COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 41th Annual Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of Trade Defence Instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2022
Date: 2023-09-06
Institutions: Directorate-General for Trade and Economic Security, European Commission
Subjects: activity report, anti-dumping measure, anti-subsidy proceeding, countervailing charge, import (EU), import restriction, originating product, surveillance concerning imports, third country, trade dispute

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 6.9.2023  SWD(2023) 287 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 41th Annual Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of Trade Defence Instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2022     {COM(2023) 506 final}  
 
 
Table of Contents 

1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION ................................................................................................. 3 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.1. 

The international framework ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.2. 

The EU legislation ........................................................................................................... 3 

1.2. 

Safeguards .............................................................................................................................. 4 

1.2.1. 

The international framework ........................................................................................... 4 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation ........................................................................................................... 4 

2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS AND MEASURES

5 

2.1.  Measures in place .................................................................................................................. 5 

2.2.  New investigations – recent evolution .................................................................................. 5 

2.3.  Review investigations – recent evolution ............................................................................. 6 

3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2022 ............................................................................................... 7 

3.1.  New investigations ................................................................................................................. 7 

3.1.1. 

Initiations......................................................................................................................... 7 

3.1.2. 

Provisional measures ...................................................................................................... 7 

3.1.2. 

Definitive measures ......................................................................................................... 8 

3.1.5. 

New investigations terminated without measures ......................................................... 25 

3.2.  Review investigations .......................................................................................................... 25 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews ............................................................................................................... 25 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews .............................................................................................................. 36 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews .................................................................................................... 36 

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations ....................................................................................... 36 

3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations ................................................................................. 37 

3.2.6. 

“Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) ..................................................... 39 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations ..................................................................................................... 40 

4.  ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES .......................................... 42 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures ........................................................................................................ 43 

4.2.  Monitoring of undertakings ............................................................................................... 43 

5.  REFUNDS ....................................................................................................................................... 43 

6. 

7. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS .......................... 44 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT
44 

7.1.        Overview of the judicial reviews in 2022 ......................................................................... 44 

7.2.   Cases pending ...................................................................................................................... 44 

7.3.   New cases .............................................................................................................................. 44 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
7.4.   Selection of court decisions ................................................................................................. 44 

7.4.1 Court decisions concerning implementation of judgements ................................................. 44 

7.4.2 Judgements rendered by the General Court and the Court of Justice regarding price effects 
analysis in the injury assessment ................................................................................................... 45 

7.4.3 Judgements and orders rendered by the General Court regarding admissibility of actions 
brought by unrelated importers and their associations................................................................. 46 

7.4.4 Judgements rendered by the General Court on Anti-subsidy measures on Biodiesel from 
Indonesia ....................................................................................................................................... 47 

7.4.5 Other selected judgements rendered by the General Court ................................................. 49 

8.  ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU ........................................................... 51 

9.  ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO ........................................................................ 58 

9.1 

Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence ................................................................ 58 

9.2  Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees. ................. 60 

2 

 
 
 
1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy 

The international framework 

1.1.1. 
On an international level, unfair trading practices such as dumping and the granting of subsidies were identified 
as  a  threat to  open markets  as  early  as  1947,  when the  first  GATT  agreement was  signed.  The agreement 
contained specific provisions allowing GATT members to take action against these practices if they caused 
material  injury  to  the  domestic  industry  of  a  GATT  member.  Today's  globalised  trade  environment  is 
characterised by quicker and cheaper communication and transportation, as well as the coexistence of different 
models  of  economic  governance.  In  such  a  world,  trade  defence  instruments  are  more  relevant  than  ever. 
Indeed, trade distortions that underlie the application of these instruments are widespread. 

Since the beginning of the GATT in 1947, considerable efforts have been made to harmonise the rules relating 
to trade defence instruments. During the last GATT round (the « Uruguay Round »), which led to the creation 
of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the detailed Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements, much 
of the attention was focused on the procedural and material conditions to be fulfilled before measures can be 
adopted. The EU played an active role in the negotiation of these agreements, which are reflected in its own 
legislation.  The  EU  applies  its  anti-dumping  (AD)  and  anti-subsidy  (AS)  legislation  with  rigour  and 
consistency. Unfortunately, many WTO Members lack this type of restraint, thereby affecting negatively also 
EU operators. The role that the EU plays as a prudent but determined user has therefore also an exemplary 
function at WTO level. Against this backdrop, the EU also continues to play a leading active role in any efforts 
to update the WTO rulebook. 

The EU legislation 

1.1.2. 
The EU’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation was first enacted in 1968 and has  since been modified 
several  times.  The  current  basic  texts,  which  form  the  legal  basis  of  anti-dumping  and  anti-subsidy 
investigations in the EU, entered into force in March 1996 and October 1997 respectively. These are in line 
with the Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements adopted during the GATT/WTO negotiations. These 
texts were codified in 2016 to reflect changes previously made. The basic texts are: 

– 

– 

Regulation  (EU)  2016/1036  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  dumped  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version1, 
Regulation  (EU)  2016/1037  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  subsidised  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version2. 

These regulations will overall be referred to as the "basic anti-dumping (AD) Regulation" and the “basic anti-
subsidy (AS) Regulation”. Both regulations were last modified by Regulation (EU) 2017/2321 of 12 December 
20173 , Regulation (EU) 2018/825 of 30 May 20184 and Regulation (EU) 2020/1173 of 4 June 20205.  

The EU's legislation contains a number of provisions aimed at ensuring a balanced application of the EU’s 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy rules on all interested parties. These provisions include the “EU interest test” 
and the “lesser duty rule”, which go beyond the Union's WTO obligations. 

The EU interest test is a public interest clause and provides that measures cannot be applied if it is established 
that they are contrary to the overall economic interest of the EU. This requires an analysis of all the economic 
interests  involved, including  those  of  the  EU  industry  and  its  suppliers,  downstream users, consumers and 
traders of the product concerned.  

The  lesser  duty rule requires  that  the measures imposed  by the  EU  be lower  than  the  dumping  or  subsidy 
margin, if a lower duty rate is sufficient to remove the injury suffered by the EU industry. Such a “no-injury” 
rate is usually determined by comparing import prices with the cost of production of the EU industry and a 
reasonable profit margin. Since the 2018 amendments to the basic Regulations, the lesser duty rule does not 

1   
2   
3   
4   
5  

OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.21. 
OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.55. 
OJ L 338, 19.12.2017, p.1. 
OJ L 143, 07.06.2018, p.1. 
OJ L 259, 10.08.2020, p. 1. 

3 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
apply, in  principle,  in  anti-subsidy  investigations,  which  means  anti-subsidy measures  will  fully  offset  the 
subsidies that an exporter has received. Also since 2018, in anti-dumping investigations, the application of the 
lesser duty rule may be modulated under certain conditions relating to evidence of significant raw material 
distortions in the exporting country.   

The Commission can only depart from applying the lesser duty rule after receiving a duly substantiated request 
and  where  doing  so  would  be  not  be  against  the  Union  interest.  This  new  practice  reflects  the  increased 
attention of the EU to tackle unfair and injurious subsidisation and artificial distortions by third countries. The 
EU is one of the few investigating authorities on a worldwide level that applies the lesser duty rule in such a 
coherent and comprehensive way.  The Commission presented a review and evaluation of the modulation of 
the lesser duty rule to the Council and the European Parliament6. 

1.2.  Safeguards 

1.2.1. 

The international framework 

The principle of liberalisation of imports was set under the GATT 1947 and strengthened under the 1994 WTO 
Agreements. As safeguard measures consist of the unilateral withdrawal or suspension of a tariff concession 
or of other trade liberalisation obligations formerly agreed, they have to be considered as an exception to this 
principle.  Article  XIX  GATT  1994  and  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Safeguards  do  not  only  impose  strict 
conditions for the application of this "escape clause", but also put in place a multilateral control mechanism 
under the WTO Committee on Safeguards. 

Under WTO rules, safeguard action has to be viewed as a temporary defence measure that applies to all imports 
of  the  product  covered  by  a  measure,  irrespective  of  origin.  As  regards  non-WTO  members,  safeguard 
measures may be selective and apply to products originating in a specific country. WTO Accession Protocols 
may also provide for such selective safeguard mechanisms, as was the case in the Protocol of Accession of the 
People’s Republic of China (PRC), although the provision has now expired.  

Definitive WTO safeguards should only be adopted after a comprehensive investigation that provides evidence 
of the existence of a) unforeseen developments leading to b) increased imports, c) the existence of a serious 
injury or a threat of injury for EU producers and d) a causal link between the imports and the injury. 
Moreover, FTAs concluded by the Union with third countries often include a ‘bilateral safeguard clause’, i.e. 
a provision that allows for the temporary suspension of tariff concessions made under the FTA. 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation 

The above-mentioned WTO principles are reflected in the relevant EU regulations, except for the “unforeseen 
development requirement” (which is not found explicitly in the EU legislation nor in the WTO Agreement on 
Safeguards but has been confirmed as a self-standing condition by WTO jurisprudence, as per Article XIX of 
GATT 1994). Additionally, the adoption of measures in the EU requires an analysis of all interests concerned, 
i.e. the impact of the measures on producers, users and consumers. In other words, safeguard action can only 
be taken when it is in the EU’s interest to do so. The current EU safeguard instruments are covered by the 
following regulations: 

-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/478  of the  European  Parliament and  of the  Council  of 11  March  2015 on 
common rules for imports (codification),7  
-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/755  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  29  April  2015  on 
common rules for imports from certain third countries (recast),8 
-  Regulation  (EU)  2019/287  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  13  February  2019 
implementing  bilateral  safeguard  clauses  and  other  mechanisms  allowing  for  the  temporary 
withdrawal of preferences in certain trade agreements concluded between the European Union and 
third countries,9 

6              COM/2023/294 final 

7   
8   
9   

OJ L 83, 27.3.2015, p.16. 
OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p.33. 
OJ L 53, 22.2.2019, p.1. 

4 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
- Regulation (EU) 2015/936 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 June 2015 on common 
rules for imports of textile products from certain third countries not covered by bilateral agreements, 
protocols or other arrangements, or by other specific EU import rules (recast).10 

The first two regulations are referred to as the "basic safeguard Regulation(s)". 

2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS AND MEASURES   

The number of new investigations initiated in 2022 was  lower than the previous year, with five initiations 
compared to 14 in 2021. The number of measures imposed in 2022 was also lower compared to the previous 
year. The Commission imposed 11 new definitive measures and three provisional measures giving a total of 
13, compared to 22 in 2021.11 At the same time, one new investigation was terminated without the imposition 
of measures, which brought the total number of new investigations concluded in 2022 to 12. The number of 
reviews initiated during 2022 was substantially higher than in 2021, with a total of 41 initiations compared to 
28. These included 27 expiry reviews (three of which  concerned anti-subsidy measures).  The Commission 
concluded 18 expiry reviews in 2022 confirming the continuation of duties in all cases. Below are details on 
new investigations and review investigations.  

2.1.  Measures in place 

At the end of 2022, the EU had 117 definitive anti-dumping measures (which were extended 12 in 34 cases) 
and 21 countervailing measures in force (extended in four cases)13. 

The  anti-dumping  measures  covered  81  products  from  18  countries  (see  Annex  O).  The  countervailing 
measures covered 17 products from 7 countries (see Annex P).  

Of the 117 anti-dumping measures in force at the end of 2021, the countries and territories affected were the 
People’s Republic of China (PRC) (69 measures), Russia (11 measures), Korea (5),  India, Indonesia and USA 
(4 each), Taiwan (3), Belarus, Brazil, Egypt ,Thailand, Türkiye and Ukraine (2 each) and Iran, Japan, Malaysia, 
Saudi Arabia and Trinidad and Tobago (1 each).  

Of the 21 anti-subsidy measures in place, the countries affected were PRC (10), India (4), Egypt and Indonesia 
(2 each) and Argentina, Türkiye and US (1 each).  

2.2.  New investigations – recent evolution 

In the 5-year period from 2018 to 2022, the Commission initiated 60 new investigations on imports from 17 
countries.  

The main sector concerned by the investigations was Iron and steel with 26 investigations. A breakdown of 
the other sectors concerned is in Annex B (A). 

The countries concerned by the highest number of initiations in the period from 2017 to 2021 include the PRC 
– 23; Indonesia  - 7; Türkiye - 6, Egypt and Russia – 4 each; India 3,   US – 2 and Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil,  
Malaysia, Morocco, North Macedonia, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago  - 1 each. A table showing 
all the investigations initiated over the last 5 years broken down by country of export is available at Annex B 
(B). 

Table 1 below provides statistical information on the developments regarding new investigations for the years 
2018 – 2022.  

10   
11  
12  
13  

OJ L 160, 25.6.2015, p.1. 
Not including safeguard measures. 
Measures are extended to other third countries or products if circumvention was found. 
The measures are counted per product and country concerned. 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE 1 
Evolution of new anti-dumping, anti-subsidy investigations 
during the period 1 January 2018 - 31 December 2022 
2020 
15 
31 

2019 
16 
28 

2018 
10 
24 

New investigations initiated during the period 
New investigations in progress during the period 
New investigations concluded : 
- 

by imposition of definitive duty or 
acceptance of undertakings 
terminations14 

- 
Total new investigations concluded during the 
period 
New provisional measures imposed 

4 
8 

12 

3 

7 
5 

12 

5 

11 
5 

16 

6 

2021 
14 
29 

2022 
5 
21 

12 
1 

13 

10 

11 
1 

12 

3 

2.3.  Review investigations – recent evolution  

Anti-dumping measures, including price undertakings, may be subject, under the basic AD Regulation, to five 
different  types  of  reviews:  expiry  reviews  (Article  11(2)),  interim  reviews  (Article  11(3)),  newcomer 
investigations  (Article  11(4)),  absorption  investigations  (Article  12)  and  anti-circumvention  investigations 
(Article 13). The Commission also carries out “other” reviews consisting in re-opening of investigations to 
implement court rulings. 

Anti-subsidy measures may also be subject, under the basic AS Regulation, to five different types of reviews: 
expiry reviews (Article 18), interim reviews (Article 19), absorption investigations (Article 19(3)), accelerated 
reviews (Article 20) and anti-circumvention investigations (Article 23). In addition, here also, the Commission 
can re-open investigations to implement court rulings. 

Reviews continue to represent a major part of the work of the Commission's TDI services. In the period from 
2018 to 2022, the Commission initiated 144 review investigations. These reviews represented over 70% of all 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations initiated in that period.  

In 2022, the Commission initiated 41 reviews. These comprised 27 expiry reviews (compared to 10 in 2021), 
2 ‘new exporter’ reviews, 4 interim reviews, 2 anti-circumvention investigations, 5 ‘other’ reviews and 1 anti-
absorption investigation. At the same time, the Commission concluded 39 reviews – 18 of which were expiry 
reviews (1 concerned anti-subsidy measures). 

An overview of the review investigations in 2022 can be found in Annexes F to K. Table 2 below provides 
statistical information for the years 2018 – 2022. 

14  

Investigations might be terminated for reasons such as the withdrawal of the complaint, de minimis dumping or injury, lack of causal link 
etc. 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TABLE 2 
Reviews of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations 
during the period 1 January 2018 - 31 December 202215 

Reviews initiated during the period 

Reviews in progress during the period 

Total reviews concluded during the period16 

2018 
24 

2019 
23 

2020 
28 

2021 
28  

2022 
41 

48 

22 

49 

22 

55 

25  

58 

21 

78 

39 

3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2022 

3.1.  New investigations 

3.1.1. 

Initiations 

In  2022, the  Commission  initiated  4  new  anti-dumping  and  1 new  anti-subsidy investigation.  Three  of the 
investigations concerned the category of ‘Iron and steel’, one concerned chemical products while the fifth fell 
into  the  category  of  ‘Other’.  The  investigations  concerned  three  different  countries,  with  three  of  the 
investigations concerning imports from the PRC. Details of the investigations are given in Annexes A and B. 

The list of cases initiated in 2022 can be found below, together with the names of the complainants. More 
information can be obtained from the Official Journals - publications reference is given in Annex A. 

Product 
(Type of investigation: AD or AS) 
Stainless steel refillable kegs (AD) 

Polyester Yarn (High tenacity)  (AD)  

Bulb flat (AD)  

Fatty Acid (AS)  

Origin 

China 

China 

China 
Türkiye 

Russia 

Complainant 

European Kegs Committee  
The European Man-made Fibres 
Association (CIRFS) 
Laminados Losal S.A.U 

Coalition against Unfair Trade in 
Fatty Acid 

Provisional measures 

3.1.2. 
In 2022, provisional duties were imposed in 3 new anti-dumping investigations. There were no provisional 
anti-subsidy measures imposed.17  
The list of cases where provisional measures were imposed during 2022 can be found below, together with the 
measures imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in Annex C. 

Product 

Origin 

Type18 and level of measure 

Electrolytic chromium coated 
steel (ECCS) 

Brazil 
People's Republic 
of China 

Aluminium road wheels 

Morocco 

AD: 33,2% - 77,9%;  All others: 52% 

AD: 8% All others: 16,5% 

15  

16  

17  

18  

A case concerning several countries but the same product is accounted as separate investigation/proceeding per country involved. The table 
includes reopenings of investigations (‘other’ reviews). 
Investigations which were conducted and concluded under the specific provisions of the regulation imposing the 
original measures are not counted as there was no publication of the initiation. 
Anti-subsidy investigations often run in parallel to anti-dumping investigations, where the provisional anti-dumping duty already provides 
some relief to the Union industry. 
AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.1.2.  Definitive measures 

During  2022,  definitive  duties  were  imposed  in  11  anti-dumping  investigations  and  in  three  anti-subsidy 
investigations. The list of cases where definitive measures were imposed can be found below, together with 
the range of the duties imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journals referred to in 
Annex D. 

In 2022, the Commission lifted the suspension of measures on aluminium flat products originating in China 
which had been implemented in October 2021. In 2022 the Commission rejected the suspension of measures 
on urea ammonium nitrate originating in Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and USA.   

Product 

Iron or steel fasteners 

Calcium silicon 

Origin 

China 

China 

Superabsorbent polymers 

Republic of Korea 

Graphite Electrode Systems 

China 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Electrolytic chromium coated 
steel (ECCS) 

Russian 
Federation 
Türkiye 
China 
Brazil 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

India 
Indonesia 

Type19 and level of measure 

AD: 22,1% - 48,8% Others 86,5% 

AD: 31,5% - 32,7% Others 50,7% 

AD: 13,4% - 18,8% Others 18,8% 

AD: 23% - 51,7% Others 74,9% 

AD: 10,3% - 36,6% Others 37,4% 

AD: 2,4% - 11% Others 11%  

AD: 30,7% - 52,9% Others 77,9% 
AD: 53,2% 

AS: 5,1% - 10,3% Others 10,3% 

AS: 10% - 35,3% Others 35,% 
AS: 9,3% - 20,2% Others 19,3%  

3.1.4 Details of individual cases with application of new measures 

Certain iron or steel fasteners originating in the People’s Republic of China – Anti-dumping measures  

On  21  December  2020  the  Commission  initiated  an  anti-dumping  investigation  on  imports  of  fasteners 
originating in China following a complaint lodged by the European Industrial Fasteners Institute (‘EIFI’ or 
‘the complainant’), on behalf of 28 Union producers which together represented more than 45% of the total 
Union  production  of  fasteners.  The  complaint  was  further  supported  by  39  Union  producers  representing 
together around 15% of the Union production. Out of the 67 complaining and supporting companies, 50 were 
SMEs.  

The product subject to this investigation is certain fasteners of iron or steel, other than of stainless steel, i.e. 
wood screws (excluding coach screws), self-tapping screws, other screws and bolts with heads (whether or not 
with their nuts or washers, but excluding screws and bolts for fixing railway track construction material), and 
washers.  

The  investigation  of  dumping  and  injury  covered  the  period  from  1  July  2019  to  30  June  2020  while  the 
examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end 
of the investigation period. 

On 17 June 2021, the Commission made imports of fasteners subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the 
basic Regulation.  There were no provisional measures imposed in the investigation.  

19  

AD: anti-dumping duty; AS: countervailing duty (anti-subsidies); UT: undertaking. 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sampling  

The  Commission  selected three exporting  producers/group  of  exporting  producers,  representing  the largest 
volume  of  exports,  which  could  reasonably  be  investigated  within  the  time  available.    As  regards  Union 
producers, the Commission selected a sample of six, located in four different Member States, three of which 
were SMEs. A sample of five unrelated importers was selected by the Commission on the basis of the largest 
volume of imports of the product concerned.  

Dumping 

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence 
of the existence of significant distortions in China for steel, which is the main raw material used to produce 
fasteners.   The distortions found in the steel sector included substantial government intervention in the PRC 
resulting  in  a  distortion  of  the  effective  allocation  of  resources  in  line  with  market  principles  including  a 
substantial degree of ownership and presence by the GOC in firms, the State’s presence and intervention in the 
financial markets, as well as in the provision of raw materials, inputs as well as distortions in wage costs. In 
addition the system of plans applicable in the steel sector generated distortions in the sector. As a result of the 
existence of these distortions, the normal value was constructed based on undistorted prices and costs in a 
representative country, which in this case was Thailand.  

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the 
undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country Thailand. These 
undistorted unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of 
the cooperating exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing 
overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an 
undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, publicly available SG&A and profit from five Thai producers were 
applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost. 

The sampled exporting producers exported to the Union directly to independent customers therefore the export 
price was established on the basis of the export price actually paid or payable, in accordance with Article 2(8) 
of the basic Regulation.  

The  Commission  compared  the  constructed  normal  value  and  the  export  price  of  the  sampled  exporting 
producers on an ex-works basis.  To ensure a fair comparison, adjustments were made for differences affecting 
prices and price comparability, including for handling charges, freight, insurance, packing, credit costs and 
bank charges.  This resulted in weighted average dumping margins expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union 
frontier price, duty unpaid, ranging from 23,9% to 51,5% for cooperating producers and 89,8% for all others.  

Injury and causation  

All the main injury indicators showed a negative trend during the period considered. The production volume 
of the Union industry decreased by 25 % while its sales volume decreased by 27 %. With the decrease in 
consumption of 18 %, the market share of the Union industry fell by 10 % during the IP. The investigation 
found that although the sales prices increased by 11 % over the period considered, this did not prove sufficient 
to offset the increase in the cost of production resulting in a declining profitability over the period considered, 
ultimately leading  to  a loss  during the  IP.  The  Commission  also found  decreasing trends for employment, 
average labour costs, investments, return on investment and cash flow in the period considered. As a result, 
the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury.  

The  Commission  examined  whether  the  dumped  imports  from  China  caused  material  injury  to  the  Union 
industry  and  whether  other  known  factors  could,  at  the  same  time,  have  injured  the  Union  industry.  The 
investigation showed that the deterioration in the situation of the Union industry coincided with the significant 
increase of imports from China (from around 135 000 tonnes in 2017 to around 209 000 in the investigation 
period, an increase of 55%) which consistently undercut (by 37% on average) the Union industry’s prices and 
suppressed Union market price during the IP.  

The  Commission  examined  other  factors  including  imports  from  other  countries,  the  competition  between 
standard  and  non-standard  fasteners,  the  decrease  of  the  Union  consumption,  the  structural  changes  in  the 
automotive sector and the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. The investigation showed that imports from other 
countries decreased over the period considered by 14%, while imports from China increased by 55% and that 
the average price levels of imports from other third countries were on average around 40% higher than the 
Chinese import prices and in line with the price levels of the Union industry. As regards the structural changes 
in  the  automotive  sector,  the  Commission  found  that  the  total  consumption  of  fasteners  destined  for  that 
industry represented around 25% of the total sales of the Union industry during the IP and hence only part of 
the Union industry were potentially affected by the downturn of the automotive industry, if at all. Also there 

9 

 
 
 
was a substantial increase in the production of hybrid cars that use more fasteners in their production process 
than conventional cars. The investigation found that the erosion of all main economic indicators of the Union 
industry, and namely production, sales and profitability, was already visible between 2017 and 2019, i.e. prior 
to the pandemic.  

Therefore, the Commission concluded that there were no other factors that attenuated the causal link between 
the Chinese imports and the material injury suffered by the Union industry. 

Union interest and measures 

The  Commission  examined  if  it  was  not  against  the  Union  interest  to  impose  measures  by  examining  the 
various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers,  retailers  in  the  do-it-yourself 
(‘DIY’) sector and users.  

