FI-0.9 -3.1 -8.2 0.8 133785.0 129503.0 4593.0 -3832.0 74.8 SE2.6 -5.5 -3.0 -0.3 3512539.0 3719749.0 234474.0 125341.0 81.5 Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour force participation rate: b = change in sampling strategy and data collection technique for LU.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).2015External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.10: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2014 

188 

Employment indicators¹Current account balance  (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator(% y-o-y change)Export performance against advanced economies (% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (per hour worked)(% y-o-y change) Household (incl. NPISH) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency) NFC (excl. FDI) debt, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Household (incl. NPISH) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)NFC (excl. FDI) credit flow, consolidated (Million units of national currency)Labour force participation rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)EU2.5 0.0 1.3 0.2 7082755.8 7177055.7 30475.1 1028.7 71.2 EA2.4 0.6 1.6 0.5 6151990.4 6323002.5 4128.0 -27361.2 72.2 BE0.8 0.2 -0.5 -0.4 231815.3 257166.1 10954.3 -29411.5 67.8 BG2.1 -0.9 0.9 5.0 21098.8 55571.7 186.5 187.8 68.9 CZ0.2 -5.3 3.8 1.2 1313686.0 1603994.0 23476.0 -6819.0 73.5 DK8.4 0.8 -0.5 0.8 2429680.0 1919755.0 8433.0 79596.0 76.6 DE7.2 0.8 1.4 1.4 1587016.0 1024169.0 20857.0 -6244.0 76.5 EE0.6 2.6 -0.1 3.8 7792.0 12111.8 200.6 774.8 75.9 IE2.1 -0.7 11.9 -5.1 165627.0 189766.0 -13245.0 -19828.0 71.8 EL-0.7 -0.6 2.7 -2.5 114432.3 113077.9 -3758.1 -1814.3 67.3 ES1.8 -0.4 -0.0 -0.1 759924.0 815419.0 -28871.0 -50832.0 74.2 FR-0.9 0.4 -0.5 0.7 1216823.0 1472532.0 22450.0 57305.0 72.0 HR0.5 0.4 3.3 -1.7 18166.1 27998.7 -59.5 -706.1 66.1 IT1.8 0.3 -0.3 0.2 692500.0 1114990.0 -5592.0 -2886.0 63.6 CY-4.0 -0.8 1.5 -3.5 23176.7 30028.9 -365.4 42.7 74.3 LV-1.5 2.7 2.9 4.6 6229.0 9972.0 -335.0 2739.0 74.4 LT3.6 2.7 -6.7 2.7 7853.3 9468.2 159.7 268.6 73.7 LU4.1 0.5 6.7 2.0 30290.8 62546.4 2362.6 27385.7 70.8 HU0.8 -3.6 3.2 0.4 8497859.0 11222629.7 -332759.0 -386843.1 68.8 MT5.5 0.6 2.0 0.2 4794.5 5798.9 7.0 428.6 67.8 NL8.9 -0.1 0.5 0.1 810925.0 636031.0 -2779.0 8536.0 81.5 AT2.4 1.7 0.1 1.7 170227.4 212806.9 1509.7 452.5 75.7 PL-2.9 1.0 3.0 0.1 612323.0 436891.0 26066.0 30416.0 66.4 PT0.3 -0.5 0.3 -1.3 140163.7 150945.2 -5232.7 -5499.2 71.8 RO-0.3 1.3 5.7 3.2 120513.0 189084.0 -1964.0 -14167.0 58.8 SI5.3 1.1 2.9 -0.8 10607.0 20243.8 -99.0 -1559.4 70.4 SK1.7 0.2 -3.2 0.5 24711.3 24426.9 2659.2 1402.2 72.2 FI-1.4 2.4 -5.3 0.9 129209.0 134051.0 3304.0 -7922.0 74.6 SE3.3 -4.5 -2.1 1.5 3279718.0 3099433.0 177951.0 138270.0 81.3 1) For employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: Eurostat, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for real effective exchange rate), and OECD (for data on non-EU countries).2014External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances