Proficiency testing scheme field measurements of PM10/PM2.5 October-November 2023, Wiesbaden - Germany.
Date: 2024-10-14
Institutions: Joint Research Centre
Subjects: air quality, environmental monitoring, environmental standard, harmonisation of standards, performance measurement, report, research method, testing

ISSN 1831-9424 

Proficiency testing scheme field 
measurements of PM10/PM2.5  
October-November 2023, 
Wiesbaden - Germany 

European Commission Harmonisation Programme for Air Quality 
Measurements 

Tarricone, C., Barbiere, M.G., Borowiak, A., Geiger, J., 
Rose, D., Zang, T., Herok Von Garnier, L. 

2024 

 EUR 40014 

  
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Contact information 
Name: Claudia Tarricone 
Address: via E. Fermi 2749 Ispra (VA) - Italy 
Email: claudia.tarricone@ec.europa.eu 

EU Science Hub 

https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu 

JRC138915 

EUR 40014 

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ISBN 978-92-68-20527-3   ISSN 1831-9424   doi:10.2760/5433535  

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How to cite this report: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Tarricone, C., Barbiere, M.G., Borowiak, A., Geiger, J., Rose, D., Zang, T. 
and Herok Von Garnier, L., Proficiency testing scheme field measurements of PM10/PM2.5 October-November 2023, Wiesbaden - Germany, 
Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2024, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/5433535, JRC138915. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
Contents 

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 

  Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 

  Scope of the Proficiency Testing ........................................................................................................................................... 5 

  Roles and Responsibilities ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 

  ILC organization .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 

  Participants and equipment ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 

  Blunder identification ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 

  Performance assessment ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 

7.1  Assigned value ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 

7.2  PM10 and PM2.5 assigned daily values .................................................................................................................... 12 

7.3  Performance data evaluation .................................................................................................................................... 15 

  Data Capture ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 

  Measurement biases ......................................................................................................................................... 16 

  Standard deviation for proficiency assessment (σpt) ........................................................... 16 

  z’-score ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 

8.3.2.2.1 PM10 z’-scores .......................................................................................................................................... 18 

8.3.2.2.2 PM2.5 z’-scores ......................................................................................................................................... 21 

  En-score ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 

8.3.2.3.1 PM10 En-scores ........................................................................................................................................... 23 

8.3.2.3.2 PM2.5 En-scores .......................................................................................................................................... 25 

  Deviation estimation: difference (Di) and percent difference (Di%) ............................ 26 

8.3.3  Uncertainties of participants’ measurements .................................................................................... 28 

9  Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 

References ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 

List of abbreviations and definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 33 

List of figures ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 

List of tables ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 

Annex 1. Participant’s submitted data ................................................................................................................................... 38 

1 

 
 
 
Abstract  

A proficiency testing scheme (PT) for the determination of Particulate Matter (PM) mass concentration 
with the EN reference gravimetric method was organised by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Air 
Quality Management and Air Pollution Control, the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (EC-
JRC), the North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, the Environment and Consumer Protection 
(LANUV) and the Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG).  

The  purpose  of  this  proficiency  test  (PT)  was  to  evaluate  the  performance  of  the  participants' 
procedures. In October-November 2023, 9 laboratories and 7 National Reference Laboratories (NRL) 
placed 22 samplers for PM10 and 18 samplers for PM2.5 at the Wiesbaden site in Germany to sample 
ambient  aerosol.  The  assigned  values  for  PM10  and  PM2.5  were  determined  by  averaging  the 
measurements from expert laboratories, once their validity was confirmed through statistical tests 
(robustness), otherwise using a robust mean. 

Among the reported no values, neither PM10 nor PM2.5, were found to be unsatisfactory against the 
z’-score criteria. 

2 

 
 
Acknowledgements  

Thank you for participating to:   
Karsten Pletscher (TÜV), Rebecca Thiel (M-BBM), Ivan Beslic (IMI), Wolfgang Ross (ZECH), Axel Pietsch 
(UBA-B), Ralf  Gauger (DEKRA),  Franziska Bachmeier (UBA-L), Christos Kizas (DLI), Katja Poellmann 
(INFRASERV), Katrin Dieckmann (ANECO), Gustaaf Stefess (RIVM), Stephan Leinert (LANUV), Wolfgang 
Angelkoetter( TÜV-S), Michel Neumann (AEV), Ingrid Zell (LUA), Nicolai Foell (HLNUG), Leen Verlinden 
(VMM). 

Contributors 

NAME  
Editing  
C. TARRICONE (EC-JRC)  
Co-author  A. BOROWIAK (EC-JRC)  
M. BARBIERE (EC-JRC)  
D. ROSE (HLNUG) 
L. HEROK von GARNIER (HNLUG) 
T. ZANG (LANUV) 
J. GEIGER (LANUV) 
Validation   F. PEKAR (EC-JRC Head of Unit)  
Approval   P. SZYMANSKI (EC-JRC Director)  

3 

 
 
  
 
 
Introduction  

The  exercise  resulted  from  a  cooperation  between  WHO  Collaborating  Centre  for  Air  Quality 
Management  and  Air  Pollution  Control  (WHO-CC),  Joint  Research  Centre  (JRC),  North  Rhine 
Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection (LANUV), and Hessian 
Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG).  

Particulate Matter (PM) is considered as the most harmful outdoor air pollutant for human health. To 
protect health, the EU agreed on limit values for PM2.5 and PM10 atmospheric mass concentrations, as 
well  as  on  an  exposure  reduction  target  for  PM2.5,  which  are  described in  the current  Ambient  Air 
Quality Directive [1]. The correct measurement of the two PM size fractions PM2.5 and PM10 is not only 
required by the Directive, but is also essential for a EU-wide harmonised assessment of concentration 
levels,  to  detect  the  successful  implementation  of  emission  reduction  measures,  and  to  identify 
changing emission patterns or sources at local, regional and global levels. 

The Air Quality Directive sets the legal basis for a harmonised assessment of air pollutants in Europe. 
The reference measurement methods for PM2.5 and PM10 are described in the European standard EN 
12341 [2]. Requirements on the data quality are set as minimum objectives for the uncertainty of 
the measurement itself, and as minimum data capture. 

4 

 
 
 
  Scope of the Proficiency Testing  

The performance of each participant is assessed by comparing its measurement of PM2.5 and PM10 
according to EN 12341[2] with established indicators. This helps identify areas of improvement, and 
measures for maintaining and improving the measurement quality. 

This exercise serves three main purposes: 

1) Quality control of the particulate air pollution measurements by the participants.  

2) Harmonisation of the Air Quality (AQ) measurements made by public health and environmental 
institutes in the EU and the WHO EURO Region. 

3)  Exchange  of  expertise  and  competencies  among  participants  in  order  to  enhance  the  general 
knowledge in PM measurement.  

5 

 
 
  Roles and Responsibilities 

This ILC is organized by HLNUG and LANUV in collaboration with WHO CC, JRC and UBA. 
Main roles are:     
WHO CC: Support for WHO participants, invitation of WHO participants  
JRC: assessment, data analysis and report  
HLNUG: On-site organisation, PM measurement (2 Reference instrument), invitation  
LANUV: PM measurement (1 Reference instrument), advisory service for organization and evaluation. 

6 

 
 
ILC organization 

Sampling area 
The sampling area for this exercise is at HLNUG in Wiesbaden. 

Figure 1 shows the sampling area. 

Figure 1. ILC sampling area 

Source: HNLUG picture ILC Site in Wiesbaden, 2020 

The participating laboratories conducted 24-hour sampling using their sequential samplers and their 
usual types of filters. They were responsible for bringing their own instruments, equipment, and 
consumables for all verifications (flow, temperature, pressure), checks and sampling during the 
exercise. Data from non-reference instruments were excluded from the evaluation. 

The participants operated their own measuring instruments and equipment. They changed the filters 
regularly (every 14 days), with assistance from HLNUG personnel when needed. The filters were 
stored in HLNUG's air-conditioned areas throughout the exercise. 

Installation and Sampling periods 

Installation took place between 16 October and 18 October 2023. PM sampling started on 19 
October 2023 00:00 h CET for 24 h per day and ended on 29 November 23:59 h CET. Participants 
removed their instruments from 1 December 2023.  

Data were reported via a web application or e-mail. Daily values (0:00 a.m.– 23:59 h. CET) and 
associated uncertainties were submitted by the participants together with a questionnaire regarding 
the equipment used and sampling details. 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  Participants and equipment 

Table 1. Participating laboratories 

Acronym 

Institute 

AEV 
ANECO 
DEKRA 

DLI 

HLNUG 
INFRASERV 
IMI 

LANUV 

LUA  
MBBM 
RIVM 
TÜV 
TÜV SÜD 
UBA 
VMM 
ZECH 

Administration de l’environment 
Aneco Institut für Umweltschutz 
Automobil GmbH 
Department of Labour inspection, Air Quality and Strategic Planning 
Section 
Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology 
Infraserv Höchst 
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health 
North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and 
Consumer Protection 
Landesamt für Umwelt und Arbeitsschutz Saarland 
Müller-BBM Industry Solutions gmbH 
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu 
Rheinland Energy GmbH 
Industrie Service GmbH 
Umweltbundesamt II4.5 Langen 
Flanders Environment Agency 
Umweltanalytik GmbH 

Source: JRC 

Country 

Luxembourg 
Germany 
Germany 

Cyprus 

Germany 
Germany 
Croatia 

Germany 

Germany 
Germany 
The Netherlands 
Germany 
Germany 
Germany 
Belgium 
Germany 

Umweltbundesamt  II  1.3  Berlin  (UBA  B)  participated  in  this  exercise  to  compare  their  measuring 
systems, which are not according to the EN reference method. Their data has not been included in 
this report. 

Each participant  provided information  regarding the type  of filter material  and sampler used. The 
presence of a cooling system for loaded filters inside the samplers was reported as well.  

In  the  following  Table  2,  the  expert  laboratories  instruments  from  which  the  assigned  values  are 
calculated are highlighted in green, and instruments using filter not complying with EN12341[2] are 
highlighted in red.  

8 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 2. Pollutant, filters, instruments, flows and cooling systems used by laboratories 

Instrument 

Cooling 
System 

Filters 

Institute 

Country 

PM 

PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 

PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 
PM2.5 

PM 

Flo
w 

LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
HVS 
LVS 

LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
LVS 
HVS 
LVS 
Flow 

LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10  HVS 
PM10  HVS 
PM10  HVS 
PM10  HVS 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
LVS 
PM10 
PM10  HVS 
LVS 
PM10 

no
no
no

Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50  yes 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Comde-Derenda 
Comde-Derenda 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Digitel DHA80 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 

no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes

Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Comde-Derenda 
Comde-Derenda 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Digitel DHA80 
Digitel DPA14 
Instrument 

Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Comde-Derenda 
Comde-Derenda 
Digitel DHA80 
Digitel DHA80 
Digitel DHA80 
Digitel DHA80 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Comde-Derenda 
Comde-Derenda 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Leckel SEQ 47/50 
Digitel DHA80 
Digitel DPA14 

no
yes 
yes 

no
yes
no
no
Cooling 
System 

no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no

 Source: HNLUG data 

AEV 
ANECO 
DEKRA  
DEKRA  
DLI  
VMM-1 
VMM-2 
HLNUG-1 
HLNUG-2 
INFRASERV 
IMI 

LANUV 
M-BBM 
RIVM 
TÜV  
TÜV SÜD  
UBA-L 
ZECH  
Institute 

AEV 
ANECO 
DEKRA 
DLI  
VMM-1 
VMM-2 
HLNUG-1 
HLNUG-2 
HLNUG-3 
HLNUG-4 
HLNUG-5 
HLNUG-6 
INFRASERV 
IMI 
LUA  
LANUV 
M-BBM 
RIVM 
TÜV  
TÜV S  
UBA-L 
ZECH  

LU 
DE 
DE 
DE 
CY 
BE 
BE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
HR 

DE 
DE 
NL 
DE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
Country 

LU 
DE 
DE 
CY 
BE 
BE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
DE 
HR 
DE 
DE 
DE 
NL 
DE 
DE 
DE 
DE 

Quartz fibre 
Glass fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 
PALLEMFAB 
Quartz fibre 
Glass fibre 
Glass fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 

Glass fibre 
Quartz fibre 
QMA 
PALLEMFAB 
47mm MN 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 

Filters 

Quartz fibre 
Glass fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 
PALLEMFAB 
Quartz fibre 
Nitrocellulose 
Nitrocellulose 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Glass fibre 
Glass fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 
Glass fibre 
Glass fibre 
Quartz fibre 
QMA 
PALLEMFAB 
47mm MN 
Quartz fibre 
Quartz fibre 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Blunder identification 

ISO 13528 [4] recommends removing obvious blunders prior to use any robust procedure or any test 
to identify statistical outliers.  
After a visual inspection of all PM10 and PM2.5 data, no blunders were identified.    

  Performance assessment 

The  assessment  of  performance  was  achieved  by  comparing  participants’  results  to  an  assigned 
value.  ISO  13528  [4]  defines  several  statistical  methods  to  determine  it.  In  this  intercomparison 
exercise, the mean value of expert labs was used to provide the assigned values once statistical tests 
(robustness) confirmed its validity.  

The deviation for proficiency assessment (σpt) was defined as the maximum measurement uncertainty 
of the method indicated in the standard EN 12341 [2]. 

The  uncertainty  of  the  assigned  value  (u(xpt))  was  found  for  all  data  to  be  greater  than  0.3σpt. 
Therefore, z’-scores were used as performance indicators. The z’-score checks whether the difference 
between  each  participant  submitted  value  and  the  assigned  value  remains  within  the  limits  of  a 
common criterion.  

In addition, the En score was evaluated. The En score can be useful to evaluate participants’ ability 
to have results equal to the assigned value within their claimed expanded uncertainty. Incorporating 
information  on  uncertainties  into  the  result  of  a  PT  can  be  useful  in  improving  the  participants’ 
understanding of measurement uncertainty and its evaluation. 

7.1  Assigned value 

The assigned value was calculated for each variable and each day of the exercise as the arithmetic 
mean value of the measurement values obtained by three reference instruments. These laboratories 
are  HLNUG  with  2  reference  instruments  for  PM10  and  PM2.5 respectively,  and  LANUV  with  a  PM10 
sampler  and  a  PM2.5  sampler.  Daily  assigned  values  were  verified  by  comparison  to  daily  robust 
averages according to ISO 13528 § 7.8 [4].  

The standard uncertainty of the assigned value is calculated by evaluating the standard-deviation of 
the mean of the 2 expert labs (N=3 instruments for PM10 and N=3 instruments for PM2.5): 

u'(xpt)=

𝑁𝑁
1

∑ (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖−𝑥𝑥 � )
𝑁𝑁−1

�

2

Equation 1 

In  this  ILC  the  assigned  values    were  found  not  to  be  robust  on  some  days  reported  in  Table  3 
(highlighted  in  yellow).  For  these  days  the  consensus  value  i.e.  the  robust  arithmetic  mean  of 
participants’ results was considered as assigned value (ISO 13528 § 7.7 [4]), and the uncertainty of 
the assigned value was also calculated according to Equation 2, as described by ISO 13528 [4] 

u(xpt)=1.25 s*/

. 

Equation 2 

�𝑝𝑝

where s* (robust standard deviation) was calculated according to ISO 13528 (part C.3.1) [4] and p is 
the number of valid participants’ daily data. 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Inhomogeneity  has  not  been  observed  during  other  interlaboratory  comparisons  at  this  site. 
Nevertheless, homogeneity has to be taken into account and the ubs value can be assumed as an 
estimate for inhomogeneity with a rectangular distribution. Therefore, uh = 0.82 μg/m³ (Equation 3) 
was added to the uncertainty of the assigned values.  

uh = (ubs )max/

where: 

√6

Equation 3 

(ubs )max = the maximum permitted between-sampler uncertainty (2 μg/m³). 

The combined standard uncertainty of the assigned value u(xpt) was calculated according to Equation 
4: 

u(xpt) = (u'(xpt)2+uh

2)1/2 

Equation 4 

where: 

u(xpt)  = combined standard uncertainty of the assigned value 

u’(xpt) = uncertainty of the assigned value 

uh= inhomogeneity uncertainty 

The Expanded Uncertainty of the assigned value U(xpt) is calculated according to Equation 5 using the 
constant k=2 as coverage factor: 

U(xpt)=2*u(xpt) 

where:   

Equation 5 

U(xpt) = expanded uncertainty of the assigned value 

u(xpt) = combined uncertainty of the assigned value 

Comparison of the assigned value with an independent reference value 

As suggested by ISO 13526[4], the assigned value should be compared with the robust average (x*). 
As mentioned above, in this intercomparison, the robust consensus value of all participant was chosen 
as x*. The comparison was done according to ISO 13528 § 7.8 [4]. 

Using all participants’ results to determine the assigned value and the standard 
deviation 

The robust average (x*) of all participant results was taken according to ISO 13528 [4]. 

The robust average (x*) and the robust standard deviation (s*) were calculated according to ISO 13528 
[4] (part C.3.1). 

The robust estimates x* and s* were derived by iterative calculations, updating the values of x* and 
s* several times until the process converged. Convergence was assumed when there was no change 
from one iteration to the next in the third significant digit of the robust mean.  

11 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.2  PM10 and PM2.5 assigned daily values 

The daily assigned values ranged from 3.7 to 23.0 μg/m3 (average 9.4 μg/m3) for PM10 and from 
2.5 to 14.4 μg/m3 (average 5.3 μg/m3) for PM2.5.  

Table 3 shows the daily assigned values, their expanded uncertainty, and the number of laboratories 
(p) used to calculate the assigned value on the respective day.  

12 

 
 
 
 
Table 3. Assigned values and uncertainties for PM10 and PM2.5 over the measurement period. “p” indicates the 
number of laboratories whose data were used to calculate the assigned values and uncertainties.   

PM10 
Day 
2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

U(xpt) 
2.04 
1.66 
1.72 
1.78 
1.76 
1.74 
1.66 
1.76 
1.74 
1.68 
1.78 
1.76 
1.70 
1.70 
1.70 
1.80 
1.66 
1.68 
1.76 
1.74 
1.70 
1.74 
1.70 
1.68 
1.74 
1.76 
1.80 
1.72 
1.68 
1.88 
1.80 
1.66 
1.72 
1.92 
1.72 
1.70 
1.72 
1.74 
1.78 
1.78 
1.74 
1.64 

p 
22 
3 
3 
23 
23 
23 
3 
23 
3 
3 
3 
3 
23 
23 
23 
23 
3 
3 
23 
22 
3 
23 
23 
23 
3 
3 
23 
23 
3 
23 
3 
3 
23 
3 
23 
3 
22 
23 
3 
23 
22 
3 

PM2.5 
Date 
2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

U(xpt) 
1.74 
1.74 
1.70 
1.66 
1.86 
1.74 
2.06 
1.74 
1.80 
1.68 
1.64 
1.68 
1.92 
1.74 
1.76 
1.80 
1.72 
2.20 
1.68 
1.66 
1.68 
1.72 
1.78 
1.88 
1.66 
1.90 
1.70 
1.70 
1.66 
1.76 
1.64 
1.70 
1.70 
1.66 
1.64 
1.70 
1.70 
1.68 
1.66 
1.72 
1.68 
1.70 

p 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
16 
14 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
17 
3 
3 
17 
2 
3 
17 
17 
3 

Source: JRC analysis 

The assigned daily values for PM10 and PM2.5 are displayed in Figure 2. 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2. PM10 (grey dots) and PM2.5 (light blue dots) assigned values for each day of measurement.  

Source: JRC analysis 

Figure 3 shows the assigned values distribution through histograms with bins of 1 μg/m3. The number 
over the bin represents the frequency of assigned value occurrence. 

Figure 3. Assigned values frequency distribution 

Source: JRC analysis 

14 

 
 
 
 
Figure 4: Linear regression between PM2.5 and PM10 assigned values in µg/m3 

Source: JRC analysis 

7.3  Performance data evaluation  

  Data Capture 

According  to the  number of  data  delivered  during  the  42  days  of  the  sampling  campaign,  a data 
capture percentage for PM10 and PM2.5 for each participant was calculated. The laboratories with a 
result below the EN method limit of 90% are highlighted in yellow in the following Table 4. 

Table 4. Participants’ data capture for PM10 and PM2.5 over the measurement period. 

