Consumer monitor 2023 : country report : Belgium.
Date: 2024-07-10
Institutions: Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport
Subjects: Belgium, consumer behaviour, consumer information, consumer survey, electric vehicle, electricity storage device, purchase, reduction of gas emissions, report, tax exemption, tax relief, transport policy

Consumer 
Monitor 
2023 

EUROPEAN ALTERNATIVE FUELS OBSERVATORY 

COUNTRY REPORT  
BELGIUM 

Lieselot Vanhaverbeke, Dennis Verbist, Gabriela Barrera, VUB-MOBI Electromobility Research Centre,  
Máté Csukas, FIER, Rein Jüriado, EC DG-MOVE 

June - 2024 

 
 
 
 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport 
Directorate B Investment, Innovative & Sustainable Transport 
Unit B.4 — Sustainable and Intelligent transport 

Contact:  Rein Jüriado 

E-mail:   ec-alternative-fuels-observatory@ec.europa.eu 

European Commission 
B-1049 Brussels 

 
 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Consumer Monitor 2023: Country 
Report: Belgium 

2024 

EN 

Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport 
European Alternative Fuels Observatory 

Manuscript completed in June 2024 

First edition 

This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the 
authors, and the European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this 
publication. 

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2024 

© European Union, 2024 

The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented by Commission Decision 
2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). 
Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 
4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that 
reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. 

PDF 

ISBN 978-92-68-17907-9   doi:10.2832/062076  MI-05-24-449-EN-N 

 
 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

Contents 

1. 

The 2023 European EAFO consumer monitor: key findings & 
conclusions .............................................................................................. 6 

2.  Consumer monitoring results: general population views on driving 

full-electric vehicles ............................................................................... 11 

2.1.  Socio-demographics ............................................................................ 11 

2.2.  Attitude and motivation towards battery electric vehicles ..................... 13 

2.3.  Main barriers and opportunities to adopt battery electric vehicles ....... 13 

2.4.  Time frame to buy a battery electric vehicle ........................................ 14 

2.5.  Willingness to pay and desired range of a battery electric vehicle ....... 15 

2.6.  Support and governmental incentives to drive a battery electric vehicle

16 

3.  Consumer monitoring results: Mobility and recharging behaviour of 

battery electric drivers .......................................................................... 17 

3.1.  Mobility behaviour and vehicle ownership of battery electric drivers .... 17 

3.2.  Purchase and lease price paid by BEV drivers .................................... 18 

3.3.  Factory range and range satisfaction of full-electric cars used by BEV 

drivers .................................................................................................. 19 

3.4.  BEV drivers recharging according to battery level and waiting time at 

public recharging points ....................................................................... 20 

3.5.  Recharging location and frequency of use by BEV drivers .................. 21 

3.6. 

Important characteristics of a public recharging session for BEV drivers

22 

3.7.  BEV drivers’ opinion and payment options at public recharging points 23 

3.8.  Main problems encountered by BEV drivers when travelling abroad ... 24 

3.9.  Future trends: BEV drivers’ awareness and interest in vehicle-to-grid 

capable vehicles .................................................................................. 26 

4.  Surveyed countries and EU aggregated results & incentives overview
 ................................................................................................................. 28 

5.  BEVs and recharging infrastructure in Belgium ................................. 34 

6.  Annex I: Consumer monitoring methodology & approach ................ 36 

5 

 
 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

1.  The 2023 European EAFO consumer monitor: key 

findings & conclusions 

The European Green Deal aims for a 90% reduction of greenhouse gas 
emissions for transport by 2050. Different policies are in place to achieve this 
goal, including standards on CO2 vehicle emissions, public procurement rules, 
or the recently adopted Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR)1, 2, 3. 
Nevertheless, in 2019, the transport sector was responsible for around one-
quarter of the EU’s total CO2 emissions, 60.6% of which were emitted by 
passenger cars. The passenger car is still the main transport mode and has 
continued to increase its share since the year 20004. Replacing existing fleets 
with zero-emission vehicles is one of the key measures identified for this 
purpose. Important efforts have been made to promote electric cars, and 
therefore, identifying the main hurdles and needs of (potential) battery electric 
drivers can support the design and implementation of tailored strategies, 
policies and solutions to stimulate the demand for this type of vehicle. 

For more than a decade, three main barriers have been identified regarding the 
mass up-take of passenger battery electric vehicles (BEVs): purchase price, 
driving range and availability of recharging infrastructure. There have been 
significant advances: battery costs have dropped by 90%, vehicle range has 
increased from 100-150 km up to 400+ km, and the recharging infrastructure 
network is expanding. Nevertheless, BEVs represent only 1.68% of the total 
passenger cars fleet in the EU, and the recharging infrastructure coverage is 
still limited in some countries and urban areas5,6. 

This report highlights the main findings of the 2023 EAFO Consumer Monitor 
survey and presents the results for Belgium. Taking these barriers and 
developments into account, the key findings of the 2023 EAFO consumer 
monitor are:  

Taking these barriers and developments into account, the key findings of the 
2023 EAFO consumer monitor are: 

-  25% of the non-BEV Belgian drivers are interested in BEVs, 21% are 

(very) familiar with these. 20% of the non-BEV drivers consider buying a 

1 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:5e601657-3b06-11eb-b27b-

01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF  

2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1161/oj  
3 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1804/oj  
4 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20190313STO31218/co2-emissions-from-cars-facts-and-

figures-infographics  

5 Van Mierlo, J., Berecibar, M., El Baghdadi, M., De Cauwer, C., Messagie, M., Coosemans, T., Jacobs, V. A., & 

Hegazy, O. (2021). Beyond the State of the Art of Electric Vehicles: A Fact-Based Paper of the Current and 
Prospective Electric Vehicle Technologies. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(1),1-26. 

