REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION under Regulation (EU) 2018/956 analysing the data transmitted by Member States and manufacturers for the reporting period 2020 on CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles
Date: 2023-09-15
Institutions: Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission
Subjects: EU Member State, consumption, environmental monitoring, greenhouse gas, large vehicle, motor fuel, motor vehicle industry, motor vehicle pollution, new technology, reduction of gas emissions

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 15.9.2023  COM(2023) 517 final  REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION under Regulation (EU) 2018/956 analysing the data transmitted by Member States and manufacturers for the reporting period 2020 on CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles        
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. 

Legal base ........................................................................................................................................ 2 

2.  Content of the report ...................................................................................................................... 2 

3.  Data basis ........................................................................................................................................ 3 

4.  Analysis for the 2020 reporting period ........................................................................................... 3 

4.1 

CO2 emissions and fuel consumption ...................................................................................... 3 

4.1.1 

4.1.2 

4.1.3 

4.1.4 

4.1.5 

Performance of the fleet of the Union ............................................................................ 3 

Performance of the fleet of the Member States ............................................................. 5 

Performance of the fleet of the manufacturers .............................................................. 7 

CO2 emissions at different mission profiles/payload combinations ............................... 9 

CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by fuel type ........................................................ 10 

4.2 

Advanced CO2 technologies and alternative powertrains ..................................................... 11 

4.2.1 

4.2.2 

4.2.3 

Advanced CO2 technologies .......................................................................................... 11 

Alternative fuels ............................................................................................................ 12 

Alternative powertrains ................................................................................................ 14 

5.   Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 14 

5.1 

5.2 

CO2 emissions ........................................................................................................................ 15 

Fuels and powertrains ........................................................................................................... 15 

Annex ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 

A.1  Mission profile weights ......................................................................................................... 16 

A.2 

A.3 

Average payload .................................................................................................................... 16 

Average CO2 emissions per Member State ............................................................................ 17 

1 

 
 
 
 
1. 

LEGAL BASE 

In accordance with Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2018/956 of the European Parliament and 
of the Council of 28 June 2018 on the monitoring and reporting of CO2 emissions from and 
fuel  consumption  of  new  heavy-duty  vehicles1,  the  Commission  shall  publish  each  year  a 
report with  its  analysis  of the data transmitted by Member States  and manufacturers  for the 
preceding reporting period. This is the second report under this Regulation, providing a data 
analysis  for  the  reporting  period  2020  running  from  1  July  2020  to  30  June  2021  with  a 
reporting deadline of 30 September 2021.  

The  CO2  emissions  from  and  fuel  consumption  of  new  heavy-duty  vehicles  are  determined 
via the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO), a simulation tool for heavy-
duty  vehicles  developed  by  the  European  Commission.  The  principles  underpinning  the 
simulation  of  new  heavy-duty  vehicles  using  VECTO  are  provided  by  Regulation  (EU) 
2017/2400  on  the  determination  of  the  CO2  emissions  and  fuel  consumption  of  heavy-duty 
vehicles2. 

2. 

CONTENT OF THE REPORT 

In accordance with the requirements of Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2018/956, this analysis 
covers  

1)  the performance of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of the Union 
2)  the performance of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of each Member State  
3)  the performance of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of each manufacturer  

All  three  items  above  are  estimated  based  on  the  CO2  emissions  for  selected  representative 
heavy-duty  vehicle  groups  for  different  mission  profile,  payload  combinations  and  different 
fuels. Additionally, selected values on the average fuel consumption of the heavy-duty vehicle 
fleet of the Union are included. 

The analysis also covers the available data on the uptake of new and advanced CO2 reducing 
technologies, as well as of alternative powertrains.  

It is based on data as available on 07/11/2022. 

Further  performance  values  can  be  found  in  the  Central  Register  for  data  on  heavy-duty 
vehicles3.  

Results of on-road verification tests could not be added to the report as they are not available 
to the Commission for the reporting period 2020. 

1  Regulation  (EU)  2018/956 of the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of 28 June 2018 on  the  monitoring  and 
reporting of CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles (OJ L 173, 9.7.2018, p. 1). 
2 Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 of 12 December 2017 implementing Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the 
European Parliament and of the Council as regards the determination of the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of 
heavy-duty  vehicles  and  amending  Directive  2007/46/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  and 
Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 (OJ L 349, 29.12.2017, p. 1). 
3  As  provided  for  by  Article  6  of  Regulation  (EU)  2018/956.  The  Central  Register  is  published  by  the  EEA  under 
https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/app/CO2HDV/. 

2 

 
 
 
 
3. 

DATA BASIS 

This  report  is  based  on  data  including  all  vehicles  reported  by  manufacturers,  matched  by 
registrations in the Member States during the reporting period of 2020. These cover lorries in 
vehicle groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 164. Lorries in groups 11, 12 and 16 are covered 
for the first time5. 