The Commission concluded that measures would improve market conditions for the Union producers allowing 
it to recover lost sales volume and market share while being able to increase its prices to reach a sustainable 
profitability. The cooperating importers were importing 46% of their total imports of fasteners from China, 
while 54% were imported from other third countries. All importers, with the exception of one that was slightly 
below breakeven, were found to be profitable.  The impact of measures was considered low on this group as 
price increases were likely, at least partially, to be passed on the end customer, in particular because the cost 
of fasteners in the total cost of production was very low they were also in a position to shift to non-Chinese 
sources of supply.   As regards users, the information provided indicated that fasteners only represented a small 
part of those users’ total production cost and therefore there would not be a significant impact.   Concerns were 
raised regarding lack of supply.  However, the investigation showed that the Union industry had massive spare 
capacities available (54%) to meet an increased demand for fasteners as well as the fact that importers imported 
substantial quantities from sources other than China. The Commission concluded that it was not against the 
Union interest to impose measures. 

A  number  of  co-operating  exporting  producers  offered  undertakings.  After  examining  the  offers,  the 
Commission concluded that they would be unenforceable and therefore rejected all the offers. 

In February 2022, definitive anti-dumping duties were imposed by the Commission on fasteners from China 
ranging from 22.1% to 48.8% for cooperating exporters and 86,5% for all others.     

The  Commission  also  examined  calls  for  a  suspension  of  the  measures  under  Article  14(4)  of  the  basic 
Regulation. However, this was not supported by sufficient evidence and therefore no suspension was granted.  

Calcium silicon originating in China - Anti-dumping measures 

On  18  February  2021,  the  European  Commission  initiated  an  anti-dumping  investigation  on  imports  of 
Calcium silicon originating in China following a complaint received from Euroalliages containing sufficient 
evidence of dumping and of resulting material injury.  Calcium silicon is an alloy or a chemical compound that 
contains by weight 16 % or more of calcium, 45 % or more of silicon, less than 14 % of iron and not more than 
10 % of any other element; whether or not presented in bulk, packaged in bags or in steel drums, enclosed in 
steel sheets (or cored wire), or otherwise presented, and is commonly referred to as calcium silicon or ‘CaSi’. 
It is used in the manufacture of special metal alloys. CaSi alloys are used as a deoxidiser and desulfuriser in 
the manufacturing of high-grade steel The investigation period (IP) for dumping and injury was 1 January 
2020 to 31 December 2020 and the examination of injury trends covered the period from 1 January 2017 to 
the end of the investigation period. Sampling was not applied in the investigation.   

On 14 October 2021, the Commission imposed provisional anti-dumping duties on imports of calcium silicon 
originating in the People’s Republic of China ranging from 31,5% to 50,6%.  

Dumping 

The  investigation  found  significant  State-induced  distortions  as  regards  the  product  under  investigation  in 
China.  The  evidence  available,  which  was  also  drawn  from  a  previous  investigation  into  ferro-silicon  (a 
product in the same sector) showed that prices or costs of the product under investigation, including the costs 
of raw materials, energy and labour, are not the result of the free interaction of market forces because they are 
affected by substantial government intervention. The distortions found related to a certain degree of ownership 
and control by the GOC of certain exporting producers who operate under the influence of, and benefit from, 
the  strong  backing  of  the  government.  As  regards  inputs  needed  for  the  production  of  calcium  silicon, 
numerous plans, directives and other documents have been issued at various government levels in China which 
impact the market.  These distort the price of inputs such as electricity, coal and two important raw materials 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
used  to  manufacture  calcium  silicon  –  quartzite  and  limestone.    State  interference  was  also  found  in  the 
financial market and labour costs.   As a result, normal value was constructed on the basis of costs of production 
and sale in Brazil, the selected appropriate representative country in this case.  

The cooperating exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers, through 
a related importer or through a related company acting as a trader.  For direct sales or sales through a related 
trader to independent customers in the Union, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the 
product concerned when sold for export to the Union. For the export sales through a related company acting 
as an importer, the export price was established based on the price at which the imported product was first 
resold to independent customers in the Union.  For these sales, the Commission adjusted the price for all costs 
incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits accruing. The Commission 
compared the normal value and the export price of the exporting producers on an ex-works basis adjusting the 
normal  value and/or  the  export  price  for  differences affecting  prices  and  price  comparability.  Adjustments 
were made for transport, insurance, handling, loading and ancillary costs, packing costs, credit costs, trader 
mark-ups, and bank charges.   

The  comparison  resulted  in  dumping  margins  ranging  from  52,3%  to  123,6%  for  individual  co-operating 
exporting producers and 132,6% for all other companies.  

Injury and causation 

During the period considered, imports from China fell by 22 %. However, the market share of those imports 
substantially increased (from 38,7 % to 60,8 %) given that consumption fell by 50 %. The prices of these 
imports were consistently low with import prices of the cooperating exporting producers undercutting Union 
industry prices by 10,6 % on average.  

The like product was manufactured by two producers in the Union during the investigation period. Because of 
the downward pressure on prices the Union industry was unable to raise prices to the same extent as costs were 
increasing.    Many  volume  indicators  showed  a  significant  negative  trend  over  the  period  considered: 
production fell by 91 %, capacity utilisation by 91 %, sales volume in the Union market fell by 75 % and its 
market share fell by 25 percentage points. In addition, employment fell by 73 %, average labour costs fell by 
11 % and productivity fell by 67 %. The average prices of the Union industry increased by only 5 % over the 
period considered and its costs rose by 51 % having a dramatic impact on profitability and return on investment.  
Very  few  indicators  showed  a  positive  development.  Capacity  showed  a  slightly  positive  trend  due  to 
improvements  in  the  efficiency  of  production.  As  stocks  were  built  up  in  2018  and  2019,  cash  flow  was 
negative, but then in 2020 when production was lower and larger quantities were sold from stock, cash flow 
improved. The relatively small captive use increased by 3 % over the period, but this development had only a 
marginal impact on the overall situation of the industry. As a result the Commission concluded that the Union 
industry suffered material injury. 

The deterioration in the situation of the Union industry coincided with the increase in imports from China, 
which were made at prices which undercut the Union industry’s prices and suppressed EU market price levels. 
The  Commission  also  examined  the  effect  of  other  factors  on  the  Union  industry’s  situation  including;  a 
significant  fall  in  consumption,  an  increase  in  production  costs  (including  a  40%  increase  in  the  price  of 
electricity), purchase of calcium silicon from Argentina by the Union industry (needed to satisfy customers 
order), Union industry switching to manufacture other products, volume of imports from Brazil (five times 
lower than the volume from China) as well as the export performance of the Union industry. The Commission 
concluded that the other factors did not attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the material 
injury.  

Injury margin and level of measures 

The complainants had claimed that there were raw material distortions within the meaning of Article 7(2a) of 
the basic Regulation which would allow for the measures to be based on the full dumping margins in the case.  
In particular, the complainant alleged that the price of electricity (which accounted for more than 17% of inputs 
as required under the basic regulation) was distorted. However, the Commission found no evidence to support 
the claim and therefore duties would be imposed on the basis of the underselling margin.  

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In order to establish the target profit, the Commission took into account the following factors: the level of 
profitability  before  the  increase  of  imports  from  the  country  under  investigation,  the  level  of  profitability 
needed to cover full costs and investments, research and development (R & D) and innovation, and the level 
of profitability to be expected under normal conditions of competition. On this basis, the Commission applied 
a  profit  margin  of  between  9,7  %  and  12,5  %  to  the  weighted  average  cost  of  production  of  the  Union 
producers. The Commission found that no additional costs to the Union industry were to be added resulting 
from Multilateral Environmental Agreements, to which the Union is a party, and of ILO Conventions.  

The  injury  margin  was  determined  by  comparing  the  weighted  average  import  price  of  the  cooperating 
exporting producers with the weighted average target price of the Union industry during the IP, which resulted 
in margins ranging from 31,5% to 50,7%.  Given these levels were lower than the dumping margins, the duties 
to be imposed would be at the level of underselling margins in line with the legislation.  

Union interest and definitive measures 

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users, such as the cored wire manufacturers and the steel industry. 

Regarding the Union industry, the investigation established that the imposition of anti-dumping duties would 
restore  a  level  playing field  and  a fair  price level  on  the  Union market,  and  improve  the  Union industry’s 
profitability.  As for importers and users, the Commission found that other sources of supply exist around the 
world (Brazil and Argentina) and the measures are intended to restore fair competition on the Union market 
for the benefit of all players on that market. If measures were not imposed, this could threaten the supply of 
calcium silicon from the two Union producers which would be to the detriment of all participants in the supply 
chain of calcium silicon, including for the steel industry. The Commission also concluded that measures would 
have a marginal financial impact on the steel industry as calcium silicon purchases represented a very low 
percentage of its costs (less than 0,5 %). The Commission concluded that the effects of an imposition of duties 
would not outweigh the positive effects of measures on the Union industry. 

One  exporting  producer  offered  an  undertaking.  However,  the  Commission  found  that  the  offer  was  not 
adequate  to  ensure  the  elimination  of  the  injurious  effects  of  dumping  and  therefore  it  was  rejected.  The 
Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping measures in March 2022 (based on the injury margin applying 
the lesser duty rule) and ranged from 31,5% to 50,7%.  

Superabsorbent polymers originating in the Republic of Korea  - Anti-dumping measures  

On  18  February  2021,  the  European  Commission  initiated  an  anti-dumping  investigation  on  imports  of 
Superabsorbent  polymers  originating  in  the  Republic  of  Korea  following  a  complaint  received  from  the 
European  Superabsorbent  Polymer  Coalition  (ESPC)  containing  sufficient  evidence  of  dumping  and  of 
resulting material injury.  The complaint was made on behalf of two Union producers, which together account 
for 65% of the total Union production of superabsorbent polymer.  

The product, superabsorbent polymers, is composed of irregular, round-shaped or agglomerated granules, in 
powdered  form,  white  in  appearance  and  insoluble  in  water,  resulting  from  a  polymerization  of  monomer 
molecules with cross-linkers to form cross-linked polymer networks, with a high capacity to absorb and retain 
water and aqueous liquids.  They are mainly used in disposable sanitary products, such as baby diapers and 
adult incontinence diapers, and other hygiene applications, such as feminine hygiene products and pads for 
breastmilk. SAP can also be used in food-related industries, such as refrigerant or freshness-keeping agents, 
and in household products, such as disposable heating packs or environment fragrance. In addition, SAP can 
be used in agriculture for water retention.  

The  investigation  period  (IP)  for  dumping  and  injury  was  1  January  2020  to  31  December  2020  and  the 
examination of injury trends covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the investigation period. 
Sampling was not applied in the investigation.   

The Commission did not impose provisional anti-dumping duties on imports of calcium silicon originating in 
the People’s Republic of China ranging from 31,5% to 50,6%.  

Sampling 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Commission selected a sample consisting of two Union producers, who accounted for more than 50% of 
estimated Union production and sales in the investigated period, while ensuring a good geographical spread, 
and representative of the Union industry.  There was only one unrelated importer and one exporting producer 
that came forward so no sampling was necessary for those categories.  

Dumping 

As regards normal value, the Commission found that the total sales of LG Chem of the like product on the 
domestic market were representative and more than 80% of profitable with a weighted average sales price that 
was higher than the cost of production. Therefore, for those product types the normal value was calculated as 
a weighted average of the prices of all domestic sales during the IP. For the product types not sold by LG Chem 
on its domestic market, the Commission constructed the normal value.  An appropriate amount for SG&A 
expenses and profit was added. 

LG  Chem  exported  to  the  Union  either  directly  to  independent  customers  or  indirectly  through  LG  Chem 
Europe, a related importer in the Union. For sales directly to independent customers in the Union, the export 
price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union. The 
export price for sales made through LG Chem Europe was established on the basis of the price at which the 
imported product was first resold to independent customers in the Union. In this case, adjustments to the price 
were made for all costs incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits. 
In the absence of any cooperating unrelated importer, the Commission used the profit margin from a previous 
proceeding  concerning  another  chemical  product  manufactured  by  a  similar  industry  and  imported  under 
similar circumstances -  profit margin of 6,89%. 

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the cooperating exporting producer on an 
ex-works basis.  To ensure a fair comparison, the Commission adjusted the normal value and/or the export 
price  for  differences  affecting  prices  and  price  comparability  i.e. transport,  packing  expenses,  credit costs, 
insurance,  packing  expenses,  import  charges  and  duty  drawback,  credit  costs,  and  expenses  for  technical 
assistance.  

The comparison resulted in dumping margin 13,4% for the co-operating exporting producer and 18,8% for all 
other companies.  

Injury and causation 

Imports from the Republic of Korea increased from around 83 500 tonnes to around 110 900 tonnes, an increase 
of 33% between 2017 and the IP, significantly higher than the increase in consumption. As a result, the market 
share  of  imports  of  South  Korean  products  increased  from  [12%-14%]  to  [16%-18%]  over  the  period 
considered, representing an increase of 33% between 2017 and the investigation period. The average import 
prices from the Republic of Korea decreased by 10% over the period considered and remained significantly 
below the sampled Union producers’ sales prices and cost of production during the period considered.  

All main injury indicators showed a negative trend during the period considered. Production volume of the 
Union industry decreased by around 2% while sales volume decreased by 11%. This resulted in  a decrease of 
market share of 7% during the period considered. The Union industry was unable to raise prices to the same 
extent as its costs of production with average prices dropping by 15% during the period considered and, since 
2018, average sales prices in the Union market were below the costs of production. Profitability of the Union 
industry also dropped going from -2% /-7% in 2017 to -15%/ -20% during the IP. Closing stocks increased 
overall  by  42%  during  the  period  considered  and  represented  25%  of  production  during  the  investigation 
period.  Only  the  production  capacity  of  the  Union  industry  showed  a  positive  trend  during  the  period 
considered increasing by 17% between 2017 and the IP.  Capacity utilisation dropped by 17% during the period 
considered, going from [93%-95%] in 2017 to [78%-80%] in the IP.  The Commission concluded that the 
Union industry suffered material injury.  

A comparison of the situation of imports with that of the Union industry at the beginning and the end of the 
period considered clearly showed a substantial increase of imports at decreasing prices from the Republic of 
Korea  and  the  deterioration  of  the  situation  of  the  Union  industry.  As  a  result,  the  Republic  of  Korea 
considerably expanded its sales. The Union industry decreased their sales prices in 2020 but continued to lose 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
important sales quantities in the market.  The Commission also examined the impact of other factors such as 
sales volume losses and shifts for spec-in SAP or raw material price fluctuations which were found to not have 
contributed to the injury of the Union industry. Imports from Japan and Türkiye in turn had a limited impact 
on the industry. Imports from Türkiye were at similar prices to the South Korean imports but at much lower 
volumes.   Japanese imports decreased during the period considered and only substantially increased in the IP 
but  those  imports  from  Japan  were  at  a  higher  price  level  than  the  South  Korean  imports.  Therefore,  the 
Commission  concluded that  the  injury  to  the  Union industry  was  caused  by  the  dumped  imports  from  the 
Republic of Korea while other factors did not attenuate the causal link between the dumped imports and the 
material injury.  

Injury margin and level of measures 

The Commission first established the amount of duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union 
industry.  In  this  case,  the  injury  would  be  eliminated  if  the  Union  industry  was  able  to  cover  its  costs  of 
production and obtain a reasonable profit by selling at a target price.  The Commission established a basic 
profit  covering  full  costs  under  normal  conditions  of  competition.  During  the  entire  period  considered  the 
Union industry incurred losses which was lower than the minimum 6% required under the basic Regulation.  
No claims were made that the Union industry’s level of investments, research and development (R&D) and 
innovation during the period considered would have been higher under normal conditions of competition. Also, 
no claims were made concerning the future costs resulting from Multilateral Environmental Agreements, to 
which the Union is a party and that the Union industry would incur during the period of the application of 
measures.   

The  injury  margin  was  determined  by  comparing  the  weighted  average  import  price  of  the  cooperating 
exporting producer with the weighted average target price of the Union industry during the IP, which resulted 
in margins ranging from 34,4% for the co-operating exporter and 101,2% for all others.  Given these levels 
were higher than the dumping margins, the duties to be imposed would be at the level of the dumping margins 
in line with the legislation.  

Union interest and measures 

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission analysed the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry and users. As the 
product is mostly sold directly to the customer, no unrelated importers participated in the procedure.  

Regarding  the  Union industry,  the  Commission  concluded that the imposition  of measures  would improve 
market  conditions  to  allow  the  Union  producers  to  improve  their  competitive  position  in  the  market,  and 
recover lost sales volume and market share, increase its sales prices and reach sustainable profitability. 

Several users came forward in the investigation all strongly opposed to the measures.  It was argued that access 
to  all  SAP  suppliers,  including  South  Korean,  was  vital  for  maintaining  a  multiple  supply  strategy  with 
concerns expressed about the Union industry being unable to meet supply needs. The investigation showed 
that while there was a temporary impact of the COVID-lockdown in the period March to June 2020 on one of 
the European suppliers this was a temporary and exceptional situation, as supplies resumed rapidly after the 
lockdown.  Furthermore  the  shortage  of  supply  by  one  Union  producer  was  partly  alleviated  by  increased 
supply  from  other  Union  producers  (in  combination  with  imports  from  outside  the  EU).  The  Commission 
concluded that there was insufficient evidence during the IP to conclude that the EU industry would not be 
able supply users concerned under normal business circumstances.  As regards the cost impact on users of 
measures, the Commission concluded that measures of 14.7% on user’s costs of production could be absorbed 
or at least passed on to consumers.  The Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it 
was not in the Union interest to impose measures on imports of SAP originating in the Republic of Korea. 

The co-operating exporting producer offered an undertaking. However, the Commission found that the offer 
was not adequate to ensure the elimination of the injurious effects of dumping and therefore it was rejected. 
The Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping measures in April 2022 (based on the dumping margin) 
ranging from 13,4% to 18,8%.  

Electrolytic chromium coated steel products originating in the People’s Republic of China and Brazil -  
Anti-dumping Measures  

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
The Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on 24 September 2021, following a complaint lodged 
by  the  European  Steel  Association  (‘Eurofer’)  on  behalf  Union  producers,  representing  89%  of  the  Union 
industry.  

The product concerned is flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, plated or coated with chromium oxides 
or with chromium and chromium oxides (‘electrolytic chromium coated steel’ or ‘ECCS’), originating in the 
PRC and Brazil. ECCS is used in a wide range of applications, typically for consumer and industrial packaging. 
It is most frequently used for food packaging, for example in can tops and bottoms, screw and lug caps, tabs, 
etc. Other types of uses include external parts for home appliances, photographic film cases, protective material 
for optical fibre protection or other electrical and electronic parts. 

The investigation period (‘IP’) for dumping was 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2021 and the period for examination 
of injury was 1 January 2018 to the end of the IP. 

In May 2022, the Commission published a Regulation imposing provisional duties with provisional duties of 
52 % for Brazil and ranging from 33,2 % to 77,9 % for China. 

Sampling 

The Commission selected a sample of two exporting producers from China who accounted for around 53% of 
the imports into the EU from that country. In the case of Brazil, sampling of was not necessary as only one 
exporting  producer  came  forward.    As  regards  Union  producers,  there  was  no  sampling  as  three  Union 
producers came forward and were investigated. No importers came forward.  
Dumping – China 

The investigation was initiated in accordance with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation as there was evidence 
of  the  existence  of  significant  distortions  in  China  in  the  steel  sector.  As  a  result,  the  normal  value  was 
constructed based on undistorted prices and costs in a representative country.  

Brazil was chosen as the appropriate representative country for the investigation in accordance with the basic 
Regulation,  given  it  has  a similar  economic  development  level  as  China,  has  significant  production  of  the 
product concerned and had data readily available.  

The Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, by first establishing the 
undistorted cost and prices for each of the factors of production in the representative country Brazil. These 
undistorted unit costs were then applied to the actual consumption of the individual factors of production of 
the cooperating exporting producers. To the costs of manufacturing, the Commission added manufacturing 
overheads, expressed as a percentage of the costs actually incurred for each exporting producer to establish an 
undistorted cost of manufacturing. Finally, publicly available SG&A and profit from 2020 of the Brazilian 
company CSN were applied to the undistorted manufacturing cost. 

For exporters, which exported the product concerned directly to independent customers in the Union, the export 
price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union, in 
accordance with Article 2(8) of the basic Regulation.  For sales made through related companies, the export 
price  was  constructed  based  on  the  price  at  which  the  imported  product  was  first  resold  to  independent 
customers in the Union in accordance with Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation. The adjustments made related 
to all costs incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits.  

The  Commission  compared  the  constructed  normal  value  and  the  export  price  of  the  sampled  exporting 
producers on an ex-works basis.  To ensure a fair comparison, adjustments were made for differences affecting 
prices and price comparability, including for transport, insurance, handling and loading, credits costs, and other 
allowances  (export  credit  insurance).    This  resulted  in  weighted  average  dumping  margins  expressed  as  a 
percentage  of  the  CIF  Union  frontier  price,  duty  unpaid,  ranging  from  30,7%  to  59,1%  for  cooperating 
producers and 84,2% for all others.  

Dumping – Brazil 

As 97% of the cooperating Brazilian exporter’s on the domestic market were profitable, normal value was 
calculated according to the normal methodology, based on domestic sales. For a small number of product types 
that were not sold on the domestic market or not in representative quantities, the normal value was constructed 

15 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
using the SG&A expenses and profit of transactions made in the ordinary course of trade on the domestic 
market.   

As all of the exports to the Union were made directly to independent customers, the export price was therefore 
the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned in accordance with the basic Regulation.  

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the cooperating exporting producer on an 
ex-works basis making adjustments for differences affecting prices and price comparability to ensure a fair 
comparison. Adjustments were made for transport, insurance, handling and loading, packing expenses, credits 
costs and bank charges, rebates and other allowances.  The dumping margin found for the Brazilian company 
was  66,8%.  For  all  other  possible  exporting  producers  in  Brazil,  the  Commission  established  the dumping 
margin on the basis of the facts available in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation. Given the high 
level of cooperation, the dumping margin for non-cooperating exporting producers was set at the level of the 
cooperating company. 

Injury & causation 

The Union consumption of the product concerned was 541 540 tonnes during the IP and had decreased by 3% 
between 2018 and the IP.  The market share of the Union industry increased from 64% in 2018 to 67% in the 
IP. This increase was mainly due to the decrease of the market share of imports from other third countries 
which decreased from 22,4% in 2018 to 17,8% in the IP.   Imports from the countries concerned held together 
15,4% of the market in the IP compared to 13% in 2018.    

While  the  Union  industry’s  production  capacity  remained  stable,  the  capacity  utilisation  decreased  by  7 
percentage points between 2018 and the IP (i.e. from 86% to 79%). Although the Union industry gained market 
share  between  2018  and  the  IP,  its  production  volume  decreased  by  9%  between  2018  and  the  IP.  Union 
industry’s sales quantity on the Union market remained overall stable with a decrease by 6% in 2020 mainly 
due  to  the  COVID-19  pandemic.  However,  its  export  sales  decreased  by  7%  in  the  period  considered. 
Employment  increased  during  the  period  considered  by  13%  while  productivity  decreased  by  19%,  which 
resulted in higher labour cost per unit of ECCS.  

The average Union industry’s sales prices remained stable during the period considered although the average 
cost of production increased by 9%  between 2018 and the IP. This led to a decrease of the profitability of 
Union industry from 1,7% in 2018 to -8,6% in the IP. Union industry was not able to increase sales prices to 
cover the increased cost of production and remain profitable. While net investments increased by 78%, mainly 
due to investments in new Chromium VI free products during the period considered, the return on investment 
decreased from 1% to -4,5%. The cash flow also deteriorated with a decrease of nearly 200%. The economic 
indicators related to the financial situation of the Union industry, such as profitability, cash flow and return on 
investment  deteriorated  to  a  significant  degree  during  the  period  considered.    As  a  result  the  Commission 
concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury in the IP within the meaning of Article 3(1) of the 
basic Regulation.   

As regards causation, there was a significant increase in dumped imports the import quantity from the countries 
concerned continued to increase during the period considered although with a decrease in the IP mainly due to 
the disruption of international transport and supply in 2021. These imports increased by 13,5% in the period 
considered  while their market  share  increased even more: from  13,1%  in  2018  to  15,4%  in the  IP  (i.e.  an 
increase  by  17,5%  between  2018  and  the  IP).  As  a  result,  the  Commission  found  that  there  had  been  a 
significant increase in dumped imports.  