Laboratory 

AEV 
ANECO 
DEKRA1 
DEKRA2 
DLI 
HLNUG-1 
HLNUG-2 
HLNUG-3 
HLNUG-4 
HLNUG-5 
HLNUG-6 
IMI 
INFRASERV 
LANUV 
LUA 
M-BBM 
RIVM 
TÜV 
TÜV-S 
UBA-L 
VMM 
VMM-2 
ZECH 

Number of  PM10 
samples 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
41 
41 
42 
42 
41 
42 
42 
42 
42 
42 
41 
39 
42 
42 
41 
42 
42 
42 

data capture 
(%) 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
98 
98 
100 
100 
98 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
98 
93 
100 
100 
98 
100 
100 
100 

Source: JRC analysis 

Laboratory 

AEV 
ANECO 
DEKRA1 

DLI 
HLNUG-1 
HLNUG-2 

IMI 
INFRASERV 
LANUV 

M-BBM 
RIVM 
TÜV 
TÜV-S 
UBA-L 
VMM 
VMM-2 
ZECH 

Number of  PM2.5 
samples 
42 
42 
42 

42 
42 
42 

42 
42 
41 

35 
42 
42 
42 
42 
41 
40 
41 

data capture % 

100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
98 

83 
100 
100 
100 
100 
98 
95 
98 

15 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Measurement biases 

The  indicator  z’-score  was  chosen  because  the  inequality  u(xpt)>0.3*σpt  was  observed  for  every 
measurement day for both PM10 and PM2.5. 
The performance indicator (z’-score) compares the difference between  the participants’  measured 
value and the assigned value with the square root of the quadratic sum of the standard deviation for 
proficiency assessment (σpt) and the standard uncertainty of the assigned value (u(xpt)).  

Another indicator was evaluated (En-score), that compares the difference between each participant’s 
measured value and the assigned value with the square root of the quadratic sum of the expanded 
uncertainties of the participants’ data and the assigned value. 

A straightforward way to measure participants' performance is by calculating the difference between 
their results and the assigned value: Difference (D) and Percent difference (D%). 

  Standard deviation for proficiency assessment (σpt) 

The maximum measurement uncertainty of the method, as indicated in standard EN 12341 [2], was 
considered  as  σpt  of  the  PT.  This  provides  a  criterion  that  is  independent  from  the  participants’ 
performance  and allows  for comparison with the results of  other  past and  future  PTs.  Equation 6 
used for the σpt calculation is as follows: 

Equation 6 

2
𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙−𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑢)

1/2

2
𝑢𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
2
𝐶𝐶

2

�

+

2
𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = �
+ 𝑢𝑢𝑓𝑓
-  um = mass uncertainty (47 μg) 
- 
-  uf = flow relative uncertainty (1.4%) 
-  ubs = between sampler uncertainty (2 μg/m3) 
-  C = actual PM concentration (daily average) in μg/m3 

∗ 𝐶𝐶

(ml-mu) = mass loaded – mass unloaded, calculated at the level of C  

The assigned value xpt and σpt are calculated for each daily PM concentration. Detailed values for each 
measurement day are listed in Table 5. 

Table 5. Assigned values (xpt) and standard deviation (σpt ) for each day of the sampling campaign (μg/m³) 

Date 
2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 

PM10 xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 

PM2.5 xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 

PM2.5 σpt 
2.18 
2.18 
2.17 
2.17 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 

PM10 σpt 
2.19 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

PM10 xpt 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

PM10 σpt 
2.17 
2.17 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 

PM2.5 xpt 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

PM2.5 σpt 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.18 
2.18 
2.17 
2.17 
2.18 
2.18 
2.18 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.18 
2.18 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
2.18 

Source: JRC analysis 

A functional correlation between the standard deviation σpt and the assigned mass concentration xpt 
is reported in Figure 5. This graph represents the values that σpt could reach within a PM concentration 
interval 0-100 µg/m3. 

Figure 5. Standard deviation for proficiency test (

) vs. PM concentration 

𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

Source: JRC analysis 

17 

 
 
 
 
  z’-score 

The z’-score indicator was calculated according to ISO 13528 [4] as: 

Equation 7 

′
zi
=
Where: 

2

+u

(xpt) 

xi−xpt
2
�σpt
-  xi is a participant’s value 
-  xpt is the assigned value 
-  σpt is the standard deviation for proficiency assessment  
-  u(xpt) is the standard uncertainty of the assigned value 

The evaluation of the z’-score is carried out according to ISO 13528[4]: 

|z’| ≤ 2   
● 
●  2 < |z’| < 3  
|z’| ≥ 3   
● 

satisfactory 
questionable 
unsatisfactory 

The overall results of the z’-score evaluation are presented in tables and graphical charts for each 
laboratory and for each day of the PT in Annex 1. In the charts the limits are identified with green 
and red horizontal lines over which questionable and unsatisfactory results are respectively identified.  

8.3.2.2.1  PM10 z’-scores 

The box plot1 in Figure 6 provides a visual summary of the PM10 z’-score values for each participant. 
Figure  6  shows  the  median  values  and  the  distribution  of  the  data  set.  It  also  enables  an  easy 
identification of any questionable values (between the green and red lines) or unsatisfactory values 
(above 3 or below -3 identified by the red line). 

1   The box of a boxplot starts in the first quartile (25%) and ends in the third (75%). Hence, the box represents 50% of the central data, with a line inside 
that represents the median. On each side of the box, there is drawn a segment (whiskers) to the furthest data without counting boxplot outliers, that in 
case there exist, will be represented with circles. An outlier is an observation that is very distant from the rest of the data. A data point is said to be an 
outlier if it is greater than Q3+ 1.5*IQR (higher outlier) or it is less than Q1 – 1.5*IQR
IQR the interquartile range (Q3-Q1) that represents the height of the box for vertical boxplots. 

(lower outlier), being Q1 the first quartile, Q3 the third quartile, and 

⋅

18 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
 
Figure 6: z’-score values box plot for PM10 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

Figure  7  shows  an  overview  of  the  z’-scores  values  calculated  for  PM10  measurements,  for  each 
participant (horizontal axis) and each day (vertical axis) in a colour scale.  

The letters and colours are identifying satisfactory (S), questionable (Q) and unsatisfactory values 
(U). White cells represent sampling days for which no values were reported by the participants. 

As clearly shown by Figure 7, the majority of the PM10 values reported are satisfactory, and only 1 
(0.1%) value was found questionable and zero unsatisfactory. 

19 

 
 
Figure 7: z’-scores for PM10 measurements in matrix view 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
Source: JRC analysis 

8.3.2.2.2  PM2.5 z’-scores 

Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the z’-scores for PM2.5 measurements similarly to Figure 6 and Figure 7 
for PM10 z’-score values. All the PM2.5 values reported by the participants are satisfactory according 
to the z’score indicator. 

Figure 8: z’-score values box plot for PM2.5 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 9: z’-scores for PM2.5 measurements in matrix view 

Source: JRC analysis 

  En-score 

The En-scores were calculated according to ISO 13528 [4] as: 

Equation 8 

xi−xpt
2

2

�U

(xpt)

(xi)+U
xi = participants’ value,  
xpt = assigned value,  

(En)i =
- 
- 
-  U(xi) = participants’ value expanded uncertainty  
-  U(xpt) = expanded uncertainty of the assigned value.  

Good performance is indicated by |En| < 1, while values of |En| ≥ 1 indicate either a need to review the 
uncertainty estimates or an erroneous measurement result.  

En-scores are presented in terms of exceedances hereafter. In Annex 1 participant’s submitted data 
and all En-score values are reported for each participant and for each sampling day.  

22 

 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
8.3.2.3.1  PM10 En-scores 

Figure  11  illustrates  the  distribution  of  the  PM10  En-score  values  for  each  participant.  The  good 
performance indication for En scores is defined by the area between the two green horizontal lines. 

Figure 10: En-scores values box plot1 for PM10 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

Figure 11 shows an overview of the En-score  values  calculated for PM10 measurements of each participant 
(horizontal axis) and each day (vertical axis) in a colour scale ranging from -1 to +1. The majority of the values 
reported are within the performance limits (|En|<1), while 55 (6 %) values were found unsatisfactory (En > 1 
and En<-1). 

23 

 
 
 
Figure 11: En-scores for PM10 measurements in matrix view. S (green) is used to identify satisfactory results, 
U (orange and yellow) identify unsatisfactory results. White cells represent the sampling days where no values 
were reported by the participants. 

Source: JRC analysis 

24 

 
 
 
 
 
8.3.2.3.2  PM2.5 En-scores 

Figure 12 shows the En-scores for PM2.5 measurements for each participant (horizontal axis) and each 
day (vertical axis) similarly to Figure 11 for PM10. The majority of the values reported are within the 
performance limits (|En|<1), while 19 (2.7%) values were found unsatisfactory (|En|>1). 

Figure 12: En-scores for PM2.5 measurements in matrix view (see Figure 11 for details). 

Source: JRC analysis 

The box plot in Figure 13 shows a summary of PM2.5 En-score values obtained for each participant, 
where the area between the two green horizontal lines defines the good performance indication for 
En scores. 

25 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 13: En-scores values box plot for PM2.5 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

  Deviation estimation: difference (Di) and percent difference (Di%) 

The  difference,  denoted  as  Di  where  i=(1,2,...42  day),  can  be  expressed  in  the  same  unit  as  the 
assigned value (Di) or as a percentage (Di%). 
In  the  following  figures  are  reported  the  distribution  of  the  differences  (Di  and  Di%)  for  each 
participant. 

Figure 14: Di values box plot for PM10 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

26 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 15: D% values box plot for PM10 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

Figure 16: D values box plot for PM2.5 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

27 

 
 
 
  
 
Figure 17: D% values box plot for PM2.5 measurements 

Source: JRC analysis 

It's  interesting  to  note  that  while  the  z-score  indicators  are  almost  always  satisfactory  for  all 
participants  and  for  both  PM10  and  PM2.5,  D  values  show  systematic  differences  compared  to  the 
assigned  value  (constant  overestimation  or  underestimation  of  the  concentration)  for  some 
participants. The indicators D and D%, which simply reflect the difference between a laboratory result 
and the assigned value, do not take into account neither the measurement uncertainty nor the intrinsic 
variability of the test represented by σpt, which for low concentrations can be relevant. Therefore, D 
and D% could reveal systematic deviation in the measurements that are not immediately highlighted 
by the z’-scores. 

8.3.3  Uncertainties of participants’ measurements 

The En-scores  results  were analyzed in detail to compare the uncertainty reported by  participants 
with the uncertainty calculated for the assigned value. Figure 18 and Figure 19 show the uncertainty 
values  submitted  by  participants  in  panels  (a)  and  (b),  alongside  the  uncertainty  of  the  assigned 
values in panel (c), for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. These boxplots give an overview of the combined 
distribution of uncertainties grouped by participant (panel a) and by day (panel b). 

It is evident that for some laboratories, the uncertainty does not seem to change with concentration. 
However, there is significant variability in uncertainty among the participating laboratories. 

The third graph indicates that the green line (σpt) and the red line  (u(xpt)) remain almost  constant, 
which is due to limited variations in the daily concentration levels over the entire measurement period. 
The x-axis represents the assigned concentration values, helping identify the relationship between 
uncertainty and mass concentration values. 

28 

 
 
 
Figure 18: PM10 boxplot of participants' combined uncertainty grouped by participants (panel (a)), by day (panel 
(b)), and comparison with the uncertainty of the assigned value u(xpt) and the standard deviation for proficiency 
test (σpt) (panel (c)) 

Source: JRC analysis 

29 

 
 
 
 
Figure 19: PM2.5 boxplot of combined uncertainty grouped by participants (panel (a)), by day (panel (b)), and 
comparison with the uncertainty of the assigned value (u(xpt)) and the standard deviation for proficiency test 
(σpt) (panel (c)) 

Source: JRC analysis 

30 

 
 
 
9  Conclusions 

For  the  present  proficiency  test,  assigned  daily  values  for  PM10  and  PM2.5  were  computed  as  the 
average  of  the  measurements  from  expert  laboratories,  and  as  the  consensus  values  (robust 
averages) from participant’s results (ISO 13528 § 7.7 [4]) for days on which the data reported by the 
expert laboratories were proved not to be robust. The evaluation of the data set showed no blunder 
values either for PM10 or PM2.5. The performance of the participants was evaluated through z’-scores 
and En-scores. D indicators were also calculated in addition.  

The  z’-score  is  a  useful  metric  for  assessing  performance  because  it  normalizes  the  difference 
between a participant's result and the assigned value by the standard deviation for proficiency testing, 
providing a dimensionless quantity that indicates the number of standard deviations a result deviates 
from the assigned value. 

The En-score adds another layer by considering the expanded uncertainty of the measurement, which 
is  particularly  important  when  dealing  with  low  analyte  concentrations.  Here,  the  measurement 
uncertainty has a more pronounced effect on the assessment of laboratory performance.  

The D and D% indicators offer additional insight by quantifying the absolute and relative differences 
between a participant's results and the assigned values, respectively. These parameters do not adjust 
for the measurement uncertainty, but they can be useful for quickly identifying the magnitude and 
direction of deviations.  

For  z’-scores,  no  unsatisfactory  (|z’|≥3)  results  were  found.  Only  0.1%  of  PM2.5 results  was  found 
questionable (|z’|≥2) for PM10 and no one for PM2.5 

For En-scores, 5.7% of the PM10 values and 2.4% of the PM2.5 values exceeded the test threshold 
(|En|≥1). 

These findings indicate a generally good laboratory performance, with a very small percentage of 
questionable results for PM10 using z’-scores and a slightly higher, but still modest, percentage of 
results exceeding the acceptability threshold for both PM10 and PM2.5 when using En-scores. The fact 
that more results exceeded the En-score threshold compared to the z’-score threshold suggests that 
when the participant’s uncertainty is taken into account, room for improvement can be highlighted 
for some laboratories, particularly in evaluating their measurement uncertainty. 

The D and D% indicators further reveal acceptable but significant and systematic deviations in the 
measurements of some participants, that are not highlighted by the z’-scores and En scores. 

In  conclusion,  the  use  of  multiple  metrics  to  evaluate  the  laboratory  performance  provides  a 
comprehensive view of laboratory capabilities, especially in challenging low-concentration conditions. 
It is important  that  participants  understand the implications of each metric  and strive to optimize 
their measurement processes. 

Given the condition of low PM concentrations encountered during this PT, the results of the laboratory 
performance  evaluation  shall  be  examined  with  caution.  Indeed,  when  proficiency  test  standard 
deviations  or  assigned  concentration  uncertainties  are  large  compared  to  the  actual  PM 
concentrations, achieving low z’-score and En-score values become less demanding. However, when 
regulatory limit values are significantly higher than the measured concentrations, some degree of 
imprecision at low concentrations may be acceptable. Nevertheless, such a context does not allow for 
ensuring  that  participants can  measure  concentrations  with  an  accuracy  suitable  for the intended 
regulatory purposes. Therefore, it would still be advisable to perform proficiency testing in pollution 
conditions close to the limit values, or at the very least covering as much as possible the concentration 
range experienced in the countries participants come from. 

31 

 
 
 
 
References 

1.  Directive  2008/50/EC of the European  Parliament and of the Council of 21 May  2008 on 
ambient  air  quality  and  cleaner  air  for  Europe,  L  152,  11.06.2008,  with  amendments  of 
Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1480 of 28 August 2015 

2.  EN 12341:2023, Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determi-

nation of the PM10 or PM2.5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter 

3. 

4. 

5. 

ISO 17025:2017, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration La-
boratories  

ISO 13528:2022, Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory com-
parison 

ISO 5725-2:2019, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results – 
Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard 
measurement method 

32 

 
 
 
 
List of abbreviations and definitions  

DQO 
LV 
AQUILA 
WHO-CC 
PM10 
PM2.5 
PAH 
ERLAP 
HVS 
LVS 
PT 
PTFE 
JRC 
EC 
ISO 
Avg 
U 
U 
R 
ILC 
UTC 
CEN 
NRL 

Data Quality Objective of the European Directive 2008/50/EC 
Limit Value of the European Directive 2008/50/EC 
Network of National Air Quality Reference Laboratories 
World Health Organisation Collaboration Centre for Air Quality 
Particulate Matter in the size fraction ≤ 10 µm aerodynamic diameter  
Particulate Matter in the size fraction ≤ 2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter 
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 
European Reference Laboratory for Air Pollution 
High Volume Sampler 
Low Volume Sampler 
Proficiency Testing scheme 
Polytetrafluoroethylene 
Joint Research Centre of the European Commission 
European Commission 
International Organisation for Standardisation 
Average 
Combined uncertainty  
Expanded Uncertainty (k=2) 
Reproducibility 
Inter-laboratory comparison exercise 
Coordinated Universal Time 
European Committee for Standardisation 
National Reference Laboratory 

33 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of figures  

Figure 1. ILC sampling area ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 

Figure 2. PM10 (grey dots) and PM2.5 (light blue dots) assigned values for each day of measurement.
 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 

Figure 3. Assigned values frequency distribution ........................................................................................................... 14 

Figure 4: Linear regression between PM2.5 and PM10 assigned values in µg/m3 ........................................... 15 

Figure 5. Standard deviation for proficiency test (

) vs. PM concentration ............................................... 17 

Figure 6: z’-score values box plot for PM10 measurements...................................................................................... 19 

𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

Figure 7: z’-scores for PM10 measurements in matrix view...................................................................................... 20 

Figure 8: z’-score values box plot for PM2.5 measurements...................................................................................... 21 

Figure 9: z’-scores for PM2.5 measurements in matrix view...................................................................................... 22 

Figure 10: En-scores values box plot1 for PM10 measurements ............................................................................ 23 

Figure 11: En-scores for PM10 measurements in matrix view. S (green) is used to identify 
satisfactory results, U (orange and yellow) identify unsatisfactory results. White cells represent the 
sampling days where no values were reported by the participants. ..................................................................... 24 

Figure 12: En-scores for PM2.5 measurements in matrix view (see Figure 11 for details). .................... 25 

Figure 13: En-scores values box plot for PM2.5 measurements ............................................................................. 26 

Figure 14: Di values box plot for PM10 measurements................................................................................................ 26 

Figure 15: D% values box plot for PM10 measurements ............................................................................................ 27 

Figure 16: D values box plot for PM2.5 measurements ................................................................................................ 27 

Figure 17: D% values box plot for PM2.5 measurements ............................................................................................ 28 

Figure 18: PM10 boxplot of participants' combined uncertainty grouped by participants (panel (a)), 
by day (panel (b)), and comparison with the uncertainty of the assigned value u(xpt) and the 
standard deviation for proficiency test (σpt) (panel (c)) ................................................................................................. 29 

Figure 19: PM2.5 boxplot of combined uncertainty grouped by participants (panel (a)), by day (panel 
(b)), and comparison with the uncertainty of the assigned value (u(xpt)) and the standard deviation 
for proficiency test (σpt) (panel (c))............................................................................................................................................ 30 

Figure 20: AEV reported values and calculated performance parameters...................................................... 40 

Figure 21: ANECO reported values and calculated performance parameters ............................................... 43 

Figure 22: DEKRA1reported values and calculated performance parameters .............................................. 46 

Figure 23: DEKRA2 reported values and calculated performance parameters ............................................. 48 

Figure 24: DLI reported values and calculated performance parameters ....................................................... 51 

Figure 25: HLNUG-1 reported values and calculated performance parameters.......................................... 54 

34 

 
 
Figure 26: HLNUG-2 reported values and calculated performance parameters. ......................................... 57 

Figure 27: HLNUG-3 reported values and calculated performance parameters.......................................... 59 

Figure 28: HLNUG-4 reported values and calculated performance parameters.......................................... 61 

Figure 29. HLNUG-5 reported values and calculated performance parameters.......................................... 63 

Figure 30. HLNUG-6 reported values and calculated performance parameters.......................................... 65 

Figure 31. IMI reported values and calculated performance parameters........................................................ 68 

Figure 32. INFRASERV reported values and calculated performance parameters ...................................... 71 

Figure 33. LANUV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................ 74 

Figure 34. LUA reported values and calculated performance parameters ..................................................... 76 

Figure 35. M-BBM reported values and calculated performance parameters .............................................. 79 

Figure 36. RIVM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters .................... 82 

Figure 37. TÜV reported values and calculated performance parameters ..................................................... 85 

Figure 38. TÜV-S reported values and calculated performance parameters................................................. 88 

Figure 39. UBA-L reported values and calculated performance parameters ................................................ 91 

Figure 40. VMM reported values and calculated performance parameters ................................................... 94 

Figure 41 VMM-2 reported values and calculated performance parameters ............................................... 97 

Figure 42. ZECH reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................. 100 

35 

 
 
  
 
 
List of tables  

Table 1. Participating laboratories .............................................................................................................................................. 8 

Table 2. Pollutant, filters, instruments, flows and cooling systems used by laboratories ......................... 9 

Table 3. Assigned values and uncertainties for PM10 and PM2.5 over the measurement period. “p” 
indicates the number of laboratories whose data were used to calculate the assigned values and 
uncertainties. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 

Table 4. Participants’ data capture for PM10 and PM2.5 over the measurement period. ............................ 15 

Table 5. Assigned values (xpt) and standard deviation (σpt ) for each day of the sampling campaign 
(μg/m³) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 

Table 6.  AEV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters .......................... 38 

Table 7.  ANECO reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters .................... 41 

Table 8. DEKRA1 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................... 44 

Table 9. DEKRA2 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................... 47 

Table 10. DLI reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters .......................... 49 

Table 11. HLNUG-1 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ............ 52 

Table 12. HLNUG-2 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ............ 55 

Table 13. HLNUG-3 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ............ 58 

Table 14. HLNUG-4 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters. ........... 60 

Table 15. HLNUG-5 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ............ 62 