All these lorries are defined as heavy lorries in Regulation (EU) 2017/2400. This report, when 
relevant, distinguish between lorries below or equal to (groups 1, 2 and 3) and above (4, 5, 9, 
10, 11, 12 and 16) 16 tonnes of technical maximum permissible laden weight. 

Buses and coaches are not included. 

4. 

ANALYSIS FOR THE 2020 REPORTING PERIOD  

4.1 

CO2 emissions and fuel consumption 

This  section  provides  an  analysis  of  the  CO2  emissions  by  Member  States,  manufacturers, 
vehicle  groups  and  different  mission  profiles.  Additionally,  selected  values  on  fuel 
consumption,  as  well  as  different  fuel  types  used  by  the  newly  registered  vehicles  are 
presented.  Vehicles  with  alternative  powertrains,  i.e.  zero  emission  vehicles,  hybrid  electric 
vehicles, and dual-fuel vehicles, are separately discussed in section 4.2.  

4.1.1  Performance of the fleet of the Union 

The reported CO2 emissions strongly depend on the vehicle groups and sub-groups6. Table 1 
provides data on the composition and CO2 emissions of the vehicle groups and sub-groups. In 
particular, it shows the number of vehicles as well as the average specific CO2 emissions of 
different groups and sub-groups. All vocational vehicles registered during the 2020 reporting 
period belong to vehicle groups 4, 5 and 9. The very large majority of matched lorries below 
16  tonnes  of  technical  maximum  permissible  laden  weight  belong  to  groups  2  and  3.  As 
regards lorries above 16 tonnes, the vehicles in sub-group 5-Long Haul (5-LH) represent 68% 
of all new lorries above 16 tonnes. These are the most common vehicles  used for long-haul 
freight transportation in the EU.  

Average  specific  CO2  emissions  of  a  heavy-duty  vehicle  from  a  given  sub-group  are 
calculated  as  a  weighted  mean  over  different  mission  profiles7  as  defined  in  Annex  I  of 
Regulation  (EU)  2019/1242.  For  vehicle  groups  1,  2,  3,  11,  12  and  16,  the  mission  profile 
weights  used  for  all  calculations  in  this  report  are  not  yet  defined  in  legislation.  The 
definitions used for this report can be found in Annex A.1.  

Table  1  also  provides  the  average  payload  in  tonnes  for  all  vehicle  groups  as  well  as  the 
average  specific  CO2  emissions  in  g/tkm,  calculated  dividing  the  average  specific  CO2 
emissions in g/km by the average payload in tonnes. The average specific CO2 emissions in 

4 As set out is Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 
5 The number of vehicles registered in the groups 11, 12 and 16 might not be representative of a typical reporting 
period. Since they were not certified before the beginning of the reporting period, some vehicles might have been 
registered without being reported by a manufacturer.  
6  The  vehicle  sub-groups  reflect  the  vehicles’  typical  usage  pattern  and  specific  technical  characteristics.  They  are 
defined by Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2019/1242.  
7 Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 defines a mission profile as a “combination of a target speed cycle, a payload value, a 
body or trailer configuration and other parameters, if applicable, reflecting the specific use of a vehicle”. 

3 

 
 
 
g/tkm  of a vehicle group  corresponds  to  the  reference CO2  emissions of a vehicle group as 
defined  in  Article  2(1),  sub-paragraph  point  38,  subpoint  (b)8  of  Directive  1999/62/EC,  as 
amended  by  Directive  2006/38/EC,  by  Directive  2011/76/EU,  and  by  Directive  (EU) 
2022/3629, and can be used for the purposes outlined in this Directive. 

Section A.2 of the Annex provides a description on how the average payload has been 
calculated for all vehicle groups.  

Table 1: Number of vehicles, average specific CO2 emissions in g/km, average payload in tonnes 
and average specific CO2 emissions in g/tkm per vehicle group and sub-group (note: RD stands 
for vehicles used mostly for Regional Delivery, LH for Long Haul, and UD for Urban Delivery) 

Vehicle 
group 

Vehicle sub-
group10 

Number of 
vehicles 

Average specific 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 

Average 
payload (t) 

Average specific 
CO2 emissions 
(g/tkm) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