The average import price of these dumped imports from the countries concerned decreased by 6% during the 
period considered while the price of the main raw material (iron ore or hot-rolled strips depending on the Union 
producer) increased in the same period. The average import prices were significantly below the average sales 
prices of the Union industry on the Union market (715 EUR/tonne vs 839 EUR/ tonne in the IP). The imports 
from the countries concerned together undercut the Union industry’s prices ranging from 1,9% to 21,8%. The 
Commission found  that  the  increased  imports,  combined  with  the  low  average  sales  prices  had  a  negative 
impact on the Union industry’s financial situation. The Union industry was unable to increase their sales prices 
to pass on customers the increasing cost of raw materials because it faced unfair competition from dumped 
imports from the  countries  concerned.  Therefore, the  Commission  found a  clear  link between the  material 
injury suffered by the Union industry and the dumped imports from the countries concerned. 

The Commission examined whether other factors such as imports from other third countries, the COVID-19 
pandemic, the export performance of the Union industry and effect of long-term contracts could have caused 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
injury to the Union industry.  However the Commission found that none of these factors attenuated the causal 
link between the dumped imports and the injury suffered by the Union industry.  

Union interest and measures 

The Commission found that effect of any potential anti-dumping measures would be positive for the Union 
producers allowing it to adapt its sales prices to cover the increasing cost of production. In addition, the industry 
would  be  able  to  reorient  export  volumes  to  the  Union  market,  which  were  loss  making  and  lower  priced 
compared  to  sales  on  the  Union  market.  In  the  absence  of  measures,  the  Union  industry  would  continue 
suffering from material injury.  Users and traders argued against any measures arguing that there would be a 
negative impact on supply chains as well as causing significant cost increase for them that they could not pass 
onto their customers.  In this regard, concerns were raised that an increase in ECCS’s prices would result in an 
increase of food packaging prices and ultimately in an increase of foodstuff prices. However given that ECCS 
is only used for food cans’ endings, while tinplate, which is more expensive, is used for the cans’ body, the 
Commission found the potential increase of ECCS prices alone should not affect too much food packaging 
prices and that users would be able to absorb the possible cost increase due to the measures.  The Commission 
concluded that there were no compelling reasons against the imposition of measures on the imports from the 
countries concerned. 

In  assessing  the  level  of  measures,  the  Commission  found  that,  for  one  Chinese  company,  (Handan  Jintai 
Packing Material Co, Ltd) the provisions of Under Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation were met. There were 
significant raw material distortions found for hot-rolled coils which represented more than 17% of the cost of 
production and the Commission also found that it was in the Union interest to apply duties at the level of the 
dumping margin found for the company.  

As  regards  the  type  of  measures,  given  there  was  the  volatility  of  the  ECCS  prices  after  the  end  of  the 
investigation period, which almost doubled, the Commission decided on the application of a fixed duty per 
tonne instead of ad valorem duties. A fixed or specific duty would allow the protection of the Union industry 
from injurious dumped imports from the countries concerned, while being less prohibitive compared to an ad 
valorem  duty  in  case  of  an  increase  of  prices,  as  its  weight  is  significantly  reduced  in  such  a  case.    The 
Commission therefore imposed definitive duties on imports from China and Brazil in the form of a fixed duty 
on 15 November 2022.  

Optical fibre cables from China - Anti-subsidy measures 

On 21 December 2020, the Commission initiated an anti-subsidy investigation into of optical fibre cables from 
originating in China following a complaint lodged by Europacable, on behalf of producers representing more 
than  25  %  of  the  total  Union  production  of  OFC.    The  Commission  had  initiated  a  parallel  anti-dumping 
investigation  into  the  same  product  originating  in  China  in  September  2020  and  imposed  definitive  anti-
dumping measures in November 2021.  

The product is single mode optical fibre cables, made up of one or more individually sheathed fibres, with 
protective casing, whether or not containing electric conductors. Its main use is data transmission (around 70% 
of sales of the Union industry is to telecom operators). 

The  investigation  of  subsidisation  and  injury  covered  the  period  from  1  July  2019  to  30  June  2020.  The 
examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end 
of the investigation period.  

Following a request from the complainant, the Commission made imports subject to registration on 30 March 
2021. However, as there were no provisional measures imposed in the anti-subsidy investigation, this had no 
further  consequences  because  in  the  absence  of  provisional  measures,  registered  imports  cannot  be  made 
subject to duties at definitive stage.  

Sampling 

In view of the large number of exporting producers, the Commission applied sampling. The sample selected 
comprised of two groups of exporting producers based on the export volume to the Union, covering 40% of 
total Chinese exports during the investigation period. The same exporters had also been selected for the sample 
in  the  anti-dumping  investigation.  Regarding  Union  producers,  the  Commission  selected  the  three  largest 
companies in terms  of  production and sales in the  Union  which  represented  58%  of  the  Union  production 
volume. There was no sampling applied for importers.  

17 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subsidisation 

The sampled exporting producers benefited from a variety of grant programmes, the majority of which were 
related  to  research  and  development,  technological  upgrading  and  innovation.  Evidence  indicated  that  the 
grants were limited to companies in key areas or technologies, such as the OFC sector.  

The two groups of sampled exporting producers also received several long-term and short-term loans with 
preferential conditions and below-market interest rates. One of the sampled exporters, FTT, also received an 
entrusted loan via its parent company from a fund of the China Development Bank, only available to entities 
that  are  directly  under  control  of  the  State-owned  Assets  Supervision  and  Administration  Commission 
(SASAC). Most of the loans were provided by State-owned financial institutions. The loans with preferential 
conditions received  by the  sampled  exporters  were  considered  specific,  because  financial  institutions  were 
directed to provide such preferential financing only to a limited number of industries, including the OFC sector. 
The investigation also found that the Chinese financial institutions also provided credit lines, free of charge, 
at preferential conditions to each of the sampled companies.   Furthermore, the sampled exporting producers 
also used bank acceptance drafts to address their needs for short-term financing without paying a remuneration 
and one of the exporting producer groups benefited from preferential financing in the form of a bond.   The 
Commission also found that the companies benefitted from export credit insurance with premiums at below-
market rates. 

The Commission also found that companies within the sampled exporting producer groups qualified as high-
tech companies and enjoyed reduced tax rates, income tax offset for R&D expenses, an exemption from tax of 
dividend income between qualified resident enterprises.  

One of the companies within the sampled groups benefited from a reduction in the land  use tax because it 
qualified  as  a  high-tech  company  while  some  of  the  companies  within  the  sampled  groups  had  direct 
purchasing contracts with power generators instead of buying from the grid, thus receiving cheaper prices for 
their electricity. The Commission also found that land use rights were either received for free or allocated at 
prices below market price. 

The level of subsidisation found ranged between 5,1% to 10,33%.  

Injury and causation 

During the period considered, several indicators showed a positive trend such as production, capacity, sales 
volume on the Union market and employment. However, the development of these indicators did not match 
the increase in consumption. In fact, the Commission concluded that in normal competition conditions, those 
indicators should have had an even stronger positive trend, considering the Union industry would have been 
able to benefit fully from the growing market. Despite the increase in sales volume, the Union industry lost 
10,8 percentage points of market  share (from 64,3% to 53,5%), which was found to be linked to the price 
pressure  generated  by  Chinese  exports,  with  significant  undercutting  and,  in  any  event,  price  depression 
throughout the period considered. The foregoing led to financial injury in the form of lower profits and a drop 
in investments and on the return thereon. In addition to that, the analysis of sales through tenders indicated that 
the  market  share  and  price  erosion  was  accelerating  and  would  continue  to  do  because  of  the  extremely 
aggressive behaviour from Chinese exporting producers therein. Therefore, the Commission concluded that 
the Union industry suffered material injury.  

Regarding causation, the Commission found that there was a clear correlation between the rise of subsidised 
imports from China and the material injury observed for the Union industry. The imports have increased in 
both absolute and relative terms. Consumption in the Union market increased 38% over the period considered, 
and  it  was  evident  that  it  had  been  mainly  imports  from  China  that  took  advantage  of  this  growth.  The 
deterioration  in  the  Union  industry  market  share  throughout  the  period  considered  was  simultaneous  and 
directly connected with significant penetration of the Union market by substantial volumes of imports from 
China, which significantly undercut the Union industry’s prices and, in any event, exercised significant price 
depression on Union sales. In particular, the adverse impact on profitability caused by the dumped imports and 
continuous price pressure did not allow the Union industry to undertake the necessary investments for the long-
term  survival  of  the  industry.  The  Commission  analysed  the  impact  of  other  factors  (imports  from  third 
countries, the export performance of the Union industry, captive sales, and raw material prices) in the situation 

18 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
of  the  Union  industry,  but  found  that  none  of  the  other  factors  explained  the  Union  industry’s  negative 
developments in terms of loss of market share, price depression and low profitability, decreasing investments 
and return on investments. Thus, the Commission concluded that the injury to the Union industry was caused 
by the subsidised imports from China. 

Union interest and definitive measures  

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-subsidy  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users. Regarding the Union industry, the investigation established that the imposition of measures would allow 
the  Union  industry  to  maintain  a  competitive  position  on  the  market  and  recover  lost  market  share,  while 
improving their profitability towards sustainable levels. In relation to importers, the Commission found that 
while measures  were  likely  to  have  a  certain  negative  impact  thereon  and might  reduce their  profitability, 
importers would be able to absorb and/or pass on some of the cost increase considering their significant profit 
margins (over 20 %). They also had the possibility of finding alternative sources of supply, including from 
other  third  countries  and  the  Union  industry.  Therefore,  it  concluded  that  unrelated  importers  were  not 
disproportionally affected by the imposition of the measures. Finally, for users, the investigation established 
that OFC represents only a minor share of the total rollout cost of digital networks projects - in the case of 5G 
being  much  less  than  5%.  The  purchases  of  the  product  under  investigation  by  the  cooperating  telecom 
operators represented a marginal percentage of company turnover, and the firm purchase a significant part of 
its OFC from other sources. Therefore, the Commission concluded that users and distributors would also not 
be disproportionally affected by the imposition of measures.  

Overall, the investigation found that there was sufficient capacity in the Union and in other third countries to 
replace  imports  originating  in  China.  Furthermore,  the  imposition  of  anti-subsidy  measures  as  well  as  the 
previously  imposed  anti-dumping  measures  would  enable  the  Union  industry  to  invest  in  their  Union 
production sites and new technologies to the benefit the user industry. At the same time, measures would not 
prevent imports from third countries (including China) from competing fairly in the Union market. Even if the 
demand for OFC increased in the following years as expected by market players, OFC importers and users 
would not run any noticeable risks of shortage of supply and the rollout of the optical fibre broadband network 
to homes and businesses would thus not be delayed. 

Thus, the Commission concluded that definitive anti-subsidy measures ranging from 14,6% to 33,7% should 
be imposed on imports of Optical fibre cables originating in the People’s Republic of China. The definitive 
anti-subsidy measures were imposed in January 2022.   

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products (SSCR) originating in India and Indonesia - Anti-subsidy 
measures 

On 17 February 2021, the Commission initiated an anti-subsidy investigation on stainless steel cold-
rolled  flat  (SSCR)  products  originating  in  India  and  Indonesia,  following  a  request  lodged  by  the 
European Steel Association (EUROFER) representing more than 25% of the total Union production 
of stainless steel cold-rolled flat products. Prior to the initiation of the anti-subsidy investigation, the 
Commission  invited the governments  of both  exporting countries for consultations.  However, no 
mutually agreed solution was reached with either government.   

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products are used by a large variety of downstream industries and in a wide 
range of final applications where resistance to both atmospheric and chemical corrosion is necessary and where 
hygiene  and  surface  aesthetic  characteristics  (brilliance,  surface  coating  and/or  decoration),  may  also  be 
essential.  

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2021 and the examination of trends 
relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 
1 January 2017 to the end of the RIP.   No provisional anti-subsidy measures were imposed in the investigation.  
In  November  2021,  the  Commission  had  imposed  definitive  anti-dumping  duties  on  imports  of  the  same 
product originating in India and Indonesia in an investigation that was initiated in September 2020. 

Sampling 

19 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Only two exporting producers in India and three in Indonesia provided the information required for sampling, 
so  therefore  the  Commission  invited  the  exporting  producers  that  had  come  forward  to  fill  in  the  full 
questionnaires. As regards Union producers, the sample consisted of three companies, representing around 70 
% of the estimated total Union sales and more than 60 % of the estimated total Union production. As only one 
unrelated importer came forward and provided a questionnaire reply, no sampling was applied in this category. 

Subsidisation – India 

Two Indian producers of SSCR cooperated in the investigation.   

Both companies were found to benefit from two duty drawback schemes: Merchandise Exports from India 
Scheme (‘MEIS’) and Export Promotion of Capital Goods Scheme (‘EPCGS’). MEIS and EPCGS are standard 
duty  drawback  schemes,  which  were  countervailed  in  many  previous  Indian  investigations.    One  of  the 
companies also benefitted from additional duty drawback schemes, Advanced Authorisation Scheme (‘AAS’), 
Duty Drawback Scheme (‘DDS’).   In addition, the Commission found that that company also benefitted from 
the provision of inputs at less than adequate remuneration (‘LTAR’) i.e. chromium ore.   The countervailable 
subsidy amounts established were 4,37% and 7,56% for the two exporting producers.  

Subsidisation – Indonesia 

The Commission investigation subsidies granted either by the Governments of the PRC and/or the Republic 
of Indonesia, including the following: (i) provision for nickel ore, land, gas and electricity at less than adequate 
remuneration (ii) preferential financing to the industry from Chinese state-owned banks (iii) direct and indirect 
tax exemption programmes.  

The Commission found that the subsidisation in Indonesia concerned primarily Chinese companies 
located  in  the  Indonesia  Morowali  Industrial  Park  (‘IMIP’),  a  zone  focused  on  building  a  fully 
integrated stainless steel industry, from mining of nickel ore to the final downstream stainless steel 
product. It was set up together by the PRC and Indonesia. The Chinese companies were financed with 
Chinese capital, using many input materials and equipment imported from China, and directed by 
Chinese managers and using Chinese know-how.  

Indonesia  sought  to  increase  the  domestic  added  value  generated  by  its  nickel  ore  reserves  by 
developing the whole industrial value chain using nickel ore, namely the smelters and the stainless 
steel industry as the ultimate user of this raw material. This required substantial financing which the 
Government of Indonesia (GOID) obtained from China while pursuing specific preferential domestic 
policies  to  encourage  the  Chinese  stainless  steel  industry  to  engage  in  foreign  investment  under 
China’s long-standing ‘going out’ policy. Since 2009, in the context of the bilateral cooperation with 
the GOC, GOID has enacted a system of several measures intended to ensure that nickel ore would 
be  kept  in  Indonesia  and  that  domestic  prices  would  be  kept  artificially  low  for  the  benefit  and 
development of downstream industries (including in particular the stainless steel sector).  

Provision of nickel ore at less than adequate remuneration  

The  investigation  found  that  the  domestic  miners  were  acting  as  public  bodies  and/or  were 
entrusted/directed by GOID to process the nickel ore domestically, not to export it, and to sell it at a 
price,  which  was  well  below  a  normal  market  price.  The  miners  had  to  comply  with  Domestic 
processing  obligations  (DPO)  and  an  export  ban.  The  GOID  through  several  regulations, 
progressively  restricted  nickel  ore  exports, with  a complete ban from  2020. In April 2020, GOID 
introduced a mandatory domestic pricing mechanism concerning the price of nickel ore which led to 
a significant discount (at least 80%) compared to the international market price.   The low prices of 
nickel ore made it economically attractive for China to make  large-scale investment necessary to 
develop  the  SSCR  industry.      Only  large  user  industries  of  nickel  ore  (stainless  steel,  electrical 
batteries)  could  benefit.  The  subsidy  margin  found  for  nickel  ore  provided  at  less  than  adequate 
remuneration amounted to 14,56% for the IRNC Group. 

Preferential financing 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
GOID used China as an intermediary to develop its smelting and downstream stainless steel industry 
by requiring it to finance its establishment in Indonesia and bring the necessary know-how, neither 
of which Indonesia had at the time. As a result of this close bilateral cooperation, the project was 
formally recognised by both governments, in China as a Belt&Road project and in Indonesia as a 
‘National  Strategic  Project’.    The  investigation  found  that,  in  line  with  the  various  bilateral 
cooperation agreements between the two governments, the financing of the companies in the IRNC 
Group  was  provided  almost  exclusively  by  GOC.  Financing  was  provided  either  through  loans, 
capital injections and shareholder loans by Chinese policy and/or State-owned banks not in line with 
normal market lending practice using normal risk assessments.  The banks were are not located in 
Indonesia but in China with the proceeds going via the Indonesian branches of the Chinese banks 
providing them, acting as a local agent of the Chinese banks. Based on the various agreements found 
in the investigation the Commission concluded that preferential funding from Chinese banks could 
be attributed to Indonesia. This followed the precedent in the similar GFF and GFR cases from Egypt.  

Other subsidies  

The  investigation  also  revealed  that  as  part  of  the  cooperation  between  the  two  governments,  the 
GOID facilitated the procurement and acquisition of land used by the IRNC Group and acquired via 
its  related  company  PT.  IMIP  who  never  paid  anything  for  the  procurement  of  the  land.  The 
investigation  also  found  there  were  ‘tax  holidays’  available  to  corporate  taxpayers  making  new 
investments in the steel industry.  The commission also found a scheme which allowed for exemptions 
of customs duties on the import of certain machines, goods and materials. All the machinery for the 
production process of the IRNC Group were imported from related companies in China, which were 
not the manufacturers of the equipment. These tax benefits are revenue foregone by the government 
and were found to be  specific to certain industries, and therefore countervailable.  

The total amount of subsidisation found ranged from 13,5% to 21,4% 

Injury and causation 

The investigation found that the Union consumption decreased by 17% in the period considered while 
at the same time imports from the countries concerned increased by 88% resulting in an increase in 
their joint market share from 3,0% in 2017 to 5,6% in the IP. This increase, both in volume of imports 
and in market share, is mainly attributable to Indonesia.  While imports from India actually dropped 
in absolute terms this was less than the overall drop in Union consumption and thus India’s market 
share  still  increased  slightly  from  3,0%  in  2017  to  3,4%  in  the  IP.    The  market  share  of  Union 
producers also increased slightly from 71% in 2017 to 73% in the IP but was made possible only 
because of fierce price competition which had an adverse effect on their profitability and financial 
indicators.  

Average import prices from both India and Indonesia were consistently lower than Union producers’ 
prices  and  undercut  prices  of  the  Union  producers  by  5,7%-13,4%  and  12,5%  respectively.  The 
investigation  indicated  that  the  Union  industry  could  only  respond  to  the  price  pressure  of  the 
subsidised imports from India and Indonesia by lowering its sales prices to maintain (and even slightly 
increase) its market share in the period considered. The effect of the subsidised imports caused price 
suppression  with  prices  of  the  Union  industry  decreasing  by  3  %  during  the  period  considered.  
Normally under conditions of fair competition, they would have been expected to increase to keep 
pace with  rise of the cost of production, which was 3 %.  

Union producers also showed a sharp decrease in productivity and capacity utilisation in the period 
considered. Other financial indicators showed the injury suffered such as, a drop in  profitability from 
7,6 % in 2017 to 0,4 % in the IP, a drop in  investments (-13 %), return on investments (-80 %) and 
cash flow (-52 %). As  a result the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material 
injury  

The  subsidised  imports  from  the  countries  concerned  increased  by  more  than  80%  in  the  period 
considered and its market share almost doubled. The low priced subsidised imports from the countries 
concerned created  a price pressure on the  Union industry. Due to  these unfair imports, the Union 
producers were not only unable to reflect raw material cost increases in their prices, they were forced 

21 

 
 
 
to  decrease their sales prices in  order to  maintain their market  share. The Commission  concluded 
there was a strong causal link between the subsidised imports from India and Indonesia and the injury 
suffered by the Union industry.    

The Commission examined other factors which might have caused injury to the Union interest which 
included the effect of non-subsidised imports from Indonesia and from third countries, the decrease 
in  consumption,  and  the  export  performance  of  the  Union  industry.  Non-subsidised  imports  from 
Indonesia  were  found  to  be  decreasing  over  the  period  considered  and  relatively  small  (i.e.  0,6% 
market share during the IP) and imports from other countries were in general more expensive than 
the imports from the countries concerned and the volumes of those imports were low.  Despite a drop 
in consumption, the Union producers managed to slightly increase their market share. This was as a 
result  of  severe  price  competition  with  the  unfair  priced  subsidised  imports  resulting  in  the 
deterioration of the profitability and basic financial indicators of the Union industry. The Commission 
found that the impact of these other factors was limited and as a result did not attenuate the causal 
link. Export sales of the Union producers decreased by 17% in the period considered. However, the 
volumes exported were limited compared to the total Union sales volumes. The Commission also 
examined the impact of the increase in prices of certain raw materials but found it contributed to the 
injury  only  to  a  very  limited  extent.  The  Commission  concluded  that  the  other  factors  examined, 
individually  or  collectively,  did  not  break  the  causal  link  between  the  subsidised  imports  and  the 
damage to the Union industry.  

Union interest and measures  

Given that the subsidised imports depressed the prices on the Union market, causing injury to the 
Union industry, the Commission concluded that the imposition of measures would be in the interest 
of  the  Union  producers.  One  cooperating  importer  was  against  the  measures  expressing  concerns 
about supply issues, increasing prices, and the fact that there would be a poorer quality of material 
available.  The Commission found that there would remain a healthy level of competition in the Union 
given the number of Union producers as well as the availability of imports from other sources.    In 
addition, the Commission concluded that importers would be able to pass-on price increases to their 
customers and therefore their profitability would not be adversely affected. Arguments were also put 
forward  that  Union  producers  would  be  overprotected  as  there  are  safeguard  measures  in  force. 
However, the safeguard measures on steel are temporary and provide a different type of protection 
than countervailing measures. No users came forward. The Commission concluded that it was not 
against the interest of the Union to impose countervailing measures.   

As a result, the Commission imposed countervailing measures on imports of stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products originating in India and Indonesia in March 2022.  

Anti-dumping measures on Aluminium flat rolled products originating in China - Lifting of the suspension 

On 11 October 2021 the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties ranging from 14,3 % to 24,6 % 
on  imports  of  Aluminium  flat  rolled  products  originating  in  China.  On  the  same  date,  the  Commission 
suspended the measures on the product concerned for a period of 9 months due to the existence of temporary 
and exceptional changes in market circumstances that occurred after the investigation period. 

The suspension of the measures was done in accordance with Article 14 (4) the basic Anti-Dumping regulation.   
EU  market  demand  for  aluminium  flat  rolled  products  had  increased  to  an  extent  that  made  the  products 
difficult to obtain. The Commission also found that injury was not likely to recur during the period of the 
temporary  suspension  of  the  measures.    During  the  period  of  the  suspension  the  Commission  monitored 
developments in the market to determine if the conditions for suspension were no longer present. 

In  March  2022,  the  Commission  requested  information  from  the  European  Aluminium  Association,  the 
sampled Union producers and all other interested parties to assess whether to prolong the suspension or not.  
Article 14(4) provides that the suspension may be extended for a further period, not exceeding 1 year.  The 
Commission examined the market developments, the situation of the Union industry and the views of importers 
and users along with the likelihood of a resumption of injury if the suspension was prolonged. 

Market developments and situation of economic operators 

22 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
During the period of analysis (PoA), Union consumption decreased by 13,5 %, in comparison with the 1st 
semester of 2021. Demand peaked in the 1st semester of 2021, when it increased by 27 % in comparison with 
the  IP  and  declined  significantly  during  the  PoA.  In the  first months  of  2022 according  to  a  CRU  Report, 
demand for rolled aluminium products in Europe remained satisfactory, driven by stockpiling following the 
war in Ukraine and by the construction sector, which had sustained its activity. Demand from the automotive 
sector, on the contrary, was weak, due to continuing shortages of semi-conductors and a shortage of wiring 
harnesses originating from Ukraine. As for the construction industry, the same report mentioned the risk of 
fewer projects due to high inflation. On the supply side, the Union industry increased its capacity after the IP 
(+ 20 %), but the capacity utilisation did not increase and remained around 80 % with room for the Union 
industry to increase production. The Commission concluded that during the PoA the imbalance between supply 
and demand, that characterized the first semester of 2021, was significantly reduced.  