Table 16. HLNUG-6 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ............ 64 

Table 17. IMI reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters........................... 66 

Table 18. INFRASERV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ......... 69 

Table 19. LANUV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters .................. 72 

Table 20. LUA reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ........................ 75 

Table 21. M-BBM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................. 77 

Table 22. RIVM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ...................... 80 

Table 23 TÜV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ......................... 83 

Table 24. TÜV-S reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters.................... 86 

Table 25. UBA-L reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................... 89 

Table 26. VMM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ...................... 92 

Table 27. VMM-2reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ................... 95 

36 

 
 
Table 28. ZECH reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters ...................... 98 

37 

 
 
  
Annex 1. Participant’s submitted data  

Table 6.  AEV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

AEV PM10 data capture =  100 

AEV 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
21.41 
10.99 
7.58 
8.58 
13.79 
14.82 
9.80 
6.89 
9.00 
6.95 
5.51 
7.26 
6.00 
7.94 
5.97 
10.77 
3.54 
3.00 
5.52 
3.75 
7.75 
7.84 
5.02 
4.75 
10.10 
7.22 
9.14 
5.60 
12.23 
12.50 
13.26 
8.78 
6.75 
11.23 
7.64 
13.51 
5.99 
6.04 
5.64 
6.71 
4.24 
8.67 

Ulab 
4.22 
4.06 
4.03 
4.04 
4.09 
4.11 
4.05 
4.02 
4.04 
4.02 
4.02 
4.03 
4.02 
4.03 
4.02 
4.06 
4.01 
4.00 
4.02 
4.01 
4.03 
4.03 
4.01 
4.01 
4.05 
4.03 
4.04 
4.02 
4.07 
4.08 
4.09 
4.04 
4.02 
4.06 
4.03 
4.09 
4.03 
4.02 
4.02 
4.02 
4.01 
4.04 

z'score 
-0.64 
-0.24 
0.38 
-0.13 
-0.48 
-0.31 
-0.06 
-0.55 
-0.35 
-0.25 
-0.15 
-0.54 
-0.31 
-0.30 
-0.27 
-0.34 
-0.46 
-0.32 
-0.90 
-1.23 
-0.34 
-0.62 
-0.40 
-0.82 
-0.63 
-1.04 
-0.99 
-0.46 
-0.51 
-0.99 
-0.36 
-0.23 
-0.24 
0.19 
-0.85 
-0.50 
-0.40 
-0.50 
-0.55 
-0.80 
-0.79 
-0.75 

En 
-0.33 
-0.13 
0.20 
-0.07 
-0.25 
-0.16 
-0.03 
-0.30 
-0.19 
-0.14 
-0.08 
-0.29 
-0.16 
-0.16 
-0.14 
-0.18 
-0.24 
-0.17 
-0.48 
-0.66 
-0.18 
-0.33 
-0.21 
-0.44 
-0.34 
-0.55 
-0.53 
-0.24 
-0.27 
-0.53 
-0.19 
-0.12 
-0.13 
0.10 
-0.45 
-0.26 
-0.21 
-0.27 
-0.30 
-0.43 
-0.42 
-0.40 

D 
-1.56 
-0.57 
0.89 
-0.30 
-1.12 
-0.72 
-0.15 
-1.29 
-0.83 
-0.59 
-0.36 
-1.27 
-0.72 
-0.70 
-0.62 
-0.80 
-1.06 
-0.74 
-2.11 
-2.88 
-0.79 
-1.46 
-0.93 
-1.92 
-1.47 
-2.44 
-2.33 
-1.08 
-1.19 
-2.34 
-0.84 
-0.54 
-0.56 
0.45 
-1.98 
-1.16 
-0.94 
-1.18 
-1.29 
-1.87 
-1.86 
-1.75 

D% 
-6.79 
-4.93 
13.31 
-3.38 
-7.51 
-4.63 
-1.51 
-15.77 
-8.44 
-7.82 
-6.14 
-14.89 
-10.71 
-8.10 
-9.41 
-6.91 
-23.06 
-19.80 
-27.64 
-43.47 
-9.25 
-15.71 
-15.63 
-28.77 
-12.70 
-25.27 
-20.31 
-16.16 
-8.87 
-15.77 
-5.96 
-5.79 
-7.66 
4.17 
-20.59 
-7.91 
-13.56 
-16.35 
-18.61 
-21.78 
-30.50 
-16.79 

38 

 
 
 
 
 
AEV PM2.5 data capture =  100 

AEV 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
13.40 
5.70 
3.00 
3.00 
5.19 
6.69 
4.70 
3.75 
4.26 
3.00 
3.00 
3.10 
3.00 
5.60 
4.70 
6.53 
4.61 
3.56 
5.08 
3.48 
5.46 
6.58 
4.70 
6.24 
10.23 
4.39 
3.57 
3.00 
5.75 
8.31 
8.83 
3.97 
3.94 
4.92 
5.26 
6.75 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
5.44 

Ulab 
4.09 
4.02 
4.00 
4.00 
4.01 
4.02 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.02 
4.01 
4.02 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.02 
4.02 
4.01 
4.02 
4.05 
4.01 
4.02 
4.00 
4.02 
4.03 
4.04 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.01 
4.02 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.01 

z'score 
-0.44 
-0.87 
-0.07 
-0.39 
-0.83 
-0.62 
-0.57 
-0.58 
-0.47 
-0.34 
-0.14 
-0.63 
-0.08 
0.58 
0.57 
0.58 
0.64 
0.41 
0.85 
0.40 
0.55 
0.82 
0.75 
0.91 
0.75 
-1.03 
-0.25 
0.15 
-0.33 
-0.44 
-0.41 
-0.43 
0.35 
-0.20 
-0.48 
-1.08 
-0.10 
-0.17 
-0.61 
-1.11 
-0.85 
-1.36 

En 
-0.23 
-0.44 
-0.04 
-0.21 
-0.45 
-0.33 
-0.32 
-0.31 
-0.25 
-0.18 
-0.07 
-0.34 
-0.04 
0.31 
0.31 
0.31 
0.34 
0.23 
0.45 
0.21 
0.29 
0.44 
0.40 
0.49 
0.40 
-0.56 
-0.13 
0.08 
-0.18 
-0.24 
-0.21 
-0.23 
0.19 
-0.11 
-0.26 
-0.58 
-0.05 
-0.09 
-0.32 
-0.60 
-0.45 
-0.71 

D 
-1.03 
-2.03 
-0.17 
-0.91 
-1.96 
-1.46 
-1.37 
-1.35 
-1.10 
-0.80 
-0.32 
-1.47 
-0.19 
1.36 
1.33 
1.36 
1.50 
1.01 
1.99 
0.92 
1.28 
1.91 
1.75 
2.16 
1.76 
-2.45 
-0.59 
0.36 
-0.77 
-1.04 
-0.95 
-1.00 
0.82 
-0.47 
-1.12 
-2.53 
-0.23 
-0.40 
-1.41 
-2.60 
-1.98 
-3.17 

D% 
-7.14 
-26.25 
-5.36 
-23.27 
-27.41 
-17.92 
-22.56 
-26.47 
-20.52 
-21.05 
-9.63 
-32.19 
-5.96 
32.09 
39.52 
26.31 
48.18 
39.56 
64.40 
35.98 
30.60 
40.90 
59.39 
52.90 
20.78 
-35.84 
-14.19 
13.65 
-11.81 
-11.13 
-9.72 
-20.12 
26.31 
-8.72 
-17.56 
-27.27 
-7.13 
-11.78 
-32.00 
-46.40 
-39.77 
-36.80 

39 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 20: AEV reported values and calculated performance parameters.  

Source: JRC analysis 

40 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 7.  ANECO reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

ANECO PM10 data capture =  100 

ANECO 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
23.51 
12.25 
12.69 
9.57 
15.68 
15.68 
11.26 
8.54 
11.27 
8.97 
6.56 
9.13 
6.51 
8.78 
6.72 
11.18 
5.38 
3.73 
7.21 
5.91 
7.90 
8.85 
5.65 
6.89 
12.10 
9.93 
10.78 
6.20 
13.70 
13.82 
14.23 
9.40 
6.90 
11.11 
8.96 
14.72 
6.23 
6.76 
7.40 
8.05 
5.58 
10.32 

Ulab 
1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
0.99 
1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
0.99 
1.18 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
1.18 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
1.18 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
0.99 
0.99 
1.18 
0.99 
1.18 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 
0.99 

z'score 
0.22 
0.30 
2.56 
0.29 
0.33 
0.06 
0.56 
0.15 
0.61 
0.61 
0.29 
0.26 
-0.09 
0.06 
0.06 
-0.17 
0.33 
0.00 
-0.18 
-0.31 
-0.27 
-0.19 
-0.13 
0.09 
0.23 
0.11 
-0.29 
-0.21 
0.12 
-0.43 
0.06 
0.03 
-0.18 
0.14 
-0.28 
0.02 
-0.30 
-0.20 
0.20 
-0.23 
-0.22 
-0.04 

En 
0.26 
0.33 
2.86 
0.36 
0.37 
0.07 
0.63 
0.18 
0.70 
0.71 
0.34 
0.30 
-0.10 
0.07 
0.06 
-0.18 
0.36 
0.00 
-0.21 
-0.36 
-0.33 
-0.23 
-0.15 
0.10 
0.25 
0.13 
-0.34 
-0.24 
0.13 
-0.48 
0.06 
0.04 
-0.21 
0.16 
-0.33 
0.02 
-0.37 
-0.23 
0.24 
-0.28 
-0.26 
-0.05 

D 
0.54 
0.69 
6.00 
0.69 
0.77 
0.14 
1.31 
0.36 
1.44 
1.43 
0.69 
0.60 
-0.21 
0.14 
0.13 
-0.39 
0.78 
-0.01 
-0.42 
-0.72 
-0.64 
-0.45 
-0.30 
0.22 
0.53 
0.27 
-0.69 
-0.48 
0.28 
-1.02 
0.13 
0.08 
-0.41 
0.33 
-0.66 
0.05 
-0.70 
-0.46 
0.47 
-0.53 
-0.52 
-0.10 

D% 
2.35 
5.97 
89.73 
7.77 
5.16 
0.90 
13.17 
4.40 
14.65 
18.96 
11.76 
7.04 
-3.13 
1.62 
1.97 
-3.37 
16.97 
-0.27 
-5.50 
-10.87 
-7.50 
-4.84 
-5.04 
3.30 
4.58 
2.80 
-6.02 
-7.18 
2.09 
-6.88 
0.92 
0.86 
-5.61 
3.06 
-6.86 
0.34 
-10.09 
-6.37 
6.78 
-6.17 
-8.53 
-0.96 

41 

 
 
 
 
 
ANECO PM2.5 data capture =  100 

ANECO 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
15.68 
7.75 
3.44 
3.75 
8.43 
8.85 
5.95 
4.90 
5.37 
3.92 
3.19 
4.06 
2.42 
4.06 
2.76 
5.14 
2.91 
1.82 
2.67 
1.86 
3.26 
4.63 
2.88 
4.41 
8.56 
6.95 
4.48 
2.70 
6.35 
8.74 
9.48 
4.90 
3.08 
4.95 
5.40 
8.57 
2.71 
3.33 
4.37 
5.02 
4.44 
8.49 

Ulab 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 
0.48 

z'score 
0.53 
0.01 
0.12 
-0.07 
0.54 
0.30 
-0.05 
-0.09 
0.00 
0.05 
-0.06 
-0.22 
-0.32 
-0.08 
-0.26 
-0.01 
-0.09 
-0.30 
-0.18 
-0.30 
-0.39 
-0.02 
-0.03 
0.14 
0.04 
0.05 
0.14 
0.03 
-0.07 
-0.26 
-0.13 
-0.03 
-0.02 
-0.19 
-0.42 
-0.30 
-0.22 
-0.03 
-0.02 
-0.25 
-0.23 
-0.05 

En 
0.70 
0.01 
0.15 
-0.09 
0.73 
0.40 
-0.07 
-0.11 
0.01 
0.07 
-0.08 
-0.29 
-0.44 
-0.09 
-0.33 
-0.02 
-0.11 
-0.43 
-0.23 
-0.41 
-0.51 
-0.02 
-0.04 
0.18 
0.05 
0.05 
0.17 
0.04 
-0.09 
-0.34 
-0.16 
-0.04 
-0.02 
-0.25 
-0.56 
-0.38 
-0.26 
-0.04 
-0.02 
-0.34 
-0.31 
-0.07 

D 
1.25 
0.02 
0.27 
-0.16 
1.28 
0.70 
-0.12 
-0.20 
0.01 
0.12 
-0.13 
-0.51 
-0.77 
-0.18 
-0.61 
-0.03 
-0.20 
-0.73 
-0.42 
-0.70 
-0.92 
-0.04 
-0.07 
0.33 
0.09 
0.11 
0.32 
0.06 
-0.17 
-0.61 
-0.30 
-0.07 
-0.04 
-0.44 
-0.98 
-0.71 
-0.52 
-0.07 
-0.04 
-0.58 
-0.54 
-0.12 

D% 
8.66 
0.26 
8.52 
-4.09 
17.90 
8.59 
-1.98 
-3.92 
0.19 
3.16 
-3.91 
-11.17 
-24.16 
-4.25 
-18.12 
-0.58 
-6.42 
-28.59 
-13.59 
-27.38 
-21.99 
-0.86 
-2.38 
8.08 
1.06 
1.61 
7.70 
2.28 
-2.61 
-6.53 
-3.07 
-1.41 
-1.28 
-8.17 
-15.37 
-7.65 
-16.12 
-2.06 
-0.91 
-10.35 
-10.85 
-1.39 

42 

 
 
 
 
Figure 21: ANECO reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis  

43 

 
 
 
 
Table 8. DEKRA1 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

DEKRA1 PM10 data capture =  100 

DEKRA1 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
24.18 
11.64 
7.88 
9.49 
15.58 
15.39 
10.92 
8.24 
10.38 
8.77 
6.09 
9.67 
8.42 
10.56 
8.42 
13.79 
6.81 
6.27 
9.67 
8.41 
11.28 
11.64 
8.24 
8.77 
13.61 
12.00 
13.61 
8.06 
15.75 
17.00 
17.55 
11.28 
8.59 
14.32 
11.64 
17.73 
8.24 
8.60 
10.56 
10.56 
7.88 
13.25 

Ulab 
2.19 
1.06 
0.71 
0.86 
1.41 
1.40 
0.99 
0.75 
0.94 
0.80 
0.55 
0.88 
0.76 
0.96 
0.76 
1.25 
0.62 
0.57 
0.88 
0.76 
1.02 
1.06 
0.75 
0.80 
1.23 
1.09 
1.24 
0.73 
1.43 
1.54 
1.59 
1.02 
0.78 
1.30 
1.06 
1.61 
0.75 
0.78 
0.96 
0.96 
0.72 
1.20 

z'score 
0.50 
0.03 
0.51 
0.26 
0.28 
-0.06 
0.42 
0.03 
0.23 
0.53 
0.09 
0.49 
0.73 
0.82 
0.78 
0.94 
0.95 
1.09 
0.87 
0.76 
1.17 
1.00 
0.98 
0.90 
0.87 
1.00 
0.91 
0.59 
1.00 
0.91 
1.46 
0.84 
0.55 
1.49 
0.86 
1.31 
0.56 
0.59 
1.54 
0.84 
0.76 
1.22 

En 
0.43 
0.04 
0.66 
0.30 
0.29 
-0.06 
0.49 
0.03 
0.28 
0.67 
0.13 
0.58 
0.87 
0.96 
0.94 
1.03 
1.22 
1.34 
1.02 
0.94 
1.20 
1.18 
1.20 
1.10 
0.95 
1.18 
1.02 
0.75 
1.06 
0.92 
1.48 
1.00 
0.68 
1.63 
1.02 
1.31 
0.70 
0.74 
1.84 
1.02 
0.94 
1.33 

D 
1.21 
0.08 
1.19 
0.61 
0.67 
-0.15 
0.97 
0.06 
0.55 
1.23 
0.22 
1.14 
1.70 
1.92 
1.83 
2.22 
2.21 
2.53 
2.04 
1.78 
2.74 
2.34 
2.29 
2.10 
2.04 
2.34 
2.14 
1.38 
2.33 
2.16 
3.45 
1.96 
1.28 
3.54 
2.02 
3.06 
1.31 
1.38 
3.63 
1.98 
1.78 
2.83 

D% 
5.27 
0.69 
17.80 
6.87 
4.49 
-0.97 
9.75 
0.73 
5.60 
16.31 
3.75 
13.37 
25.30 
22.23 
27.79 
19.18 
48.08 
67.71 
26.72 
26.87 
32.10 
25.17 
38.48 
31.47 
17.63 
24.23 
18.66 
20.65 
17.36 
14.56 
24.47 
21.03 
17.52 
32.84 
21.00 
20.86 
18.89 
19.12 
52.36 
23.07 
29.19 
27.16 

44 

 
 
 
 
 
DEKRA1 PM2.5 data capture =  100 

DEKRA1 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
16.94 
7.92 
3.68 
5.52 
8.10 
9.58 
6.45 
5.16 
4.79 
4.42 
3.13 
4.79 
5.34 
5.89 
4.79 
7.55 
4.97 
4.05 
5.52 
4.42 
5.89 
6.81 
4.97 
5.89 
10.49 
7.73 
7.00 
5.71 
8.66 
11.97 
12.34 
6.44 
5.71 
7.73 
8.29 
10.86 
4.79 
5.52 
6.08 
6.63 
5.89 
11.05 

Ulab 
2.49 
1.17 
0.54 
0.81 
1.19 
1.41 
0.95 
0.76 
0.70 
0.65 
0.46 
0.70 
0.79 
0.87 
0.70 
1.11 
0.73 
0.60 
0.81 
0.65 
0.87 
1.00 
0.73 
0.87 
1.55 
1.14 
1.03 
0.84 
1.27 
1.76 
1.82 
0.95 
0.84 
1.14 
1.22 
1.60 
0.70 
0.81 
0.89 
0.98 
0.87 
1.63 

z'score 
1.07 
0.08 
0.22 
0.69 
0.40 
0.61 
0.16 
0.03 
-0.24 
0.27 
-0.08 
0.09 
0.90 
0.70 
0.61 
1.01 
0.80 
0.62 
1.04 
0.80 
0.73 
0.92 
0.86 
0.76 
0.87 
0.37 
1.22 
1.32 
0.92 
1.11 
1.10 
0.63 
1.11 
1.00 
0.82 
0.68 
0.67 
0.91 
0.72 
0.44 
0.39 
1.04 

En 
0.83 
0.09 
0.29 
0.87 
0.47 
0.66 
0.20 
0.03 
-0.28 
0.33 
-0.10 
0.12 
1.18 
0.85 
0.80 
1.16 
0.97 
0.82 
1.25 
1.03 
0.77 
1.01 
1.10 
0.90 
0.88 
0.43 
1.45 
1.62 
1.00 
1.08 
1.00 
0.69 
1.34 
0.95 
0.93 
0.68 
0.85 
1.11 
0.88 
0.52 
0.49 
1.04 

D 
2.51 
0.19 
0.51 
1.61 
0.95 
1.43 
0.38 
0.06 
-0.57 
0.62 
-0.19 
0.22 
2.15 
1.65 
1.42 
2.38 
1.86 
1.50 
2.43 
1.86 
1.71 
2.14 
2.02 
1.81 
2.02 
0.89 
2.84 
3.07 
2.14 
2.62 
2.56 
1.47 
2.59 
2.34 
1.91 
1.58 
1.56 
2.12 
1.67 
1.03 
0.91 
2.44 

D% 
17.40 
2.46 
16.09 
41.18 
13.29 
17.55 
6.26 
1.18 
-10.63 
16.32 
-5.72 
4.82 
67.47 
38.93 
42.19 
46.03 
59.74 
58.75 
78.64 
72.75 
40.88 
45.82 
68.55 
44.33 
23.85 
13.02 
68.32 
116.43 
32.82 
28.03 
26.18 
29.58 
83.10 
43.42 
29.95 
17.03 
48.36 
62.44 
37.90 
18.38 
18.28 
28.33 

45 

 
 
 
 
Figure 22: DEKRA1reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

46 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 9. DEKRA2 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

DEKRA2 PM10 data capture =  100 

DEKRA2 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
23.95 
12.15 
8.22 
9.83 
15.55 
15.72 
10.72 
8.22 
10.54 
9.29 
6.79 
9.65 
6.79 
8.22 
8.04 
13.94 
6.79 
6.25 
9.65 
7.68 
9.65 
11.26 
6.79 
8.22 
13.58 
11.62 
13.04 
8.40 
15.91 
16.26 
16.26 
10.90 
8.40 
13.22 
10.90 
17.16 
7.33 
8.76 
9.11 
10.01 
7.15 
12.15 