16 

EU total 

- 

- 

- 

4-UD 

4-RD 

4-LH 

vocational 

5-RD 

5-LH 

2 170 

8 876 

8 219 

94 

10 816 

3 223 

583 

1 318 

130 194 

vocational 

1 

9-RD 

9-LH 

13 080 

17 287 

592.1 

625.5 

696.3 

814.7 

629.2 

758.8 

1390.9 

853.7 

773.4 

954.5 

701.5 

857.4 

vocational 

1 703 

1554.5 

10-RD 

10-LH 

- 

- 

- 

- 

48 

5 573 

2 166 

1 167 

3 201 

209 719 

907.4 

810.5 

846.3 

1024.5 

1082.5 

773.7 

1.44 

2.33 

3.36 

2.65 

3.18 

7.42 

- 

10.26 

13.84 

- 

6.28 

13.40 

- 

10.26 

13.84 

5.39 

9.81 

9.81 

410,1 

267.9 

207.2 

307.4 

197.9 

102.3 

83.2 

55.9 

111.7 

64.0 

88.5 

58.6 

157.0 

104.4 

110.3 

8 That definition refers to the average value of all CO2 emissions of vehicles in a vehicle group, which is equivalent to 
the average specific CO2 emissions in g/tkm of a vehicle group. 
9 Directive 1999/62/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 1999 on the charging of 
vehicles for the use of road infrastructures (OJ L 187, 20.7.1999, p. 42) 
10 As defined in Regulation (EU)2019/1242 

4 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
4.1.2  Performance of the fleet of the Member States 

Table  2  provides  information  on  the  average  specific  CO2  emissions  in  g/km  for  each 
Member State. Vocational vehicles are not taken into account. For conciseness reasons, only 
emission values for vehicle group 2, sub-group 5-Long-Haul (5-LH), and group 16 are shown. 
These  3  (sub)  groups  have  been  selected  as  the  representative  groups  for  lorries  below  16 
tonnes  (groups  1,  2,  and  3)  and  lorries  above  16  tonnes  (currently  subject  to  the  CO2 
standards: groups 4, 5, 9, and 10; not subject to current CO2 standards: groups 11, 12 and 16) 
respectively11. Section A.3 of the Annex provides a description on how the average specific 
CO2 emissions, reported in Table 2 are calculated. 

11 For the lorries below 16 tonnes, groups 2 and 3 contain a comparable number of vehicles. Regarding the average 
specific  CO2  emissions  and  average  payload,  group 2  is  “in  between”  groups  1  and 3  (see  Table  2),  and  hence  best 
represents these lorries. Sub-group 5-LH and group 16 are a representative group, as they account for the highest share 
of newly registered lorries above 16 tonnes in the groups which are and are not subject to the current CO2 standards, 
respectively.  In  some  countries,  no  group  16  vehicle  has  been  registered  in  the  reporting  period,  and  hence  their 
average emissions are not available. 

5 

 
 
 
Table 2: Average specific CO2 emissions in g/km of vehicle (sub)groups 2, 5-LH and 16, as well 
as the number of lorries registered in each Member State in certain groups 

Groups 
1, 2, 3 
N. of 
vehicles 

Group 2 
Avg. spec. 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 

 Groups 
4, 5, 9, 10 
N. of 
vehicles 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Cyprus 

Czechia 

Denmark 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Luxemburg 

Malta 

Netherlands 

Poland 

Portugal 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

396 

834 

29 

63 

5 

748 

225 

3 

169 

3 407 

7 157 

85 

44 

147 

1 780 

27 

18 

4 

3 

833 

992 

207 

73 

163 

35 

Spain 

1 331 

Sweden 
Unknown12

477 

10 

EU total 

19 265 

614.6 

622.0 

635.5 

614.7 

573.3 

644.5 

619.4 

711.9 

614.5 

599.2 

624.4 

615.0 

629.7 

629.2 

687.4 

635.1 

629.9 

580.2 

640.7 

609.5 

628.7 

662.0 

613.6 

626.1 

659.3 

622.8 

588.0 

599.1 

625.5 

3 896 

4 432 

1 689 

500 

17 

5 610 

2 428 

542 

1 081 

30 182 

40 601 

135 

1 828 

1 401 

16 785 

996 

6 389 

601 

4 

8 128 

23 277 

3 455 

3 821 

1 943 

1 254 

17 057 

3 463 

118 

181 633 

Sub-group 5-
LH 
Avg. spec. 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 
780.7 

784.2 

759.4 

774.8 

789.8 

767.3 

763.1 

750.1 

795.5 

781.3 

778.7 

792.3 

765.3 

761.6 

780.3 

760.7 

771.4 

792.5 

790.6 

768.0 

763.2 

767.4 

771.2 

764.0 

764.3 

769.2 

784.4 

742.8 

773.4 

Groups 
11, 12, 16 
N. of 
vehicles 

Group 16 
Avg. spec. 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 

312 

506 

6 

14 

4 

214 

280 

41 

694 

1 369 

1 048 

7 

2 

91 

80 

31 

41 

2 

0 

211 

203 

88 

40 

27 

21 

118 

1 078 

6 

6 534 

1 080.3 

1 050.3 

1 102.4 

1 084.1 

N/A 

1 080.2 

1 083.9 

1 074.1 

1 113.9 

1 080.5 

1 048.6 

1 108.2 

1 009.7 

1 044.8 

1 093.4 

987.6 

N/A 

N/A 

N/A 

1 050.4 

1 094.9 

1 127.4 

1 094.5 

1 044.0 

1 108.3 

1 077.0 

1 098.2 

974.2 

1 082.5 

12  Unknown  vehicles  are  those  registered  in  more  than  one  Member  State,  and  then  they  could  not  be 
attributed to one precise Member State. 