As regards the situation of the Union industry, some indicators declined during the PoA compared to the 1st 
semester of 2021. Sales volume in the EU decreased by 12,8 % in the PoA in comparison with the 1st semester 
of  2021  from  1  056  668  tonnes  to  921  701  tonnes.  During  the  same  period,  production  volume  slightly 
decreased by 2 % in comparison with the first semester of 2021. Other indicators improved, such as prices and 
profitability. Prices of the product in the Union increased by 23 % between the 1st semester of 2021 and the 
PoA. This resulted from an increase in demand in a post-COVID context and the increase in the prices of the 
raw materials (primary aluminium, magnesium) and energy. Profitability also improved and reached 2,8 % in 
the  PoA  but  remained  below  the  3,1 %  profit achieved  in  the  reference  year 2017,  and  was  far  below  the 
minimum profit margin of 6 % provided for in the basic Regulation. Overall, the Commission concluded that 
the Union industry did not suffer material injury during the PoA. 

Users  argued  in  favour  of  the  prolongation  of  the  suspension,  on  the  grounds  that  the  conditions  of  the 
suspension were still valid, arguing continued lack of supply for the products. Importers and traders also cited 
the same issue arguing in favour of a continuation of the suspension.  However, the Commission, noted the 
Union industry still had important spare capacity and that alternative sources of supplies exist, such as Türkiye 
and other third countries.  Users also claimed likely financial difficulties of a number of downstream companies 
or  production  units  if  the  duties  were  re-instated.  However,  as  concluded  in  the  investigation  leading  to 
measures, the Commission concluded that the imposition of the measures would not be against the interests of 
the  users  because  the  impact  on  the  financial  situation  of  the  users  would  be  limited.  Furthermore,  the 
Commission concluded that during the suspension period, users had time to adapt their production units to 
other sources of supply.  

Likelihood of a resumption of injury if suspension was prolonged 

After the improvement of the Union industry’s performance in the 1st semester of 2021 in comparison with 
the IP, its economic situation remained stable during the PoA, although some injury indicators deteriorated. 
The prospects for the Union industry after the PoA were not that positive as orders of the product concerned 
decreased by 12% in comparison with the 1st semester of 2021 and by 2% in comparison with the IP (when 
the Union industry was found to be in an injurious situation). Following the PoA, demand was not expected to 
pick up given the uncertainties in the car manufacturing and construction sectors, along with the expected 
further increase in costs of the main inputs. Furthermore, the Union industry would have less bargaining power 
in price setting, and its economic performance would be negatively impacted.  

At the same time, Chinese imports increased during the PoA, and even further in the 2 months following the 
PoA, at prices that were lower than the Union industry’s average prices, despite the increase in international 
transport  costs  and  bottlenecks  in  deliveries,  and  the  COVID-related  difficulties  affecting  Chinese 
manufacturers. The rapid increase in Chinese imports was expected to continue and result in the same situation 
found during the original IP, if the measures continued to be suspended. The Commission concluded that it 
was no longer the case that injury to the Union industry was unlikely to resume in case the suspension of the 
anti-dumping duties was to be prolonged.  

Therefore, the Commission decided not to prolong the suspension of the anti-dumping duties on imports of 
AFRPs originating in China and the duties were re-instated in July 2022. 

Rejecting the suspension of anti-dumping measures on urea and ammonium nitrate originating in Russia, 
Trinidad and Tobago and USA 

23 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In October 2019, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of mixtures of urea and 
ammonium nitrate (UAN) originating in Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and USA. In May 2021, Copa-Cogeca, 
an association of users of the product concerned, submitted information alleging temporary change of market 
conditions which occurred after the imposition of the definitive measures which would justify the suspension 
of the anti-dumping duties.  Article 14(4) of the basic Regulation provides that, in the Union interest, anti-
dumping measures may be suspended where market conditions have temporarily changed to an extent that 
injury  would  be  unlikely  to  resume  as  a  result  of  such  suspension.  In  November  2021,  the  Commission 
requested information about prices, Union demand and performance of the Union industry during the third 
quarter of 2021 in order to examine and assess the impact, if any, of the alleged changed circumstances on the 
Union market and whether injury would be unlikely to resume as a result of a suspension.   

Changes in market conditions 

The alleged temporary changes of market conditions consisted of a scarcity of supply on the Union market as 
the volume of imports decreased and the Union industry reduced its production leading to a sharp increase in 
prices. The Commission’s analysis covered two parts, i.e. first a comparison between the market conditions in 
the original IP and in 2021 and, second, an update on the then most recent developments in 2022 for which 
data were available. 

The alleged temporary changes of market conditions consisted of a scarcity of supply on the Union market as 
the volume of imports decreased and the Union industry reduced its production leading to a sharp increase in 
prices. The Commission analysis covered two parts, i.e. first a comparison between the market conditions in 
the original IP and in 2021 and, second, an update on the most recent developments in 2022 for which data 
were available. 

Eurostat statistics covering up to the end of 2021 showed that since the measures were imposed, UAN imports 
from the countries concerned decreased by 69 % compared to the original IP. As these were only partially 
replaced by imports from other countries, this led to an overall decline of imports of almost 60 % compared to 
the original IP. The market share of imports also decreased from 43 % to 19 %. As a result, there was a shortage 
in supply of 1,14 million tonnes, when comparing original IP and 2021. Imports increased in the first half of 
2022 by over 250 % when compared to the first half of 2021 which coincided with a dramatic decrease in the 
Union production.  

Regarding possible future developments in imports, the Commission found that the US were concentrating its 
UAN sales on the domestic market since 2020.  However, imports from Trinidad and Tobago continued to 
enter the Union in significant quantities in 2021, representing 50 % of all imports to the Union. In the first four 
months of 2022, Trinidad and Tobago exported 54 % more than in the same period in 2021 last year. As regards 
imports from Russia, it was noted that despite sanctions imports from Russia continued at very significant 
levels (practically without decline) in 2022. In June 2022 alone, the volume of imports from Russia was greater 
than throughout the entire first half of 2021. Belarus had been another source of Union imports, but this was 
also  discontinued  due  to  the  fact  that  the  main  Belarussian  producer,  is  on  the  EU’s  sanctions  list  since 
December 2021. Then, in March 2022, Ukraine announced a ban on exports of fertilisers – including UAN. 
On this basis, the Commission concluded that it could reasonably be expected that Trinidad and Tobago would 
remain the main source of imports of UAN in the Union. 

Given the demand of UAN in the Union remained relatively stable since the original IP, the gap in supply 
created by the lower volume of imports was not being completely filled by the increase of Union industry’s 
sales. The Union industry should have increased its sales by around 31 % in comparison to their sales in the 
original  IP.  However,  whilst  production  increased  substantially  following  the  imposition  of  measures,  the 
increase was not sufficient to compensate fully for the drop in imports. This led to  an estimated imbalance 
between supply and demand of around 371 000 tonnes in 2021. As for 2022, the Union industry appears to 
have dramatically cut their production. The supply gap created was too large to be filled by the increase in 
imports in the first half of 2022. It was therefore concluded that, after the original investigation, there was  a 
temporary imbalance between supply and demand on the Union market.  

As regards UAN prices in the Union, these increased sharply in the second half of 2021 having more than 
doubled in these six months and were in December 2021 almost four times higher than during the original IP. 
The main reason for this price increase seemed to be the rise in natural gas prices (almost 400%) that account 
for a substantial proportion of UAN’s costs of production. Import prices of UAN also showed an increase, but 

24 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
to a smaller extent than the Union industry. During 2021, prices from Trinidad and Tobago and Russia have 
consistently been lower than the published UAN market prices. In the first two quarters of 2022, this was still 
the case except for Trinidad and Tobago that came just slightly above published UAN market prices in the 
second quarter 2022.  The shortage of supply together with a large increase in the raw material costs, has likely 
caused prices to increase which put a financial burden on users since UAN cannot be easily replaced with other 
nitrogen  fertilisers.  Therefore,  the  Commission  concluded  that  there  was  a  temporary  change  in  market 
conditions since the original IP in the sense of supply not meeting the demand and higher prices.  

Likelihood of a resumption of injury if measures suspended 

Despite the spike in UAN prices, the parallel increase in natural gas prices had a major negative impact on the 
profitability of the Union industry, resulting in a lossmaking situation of - 9% on average in the third quarter 
of 2021.  The Commission made simulations on the development of profitability of the Union industry, should 
the measures be suspended. This was done by using trends in natural gas prices and UAN price between the 
first quarter of 2021 and the second quarter of 2022. This showed that the lossmaking situation of the Union 
industry in the third quarter of 2021 continued in the first half of 2022. Owing to the very high natural gas 
prices, the Union producers were not only unable to increase production to fully compensate for the imports 
lost in 2021, but they had to further limit the production, including partial closures of production lines.  The 
prices of UAN in September 2022 were unable to cover the cost of gas that is required to produce UAN.  The 
Commission found that the Union industry was still suffering material injury. Copa-Cogeca claimed that the 
continuation of measures would be against the Union interest and would have a negative effect on the food 
production in the Union.  Under Article 14(4) of the basic Regulation measures may be suspended in the Union 
interest only if injury would be unlikely to resume as a result of the suspension.  However, given the situation 
of  the  Union  industry  which  continued  incurring  financial  losses  in  September  of  2022,  the  Commission 
concluded that injury would be likely to get worse if measures were suspended.  Therefore as the conditions 
for suspension were not met, the Commission did not evaluate the Union interest under Article 14(4) of the 
basic Regulation.  

The  examination  of  post-IP  developments  showed  that  the  Union  industry  still  suffered  from  an  injurious 
situation so the Commission could not conclude that market conditions had temporarily changed to an extent 
that  injury  would  be  unlikely  to  resume  as  a  result  of  a  suspension  pursuant  to  Article  14(4)  of  the  basic 
Regulation. Therefore, in October 2022, the Commission decided not to suspend the anti-dumping duties on 
imports of mixture of urea and ammonium nitrate originating in Russia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United 
States of America imposed in October 2019.  

3.1.5. 

New investigations terminated without measures 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  respective  basic  Regulations,  investigations  may  be  terminated 
without  the  imposition  of  measures  if  a  complaint  is  withdrawn  or  if  measures  are  unnecessary  (i.e.  no 
dumping/no subsidies, no injury resulting from dumped or subsidised imports, measures not in the interest of 
the Union). In 2022, 1 new anti-subsidy investigation was terminated without measures – see table below. 

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex 
E. 

Product 
Graphite electrode systems 

Origin 

China 

Main reason for termination 

Withdrawal of the complaint  

3.2.  Review investigations 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews 

Article 11(2) and Article 18 respectively of the basic Regulations provide for the expiry of measures after 5 
years,  unless  an  expiry  review  demonstrates  that  in  a  review  that  the  expiry  would  be  likely  to  lead  to  a 
continuation or recurrence of dumping or subsidisation and related injury.  In 2022, 1 anti-dumping and 1 anti-
subsidy measure expired automatically. The reference for the measure is available in Annex N. 

25 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Since the expiry provision of the basic Regulations came into force in 1985, a total of 518 measures have 
expired automatically. 

3.2.1.1.  Initiations 

In 2022, the Commission initiated 24 expiry reviews of anti-dumping measures and 3 expiry review of anti-
subsidy measures. The list of the expiry reviews initiated in 2022 are in the following table, together with the 
name of the complainant. Some expiry reviews may be carried out in parallel with interim reviews although 
this was not the case in 2022. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal to which reference 
is available in Annex F. 

Product 
(Type of investigation: AD or AS) 

Origin 

Complainant 

Sodium gluconate - AD 
Aluminium road wheels (certain) - AD 

China 
China 

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless 
steel (butt-welding fittings) - AD 

China 
Taiwan 

Polyester yarn (High tenacity) - AD 

China 

Heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy 
steel (certain) - AD 
Graphite electrode systems - AS 

China 

India 

Graphite electrode systems - AD 

India 

Okoumé plywood - AD 

China 

Jungbunzlauer S.A. 
Association of European Wheel 
Manufacturers 
Defence Committee of the Stainless steel 
butt-welding Fittings industry of the 
European Union 
CIRFS - European Man-Made Fibres 
Association 
European Steel Association (EUROFER) 

GrafTech France S.N.C., GrafTech Iberica 
S.L., Showa Denko Europe GmbH and 
Tokai Erftcarbon GmbH  

GrafTech France S.N.C., GrafTech Iberica 
S.L., Showa Denko Europe GmbH and 
Tokai Erftcarbon GmbH 
European Panel Federation 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel (certain) - AD 
Glass fibres (certain continuous 
filament) - AD 

China 

European Steel Association (EUROFER) 

China 

European Glass Fibre Producers 
Association 

Thermal paper (certain lightweight) - 
AD 
Seamless pipes and tubes of iron 
(other than cast iron) or steel (other 
than stainless steel) (certain) - AD 
Tungsten carbide, fused tungsten 
carbide and tungsten carbide simply 
mixed with metallic powder - AD 

Republic of 
Korea 
China 

China 

European Thermal Paper Association 

The European Steel Tube Association 

Global Tungsten & Powders spol s.r.o., 
H.C. Starck Tungsten GmbH,  Tikomet 
Oy, Treibacher Industrie AG, Umicore 
Specialty Powders France and Wolfram 
Bergbau und Hütten AG< 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel (certain) – AS  
Rebars - AD 

China 

European Steel Association (EUROFER) 

Belarus 

European Steel Association (Eurofer) 

Coated fine paper  - AS 

China 

Arctic Paper Grycksbo AB,Burgo Group 
SpA, Fedrigoni SpA, Lecta  Group, Sappi 
Europe SA 

26 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Coated fine paper - AD 

China 

Melamine - AD 

China 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel)(certain) - AD 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh 
fabrics) - AD 
Ceramic tiles -AD 

Hand pallet trucks - AD 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) - 
AD 

Brazil 
Iran 
Russian 
Federation 
Ukraine 
China 

China 

China 

China 

Arctic Paper Grycksbo AB,Burgo Group 
SpA, Fedrigoni SpA, Lecta  Group, Sappi 
Europe SA 
Borealis Agrolinz Melamine GmbH,OCI 
Nitrogen BV,Grupa Azoty Zaklady 
Azotowe Pulawy SA 

European Steel Association (EUROFER) 

Tech-Fab Europe 

European Ceramic tile Manufacturers’ 
Association  
Toyota Material Handling Europe,PR 
Industrial S.r.l. 
ERCROS S.A,Electroquímica de Hernani 
S.A. 

3.2.1.2.  Expiry reviews concluded with confirmation of duties 

In 2022, the Commission concluded 18 expiry reviews (1 concerned anti-subsidy) with a confirmation of the 
duties for a further period of 5 years. 

The list of the measures, which were renewed during 2022, together with the results of the investigations, can 
be found below. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in Annex F. 

Product 

Grain oriented flat-rolled 
products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

Tube and pipe fittings of 
iron or steel 

Acesulfame Potassium 
(ACE-K) 

Aluminium foil (certain) 

Ductile pipes (tubes and 
pipes of ductile cast iron) 

Ductile pipes (tubes and 
pipes of ductile cast iron) 

Origin 
Japan 
China 
Republic of Korea 
Russian Federation 
United States of 
America 

Type20 and level of measure 
AD: 35,9 - 39% Others 39% 
AD: 21,5 + 36,6% Others 36,6% 
 AD: 22,5% Others 22,5% 
AD: 21,6% Others 21,6% 

AD: 22% Others 22% 

China 

China 

China 

India 

India 

AD: 58,6% - Others 58,6% 

AD: 2,64 - 4,58% - Others 4,58% 

AD: 6,4 - 24,2% - 30% 

AD: 0 - 14,1% - Others 14,1% 

AS: 6 - 9% - Others 9% 

Ring binder mechanisms 

China 

AD: 51,2% - Others 78,8% 

20  

AD: anti-dumping duty; AS: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

27 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Molybdenum wires 

China 

AD: 64,3% - Others 64,3% 

Silicon 

China 

AD: 16,3 Others 16,8% 

Sodium cyclamate 

Indonesia 
China 

AD:€ 0,24 per KG - Others €0,27 per KG 
AD: €0,23 - 1,17 per KG - €0,26 per KG 

Aspartame 

China 

AD: 55,4 - 59,4% - Others 59,4% 

Cold-rolled flat steel 
products 

China 
Russian Federation 

AD: 19,7 - 20,5% - Others 22,1% 
AD: 18,7 - 34% - Others 36,1% 

3.2.1.3 Details of some individual cases concluded by confirmation of duty 

Grain  oriented  flat-rolled  products  of  silicon  electrical  steel  (GOES)  originating  in  Japan, 
People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and United States of America - Anti-
dumping measures 

Anti-dumping measures on grain-oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel (GOES) were imposed 
in 2015 for five years against imports from five countries (China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russia and 
the  USA).    On  30  October  2020  following  a  request  by  the  European  Steel  Association  (EUROFER), 
representing more than 25% of EU production of the product concerned, the Commission initiated the first 
expiry review. The request for review was based on the grounds that the expiry of measures would likely result 
in the continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury to the Union industry. 

The investigation concerned imports of certain grain-oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel of 
a thickness of more than 0,16 mm. The main application of the product is in the transformer business, where 
it  is  used  as  the  core  material  in  power  and  distribution  transformers.  GOES  is  produced  by  less  than  20 
producers worldwide, which are among the biggest steel producers in the world. Four GOES producing steel 
mills are located in the EU.  

The  review  investigation  period  was  from  1  July 2019  to  30  June  2020  and  the  examination  of the trends 
relevant for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the RIP.  

Sampling 

Given  that  there  are  only  four  GOES  producers  in  the  EU,  sampling  of  EU  producers  was  not  deemed 
necessary. Two exporting producers or groups of exporting producers from Japan and one group of exporting 
producers from China, provided the requested information and agreed to be included in the sample. A group 
of exporting producers from Russia initially agreed to be included in the sample, but at an early stage of the 
investigation stopped cooperating. Given the low number of cooperating exporting producers sampling was 
not necessary with respect to any of the countries concerned. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping  

None of the producers in Russia, the USA and Korea cooperated in the investigation and therefore 
the  Commission  replied  on  facts  available.    One  Japanese  exporting  producer  (Nippon  Steel) 
cooperated fully in the current investigation. 

China 

Owing to a lack of cooperation by the China producers, the findings were based on facts available.  

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of 
the  basic  Regulation  as  the  request  contained  sufficient  evidence  of  the  existence  of  significant 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
distortions (allocation of capital, land, labour, energy and raw materials) in the steel sector in China, 
to  which  GOES  belong.  As  a  result,  the  Commission  concluded  that  it  was  not  possible  to  use 
domestic  prices  and  costs  to  establish  normal  value  in  this  case.  Therefore,  normal  value  was 
calculated on the basis of undistorted prices or benchmarks from the representative country selected 
in the case, i.e. Brazil.  To construct normal value, the Commission used the information provided by 
the Union industry on the consumption of each factor of production multiplied by the undistorted 
costs per unit established in Brazil per product type. To this, the Commission added an appropriate 
percentage amount for manufacturing overheads and finally applied the SG&A and profit in Brazil 
which amounted to 13,5% and 7,06% respectively.  

As  the  Baoshan  Group  exported  the  product  under  review  to  the  Union  through  several  related 
companies acting as an importer, the export price was established on the basis of the price at which 
the imported product was first resold to independent customers in the Union, with adjustments to the 
price for all costs incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits 
accruing.  The normal value and the export price were compared on an ex-works basis which showed 
no dumping. The Commission therefore examined if dumping was likely to recur in the future should 
measures be allowed to lapse.  An analysis of China’s exports to third countries, the production and 
spare capacity in China, and the attractiveness of the Union market (where price levels are generally 
significantly  higher  than  the  export  prices  of  the  Chinese  producers  to  third  countries),  led  to  the 
conclusion that if measures were to lapse China would in all likelihood resume dumping in the EU.  

Russia 

Given the lack of cooperation from Russian exporters, the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence 
of dumping was assessed by using the information contained in the expiry review request, combined 
with  Eurostat  data  and  the  export  statistics  contained  in  GTA.    Export  prices  to  the  Union  were 
established on the basis of Eurostat data. The normal value and the export price were compared on 
an ex-works basis which established that the dumping margin of Russia exports to the Union was in 
the  region  of  80%,  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  the  export  price.      The  Commission  therefore 
concluded that dumping continued during the review investigation period.  The Commission therefore 
concluded  that  dumping  continued  during  the  review  investigation  period.    The  Commission  also 
examined if Russian exporters were likely to continue dumping if measures were allowed to lapse. 
Based on the dumped price levels of GOES to the Union during the RIP, the large spare capacity in 
Russia  of  around  58  000  tonnes,  representing  more  than  [16-22]  %  of  the  Union  consumption  of 
GOES  and  the  attractiveness  and  size  of  the  Union  market,  the  Commission  also  concluded  that 
significant quantities of GOES from Russia would likely enter the Union market at dumped price 
levels, should measures be allowed to lapse. 

USA  

Given the lack of cooperation from US exporters, the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of 
dumping was assessed by using the information contained in the expiry review request, combined 
with  Eurostat  data  and  the  export  statistics  contained  in  GTA.    Export  prices  to  the  Union  were 
established on the basis of Eurostat data. The normal value and the export price were compared on 
an ex-works basis which established that the dumping margin of US exports to the Union was 21 %, 
expressed as a percentage of the export price.   The Commission therefore concluded that dumping 
continued during the review investigation period.  Based on the dumped price levels of GOES to the 
Union during the RIP, the large spare capacity in the USA and the attractiveness of the Union market, 
the Commission also concluded that significant quantities of GOES from the USA would likely enter 
the Union market at dumped price levels, should measures be allowed to lapse. 

Japan 

For Nippon steel, normal value was based on the weighted average of the prices of all domestic sales 
of the products during the investigation period as these were found to be representative and profitable.  
For JFE Steel the Commission used facts available and established a constructed normal value using 
the methodology and values contained in the expiry review request. 

29 

 
 
 
 
 
Given that Nippon Steel exported to  the Union through related traders only,  the export price was 
constructed on the basis of the price at which the imported products were first resold to an independent 
buyer. Adjustments to  the price were made for all  costs incurred between importation and resale, 
including SG&A expenses, and for profits accruing. JFE Steel exported directly to the EU and as a 
result its export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product under review when sold 
for  export  to  the  Union.  The  Commission  compared  the  normal  value  and  the  export  price  as 
established  above  on  an  ex-works  basis  adjusting  the  normal  value  and/or  the  export  price  for 
differences  affecting  prices  and  price  comparability.  The  adjustments  were  made  for  transport, 
insurance,  handling,  loading  and  ancillary  costs,  packaging,  credit  costs  and  bank  charges  by  the 
cooperating exporting producer where applicable. 

The dumping margins  found for Nippon Steel  was 31 %,  while for JFE  Steel  it was 19 % so the 
Commission concluded that dumping continued during the review investigation period.  

Injury  

The investigation showed that the imposition of the measures in 2015 initially had a positive effect 
on the economic situation of the Union industry, in particular in 2017 when the Union industry started 
to recover. However, the economic situation started to deteriorate thereafter, resulting in losses of -
8,4  %  ,  -11,7  %,  -18,6  %  in  2018,  2019  and  the  review  investigation  period  respectively.  Sales 
volumes on the Union market decreased by 4 %, combined with a slight decrease in sales unit prices 
by 2 %. Production decreased by 15 %, and the production capacity utilisation went down by 10 %. 
Losses reached a level which was not sustainable. The Commission found that other indicators such 
as  return  on  investment  followed  the  same  downward  trend  as  the  profitability  indicator.  The 
Commission concluded that all the main indicators showed that the Union industry suffered material 
injury.  

The Commission also examined whether there was likelihood of continuation of injury, by examining 
spare capacity in the countries concerned, the attractiveness of the Union market, and the potential 
quantities and price levels of imports from these countries should the measures lapse and their impact 
on the Union industry’s situation. The investigation showed that the spare production capacity in the 
countries  concerned  represented  more  than  three  times  the  total  Union  consumption.  Taking  into 
account the price levels of exports from the four countries concerned to third countries and the actual 
injurious situation of the Union industry, the Commission concluded that it would be likely that the 
exporting producers of the four countries concerned would, in the absence of anti-dumping measures, 
start exporting to the Union at similar price levels that they apply to their third markets i.e. at injurious 
price levels. Given the injurious situation of the Union industry, the Commission concluded that the 
absence of measures would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of dumped imports from 
the countries concerned at injurious prices, leading to even higher losses for the Union producers.   