Ulab 
2.17 
1.10 
0.75 
0.89 
1.41 
1.43 
0.97 
0.75 
0.96 
0.84 
0.62 
0.88 
0.62 
0.75 
0.73 
1.26 
0.62 
0.57 
0.88 
0.70 
0.88 
1.02 
0.62 
0.75 
1.23 
1.05 
1.18 
0.76 
1.44 
1.48 
1.48 
0.99 
0.76 
1.20 
0.99 
1.56 
0.66 
0.79 
0.83 
0.91 
0.65 
1.10 

z'score 
0.40 
0.25 
0.65 
0.40 
0.27 
0.08 
0.33 
0.02 
0.30 
0.75 
0.39 
0.48 
0.03 
-0.18 
0.62 
1.01 
0.94 
1.08 
0.86 
0.45 
0.47 
0.84 
0.36 
0.66 
0.86 
0.83 
0.67 
0.74 
1.07 
0.60 
0.92 
0.68 
0.47 
1.03 
0.55 
1.06 
0.17 
0.66 
0.93 
0.61 
0.45 
0.74 

En 
0.35 
0.28 
0.80 
0.48 
0.28 
0.08 
0.38 
0.02 
0.36 
0.79 
0.51 
0.57 
0.04 
-0.22 
0.81 
1.12 
1.21 
1.42 
1.02 
0.57 
0.59 
0.98 
0.46 
0.84 
0.96 
0.98 
0.76 
0.91 
1.12 
0.62 
0.94 
0.80 
0.57 
1.19 
0.60 
1.06 
0.20 
0.82 
1.13 
0.72 
0.60 
0.85 

D 
0.98 
0.59 
1.53 
0.95 
0.64 
0.18 
0.77 
0.04 
0.71 
1.75 
0.92 
1.12 
0.07 
-0.42 
1.45 
2.37 
2.19 
2.51 
2.02 
1.05 
1.11 
1.96 
0.84 
1.55 
2.01 
1.96 
1.57 
1.72 
2.49 
1.42 
2.16 
1.58 
1.09 
2.44 
1.28 
2.49 
0.40 
1.54 
2.18 
1.43 
1.05 
1.73 

D% 
4.27 
5.11 
22.88 
10.70 
4.29 
1.16 
7.74 
0.49 
7.22 
23.20 
15.68 
13.14 
1.04 
-4.86 
22.02 
20.48 
47.64 
67.17 
26.46 
15.85 
13.00 
21.09 
14.12 
23.22 
17.37 
20.30 
13.69 
25.74 
18.55 
9.57 
15.32 
16.95 
14.92 
22.63 
13.31 
16.97 
5.77 
21.34 
31.44 
16.66 
17.22 
16.60 

47 

 
 
 
Figure 23: DEKRA2 reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

48 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 10. DLI reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

DLI PM10 data capture =  100 

DLI 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
26.54 
12.49 
7.25 
9.06 
17.19 
17.21 
12.17 
9.55 
10.62 
7.50 
6.29 
8.80 
7.00 
9.23 
6.51 
11.82 
4.08 
4.53 
7.97 
7.89 
9.70 
10.96 
6.77 
7.42 
15.20 
11.61 
12.47 
7.54 
15.54 
17.39 
17.06 
10.03 
7.83 
12.32 
9.97 
15.37 
7.59 
7.66 
9.00 
9.03 
6.75 
12.24 

Ulab 
4.42 
4.38 
4.37 
4.37 
4.39 
4.39 
4.38 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.38 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.38 
4.37 
4.38 
4.37 
4.38 
4.39 
4.39 
4.37 
4.37 
4.38 
4.37 
4.38 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.38 

z'score 
1.47 
0.40 
0.24 
0.08 
0.97 
0.71 
0.95 
0.58 
0.34 
-0.02 
0.18 
0.12 
0.12 
0.25 
-0.03 
0.11 
-0.22 
0.34 
0.14 
0.54 
0.50 
0.71 
0.35 
0.32 
1.55 
0.83 
0.42 
0.37 
0.91 
1.07 
1.25 
0.30 
0.22 
0.65 
0.15 
0.30 
0.28 
0.19 
0.88 
0.19 
0.28 
0.78 

En 
0.75 
0.20 
0.12 
0.04 
0.48 
0.36 
0.47 
0.29 
0.17 
-0.01 
0.09 
0.06 
0.06 
0.13 
-0.02 
0.05 
-0.11 
0.17 
0.07 
0.27 
0.25 
0.35 
0.18 
0.16 
0.77 
0.41 
0.21 
0.18 
0.45 
0.54 
0.63 
0.15 
0.11 
0.33 
0.07 
0.15 
0.14 
0.09 
0.44 
0.09 
0.14 
0.39 

D 
3.57 
0.93 
0.56 
0.18 
2.28 
1.67 
2.22 
1.37 
0.79 
-0.04 
0.42 
0.27 
0.28 
0.59 
-0.08 
0.25 
-0.52 
0.79 
0.34 
1.26 
1.16 
1.66 
0.82 
0.75 
3.63 
1.95 
1.00 
0.86 
2.12 
2.55 
2.96 
0.71 
0.52 
1.54 
0.35 
0.70 
0.66 
0.44 
2.07 
0.45 
0.65 
1.82 

D% 
15.54 
8.05 
8.37 
2.03 
15.29 
10.75 
22.31 
16.75 
8.04 
-0.53 
7.16 
3.17 
4.17 
6.83 
-1.21 
2.16 
-11.31 
21.14 
4.45 
19.02 
13.59 
17.86 
13.78 
11.24 
31.37 
20.19 
8.72 
12.87 
15.80 
17.19 
20.99 
7.62 
7.12 
14.29 
3.64 
4.77 
9.52 
6.10 
29.86 
5.24 
10.66 
17.47 

49 

 
 
 
 
DLI 
DLI PM2.5 data capture =  100 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

xlab 
17.56 
8.20 
2.88 
3.36 
7.15 
8.25 
6.64 
5.70 
1.72 
3.94 
3.70 
4.45 
3.21 
3.94 
4.01 
6.11 
2.91 
2.09 
3.92 
4.11 
2.86 
3.95 
3.14 
4.25 
9.00 
6.83 
6.38 
4.21 
8.25 
11.00 
11.90 
5.75 
3.54 
5.88 
6.51 
11.75 
3.93 
4.38 
5.50 
6.46 
5.66 
11.21 

Source: JRC analysis 

PM2.5 
z'score 
1.33 
0.20 
-0.12 
-0.24 
0.00 
0.04 
0.24 
0.26 
-1.55 
0.06 
0.16 
-0.05 
0.01 
-0.13 
0.27 
0.40 
-0.09 
-0.19 
0.36 
0.67 
-0.57 
-0.31 
0.08 
0.07 
0.23 
0.00 
0.95 
0.67 
0.74 
0.70 
0.91 
0.33 
0.18 
0.21 
0.06 
1.06 
0.30 
0.42 
0.47 
0.37 
0.29 
1.11 

En 
0.67 
0.10 
-0.06 
-0.12 
0.00 
0.02 
0.12 
0.13 
-0.78 
0.03 
0.08 
-0.02 
0.00 
-0.06 
0.14 
0.20 
-0.04 
-0.10 
0.18 
0.33 
-0.28 
-0.15 
0.04 
0.04 
0.11 
0.00 
0.47 
0.33 
0.35 
0.35 
0.45 
0.17 
0.09 
0.11 
0.03 
0.53 
0.15 
0.21 
0.23 
0.18 
0.15 
0.56 

D 
3.13 
0.47 
-0.29 
-0.55 
0.00 
0.10 
0.57 
0.60 
-3.64 
0.14 
0.38 
-0.12 
0.02 
-0.30 
0.64 
0.94 
-0.20 
-0.46 
0.83 
1.55 
-1.32 
-0.72 
0.19 
0.17 
0.53 
-0.01 
2.22 
1.57 
1.73 
1.65 
2.12 
0.78 
0.42 
0.49 
0.13 
2.47 
0.70 
0.98 
1.09 
0.86 
0.68 
2.60 

D% 
21.70 
6.08 
-9.15 
-14.07 
0.00 
1.23 
9.39 
11.76 
-67.91 
3.68 
11.43 
-2.63 
0.63 
-7.08 
19.02 
18.18 
-6.42 
-18.02 
26.86 
60.63 
-31.55 
-15.42 
6.45 
4.16 
6.26 
-0.15 
53.41 
59.54 
26.53 
17.65 
21.68 
15.69 
13.48 
9.09 
2.04 
26.63 
21.70 
28.87 
24.74 
15.35 
13.66 
30.19 

Ulab 
4.38 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.37 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.37 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 

50 

 
 
 
Figure 24: DLI reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

51 

 
 
 
 
Table 11. HLNUG-1 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

HLNUG-1 PM10 data capture =  98 

HLNUG-1 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
24.20 
14.91 
7.92 
10.29 
17.32 
17.03 
13.57 
10.72 
11.61 
9.81 
7.67 
9.82 
7.97 
10.85 
6.80 
10.97 
3.71 
2.97 
6.54 

8.85 
10.07 
6.42 
6.66 
11.13 
10.26 
8.38 
6.09 
13.90 
14.94 
14.86 
9.57 
7.94 
13.28 
10.30 
15.44 
6.70 
8.06 
8.16 
9.05 
6.36 
12.62 

Ulab 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 

z'score 
0.51 
1.44 
0.53 
0.60 
1.02 
0.63 
1.55 
1.08 
0.76 
0.97 
0.77 
0.55 
0.54 
0.95 
0.09 
-0.25 
-0.38 
-0.33 
-0.46 

0.13 
0.33 
0.20 
0.00 
-0.19 
0.26 
-1.31 
-0.25 
0.21 
0.04 
0.32 
0.11 
0.27 
1.05 
0.29 
0.33 
-0.10 
0.36 
0.52 
0.20 
0.11 
0.94 

En 
0.57 
1.60 
0.59 
0.67 
1.14 
0.70 
1.72 
1.18 
0.83 
1.06 
0.83 
0.62 
0.55 
1.02 
0.09 
-0.28 
-0.41 
-0.35 
-0.53 

0.14 
0.35 
0.22 
-0.01 
-0.21 
0.28 
-1.41 
-0.27 
0.22 
0.04 
0.36 
0.12 
0.30 
1.16 
0.33 
0.36 
-0.11 
0.40 
0.56 
0.22 
0.13 
1.03 

D 
1.23 
3.35 
1.23 
1.41 
2.41 
1.49 
3.62 
2.54 
1.78 
2.27 
1.80 
1.29 
1.25 
2.21 
0.21 
-0.60 
-0.89 
-0.77 
-1.09 

0.31 
0.77 
0.47 
-0.01 
-0.44 
0.60 
-3.09 
-0.59 
0.48 
0.10 
0.76 
0.25 
0.63 
2.50 
0.68 
0.77 
-0.23 
0.84 
1.23 
0.47 
0.26 
2.20 

D% 
5.35 
28.99 
18.39 
15.89 
16.16 
9.59 
36.38 
31.06 
18.11 
30.09 
30.68 
15.13 
18.60 
25.58 
3.19 
-5.18 
-19.36 
-20.61 
-14.28 

3.63 
8.28 
7.90 
-0.15 
-3.80 
6.21 
-26.94 
-8.83 
3.58 
0.67 
5.39 
2.68 
8.62 
23.19 
7.07 
5.25 
-3.32 
11.64 
17.74 
5.48 
4.26 
21.11 

52 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HLNUG-1 PM2.5 data capture =  100 

HLNUG-1 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
14.44 
7.91 
2.74 
4.02 
6.92 
7.81 
5.38 
4.88 
4.99 
3.84 
3.30 
4.46 
2.67 
3.70 
2.92 
4.95 
3.00 
2.00 
3.00 
2.68 
4.14 
4.68 
2.74 
4.21 
8.53 
6.44 
4.20 
2.97 
6.42 
8.98 
9.64 
4.72 
3.22 
4.98 
6.36 
9.08 
2.27 
3.18 
4.33 
5.06 
4.45 
8.58 

Ulab 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 

z'score 
0.00 
0.08 
-0.18 
0.05 
-0.10 
-0.15 
-0.29 
-0.09 
-0.16 
0.02 
-0.01 
-0.05 
-0.22 
-0.23 
-0.19 
-0.09 
-0.05 
-0.23 
-0.04 
0.05 
-0.02 
0.00 
-0.09 
0.05 
0.03 
-0.17 
0.02 
0.14 
-0.04 
-0.16 
-0.06 
-0.11 
0.04 
-0.18 
-0.01 
-0.09 
-0.41 
-0.09 
-0.03 
-0.23 
-0.23 
-0.01 

En 
0.01 
0.10 
-0.25 
0.06 
-0.13 
-0.19 
-0.38 
-0.12 
-0.20 
0.02 
-0.01 
-0.05 
-0.29 
-0.29 
-0.25 
-0.12 
-0.06 
-0.31 
-0.05 
0.07 
-0.02 
0.01 
-0.11 
0.06 
0.03 
-0.22 
0.02 
0.18 
-0.06 
-0.21 
-0.08 
-0.14 
0.06 
-0.23 
-0.01 
-0.11 
-0.55 
-0.12 
-0.04 
-0.31 
-0.26 
-0.02 

D 
0.01 
0.18 
-0.43 
0.11 
-0.23 
-0.34 
-0.69 
-0.22 
-0.37 
0.04 
-0.02 
-0.11 
-0.52 
-0.54 
-0.45 
-0.22 
-0.11 
-0.55 
-0.09 
0.12 
-0.04 
0.01 
-0.21 
0.13 
0.06 
-0.40 
0.04 
0.33 
-0.10 
-0.37 
-0.14 
-0.25 
0.10 
-0.41 
-0.02 
-0.20 
-0.96 
-0.21 
-0.08 
-0.54 
-0.53 
-0.03 

D% 
0.07 
2.33 
-13.56 
2.81 
-3.22 
-4.17 
-11.36 
-4.31 
-6.90 
1.05 
-0.60 
-2.41 
-16.32 
-12.74 
-13.37 
-4.26 
-3.53 
-21.54 
-2.91 
4.69 
-0.96 
0.21 
-7.13 
3.18 
0.71 
-5.85 
0.96 
12.52 
-1.53 
-3.96 
-1.43 
-5.03 
3.21 
-7.61 
-0.31 
-2.16 
-29.76 
-6.19 
-1.82 
-9.64 
-10.65 
-0.35 

53 

 
 
 
 
Figure 25: HLNUG-1 reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

54 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 12. HLNUG-2 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

HLNUG-2 PM10 data capture =  98 

HLNUG-2 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
23.18 
14.21 
7.96 
9.81 
16.60 
16.76 
12.12 
10.14 
11.06 
8.55 
7.01 
9.41 
6.88 
9.36 
6.00 
10.07 
3.16 
2.84 
7.20 
6.17 
9.29 
8.54 
5.45 
6.91 

10.41 
12.05 
7.76 
13.70 
14.84 
14.91 
9.33 
7.48 
12.31 
10.00 
13.76 
9.32 
8.32 
8.86 
9.00 
6.51 
12.73 

Ulab 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 
1.26 

z'score 
0.09 
1.14 
0.54 
0.40 
0.72 
0.52 
0.93 
0.84 
0.52 
0.43 
0.49 
0.37 
0.07 
0.31 
-0.25 
-0.64 
-0.62 
-0.39 
-0.18 
-0.20 
0.32 
-0.32 
-0.21 
0.10 

0.32 
0.25 
0.46 
0.12 
0.00 
0.34 
0.00 
0.07 
0.64 
0.16 
-0.39 
1.02 
0.47 
0.82 
0.18 
0.17 
0.99 

En 
0.10 
1.18 
0.59 
0.41 
0.80 
0.57 
1.00 
0.95 
0.58 
0.46 
0.52 
0.41 
0.07 
0.33 
-0.28 
-0.68 
-0.66 
-0.42 
-0.18 
-0.22 
0.35 
-0.35 
-0.23 
0.11 

0.36 
0.28 
0.50 
0.13 
0.00 
0.38 
0.00 
0.08 
0.73 
0.18 
-0.43 
1.12 
0.53 
0.89 
0.19 
0.19 
1.07 

D 
0.21 
2.65 
1.27 
0.93 
1.69 
1.22 
2.17 
1.96 
1.23 
1.01 
1.14 
0.88 
0.16 
0.72 
-0.59 
-1.50 
-1.44 
-0.90 
-0.43 
-0.46 
0.75 
-0.76 
-0.50 
0.24 

0.75 
0.58 
1.08 
0.28 
0.00 
0.81 
0.01 
0.17 
1.53 
0.38 
-0.91 
2.39 
1.10 
1.93 
0.42 
0.41 
2.31 

D% 
0.91 
22.93 
18.99 
10.48 
11.33 
7.85 
21.81 
23.97 
12.51 
13.39 
19.43 
10.32 
2.38 
8.34 
-8.96 
-12.96 
-31.33 
-24.09 
-5.63 
-6.94 
8.79 
-8.18 
-8.40 
3.60 

7.77 
5.06 
16.16 
2.09 
0.00 
5.74 
0.11 
2.33 
14.19 
3.95 
-6.20 
34.47 
15.24 
27.84 
4.89 
6.72 
22.17 

55 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HLNUG-2 PM2.5 data capture =  100 

HLNUG-2 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 
 Source: JRC analysis 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

xlab 
14.94 
7.19 
3.27 
3.71 
6.53 
7.93 
5.54 
4.72 
4.99 
3.46 
3.27 
4.34 
2.69 
3.52 
2.54 
4.66 
2.74 
1.66 
2.87 
2.29 
3.91 
4.23 
2.50 
3.24 
8.18 
6.27 
3.77 
2.24 
6.74 
9.06 
9.79 
5.39 
3.43 
4.99 
6.27 
9.05 
2.99 
3.61 
4.59 
4.91 
4.29 
8.26 

Ulab 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 
0.53 

z'score 
0.22 
-0.23 
0.04 
-0.09 
-0.26 
-0.09 
-0.22 
-0.16 
-0.16 
-0.15 
-0.02 
-0.10 
-0.21 
-0.31 
-0.35 
-0.22 
-0.16 
-0.37 
-0.09 
-0.12 
-0.12 
-0.19 
-0.19 
-0.35 
-0.12 
-0.24 
-0.17 
-0.17 
0.09 
-0.12 
0.00 
0.18 
0.13 
-0.17 
-0.05 
-0.10 
-0.10 
0.09 
0.08 
-0.30 
-0.30 
-0.15 

En 
0.28 
-0.29 
0.06 
-0.11 
-0.35 
-0.10 
-0.27 
-0.21 
-0.20 
-0.19 
-0.03 
-0.13 
-0.28 
-0.40 
-0.47 
-0.27 
-0.19 
-0.49 
-0.10 
-0.15 
-0.16 
-0.25 
-0.25 
-0.48 
-0.16 
-0.33 
-0.22 
-0.22 
0.13 
-0.16 
0.01 
0.24 
0.18 
-0.23 
-0.06 
-0.11 
-0.13 
0.11 
0.10 
-0.40 
-0.38 
-0.20 

D 
0.51 
-0.54 
0.10 
-0.20 
-0.62 
-0.22 
-0.53 
-0.38 
-0.37 
-0.34 
-0.05 
-0.23 
-0.50 
-0.72 
-0.83 
-0.51 
-0.37 
-0.89 
-0.22 
-0.27 
-0.27 
-0.44 
-0.45 
-0.84 
-0.29 
-0.57 
-0.39 
-0.40 
0.22 
-0.29 
0.01 
0.42 
0.31 
-0.40 
-0.11 
-0.23 
-0.24 
0.21 
0.18 
-0.69 
-0.69 
-0.35 

D% 
3.54 
-6.98 
3.15 
-5.12 
-8.67 
-2.70 
-8.73 
-7.45 
-6.90 
-8.95 
-1.50 
-5.04 
-15.69 
-16.99 
-24.66 
-9.86 
-11.88 
-34.86 
-7.12 
-10.56 
-6.45 
-9.42 
-15.27 
-20.57 
-3.42 
-8.34 
-9.38 
-15.17 
3.37 
-3.10 
0.10 
8.45 
9.95 
-7.42 
-1.73 
-2.48 
-7.44 
6.19 
4.08 
-12.31 
-13.86 
-4.06 

56 

 
 
 
 
Figure 26: HLNUG-2 reported values and calculated performance parameters.  