6 

 
 
  
  
 
 
4.1.3  Performance of the fleet of the manufacturers 

Table 3 presents average specific CO2 emissions in g/km, for all manufacturers, in line with 
the data presented in Table 2.Vocational vehicles are not taken into account. 

Table 3: Average specific CO2 emissions in g/km of vehicle (sub)groups 2, 5-LH and 16 

Lorries below 16 
tonnes 

Group 2 
Average specific CO2 
emissions (g/km) 

Lorries above 16 tonnes 

Sub-group 5-LH 
Average specific 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 

Group 16 
Average specific 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 

DAF Trucks N.V. 

Daimler Truck AG 

Ford Otomotiv Sanayi A.S. 

ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED 

Iveco S.p.A. 

Iveco-Magirus A.G. 

MAN Truck & Bus AG 

RENAULT TRUCKS 

SCANIA CV AB 
VOLVO TRUCK 
CORPORATION 

EU total 

669.3 

628.7 

- 

751.2 

706.1 

- 

602.2 

576.2 

- 

592.6 

625.5 

778.4 

780.5 

812.4 

- 

- 

797.2 

771.1 

794.7 

736.5 

771.8 

773.4 

1 031.1 

1 126.1 

- 

- 

- 

1 112.7 

1 040.4 

1 086.5 

1 094.0 

1 088.1 

1 082.5 

Table  4  and  Table  5  present  the  number  of  vehicles  registered,  for  all  manufacturers,  in 
different groups and subgroups, respectively. Vocational vehicles are not included. 

7 

 
 
  
  
Table 4: Number of vehicles per vehicle group for each manufacturer, for groups 1,2, 3, 11, 12 
and 1613 

DAF Trucks N.V. 

94 

881 

705 

1 

2 

3 

11 

46 

12 

49 

16 

91 

Vehicle Group 

Sub-
Total 

1 866 

Daimler Truck AG 

548  2 832  2 752 

163 

186 

233 

6 714 

Ford Otomotiv Sanayi A.S. 

ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED 

0 

0 

0 

9 

0 

13 

Iveco S.p.A. 

427  1 097  1 366 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Iveco-Magirus A.G. 

0 

0 

0 

135 

26 

MAN Truck & Bus AG 

832  2 101  1 184 

274 

128 

0 

0 

0 

108 

633 

0 

0 

22 

2 890 

269 

5 152 

246 

221 

3 443 

0 

37 

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corporation  246 

0 

0 

0 

RENAULT TRUCKS 

SCANIA CV AB 

0 

0 

1 482  1543 

160 

0 

0 

VOLVO TRUCK CORPORATION 

23 

474 

656 

545 

843 

232 

1 048 

1 825 

509 

867 

3 372 

Total 

2170  8 876  8 219  2 166  1 167  3 201 

25 799 

13 See footnote 5 

8 

 
 
  
  
 
 
Table 5: Number of vehicles per vehicle sub-group for each manufacturer, for groups 4, 5, 9 and 10 

Vehicle sub-group 

4-
UD 

4-RD 

4-LH 

5-RD 

5-LH 

9-RD 

9-LH 

10-
RD 

10-
LH 

Sub-
Total 

0 

0 

0 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0 

DAF Trucks 
N.V. 

Daimler Truck 
AG 
Ford Otomotiv 
Sanayi A.S. 
ISUZU 
MOTORS 
LIMITED 
Iveco S.p.A. 
Iveco-Magirus 
A.G. 
MAN Truck & 
Bus AG 
Mitsubishi Fuso 
Truck & Bus 
Corporation 
RENAULT 
TRUCKS 
SCANIA CV AB 
VOLVO 
TRUCK 
CORPORATION 
Total 

34 

854 

310 

83 

26 170 

173 

1 703 

8 

820 

30 155 

1 782 

876 

385 

22 505 

3 074 

3 859 

13 

549 

33 043 

152 

24 

0 

0 

0 

951 

311 

2 

0 

0 

1 152 

59 

19 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 408 

0 

962 

121 

14 785 

119 

100 

11 251 

1 599 

1 284 

1 937 

539 

244 

17 824 

2 577 

2 908 

12 

504 

26 545 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 120 

503 

84 

10 461 

1 904 

771 

49 

1 510 

546 

343 

20 283 

2 241 

3 663 

0 

1 199 

306 

77 

20 548 

1 453 

3 080 

0 

1 

6 

8 

0 

0 

230 

16 074 

1 817 

30 458 

1 532 

28 203 

94 

10 816  3 223 

1 318 

130 194  13 080  17 287 

48 

5573 

181 633 

4.1.4  CO2 emissions at different mission profiles/payload combinations 

In VECTO, all vehicles  are simulated over different mission profiles and with two different 
payloads (low or representative). Each vehicle group is  simulated over a defined number of 
corresponding mission profiles.  