Union interest and measures 

The Commission concluded that a continuation of the measures would be in the interest of the Union 
industry  and  would  allow  the  industry  to  return  gradually  to  profitability  and  make  further 
investments necessary to manufacture and develop the quality grades needed to meet the increased 
demand of high permeability GOES products. If the measures were lapse, it would lead to a price 
reduction  across  all  types  of  GOES,  whereby  the  Union  industry  would  need  to  further  lower  its 
selling prices in order to remain attractive. The users associations argued that the maintenance of the 
measures  would  reduce  the  competitiveness  of  the  European  transformer  manufacturers’  vis-à-vis 
transformer  manufacturers  located  outside  the  Union.  The  Commission  considered  that  the 
continuation of the measures would only have a limited impact on the prices of transformers and the 
employment in the user’s industry with the likely effect that the cost of the input material, accounting 
for around 7 %-17 %, would remain unchanged at the same levels since the imposition of the measures 
in the form of the MIPs in 2015. The Commission concluded that the competitiveness of the user 
industry  would  possibly  be  negatively  affected  by  the  continuation  of  the  measures,  albeit  with  a 
lesser  impact  on  costs  than  alleged.  The  Commission  recalled  that  the  objective  of  anti-dumping 
duties was not to close off the Union market from all imports and by extending the measures in the 
form of MIPs, a secure and diverse supply from different sources, including from exporting and Union 

30 

 
 
 
producers  could  be  achieved.  The  Commission  concluded  that  there  were  no  compelling  Union 
interest reasons against the continuation of the existing measures on imports of GOES originating in 
the countries concerned.  

The measures in place on imports of certain grain-oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical 
steel  originating  in  the  China,  Japan,  Korea,  Russia  and  the  USA,  in  the  form  of  a  MIP,  were 
continued in January 2022 for a further period of five years.  

Silicon originating in the People’s Republic of China (extended to the Republic of Korea and Taiwan) – 
Anti-dumping measures 

On 2 July 2021, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures imposed on imports 
of  Silicon  originating  in  the  People’s  Republic  of  China  following  a  request  lodged  by  Euroalliages 
representing more than 25 % of the total Union production of the product concerned. The product under review 
is  silicon.  Silicon  is  used  primarily  by  the  chemical  industry  for  the  production  of  methylchlorosilanes  or 
trichlorosilanes and tetrachlorosilicon and the Aluminium industries for the production of aluminium alloys 
(primary and secondary smelters) intended for the production of castings alloys for different industries and in 
particular automotive. 

The  review  investigation  period  (RIP)  ran  from  1  July  2020  to  30  June  2021.  The  examination  of  trends 
relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 
1 January 2018 to the end of the RIP (‘the period considered’). 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 

During the RIP, imports of silicon into the Union from China continued but at a lower market share than during 
the review investigation period of the previous review investigation. Owing to a lack of cooperation by the 
China producers, the findings were based on facts available.  

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic 
Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions (allocation 
of  capital,  land,  labour,  energy  and  raw  materials)  in  the  metallurgical  sector  in  China.  As  a  result,  the 
Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value in 
this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated on the basis of undistorted prices or benchmarks from the 
representative country selected in the case, i.e. Malaysia.  To construct normal value, the Commission used 
the information provided by the Union industry on the consumption of each factor of production multiplied by 
the undistorted costs per unit established in Malaysia per product type. To this, the Commission added an 
appropriate  percentage  amount  for  manufacturing  overheads  and  finally  applied  the  SG&A  and  profit  in 
Malaysia which amounted to 17,7% and 5,05% respectively.  

This normal value was compared to the export price which was determined on the basis of CIF Eurostat data 
corrected to ex-works level by adjusting for sea freight and insurance costs and domestic transport cost in 
China.  On that basis, the weighted average dumping margin, expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union 
frontier price, duty unpaid, was 26,9%.   

The  Commission  also  examined  the  likelihood  of  the  continuation  of  dumping  if  the  measures  were 
discontinued with reference to production capacity and spare capacity in China and the attractiveness of the 
Union market. The Commission found that there was significant spare capacity in China -  production capacity 
in  China  was  between  6  and  8  million  tonnes  per  year  –  generally  accepted  to  be  higher  than  total  world 
consumption. In addition, the applicant had estimated the Chinese capacity utilisation was between 20 % and 
40 % in 2020.  The Commission concluded that China would have spare capacity of around 3,6 million tonnes, 
around seven times the entire Union consumption.   Continued imports into the Union, despite the measures 
in force, would suggest that the Union market continues to be attractive, and that if measures were to allowed 
to lapse, imports at dumped prices would continue.  The Commission found that prices of silicon to three other 
markets for Chinese silicon: Japan, the Republic of Korea and India were lower than the process to the EU 
making the latter a more attractive market. The investigation found that Chinese import prices including the 
anti-dumping duties still undercut those of the Union producers by 9,2 % during the RIP. Without the duties, 
undercutting would amount to 14,6 %. The Commission also noted that anti-circumvention measures in force 
on imports consigned from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan indicated the continued attractiveness of the 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Union market for Chinese exporting producers.  In addition, the fact that the US, Australia, and Canada have 
anti-dumping  or  anti-subsidy  measures  against  imports  of  silicon  from  China  further  increased  the 
attractiveness of the Union market.  As a result, the Commission concluded that there was a strong likelihood 
that the expiry of the anti-dumping measures would result in an increase of dumped exports from China.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

All  injury indicators,  apart  from the  stock  levels,  showed  a  negative  pattern  during  the  period  considered. 
While there was a decrease in demand by 16 %, both sales and production in the EU fell by more, 29 %. This 
led to a similar decrease in capacity (17 %) and employment (12 %).  Capacity utilisation and productivity 
also fell during the period considered as did the average unit prices (decreased 13 %). As a result, despite a 
decrease of the cost of production (5 %), the profitability fell by 88 %. In addition, cash flow and return on 
investment fell significantly over the period considered. The Commission concluded that the Union industry 
suffered  material  injury  within  the  meaning  of  Article  3(5)  of  the  basic  Regulation  during  the  review 
investigation period.  

As regards the causal link, imports from China decreased from 14 % in 2018 to 7 % in the RIP. These imports 
were at prices levels which undercut Union sales prices by 9,2 %, when considering the anti-dumping duties 
or  14,6  %  when  not  considering  the  duties.  This  kept  exerting  pressure  on  the  Union  industry  whose 
profitability remained very low throughout the period considered and even reached negative levels at times. 
Imports from other countries, such as Norway and Malaysia, increased and were sold at prices lower or close 
than those of Chinese imports with duties included, thereby also contributing to the injurious situation of the 
Union industry. This attenuated to some extent the causal link between the injury and the dumped imports 
from China.  

This Commission also examined the likelihood of the recurrence of injury. Given the continuation of dumping, 
the overcapacities in China along with the attractiveness of the EU market, the Commission concluded that the 
absence of measures would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of dumped imports from China at 
injurious prices and material injury would be likely to recur.  This would cause an even greater deterioration 
of  the  profitability  of  the  Union  industry.  The  Commission  concluded  that  in  all  likelihood  injury  would 
therefore recur if the measures were allowed to lapse. On Union interest, in response to concerns by users, the 
Commission  concluded  that  other  sources  of  supplies  and  the  spare  capacity  in  the  Union  represent  a 
diversified variety of options for the Union users of silicon.  

On 12 August 2022, the Commission extended the measures in place on imports of silicon from China for 
another five-year period.  

Cold-rolled flat steel products originating in China and Russia  

On 3 August 2021, the Commission initiated an expiry review with regard to imports of cold-rolled flat steel 
products (CRF) originating in China and Russia, following a request lodged by the European Steel Association 
(EUROFER)  representing  more  than  25%  of  the  total  Union  production  of  stainless  steel  cold-rolled  flat 
products. 

The product under review is the same as in in the original investigation namely flat-rolled products of iron or 
non-alloy steel, or other alloy steel but excluding of stainless steel. The products can be delivered in coils, cut 
lengths or narrow strips and are an industrial input purchased by end-users for a variety of applications, mainly 
in manufacturing (general industry, packaging, automotive, etc.) but also in construction.  

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2021 and the examination of trends 
relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 
1 January 2017 to the end of the RIP.  

Sampling  

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers accounting for more than 30% of the estimated 
total Union production and around 20% of the estimated total Union sales volume of the product under review. 
Sampling was not necessary for unrelated importers as none came forward in the investigation.  No producers 
from  China  came  forward  and  while  three  Russian  producers  signalled  their  intent  to  cooperate  in  the 

32 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
investigation, they only provided limited information and therefore the Commission applied Article 18 of the 
basic Regulation basing its findings on facts available.  

Due to the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission was unable to carry out on-spot 
verification  visits  but instead  performed  remote  cross-checks (‘RCCs’)  of  the information  provided  by the 
sampled companies.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 

China  

Imports  of  cold-rolled  flat  steel  products  from  China  continued  at  much  lower  levels  than  in  the  original 
investigation dropping from 732 000 tonnes to 32 000 tonnes in the review investigation period. This accounted 
for about 1 % of the Union market share compared to 10,3% in the original investigation. 

As  regards  China,  given  the  lack  of  cooperation  by  exporting  producers,  the  Commission  relied  on  facts 
available in accordance with the basic regulation. The Commission findings on the likelihood of continuation 
or recurrence of dumping was based on information contained in the expiry review request, submissions by 
interested parties as well as other sources such as trade statistics on imports and exports (Eurostat, the Global 
Trade Atlas and OECD and independent providers of financial data, such as Global Financials published by 
Dunn & Bradstreet.   

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic 
Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in China.  
The evidence available showed distortions arising from factors such as, a substantial degree of ownership by 
the GOC in the steel sector, the State’s presence and intervention in the financial markets, as well as in the 
provision of raw materials and inputs including land use rights, the distortive effects of the 13th and 14th Five 
Year Steel Plans for the steel industry, and other planning and strategic policies which foresee support to the 
steel sector, such as Made in China 2025. As a result, the Commission concluded that it was not possible to 
use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated 
on the basis of undistorted prices/benchmarks from the representative country selected in the case, i.e. Brazil. 

To  construct  normal  value,  the  Commission  used  the  information  provided  by  the  Union  industry  on  the 
consumption of each factor of production multiplied by the undistorted costs per unit established in Brazil 
(materials, electricity, natural gas and labour). In the absence of cooperation by the exporting producers, the 
Commission relied on the information provided by the applicant in the review request on the usage of each 
factor for the production of the product under review. To this, the Commission added an appropriate percentage 
amount  for  manufacturing  overheads,  SG&A  and  profit.  Manufacturing  overheads  were  based  on  data 
provided by the applicant while SG&A and profit were based on the financial data of three Brazilian companies 
(ArcelorMittal Brazil, CSN, and Usiminas). This resulted in 18,5% for SG&A and other costs and profits of 
14,7% being added.  

The Commission compared the constructed normal value with the export price based on CIF Eurostat data 
which was reduced by the sea and domestic freight and unloading charges, amounting to €140,44 tonne on the 
export price in order to bring it to ex-works price. However, as the volume of imports in question was very 
limited  (less  than  0,5  %  of  total  imports  into  the  Union  and  less  than  1%  market  share)  the  prices  were 
considered  unrepresentative  and  not  a  sufficient  basis  to  conclude  about  the  continuation  of  dumping. 
Therefore, the Commission investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping.  

To determine the likelihood of a recurrence of dumping, the Commission also analysed production and spare 
capacity  in  China,  the  attractiveness  of  the  Union  market  and  the  relation  between  export  prices  to  third 
countries and the price level in the Union. The spare capacity in China was estimated at 20 million tonnes in 
2020,  which  significantly  exceeded  the  total  Union  consumption  (about  9,7  million  tonnes)  in  the  review 
investigation period.  The Commission also found that some main markets such as the USA and India were 
protected  by  anti-dumping  measures  on  the  product  thereby  reducing  access  of  the  Chinese  exporting 
producers to those markets. In addition the weighted average unit sales prices of the sampled Union producers 
to  unrelated  customers  on  the  free  market  in  the  Union  amounted  to  EUR/tonne  622  during  the  review 
investigation period, higher than the average export price from China adjusted to an ex-works price amounting 
to EUR/tonne 585.  Given these factors, the Commission concluded that the Union market is an attractive 

33 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
market for Chinese producers of the product concerned and that it was likely they would direct exports towards 
the Union if the measures lapsed.  

Russia 

According to Eurostat, imports of cold rolled flat products from Russia dropped from 700 000 tonnes in the 
original investigation period to 3 000 tonnes in the RIP representing a market share of 0% of the Union market. 
In the original investigation the market share of imports from Russia was 9,8%.  

To establish the normal value, due to the non-cooperation from Russian exporting producers, the Commission 
used facts available. The Commission used data provided in the review request based on Global Steel Prices, 
Indexes & Forecasts MEPS International on domestic prices for cold rolled flat products in Russia in the Volga 
region. The normal value established was €702,97 tonne during the review investigation period. The export 
price was determined based on CIF Eurostat data and was €755,65 tonne.  

The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the product under review on an ex-works 
basis. Adjustments were made, based on information provided by the applicant, for sea and domestic freight, 
and unloading charges in order to bring it to ex-works level. The comparison between export price and normal 
value expressed as a percentage of the CIF value, showed dumping of 10 %.  However, as was the case from 
China, the volume of imports from Russia was very limited, accounting for less than 1 % of total imports into 
the Union and close to 0 % of the share of the Union market.  Therefore, the Commission considered the export 
prices as unrepresentative and not a sufficient basis to conclude about the continuation of dumping and hence 
investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping. 

To determine the likelihood of a recurrence of dumping, the Commission also analysed Russian exports to 
third countries, the production capacity and spare capacity in that country as well as the attractiveness of the 
Union market  for  Russian exporters.  The  export  price  was  established  on the  basis of export  prices  of  the 
product from Russia to other third countries. The Commission used the GTA database and established that the 
average CIF export price to third countries was €536 tonne in the review investigation period. This was reduced 
to ex-works level by deducting the freight and insurance costs and domestic transport cost in Russia (€127,84 
tonne) resulting in an adjusted ex-works export price to third countries of €408,72 tonne.  When compared to 
the normal value, the price of Russian exports of the product under review to third countries, expressed as a 
percentage of the CIF value, was 55 % lower.   

The production capacity and spare capacity in Russia were based on the information provided by the applicant.  
The total production capacity in Russia exceeded 12 000 000 tonnes in the review investigation period with an 
estimated spare capacity of around 2 000 000 tonnes that cannot be absorbed by the Russian domestic market. 
In addition, the applicant submitted that the Russian producers increased the production capacity for cold-
rolled  steel  by  approximately  1  150  000  tonnes  between  2016  and  2021.    This  spare  capacity  represented 
approx.  21  %  of  the  total  Union  consumption  in  the  review  investigation  period.    The  Commission  also 
established that the Russian exporting producers exported the product under review to third markets at prices 
around 14 % lower than the average sales prices of the Union producers on the Union market. This would 
make  exporting  to  the  Union  potentially  more  attractive  for  Russian  exporters  than  exporting  to  all  other 
countries. The Commission also established that the volume of exports by Russia to third countries was 580 
000 tonnes in the review investigation period, which represented 6 % of the free Union market consumption. 
This, in addition to the spare production capacity, was additional volume of CRF which could be diverted to 
the Union market given its attractiveness should the measures expire.  

The Commission noted that after the initiation of the investigation, due to the military aggression by Russia 
against Ukraine, the Union imposed successive packages of sanctions against Russia which included an import 
ban on CRF from 16 March 2022. However, given that the sanctions are linked to the military aggression and 
the underlying geopolitical situation, their scope, modulation, and/or duration are unpredictable. Furthermore, 
anti-dumping measures have a lifetime of five years. Considering the uncertainties and the fact that the Council 
may further amend the precise scope and duration of sanctions at any moment, the Commission found that the 
sanctions could not impact its conclusions in the case. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

34 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Union production during the review investigation period was established at around 30,5 million tonnes. 
As  the  Union  industry  is  mostly  vertically  integrated  and  cold-rolled  flat  steel  products  are  regarded  as  a 
primary material for the production of various value added downstream products, the captive and free market 
consumption  were  analysed  separately  in  the  injury  analysis.  The  reason  being  that  products  destined  for 
captive use are not exposed to direct competition from imports, while production destined for the free market 
is  in  direct  competition  with  imports  of  the  product  concerned,  and  prices  are  free  market  prices.  The 
Commission found that around 78 % of the total Union producers’ production was destined for captive use. 
The Commission examined economic indicators relating to the Union industry on the basis of data for the free 
market only.  

All macroeconomic indicators showed a negative trend over the period considered such as production, capacity 
utilization, sales volume on the Union market (both the captive and the free market), market share, employment 
and  productivity.  Similarly,  most  microeconomic  indicators  showed  a  negative  trend  over  the  period 
considered such as sales prices on the Union free market, cost of production, profitability, closing stocks, cash 
flow and return on investments. Only investments showed a positive trend. Despite increasing prices in the 
review investigation period, the Union industry still had a negative profit margin of –3,1% in the period. The 
cash flow and return on investments also deteriorated, making it more difficult for the Union industry to raise 
capital  and  grow.  The  Commission concluded  that  until  2018 the  Union industry  had recovered  from  past 
material injury caused by dumped imports from China and Russia. However, during the period considered, the 
injury picture deteriorated and the Union industry was back in an economically fragile and injurious situation 
during the review investigation period.  

However,  due  to  the  negligible  levels  of  imports  from  the  countries  concerned  throughout  the  period 
considered, the Commission concluded that imports from China and Russia could not have caused the injury 
suffered by the Union industry. Therefore, the Commission examined the likelihood of recurrence of injury 
originally caused by dumped imports from China and Russia if the measures were repealed.  In this context, 
the Commission examined the production capacity and spare capacity in the countries concerned, the relation 
between export prices to third countries and the price level in the Union and the impact of potential imports 
and price levels of such imports from China and Russia on the Union industry’s situation should the measures 
be allowed to lapse. On the basis of that information, the Commission concluded that the absence of measures 
would in all likelihood result in a significant increase of dumped imports from China and Russia at injurious 
prices, which would likely lead to a recurrence of material injury. 

Union interest  

Despite  contacting  all  known  unrelated  importers  and  users,  none  of  them  replied  to  the  questionnaire  or 
cooperated in the expiry review.  There were claims of a negative impact of continuing measures on supply as 
well as the impact of the safeguard measures. However, the Commission concluded that safeguard measures 
have a different rationale and objective than that of anti-dumping measures and that they are not sufficient to 
protect the Union market against imports in significant quantities at dumped prices. Furthermore, the Union 
industry’s capacity utilisation was only at 68 % during the period, while their sales prices were at a relatively 
low level thus indicating that there was ample room for increased production at competitive prices.   

Claim for a suspension of measures 

Three  Russian  exporting  producers  and  one  user  claimed  that  the  current  measures  should  be  suspended. 
Article  14(4)  of  the  basic  Regulation  provides  that,  in  the  Union  interest,  anti-dumping  measures  may  be 
suspended where market conditions have temporarily changed to an extent that injury would be unlikely to 
resume as a result of such suspension. The arguments provided by the different parties referred to the alleged 
high price increase in the Union since the end of 2020, the diminishing imports of CRF from the countries 
concerned and an alleged imbalance between demand and supply. The limited evidence and data provided to 
support the arguments related almost entirely to a period of time covered by the RIP and no data was provided 
on the period following the review investigation period or future forecast data to support their arguments. The 
Commission found that the Union industry was still in a fragile situation during the RIP and that, in any event, 
there was a strong likelihood that material injury originally caused by dumped imports from China and Russia 
at  injurious  prices  would  recur  if  the  measures  expire.  Furthermore  the  Commission  found  no  compelling 
reasons  of  Union  interest against maintaining the  measures.  Therefore,  the  Commission  rejected  the  claim 
while reserving its right to further examine the need for suspending measures in accordance with the basic 
Regulation in due course.  

35 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Commission decided to continue the measures in place on CRF from China and Russia for a further period 
of five years in October 2022.  

3.2.1.4.  Expiry reviews concluded by termination 

In 2022, the Commission did not conclude any expiry review by terminating the measures in force. 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews 

Article 11(3) and Article 19 of the basic Regulations provide for the review of measures during their period of 
validity on the initiative of the Commission, at the request of a Member State or, provided that at least one 
year  has  lapsed  since  the  imposition  of  the  definitive  measure,  following  a  request  containing  sufficient 
evidence by an exporter, an importer or by the EU producers. In carrying out the investigations, it will be 
examined, inter alia, whether the circumstances with regard to dumping/subsidisation and injury have changed 
to 
significantly  and  whether 
dumping/subsidisation or injury aspects. 

lasting  nature.  Reviews  can  be 

these  changes  are  of  a 

limited 

During  2022,  the  Commission  initiated  four  interim  reviews  (all  anti-dumping  measures).  Three  interim 
reviews  were  concluded  in  the  year  with  an  amendment  of  the  duty.    Two  other  interim  reviews  were 
terminated  without  amending  the  duty.  More  information  can  be  obtained  from  the  Official  Journal 
publications to which reference is given in Annex G. 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews 

As far as anti-dumping measures are concerned, Article 11(4) of the basic AD Regulation allows for a review 
("newcomer" review) to be carried out in order to determine individual margins of dumping for new exporters 
located in the exporting country in question, which did not export the product during the IP.  

Parties have to show that they are genuine new exporters, i.e. that they are not related to any of the exporters 
or producers in the exporting country,  which are subject to the anti-dumping measures, and that they have 
actually started to export to the EU following the IP, or that they have entered into an irrevocable contractual 
obligation to export a significant quantity to the EU. 

When a review for a new exporter is initiated, the duties are repealed with regard to that exporter. However, 
its imports become subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the basic AD Regulation in order to ensure 
that, should the review result in a determination of dumping for that exporter, anti-dumping duties may be 
levied retroactively to the date of the initiation of the review. 

As  far  as  anti-subsidy  measures  are  concerned,  Article  20  of  the  basic  AS  Regulation allows for  a review 
(accelerated review) to be carried out in order to promptly establish an individual countervailing duty rate. 
Any  exporter  whose  exports  are  subject  to  a  definitive  countervailing  duty  but  who  was  not  individually 
investigated  during  the  original  investigation  for  reasons  other  than  a  refusal  to  co-operate  with  the 
Commission can request such review. 

In 2022, the Commission initiated two ‘new exporter’ reviews (Annex I).  In 2022, four such reviews were 
completed.  

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations 

Where there is sufficient information showing that, after the original IP and prior to or following the imposition 
of measures, export prices have decreased or that there has been no or insufficient movement in the resale 
prices or subsequent selling prices of the imported product in the EU, an absorption review may be opened.  
This examines whether the measure has had effects on the export prices. The duty may be increased to take 
account of such lower export prices. The possibility of absorption reviews is included in Articles 12 and 19(3) 
of the basic Regulations. 

In  2022,  one  anti-absorption  investigation  was  initiated  on  AD  measures  and  one  such  investigation  was 
completed with an increase in the level of the measures (Annex J). 

36 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations 

The  possibility  of  investigations  being  opened  in  circumstances  where  evidence  is  brought  to  show  that 
measures  are  being  circumvented  is  covered  in  Articles  13  and  23  of  the  basic  AD  and  AS  Regulations 
respectively. 

Circumvention is defined as a change in the pattern of trade between third countries and the EU that stems 
from a practice, process or work for which there is insufficient cause or economic justification other than the 
imposition of the duty. The duties may be extended to imports from third countries of like products, or parts 
thereof, if circumvention is taking place. Duties may also be extended to imports of a slightly modified like 
product from the country subject to current measures. 

In 2022, the Commission initiated two anti-circumvention investigations on anti-dumping measures. Two such 
reviews  were  concluded  with  an  extension  of  duty  to  other  exporting  countries.  No  anti-circumvention 
investigation was concluded without extending the measures.  

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex 
K. 

3.2.5.1 Details of some individual cases concluded by extension of duty 

Glass fibre fabrics from China and Egypt – measures extended to Morocco 

In  2020,  the  Commission  imposed  a  definitive  anti-dumping  duty  and  a  definitive  countervailing  duty  on 
imports of certain woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics (‘GFF’) originating in China and Egypt. 