Source: JRC analysis 

57 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 13. HLNUG-3 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

HLNUG-3 PM10 data capture =  100 

HLNUG-3 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

xlab 
18.51 
11.11 
7.37 
8.16 
14.04 
14.60 
10.39 
7.08 
9.28 
8.12 
5.77 
8.51 
6.48 
8.16 
6.25 
11.46 
5.29 
4.69 
7.61 
6.58 
9.12 
9.22 
6.34 
7.08 
12.11 
10.53 
11.81 
7.12 
12.74 
12.32 
12.58 
9.32 
7.35 
10.97 
9.50 
14.50 
7.39 
6.76 
7.05 
9.17 
5.75 
10.00 

Ulab 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 

z'score 
-1.84 
-0.19 
0.29 
-0.31 
-0.37 
-0.40 
0.19 
-0.47 
-0.23 
0.25 
-0.04 
-0.01 
-0.10 
-0.21 
-0.15 
-0.05 
0.30 
0.41 
-0.01 
-0.02 
0.25 
-0.03 
0.17 
0.18 
0.23 
0.37 
0.14 
0.19 
-0.29 
-1.06 
-0.64 
0.00 
0.02 
0.08 
-0.05 
-0.07 
0.20 
-0.20 
0.05 
0.25 
-0.15 
-0.18 

En 
-2.31 
-0.23 
0.35 
-0.38 
-0.44 
-0.48 
0.23 
-0.50 
-0.29 
0.30 
-0.05 
-0.01 
-0.13 
-0.25 
-0.18 
-0.06 
0.36 
0.51 
-0.01 
-0.02 
0.31 
-0.04 
0.21 
0.22 
0.29 
0.46 
0.18 
0.23 
-0.35 
-1.33 
-0.79 
0.00 
0.02 
0.10 
-0.06 
-0.09 
0.24 
-0.24 
0.06 
0.31 
-0.18 
-0.21 

D 
-4.46 
-0.45 
0.68 
-0.72 
-0.87 
-0.94 
0.44 
-1.10 
-0.55 
0.58 
-0.10 
-0.02 
-0.24 
-0.48 
-0.34 
-0.11 
0.69 
0.95 
-0.02 
-0.05 
0.58 
-0.08 
0.39 
0.41 
0.54 
0.87 
0.34 
0.44 
-0.68 
-2.52 
-1.52 
0.00 
0.04 
0.19 
-0.12 
-0.17 
0.46 
-0.46 
0.12 
0.59 
-0.35 
-0.42 

D% 
-19.42 
-3.89 
10.17 
-8.11 
-5.83 
-6.05 
4.42 
-13.45 
-5.60 
7.69 
-1.70 
-0.23 
-3.57 
-5.56 
-5.16 
-0.95 
15.01 
25.42 
-0.26 
-0.75 
6.79 
-0.86 
6.55 
6.14 
4.67 
9.01 
2.96 
6.58 
-5.07 
-16.99 
-10.78 
0.00 
0.55 
1.76 
-1.25 
-1.16 
6.63 
-6.37 
1.73 
6.87 
-5.74 
-4.03 

Source: JRC analysis 

58 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 27: HLNUG-3 reported values and calculated performance parameters.  

Source: JRC analysis 

59 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 14. HLNUG-4 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters.  

HLNUG-4 PM10 data capture =  100 

HLNUG-4 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
19.39 
10.15 
7.50 
7.99 
14.66 
14.84 
10.01 
7.15 
9.37 
8.10 
6.21 
7.72 
6.72 
9.03 
7.41 
12.02 
5.92 
4.77 
8.10 
6.93 
9.45 
9.05 
6.30 
6.52 
11.49 
9.66 
11.26 
6.92 
13.41 
13.46 
13.50 
9.99 
7.59 
11.50 
9.31 
14.19 
6.93 
7.01 
7.51 
8.38 
5.68 
9.82 

Ulab 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 
0.79 

z'score 
-1.48 
-0.60 
0.35 
-0.38 
-0.11 
-0.30 
0.03 
-0.44 
-0.20 
0.24 
0.14 
-0.35 
0.00 
0.17 
0.35 
0.19 
0.57 
0.44 
0.20 
0.13 
0.39 
-0.11 
0.15 
-0.06 
-0.03 
0.00 
-0.09 
0.10 
0.00 
-0.58 
-0.25 
0.29 
0.12 
0.30 
-0.13 
-0.20 
0.00 
-0.09 
0.25 
-0.09 
-0.18 
-0.26 

En 
-1.87 
-0.77 
0.43 
-0.47 
-0.14 
-0.36 
0.03 
-0.56 
-0.24 
0.29 
0.18 
-0.43 
0.00 
0.21 
0.43 
0.24 
0.69 
0.54 
0.25 
0.16 
0.50 
-0.12 
0.18 
-0.07 
-0.04 
0.00 
-0.11 
0.13 
-0.01 
-0.71 
-0.30 
0.35 
0.14 
0.37 
-0.16 
-0.24 
0.00 
-0.11 
0.26 
-0.11 
-0.22 
-0.32 

D 
-3.58 
-1.41 
0.81 
-0.89 
-0.25 
-0.70 
0.06 
-1.03 
-0.46 
0.56 
0.34 
-0.81 
0.00 
0.39 
0.82 
0.45 
1.32 
1.03 
0.47 
0.30 
0.91 
-0.25 
0.35 
-0.15 
-0.08 
0.00 
-0.21 
0.24 
-0.01 
-1.38 
-0.60 
0.67 
0.28 
0.72 
-0.31 
-0.48 
0.00 
-0.21 
0.58 
-0.20 
-0.42 
-0.60 

D% 
-15.59 
-12.20 
12.11 
-10.03 
-1.68 
-4.51 
0.60 
-12.59 
-4.68 
7.42 
5.80 
-9.50 
0.00 
4.51 
12.45 
3.89 
28.72 
27.56 
6.16 
4.53 
10.66 
-2.69 
5.88 
-2.25 
-0.69 
0.00 
-1.83 
3.59 
-0.07 
-9.30 
-4.26 
7.19 
3.83 
6.68 
-3.22 
-3.27 
0.00 
-2.91 
8.37 
-2.33 
-6.89 
-5.76 

60 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 28: HLNUG-4 reported values and calculated performance parameters.  

Source: JRC analysis 

61 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 15. HLNUG-5 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

HLNUG-5 
HLNUG-5 PM10 data capture =  98 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

xlab 

11.42 
6.99 
7.81 
14.45 
14.76 
10.04 
7.25 
9.72 
7.14 
6.19 
8.79 
6.28 
7.93 
5.84 
10.32 
4.51 
3.47 
6.67 
5.88 
8.26 
8.24 
4.71 
6.09 
11.05 
9.37 
10.24 
5.86 
13.73 
13.66 
13.39 
9.16 
6.38 
11.22 
8.66 
14.44 
5.90 
5.85 
6.81 
7.06 
5.14 
10.31 

Ulab 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 
0.49 

Source: JRC analysis 

PM10 

z'score 

En 

D 

D% 

-0.08 
0.17 
-0.59 
-0.26 
-0.43 
0.05 
-0.52 
-0.06 
-0.23 
0.17 
0.14 
-0.22 
-0.40 
-0.41 
-0.69 
-0.05 
-0.15 
-0.52 
-0.40 
-0.15 
-0.57 
-0.68 
-0.33 
-0.28 
-0.16 
-0.68 
-0.39 
0.18 
-0.65 
-0.40 
-0.09 
-0.54 
0.25 
-0.54 
-0.13 
-0.56 
-0.77 
-0.07 
-0.85 
-0.53 
-0.06 

-0.14 
0.30 
-1.07 
-0.46 
-0.78 
0.09 
-0.93 
-0.11 
-0.40 
0.32 
0.26 
-0.44 
-0.71 
-0.75 
-1.25 
-0.09 
-0.27 
-0.96 
-0.75 
-0.28 
-1.06 
-1.24 
-0.58 
-0.52 
-0.29 
-1.23 
-0.82 
0.31 
-1.18 
-0.71 
-0.16 
-0.93 
0.44 
-0.96 
-0.23 
-1.03 
-1.37 
-0.12 
-1.52 
-0.96 
-0.11 

-1.21 
4.49 
-12.06 
-3.08 
-5.02 
0.90 
-11.37 
-1.12 
-5.30 
5.45 
3.05 
-6.55 
-8.22 
-11.39 
-10.80 
-1.96 
-7.23 
-12.57 
-11.32 
-3.28 
-11.40 
-20.84 
-8.69 
-4.49 
-3.00 
-10.72 
-12.27 
2.31 
-7.95 
-5.04 
-1.72 
-12.73 
4.08 
-9.98 
-1.57 
-14.85 
-18.98 
-1.73 
-17.71 
-15.74 
-1.06 

-0.06 
0.13 
-0.46 
-0.20 
-0.33 
0.04 
-0.40 
-0.05 
-0.17 
0.14 
0.11 
-0.19 
-0.30 
-0.32 
-0.53 
-0.04 
-0.12 
-0.41 
-0.32 
-0.12 
-0.45 
-0.53 
-0.25 
-0.22 
-0.12 
-0.52 
-0.35 
0.13 
-0.50 
-0.30 
-0.07 
-0.40 
0.18 
-0.41 
-0.10 
-0.44 
-0.58 
-0.05 
-0.65 
-0.41 
-0.05 

62 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 29. HLNUG-5 reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

63 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 16. HLNUG-6 reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

HLNUG-6 PM10 data capture =  100 

HLNUG-6 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
20.12 
11.85 
6.17 
7.55 
14.18 
14.60 
10.11 
7.21 
9.37 
7.79 
6.21 
8.89 
6.16 
8.00 
5.73 
10.08 
4.38 
3.64 
6.73 
5.58 
8.35 
8.09 
5.10 
6.18 
11.67 
9.30 
10.34 
5.70 
13.43 
13.46 
14.31 
9.30 
6.81 
11.32 
8.90 
14.47 
5.98 
6.30 
7.59 
7.66 
5.25 
10.45 

Ulab 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 
0.24 

z'score 
-1.18 
0.12 
-0.22 
-0.57 
-0.31 
-0.40 
0.07 
-0.41 
-0.20 
0.11 
0.14 
0.15 
-0.24 
-0.27 
-0.37 
-0.63 
-0.09 
-0.04 
-0.38 
-0.45 
-0.08 
-0.52 
-0.36 
-0.21 
0.04 
-0.15 
-0.48 
-0.42 
0.00 
-0.58 
0.09 
-0.01 
-0.21 
0.23 
-0.31 
-0.09 
-0.41 
-0.39 
0.28 
-0.39 
-0.36 
0.01 

En 
-1.60 
0.15 
-0.30 
-0.75 
-0.41 
-0.56 
0.09 
-0.54 
-0.25 
0.14 
0.19 
0.20 
-0.32 
-0.35 
-0.48 
-0.85 
-0.11 
-0.06 
-0.51 
-0.60 
-0.11 
-0.72 
-0.49 
-0.29 
0.06 
-0.20 
-0.66 
-0.58 
0.01 
-0.78 
0.12 
-0.01 
-0.29 
0.31 
-0.41 
-0.12 
-0.54 
-0.52 
0.38 
-0.52 
-0.51 
0.02 

D 
-2.85 
0.29 
-0.52 
-1.33 
-0.73 
-0.94 
0.16 
-0.97 
-0.46 
0.25 
0.34 
0.36 
-0.56 
-0.64 
-0.86 
-1.49 
-0.22 
-0.10 
-0.90 
-1.05 
-0.19 
-1.21 
-0.85 
-0.49 
0.10 
-0.36 
-1.13 
-0.98 
0.01 
-1.38 
0.21 
-0.02 
-0.50 
0.54 
-0.72 
-0.20 
-0.95 
-0.92 
0.66 
-0.92 
-0.85 
0.03 

D% 
-12.41 
2.51 
-7.78 
-14.98 
-4.89 
-6.05 
1.61 
-11.86 
-4.68 
3.31 
5.80 
4.22 
-8.33 
-7.41 
-13.06 
-12.88 
-4.79 
-2.68 
-11.79 
-15.85 
-2.23 
-13.02 
-14.28 
-7.34 
0.86 
-3.73 
-9.85 
-14.66 
0.07 
-9.30 
1.49 
-0.21 
-6.84 
5.01 
-7.49 
-1.36 
-13.70 
-12.75 
9.52 
-10.72 
-13.94 
0.29 

64 

 
 
 
Figure 30. HLNUG-6 reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

65 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 17. IMI reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

IMI PM10 data capture =  100 

IMI 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
26.39 
11.66 
8.21 
11.25 
13.81 
17.77 
9.26 
8.74 
12.29 
7.59 
7.21 
9.03 
7.63 
8.59 
6.71 
10.26 
5.60 
4.92 
8.01 
7.93 
9.09 
10.28 
6.19 
7.11 
12.68 
11.96 
14.11 
6.02 
15.72 
16.57 
14.18 
9.41 
8.84 
12.63 
11.24 
16.02 
7.84 
8.99 
9.78 
10.96 
9.72 
12.97 

Ulab 
2.30 
2.23 
2.22 
2.23 
2.23 
2.24 
2.27 
2.21 
2.25 
2.21 
2.22 
2.25 
2.21 
2.27 
2.20 
2.26 
2.20 
2.19 
2.21 
2.20 
2.21 
2.21 
2.20 
2.21 
2.22 
3.03 
2.22 
2.19 
2.22 
2.21 
2.15 
2.14 
2.18 
2.16 
2.17 
2.19 
2.17 
2.15 
2.17 
2.17 
2.19 
2.18 

z'score 
1.41 
0.04 
0.65 
1.01 
-0.47 
0.95 
-0.30 
0.24 
1.05 
0.02 
0.57 
0.21 
0.39 
-0.02 
0.05 
-0.56 
0.43 
0.51 
0.16 
0.55 
0.24 
0.42 
0.10 
0.19 
0.47 
0.98 
1.12 
-0.28 
0.98 
0.73 
0.03 
0.04 
0.65 
0.78 
0.69 
0.58 
0.39 
0.76 
1.21 
1.01 
1.54 
1.10 

En 
1.18 
0.04 
0.53 
0.83 
-0.39 
0.74 
-0.24 
0.20 
0.87 
0.02 
0.49 
0.18 
0.33 
-0.02 
0.04 
-0.46 
0.36 
0.42 
0.13 
0.47 
0.20 
0.35 
0.09 
0.16 
0.40 
0.66 
0.93 
-0.24 
0.81 
0.63 
0.03 
0.03 
0.53 
0.67 
0.58 
0.48 
0.33 
0.65 
1.02 
0.84 
1.29 
0.90 

D 
3.42 
0.10 
1.52 
2.37 
-1.10 
2.23 
-0.69 
0.56 
2.46 
0.05 
1.34 
0.50 
0.91 
-0.05 
0.12 
-1.31 
1.00 
1.18 
0.38 
1.30 
0.55 
0.98 
0.24 
0.44 
1.11 
2.30 
2.64 
-0.66 
2.30 
1.73 
0.08 
0.09 
1.53 
1.85 
1.62 
1.35 
0.91 
1.77 
2.85 
2.38 
3.62 
2.55 

D% 
14.89 
0.87 
22.73 
26.70 
-7.38 
14.35 
-6.93 
6.85 
25.03 
0.66 
22.84 
5.86 
13.54 
-0.58 
1.82 
-11.32 
21.75 
31.58 
4.98 
19.62 
6.44 
10.54 
4.03 
6.59 
9.59 
23.82 
23.01 
-9.88 
17.14 
11.66 
0.57 
0.97 
20.94 
17.16 
16.84 
9.20 
13.12 
24.53 
41.11 
27.73 
59.37 
24.47 

66 

 
 
 
 
IMI PM2.5 data capture =  100 

IMI 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
18.98 
7.59 
3.97 
5.05 
7.68 
10.09 
7.34 
6.66 
7.88 
5.26 
4.20 
6.00 
2.82 
4.85 
2.42 
4.81 
3.42 
1.42 
4.18 
4.42 
4.62 
5.71 
3.26 
4.28 
8.17 
5.42 
6.69 
2.49 
7.02 
10.40 
9.14 
4.16 
3.34 
5.98 
6.01 
10.18 
3.91 
3.70 
5.61 
6.12 
5.65 
9.24 

Ulab 
2.15 
1.88 
1.87 
1.87 
1.88 
1.95 
1.88 
1.91 
1.88 
1.87 
1.90 
1.88 
1.87 
1.87 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.97 
1.96 
1.97 
1.95 
1.96 
1.95 
1.93 
1.91 
1.90 
1.88 
1.89 
1.90 
1.87 
1.94 
1.89 
1.87 
1.93 
1.88 
1.91 
1.89 

z'score 
1.93 
-0.06 
0.34 
0.49 
0.22 
0.83 
0.53 
0.67 
1.07 
0.63 
0.38 
0.61 
-0.16 
0.26 
-0.41 
-0.15 
0.13 
-0.46 
0.47 
0.80 
0.19 
0.44 
0.13 
0.08 
-0.13 
-0.60 
1.08 
-0.06 
0.21 
0.45 
-0.27 
-0.35 
0.09 
0.25 
-0.16 
0.39 
0.29 
0.13 
0.52 
0.22 
0.29 
0.27 

En 
1.53 
-0.05 
0.32 
0.44 
0.21 
0.74 
0.50 
0.61 
0.99 
0.58 
0.34 
0.54 
-0.14 
0.21 
-0.37 
-0.14 
0.12 
-0.43 
0.42 
0.72 
0.17 
0.40 
0.12 
0.08 
-0.12 
-0.55 
0.99 
-0.06 
0.20 
0.41 
-0.24 
-0.31 
0.08 
0.23 
-0.15 
0.35 
0.27 
0.12 
0.46 
0.20 
0.26 
0.25 

D 
4.55 
-0.14 
0.80 
1.14 
0.53 
1.94 
1.27 
1.56 
2.52 
1.46 
0.88 
1.43 
-0.37 
0.61 
-0.95 
-0.36 
0.31 
-1.13 
1.09 
1.86 
0.44 
1.04 
0.31 
0.20 
-0.30 
-1.42 
2.53 
-0.15 
0.50 
1.05 
-0.64 
-0.81 
0.22 
0.59 
-0.37 
0.90 
0.68 
0.31 
1.20 
0.52 
0.67 
0.63 

D% 
31.54 
-1.81 
25.24 
29.16 
7.41 
23.81 
20.91 
30.59 
47.01 
38.42 
26.48 
31.31 
-11.61 
14.39 
-28.23 
-6.96 
9.96 
-44.26 
35.28 
72.75 
10.52 
22.27 
10.52 
4.90 
-3.54 
-20.77 
60.87 
-5.69 
7.67 
11.23 
-6.55 
-16.30 
7.06 
10.95 
-5.80 
9.70 
21.08 
9.13 
27.23 
9.28 
13.46 
7.31 

67 

 
 
 
 
Figure 31. IMI reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

68 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 18. INFRASERV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

INFRASERV PM10 data capture =  100 

INFRASERV 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
22.92 
11.52 
7.80 
9.25 
15.06 
16.05 
10.79 
8.16 
9.98 
8.52 
6.35 
8.71 
7.34 
7.89 
6.17 
11.70 
4.90 
4.26 
7.80 
6.44 
9.43 
8.98 
5.90 
5.80 
12.43 
10.43 
11.97 
6.71 
12.33 
13.60 
13.24 
7.89 
5.99 
9.79 
7.80 
13.97 
4.99 
5.80 
6.44 
6.71 
3.81 
9.61 

Ulab 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 
3.29 

z'score 
-0.02 
-0.02 
0.47 
0.16 
0.06 
0.22 
0.36 
-0.01 
0.06 
0.42 
0.20 
0.08 
0.27 
-0.32 
-0.18 
0.06 
0.13 
0.22 
0.07 
-0.08 
0.38 
-0.14 
-0.02 
-0.37 
0.37 
0.33 
0.21 
0.01 
-0.47 
-0.52 
-0.36 
-0.61 
-0.56 
-0.42 
-0.78 
-0.30 
-0.83 
-0.61 
-0.21 
-0.80 
-0.98 
-0.35 

En 
-0.01 
-0.01 
0.30 
0.10 
0.04 
0.14 
0.23 
0.00 
0.04 
0.26 
0.13 
0.05 
0.17 
-0.20 
-0.11 
0.03 
0.08 
0.14 
0.04 
-0.05 
0.24 
-0.08 
-0.01 
-0.23 
0.23 
0.21 
0.13 
0.01 
-0.29 
-0.33 
-0.23 
-0.38 
-0.36 
-0.26 
-0.49 
-0.19 
-0.50 
-0.38 
-0.13 
-0.50 
-0.61 
-0.22 

D 
-0.05 
-0.04 
1.11 
0.37 
0.15 
0.51 
0.84 
-0.02 
0.15 
0.98 
0.48 
0.18 
0.62 
-0.75 
-0.42 
0.13 
0.30 
0.52 
0.17 
-0.19 
0.89 
-0.32 
-0.05 
-0.87 
0.86 
0.77 
0.50 
0.03 
-1.09 
-1.24 
-0.86 
-1.43 
-1.32 
-0.99 
-1.82 
-0.70 
-1.94 
-1.42 
-0.49 
-1.87 
-2.29 
-0.81 

D% 
-0.22 
-0.35 
16.60 
4.17 
1.01 
3.28 
8.44 
-0.24 
1.53 
12.99 
8.18 
2.11 
9.23 
-8.68 
-6.38 
1.12 
6.53 
13.92 
2.23 
-2.87 
10.43 
-3.44 
-0.84 
-13.04 
7.43 
7.97 
4.36 
0.45 
-8.12 
-8.36 
-6.10 
-15.34 
-18.06 
-9.18 
-18.92 
-4.77 
-27.98 
-19.68 
-7.07 
-21.78 
-37.56 
-7.77 

69 

 
 
 
 