Table  6  presents  average  specific  emissions  in  g/km  and  g/tkm  from  vehicle  groups  2, 
subgroup 5-LH and group 16.  

9 

 
 
  
  
Table  6:  Average specific  CO2  emissions in  g/km and  g/tkm  of  vehicle groups  2,  5,  and  16  for 
each mission profile 

Lorries below 16 tonnes 

Lorries above 16 tonnes 

Vehicle group 2 

Vehicle sub-group 5 LH 

Vehicle group 16 

Average 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
508.0 

Average 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
849.8 

Average 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
663.2 

Average 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
255.1 

Average 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
- 

Average 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
- 

546.7 

182.9 

668.3 
771.8 
644.0 
743.8 

514.8 
78.8 
1 077.3 
248.8 

- 
- 
- 

- 
- 
- 
- 

- 

- 
- 
- 

- 
- 
- 
- 

- 

824.5 

63.9 

636.3 

831.8 
1 046.7 
1 437.9 

838.7 

1 064.2 
801.3 

1 079.2 

- 
- 
- 

- 

244.7 

43.1 
402.6 
111.5 

239.6 

60.8 
228.9 

40.7 

- 
- 
- 

- 

- 

- 
- 
- 
- 

- 
- 
- 

- 

- 
- 
- 
- 

- 
- 
- 

- 
- 
- 
908.8 
1 156.9 

- 
- 
- 
349.5 
89.7 

Mission 
profile / 
payload 

RDL 

RDR 

LHL 

LHR 
UDL 
UDR 

REL 

RER 
LEL 

LER 

MUL 
MUR 
COL 
COR 

4.1.5  CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by fuel type 

Table 7 provides the average specific CO2 emissions by fuel type. Similarly to Table 2 and 
Table 3, it presents values for vehicle (sub)groups 2, 5-LH and 16, excluding vocational 
vehicles. None of the vehicles registered during the reporting period of 2020 used Petrol (PI), 
Ethanol (PI), or LPG (PI)14. A more detailed analysis of the different fuels used by newly 
registered vehicles is given in section 4.2.2. 

14 PI stands for a Positive Ignition engine and CI for Compressed Ignition engine.  

10 

 
 
  
 
Diesel 
(CI) 
Ethan
ol 
(CI) 
LNG 
(PI) 
CNG 
(PI) 
NG 
(PI) 

Table  7:  Number  of  vehicles,  average  specific  CO2  emissions  in  g/km  and  average  fuel 
consumption of vehicle (sub)groups 2,5-LH and 16 by fuel type 

Lorries below 16 tonnes 

Lorries above 16 tonnes 

Vehicle group 2 

Vehicle sub-group 5-LH 

Vehicle group 16 

Fuel 
type 
(engin
e) 

Numb
er of 
vehicl
es 

Av. 
spec. 
CO2 
emissio
ns 
(g/km) 

Average 
fuel 
consumpt
ion 

Numb
er of 
vehicl
es 

8 798 

625.5 

24 
l/100km 

124 
406 

Av. 
spec. 
CO2 
emissio
ns 
(g/km) 

774.1 

Average 
fuel 
consumpt
ion 

Numb
er of 
vehicl
es 

Av. 
spec. 
CO2 
emissio
ns 
(g/km) 

3 161  1 082.8 

Average 
fuel 
consumpt
ion 

41 
l/100km 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

720.4 

5 003 

757.8 

274 g/km 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

30 
l/100km 

49 
l/100km 

78 

620.0 

230 g/km 

770 

765.2 

284 g/km 

40 

1 054.8  392 g/km 

- 

- 

- 

9 

749.8 

295 g/km 

- 

- 

- 

For  9  natural  gas  vehicles  from  sub-group  5-LH  simulated  with  early  VECTO  versions,  no 
specification on the type of natural gas, whether liquefied natural gas (LNG), or compressed 
natural gas (CNG) is used, is available. These vehicles are classified here as NG. 

4.2 

Advanced CO2 technologies and alternative powertrains 

This section focuses on the use of advanced and alternative technologies within the vehicles 
registered during the first reporting period. In particular, it lists the total number of vehicles 
and the share of the fleet equipped with a given technology. It compares the fleets of different 
manufacturers and Member States.  