6 https://alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/ 

6 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

BEV in a time frame of 0-5 years. The most important BEVs advantage is 
that they are considered better for the climate (no tailpipe CO2 
emissions). 

-  For Belgian drivers, the BEVs’ cost is by far the main disadvantage of 

driving electric cars. The BEVs’ price is also the number one challenge in 
the twelve surveyed countries. Belgian participants are willing to pay 
24,000 € (median value) for a BEV (used or new), whereas for 33% of 
the Belgian BEV drivers, the purchase price paid was between 20,000 € 
and 39,999 €. 2% paid less than 10,000 €, 63% paid 40,000 € or more, 
and 2% did not know or did not want to indicate the purchase price. 

-  BEVs’ range is also considered a limitation, even though it is not as 

important as its price. A minimum desired range between 300 km to 500 
km was the choice of 30% of all Belgian drivers surveyed. 500 km and 
more would be the preference of 54%. On the other hand, 1% of the 
Belgian BEV drivers indicated a factory range until 200 km, 39% between 
201 km and 400 km, and 60% of more than 401 km. For 83% of the 
Belgian BEV drivers the factory range of their vehicle was usually or 
always enough. 

-  93% of Belgian BEV drivers use their vehicles daily or several times a 
week. Their BEV is mostly new (79%) and privately owned (49%). 

-  Limited recharging private and public slow options are also considered a 
disadvantage. To a lesser extent, survey respondents indicated that 
having too few public fast recharging points can also be a problem.  

-  41% of Belgian BEV drivers know what vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is and 60% 

are interested in buying a V2G-capable vehicle  

The EAFO Consumer Monitor 2023 results also provide further insights 
concerning the three main barriers identified and the measures that could 
support non-BEV and BEV drivers: 

1.  Belgian non-BEV drivers are typically characterised as a 55+-year-

old, living in a detached house, with a middle income (2,000-3,999 €) 
and secondary education level. On the other hand, a 35 to 55-year-
old male, living in a detached house, with a high income (4,000-5,999 
€) and a high education level represents BEV drivers. 

2. 

44% of the surveyed non-BEV Belgian drivers would consider buying 
a BEV in the short, medium, or long term. In contrast, 21% do not 
know if they would buy a BEV and 35% would not buy such a 
vehicle. 

3.  When both non-BEV and BEV Belgian drivers were asked about 

different governmental incentives to support electric driving, a 

7 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

4. 

5. 

subsidy to purchase a new BEV was the incentive with the highest 
perceived impact. 

For all surveyed Belgian drivers, the most relevant information to 
have a clear opinion about electric driving is to have information 
about the cost comparison with fossil fuel cars and batteries and/or 
driving range. 

The second-hand and leasing options at an affordable price need to 
be further considered. 21% of the Belgian BEV drivers bought a 
second-hand BEV, while 12% responded that they lease a car 
(privately or for business purposes), for which 20% pay less than 500 
€ per month.  

6.  When comparing factory range to BEV range satisfaction, 75% of the 

BEV driver respondents whose vehicle has a factory range between 
201 and 300 km indicated that this was usually or always enough. 
This was also the case for 73% of the respondents whose vehicle 
has a factory range between 301 and 400 km.  

7.  Belgian BEV drivers responded that the most used location to 

recharge is a recharging station or wallbox at home (used 48% of the 
time daily or several times a week). On a daily or weekly basis, public 
slow and fast recharging points are less often used (23% and 16% 
respectively). 

8.  When surveyed Belgian BEV drivers were asked about the longest 

waiting time at a public recharging point, 36% never wait when this is 
occupied (they leave without recharging), while 31% waited for 15 
minutes or less. Still, 28% waited between 15 minutes to 1 hour, and 
5% waited for 1 hour or more.  

9. 

For Belgian BEV drivers, important characteristics of a public 
recharging session are short or no waiting time to access a 
recharging point, a fully operational recharging station at arrival and 
clear and transparent price information. Convenient on-the-spot 
payment options and an integrated cable were considered less 
important.  

10.  Most Belgian BEV drivers know which recharging connector or plug 
is compatible with their car, know how much time it will take to fully 
recharge their vehicle, and have a clear overview of the recharging 
points in their vicinity.  

11.  For Belgian BEV drivers, the main problems encountered when 
travelling abroad are few recharging stations along the way and 
having to plan their trip in function of their recharging needs. On the 
other hand, 71% found their experience when recharging abroad 
easy or very easy. 

8 

Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

12.  The most important criteria to eventually buy a V2G compatible BEV 

are being able to use the battery of the V2G capable BEV to power 
their home (e.g., for heating, appliances, etc.) and having a similar 
purchase price to their current BEV. Solar panels are the most 
common Renewable Energy Device (RED) among BEV drivers 

The European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) supports the adoption of 
alternative fuels in EU transport. It provides key information for the development 
of relevant strategies and policies, by providing information on the evolution of 
alternative fuel vehicles and recharging/refuelling infrastructure at the EU level 
and per country. The EAFO also includes a dedicated section for policymakers 
and consumers, addressing a wide range of stakeholders including different 
government levels, vehicle manufacturers, other e-mobility industry companies, 
automobile organisations, etc. 

As part of the EAFO consumer section7, and for the second year in a row, a 
survey was launched in October 2023 in twelve EU countries8,9 to better 
understand consumers’ intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles (BEVs), 
their e-mobility and recharging behaviour, and the challenges they perceive or 
encounter in this sense. The EAFO Consumer Monitor focuses on electric road 
transport, in particular passenger vehicles. It supports policymakers and other 
key stakeholders by identifying trends, needs and opportunities in the transition 
towards zero-emission mobility. Detailed information on the survey methodology 
is available in Annex I. 

The EAFO Consumer Monitor survey was performed as follows: 

-  An online survey was conducted by a closed panel to have a 

representation of the general population including non-BEV and BEV 
drivers10.  