INFRASERV PM2.5 data capture =  100 

INFRASERV 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
16.39 
7.10 
3.77 
4.06 
7.64 
9.26 
6.33 
5.54 
5.08 
4.25 
3.81 
4.54 
3.69 
4.13 
3.56 
5.15 
3.14 
2.40 
3.32 
3.30 
4.92 
5.08 
3.17 
4.57 
9.82 
6.72 
4.97 
3.74 
6.96 
10.72 
10.88 
4.90 
3.84 
5.50 
6.99 
10.16 
3.36 
3.92 
5.13 
5.73 
5.32 
10.01 

Ulab 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

z'score 
0.83 
-0.27 
0.26 
0.06 
0.21 
0.47 
0.11 
0.19 
-0.12 
0.19 
0.21 
-0.01 
0.21 
-0.05 
0.08 
-0.01 
0.01 
-0.06 
0.10 
0.32 
0.32 
0.18 
0.09 
0.21 
0.58 
-0.05 
0.35 
0.47 
0.19 
0.58 
0.47 
-0.03 
0.31 
0.05 
0.26 
0.38 
0.06 
0.22 
0.31 
0.06 
0.15 
0.60 

En 
0.97 
-0.33 
0.30 
0.08 
0.25 
0.54 
0.12 
0.22 
-0.12 
0.23 
0.25 
-0.01 
0.25 
-0.06 
0.10 
-0.01 
0.01 
-0.08 
0.12 
0.38 
0.38 
0.21 
0.12 
0.25 
0.69 
-0.05 
0.40 
0.52 
0.22 
0.71 
0.55 
-0.04 
0.36 
0.05 
0.31 
0.44 
0.07 
0.23 
0.34 
0.06 
0.17 
0.71 

D 
1.96 
-0.63 
0.60 
0.15 
0.49 
1.11 
0.26 
0.44 
-0.28 
0.45 
0.49 
-0.03 
0.50 
-0.11 
0.19 
-0.02 
0.03 
-0.15 
0.23 
0.74 
0.74 
0.41 
0.22 
0.49 
1.35 
-0.12 
0.81 
1.10 
0.44 
1.37 
1.10 
-0.07 
0.72 
0.11 
0.61 
0.88 
0.13 
0.52 
0.72 
0.13 
0.34 
1.40 

D% 
13.59 
-8.15 
18.93 
3.84 
6.85 
13.63 
4.28 
8.63 
-5.22 
11.84 
14.74 
-0.66 
15.69 
-2.60 
5.65 
-0.39 
0.96 
-5.87 
7.44 
28.94 
17.69 
8.78 
7.47 
12.00 
15.94 
-1.76 
19.49 
41.72 
6.75 
14.66 
11.25 
-1.41 
23.10 
2.04 
9.57 
9.49 
4.03 
15.32 
16.34 
2.32 
6.83 
16.25 

70 

 
 
 
 
Figure 32. INFRASERV reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

71 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 19. LANUV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

LANUV PM10 data capture =  100 

LANUV 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
21.8 
11.4 
6.9 
7.8 
13.9 
14.7 
9.7 
7.7 
10.4 
7.7 
5.2 
7.9 
5.9 
7.5 
6.3 
10.9 
4.9 
4.1 
6.0 
5.8 
9.0 
8.6 
5.4 
5.8 
12.0 
10.3 
9.9 
5.7 
13.1 
14.1 
14.6 
9.5 
6.3 
9.8 
9.2 
15.1 
6.2 
6.6 
6.4 
7.9 
5.5 
10.5 

Ulab 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 

z'score 
-0.48 
-0.07 
0.09 
-0.46 
-0.43 
-0.36 
-0.11 
-0.20 
0.24 
0.07 
-0.29 
-0.27 
-0.35 
-0.49 
-0.12 
-0.28 
0.13 
0.15 
-0.69 
-0.35 
0.20 
-0.30 
-0.24 
-0.37 
0.18 
0.27 
-0.67 
-0.42 
-0.14 
-0.31 
0.21 
0.08 
-0.43 
-0.41 
-0.18 
0.18 
-0.31 
-0.26 
-0.23 
-0.29 
-0.26 
0.03 

En 
-0.24 
-0.03 
0.04 
-0.22 
-0.21 
-0.17 
-0.05 
-0.10 
0.12 
0.03 
-0.14 
-0.13 
-0.17 
-0.24 
-0.06 
-0.14 
0.06 
0.07 
-0.34 
-0.17 
0.10 
-0.14 
-0.11 
-0.18 
0.09 
0.13 
-0.33 
-0.20 
-0.07 
-0.15 
0.10 
0.04 
-0.21 
-0.20 
-0.09 
0.09 
-0.15 
-0.13 
-0.11 
-0.14 
-0.12 
0.02 

D 
-1.17 
-0.16 
0.21 
-1.08 
-1.01 
-0.84 
-0.25 
-0.48 
0.57 
0.16 
-0.67 
-0.63 
-0.82 
-1.14 
-0.29 
-0.67 
0.30 
0.36 
-1.63 
-0.83 
0.46 
-0.70 
-0.55 
-0.87 
0.43 
0.64 
-1.57 
-0.98 
-0.32 
-0.74 
0.50 
0.18 
-1.01 
-0.98 
-0.42 
0.43 
-0.73 
-0.62 
-0.53 
-0.68 
-0.60 
0.08 

D% 
-5.09 
-1.38 
3.14 
-12.17 
-6.77 
-5.41 
-2.51 
-5.87 
5.80 
2.12 
-11.42 
-7.39 
-12.20 
-13.20 
-4.40 
-5.79 
6.53 
9.63 
-21.35 
-12.53 
5.39 
-7.53 
-9.24 
-13.04 
3.72 
6.63 
-13.69 
-14.66 
-2.38 
-4.99 
3.55 
1.93 
-13.82 
-9.09 
-4.37 
2.93 
-10.53 
-8.59 
-7.64 
-7.92 
-9.84 
0.77 

72 

 
 
 
 
 
LANUV PM2.5 data capture =  98 

LANUV 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
13.9 
8.1 
3.5 
4.0 
8.0 
8.7 
7.3 
5.7 
6.1 
4.1 
3.4 
4.9 
4.2 
3.5 
2.4 
5.9 
3.6 
4.0 
3.4 
2.7 
4.5 
5.1 
3.6 
4.8 
8.7 
7.8 
4.5 
2.7 
6.4 
10.0 
9.9 
4.8 
2.7 
5.2 
6.5 
9.7 
2.6 

4.3 
5.1 
4.5 
9.0 

Ulab 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 

1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 

z'score 
-0.23 
0.16 
0.14 
0.04 
0.36 
0.23 
0.51 
0.26 
0.31 
0.13 
0.03 
0.14 
0.42 
-0.32 
-0.41 
0.31 
0.21 
0.60 
0.13 
0.06 
0.14 
0.18 
0.28 
0.30 
0.10 
0.40 
0.15 
0.03 
-0.05 
0.28 
0.05 
-0.07 
-0.18 
-0.08 
0.05 
0.18 
-0.27 

-0.05 
-0.21 
-0.21 
0.17 

En 
-0.22 
0.15 
0.14 
0.03 
0.37 
0.24 
0.53 
0.25 
0.32 
0.13 
0.03 
0.14 
0.43 
-0.32 
-0.41 
0.32 
0.21 
0.63 
0.13 
0.06 
0.13 
0.18 
0.27 
0.31 
0.10 
0.41 
0.15 
0.03 
-0.05 
0.28 
0.05 
-0.07 
-0.16 
-0.08 
0.05 
0.18 
-0.27 

-0.05 
-0.22 
-0.20 
0.17 

D 
-0.53 
0.37 
0.33 
0.09 
0.85 
0.55 
1.23 
0.60 
0.74 
0.30 
0.08 
0.33 
1.01 
-0.74 
-0.97 
0.73 
0.49 
1.45 
0.31 
0.14 
0.32 
0.43 
0.65 
0.72 
0.23 
0.96 
0.34 
0.06 
-0.12 
0.65 
0.12 
-0.17 
-0.42 
-0.19 
0.12 
0.42 
-0.63 

-0.11 
-0.50 
-0.48 
0.39 

D% 
-3.67 
4.78 
10.41 
2.30 
11.89 
6.75 
20.25 
11.76 
13.81 
7.89 
2.41 
7.23 
31.69 
-17.46 
-28.82 
14.12 
15.74 
56.79 
10.03 
5.48 
7.65 
9.21 
22.06 
17.63 
2.72 
14.04 
8.18 
2.28 
-1.84 
6.95 
1.23 
-3.42 
-13.48 
-3.53 
1.88 
4.53 
-19.53 

-2.50 
-8.92 
-9.64 
4.53 

73 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 33. LANUV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

74 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 20. LUA reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

LUA PM10 data capture =  100 

LUA 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
23.55 
12.32 
6.70 
8.70 
14.67 
15.76 
9.87 
9.78 
10.51 
7.79 
6.16 
7.97 
5.80 
9.06 
5.62 
11.41 
5.25 
4.17 
8.33 
7.61 
9.60 
9.24 
6.70 
6.70 
12.86 
10.51 
11.96 
7.43 
14.86 
15.76 
15.76 
11.05 
8.51 
12.14 
10.51 
17.03 
8.33 
10.51 
9.42 
10.69 
9.24 
12.50 

Ulab 
1.61 
1.53 
1.50 
1.51 
1.54 
1.55 
1.51 
1.51 
1.52 
1.51 
1.50 
1.51 
1.50 
1.51 
1.50 
1.52 
1.50 
1.50 
1.51 
1.51 
1.51 
1.51 
1.50 
1.50 
1.53 
1.52 
1.52 
1.50 
1.54 
1.55 
1.55 
1.52 
1.51 
1.53 
1.52 
1.56 
1.51 
1.52 
1.51 
1.52 
1.51 
1.53 

z'score 
0.24 
0.33 
0.00 
-0.08 
-0.10 
0.09 
-0.03 
0.68 
0.29 
0.11 
0.12 
-0.24 
-0.39 
0.18 
-0.42 
-0.07 
0.28 
0.18 
0.30 
0.42 
0.45 
-0.03 
0.32 
0.01 
0.55 
0.36 
0.21 
0.32 
0.62 
0.39 
0.70 
0.74 
0.51 
0.57 
0.38 
1.01 
0.60 
1.40 
1.06 
0.90 
1.34 
0.89 

En 
0.25 
0.33 
0.01 
-0.08 
-0.11 
0.09 
-0.03 
0.69 
0.29 
0.11 
0.13 
-0.24 
-0.39 
0.18 
-0.38 
-0.07 
0.28 
0.19 
0.30 
0.44 
0.47 
-0.02 
0.33 
0.01 
0.56 
0.38 
0.21 
0.33 
0.63 
0.40 
0.72 
0.76 
0.52 
0.60 
0.38 
1.01 
0.61 
1.42 
1.11 
0.87 
1.35 
0.85 

D 
0.58 
0.76 
0.01 
-0.18 
-0.24 
0.22 
-0.08 
1.60 
0.68 
0.25 
0.29 
-0.56 
-0.92 
0.42 
-0.97 
-0.16 
0.65 
0.43 
0.70 
0.98 
1.06 
-0.06 
0.75 
0.03 
1.29 
0.85 
0.49 
0.75 
1.44 
0.92 
1.66 
1.73 
1.20 
1.36 
0.89 
2.36 
1.40 
3.29 
2.49 
2.11 
3.14 
2.08 

D% 
2.53 
6.58 
0.15 
-2.03 
-1.61 
1.42 
-0.80 
19.56 
6.92 
3.31 
4.94 
-6.57 
-13.69 
4.86 
-14.73 
-1.38 
14.14 
11.51 
9.17 
14.79 
12.42 
-0.65 
12.60 
0.45 
11.15 
8.80 
4.27 
11.22 
10.73 
6.20 
11.77 
18.56 
16.42 
12.62 
9.25 
16.09 
20.19 
45.59 
35.91 
24.58 
51.50 
19.96 

75 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 34. LUA reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

76 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 21. M-BBM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

M-BBM PM10 data capture =  98 

M-BBM 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
21.2 
9.6 
4.7 
6.4 
13.4 
14.5 
8.2 
6.5 
8.0 
6.4 
5.1 
6.9 
4.5 
8.0 
4.2 
10.2 
4.2 
2.5 
6.7 
5.8 
7.6 
7.4 
4.4 
5.4 
10.2 
8.5 
10.4 
5.6 
13.4 
14.9 
14.9 

6.4 
10.9 
9.3 
15.6 
7.1 
6.9 
6.7 
7.8 
6.4 
11.1 

Ulab 
3.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.4 
2.1 
2.3 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.6 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.6 
1.4 
1.7 
1.4 
2.1 
2.4 
2.4 

1.4 
1.7 
1.4 
2.5 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.8 

z'score 
-0.73 
-0.84 
-0.85 
-1.06 
-0.64 
-0.44 
-0.75 
-0.72 
-0.78 
-0.49 
-0.33 
-0.69 
-0.95 
-0.27 
-1.02 
-0.58 
-0.17 
-0.53 
-0.40 
-0.35 
-0.40 
-0.81 
-0.66 
-0.54 
-0.58 
-0.49 
-0.45 
-0.46 
-0.01 
0.03 
0.34 

-0.39 
0.05 
-0.14 
0.40 
0.07 
-0.14 
-0.10 
-0.33 
0.13 
0.29 

En 
-0.46 
-0.84 
-0.89 
-1.00 
-0.56 
-0.36 
-0.79 
-0.75 
-0.85 
-0.52 
-0.35 
-0.75 
-0.98 
-0.29 
-1.10 
-0.58 
-0.18 
-0.57 
-0.43 
-0.37 
-0.43 
-0.85 
-0.71 
-0.57 
-0.58 
-0.52 
-0.44 
-0.50 
-0.01 
0.02 
0.26 

-0.41 
0.05 
-0.15 
0.31 
0.07 
-0.14 
-0.10 
-0.34 
0.13 
0.27 

D 
-1.77 
-1.96 
-1.99 
-2.48 
-1.51 
-1.04 
-1.75 
-1.68 
-1.83 
-1.14 
-0.77 
-1.63 
-2.22 
-0.64 
-2.39 
-1.37 
-0.40 
-1.24 
-0.93 
-0.83 
-0.94 
-1.90 
-1.55 
-1.27 
-1.37 
-1.16 
-1.07 
-1.08 
-0.02 
0.06 
0.80 

-0.91 
0.12 
-0.32 
0.93 
0.17 
-0.32 
-0.23 
-0.78 
0.30 
0.68 

D% 
-7.71 
-16.96 
-29.76 
-27.94 
-10.12 
-6.69 
-17.59 
-20.54 
-18.62 
-15.11 
-13.12 
-19.12 
-33.04 
-7.41 
-36.29 
-11.84 
-8.70 
-33.18 
-12.18 
-12.53 
-11.01 
-20.44 
-26.05 
-19.03 
-11.84 
-12.01 
-9.33 
-16.16 
-0.15 
0.40 
5.67 

-12.45 
1.11 
-3.33 
6.34 
2.45 
-4.43 
-3.32 
-9.09 
4.92 
6.53 

77 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M-BBM PM2.5 data capture =  83 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

xlab 
13.6 
5.1 
1.8 
3.1 
6.7 
7.4 
5.1 
3.6 
3.3 
2.9 
2.2 

2.9 
2.9 
4.2 
4.5 
3.1 
3.4 
9.4 
6.0 
4.9 
2.4 
7.1 
11.4 
12.5 
5.6 
5.3 
5.3 
7.4 
11.1 
3.6 
4.0 
5.1 
6.7 
5.3 
10.2 

Source: JRC analysis 

En 
-0.30 
-1.20 
-0.62 
-0.37 
-0.19 
-0.35 
-0.41 
-0.68 
-0.95 
-0.41 
-0.51 

-0.09 
0.16 
0.01 
-0.08 
0.07 
-0.30 
0.41 
-0.37 
0.34 
-0.10 
0.25 
0.83 
1.01 
0.29 
0.97 
-0.04 
0.47 
0.73 
0.17 
0.27 
0.29 
0.49 
0.12 
0.69 

D 
-0.83 
-2.63 
-1.37 
-0.81 
-0.45 
-0.75 
-0.97 
-1.50 
-2.06 
-0.90 
-1.12 

-0.19 
0.34 
0.02 
-0.17 
0.15 
-0.68 
0.93 
-0.84 
0.74 
-0.24 
0.58 
2.05 
2.72 
0.63 
2.18 
-0.09 
1.02 
1.82 
0.37 
0.60 
0.69 
1.10 
0.32 
1.59 

D% 
-5.75 
-34.01 
-43.22 
-20.72 
-6.29 
-9.21 
-15.97 
-29.41 
-38.43 
-23.68 
-33.70 

-6.15 
13.30 
0.48 
-3.64 
5.09 
-16.65 
10.98 
-12.29 
17.80 
-9.10 
8.90 
21.93 
27.82 
12.68 
69.95 
-1.67 
16.00 
19.62 
11.47 
17.67 
15.66 
19.63 
6.43 
18.46 

M-BBM 

PM2.5 

Ulab 
2.2 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.7 
1.4 
1.7 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 

z'score 
-0.35 
-1.12 
-0.59 
-0.35 
-0.19 
-0.32 
-0.40 
-0.64 
-0.88 
-0.39 
-0.48 

1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.8 
2.0 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.8 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.6 

-0.08 
0.15 
0.01 
-0.07 
0.06 
-0.29 
0.40 
-0.35 
0.32 
-0.10 
0.25 
0.87 
1.17 
0.27 
0.93 
-0.04 
0.44 
0.78 
0.16 
0.26 
0.30 
0.47 
0.14 
0.68 

78 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 35. M-BBM reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

79 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 22. RIVM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

RIVM PM10 data capture =  93 

RIVM 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
24.11 
11.60 
6.63 
8.74 
15.01 
15.19 
10.51 
7.85 
9.91 
8.49 
5.68 
8.03 
5.91 
8.93 
6.62 
13.45 
5.38 
4.14 
8.16 
6.55 
9.47 
9.28 
6.15 
6.51 
13.67 
10.68 
12.04 
7.25 
16.38 
16.51 
16.14 
9.97 
7.12 
7.13 
10.24 
16.37 

6.78 
8.66 
9.11 

Ulab 
4.39 
4.36 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 
4.37 
4.36 
4.35 
4.36 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 
4.36 
4.36 
4.35 
4.37 
4.37 
4.37 
4.36 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 
4.37 

4.35 
4.35 
4.35 

z'score 
0.47 
0.02 
-0.03 
-0.06 
0.04 
-0.15 
0.24 
-0.14 
0.03 
0.41 
-0.08 
-0.21 
-0.35 
0.12 
0.01 
0.80 
0.33 
0.17 
0.23 
-0.03 
0.40 
-0.01 
0.09 
-0.07 
0.90 
0.43 
0.24 
0.24 
1.27 
0.70 
0.86 
0.28 
-0.08 
-1.53 
0.27 
0.73 

-0.19 
0.74 
0.23 

En 
0.24 
0.01 
-0.01 
-0.03 
0.02 
-0.07 
0.12 
-0.07 
0.02 
0.20 
-0.04 
-0.11 
-0.17 
0.06 
0.01 
0.40 
0.17 
0.09 
0.11 
-0.02 
0.20 
0.00 
0.04 
-0.04 
0.45 
0.22 
0.12 
0.12 
0.63 
0.36 
0.43 
0.14 
-0.04 
-0.78 
0.13 
0.36 

-0.09 
0.37 
0.11 

D 
1.14 
0.04 
-0.06 
-0.14 
0.10 
-0.35 
0.56 
-0.33 
0.08 
0.95 
-0.19 
-0.50 
-0.81 
0.29 
0.03 
1.88 
0.78 
0.40 
0.53 
-0.08 
0.93 
-0.02 
0.20 
-0.16 
2.10 
1.02 
0.57 
0.57 
2.96 
1.67 
2.04 
0.65 
-0.19 
-3.65 
0.62 
1.70 

-0.44 
1.73 
0.53 

D% 
4.96 
0.35 
-0.90 
-1.58 
0.67 
-2.25 
5.63 
-4.03 
0.81 
12.59 
-3.24 
-5.86 
-12.05 
3.36 
0.46 
16.25 
16.97 
10.70 
6.94 
-1.21 
10.89 
-0.22 
3.36 
-2.40 
18.15 
10.56 
4.97 
8.53 
22.06 
11.26 
14.47 
6.97 
-2.60 
-33.86 
6.45 
11.59 

-6.10 
24.95 
6.17 

80 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RIVM PM2.5 data capture =  100 

RIVM 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
17.61 
7.17 
3.04 
3.70 
7.29 
8.03 
4.98 
4.50 
4.54 
3.55 
2.89 
3.97 
2.44 
4.29 
3.79 
6.20 
3.21 
2.45 
3.41 
2.79 
4.09 
4.78 
2.93 
4.82 
9.79 
6.91 
5.24 
4.04 
8.44 
11.22 
11.43 
5.42 
3.98 
5.64 
7.07 
10.34 
3.62 
3.84 
5.40 
5.79 
5.74 
10.57 