In May 2021, the Commission initiated an investigation following a complaint by the Union industry that these 
measures on imports of GFF were being circumvented through minor procession operations in Morocco. 

Only one (Chinese owned) company that had set up a plant in Morocco came forward in the investigation and 
requested an exemption. This company, which accounted for the totality of imports of GFF into the Union 
from Morocco, was part of a Chinese owned group of companies involved in the production and sales of GFF, 
related products and the main input material, glass fibre rovings. Its Chinese parent company was subject to 
an anti-dumping duty of 37.6 % and an anti-subsidy duty of 17 %.  

Change in the pattern of trade 

The total volume of imports of GFF from Morocco into the Union increased from 277 tonnes in 2019 to 2 809 
tonnes  in  2020.  At the  same time,  imports  from  China  and  Egypt  to  the  Union  also  increased.  In  parallel, 
imports from the parent company in China decreased significantly since the imposition of measures and were 
largely replaced by imports from Morocco. The significant increase of the total volume of imports of GFF 
from Morocco into the Union in 2020 compared to 2019 coincided in time with the start of the production in 
April 2020 of the company in Morocco.  

In parallel with the increase in imports of GFF from Morocco to the Union, there was an increase in exports 
of the main input material (glass fibre rovings), used to produce GFF, from the PRC and Egypt to Morocco. It 
was found that the company in Morocco sourced 100 % of their glass fibre rovings from the PRC to produce 
GFF. 

The increase of exports of GFF from Morocco to the Union, together with the increase in Chinese and Egyptian 
exports of glass fibre rovings to Morocco over the same period, constitute a change in the pattern of trade 
between the three countries (China, Egypt and Morocco) and the Union within the meaning of Article 13(1) 
of the basic anti-dumping Regulation and Article 23(3) of the basic anti-subsidy Regulation. 

Practice to avoid the duties 

The circumvention practices consisted of the following: The company imported the input materials from its 
parent company in the PRC and performed only some minor further processing operations in Morocco, before 
shipping the GFF to the Union.  

The company was set up on 2 October 2019, around seven months after the initiation of the initial anti-dumping 
and anti-subsidy investigations, and began production in April 2020, the same month the definite anti-dumping 
duties were imposed. 100 % of the main input material (glass fibre rovings) used in the production of GFF 
were sourced from China, in particular from the parent company. It was found that the added value to the parts 
brought in was below 25 % of the manufacturing cost. 

37 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The investigation has not revealed any evidence of due cause or economic justification for the increase of 
exports from Morocco of GFF to the Union, other than avoiding the payment of the anti-dumping and anti-
subsidy duty levied on the imports of the product concerned from China. Rather the contrary, as the parent 
company stated itself in its 2019 Annual report that the avoidance of paying any anti-dumping duties was the 
determining reason for setting up a plant in Morocco.  

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures, dumping and subsidisation  

The  GFF  imports  from  Morocco  were  found  to  enter  the  Union  market  at  dumped  prices.  As  regards 
subsidisation,  in  the  original  investigations,  the  Chinese  and  Egyptian  exporting  producers  were  found  to 
benefit from a number of subsidy schemes granted by the Government of China and Egypt. There was no 
evidence suggesting that such schemes are no longer in place. The Moroccan company benefitted, via its parent 
company in China, from the subsidies found in China. It was therefore concluded that the imports of GFF from 
Morocco into the Union benefitted from the subsidy schemes. 

The quantities of GFF that were exported into the Union from Morocco increased significantly in absolute 
volumes and represented more than 2% of the Union consumption during the RP. In terms of prices, these 
imports  also  undermined  the  remedial  effect  of  the  measures.  The  undercutting  margin  was  14  %  and  the 
underselling margin was 42 %. The circumvention practices undermined therefore the remedial effects of the 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures both in terms of quantities and in terms of prices. 

Extension of the measures 

Based  on  the  above  findings,  it  was  established  that  circumvention  of  the  anti-dumping  measures  and 
countervailing  measures  imposed  on  GFF  from  China  took  place  through  minor  processing  operations  in 
Morocco. No evidence was found concerning the circumvention of measures on GFF from Egypt. Therefore, 
in  February  2022 the anti-dumping  and  countervailing  measures  against imports  of  GFF  from  China  were 
extended to Morocco.  

Glass fibre fabrics from China and Egypt – measures extended to Türkiye  

In June 2020, the Commission imposed anti-dumping duty and countervailing measures on imports of certain 
woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics (‘GFF’) originating in China and Egypt. 

In December 2012, the Commission initiated an investigation following a complaint by the Union industry 
that  these  measures  on  imports  of  GFF  were  being  circumvented  through  minor  procession  operations  in 
Türkiye. 

One company in Türkiye (‘TC’) that came forward and requested an exemption was Chinese-owned and part 
of a Chinese owned group of companies involved in the production and sales of GFF, of its related products 
and of its main input material, glass fibre rovings. Its related Chinese and Egyptian companies are subject to 
an anti-dumping duty of respectively 69 % and 20 %, as well as an anti-subsidy duty of respectively 30,7 % 
and 10,9 % 

Apart from the Chinese owned company TC, three other Turkish companies submitted exemption claim forms. 
TC sold both domestically and to the EU more than the three other co-operating producers taken together. 

Change in the pattern of trade 

The total volume of imports of GFF from Türkiye increased from 1 279 tonnes in 2019 over 2 516 tonnes in 
2020 to 6 286 tonnes in the investigation period. At the same time, imports from Egypt to the Union also 
increased, whereas the imports from China to the Union decreased from 25 171 tonnes in 2019 to 14 538 
tonnes.  

The significant increase of the total volume of imports of GFF from Türkiye into the Union coincided in time 
with the start of the sales in May 2020 by TC to its main European customer. In parallel with the increase in 
imports of GFF from Türkiye to the Union, there was an increase in exports of the main input material (glass 
fibre rovings), used to produce GFF, from the PRC and Egypt to Türkiye.  The investigation confirmed that 
TC sourced 100 % of their glass fibre rovings from the PRC and Egypt to produce GFF. 

The increase of exports of GFF from Türkiye to the Union, together with the increase in Chinese and Egyptian 
exports of glass fibre rovings to Türkiye over the same period, constituted a change in the pattern of trade 
between the three countries (China, Egypt and Türkiye) and the Union within the meaning of Article 13(1) of 
the basic anti-dumping Regulation and Article 23(3) of the basic anti-subsidy Regulation.  

Practice to avoid the duties 

38 

 
 
 
TC imported the input materials from its related companies in China and Egypt and performed (minor) further 
processing operations in Türkiye, before shipping the GFF to the Union. 

TC was set up on 1 June 2018, about 9 months before the initiation of the original anti-dumping investigation 
and about 1 year before the initiation of the anti-subsidy investigation on imports of GFF against China and 
Egypt. 

TC started production in March 2019 and started supplying its main domestic customer in June 2019. It sold 
during the RP domestically more than the three other co-operating Turkish producers. Since the start of its 
production, it has always sold more domestically, but the gap between domestic sales and export sales got 
smaller over the years. It only started to supply its main customer in the EU about one year later, in May 2020.   
Therefore, it was demonstrated that the operation started or substantially increased since, or just prior to, the 
initiation  of  the  anti-dumping  investigation  and  that  the  parts  concerned  are  from  the  countries  subject  to 
measures. Indeed, the investigation revealed that almost all parts, and in particular 100 % of its main input 
material (glass fibre rovings), used in the production of GFF were sourced from China and Egypt. The value 
added to the parts brought in from China and Egypt was calculated at 17%. 

Even though there were other reasons to set up the company in Türkiye than the measures in place, i.e. to 
supply the Turkish domestic market, other elements pointed to a change in the pattern of trade in connection 
with the imposition of the duties. In particular, the company was established on 1 June 2018 but started to 
produce in March 2019. The date of the start of the production coincided with the date of the initiation of the 
initial  anti-dumping  investigation  on  imports  of  GFF  from  China  and  Egypt.  The  operation  substantially 
increased since, or just prior to, the initiation of the initial anti-dumping investigation. In the investigation 
period  TC  exported  to  the  EU  more  than  the  three  other  co-operating  Turkish  producers  together.  Turkiz 
Composite thus could export to the EU without paying anti-dumping or countervailing duties as of May 2020. 

In light of all these elements, it was concluded that, while there may have been due cause or another economic 
justification for establishing a production site in Türkiye, other than the avoidance of the measures in place on 
imports from China and Egypt the change in the pattern of trade was a result of the fact that the operation 
substantially  increased  after  the  original  measures  were  imposed  in  order  to  export  to  the  Union  without 
payment of any duties.  

Undermining the remedial effect of the duties, dumping and subsidization 

The investigation revealed that the GFF imports from Türkiye entered the Union market at dumped prices. As 
regards  subsidisation,  Chinese  and  Egyptian  exporting  producers  were  found  to  benefit  from  a  number  of 
subsidy schemes granted by the Government of the PRC and Egypt. There was no evidence suggesting that 
such schemes are no longer in place. TC, as sourcing from a related company in China, benefitted from the 
subsidies  found  in  China  and  Egypt.  It  was  therefore  concluded  that  the  imports  of  GFF  from  Türkiye 
benefitted from the subsidy schemes. 

The  quantities  of  GFF  that  were  exported  into  the  Union  from  Türkiye  increased  significantly  in  absolute 
volumes and represented more than 5 % of the Union consumption in the investigation period. Also in terms 
of prices, the imports were found to undermine the remedial effect of the measures. 

Extension of the measures 

The investigation established that circumvention of the measures imposed against imports of GFF from China 
and Egypt took place through processing operations in Türkiye. Therefore, in September 2022 the existing 
anti-dumping and countervailing measures against imports of GFF from China were extended to Türkiye. As 
three of the four Turkish producers that came forward were found to be genuine Turkish producers not engaged 
in circumvention activities, these companies were exempted from the extended measures. 

3.2.6. 

“Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) 

These  investigations  fall  outside  Article  11(3)  or  Article  19  of  the  basic  Regulations  and  focus  on  the 
implementation of court rulings. In 2022, the Commission initiated five such investigations (2 AD and 3 AS) 
and concluded four other reviews by amending the measures as appropriate. A list of the cases concerned is 
given in Annex H. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in that Annex. 

39 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
3.3. 

Safeguard investigations 

The Commission applies safeguard measures rarely. They are only used where it is clear that such measures 
are necessary and justified because, due to unforeseen circumstances, there has been a surge in imports and 
this  has  caused  or  threatens  to  cause  serious  damage  to  the  EU  industry.    Unlike anti-dumping and anti-
subsidy measures, safeguards do not focus on whether trade is fair or not, so the conditions for imposing them 
are more stringent. 

Not  all  safeguard  measures  adopted  by  the  EU  constitute  safeguards  within  the  meaning  of  the  WTO 
Agreement on Safeguards. Some of these measures are called ‘safeguards’ under particular regimes, such as 
bilateral  safeguards  or  the  safeguard  investigations  under  the  Generalised  Scheme  of  Preferences  (GSP).  
Bilateral safeguard measures imposed in 2019 on imports of Indica rice from Cambodia and Myanmar, under 
the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP) expired in January 2022.  

There were no new safeguard investigations initiated in 2022 although there were reviews and adjustments 
made to the steel safeguard measure which the Commission originally introduced in 2019.  

In terms of casework, in 2022, the EU concluded review investigations of its safeguard measure on certain 
steel products details below. 

3.3.1.     Details on steel safeguard reviews  

In 2022, the steel safeguard measure underwent several amendments. 

First,  on  15  March  2022,  by  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2022/43421    the  Commission 
amended the steel safeguard measure in order to cater for the import ban on steel products that the European 
Union had imposed on Russia22 and Belarus23 respectively.  

In practical terms, the Commission adapted the safeguard measure as follows. In each product category where 
Belarus  and  Russia  had  country-specific  tariff  rate  quotas  (CSTRQs),  the  Commission  proportionally 
redistributed those volumes among other exporting countries subject to the safeguard measure based on the 
most recent data available, namely their share of overall imports in 2021. Such data was also relevant in order 
to ensure sufficient supplies of steel products into the Union market, since Belarus and Russia mostly exhausted 
their CSTRQs in 2021. To establish the level of overall imports, the Commission did not take into account the 
volumes  from  Belarus  and  Russia,  nor it  took import  volumes  from  countries currently  excluded  from  the 
measure,  as  including  them  would  reduce  the  proportion  of  all  the  other  countries,  rendering  the  exercise 
ineffective. In addition, for each product category affected the Commission established a share of imports for 
countries having a CSTRQ and a share of imports for countries falling under the residual quota respectively. 
This approach ensured a fair treatment of the different origins, allowing that Union steel users make effective 
use  of  the  volumes  that  originally  were  subject  to  the  CSTRQs  attributed  to  Belarus  and  Russia,  thereby 
avoiding any risk of potential shortage of supply in the Union market resulting from the import bans on these 
two countries. 

Second,  on  21  April  2022,  by  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2022/66424  and  following  the 
expiry of a provision in the Economic Partnership Agreement (‘EPA’) between the European Union and certain 
countries of the Southern African Development Community, the Commission made imports of these countries 
subject to the steel safeguard measure as of 1 May 2022.  

The Commission confirmed that, after the inclusion of imports from certain EPA countries, there had been an 
increase of imports, both in absolute and relative terms for the product concerned in the period considered. In 
fact,  this  increase  in  imports  is  even  larger  than  the  one  established  by  the  Commission  in  the  Definitive 

21 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/434 of 15 March 2022 amending Regulation (EU) 2019/159 
imposing a definitive safeguard measure against imports of certain steel products (OJ L 88, 16.3.22, p. 181). 
22 Council Regulation (EU) 2022/428 of 15 March 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 concerning restrictive 
measures in view of Russia's actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (OJ L 87 I, 15.3.2022, p. 13). 
23 Council Regulation (EU) 2022/355 of 2 March 2022 amending Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive 
measures in view of the situation in Belarus (OJ L 67, 2.3.2022, p. 1). 
24 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/664 of 21 April 2022 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2019/159 imposing a definitive safeguard measure against imports of certain steel products (OJ L 121, 22.4.22, p. 12). 

40 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Safeguard Regulation. Thus, the Commission confirmed the findings of the definitive measure that an increase 
in imports of the product concerned took place, and that finding was further corroborated by the supplementary 
analysis  undertaken  at  the  level  of  each  of  the  three  product  families.  The  Commission’s  analysis  also 
confirmed the findings regarding unforeseen developments of the Definitive Safeguard Regulation. Lastly, the 
addition of certain EPA countries’ imports into the analysis in any event showed that the level of increased 
imports was even larger than in their absence. Therefore, the findings with regard to threat of serious injury, 
causation and Union interest made in the Definitive Safeguard Regulation remained valid. 

By  including  imports  from  certain  EPA  countries  under  the  measure,  the  level  of  TRQs  for  each  product 
category  and  allocation  of  TRQs  (where  appropriate)  needs  to  be  revised  in  line  with  the  principle  of 
parallelism, so that the volumes of quotas available correspond to the historical volumes of imports from the 
countries  subject  to  the  measure.  In  terms  of  the  methodology  used,  the  Commission  followed  the  same 
approach underpinning the calculation and allocation of quotas in the Definitive Safeguard Regulation, only 
updating the figures resulting from the addition of imports from certain EPA countries. 

Regarding  the  allocation  of  quotas,  and  in  order  to  determine  whether  any  of  the  certain  EPA  countries 
qualified for a country-specific quota the Commission assessed, for each of these countries, whether their level 
of imports was least 5% of total imports in the reference period (in each product category). Only South Africa 
exceeded the relevant thresholds of Article 18 of Regulation (EU) 2015/478 and it would therefore not benefit 
from the developing country exemption. The Commission thus assessed the situation of South Africa in the 
three product categories where it is subject to the measure, as follows: Category 8 is administered globally. 
Therefore, South Africa was part of the global quota. The proportional share of its historical import volumes 
was added to the global quota volumes in this category. For categories 9 and 10, South Africa received country-
specific quotas in line with its historical import volumes. 

Third, on 23 June 2022, by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/978,25 and following 
the  third  functioning  review,  the  Commission  amended  some  aspects  of  the  functioning  of  the 
safeguard measure.  

1.  Globalisation of product categories 7 and 17 

In these two product categories, Ukraine was historically an important exporter (representing around 33% of 
total quotas in each of these categories) and it has consistently used its quotas at rather high levels. However, 
the  Commission  observed  that  since  the  unprovoked  and  unjustified  military  aggression  of  Russia  against 
Ukraine,  there  had  been  virtually  no  imports  of  these  two  categories  from  Ukraine  into  the  Union.  This 
suggested  that  Ukraine  was  unable  to  produce  and/or  export  these  product  categories  in  any  meaningful 
volumes to the Union market. Under these circumstances, and having analysed the quota use by other exporting 
countries subject to the measure, the Commission considered that there would be a risk of potential shortage 
of  supply  for  Union  users  in  these  categories  if  it  did  not  take  any  action.  Accordingly,  the  Commission 
globalised the administration of these TRQs. 

2.  Update of crowding out assessment 

The Commission considered, having examined the submissions received and the functioning of the measure, 
that the current system continued to be the most appropriate insofar as it ensured that users maximise their 
chances of using up the residual quota, but also that traditional trade flows in terms of origins are respected 
(which is equally in the interest of users). The system of allowing access to the residual quota was the rule in 
all product categories but four. In the functioning review, the Commission assessed whether crowding out 
effects had taken place. To do so the Commission, based on the same type of analysis undertaken in the second 
review, updated the different regimes based on the data available since then. This means that the Commission 
analysed import data and quota use per origin and category from 1 April 2020 until 31 March 2022. As a result, 
the access regimes per product category were updated. 

3.  Update of the list of developing countries subject to/excluded from the measure 

25  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2022/978  of  23  June  2022  amending  Implementing  Regulation  (EU) 
2019/159 imposing a definitive safeguard measure on imports of certain steel products (OJ L 167, 24.6.22, p.58). 

41 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
To adapt the list of developing countries subject to, and excluded from, the measure the Commission re-ran 
the calculations based on the most recently available consolidated import data, i.e. year 2021 import statistics. 
The changes were included in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2022/664. 

4.  Increase of the level of liberalisation 

The safeguard instrument is intended to be of a temporary nature. As of 1 July 2022, the measure would enter 
into its fifth year of application. The objective of liberalisation (which is a legal obligation under WTO and 
EU rules) is to progressively allow more import competition into the market while the domestic industry is 
adjusting to the increased level of imports. This is to avoid a measure that would not incentivise adjustments 
for  domestic  industry  while  it  is  in  place,  and  which  would  create  problems  of  competitiveness  when  the 
domestic industry will be exposed to greater foreign competition in a post-safeguard measure scenario. With 
this logic in mind, the Commission considered that at that point in time (after four years of measure) a slightly 
higher level of liberalisation year-on-year should be envisaged in order to encourage the domestic industry to 
continue  its  adjustments,  while  being  mindful  not  to  undermine  the  effectiveness  of  the  measure.  The 
Commission considered that setting the yearly level of liberalisation at 4% as of 1 July 2022 was appropriate. 

Fourth, on 12 January 2023, by  Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/10426, the Commission 
implemented a report adopted by the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body (‘DSB’) in the 
dispute brought by Türkiye (European Union – Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products – DS595)27. 
In  this  regulation, the  Commission  provided  with  detailed  explanations  and reasoning  on those few  points 
where the DSB Report had found inconsistencies with WTO rules. They pertained to the increased in imports 
as a result of unforeseen developments, the finding of a threat of serious injury and the obligations whose 
effects resulted in the increase in imports. Consultations with certain WTO members took place in December 
2022 before the Commission’s proposal was adopted.  
By means of this regulation, the Commission thus brought its safeguard measure into full conformity with 
WTO rules.  

3.4.   Verification activities   

Based on Articles 16 and 26 of the respective basic AD and AS Regulations, in the course of investigations, 
the Commission normally carries out visits to examine the records of companies or associations with the aim 
of verifying the information provided during the proceedings. However, because of the COVID-19 outbreak 
in 2020, the European Commission adapted its practice regarding verification of data by carrying out Remote 
Cross-Checking  (RCC)  process  by  videoconference.    The  Commission  had  published  a  Notice28  on  the 
consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak on anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations in 2020.    In 2022 
the  Commission  increased  its  pre-pandemic  methods  of  working  as  regards  verification  visits  as  travel 
restrictions were reduced.  

In 2022, the Commission verified data from 178 companies.  Of these, 129 involved on-spot visits while data 
from 49 companies was verified by remote crosschecking.  This is a significant change from 2021 where there 
were only 12 on-spot visits, signalling a welcome return to pre-pandemic practice.  Verification visits took 
place at 88 companies within the EU and at 41 companies in third countries.  Remote cross checking was still 
done for 28 companies within the EU and 21 outside.  

4. 

ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES  

During 2022, the Commission continued to ensure that measures imposed were effective and not undermined 
by practices by economic operators designed to evade duties. In this context, there was continued cooperation 
between the TDI services and enforcement-oriented services (OLAF, DG TAXUD and customs authorities in 
Member States).  

More information on the Commission’s monitoring and enforcement activities can be found in the main body 
of the Report. 

26 Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/104 of 12 January 2023 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/159 imposing a definitive 
safeguard measure on imports of certain steel products following a report adopted by the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body (OJ L 
12, 13.1.23, p.7). 
27 WT/DS595/R European Union – Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products, 29 April 2022. 
28 OJ C 86, 16.3.2020, p.6 

42 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.1. 

Follow-up of measures 

The follow-up activities concerning measures in force are centred on four main areas: (1) to pre-empt fraud, 
by  defining  risk-related  areas,  alerting  customs  authorities  and  assessing  the  feedback  from  customs  and 
economic operators; (2) to monitor trade flows and market developments; (3) to improve the effectiveness with 
the  appropriate  instruments  (new  investigation,  interim  review,  newcomer  review,  contact  with  national 
administrations) and (4) to react to irregular practices by enhancing the co-operation with enforcement-related 
services (OLAF and national customs) and by initiating anti-absorption or anti-circumvention investigations. 

4.2. 

Monitoring of undertakings  

Monitoring of undertakings forms part of the enforcement activities, given that undertakings are a form of AD 
or AS measures. The Commission accepts such undertakings if it is satisfied that they can effectively eliminate 
the injurious effects of dumping or subsidisation. 

During 2022, 10 price undertakings in force were scrutinised which showed that the exporting producers were 
complying in full.  Any  undertakings offered  in investigations  concluded in  2022  were  not  accepted as the 
Commission considered they were not enforceable and unworkable and would not therefore eliminate injurious 
dumping.  No  offer  was  rejected  on  the  grounds  of  inadequate  social  and  environmental  standards  in  the 
exporting country. More information is available in Annexes M and Q. 

4.3.   OLAF activity  

The Commission has developed a range of activities addressing prevention and detection of fraud, and this 
includes a close cooperation with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), through annual meetings, day-to-
day  contacts,  or  exchange  of  case  information,  via  a  special  OLAF  liaison  officer  within  the  Directorate–
General for Trade. 

By  mutual  agreement  between  the  Commission  and  OLAF,  the  Commission  provides  OLAF  with  any 
information  and  evidence  relating  to  possible  cases  of  fraud,  or  any  other  illegal  activity  related  to  TDI. 
Circumvention of TDI measures can occur in the form of: false declaration of product origin; misclassification 
under product codes outside measures; assembly operations; channelling via companies with no or low duty 
rates or undervaluation of imported products.  

The  Commission  and  OLAF  react  whenever  they  have  indications  of  any  of  the  above  practices.    These 
manifest themselves through 1/ subsequent to the imposition of measures, a significant decrease in imports 
from the country concerned into the EU could be noted, which was entirely or partially offset by an increase 
in  imports  of:  products  from  another  third  country,  or  products  classified  under  a  product  code  outside 
measures,  or  parts  of  the  product  which  are  not  subject  to  measures;  2/  subsequent  to  the  imposition  of 
measures, imports from the country concerned into the EU were coming from a company with a low or a zero 
duty at the expense of imports from a company with a higher duty; or 3/ where a low amount of duties was 
collected by Member States’ customs authorities. 

When the Commission receives complaints from Union industry regarding the circumvention of measures, it 
informs OLAF. The Commission stayed also in regular contact on these matters with Member States’ customs 
authorities.  In  2022  investigations  into  alleged  improprieties  by  Union  based  companies  benefitting  from 
exemptions from the duties applicable to certain bicycle parts were completed by the Commission.  However, 
given that  investigations  by  OLAF  into  the  practices  above  are  confidential  no  further information  can  be 
given. OLAF publishes an annual report presenting its activities of the previous year, as well as statistics of its 
investigative performance and examples of cases. 