-  To improve the relevance of the analysis of the BEV drivers alone, an 
identical online survey was openly disseminated through the EAFO 
partner AVERE and other external contributors, including FIA members 
ANWB in the Netherlands and Touring Belgium, the Ministries of 
Transport from Luxembourg and Lithuania, and the Swedish Energy 
Agency. 

7 https://alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/consumer-portal 
8 The twelve countries surveyed were: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, 

Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.  

9 The results for BEV drivers in Lithuania, Luxembourg and Spain are not representative due to the small sample size 
(29, 38, and 37 BEV drivers respectively). Nevertheless, these are included to indicate trends in BEV driving, mobility 
behaviour and the recharging infrastructure. 
10  For  this  report,  non-BEV  drivers  are  identified  as  those  driving  a  vehicle  having  an  internal  combustion  engine 
(diesel, petrol, CNG or LPG, hybrid or plug-in hybrid car). BEV drivers refer to those driving a vehicle with no internal 
combustion engine and with the battery of the electric motor being recharged by the means. 

9 

 
  
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

The total number of valid responses in Belgium is 1,536 respondents, of which 
1,440 were filled out by non-BEV drivers and 96 by BEV drivers. 

Following Section 1 on key findings and conclusions, Section 2 presents the 
surveyed Belgian participants’ attitude, interest, and the information that could 
support BEV (potential) drivers. Section 3 focuses only on BEV drivers 
providing an insight into the Belgian BEV drivers’ e-mobility and recharging 
behaviour. Section 4 provides an overview of the results using key indicators for 
the twelve countries surveyed and the EU aggregated results. Finally, section 5 
includes a summary of the 2023 situation in Belgium in terms of passenger 
BEVs and recharging infrastructure based on the most recent data from EAFO. 

10 

 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

2.  Consumer monitoring results: general population 

views on driving full-electric vehicles  

This section presents the results of the merged datasets of the surveyed 
Belgian non-BEV and BEV drivers: 1,536 valid responses from BEV (96) and 
non-BEV drivers (1,440). It focuses on their attitude, interests and information 
that could support them to further drive BEV cars. 

2.1.  Socio-demographics 

Based on the survey results, the Belgian BEV driver is represented by a 35 to 
55-year-old man living in a detached house with a high income and a high 
education level. The main differences when compared to Belgian non-BEV 
drivers’ representation are the age group, household income, and education 
level. 

Table 1 – Socio-demographic results from the survey. 

BEV Driver 

Non-BEV driver 

Gender 

Age 

Female 

Male 

-35 

35-55 

55+ 

< 800 € 

800-1,999 € 

Income 

2,000-3,999 € 

4,000-5,999 € 

≥ 6,000 € 

None 

Primary education 

Education 

Secondary education 

University or other higher 
education (e.g., college, 
polytechnic, academy, etc.) 

Apartment/studio 

Attached house 

Housing 

Semi-detached house 

Detached house 

Other 

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

11 

27% 

73% 

18% 

50% 

32% 

0% 

7% 

31% 

42% 

20% 

3% 

5% 

18% 

74% 

10% 

14% 

14% 

60% 

2% 

52% 

48% 

19% 

36% 

45% 

2% 

24% 

44% 

25% 

5% 

2% 

7% 

53% 

38% 

25% 

22% 

15% 

37% 

1% 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

Although most BEV drivers surveyed live in a detached house, 10% live in an 
apartment or studio. Both Belgian BEV and non-BEV drivers indicated that they 
can park at a private parking on their driveway or garage. 

1. Belgian drivers identified parking options (multiple answers were possible). 

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

BEV driver

Non-BEV driver

Designated
public on-street
parking spot

Non-designated
public on-street
parking spot

Private parking
spot on the road

Private parking
on your own
driveway or
garage

Private parking
spot in a shared
garage or parking
terrain

Public parking
place in a public
garage or parking
terrain

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

There are also differences between Belgian surveyed participants when it 
comes to Renewable Energy Devices (RED), as more BEV drivers reported 
having a source of renewable energy. 

2. Figure: Belgian drivers’ Renewable Energy Devices (RED) possession 
(multiple answers were possible). 

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Solar panels

Home battery

Heat pump

Others (e.g.,
geothermal
power)

I don’t have a 
source
of renewable 
energy

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

12 

BEV driver

Non-BEV driver

 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

2.2.  Attitude and motivation towards battery electric 

vehicles 

21% of the respondents in Belgium specified that they are (very) familiar with 
battery electric driving and 25% are interested in this. The main BEVs’ 
advantage is that these are considered better for the climate (no tailpipe CO2 
emissions). 

2. Table: Opinion and views on battery electric vehicles. 

(Very) familiar with BEV driving (non-BEV 
drivers) 

Interest in BEVs (non-BEV drivers) 

Results 

21% 

25% 

Top three advantages BEVs (all surveyed 
drivers) 

Better for climate (no tailpipe CO2 emissions), 
better for human health (no tailpipe pollutant 
emissions), economical to use 

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

2.3.  Main barriers and opportunities to adopt battery 

electric vehicles 

Belgian surveyed participants were asked to choose the five most relevant 
disadvantages of driving battery-electric vehicles. As previously reported, these 
include the price of BEVs, limited recharging options (either private or public), 
and BEVs’ range. 

13 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

3. Figure: Belgian drivers’ top 5 identified disadvantages of battery electric 
vehicles (multiple answers were possible). 

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

The cars are too
expensive

There are too few
public slow
recharging points

I don’t have any 
way
to recharge the car
privately

The driving range is
still insufficient

There are too few
public fast
recharging points

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

2.4.  Time frame to buy a battery electric vehicle 

35% of the Belgian non-BEV driver respondents do not consider buying a 
battery electric vehicle. 22% expect to do so in a time frame of 0-5 years. 