Ulab 
4.37 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 
4.36 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.35 
4.36 

z'score 
1.35 
-0.24 
-0.06 
-0.09 
0.06 
-0.05 
-0.45 
-0.26 
-0.35 
-0.11 
-0.19 
-0.26 
-0.32 
0.02 
0.18 
0.44 
0.04 
-0.04 
0.14 
0.10 
-0.04 
0.05 
-0.01 
0.31 
0.57 
0.03 
0.46 
0.60 
0.82 
0.80 
0.71 
0.19 
0.37 
0.11 
0.30 
0.45 
0.17 
0.19 
0.43 
0.08 
0.33 
0.84 

En 
0.68 
-0.12 
-0.03 
-0.05 
0.03 
-0.03 
-0.23 
-0.13 
-0.18 
-0.05 
-0.09 
-0.13 
-0.16 
0.01 
0.09 
0.22 
0.02 
-0.02 
0.07 
0.05 
-0.02 
0.02 
0.00 
0.16 
0.28 
0.02 
0.23 
0.30 
0.41 
0.40 
0.35 
0.10 
0.18 
0.05 
0.15 
0.22 
0.08 
0.10 
0.21 
0.04 
0.16 
0.42 

D 
3.18 
-0.56 
-0.13 
-0.21 
0.14 
-0.12 
-1.09 
-0.60 
-0.82 
-0.25 
-0.43 
-0.60 
-0.75 
0.05 
0.42 
1.03 
0.10 
-0.10 
0.32 
0.23 
-0.09 
0.11 
-0.02 
0.74 
1.32 
0.07 
1.08 
1.40 
1.92 
1.87 
1.65 
0.45 
0.86 
0.25 
0.69 
1.06 
0.39 
0.44 
0.99 
0.19 
0.76 
1.96 

D% 
22.04 
-7.24 
-4.10 
-5.37 
1.96 
-1.47 
-17.95 
-11.76 
-15.30 
-6.58 
-12.94 
-13.14 
-23.54 
1.18 
12.48 
19.92 
3.21 
-3.92 
10.36 
9.00 
-2.15 
2.36 
-0.68 
18.12 
15.58 
1.02 
25.98 
53.10 
29.45 
20.01 
16.88 
9.05 
27.59 
4.64 
10.82 
11.43 
12.09 
12.96 
22.47 
3.39 
15.27 
22.76 

81 

 
 
 
 
Figure 36. RIVM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

82 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 23 TÜV reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

TÜV PM10 data capture =  100 

TÜV 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
22.23 
10.46 
6.20 
8.01 
13.91 
14.27 
9.38 
7.02 
9.37 
7.83 
6.11 
8.47 
7.14 
8.77 
6.47 
11.91 
5.38 
4.20 
7.74 
6.20 
9.46 
9.28 
6.02 
7.01 
13.09 
11.09 
11.64 
5.93 
13.43 
15.15 
15.33 
9.61 
6.62 
11.70 
9.25 
15.42 
6.44 
6.44 
7.16 
8.43 
5.71 
10.61 

Ulab 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 

z'score 
-0.31 
-0.47 
-0.21 
-0.37 
-0.43 
-0.54 
-0.24 
-0.49 
-0.20 
0.12 
0.10 
-0.03 
0.18 
0.06 
-0.05 
0.14 
0.33 
0.20 
0.05 
-0.18 
0.39 
-0.01 
0.03 
0.15 
0.65 
0.61 
0.07 
-0.32 
0.00 
0.13 
0.52 
0.12 
-0.30 
0.39 
-0.16 
0.32 
-0.21 
-0.33 
0.10 
-0.06 
-0.17 
0.08 

En 
-0.35 
-0.50 
-0.22 
-0.40 
-0.46 
-0.60 
-0.25 
-0.53 
-0.20 
0.13 
0.11 
-0.03 
0.20 
0.06 
-0.05 
0.15 
0.36 
0.21 
0.05 
-0.20 
0.42 
-0.01 
0.03 
0.14 
0.71 
0.66 
0.08 
-0.35 
0.00 
0.15 
0.58 
0.14 
-0.31 
0.43 
-0.17 
0.35 
-0.23 
-0.37 
0.11 
-0.07 
-0.18 
0.09 

D 
-0.74 
-1.10 
-0.49 
-0.87 
-1.00 
-1.27 
-0.57 
-1.16 
-0.46 
0.29 
0.24 
-0.06 
0.42 
0.13 
-0.12 
0.34 
0.78 
0.46 
0.11 
-0.43 
0.92 
-0.02 
0.07 
0.34 
1.52 
1.43 
0.17 
-0.75 
0.01 
0.31 
1.23 
0.29 
-0.69 
0.92 
-0.37 
0.75 
-0.49 
-0.78 
0.23 
-0.15 
-0.39 
0.19 

D% 
-3.22 
-9.52 
-7.33 
-9.80 
-6.71 
-8.17 
-5.73 
-14.18 
-4.68 
3.84 
4.09 
-0.70 
6.25 
1.50 
-1.82 
2.94 
16.97 
12.31 
1.44 
-6.49 
10.78 
-0.22 
1.18 
5.09 
13.13 
14.81 
1.48 
-11.22 
0.07 
2.09 
8.72 
3.11 
-9.44 
8.53 
-3.85 
5.11 
-7.07 
-10.81 
3.32 
-1.75 
-6.40 
1.82 

83 

 
 
 
 
TÜV PM2.5 data capture =  100 

TÜV 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
15.25 
6.75 
3.12 
3.30 
6.92 
8.19 
6.11 
6.11 
5.75 
3.57 
2.84 
4.03 
2.88 
3.51 
2.66 
4.93 
2.66 
2.39 
2.75 
2.57 
4.02 
4.56 
2.48 
4.11 
9.55 
6.83 
4.47 
3.39 
6.25 
9.34 
9.88 
4.26 
2.99 
4.99 
5.53 
9.52 
2.63 
2.99 
4.17 
5.98 
5.08 
8.98 

Ulab 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 
1.08 

z'score 
0.35 
-0.42 
-0.02 
-0.26 
-0.10 
0.02 
0.02 
0.43 
0.17 
-0.10 
-0.21 
-0.23 
-0.13 
-0.31 
-0.30 
-0.10 
-0.19 
-0.07 
-0.15 
0.00 
-0.07 
-0.05 
-0.20 
0.01 
0.46 
0.00 
0.13 
0.32 
-0.12 
0.00 
0.04 
-0.30 
-0.06 
-0.17 
-0.37 
0.10 
-0.26 
-0.18 
-0.10 
0.16 
0.04 
0.16 

En 
0.41 
-0.50 
-0.03 
-0.31 
-0.12 
0.02 
0.02 
0.47 
0.19 
-0.12 
-0.24 
-0.27 
-0.15 
-0.35 
-0.35 
-0.12 
-0.23 
-0.07 
-0.16 
0.01 
-0.08 
-0.05 
-0.23 
0.01 
0.54 
0.00 
0.16 
0.36 
-0.12 
0.00 
0.04 
-0.36 
-0.06 
-0.20 
-0.41 
0.12 
-0.30 
-0.21 
-0.12 
0.19 
0.05 
0.18 

D 
0.82 
-0.98 
-0.05 
-0.61 
-0.23 
0.04 
0.04 
1.01 
0.39 
-0.23 
-0.48 
-0.54 
-0.31 
-0.73 
-0.71 
-0.24 
-0.45 
-0.16 
-0.34 
0.01 
-0.16 
-0.11 
-0.47 
0.03 
1.08 
-0.01 
0.31 
0.75 
-0.27 
-0.01 
0.10 
-0.71 
-0.13 
-0.40 
-0.85 
0.24 
-0.60 
-0.41 
-0.24 
0.38 
0.10 
0.37 

D% 
5.68 
-12.67 
-1.58 
-15.60 
-3.22 
0.49 
0.66 
19.80 
7.28 
-6.05 
-14.44 
-11.82 
-9.73 
-17.22 
-21.10 
-4.64 
-14.45 
-6.27 
-11.00 
0.39 
-3.82 
-2.36 
-15.95 
0.73 
12.75 
-0.15 
7.46 
28.45 
-4.14 
-0.11 
1.02 
-14.29 
-4.17 
-7.42 
-13.33 
2.59 
-18.60 
-12.08 
-5.45 
6.78 
2.01 
4.30 

84 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 37. TÜV reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

85 

 
 
  
 
 
Table 24. TÜV-S reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

TÜV -S PM10 data capture =  100 

TÜV -S 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
23.08 
12.75 
9.65 
10.79 
16.12 
16.11 
10.81 
8.76 
10.95 
9.81 
8.01 
10.07 
7.67 
9.54 
7.80 
14.15 
6.06 
4.86 
9.25 
7.34 
9.81 
9.68 
6.51 
6.87 
12.91 
10.83 
12.62 
7.69 
14.74 
15.20 
14.96 
9.54 
7.40 
11.73 
9.58 
15.32 
7.56 
7.40 
7.80 
8.49 
6.31 
11.17 

Ulab 
4.60 
4.46 
4.44 
4.44 
4.50 
4.50 
4.44 
4.43 
4.45 
4.44 
4.42 
4.44 
4.42 
4.43 
4.42 
4.48 
4.41 
4.41 
4.43 
4.42 
4.44 
4.44 
4.42 
4.42 
4.46 
4.44 
4.46 
4.42 
4.48 
4.49 
4.48 
4.43 
4.42 
4.45 
4.44 
4.49 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.43 
4.42 
4.45 

z'score 
0.05 
0.51 
1.27 
0.81 
0.51 
0.24 
0.37 
0.25 
0.48 
0.97 
0.91 
0.66 
0.41 
0.39 
0.52 
1.09 
0.63 
0.48 
0.69 
0.30 
0.54 
0.16 
0.24 
0.09 
0.57 
0.50 
0.49 
0.43 
0.56 
0.15 
0.36 
0.09 
0.04 
0.40 
-0.02 
0.28 
0.27 
0.08 
0.37 
-0.04 
0.09 
0.32 

En 
0.02 
0.25 
0.62 
0.40 
0.25 
0.12 
0.18 
0.12 
0.23 
0.47 
0.45 
0.32 
0.20 
0.19 
0.26 
0.54 
0.31 
0.24 
0.34 
0.15 
0.27 
0.08 
0.12 
0.04 
0.28 
0.25 
0.24 
0.21 
0.28 
0.08 
0.18 
0.05 
0.02 
0.20 
-0.01 
0.13 
0.13 
0.04 
0.18 
-0.02 
0.04 
0.16 

D 
0.11 
1.19 
2.96 
1.91 
1.21 
0.57 
0.86 
0.58 
1.12 
2.27 
2.14 
1.54 
0.95 
0.90 
1.21 
2.58 
1.46 
1.12 
1.62 
0.71 
1.27 
0.38 
0.56 
0.20 
1.34 
1.17 
1.15 
1.01 
1.32 
0.36 
0.86 
0.22 
0.09 
0.95 
-0.04 
0.65 
0.63 
0.18 
0.87 
-0.09 
0.21 
0.75 

D% 
0.48 
10.30 
44.27 
21.52 
8.11 
3.67 
8.64 
7.09 
11.39 
30.09 
36.48 
18.06 
14.14 
10.42 
18.37 
22.29 
31.76 
29.97 
21.22 
10.72 
14.88 
4.09 
9.41 
3.00 
11.58 
12.12 
10.03 
15.11 
9.84 
2.43 
6.10 
2.36 
1.23 
8.81 
-0.42 
4.43 
9.09 
2.49 
12.55 
-1.05 
3.44 
7.20 

86 

 
 
 
 
TÜV -S PM2.5 data capture =  100 

TÜV -S 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
15.66 
7.90 
4.60 
5.23 
8.38 
8.89 
6.47 
5.68 
5.81 
5.15 
4.82 
5.30 
4.10 
4.76 
4.40 
7.40 
3.18 
2.80 
3.69 
3.84 
5.40 
5.75 
3.66 
4.88 
9.11 
6.34 
5.17 
3.46 
7.78 
10.33 
10.56 
5.50 
4.27 
5.26 
6.21 
8.10 
2.90 
3.32 
4.11 
4.89 
4.55 
8.45 

Ulab 
2.50 
4.43 
4.41 
4.41 
4.43 
4.43 
4.42 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.43 
4.40 
4.40 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.42 
4.40 
4.41 
4.43 
4.42 
4.41 
4.40 
4.42 
4.44 
4.45 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.44 
4.40 
4.40 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 
4.43 

z'score 
0.52 
0.07 
0.61 
0.57 
0.52 
0.32 
0.17 
0.25 
0.19 
0.58 
0.65 
0.31 
0.38 
0.22 
0.44 
0.95 
0.03 
0.10 
0.26 
0.55 
0.52 
0.46 
0.30 
0.34 
0.27 
-0.21 
0.43 
0.35 
0.54 
0.42 
0.33 
0.23 
0.49 
-0.06 
-0.07 
-0.51 
-0.14 
-0.03 
-0.13 
-0.30 
-0.18 
-0.07 

En 
0.39 
0.03 
0.30 
0.28 
0.26 
0.16 
0.08 
0.12 
0.09 
0.29 
0.32 
0.16 
0.19 
0.11 
0.22 
0.47 
0.01 
0.05 
0.13 
0.27 
0.26 
0.23 
0.15 
0.17 
0.13 
-0.10 
0.22 
0.17 
0.27 
0.21 
0.16 
0.11 
0.25 
-0.03 
-0.04 
-0.25 
-0.07 
-0.02 
-0.06 
-0.15 
-0.09 
-0.03 

D 
1.23 
0.17 
1.43 
1.32 
1.23 
0.74 
0.40 
0.58 
0.45 
1.35 
1.50 
0.73 
0.91 
0.52 
1.03 
2.23 
0.07 
0.25 
0.60 
1.28 
1.22 
1.08 
0.71 
0.80 
0.64 
-0.50 
1.01 
0.82 
1.26 
0.98 
0.78 
0.53 
1.15 
-0.13 
-0.17 
-1.18 
-0.33 
-0.08 
-0.30 
-0.71 
-0.43 
-0.16 

D% 
8.53 
2.20 
45.11 
33.76 
17.20 
9.08 
6.59 
11.37 
8.40 
35.53 
45.14 
15.99 
28.56 
12.27 
30.60 
43.13 
2.25 
9.79 
19.42 
50.07 
29.16 
23.13 
24.10 
19.59 
7.56 
-7.31 
24.30 
31.10 
19.33 
10.49 
7.98 
10.66 
36.90 
-2.41 
-2.67 
-12.72 
-10.23 
-2.36 
-6.81 
-12.67 
-8.64 
-1.86 

87 

 
 
 
 
Figure 38. TÜV-S reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

88 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 25. UBA-L reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

UBA-L PM10 data capture =  98 

UBA-L 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

xlab 
25.10 

6.12 
7.54 
13.81 
14.92 
9.90 
7.92 
9.88 
7.36 
5.94 
8.21 
6.08 
7.77 
6.02 
11.07 
5.13 
3.93 
6.82 
5.76 
8.24 
8.58 
5.30 
6.45 
12.47 
10.02 
10.74 
5.96 
12.28 
15.01 
14.48 
9.16 
6.74 
11.48 
9.20 
14.84 
6.13 
6.31 
7.39 
8.32 
5.96 
11.31 

Ulab 
2.12 

0.53 
0.65 
1.17 
1.26 
0.84 
0.68 
0.84 
0.63 
0.52 
0.70 
0.53 
0.67 
0.52 
0.94 
0.45 
0.36 
0.59 
0.50 
0.71 
0.73 
0.47 
0.56 
1.06 
0.85 
0.91 
0.52 
1.04 
1.27 
1.23 
0.78 
0.58 
0.97 
0.79 
1.26 
0.53 
0.55 
0.64 
0.71 
0.52 
0.96 

PM10 

z'score 
0.88 

-0.24 
-0.57 
-0.47 
-0.26 
-0.02 
-0.11 
0.02 
-0.08 
0.03 
-0.14 
-0.27 
-0.37 
-0.24 
-0.21 
0.23 
0.08 
-0.35 
-0.37 
-0.13 
-0.31 
-0.28 
-0.09 
0.38 
0.15 
-0.31 
-0.31 
-0.49 
0.07 
0.16 
-0.07 
-0.24 
0.29 
-0.18 
0.07 
-0.34 
-0.39 
0.20 
-0.11 
-0.06 
0.38 

En 
0.78 

-0.32 
-0.71 
-0.53 
-0.29 
-0.03 
-0.14 
0.03 
-0.10 
0.04 
-0.17 
-0.37 
-0.47 
-0.31 
-0.26 
0.31 
0.11 
-0.45 
-0.48 
-0.16 
-0.38 
-0.36 
-0.12 
0.44 
0.19 
-0.35 
-0.39 
-0.52 
0.08 
0.18 
-0.08 
-0.33 
0.36 
-0.22 
0.08 
-0.44 
-0.48 
0.24 
-0.14 
-0.07 
0.44 

D 
2.13 

-0.57 
-1.34 
-1.10 
-0.62 
-0.05 
-0.26 
0.05 
-0.18 
0.07 
-0.32 
-0.64 
-0.87 
-0.57 
-0.50 
0.53 
0.19 
-0.81 
-0.87 
-0.30 
-0.72 
-0.65 
-0.22 
0.90 
0.36 
-0.73 
-0.72 
-1.14 
0.17 
0.38 
-0.16 
-0.57 
0.70 
-0.42 
0.17 
-0.80 
-0.91 
0.46 
-0.26 
-0.14 
0.89 

D% 
9.27 

-8.52 
-15.10 
-7.38 
-3.99 
-0.50 
-3.18 
0.51 
-2.39 
1.19 
-3.75 
-9.52 
-10.07 
-8.65 
-4.32 
11.53 
5.08 
-10.61 
-13.13 
-3.51 
-7.75 
-10.92 
-3.30 
7.78 
3.73 
-6.36 
-10.77 
-8.49 
1.15 
2.70 
-1.72 
-7.80 
6.49 
-4.37 
1.16 
-11.54 
-12.61 
6.63 
-3.03 
-2.30 
8.54 

Source: JRC analysis 

89 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UBA-L PM2.5 data capture =  100 

UBA-L 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
14.13 
7.15 
3.09 
3.47 
7.33 
8.61 
5.92 
4.85 
5.07 
3.56 
3.28 
4.30 
2.75 
3.58 
3.22 
4.75 
3.04 
2.20 
2.83 
2.66 
4.06 
4.54 
2.56 
4.00 
8.36 
6.29 
3.93 
2.60 
6.63 
9.59 
10.21 
4.90 
3.49 
5.55 
7.09 
10.56 
2.79 
3.16 
4.43 
5.41 
4.93 
9.32 

Ulab 
1.92 
0.98 
0.44 
0.49 
1.00 
1.18 
0.82 
0.67 
0.70 
0.50 
0.46 
0.60 
0.40 
0.50 
0.46 
0.66 
0.43 
0.33 
0.41 
0.38 
0.57 
0.63 
0.37 
0.56 
1.14 
0.86 
0.55 
0.38 
0.91 
1.31 
1.39 
0.68 
0.49 
0.77 
0.97 
1.44 
0.40 
0.45 
0.62 
0.75 
0.68 
1.27 

z'score 
-0.13 
-0.25 
-0.03 
-0.19 
0.08 
0.20 
-0.06 
-0.11 
-0.12 
-0.10 
-0.02 
-0.12 
-0.19 
-0.28 
-0.06 
-0.18 
-0.03 
-0.14 
-0.11 
0.04 
-0.05 
-0.06 
-0.17 
-0.03 
-0.05 
-0.23 
-0.10 
-0.02 
0.05 
0.10 
0.18 
-0.03 
0.16 
0.07 
0.31 
0.55 
-0.19 
-0.10 
0.01 
-0.08 
-0.02 
0.30 

En 
-0.11 
-0.30 
-0.04 
-0.24 
0.09 
0.22 
-0.08 
-0.12 
-0.14 
-0.14 
-0.02 
-0.15 
-0.24 
-0.38 
-0.08 
-0.23 
-0.04 
-0.19 
-0.13 
0.06 
-0.05 
-0.07 
-0.22 
-0.05 
-0.05 
-0.29 
-0.13 
-0.02 
0.06 
0.11 
0.20 
-0.04 
0.21 
0.09 
0.37 
0.58 
-0.25 
-0.12 
0.01 
-0.10 
-0.03 
0.34 

D 
-0.30 
-0.58 
-0.08 
-0.44 
0.18 
0.46 
-0.15 
-0.25 
-0.29 
-0.24 
-0.04 
-0.27 
-0.44 
-0.66 
-0.15 
-0.42 
-0.07 
-0.35 
-0.26 
0.10 
-0.12 
-0.13 
-0.39 
-0.08 
-0.11 
-0.55 
-0.23 
-0.04 
0.11 
0.24 
0.43 
-0.07 
0.37 
0.16 
0.71 
1.28 
-0.44 
-0.23 
0.02 
-0.19 
-0.05 
0.71 