4.2.1  Advanced CO2 technologies 

During  the reporting  period  of  2020,  manufacturers could,  but  were not  obliged to,  indicate 
additional  “advanced  CO2  technologies”15.  This  information  had  no  influence  on  VECTO 
simulation results.  

Out  of  all  new  vehicles  of  the  manufacturer  which  has  reported  on  such  technologies,  66% 
were  equipped  with  an  active  front  grille,  classified  as  an  advanced  aerodynamic  measure. 
Furthermore,  around  94%  of  its  new  vehicles  were  equipped  with  a  pulse  and  glide 
technology, leading to more energy-efficient driving. 

No conclusions about advanced CO2 technologies within the whole fleet of the Union can be 
made. 

Besides this optional information on “advanced CO2 technologies”, the manufacturers had to 
indicate,  whether  the  registered  vehicle  is  equipped  with  an  advanced  driver-assistance 

15 Field 74 of Table 2 in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2018/956. 

11 

 
 
  
 
systems (ADAS) technology16. Table 8 presents the total number of vehicles equipped with 
an ADAS technology.  

Table 8: Number of vehicles per vehicle group equipped with an ADAS technology 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

16 

Total 

Vehicle group 

287  2 047  1 818  4 500  102 002  15 050  3 385  765  504  974 

131 330 

0 

0 

0 

2 569 

83 993 

9 294 

2 258  381  375  522 

99 392 

13 

23 

22 

31 

78 

47 

60 

37 

51 

32 

60 

ADAS 
technology 
Eco-roll 
without engine 
stop-start 
Predictive 
cruise control 
Share of 
vehicles 
equipped with 
at least 1 ADAS 
(%) 

No  vehicles  registered  during  the  reporting  period  of  2020  were  equipped  with  the  ADAS 
technologies “engine stop-start during vehicle stop” or “eco-roll with engine stop-start”. 

4.2.2  Alternative fuels 

The  fuel  and  engine  type  of  a  registered  vehicle  were  mandatory  specifications  during  the 
reporting  period  as  they  have  an  impact  on  the  emissions  determination  via  VECTO.  Even 
though  almost  98%  of  vehicles  registered  use  Diesel,  a  small  amount  of  newly  registered 
vehicles  uses  ethanol,  LNG,  or  CNG.  Table  9  gives  an  overview  of  the  different  fuel  and 
engines within the vehicle groups. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

16 

Total 

Vehicle group 

2 166  8 798  8 117  14 268  125 685 

30 615  5 602  2 164  1 166  3 161 

201 742 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

78 

0 

0 

0 

99 

0 

1 

1 

8 

27 

405 

0 

3 

5 

5 013 

800 

9 

4 

14 

401 

999 

2 

4 

1 

9 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

40 

0 

1 

28 

5 450 

2 437 

11 

4 

Fuel type 
(engine) 
Diesel 
(CI) 
Ethanol 
(CI) 
LNG (PI) 
CNG (PI) 
NG (PI) 
Share of 
vehicles 
using AF 
(%) 

Table 9: Number of vehicles per vehicle group by fuel type (AF: Alternative Fuels) 

For  11  natural  gas  vehicles  simulated  with  early  VECTO  versions,  no  specification  on  the 
type of natural gas (LNG or CNG) is available. In Table 9 these vehicles are classified as NG. 

16 Fields 97-100 of Table 2 in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2018/956. 

12 

 
 
 
  
  
 
Table 10 shows data per Member State in terms of the number of vehicles using alternative 
fuels.  The  data  are  summed  up  within  the  two  most  important  categories:  lorries  below  16 
tonnes (i.e. groups 1, 2, and 3), as well as lorries above 16 tonnes (i.e. groups 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 
12 and 16) and exclude the alternative powertrains presented in the next section.  

Table 10: Number of vehicles per Member State by fuel. Gas powered include LNG and CNG 

Lorries below 16 tonnes 
Diesel (CI) 

Lorries above 16 tonnes 
Ethanol (CI) 

Diesel 
(CI) 

Ethanol 
(CI) 

Gas 
powered 

Ethanol 
(CI) 

Gas 
powered 

Total 
number of 
vehicles 
(excl. 
ZEV) 
4 639 

Share 
of 
vehicles 
using 
AF (%) 
1 

Member 
State 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 
Croatia 
Cyprus 
Czechia 
Denmark 
Estonia 

Finland 

393 

827 

29 
63 
5 
746 
225 
3 

165 

France 

3 345 

Germany 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxemburg 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
Unknown17 
Total EU 

7 151 
85 
44 
147 
1 747 
27 
18 
4 
3 
831 
981 
198 
70 
163 
35 
1 296 
470 
10 
19 081 

Diesel 
(CI) 