4. Figure: Belgian non-BEV drivers’ time frame to buy a battery electric vehicle. 

10%

21%

22%

12%

35%

I don’t know

Not buying a BEV

Yes, but without time frame in
mind

Yes, within 0-5 years

Yes, within 5-10 years

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

14 

 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

2.5.  Willingness to pay and desired range of a battery 

electric vehicle  

The median price that all Belgian respondents are willing to pay for a new or 
used Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) is 20,000 € while for a new or 
used BEV is 24,000 €.  

In the EAFO consumer monitor survey, desired range was described as the 
number of kilometres that can be driven with a full battery without recharging. A 
minimum desired range between 300 km to 500 km was the choice of 30% of all 
Belgian drivers surveyed. 500 km and more would be the preference of 54%.  

5. Figure: Belgian drivers’ desired driving range of a battery electric vehicle. 

8%

3%

5%

11%

19%

36%

18%

I don’t know

Min. 200 km

Min. 200-300 km

Min. 300-400 km

Min. 400-500 km

Min. 500-600 km

More than 600 km

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

The current BEV market consists of a considerable amount and variety of 
models (115 individual models, and 286 model variations) with a range between 
300 and +600 km (models’ variance in March 2024 according to the EAFO). On 
the other hand, there are only thirteen BEV models available with a purchase 
price between 20,000 € to 35,000 € (representing 5% of the total BEV models in 
the market). These have an average range of 217 km (min 135 km, max 300 
km), and include mostly cars in the A and B segments (supermini, e.g., city 
cars), with a couple of models in the C segment (compact, e.g., small family 
cars).  

15 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

2.6.  Support and governmental incentives to drive a 

battery electric vehicle 

Belgian drivers were asked about what they would value the most to have a 
clearer opinion about electric driving. Cost comparison with fossil fuel cars and 
more information about batteries and/or driving range were the most relevant 
support measures. 

In addition, they also indicated the impact of different governmental incentives 
on the decision to drive an electric vehicle. A subsidy to purchase a new BEV, 
road tax exemptions, and a higher tax deduction for company cars are the 
incentives with the highest perceived impact. 

6. Figure: Perceived impact of governmental incentives on Belgian drivers’ 
decision to drive a full-battery electric vehicle. 

Purchase subsidy used electric car

8%

18%

11%

18%

45%

Purchase subsidy new electric car

22%

21%

9%

10%

38%

Purchase subsidy for wallbox (recharging station at home

10%

18%

20%

17%

35%

Higher tax deduction/lower addition (for a company car)

19%

26%

12%

14%

29%

Exemption (road tax) - international peage

20%

24%

22%

10%

24%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

High impact Medium impact

Low impact

No impact

Not applicable

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

The Belgian Federal Government provides tax exemptions for zero-emission 
vehicles, with BEVs benefiting from a 100% deductible company tax until 2026. 
From 2024 on, the Flemish region offers a 5,000 € EV grant that will be annually 
reduced until 2027. In a separate question, 31% of the surveyed Belgians 
mentioned that they were not aware of any subsidies for electric driving. 

16 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

3.  Consumer monitoring results: Mobility and 

recharging behaviour of battery electric drivers  

This section focuses on BEV Belgian drivers (96 valid responses). The results 
of the EAFO 2023 survey give an insight into the mobility behaviour of Belgian 
BEV drivers. Results on recharging behaviour are also presented. 

3.1.  Mobility behaviour and vehicle ownership of battery 

electric drivers 

93% of the BEV Belgian drivers surveyed use their vehicle several times a week 
or daily. Most BEVs (when it is the main household vehicle) are new privately 
owned cars (although company cars are well represented). Most Belgian BEV 
drivers have less than one to 3 years of experience as a BEV driver. 

3. Table: Mobility behaviour and vehicle ownership. 

Results 

79% 

21% 

20,000 

80 

93% 

For shopping/errands (e.g., bringing and picking 
up the children, doctor visits, administration) 

7% 

5% 

39% 

49% 

79% 

21% 

< 1 year to 3 years as BEV driver 

3 years to 5 years or longer as BEV driver 

km driven per year (median) 

km driven per day (median) 

BEV drivers using their vehicle daily to several 
times a week 

Main activity when driving their BEV 

BEV ownership (BEV as main car) 

Leased BEV (business) 

Leased BEV (private) 

BEV company car (if employee) 

Privately owned BEV 

New vs. second-hand BEVs (BEV as main 
car) 

New BEV 

Second-hand BEV 

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

17 

 
 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

3.2.  Purchase and lease price paid by BEV drivers 

Surveyed BEV Belgian drivers indicated the purchase price paid when their 
BEV is the main vehicle. For 33% this was between 20,000 € and 39,999 €. 2% 
paid less than 10,000 €, 63% paid 40,000 € or more, and 2% did not know or 
did not want to indicate the purchase price. 

7. Figure: Belgian BEV drivers’ purchase price for their battery electric vehicle. 

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

2%
7%

37%

19%

12%

21%

2%

I don’t know  / don’t wish to tell

More than €75.000

€50.000 - €74.999

€40.000 - €49.999

€30.000 - €39.999

€20.000 - €29.999

Less than €10.000

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

On the other hand, 12% of the Belgian BEV driver participants responded that 
their first car was leased (privately or for business purposes). 20% pay less than 
500 € per month, while 60% pay more than 501 €. 