D% 
-2.08 
-7.50 
-2.52 
-11.25 
2.52 
5.65 
-2.47 
-4.90 
-5.41 
-6.32 
-1.20 
-5.91 
-13.81 
-15.57 
-4.46 
-8.12 
-2.25 
-13.71 
-8.41 
3.91 
-2.87 
-2.78 
-13.24 
-1.96 
-1.30 
-8.04 
-5.53 
-1.52 
1.69 
2.57 
4.40 
-1.41 
11.87 
2.97 
11.13 
13.80 
-13.64 
-6.77 
0.45 
-3.39 
-1.00 
8.24 

90 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 39. UBA-L reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

91 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 26. VMM reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

VMM PM10 data capture =  100 

VMM 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
23.40 
11.07 
6.39 
8.32 
14.74 
15.49 
10.42 
8.42 
10.16 
7.58 
6.12 
8.31 
6.38 
7.88 
6.36 
11.06 
4.82 
3.79 
7.17 
6.07 
8.77 
9.21 
5.26 
6.68 
13.24 
10.58 
11.08 
6.10 
14.61 
15.70 
15.18 
9.50 
6.95 
12.02 
9.40 
15.63 
6.51 
7.14 
8.57 
8.99 
5.97 
11.55 

Ulab 
2.07 
2.00 
1.98 
1.99 
2.01 
2.02 
1.99 
1.99 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
2.00 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
2.00 
1.99 
2.00 
1.98 
2.01 
2.02 
2.01 
1.99 
1.98 
2.00 
1.99 
2.02 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.99 
1.98 
2.00 

z'score 
0.18 
-0.21 
-0.13 
-0.24 
-0.07 
-0.02 
0.20 
0.10 
0.14 
0.02 
0.11 
-0.09 
-0.15 
-0.33 
-0.10 
-0.22 
0.09 
0.02 
-0.20 
-0.24 
0.10 
-0.04 
-0.30 
0.00 
0.71 
0.39 
-0.17 
-0.25 
0.51 
0.36 
0.46 
0.08 
-0.15 
0.52 
-0.09 
0.41 
-0.18 
-0.03 
0.70 
0.17 
-0.06 
0.49 

En 
0.16 
-0.19 
-0.11 
-0.21 
-0.07 
-0.02 
0.18 
0.09 
0.13 
0.01 
0.10 
-0.08 
-0.13 
-0.29 
-0.09 
-0.19 
0.08 
0.02 
-0.18 
-0.21 
0.09 
-0.03 
-0.26 
0.00 
0.62 
0.35 
-0.15 
-0.22 
0.45 
0.32 
0.40 
0.07 
-0.13 
0.47 
-0.08 
0.36 
-0.16 
-0.03 
0.63 
0.16 
-0.05 
0.42 

D 
0.43 
-0.49 
-0.30 
-0.56 
-0.17 
-0.05 
0.47 
0.24 
0.33 
0.04 
0.25 
-0.22 
-0.34 
-0.76 
-0.23 
-0.51 
0.22 
0.05 
-0.46 
-0.56 
0.23 
-0.09 
-0.69 
0.01 
1.67 
0.92 
-0.39 
-0.58 
1.19 
0.86 
1.08 
0.18 
-0.36 
1.24 
-0.22 
0.96 
-0.42 
-0.08 
1.64 
0.41 
-0.13 
1.13 

D% 
1.87 
-4.24 
-4.49 
-6.31 
-1.14 
-0.32 
4.72 
2.93 
3.36 
0.53 
4.26 
-2.58 
-5.06 
-8.80 
-3.49 
-4.41 
4.79 
1.34 
-6.03 
-8.45 
2.69 
-0.97 
-11.60 
0.15 
14.43 
9.53 
-3.40 
-8.68 
8.87 
5.80 
7.66 
1.93 
-4.93 
11.50 
-2.29 
6.54 
-6.06 
-1.11 
23.65 
4.78 
-2.13 
10.84 

92 

 
 
 
 
VMM PM2.5 data capture =  98 

VMM 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
16.61 
7.37 
3.25 
3.86 
6.96 
8.91 
5.51 
5.10 
5.05 
3.92 
3.31 
4.12 

3.41 
2.95 
5.06 
2.77 
1.96 
3.05 
2.68 
4.00 
4.57 
2.64 
3.84 
9.12 
6.77 
4.31 
2.86 
6.78 
10.46 
11.14 
5.09 
3.58 
5.32 
6.28 
9.73 
2.90 
3.38 
4.64 
5.52 
4.85 
9.78 

Ulab 
2.02 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 

1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
2.00 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 

z'score 
0.93 
-0.15 
0.03 
-0.02 
-0.08 
0.32 
-0.23 
0.00 
-0.13 
0.05 
0.00 
-0.19 

-0.35 
-0.18 
-0.05 
-0.15 
-0.24 
-0.02 
0.05 
-0.08 
-0.04 
-0.13 
-0.10 
0.28 
-0.03 
0.06 
0.09 
0.11 
0.47 
0.58 
0.05 
0.20 
-0.03 
-0.04 
0.19 
-0.14 
-0.01 
0.10 
-0.03 
-0.06 
0.50 

En 
0.81 
-0.14 
0.03 
-0.02 
-0.07 
0.28 
-0.22 
0.00 
-0.12 
0.05 
-0.01 
-0.17 

-0.30 
-0.16 
-0.04 
-0.13 
-0.23 
-0.02 
0.05 
-0.07 
-0.04 
-0.12 
-0.09 
0.25 
-0.03 
0.06 
0.09 
0.10 
0.43 
0.52 
0.05 
0.17 
-0.03 
-0.04 
0.17 
-0.13 
-0.01 
0.09 
-0.03 
-0.05 
0.44 

D 
2.18 
-0.36 
0.08 
-0.05 
-0.19 
0.76 
-0.56 
0.00 
-0.31 
0.12 
-0.01 
-0.45 

-0.83 
-0.42 
-0.11 
-0.34 
-0.59 
-0.04 
0.12 
-0.18 
-0.10 
-0.31 
-0.24 
0.65 
-0.07 
0.15 
0.22 
0.26 
1.11 
1.36 
0.12 
0.46 
-0.07 
-0.10 
0.45 
-0.33 
-0.02 
0.23 
-0.08 
-0.13 
1.17 

D% 
15.11 
-4.66 
2.52 
-1.28 
-2.66 
9.33 
-9.22 
0.00 
-5.78 
3.16 
-0.30 
-9.85 

-19.58 
-12.48 
-2.13 
-10.92 
-23.11 
-1.29 
4.69 
-4.30 
-2.14 
-10.52 
-5.88 
7.67 
-1.02 
3.61 
8.34 
3.99 
11.88 
13.91 
2.41 
14.76 
-1.30 
-1.57 
4.85 
-10.23 
-0.59 
5.22 
-1.43 
-2.61 
13.58 

93 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 40. VMM reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

94 

 
 
 
 
Table 27. VMM-2reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

VMM-2 PM10 data capture =  100 

VMM-2 

PM10 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
20.27 
11.01 
7.14 
8.30 
14.22 
14.63 
9.96 
7.35 
9.52 
7.85 
6.15 
8.24 
6.45 
8.32 
7.19 
10.66 
5.03 
4.08 
7.45 
6.19 
9.07 
9.11 
5.75 
6.29 
10.94 
9.52 
10.59 
6.34 
12.76 
12.06 
12.51 
9.46 
6.80 
11.55 
9.12 
14.39 
6.48 
6.62 
6.66 
7.21 
5.01 
9.20 

Ulab 
2.04 
2.00 
1.98 
1.99 
2.01 
2.01 
1.99 
1.98 
1.99 
1.99 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
2.00 
1.99 
1.99 
1.98 
2.00 
2.00 
2.00 
1.99 
1.98 
2.00 
1.99 
2.01 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 

z'score 
-1.12 
-0.24 
0.19 
-0.25 
-0.29 
-0.39 
0.00 
-0.35 
-0.13 
0.13 
0.12 
-0.12 
-0.12 
-0.14 
0.26 
-0.39 
0.18 
0.15 
-0.08 
-0.19 
0.23 
-0.08 
-0.09 
-0.16 
-0.27 
-0.06 
-0.37 
-0.15 
-0.28 
-1.17 
-0.67 
0.06 
-0.22 
0.32 
-0.21 
-0.12 
-0.19 
-0.26 
-0.11 
-0.58 
-0.47 
-0.52 

En 
-1.00 
-0.21 
0.17 
-0.22 
-0.25 
-0.34 
0.00 
-0.32 
-0.12 
0.12 
0.11 
-0.11 
-0.10 
-0.12 
0.23 
-0.34 
0.16 
0.13 
-0.07 
-0.16 
0.20 
-0.06 
-0.08 
-0.15 
-0.24 
-0.05 
-0.34 
-0.13 
-0.25 
-1.07 
-0.60 
0.05 
-0.20 
0.29 
-0.19 
-0.11 
-0.17 
-0.23 
-0.10 
-0.52 
-0.42 
-0.46 

D 
-2.70 
-0.55 
0.45 
-0.58 
-0.69 
-0.91 
0.01 
-0.83 
-0.31 
0.31 
0.28 
-0.29 
-0.27 
-0.32 
0.60 
-0.91 
0.43 
0.34 
-0.18 
-0.44 
0.53 
-0.19 
-0.20 
-0.38 
-0.63 
-0.14 
-0.88 
-0.34 
-0.66 
-2.78 
-1.59 
0.14 
-0.51 
0.77 
-0.50 
-0.28 
-0.45 
-0.60 
-0.27 
-1.37 
-1.09 
-1.22 

D% 
-11.75 
-4.76 
6.73 
-6.53 
-4.63 
-5.86 
0.10 
-10.15 
-3.15 
4.11 
4.77 
-3.40 
-4.02 
-3.70 
9.11 
-7.86 
9.35 
9.10 
-2.36 
-6.64 
6.21 
-2.04 
-3.36 
-5.69 
-5.44 
-1.45 
-7.67 
-5.09 
-4.92 
-18.74 
-11.28 
1.50 
-6.98 
7.14 
-5.20 
-1.91 
-6.49 
-8.31 
-3.89 
-15.96 
-17.88 
-11.71 

95 

 
 
 
 
VMM-2 PM2.5 data capture =  95 

VMM-2 

PM2.5 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

Source: JRC analysis 

xlab 
13.21 
6.99 
3.67 
3.95 
7.04 
7.77 
5.09 
4.60 
4.85 
3.93 
3.38 
4.20 
3.25 
3.81 

2.88 
2.19 
2.85 
2.35 
3.93 
4.40 
2.80 
3.86 
7.67 
5.56 
4.41 
2.94 
6.45 
7.57 
8.25 
4.78 
3.37 
4.91 
5.96 
8.36 
3.13 
3.40 
4.51 
4.89 
4.64 
8.13 

Ulab 
2.00 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 

1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 
1.99 

z'score 
-0.52 
-0.32 
0.21 
0.02 
-0.05 
-0.16 
-0.41 
-0.21 
-0.22 
0.06 
0.03 
-0.16 
0.03 
-0.18 

-0.10 
-0.15 
-0.10 
-0.09 
-0.11 
-0.12 
-0.06 
-0.09 
-0.34 
-0.54 
0.11 
0.13 
-0.03 
-0.76 
-0.66 
-0.08 
0.11 
-0.21 
-0.18 
-0.39 
-0.04 
0.00 
0.04 
-0.30 
-0.15 
-0.21 

En 
-0.45 
-0.29 
0.19 
0.02 
-0.04 
-0.14 
-0.38 
-0.19 
-0.19 
0.05 
0.02 
-0.14 
0.02 
-0.16 

-0.09 
-0.14 
-0.09 
-0.08 
-0.10 
-0.10 
-0.06 
-0.09 
-0.31 
-0.49 
0.10 
0.11 
-0.03 
-0.65 
-0.58 
-0.07 
0.10 
-0.19 
-0.16 
-0.34 
-0.04 
0.00 
0.04 
-0.25 
-0.12 
-0.19 

D 
-1.22 
-0.74 
0.50 
0.04 
-0.11 
-0.38 
-0.98 
-0.50 
-0.51 
0.13 
0.06 
-0.37 
0.06 
-0.43 

-0.23 
-0.36 
-0.24 
-0.21 
-0.25 
-0.27 
-0.15 
-0.22 
-0.80 
-1.28 
0.25 
0.30 
-0.07 
-1.78 
-1.53 
-0.19 
0.25 
-0.48 
-0.42 
-0.92 
-0.10 
0.00 
0.10 
-0.71 
-0.34 
-0.48 

D% 
-8.46 
-9.57 
15.77 
1.02 
-1.54 
-4.66 
-16.14 
-9.80 
-9.51 
3.42 
1.81 
-8.10 
1.88 
-10.15 

-7.39 
-14.10 
-7.77 
-8.21 
-5.98 
-5.78 
-5.09 
-5.39 
-9.45 
-18.72 
6.01 
11.38 
-1.07 
-19.04 
-15.65 
-3.82 
8.02 
-8.91 
-6.59 
-9.92 
-3.10 
0.00 
2.27 
-12.67 
-6.83 
-5.57 

96 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 41 VMM-2 reported values and calculated performance parameters 

Source: JRC analysis 

97 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 28. ZECH reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

ZECH PM10 data capture =  100 

ZECH 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
22.97 
11.56 
6.69 
8.88 
14.91 
15.54 
9.95 
8.18 
9.83 
7.54 
5.87 
8.53 
6.72 
8.64 
6.59 
11.57 
4.60 
3.74 
7.63 
6.63 
8.54 
9.30 
5.95 
6.67 
11.57 
9.66 
11.47 
6.68 
13.42 
14.84 
14.10 
9.32 
7.31 
10.78 
9.62 
14.67 
6.93 
7.22 
6.93 
8.58 
6.10 
10.42 

xlab 
25.27 
13.96 
9.92 
11.29 
16.41 
17.89 
12.50 
9.76 
11.73 
11.20 
8.24 
11.86 
8.61 
10.91 
8.35 
15.58 
6.88 
6.60 
10.12 
8.20 
10.87 
11.22 
7.98 
8.32 
13.49 
11.18 
13.04 
7.93 
15.79 
16.84 
16.05 
11.04 
8.51 
12.77 
10.45 
16.17 
7.82 
8.04 
8.41 
8.83 
6.93 
11.58 

Ulab 
4.64 
4.48 
4.44 
4.44 
4.50 
4.52 
4.46 
4.44 
4.46 
4.44 
4.42 
4.46 
4.42 
4.44 
4.42 
4.50 
4.42 
4.42 
4.44 
4.42 
4.44 
4.44 
4.42 
4.42 
4.46 
4.44 
4.46 
4.42 
4.50 
4.50 
4.50 
4.44 
4.42 
4.46 
4.44 
4.50 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.46 

PM10 
z'score 
0.95 
1.03 
1.38 
1.03 
0.64 
1.00 
1.09 
0.67 
0.81 
1.57 
1.01 
1.42 
0.81 
0.97 
0.75 
1.70 
0.98 
1.23 
1.06 
0.67 
1.00 
0.82 
0.87 
0.71 
0.82 
0.65 
0.67 
0.53 
1.01 
0.84 
0.83 
0.74 
0.51 
0.84 
0.35 
0.64 
0.38 
0.35 
0.63 
0.11 
0.35 
0.50 

En 
0.47 
0.50 
0.67 
0.51 
0.31 
0.48 
0.53 
0.33 
0.40 
0.77 
0.49 
0.70 
0.40 
0.48 
0.37 
0.84 
0.48 
0.60 
0.52 
0.33 
0.49 
0.41 
0.43 
0.35 
0.40 
0.32 
0.33 
0.26 
0.49 
0.42 
0.40 
0.36 
0.25 
0.41 
0.18 
0.31 
0.19 
0.17 
0.31 
0.05 
0.18 
0.24 

D 
2.30 
2.40 
3.23 
2.41 
1.50 
2.35 
2.55 
1.58 
1.90 
3.66 
2.37 
3.33 
1.89 
2.27 
1.76 
4.01 
2.28 
2.86 
2.49 
1.57 
2.33 
1.92 
2.03 
1.65 
1.92 
1.52 
1.57 
1.25 
2.37 
2.00 
1.95 
1.72 
1.20 
1.99 
0.83 
1.50 
0.89 
0.82 
1.48 
0.25 
0.83 
1.16 

D% 
10.01 
20.77 
48.31 
27.15 
10.06 
15.12 
25.63 
19.32 
19.33 
48.52 
40.40 
39.05 
28.13 
26.28 
26.72 
34.65 
49.60 
76.54 
32.62 
23.70 
27.29 
20.66 
34.11 
24.72 
16.59 
15.74 
13.69 
18.71 
17.66 
13.48 
13.83 
18.45 
16.42 
18.46 
8.63 
10.22 
12.83 
11.36 
21.35 
2.91 
13.61 
11.13 

Source: JRC analysis 

98 

 
 
 
 
ZECH PM2.5 data capture =  98 

ZECH 

Day 

2023-10-19 
2023-10-20 
2023-10-21 
2023-10-22 
2023-10-23 
2023-10-24 
2023-10-25 
2023-10-26 
2023-10-27 
2023-10-28 
2023-10-29 
2023-10-30 
2023-10-31 
2023-11-01 
2023-11-02 
2023-11-03 
2023-11-04 
2023-11-05 
2023-11-06 
2023-11-07 
2023-11-08 
2023-11-09 
2023-11-10 
2023-11-11 
2023-11-12 
2023-11-13 
2023-11-14 
2023-11-15 
2023-11-16 
2023-11-17 
2023-11-18 
2023-11-19 
2023-11-20 
2023-11-21 
2023-11-22 
2023-11-23 
2023-11-24 
2023-11-25 
2023-11-26 
2023-11-27 
2023-11-28 
2023-11-29 

xpt 
14.43 
7.73 
3.17 
3.91 
7.15 
8.15 
6.07 
5.10 
5.36 
3.80 
3.32 
4.57 
3.19 
4.24 
3.37 
5.17 
3.11 
2.55 
3.09 
2.56 
4.18 
4.67 
2.95 
4.08 
8.47 
6.84 
4.16 
2.64 
6.52 
9.35 
9.78 
4.97 
3.12 
5.39 
6.38 
9.28 
3.23 
3.40 
4.41 
5.60 
4.98 
8.61 

xlab 
19.14 
9.61 
5.63 
6.65 
9.69 
9.85 
7.01 
6.44 
7.87 
5.89 
5.55 
6.12 
5.31 
5.92 

8.50 
2.97 
3.82 
4.69 
4.38 
4.98 
6.30 
3.88 
4.96 
8.96 
6.76 
6.40 
4.08 
9.09 
11.05 
11.97 
5.67 
5.40 
6.23 
6.51 
9.35 
4.35 
4.22 
5.06 
6.70 
5.34 
9.92 

Ulab 
4.54 
4.44 
4.42 
4.42 
4.44 
4.44 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 

4.42 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.40 
4.42 
4.40 
4.40 
4.44 
4.42 
4.42 
4.40 
4.44 
4.44 
4.46 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.44 
4.40 
4.40 
4.42 
4.42 
4.42 
4.44 

PM2.5 

z'score 
2.00 
0.80 
1.05 
1.18 
1.07 
0.73 
0.39 
0.57 
1.07 
0.90 
0.96 
0.67 
0.89 
0.72 

1.41 
-0.06 
0.52 
0.69 
0.78 
0.34 
0.70 
0.40 
0.37 
0.21 
-0.03 
0.96 
0.62 
1.10 
0.72 
0.94 
0.30 
0.98 
0.36 
0.06 
0.03 
0.48 
0.35 
0.28 
0.47 
0.15 
0.56 

En 
0.97 
0.40 
0.52 
0.57 
0.53 
0.34 
0.20 
0.28 
0.53 
0.44 
0.47 
0.33 
0.45 
0.36 

0.71 
-0.03 
0.27 
0.34 
0.39 
0.17 
0.34 
0.19 
0.18 
0.10 
-0.02 
0.48 
0.31 
0.54 
0.36 
0.46 
0.15 
0.48 
0.18 
0.03 
0.02 
0.24 
0.17 
0.14 
0.23 
0.08 
0.27 

D 
4.71 
1.88 
2.46 
2.74 
2.54 
1.70 
0.94 
1.34 
2.51 
2.09 
2.23 
1.55 
2.12 
1.68 

3.33 
-0.14 
1.27 
1.60 
1.82 
0.80 
1.63 
0.93 
0.88 
0.49 
-0.08 
2.24 
1.44 
2.57 
1.70 
2.19 
0.70 
2.28 
0.84 
0.13 
0.07 
1.12 
0.82 
0.65 
1.10 
0.36 
1.31 

D% 
32.65 
24.31 
77.60 
70.08 
35.52 
20.87 
15.48 
26.27 
46.83 
55.00 
67.10 
33.94 
66.53 
39.64 

64.41 
-4.50 
49.74 
51.78 
71.19 
19.12 
34.90 
31.56 
21.55 
5.79 
-1.17 
53.89 
54.61 
39.42 
18.19 
22.40 
14.08 
73.16 
15.59 
2.04 
0.75 
34.72 
24.15 
14.75 
19.63 
7.23 
15.21 

Source: JRC analysis 

99 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 42. ZECH reported values, uncertainties and calculated performance parameters 

End of report 

Source: JRC analysis 

100 

 
 
 
 
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