5. 

REFUNDS   

Articles 11(8) and 21(1) of the basic Regulations allow importers to request the reimbursement of the relevant 
collected duties where it is shown that the dumping/subsidy margin, on the basis of which duties were paid, 
has been eliminated or reduced to a level below that of the duty in force. 

63 new refund requests were submitted during 2022. At the end of that year, 5 refund investigations were still 
on-going,  covering  78  requests.  Moreover,  the  Commission  adopted  11  Implementing  Decisions  granting 

43 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
partial refund requests and 4 Implementing Decisions rejecting refund requests. More details on these decisions 
and on the status of refund investigations can be found here. 

More details on these decisions and on the status of refund investigations can be found at:  
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/refunds.cfm?sta=1&en=20&page=1&c_order=number&c_order_dir=Down  

6. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS 

Explaining the legislation and practice of the EU's trade defence activity and exchanging views on third country 
practices continues to be an important part of the work of the TDI services.  

The eighth meeting of the Working group with Korea on Trade remedy measures was held on line on 19 May 
2022. The meeting was co-chaired by the Director of the Trade Remedy Policy Division and the Director of 
the Trade Legal Affairs and Planning Division for the Republic Korea, and on the EU side by the Head of Unit 
for Relations with third countries for trade defence matters at the European Commission Directorate-General 
for Trade. The parties had a fruitful exchange regarding developments in their respective TDI legislation and 
practice and discussed topics of particular interest such as safeguard policy, anti-subsidy investigations or the 
challenges of the post-Covid trading environment.   

In  November  2022,  The  Commission  participated  in  both  open  and  closed  sessions  of  the  Trade  Remedy 
Webinar 2022 hosted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan.   There were participants 
from other investigating authorities including Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, USA, as well as experts from the 
WTO Secretariat.  The topics covered included recent trends in trade defence, issues relating to circumvention, 
as well as standards for complaints particularly for anti-subsidy investigations.   

During 2022, there were meetings held with business representative organisations such as Business Europe, 
AEGIS  Europe  and  other  sector  specific  representative  organisations  to  exchange  views  on  trade  defence 
related matters.  There was also a presentation on trade defence made in the context of Civil Society Dialogue.    

7. 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT    

7.1.        Overview of the judicial reviews in 2022 

In 2022, the General Court (GC) and the Court of Justice (CJ) rendered 44 judgments and orders in TDI cases. 
The GC handed down 35 rulings whereas the CJ decided on nine appeals.  16 new TDI cases were lodged in 
2022 - 9 before the GC and 5 appeals and 2 requests for a preliminary ruling before the CJ.  

7.2.  

Cases pending  

At the end of 2022, 27 cases were pending before the GC and 11 before the CJ. A list of the cases is given in 
Annex S.  

7.3.  

New cases  

In 2022, 16 new court cases were lodged in the field of trade defence. Nine of these were lodged before the 
GC with five appeals and two requests for preliminary ruling before the CJ.   

7.4.  

Selection of court decisions  

7.4.1 Court decisions concerning implementation of judgements 

In  2022  the  European  Courts  delivered  several  judgements  clarifying  the  applicable  rules  for  the 
implementation of court judgements. In particular, the courts confirmed that when a regulation imposing anti-
dumping duties has been annulled as far as the applicant is concerned and as long as the irregularity which led 
to the annulment did not render unlawful the entire proceeding, the Commission can reopen the investigation, 
cure  the  errors  and  reimpose  the  duties  as  of  the  entry  into  force  of  the  annulled  regulation.  In  T-479/20  
Eurobolt, the General Court clarified that procedural infringements29 are no exception and can be remedied by 

29 The reason entailing the invalidity of the regulation in Eurobolt case was that the Commission failed to send a document to the Anti-dumping 
committee in time thereby breaching essential procedural requirements set in Article 15(2) of the basic regulation valid at the time. 

44 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
resuming the proceeding as long as the irregularity found has not vitiated the entire proceeding. Furthermore, 
the principle of non-retroactivity does not prevent the re-imposition of duties on imports that were made during 
the period of application of the regulation which was declared invalid. Moreover, the Commission was entitled 
to prohibit the customs authorities from repaying the anti-dumping duties paid on the basis of a regulation 
declared  invalid  and  to  order  them  to  collect  the repayments.  In  C-507/21P  Puma,  the  European  Court  of 
Justice  confirmed  that the three-year  limitation  rule  contained  in  the  Customs  Code30  for  the  collection  of 
customs liabilities cannot prevent the adoption by the Commission of a regulation imposing or reimposing 
anti-dumping  duties.  Following  the  ECJ  judgement  in  this  case,  several  other  actions  against  the  same 
regulation were withdrawn.  

In  T-687/720 Jindal Meide, the General Court confirmed that the Commission was entitled to register the 
imports during the re-opening investigation. The General Court clarified that the registration of imports is not 
limited only to the situations explicitly referred to in the basic regulation. The registration in case of re-opening 
following a judgment as in the present case is justified since it is based on the need to ensure the effectiveness 
of trade defence measures and, to that end, to ensure, as far as possible, that imports are subject to the correct 
amount of definitive anti-dumping duty, without interruption, from the date of entry into force of the initial 
regulation until the reimposition of the corrected duty, where appropriate. In Jinan Meide, the General Court 
clarified that any previous practice on the part of the Commission according to which unlawfully imposed 
duties had to be repaid in full cannot constitute a source of legitimate expectations, since it does not constitute 
precise, unconditional and consistent assurances in relation to the applicants’ specific situation. Furthermore, 
the lawfulness of the imposition per se of definitive anti-dumping duties by a regulation cannot be called into 
question by reference to the principle of proportionality. 

7.4.2 Judgements rendered by the General Court and the Court of Justice regarding price effects 
analysis in the injury assessment 

The European Courts delivered the judgment in seven cases (five judgements) dealing with several aspects of 
the price effects analysis, in particular undercutting, as well as the underselling. The Courts confirmed that it 
is within the Commission’s discretion to decide the point for the comparison between the export price and EU 
prices and, therefore, it may apply Article 2(9) of the basic anti-dumping regulation by analogy in order to get 
a reliable export price at the EU border. Yet, the Commission must ensure that the prices of the sampled Union 
producers are established at an equivalent level (fairness). Article 2(9) provides that, for the purpose of the 
dumping  calculation,  when  sales  are  done  indirectly  using  a  related  importer,  the  export  price  may  be 
constructed based on the price at which the imported product is (re)sold to the first independent customer. In 
practice this means that the actual related importer’s SG&A and a notional profit will be deducted from the 
price to the first independent customer to arrive at the export price at the point of importation. This price then 
is compared to the exporting producer’s normal value. The European Courts found in these recent judgements 
that  the  Commission  may  conduct  the  same  “adjustment”  when  comparing  the  export  price  to  the  Union 
producers’ price when conducting its price analysis, in particular the undercutting and/or underselling. This 
was a very important conclusion, which confirmed the legality of this longstanding Commission’s practice, 
bringing certainty to all interested parties. The judgments also reinforce the importance of the Commission’s 
practice of conducting its price effect analysis using multiple methodologies for complex factual situations, 
whose conclusions can be mutually confirmed and supported.   

In the joined Cases T-30/19 CRIA and CCCMC (anti-dumping) and T-72/19 CRIA and CCCMC (anti-subsidy), 
regarding  fairness  in  the  calculation  of  the  undercutting,  the  General  Court  found  that  the  Commission 
conducted an unfair comparison when it made an adjustment to the export price - the so-called 2(9) adjustment 
by analogy mentioned above - when sales were made through a related trader. The Court noted that part of the 
Union producers’ sales was also made via related entities, and their sales prices were not adjusted. The Court 
found that the errors had an impact on the overall injury and causality findings and, therefore, the regulation 
had to be completely annulled.  

Similarly, the General Court annulled both the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy regulations imposing measures 
against imports of electric bicycles (e-bikes) from China in Cases T-242/19 Giant (anti-dumping) and T-243/19 
Giant (anti-subsidy). The General Court agreed with the applicant, who claimed that the 2(9) adjustment by 
analogy changed the level of trade of its export sales, which resulted in the comparison of its export price at 
the level of an importer (distributor) while the Union prices were at retailers' level. This in turn led to an unfair 
comparison (as the same adjustment was not made on the sales of Union producers). Because of the importance 

30 Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ 1992 L 302, p. 1) 

45 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
the Commission attached to the existence of price undercutting in its causation analysis, the Court found that 
the error in the calculation of price undercutting was sufficient to invalidate the Commission's analysis of the 
causal link, existence of which is an essential element for the imposition of measures. 

The judgements of both tyres and e-bikes are currently being implemented by the Commission. 

In Case C-260/20 P Hansol, the Court of Justice found that, contrary to the General Court decision in first 
instance, the Commission might apply Article 2(9) of the basic Regulation by analogy to identify the import 
price for the purpose of the undercutting calculations. That means that, instead of taking the resales prices 
charged  by  related  importers  for  comparison  with  the  Union  industry  prices,  the  Commission  may  use  a 
constructed  import  price  corresponding  to  the  resales  prices minus SGA  and  profit  of  the  related  importer 
(similarly to what is done for the determination of the export price for the dumping calculation).   

Finally, in the judgements in Cases T-744/19 Methanol Holdings and T-865/19  Nevinnomyssky "Azot" and 
NAK  "Azot",  the  General  Court  endorsed  the  Commission’s approach  in  its  (multiple)  price  effects 
analysis. The Commission, taking into account the existing jurisprudence, calculated the undercutting using 
several  methodologies,  all of  which  confirmed the existence  of undercutting.  These  calculations  were also 
supplemented  by  a  price  depression/suppression  analysis.  The  General  Court  found  that  regardless  the 
methodology the Commission demonstrated that dumped imports had a negative price effect on the Union 
industry’s prices. Both judgements have been appealed and the cases (C-688/22 P and C-725/22 P) are still 
pending. 

7.4.3 Judgements and orders rendered by the General Court regarding admissibility of actions 
brought by unrelated importers and their associations  

In 2022, the General Court rendered several important decisions clarifying the rules on admissibility 
of  direct  actions  brought  by  unrelated  importers  and  their  associations  seeking  annulment  of 
regulations imposing anti-dumping duties. For these categories of applicants, the threshold to have 
access to a direct action remains high. In T-788/21 TDK Foil Italy SpA the General Court noted that 
the finding of inadmissibility is consistent with the system of remedies provided for by EU law, since 
importers may, under the rules of national law, contest before the national courts individual measures 
taken by the national authorities in application of an anti-dumping regulation. Thus, the main route 
available to them remains preliminary rulings. Some of these decisions are currently under appeal. 

According to the jurisprudence, importers may have standing to bring proceedings against regulations 
imposing  anti-dumping  measures  either  if  the  regulation  does  not  entail  further  implementing 
measures or if it is of direct and individual concern to the importer.  

Both in T-328/21 Airoldi Metalli SpA v European Commission and in T-1/22 Airoldi Metalli SpA v 
Commission, the General Court concluded that the a regulation imposing anti-dumping duties entails 
implementing measures with regard to the applicant (importer), because it can have effect only after 
the importer makes a customs declaration which is itself necessarily followed by a measure adopted 
by the national customs authorities. Even where the national authorities’ involvement is limited to an 
electronic  communication,  the  fact  remains  that  a  measure  is  adopted  by  those  authorities.  The 
absence of control of the applicant’s goods and the national authorities’ lack of discretion is irrelevant. 
Whereas  direct  concern  of  importers  is  normally  not  problematic,  in  case  T-769/21,  European 
Association  of  Non-Integrated  Metal  Importers  the  Court  found  that  an  association  of  importers 
cannot be directly concerned by a regulation imposing anti-dumping duties. The imposition of anti-
dumping duties has not altered the association’s legal position individually since, in particular, it did 
not impose any obligation on the association, given that that association is not required to pay that 
duty individually. 

As to the individual concern, in all cases decided last year the Court concluded after examination of 
the applicants’ situations that they were not individually concerned by the anti-dumping measures as 
these do not affect them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them nor by reason of 
circumstances in which it is differentiated from all other persons. In the light of the settled case-law, 
in order to be regarded as individually concerned an unrelated importer would have to put forward 

46 

 
 
 
 
 
 
evidence to show that its imports are significantly affected by the contested regulation to the point of 
distinguishing it from other importers of the product concerned.   

In T-328/21 Airoldi Metalli SpA v European Commission the General Court recalled that importers 
may have access to a direct action under certain circumstances that is when they show that due to 
particular circumstances, such as their association with the exporting producers, their data form the 
basis either for the finding that dumping has taken place or for the calculation of the anti-dumping 
duty  itself,  so  as  to  distinguish  them.  However,  to  be  legally  relevant  for  the  determination  of 
individual  concern  such  association  would  have  to  presuppose  the  existence  of  an  arrangement 
between  the  importer  and  the  exporter  concerned  such  as  to  enable  the  associated  importer  to 
influence the export price. In this case Airoldi could not be considered as associated to an exporter 
from whom it allegedly imported 53% of its business because it did not allege or demonstrate that it 
could influence the export price. 

Furthermore, in several cases the Court reiterated that the applicant’s participation in the investigation 
is not sufficient to justify its individual concern. The same applies to the reference in a regulation 
imposing anti-dumping duties. Nor is it sufficient that the applicant’s participation may be considered 
to have affected the outcome of proceedings, because such an effect would not reflect attributes which 
are peculiar to the applicant.  For example, in T-328/21 Airoldi Metalli SpA v European Commission 
the applicant claimed that its participation have affected the outcome of the proceeding as regards the 
determination of the product concerned and the fact that the effects of Brexit were taken into account. 
Similarly, in T-788/21 TDK Foil Italy SpA the fact that, subsequent to the adoption of the provisional 
regulation, the applicant, like many other parties, challenged the definition of the product concerned 
in the procedure that led to the adoption of the contested regulation, and the fact that it had claimed, 
in that regard, that the raw aluminium foil should be excluded from the scope of the anti-dumping 
duty,  do  not  support  the  conclusion  that  the  contested  regulation  is  of  individual  concern  to  the 
applicant.  Although  the  Commission  responded,  in  the  contested  regulation,  to  the  applicant’s 
arguments  concerning  the  definition  of  the  product  concerned,  it  was  in  the  interest  of  a  more 
comprehensive statement of reasons for the contested regulation and not due to a particular quality of 
the applicant. If the Commission had decided to exclude the raw aluminium foil from the definition 
of the product concerned, that exclusion would indeed have benefited any producer-exporter from the 
People’s Republic of China or importer of that foil into the European Union. 

To the contrary, what could be of importance for the existence of the individual concern, is if the 
applicant  can  be  considered  as  the  largest  importer.  Another  possibility  would  be  if  the  importer 
proved that the data relating to its commercial activities were taken into account for calculating anti-
dumping duties. However, this was not the case for any of the applicants whose actions the Court 
rejected last year. For example in T-1/22 Airoldi Metalli SpA v Commission the applicant claimed that 
53% of its business depended on the exports covered by the contested regulation. The General Court 
noted that, even if the dependence alleged and the highly damaging impact of the contested regulation 
on the applicant’s business were proved, the applicant did not claim, still less prove, that that situation 
is sufficient to differentiate it from all other operators importing the product concerned. In particular, 
the possibility that other importers might import quantities comparable to, or even greater than, those 
of the applicant or are just as concerned as, or more concerned than, the applicant is in no way ruled 
out. Therefore, the Court concluded that the applicant's action is inadmissible.  

7.4.4 Judgements rendered by the General Court on Anti-subsidy measures on Biodiesel from 
Indonesia 

Cases T-111/20 PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia & Others; T-138/20 PT Ciliandra Perkasa; and T-
143/20 PT Pelita Agung Agrindustri and PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo  

On  14  December  2022,  the  General  Court  dismissed  the  actions  brought  by  several  exporting 
producers of biodiesel in Indonesia, seeking the annulment of Commission Implementing Regulation 

47 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(EU)  2019/2092  of  28  November  2019  imposing  a  definitive  countervailing  duty  on  imports  of 
biodiesel originating in Indonesia.  

In dismissing their action, the General Court clarified the scope of several concepts in the Basic Anti-
subsidy; in particular the concept of financial contributions by a government within the meaning of 
Article  3(1)(a)(i).  The  General  Court  also  clarified  the  analysis  of  price  undercutting  of  imports 
subject to anti-subsidy investigations. In addition, it examined the impact of imports of biodiesel from 
Argentina on the causal link between imports of biodiesel originating in Indonesia and the threat of 
material injury to Union industry. 

The General Court rejected the allegations made by the complainants concerning the payments made 
by the Oil Palm Plantation Fund, a public body, to Indonesian biodiesel producers. According to the 
findings of the Commission, the payments constituted a ‘financial contribution’ by a government in 
the form of a direct transfer of funds, in accordance with Article 3(1)(a)(i) of the Basic Anti-Subsidy 
Regulation. The General Court confirmed that the disbursements by the Oil Palm Plantation Fund 
constituted a subsidy irrespective of the origin of the funds and how they were collected. Furthermore, 
the General Court established that the concept of ‘financial contribution by a government’ within the 
meaning of that provision contains no details as to the origin of the funds transferred and thus covers 
all the financial means a government may actually use.  

In  addition,  the  General  Court  also  confirmed  that  the  government  of  Indonesia  “entrusted”  or 
“directed” the producers of crude palm oil (‘CPO’, a raw material for producing biodiesel) to supply 
it for less than adequate remuneration in order to benefit the exporting producers who process the 
CPO  into  biodiesel.  The  Government  of  Indonesia  achieved  this  objective  by  means  of  a  system 
comprising a variable rate export tax, an export levy and a price-setting mechanism. In that regard, 
the  General  Court  clarified  that  ‘entrusting’  must  be  understood  as  including  any  action  of  the 
government which amounts, directly or indirectly, to conferring on a private body the responsibility 
of performing a function of the type referred to in Article 3(1)(a)(i) to (iii) of  the Basic Anti-subsidy 
Regulation,  and  ‘directing’  must  be  understood  as  including  any  act  of  the  government  which 
consists, directly or indirectly, in exercising its powers over a private body so that that body performs 
such a function. That was the situation in the present case, since the export restrictions at issue had 
been designed by the government with the express aim of benefiting the Indonesian biodiesel industry 
by keeping domestic CPO prices artificially low.  

Concerning  the  question  whether  there  had  been  significant  price  undercutting  by  the  imports  of 
biodiesel from Indonesia as compared with the price of biodiesel originating in the European Union, 
the  General  Court  rejected  the  arguments  provided  by  the  applicants.  In  particular,  the  applicants 
claimed an obligation on the part of the Commission to establish undercutting for the ‘product under 
consideration’  as  a  whole  based  on  an  application  by  analogy  of  the  conclusions  drawn  from  the 
judgment  of  5 April  2017, Changshu  City  Standard  Parts  Factory  and  Ningbo  Jinding 
Fastener v Council (C-376/15 P  and  C-377/15 P,  EU:C:2017:269,  paragraph 60).  The  General 
Court noted that the conclusions drawn from that judgment, which concerns the determination of the 
dumping margin, are not applicable to the analysis of the impact of dumped or subsidised imports on 
Union industry prices. The General Court clarified that there is a fundamental difference between the 
determination of the dumping margin and the analysis, for the purposes of determining injury, of the 
impact of the dumped imports on the Union industry prices due to the fact that that analysis entails a 
comparison of sales not of the same undertaking, as is the case with the determination of the dumping 
margin which is calculated on the basis of the data of the exporting producer concerned, but of several 
undertakings, namely the sampled exporting producers and the undertakings forming part of Union 
industry included in the sample. The General Court concluded that the applicants failed to establish 
that the Commission’s analysis was flawed. 

The applicants also alleged that the Commission erred in finding that there was a threat of material 
injury to the Union industry, inasmuch as it concluded that there was a causal link between the imports 
from Indonesia and the threat of material injury to the Union industry, without taking into account 
the impact of imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina. The General Court rejected the arguments 

48 

 
 
 
 
of the complainants and clarified that the persistence of a threat of injury linked to imports of biodiesel 
from  Argentina  does  not  preclude  the  existence  of  another  threat  of  injury  caused  by  imports  of 
biodiesel from Indonesia. Furthermore, since the imports from Argentina had already been the subject 
of countervailing measures, they were not capable of breaking the causal link between imports from 
Indonesia and the threat of injury to the Union industry. The General Court therefore confirmed the 
Commission’s  conclusion  that,  during  the  investigation  period,  imports  from  Indonesia  had 
constituted a threat of material injury to the Union industry, in accordance with Article 8(8) of the 
Basic Anti-Subsidy Regulation. 

7.4.5 Other selected judgements rendered by the General Court  

T-586/14 RENV II Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) Holdings Ltd 

In 2014 the Commission by Implementing Regulation (EU) No 470/2014 imposed a definitive anti-
dumping duty on imports of solar glass originating in China. This regulation was attacked in Court 
and was the basis of the following litigation which is important because while referring to the previous 
regime  applicable  to  non-market  economies,  the  Court  of  Justice’s  interpretation  of  the  notion  of 
“significant distortion" is also relevant in the context of the application of the Significant Distortions 
Dumping Methodology adopted in 2017. 

In a first judgement in this case of 16 March 2016, the General Court decided that the Commission 
has  wrongly  denied  Market  Economy  Treatment  (MET)  to  the  company  Xinyi  and  annulled 
regulation  No  470/2014.  The  Commission  has  successfully  appealed  this  judgement  and  on  28 
February 2018 the Court of Justice in case C-301/16P held that the General Court erred in law and 
that the Commission was entitled to presume that the tax incentives, implementing five year plans, 
and received by Xinyi had been “carried over from the former non-market economy system” and was 
right to refuse on that basis MET to that company. The case was then referred back to the General 
Court to decide on the remaining pleas raised by Xinyi in the first instance. By a judgement of 24 
September 2019 in case T-586/14 RENV, the General Court considered that distortions carried over 
from  the  former  non-market  economy  system  are  not  sufficient  to  refuse  an  MET  claim  and  the 
Commission should also determine whether those distortions are “significant”. The General Court 
annulled again Regulation 470/2014. After a successful appeal of the Commission and by a second 
judgement of the Court of Justice of 2 December 2021 in joined cases C-884/19P and C-888/19P this 
decision of the General Court was set aside. The Court of Justice noted that “Even supposing that, 
from now on, the Chinese five-year plans no longer lay down, for all sectors of the economy, defined 
production objectives, contrary to what was the case when China was still a State-trading country, it 
is  nevertheless  well  known  that  those  plans  still  play,  even  after  the  reforms  which  the  Chinese 
economic system has known, a fundamental role in the organisation of that economy, in so far as they 
contain,  for  a  great  number  of  sectors,  precise  objectives  which  are  binding  on  all  levels  of 
government". The case was again referred back to the General Court for a ruling on the claims that 
had not been addressed in first instance.    

On 14 December 2022, in case T-586/14 RENV II, the General Court dismissed the action brought by 
Xinyi  PV  Products  (Anhui)  Holdings  Ltd  (the  applicant)    seeking  the  annulment  of  Commission 
Implementing Regulation (EU) No 470/2014.  

The General Court looked at the three remaining pleas after the first plea had been rejected by the 
Court of Justice on appeal and the case was sent back to the lower court.  

Two of the pleas concerned the legality of adjustments made to the export price and Articles 2(9) and 
(10) of the basic Regulation. The General Court concluded that the adjustment to the export price had 
been made under Article 2(10) of the basic regulation. Then, it found that it was apparent from both 
the wording and the scheme of Article 2(10) that an adjustment to the export price or the normal value 
may be made only to take account of differences in factors that affect the prices and therefore their 
comparability.  

49 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Article 2(10)(i) of the basic Regulation is related to adjustments made for differences in commissions 
paid  for  sales.  The  “commissions”  include  the  mark-up  received  by  a  trader  of  the  product  if  the 
functions of such a trader are similar to those of an agent working on a commission basis. The Court 
found that it is not necessary for the purposes of Article 2(10)(i) for there to  be an actual agency 
contract. Rather, it is necessary ,from an economic standpoint, that duties ‘similar to those of an agent 
working on a commission basis’ are carried out, which was the case here.   