18 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

8. Figure: Belgian BEV drivers’ lease price for their battery electric vehicle. 

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

20%

10%

10%

10%

10%

20%

20%

I don’t know  / don’t wish to tell

More than €1000

€901 - €1000

€801 - €900

€701 - €800

€501 - €600

Less than €500

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

3.3.  Factory range and range satisfaction of full-electric 

cars used by BEV drivers 

Factory range refers to the kilometres a new BEV can drive with the available 
vehicle battery after running a World Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure 
(WLTP) test cycle. 1% of the Belgian BEV drivers indicated a factory range until 
200 km, 39% between 201 km and 400 km, and 60% of more than 401 km. The 
factory range of the first car was usually or always enough for 83% of the 
surveyed Belgian BEV drivers. When comparing factory range to BEV range 
satisfaction, 75% of the BEV driver respondents stated that a factory range 
between 201 and 300 km was usually or always enough. This was also the 
case for 73% of the BEV drivers of a car with a factory range between 301 and 
400 km. 

19 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

9. Figure: Factory range and range satisfaction according to Belgian BEV 
drivers. 

501 – 600 km

100%

401 – 500 km

8%

9%

83%

301 – 400 km

4%

23%

201 – 300 km

12%

13%

73%

75%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

This is never or usually not enough

This is sometimes enough, sometimes not

This is usually or always enough

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

3.4.  BEV drivers recharging according to battery level 
and waiting time at public recharging points  

Surveyed BEV Belgian drivers were asked what the longest waiting time was to 
use a public recharging point. 36% never wait when this is occupied (they leave 
without recharging), while 31% waited for 15 minutes or less. Still, 28% waited 
between 15 minutes to 1 hour. Furthermore, 46% responded that they recharge 
their BEV when the battery level reaches a certain threshold. 

20 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

10. Figure: Belgian drivers’ waiting times when using a public recharging point. 

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

5%

8%

20%

31%

36%

More than 1 hour

More than 30 minutes but not
more than 1 hour

More than 15 minutes but not
more than 30 minutes

15 minutes or less

I never wait when a recharging
point is occupied, I leave without
recharging.

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

3.5.  Recharging location and frequency of use by BEV 

drivers 

For BEV Belgian drivers a private recharging station or wallbox at home is the 
most frequently used location. Public slow recharging stations on the street or 
public parking and public fast recharging stations are not that often used (23% 
and 16% respectively). 

11. Figure:  Recharging location and frequency use by Belgian BEV drivers. 

Semi-public recharging station

70%

23%

7%

Recharging station/ wallbox at workplace

Public slow recharging station on street
or public parking

Public fast recharger

53%

54%

57%

14%

33%

23%

23%

27%

16%

Private recharging station/ wallbox at home

39%

13%

48%

Normal household socket at home

71%

5%

24%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

(Almost) never

A couple of times a month

Often (daily or multiple times a week)

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

21 

 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

3.6.  Important characteristics of a public recharging 

session for BEV drivers 

Belgian BEV driver respondents were asked to indicate the most important 
characteristics of a public recharging session. Short or no waiting time to 
access a recharging point, a fully operational recharging station when arriving, 
and clear and transparent price information were considered the most important 
ones. Convenient on-the-spot payment options and an integrated cable were 
considered less important.  

12. Figure: Important characteristics for Belgian BEV drivers of a public 
recharging session. 

The recharging station should be fully
 operational when I arrive

4%

2%

14%

38%

42%

Short/no waiting time to access the
recharging point, to avoid queuing

1%
2%

9%

38%

50%

Recharging speed / power output of
the recharging point, so I can get the
quickest possible recharge

4%

4%

17%

41%

34%

Possibility to pay per kWh only
(instead of per minute or per session)

8%

9%

27%

29%

27%

Possibility to do something else while
your car recharges/amenities on site

5%

5%

21%

48%

21%

Integrated cable, thanks to which you don’t
need to get the cable out of the trunk

8%

9%

29%

30%

24%

Easy access and payment via my
recharging subscription (pass/app)

3%

5%

14%

38%

40%

Convenient on the spot payment
options (eg., debit/ credit card)

12%

8%

23%

36%

21%

Clear and transparent price information

4%

3%

17%

35%

41%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Not important at all

Somewhat unimportant

Neutral

Somewhat important

Very important

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

22 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

3.7.  BEV drivers’ opinion and payment options at public 

recharging points 

Most Belgian BEV drivers know which recharging connector or plug is 
compatible with their car, know how much time it will take to fully recharge their 
vehicle, and have a clear overview of the recharging points in their vicinity. On 
the other hand, they mostly do not know the origin of the electricity at public 
recharging points. They also indicated that there are no sufficient facilities at 
highway recharging stations.  

13. Figure: Public recharging points opinions of Belgian BEV drivers. 

There are sufficient facilities
 (food, coffee, toilets, shelter, etc.)
at highway recharging stations

15%

9%

32%

20%

24%

I know which recharging connectors/
plugs are compatible with my car

13%

11%

71%

3%

2%

I know the origin of the electricity
(e.g., renewable energy)

33%

14%

30%

9%

14%

I know in advance whether a recharging point
will be available for use or occupied

7%

8%

19%

26%

40%

I know how much time it will take to fully
recharge my car at any given recharging point

19%

19%

54%

3%

5%

I have sufficient choice between different
operators of recharging point /
mobility service providers

8%

7%

18%

29%

38%

I have a clear overview of the public
recharging points in my vicinity

8%

8%

13%

28%

43%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

(Strongly) Disagree

Somewhat disagree Neutral/Not Applicable

Somewhat agree

(Strongly) Agree

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

In all public and semi-public recharging stations, a charging card or app is the 
most used payment option.  

23 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

14. Figure: Payment options used at recharging station by Belgian BEV drivers. 

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Public slow
recharging on-
street

Public fast
recharger

Recharging
station/
wallbox at
workplace

Semi-public
recharging
(stores,
restaurants,
parking lots,
etc.)

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

Not applicable (e.g. free of charge,
other means of payment)

Payment on the spot (e.g. credit
card, debit card, cash)

Charging card/app

3.8.  Main problems encountered by BEV drivers when 

travelling abroad 

55% of the Belgian BEV drivers responded that they have travelled multiple 
times abroad with their BEV, 17% have travelled once, and 28% have never 
used their BEV to travel abroad. When they were asked to indicate the main 
problems encountered when travelling abroad, few recharging stations along 
the way and having to plan their trip in function of their recharging needs were 
the main issues identified. 