4 181 

4 931 

1 531 
515 
22 
5 764 
2 771 
576 

1 716 

30 432 

40 134 
159 
1 832 
1 497 
15 926 
948 
6 360 
596 
8 
8 463 
22 600 
3 526 
3 770 
1 931 
1 250 
16 688 
4 409 
125 
182 661 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

6 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
22 
0 
28 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

3 

7 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 

4 

62 
6 
0 
0 
0 
33 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
11 
9 
3 
0 
0 
35 
5 
0 
181 

62 

186 

167 
1 
0 
98 
64 
8 

64 

5 951 

1 727 
579 
27 
6 610 
3 060 
587 

1 949 

1 426 

35 271 

2 080 
0 
3 
14 
1 181 
79 
70 
8 
0 
249 
1 000 
46 
107 
43 
26 
545 
188 
2 
7717 

4 9371 
244 
1 879 
1 658 
18 887 
1 054 
6 448 
608 
11 
9 544 
24 592 
3 779 
3 950 
2 137 
1 311 
18 564 
5 094 
137 
209 668 

3 

10 
0 
0 
2 
2 
1 

3 

4 

4 
0 
0 
1 
6 
7 
1 
1 
0 
3 
4 
1 
3 
2 
2 
3 
4 
1 
4 

17 Unknown vehicles are those registered in more than one Member State, and then they could not be 
attributed to one precise Member State. 

13 

 
 
  
 
Differences  between  Member  States  might  result  from  differently  developed  re-filling 
infrastructures  for  alternative  fuels,  e.g.  CNG/LNG.  Nonetheless,  the  number  of  registered 
vehicles using alternative fuels is low throughout the whole EU. 

4.2.3  Alternative powertrains 

Regulation  (EU)  2019/1242  defines  a  zero-emission  heavy-duty  vehicle  (ZEV)  as  a  vehicle 
without an internal combustion engine, or with an internal combustion engine that emits less 
than 1 g CO2/kWh, or less than 1 g CO2/km.  

No hybrid electric18 nor dual-fuel vehicles19 have been registered in the reporting period 2020 
in the vehicle groups covered by the report. Some have been registered in group 0 (between 
3.5  and  7.5  tonnes).  Table  11  shows  that  the  number  of  zero-emission  vehicles  registered 
during the reporting period was very limited.  

Table  11:  Number  of  vehicles  with  alternative  powertrains  by  manufacturers  (ZEV:  Zero 
Emission Vehicles) 

Manufacturer 

ZEV 

Share of 
ZEV 

DAF NV 
DAIMLER TRUCK AG 
FORD OTOMOTIV SANAYI AS 
ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED 
IVECO SPA 
IVECO MAGIRUS AG 
MAN TRUCK AND BUS SE 
MITSUBISHI FUSO TRUCK & BUS 
CORPORATION 
RENAULT TRUCK SA 
SCANIA CV AB 
VOLVO TRUCK CORPORATION 
Total number of vehicles 

1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
14 

0 

11 
1 
24 
51 

0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,04% 

0,00% 

0,06% 
0,00% 
0,08% 
0,02% 

The majority of these 51 vehicles belong to the sub-group 9-LH and 9-RD (24 and 15 ZEV, 
respectively), while the others belong to (sub)groups 3, 4-LH and 5-LH. 

5.  

CONCLUSION 

This  second  report  aims  foremost  to  present  the  status  quo  of  the  EU’s  heavy-duty  vehicle 
fleet.  

The report compares the performance of the fleets of different Member States, manufacturers, 
and vehicle groups. It provides selected values on CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, as well 

18 A hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor 
19 A dual-fuel vehicle is a vehicle with an internal combustion engine that is designed to operate on two different fuels 
at the same time 

14 

 
 
 
as  the  share  of  alternative  technologies  in  heavy-duty  vehicles  registered  during  the  second 
reporting period. This section summarizes the key observations from the reported data. 

5.1 

CO2 emissions  

A fair comparison of the performance of different Member States and manufacturers in terms 
of the average specific CO2 emissions of their fleets is only possible within a given group or 
sub-groups (for lorries in groups 4, 5, 9 and 10). 

Within  the  representative  group  for  lorries  below  16  tonnes,  i.e.  group  2,  significant 
differences among the fleets of different Member States and manufacturers can be observed. 
However, these are also driven by the limited number of vehicles registered in some countries 
or  produced  by  some  manufacturers.  Excluding  those  countries  and  manufacturers,  the 
relative  difference  between  the  best-  and  the  worst-performing  Member  State’s  fleet  is  of 
more  than  15%  (see  Table  2).  For  the  manufacturers,  the  relative  difference  accounts  to 
around 20% (see Table 3).  

As for the lorries above 16 tonnes, the performances of the 5-Long Haul and group 16 fleets 
of different Member States and manufacturers are more aligned.  