24 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

15. Figure: Belgian drivers’ opinions regarding travelling abroad with a BEV. 

There are too few recharging stations
 along the way

I find it overly burdensome to plan my trip
 in function of my recharging needs

I find it complicated or prohibitively
expensive to pay for my
recharging abroad (roaming issue)

I don't think I can recharge
my car at my travel destination

I don't have enough information about
 where to recharge while on the road

Due to the slow and therefore long
 recharging times, I would lose too
 much time for recharging my car
Due to the limited range of my electric car,
I would have to stop too often to
recharge my car along the way

34%

11%

13%

19%

23%

36%

12%

19%

11%

22%

39%

39%

4%

25%

16%

16%

17%

12%

18%

14%

34%

14%

14%

21%

17%

34%

3%

22%

25%

16%

41%

6%

22%

14%

17%

0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

(Strongly) Disagree

Somewhat disagree

Neither agree nor disagree

Somewhat agree

(Strongly) Agree

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

Nevertheless, when looking at their recharging experience when travelling 
abroad, 71% specified that it was (very) easy, while only 7% considered it as 
difficult. 

4. Table: BEV drivers experience when recharging abroad. 

Very easy 

Easy 

Not easy, but not difficult either 

Difficult 

Very difficult 

Not applicable (did not 
recharge my car abroad) 

Results 

       36% 

       35% 

14% 

8% 

0% 

7% 

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

25 

 
 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

3.9.  Future trends: BEV drivers’ awareness and interest 

in vehicle-to-grid capable vehicles 

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) refers to the interaction between Electric Vehicles and the 
power grid. The basic idea of V2G is to use EV batteries as intermediate 
storage facilities for providing services to the electric power system when BEVs 
are parked. For example, giving energy back to the grid when the car is not in 
use. Belgian BEV drivers were asked if they were aware of this technology. 
38% had never heard of it, while 41% indicated being aware and having 
knowledge about this.  

5. Table: BEV drivers V2G awareness 

No, never heard of it 

Yes, heard of it, but know nothing/just a little bit 
about it 

Yes, heard of it and know quite a bit/a lot about it 

Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

Results 

37% 

22% 

  41% 

Moreover, 60% of Belgian BEV drivers stated that they are interested in buying 
a vehicle with the V2G functionality. The most important criteria to eventually 
buy such a vehicle are being able to use the battery of the V2G capable BEV to 
power their home (e.g., for heating, appliances, etc.) and having a similar 
purchase price to their current BEV car. 

16. Figure: Belgian BEV drivers’ willingness to buy a V2G-capable BEV (multiple 
answers were possible). 

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Being able to use
the battery of my
vehicle to power my
home (appliances,
heating, etc.)

Similar purchase
price to
your current electric
vehicle

Clear fiscal and legal
framework

Pre-determined
earnings model

Sufficient V2G
charging
infrastructure

26 

 
 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

 Source: EAFO Consumer Monitor and Survey 2023. 

27 

 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

4.  Surveyed countries and EU aggregated results & 

incentives overview11 

The number one BEV driving disadvantage identified in all cases is the 
purchase price of the vehicle.  

The proportion of company cars is the highest in Belgium, and the percentage 
of leased business BEVs is the second highest. In terms of recharging 
infrastructure, for Belgian BEV drivers having a fully operational recharging 
station at arrival was the most important characteristic of a public recharging 
session.

11 The results for BEV drivers in Lithuania, Luxembourg and Spain are not representative due to the small sample 
size (29, 38, and 37 BEV drivers respectively). Nevertheless, these are included to indicate trends in BEV driving, 
mobility behaviour and the recharging infrastructure. 

28 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

6. Table: Barriers and opportunities BEV driving 

Country 

Main 
disadvantage 

% BEV potential 
drivers (time 
frame 
considering 
buying a BEV) 

High impact 
government 
incentive to 
drive BEV 

Existing financial incentive (end 2023) 9 

Belgium  

Denmark  

France  

Germany  

Hungary  

Italy  

Lithuania  

BEVs are too 
expensive 

44% 

62% 

46% 

55% 

67% 

65% 

55% 

Flanders to offer 5,000 € EV grants in 2024 (no subsidies in 2023), reduced annually till 2027. Zero-emission 
vehicles get tax exemptions, with BEVs 100% company tax deductible till 2026. BIK (benefit-in-kind) rates are 
CO2-based, and Brussels offers LEZ replacement subsidies for commercial vehicles and plans to ban diesel by 
2030. 

Denmark offers no direct purchase subsidies for EVs but provides significant tax incentives (more than 10k  € in 
contrast to ICE cars). BEVs enjoy a full exemption from registration taxes, and PHEVs benefit from reduced rates. 
The country supports public and private EV recharging infrastructure through financial subsidies, tax exemptions, 
and mandatory installation regulations in new buildings.  

France  offers  up  to  7,000  €  ecological  bonus  for  EVs  and  6,000  €  for  trade-ins,  with  tax  benefits  like  50% 
registration fee exemption for EVs and BIK (benefit-in-kind) reductions for company EVs until December 2024.  

Germany ended its EV subsidies in December 2023, with manufacturer discounts until Mar 2024. Tax benefits for 
EV company cars continue, and EVs remain exempt from the annual circulation tax until 2025. The focus has 
shifted to vehicles with proven climate benefits, with a 130 € billion investments in sustainable mobility.  

Hungary offers a 79 € million subsidies for company BEVs from February 2024 (no subsidy in 2023), with grants 
up to 10,500 € based on vehicle price and battery capacity. Green plate vehicles enjoy numerous tax exemptions 
including  registration,  vehicle,  and  transfer  taxes.  Additional  benefits  include  corporate  tax  credits  for  energy 
efficiency, deductible costs for electric charging stations, and free municipal parking for green plate vehicles.  

Current incentives go up to a maximum of 5,000 € with respect to emission class and if you scrap an old polluting 
car. New incentives (from mid-2024) will go up to a maximum of 13,750 € with respect to income (<30k €) and for 
BEVs: however, incentives are active, even if lower, for other emission classes, including ICE. Benefits include a 
five-year  tax  exemption,  reduced  VAT  for  people  with  disabilities,  and  incentives  for  charging  installation. 
Lombardy provides regional subsidies, enhancing support for a cleaner vehicle transition.  

In 2024, Lithuania offers up to 4,000 € for new BEVs, 2,500 € for used EVs, and tax incentives, since the 1st of 
January 2023, VAT deductions apply on EV purchases up to 50,000 €.  

Subsidy 
buying a new 
EV 

Subsidy 
buying a used 
EV 

29 

Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

Country 

Main 
disadvantage 

% BEV potential 
drivers (time 
frame 
considering 
buying a BEV) 

High impact 
government 
incentive to 
drive BEV 

Existing financial incentive (end 2023) 9 

Luxembourg  

Netherlands  

Slovenia  

Spain   

Sweden  

EU 12 
countries  

51% 

52% 

43% 

70% 

62% 

57% 

Subsidy 
buying a new 
EV 

Purchase subsidy of 8,000 € for new BEVs and FCEVs (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle) with less than 7 seats and 
under 18 kWh/100 km consumption; 3,000 € if above this threshold. Up to 1,000 € for electric motorcycles and 
quadricycles, covering up to 50% of the cost, extended until March 2024. The government halved administrative 
tax for BEVs, and applied CO2-based tax incentives, aiming for 49% new EVs by 2030.  

Road tax 
exemptions 

Dutch EV incentives include purchase subsidies (2,950 € new, 2,000 € used), and tax emptions until 2024 on 
BPM (Belasting van personenauto’s  en motorrijwielen or tax on private motor vehicle and motorcycle charged 
once for each car registered) and MRB (Motorrijtuigenbelasting, a vehicle tax based on fuel, emissions and weight, 
paid  monthly  or  quarterly  from  the  date  of  car  registration  on  the  name  of  the  owner).  Entrepreneurs  enjoy 
additional tax benefits, although the MIA/Vamil scheme is being phased out. Energy tax for recharging stations is 
reduced, indirectly lowering costs.  

Subsidy 
buying a new 
EV 

Slovenia offers up to 6,500 € subsidy for new EVs under 35,000 € retail price, for individuals, and various subsidies 
for legal entities on new EVs up to 65,000 € retail price. Zero benefit-in-kind for company cars, VAT deductions 
on EV purchases up to 80,000 €, and subsidized Eco Fund loans promote EV adoption.  

Spain's MOVES programs offer significant EV subsidies, with up to 7,000 € for new BEVs under conditions like 
vehicle scrappage. MOVES III extends till July 2024 with a 400-800 € million budgets. Incentives include major 
tax reductions, VAT exemptions, and enhanced recharging point installation aids, promoting broader EV adoption 
across the nation. These benefits are complemented by local exemptions from road taxes and special privileges 
like toll and parking exemptions for electric vehicles.  

No purchase subsidies for personal EVs post-November 2022, but a new 'climate premium' for light electric trucks 
from February 2024 (30% of cost difference, capped at 4,300 €. Ongoing support includes minimal road tax (SEK 
360 or 31 €), tax benefits for electric company cars, and funding for electric vehicle supply equipment projects. 

Financial support through grants and loans.  

30 

 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

7. Table: BEV cars’ ownership model & new/second-hand market 

Ownership 
model & 
new/used 
BEV 

Leased BEV 
(business) 

Leased BEV 
(private) 

BEV 
company car 
(if employee) 

Privately 
owned BEV 

New BEV 

Second-
hand BEV 

Belgium  Denmark 

France 

Germany  Hungary 

Italy 

Luxembourg 

Lithuania  Netherlands 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 

EU-12 
countries 

7% 

5% 

0% 

4% 

2% 

5% 

13% 

4% 

0% 

31% 

22% 

6% 

10% 

16% 

0% 

7% 

4% 

1% 

0% 

6% 

4% 

14% 

15% 

14% 

25% 

16% 

39% 

1% 

5% 

12% 

11% 

2% 

6% 

7% 

16% 

13% 

3% 

16% 

11% 

49% 

95% 

62% 

61% 

70% 

84% 

78% 

86% 

66% 

71% 

83% 

53% 

69% 

79% 

73% 

77% 

86% 

51% 

89% 

84% 

26% 

76% 

75% 

92% 

67% 

74% 

21% 

27% 

23% 

14% 

49% 

11% 

16% 

74% 

24% 

25% 

8% 

33% 

26% 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

8. Table: Recharging behaviour of BEV drivers 

Country 

Waiting time 15 
min or less 

BEV drivers 
recharging 
considering 
battery level 

% time using 
slow public 
recharging 
point daily/per 
week 

% time using 
fast public 
recharging 
point daily/per 
week 

Most important 
characteristic 
public 
recharging 
session 

Most used 
payment option 
at slow 
recharging 
points 

Most used 
payment option 
fast public 
recharging 
points 

Belgium 

31% 

46% 

23% 

16% 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Hungary 

Italy 

Lithuania 

Luxembourg 

26% 

42% 

26% 

28% 

15% 

10% 

24% 

47% 

44% 

64% 

67% 

51% 

45% 

42% 

42% 

15% 

12% 

9% 

33% 

17% 

11% 

32% 

8% 

7% 

6% 

18% 

10% 

8% 

32 

Charging card or 
app 

Payment on the 
spot 

Charging card or 
app 

Charging card or 
app 

Short or no 
waiting time to 
access a 
recharging point 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Clear and 
transparent price 
information 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Consumer Monitor 2023: Country Report: Belgium 