The  higher  variation  of  average  specific  CO2  emissions  of  lorries  below  16  tonnes  as 
compared to those above 16 tonnes can be explained by the fact that lorries below 16 tonnes 
are  simulated  with  slightly  different  payloads  depending  on  their  technically  permissible 
maximum laden mass,  while the payload used  at  the simulations  of lorries  above 16 tonnes 
does not depend on the technical characteristics of the individual vehicle. 

Furthermore, the data on the uptake of advanced technologies indicates that almost half of the 
newly registered vehicles are equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems. The data on 
additional  advanced  CO2  technologies  is  limited,  but  suggests  that  a  high  share  of  vehicles 
might be equipped with advanced aerodynamic measures or a pulse and glide technology.  

5.2 

Fuels and powertrains 

At present, diesel vehicles still account for more than 96% of all newly registered heavy-duty 
vehicles  covered  in  this  report.  Only  a  limited  number  of  vehicles  use  alternative  fuels  or 
alternative powertrains, mostly LNG and CNG.  

The share of vehicles using alternative fuels, i.e. ethanol, CNG, or LNG, significantly varies 
between the Member States. While it is  very low (below 0.5%) in  Croatia,  Cyprus, Greece, 
Hungary and Malta, it reaches 10% in Bulgaria (see Table 10). This is due to a relatively high 
share of natural gas vehicles, reflecting a quite well-developed gas refilling infrastructure in 
this country.  

Currently, the number of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles across the EU is small, with only 
51 vehicles matched during the 2020 reporting period (see Table 11). There could be however 
some ZEV which are not reported and therefore not included.  

15 

 
 
ANNEX 

A.1  Mission profile weights 

The values provided in Table 12 are used in VECTO for the determination of specific CO2 
emissions of individual vehicles indicated in the Certificate of Conformity (CoC). 

Table 12:Mission profile weights for vehicle groups 1, 2, 3, 11, 12 and 16  

Vehicle group 
1 
2 
3 
11 
12 
16 

RDL 
0.1 
0.125 
0.125 
0.15 
0.21 
0 

A.2  Average payload 

RDR 
0.3 
0.375 
0.375 
0.35 
0.49 
0 

UDL 
0.18 
0.15 
0.15 
0 
0 
0 

UDR 
0.42 
0.35 
0.35 
0 
0 
0 

COL 
0 
0 
0 
0.15 
0.09 
0.3 

COR 
0 
0 
0 
0.35 
0.21 
0.7 

For groups 4, 5, 9,10, 11, 12 and 16 the average payload is fixed within each sub-group.  

For groups 1, 2, and 3, the payload values are not fixed but vary according to the technically 
permissible maximum laden mass (TPMLM) of the individual vehicle. Hence, to calculate the 
average payload within a group, one has to take into account vehicle-specific payloads20. The 
average payload 

 for groups 1, 2, and 3 is calculated as follows: 

𝑃𝑙𝑔 =

𝑣𝑔

𝑚𝑝

∑ ∑ 𝑊𝑔,𝑚𝑝×𝑃𝑙𝑣𝑔,𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑔

. 

. 

Therein, 

profiles, 

  is  the  sum  over  all  vehicles  from  group 
 the payload value attributed to vehicle 

, 

  the  sum  over  all  mission 

 for mission profile 

, and 

 the 

total number of vehicles from vehicle group 

. 

𝑊𝑔,𝑚𝑝 are the same mission profile weights that are used for the calculation of the specific 
CO2 emissions of groups 1, 2, 3 (see Table 12). 

A.3  Average CO2 emissions per Member State 

The average specific CO2 emissions 
Member State are calculated as follows: 

 in g/km of a vehicle (sub-) group21 per 

20  European  Commission.  (2017).  VECTO  tool  development:  Completion  of  methodology  to  simulate  Heavy  Duty 
Vehicles'  fuel  consumption  and  CO2  emissions.  Upgrades  to  the  existing  version  of  VECTO  and  completion  of 
certification methodology to be incorporated into a Commission legislative proposal (pp. 71-73).  
21 Vehicle groups as defined in point 1 of Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10. Vehicle sub-
groups as defined in point 1 of Annex I of Regulation 2019/1242 are: 4-UD, 4-RD, 4-LH, 5-RD, 5-LH, 9-RD, 9-LH, 
10-RD, 10-LH. The first digit of a vehicle sub-group indicates the vehicle group to which it belongs. 

16 

 
 
 
 
. 

Therein, 

 is  the sum  over all vehicles from  a given (sub-)group 

 and Member State 

 and 

 are the average specific CO2 emissions of a new heavy-duty vehicle 

 from 

  and  Member  State 

group 
2019/1242 (see  Table 12). 
Member State 𝑀𝑆. 

,  as  defined  by  point  2.1.  in  Annex  I  of  Regulation  (EU) 
 registered in 
  is  the total  number of vehicles from group 

17