Country 

Waiting time 15 
min or less 

BEV drivers 
recharging 
considering 
battery level 

% time using 
slow public 
recharging 
point daily/per 
week 

% time using 
fast public 
recharging 
point daily/per 
week 

Most important 
characteristic 
public 
recharging 
session 

Most used 
payment option 
at slow 
recharging 
points 

Most used 
payment option 
fast public 
recharging 
points 

Netherlands 

38% 

54% 

20% 

Slovenia 

31% 

52% 

11% 

8% 

5% 

Spain  

16% 

70% 

57% 

46% 

Sweden 

EU 12 countries 

40% 

32% 

38% 

51% 

15% 

18% 

9% 

10% 

Short or no 
waiting time to 
access a 
recharging point 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Short or no 
waiting time to 
access a 
recharging point 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

Fully operational 
recharging station 
at arrival 

33 

5.  BEVs and recharging infrastructure in Belgium 

The Belgian government has implemented different incentives, including tax 
benefits, VAT exemptions and subsidies to support the uptake of electric 
vehicles and recharging infrastructure (an overview of these can be found in 
EAFO incentives & legislation Belgium). 

Belgium currently has no purchase subsidies for EVs, but Flanders will 
reintroduce them in 2024 with a 5,000 € premium for new BEVs under 40,000 €, 
decreasing annually until it ends in 2027. Used BEVs will receive 3,000 € in 
2024, with gradual reductions each year. In Flanders, zero-emission vehicles 
enjoy exemptions from vehicle registration and annual circulation taxes. For 
company cars, BEVs are 100% deductible from company taxes until 2026 in 
Belgium, after which deductibility will decrease to 65.5% by 2031. The Benefit-
In-Kind (BIK) for company cars also considers CO2 emissions, with a formula 
determining the tax rate based on list price, age, and CO2 percentage. Charging 
costs are 75% deductible from income tax. In Brussels, micro and small 
companies replacing diesel vans due to LEZ restrictions can receive a 20% 
subsidy of a maximum 3,000 €. Various local incentives, including subsidies for 
zero-emission taxis/shared cars and recharging infrastructure, are available. 
Brussels is set to ban diesel vehicles by 2030 and petrol/LPG ones by 2035, 
with public authorities mandated to purchase only zero-emission vehicles by 
2025. 

17. Figure: Evolution of the total BEV passenger vehicles in Belgium 

180,000

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0

155,763

71,651

40,851

23,983

9,244

15,338

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Source: EAFO portal. 

34 

 
 
 
For the year 2023, there were 155,763 BEVs, representing 2.60% of the total 
passenger vehicles fleet in Belgium. 

18. Figure: Evolution of alternating and direct current (AC or slow and DC or fast) 
recharging points in Belgium (EAFO portal, end December 2023) 

45,000

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

41,903

22,914

Belgium - AC

Belgium - DC

5,752

7,592

11,745

361

411

514

916

2,459

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Source: EAFO portal. 

Moreover, the public recharging infrastructure network has considerably grown 
in the last few years. According to the EAFO portal, by the end of 2023, there 
were 41,903 (AC) slow public recharging points, and 2,460 (DC) fast public 
ones. 

35 

 
 
 
 
6.  Annex I: Consumer monitoring methodology & 

approach 

For the 2023 launch of the EAFO consumer monitor survey, twelve countries12 
were selected. The survey was conducted using a panel on the general 
population of each of the surveyed countries. To improve the analysis of BEV 
drivers, a purposeful sample was collected through AVERE and external 
contributors, including FIA members ANWB in the Netherlands, Touring 
Belgium, the Ministries of Transport from Luxembourg and Lithuania, and the 
Swedish Energy Agency. The same survey was used for both the panel and the 
BEV sample. 

The survey campaign was launched at the end of October 2023. For the panel 
in Belgium, the aim was to reach 1,500 responses. The survey was open for 
one month. As BEV drivers are difficult to reach, their survey campaign was 
closed at the beginning of February 2024 in all surveyed countries.  

The datasets were subjected to validation tests, including:  

-  Respondents should have completed the survey by the end and should 

have agreed to the terms and conditions of the survey. 

-  Respondents who specified not owning a driver’s license were excluded. 

-  Respondents who filled out the survey in one-third (or less) of the time 
median for all respondents were excluded from the survey, as it was 
deemed impossible to fill out the survey thoroughly and in its entirety in 
such a short time. 

-  Respondents who indicated unusually high values to open questions with 
continuous variables (kilometres driven in a day, kilometres driven in a 
year, purchase price of a BEV and purchase price of an Internal 
Combustion Engine Vehicle) were excluded from the results.  

-  Respondents who came up with nonsensical patterns of answers to open 

questions were excluded. 

The validation of all the datasets was finalised in mid-February 2024. To 
improve the relevance of the analysis of the BEV drivers alone, the survey 
conducted on BEV drivers (from AVERE and other external contributors) was 
combined with the survey conducted on the general population. The 
respondents were considered BEV drivers when their first, second or third car 
was a BEV. A total of 1,536 responses were considered valid for both the panel 
and the AVERE and external contributors’ datasets. Out of these, there were 
1,440 non-BEV and 96 BEV drivers.  

12 The twelve countries surveyed were: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, 

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. 

36 

 
 
 
The validated and combined datasets of all surveyed countries were used for a 
EU aggregated report. 

37 

 
 
     
Lieselot Vanhaverbeke, Dennis Verbist, Gabriela Barrera, VUB-MOBI Electromobility Research Centre,  
Máté Csukas, FIER, Rein Jüriado, EC DG-MOVE 

June - 2024