By  its  last  plea,  the  applicant  claimed  that  by  failing  to  disclose  to  it,  or  even  to  its  lawyers, 
information used to calculate the injury margin, the normal value and price comparability because 
this information contained confidential data, the Commission did not allow it to verify the accuracy 
of the methodology and of the calculations and as a consequence breached the applicant’s rights of 
defence and failed to fulfil its obligation to state reasons for the contested regulation.  

Concerning rights of defence and in particular the access to confidential documents, the Court stated 
the  Commission’s  duty  to  supply  information  in  order  to  respect  the  rights  of  defence  had  to  be 
reconciled with the prohibition on disclosing confidential information flowing from Article 19 of the 
basic Regulation. The decision whether it is appropriate to disclose confidential information is made 
on a case-by-case basis, taking into account all the relevant factors in the case. The General Court 
looked  at  each  instance  where  the  applicant  felt  it  had  not  been  given  sufficient  information  and 
concluded  that  the  Commission  had  struck  the  right  balance  between  confidentiality  and  right  of 
defence - for example, in the form of summaries and ranges, or that the information in the open file 
showed  that  the  Commission  had  in  its  possession  sufficient  technical  information  to  support  its 
findings.  

Interestingly,  the General  Court noted that the applicant  had not  requested the intervention of the 
Hearing Officer, even though the Commission had informed the applicant that it could address itself 
to the Hearing Officer in relation to all the issues relating to rights of defence generally and access to 
the file in particular.  

With  regard  to  the  insufficient  statement  of  reasons,  since,  for  reasons  of  confidentiality,  the 
Commission  was  entitled  not  to  disclose  certain  individual  data,  the  details  on  which  it  based  its 
decision were not, of themselves, such as to prevent the applicant from understanding the reasons 
why the Commission imposed an anti-dumping duty.  

T-144/20 Guangxi Xin Fu Yuan 

On 8 June 2022, the General Court dismissed the action brought by Guangxi Xin Fu Yuan, a Chinese 
exporting  producer  of  ceramic  tableware,  seeking  the  annulment  of  Commission  Implementing 
Regulation (EU) 2019/2131 of 28 November 2019 amending Commission Implementing Regulation 
(EU)  2019/1198  imposing  a  definitive  anti-dumping  duty  on  imports  of  ceramic  tableware  and 
kitchenware  originating  in  the  People's  Republic  of  China  following  an  anti-circumvention 
investigation.  

The applicant was one of over 400 cooperating producers in the original investigation that led to the 
imposition  of  anti-dumping  duties  on  tableware  and  kitchenware  from  China  in  2013.  The 
Commission opened an anti-circumvention investigation in 2018 focusing on 50 of the cooperating 
companies/TARIC  codes,  which  had  inter  alia  shown  a  triple  increase  in  their  exports.  Those 
companies were suspected of exporting the production of companies, which had not cooperated in 
the  original  investigation  and  are  hence  subject  to  higher  duties  (“channelling").  Although  the 
applicant  was not  among  the 50 companies listed in  the annex to  regulation  initiating in  the anti-
circumvention investigation its preferential cooperating duty was revoked by the contested regulation 
because it was found to be related to two of the 50 companies for which a finding of channelling had 
been made and its own exports had increased. 

The General Court rejected all pleas brought forward by the applicant.  

50 

 
 
 
 
In particular, the General Court ruled that the Commission did not fail to comply with its procedural 
obligations  when  initiating  the  anti-circumvention  without  notifying  the  applicant.  The  GC  first 
clarified that Article 5(10) and (11) BADR which govern procedure for initiation applied by analogy 
to initiation of anti-circumvention investigations. Article 5(11) BADR requires the Commission to 
advise  all  exporters  known  to  it  to  be  concerned  of  the  initiation.  However,  the  Court  recognised 
specificities of anti-circumvention investigations which examine specific practices, listed in Article 
13  BADR  and  may  not  involve  a  country  as  a  whole  but  target  known  companies  suspected  of 
participating therein. Therefore, the General Court concluded that the fact that the Commission did 
not notify other companies of the notice of initiation in a particular way and that it also did not confine 
its  anti-circumvention  investigation  to  the  50  companies  mentioned  in  the  list  in  the  annex  to  the 
initiating regulation cannot be regarded as an infringement of Article 5(11) BADR. Also, the General 
Court  stressed  that  having  to  confine  the  anti-circumvention  investigation  to  the  50  companies 
mentioned in the list annexes to the initiating regulation would have undermined the purpose of the 
anti-circumvention investigation. 

Finally, the General Court rejected  applicant's claims that its rights of defence were breached and 
concluded that the Applicant could not be unaware that, although it was not one of the companies 
whose TARIC additional codes were mentioned in the annex to the initiating regulation, it was, at the 
very least,  an interested  party and could  take part  in  the investigation provided that it made itself 
known to the Commission in time. 

8. 

ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU 

This section describes the main developments and trends in the area of third country actions in 2022 (see also 
the Annual Report, as well as annex U (A - F) below for detailed figures).  

The most frequent users of the trade defence instrument against EU exports remain the United States with 38 
measures in force, China, and Türkiye with 18, followed by Brazil with 11, as well as Canada and Indonesia 
with 9 measures in force. Completing the list of regular users of trade defence instruments are Australia, India, 
and South Africa, as each had 7 measures in place affecting EU exports. 

The following section sets out trends from some of the main users along with details of important cases.  

United States 

Overall trends 

In  2022,  the  US  launched  one  new  trade  defence  investigation  affecting  EU  exports.  This  confirms  the 
slowdown in the trend of new investigations in 2021 where only two investigations were initiated (as opposed 
to eight investigations in 2020). One investigation was terminated (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber) without any 
measures imposed. 

At the end of 2022, the US had 38 measures in force affecting EU imports (31 AD, 5 AS and 2 SFG). In the 
course of 2022, no new measures were imposed.  

Main cases 

Preserved mushrooms AD 

This investigation was initiated on 31 March 2022. It concerns imports of preserved mushrooms from Spain, 
France, the Netherlands and Poland. The Commission has been very active in this investigation in support of 
the exporters concerned. Despite the EU’s intervention, the final weighted average dumping margins proposed 
on 28 November 2022 for French producers were very high, ranging between 224,68 and 360,88% ad valorem. 
The International Trade Commission (ITC) final determination on 12 January 2023 confirmed the proposed 
level of duties for France. The final determination for the remaining three countries is expected in March 2023 
by the Department of Commerce (DOC) and May 2023 by the ITC.  

Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber AD  

51 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
On  27  July  2021,  the  US  authorities  initiated  an  antidumping  investigation  on  imports  of  acrylonitrile-
butadiene rubber from France, South Korea and Mexico. The economic interest in this case is EUR 37 million. 
The  Commission  has  actively  monitored  the  case.  On  24  June  2022,  the  US  Department  of  Commerce 
determined a dumping margin of 81.86%. However, on 11 July 2022, the US International Trade Commission 
determined that imports of AB rubber from these countries did not injure the US industry. The investigation 
was terminated without any measure imposed. 

Ripe olives AD and AS 

On 11 October 2022, the US DOC launched the fourth administrative review of the AS duties against ripe 
olives from Spain, while the third administrative review is still ongoing (final report expected in March 2023). 
The US initially imposed the AS (up to 27 %) and AD measures (up to 25.5%) on 1 August 2018 and they 
have been in force since then.  

The EU economic interest, before the imposition of measures, was EUR 67 million.  The AS measures target 
support measures under the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which the EU considers as “green box”, 
i.e. they comply with the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. The Commission challenged these duties before 
the  WTO  and  on  20  December  2021,  the  WTO  Dispute  Settlement  Body  adopted  the  final  panel  report 
declaring these duties inconsistent with WTO rules. Despite the favourable panel report, measures remain in 
place. In July 2022, the US started a procedure for implementing the WTO Panel ruling. The agreed period to 
implement the WTO ruling has expired on 14 January 2023. 

China  

Overall trends 

In 2022, China's Trade defence activity towards the EU continued to be rather limited. The total number of 
measures in force against the EU at the end of 2022 was 18 (17 AD, 1 AS), one less than in 2021. China did 
not initiate any new investigations in 2022 or impose any new measures. One AD measure (Caprolactam) 
expired on 22 October 2022. 

Main cases 

Potato starch AS 

In September 2022, China initiated a second expiry review of the AS measures regarding imports of potato 
starch  from  the  EU.  The  initial  measures  were  imposed  in  2011  and  extended  a  first  time  in  2017.  The 
Commission  participated  in  the  pre-initiation  consultations  and  filed  a  written  submission,  arguing  that 
following the reform of the EU's common agricultural policy (CAP) the subsidies subject to the measure are 
not  specific,  not  actionable  and  fully  compliant  with  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Agriculture  and  the  WTO 
Agreement  on  Subsidies  and  Countervailing  Measures.  The  Commission  will  continue  to  intervene  as 
appropriate during the ongoing investigation.   

Türkiye  

Overall trends  

At  the  end  of  2022,  Türkiye  had  18 measures  in force  that  affected  the  EU  (12  AD  and  6  SFG).  No  new 
investigation was initiated, which in comparison with 4 initiations in 2021 and 4 initiations in 2020, shows a 
considerable decline. There were 2 new AD measures (AC PU leather and hot rolled steel) and 1 new SFG 
measure imposed in 2022 (grinding balls). 

Main cases   

Hot rolled steel AD  

This investigation was initiated in January 2021, very soon after the imposition of measures by the EU on the 
same product. The Commission intervened on several occasions in close cooperation with the EU industry. 
The  investigation  was  extended in  December  2021  and  finally  concluded  on  7 July  2022.  The  ad  valorem 
duties imposed range between 7 and 12,8% on several EU companies. Economic interest around EUR 820 
million. 

52 

 
 
 
 
PU leather AC 

This  investigation  concerning  the  exports  of  PU  leather  from  Greece  was  initiated  in  March  2021.  The 
Commission intervened on several occasions. The investigation was concluded on 15 June 2022 and measures 
in the form of specific duties ranging between 1 and 2,2 USD/kg depending on the code were extended to 
Greece. 

Grinding balls SFG 

This investigation was initiated in October 2021. The Commission intervened on several occasions in support 
of  EU  businesses  and  Member  States  concerned  (Germany,  Spain,  France,  Netherlands,  Bulgaria).  The 
investigation was concluded on 27 July 2022 with the imposition of specific duties (1st year: 200 USD/T 2nd: 
195 USD/T 3rd:190 USD/T). Economic interest EUR 1 million. 

Brazil  

Overall trends 

Despite the steady decline in the number of measures since 2019, Brazil remains one of the regular users of 
TDI against the EU. At the end of 2022, there were 11 AD measures in force against EU exports (one less than 
in 2021). No new investigation was initiated (one in 2021), however one new anti-dumping duty was imposed 
in 2022 (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether).  

Canada 

Overall trends 

In 2022, the number of measures in force has decreased, nevertheless, Canada remains one of the significant 
users of TDI against the EU. At the end of 2022, Canada had 9 measures in force (8 AD, 1 AS) three less than 
in  2021.  Canada  did  not  initiate  any  new  investigation  and  has  not  imposed  any  new  measures  in  2022. 
However, Canada has initiated one expiry review on imports of rebars from Spain and Portugal and notified  
its intention to initiate a review concerning imports of fabricated industrial steel components (FISC) from, 
inter alia, Spain. The Commission has successfully argued against the initiation of this expiry review and the 
measures expired as scheduled in May 2022.  

Interim review investigation on refined sugar AD and AS 

On  6  August  2021,  Canada  initiated  a  combined  AD  (DE,  NL,  UK,  BE)  and  AS  (EU)  re-investigation  to 
recalculate subsidy amounts and dumping duties applied to imports of refined sugar from the EU. Measures 
are in place since 1995 and EU exports since the imposition of measures were very low (EUR 3 million in 
2019).  

The  result  of  the  re-investigation  was  positive.  Thanks  to the  intervention  of the  Commission  (DG  AGRI, 
TRADE and COMP) and most of the sugar producing Member States, it was demonstrated that there had been 
significant changes in the EU sugar market following the end of the EU sugar regime in 2017. Therefore, on 
30 March 2022, Canada lowered the AS duty to 3,97 EUR/100 kg, thus reflecting more accurately the current 
low level of subsidisation. This amounts to an AS duty of around 9,5% (as compared to 58% previously, based 
on the December 2021 EU sugar price). Moreover, Canada confirmed its determination of the previous re-
investigation of 2014 that CAP decoupled direct payments are not specific and not actionable. 

Indonesia 

Overall trends  

Indonesia is one of the most frequent users of safeguard investigations in the world, regularly resorting to SFG, 
rather than AD or AS.  

At the end of 2022, the number of measures imposed by Indonesia decreased to 9 from to 11 in 2021. However, 
Indonesia is increasingly imposing safeguard measures for a longer period and routinely extend them. Against 
this  backdrop,  Indonesia  initiated  4  safeguard  reviews  in  2022  on  imports  of  curtains  (including  drapes), 
evaporators, fabrics and yarn (other than sewing thread) with a total EU economic interest of approximately 

53 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EUR  18  million.  Shortly  after  these  initiations,  the  Indonesian  Safeguard  Committee  (KPPI)  also  issued 
recommendations for the extension of measures in all four cases, though the Ministry of Finance has not yet 
officially prolonged the measures.  In comparison, in 2021 Indonesia initiated two safeguard reviews (ceramic 
tiles and other alloy steel). In both cases, the measures were extended. 

Australia 

Overall trends  

Australia has been increasing the use of trade defence instruments against the EU since 2013 and currently has 
7 AD measures in place, compared to 6 in 2021.  
In 2022, the Australian Anti-dumping Commission initiated one expiry review investigation on imports of 
steel  reinforcing  bars  exported  from  Greece  and  Spain  as  well  as  one  new  AD  investigation  concerning 
ammonium nitrate exported from Lithuania, Chile and Vietnam.   

Main cases  

Ammonium nitrate AD  

The investigation, which was initiated on 8 June 2022, had a direct impact on one of the biggest EU producers 
of  fertilizers  located  in  Lithuania.  Therefore,  the  Lithuanian  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  requested  an 
intervention at Commission level to defend the EU industry. The Commission submitted written arguments 
immediately following the initiation. 
The  investigation  is  still  ongoing  after  the  Australian  investigating  authority  extended  the  due  date  for 
publishing the Essential Facts and Final Report twice. The Commission intends to intervene as appropriate in 
all further steps. 

India 

Overall trends  

The total number of trade defence measures against the EU by India, has been steadily declining since 2019.In 
2022, India had 7 measures in force on imports from the EU (compared to 12 in 2021 and 18 in 2019) with no 
new measures imposed in 2022. Even though India terminated four AD investigations in 2022, namely on 
imports  of  colour  coated,  pre-painted  flat  products  of  alloy  or  non-alloy  steel,  melamine,  certain  rubber 
chemicals (TDQ, SBS) and styrene butadiene rubber (total EU economic interest of almost EUR 90 million), 
it remains one of the notable users of the TDI against the EU.  
India initiated one safeguard (PVC suspension resins), one new AD investigation (vitamin A palmitate and 
one expiry review (styrene butadiene rubber) last year, compared to two new investigations in 2021. 

Main cases  

Expiry review investigation on styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) AD 

On  2  February  2022,  the  Indian  authorities  initiated  a  sunset  review  investigation  on  imports  of  styrene 
butadiene rubber (SBR) originating in or exported from the EU, Korea RP and Thailand (economic interest 
around EUR 47 million). The Commission intervened in the case from the beginning and has filed a written 
submission  and  participated  in  a  public  hearing.  The  Indian  investigating  authority  recommended  the 
continuance of the anti-dumping duty on 29 July 2022; however, on 3 November 2022, the Ministry of Finance 
decided  not  to  accept  the  recommendations  made  by  the  Designated  Authority  and  has  terminated  the 
investigation without imposing any measure. 

Expiry review investigation on colour-coated, pre-painted flat products of alloy or non-alloy steel AD 

India  imposed  anti-dumping  duties  on  imports  of  colour-coated  steel  from  the  EU  and  China  in  2017  and 
initiated  an  expiry  review  on  26  June  2021  (economic  interest  around  EUR  21  million).  The  Commission 
intervened strongly since the initiation. Despite strong arguments against the extension of the anti-dumping 
duties, reiterated during the public hearing, the Indian investigating authority recommended the continuance 
of measures. However, on 13 January 2022, the Ministry of Finance issued the official notification terminating 
the investigation without extending the measures. 

54 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investigation on certain rubber chemicals (TDQ, CBS) AD 

On 31 March 2021, the Indian authorities initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports of certain rubber 
chemicals (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline or "TDQ" and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide or 
"CBS") exported from China, the EU and Russia. The Commission firmly defended the EU exports amounting 
to EUR 16,5 million and filed several written submissions and participated in a public hearing. In March 2022, 
the Indian investigating authority terminated the investigation with respect to CBS imports from the EU while 
recommending the imposition of anti-dumping duties on the imports of TDQ. However, on 23 June 2022, the 
Ministry  of  Finance  rejected  the  recommendation  made  by  the  investigating  authority  and  terminated  the 
investigation without imposing anti-dumping duties on TDQ. 

PVC suspension resins SFG 

India initiated a safeguard investigation on 16 September 2022. The Commission intervened and filed a written 
submission, argued the case during the oral hearing and intends to intervene as appropriate in all further steps. 

Vitamin-A palmitate AD 

The ongoing investigation concerning exports of vitamin-A palmitate exported from the EU, Switzerland and 
China was initiated on 29 December 2022. The Commission filed a written submission at initiation and will 
continue to closely monitor the investigation. 

South Africa / Southern African Customs Union  

Overall trends  

At the end of 2022 there were 7 measures in force, 4 AD (frozen chicken, frozen bone-in portion, ropes and 
cables and 1 provisional measure on frozen potato chips) and 3 SFG (bolts, screws and threaded fasteners).  

In addition to that, definitive AD measures were imposed on frozen chicken from Denmark, Ireland, Spain and 
Poland, in August 2022, but this measure was immediately suspended for a duration of one year.  

No new investigation was initiated in 2022 (against 2 in 2021).  A long-term trade irritant, the bilateral SFG 
measure on frozen chicken expired in March 2022. The Panel in the bilateral dispute settlement proceeding 
concerning this case, issued its final report in summer 2022, largely in favour of the EU claims (please see also 
below).   

At the end of 2022, the Southern African Customs Union had 1 AD measure in force (pasta). 

Main cases  

Frozen potato chips AD 

The investigation was initiated  based on a complaint made by McCain Foods, on 19 November 2021 following 
the termination of the previous AD measures. In the previous investigation, the investigating authority ITAC 
was not able to finish the first expiry review within the legal deadlines.   

The  EU  has  been  very  active  in  this  investigation,  including  by  a  number  of  submissions  (submission  at 
initiation  in  December  2021,  submission  on  preliminary  determination  in  July  2022  and  submission  on 
Essential Facts in October 2022). Despite numerous interventions, provisional measures were imposed on 15 
July 2022, i.e. an ad valorem duty ranging from 9,23% to 181,05%. Final measures, if any, would be imposed 
by summer 2023.  . 

Frozen chicken AD and bilateral SFG  

Following an expiry review of the AD measures originally imposed in 2015, the original duty levels for imports 
from the Netherlands and Germany were upheld and prolonged until 2026.  

55 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Regarding the bilateral safeguard measures, originally imposed in 2018 for a duration of 3,5 years, a panel was 
finally  established  in late 2021  and issued its  final  report  after  the  lapse  of the  duties (11 March  2022) in 
summer 2022. It ruled in favour of the EU’s claims, in particular it found that the safeguard measure was not 
proportionate  and  went beyond  what  was  needed to remedy  or  prevent  any serious  injury  or  disturbances. 
Moreover, the delay between the investigation and the adoption of the safeguard measure was excessive and 
not in line with the EU-SADC EPA. The ruling sets a strong precedent for the imposition of similar safeguards 
under the EU SADC agreement in the future. While safeguard measures can legally be adopted in exceptional 
circumstances to temporarily counter surging imports that threaten the domestic industry, these must at all 
times comply with the legal requirements set out in the agreement. 

In  addition,  the  ‘new’  frozen  poultry  AD  investigation  initiated  on  24  February  2021,  was  concluded  by 
imposition of definitive measures in August 2022. The ad valorem duties range between 3 and 96%, depending 
on the cut and the country. This measure, however, was immediately suspended due to the difficulties of the 
local population in having access to a cheap source of protein, and thus indirectly acknowledging the EU’s 
arguments regarding any possible measures not being in the public interest, which were presented in the context 
of this investigation. The Commission has intervened in all appropriate fora in support of the already heavily 
hampered frozen poultry sector and will continue to do so.  

Ukraine 

Overall trends  

2022 was a difficult year for Ukraine, following the Russian invasion in 24 February 2022. On 27 February 
2022,  all  ongoing  TDI  investigations  were  put  on  hold.  These  concerned,  at  the  time  the  safeguard 
investigations regarding imports of sodium hypochlorite, PVC profiles, cheese, and tricone drilling bits.  

All four safeguard investigations were eventually terminated in the course of 2022. In particular, the safeguard 
investigation regarding imports of sodium hypochlorite was terminated on 24 August 2022, the 2 safeguard 
investigations  regarding  imports  of  cheese and tricone  drilling bits  were terminated  on  3  September 2022, 
while the safeguard investigation concerning imports of PVC profile was terminated on 5 November 2022.  

At the end of 2022 three measures remain in force: an AD measure on rubber plugs, in force since 2019 for a 
duration of 5 years, and 2 safeguard measures on sulphuric acid and oleum, extended in 2021 for a duration of 
3 years and fresh cut roses, imposed in 2021 for a duration of 3 years. In addition to that, one safeguard measure 
in force on polymeric materials, imposed in 2020 for a duration of 3 years, was suspended on 20 November 
2022. 

Understandably,  there  was  no  new  investigation  initiated  in  2022.  Previously,  the  number  of  ongoing 
investigations by Ukraine was relatively high, which changed completely following the war. In comparison, 
there were 4 new safeguard investigations initiated in 2021 (sodium hypochlorite, PVC profiles, tricone drilling 
bits and certain types of cheese), which represented 100% increase in comparison to 2020. Before the war, the 
Commission  had  been  very  active  in  all  Ukrainian  investigations  in  order  to  make  them  reconsider  their 
extensive use of the safeguard instrument.  

Egypt  

Overall trends  

At the end of 2022, there were 1 safeguard and 1 AD measure in force (safeguard measure on raw aluminium 
and iron/steel bars and AD on Edam and Gouda cheese). 

Main cases  

Edam and Gouda cheese SFG  

The investigation was initiated on 29 December 2020 against imports of Edam and Gouda cheese from the 
Netherlands.  Definitive  measures  were  imposed  on  10  January  2022,  for  a  period  of  five  years.  The 
Commission made several written submissions, in close contact with the Dutch authorities, to coordinate our 
interventions.   

Gulf Cooperation Council – GCC countries  

56 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Overall trends  

At the end of 2022, there was 1 AD measure (uncoated paper or paperboard in rolls or sheets) in force. The 
Commission actively intervened in three ongoing investigations initiated in 2021 including at political level, 
and in various bilateral fora.  

Main cases  

Investigation on electric accumulators (vehicle batteries) AD 

In April 2021, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) initiated an AD investigation against imports of electric 
accumulators (vehicle batteries) from Spain. Considering the EU export value was around EUR 36 million, 
the  Commission  was  in  close  contact  with  the  Spanish  producer,  who  decided  to  cooperate  with  the 
investigation.  The  Commission intervened  with  written  submissions  and participation  in hearings,  in  close 
cooperation with the EU Delegation, Spain and the EU industry. 

Finally,  in  August  2022  the  GCC  Ministerial  decided  to  exclude  Spanish  imports  from  the  scope  of  the 
investigation, as its dumping margin was less than 2%, de minimis. 

Semi-chemical fluting paper AD  

In August 2021, an AD investigation on imports of semi-chemical fluting paper from Germany and France 
was  initiated  (export  value  around  EUR  29  million).  The  Commission  intervened  in  cooperation  with  the 
industry  throughout  the  investigation  and  made  an  additional  submission  on  10  November  2022  on  the 
Essential fact reports, which proposes definitive duties. At the time of writing the present report a final decision 
has not yet been taken.   

Super absorbent polymer (SAP) AD 

In November 2021 the GCC initiated an anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of super absorbent 
polymer imported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from Belgium, France, China, Japan, Singapore and South 
Korea. The Commission intervened in several rounds of written submissions and hearings. 

. 

On 28 November 2022, the GCC issued the Final Report, which recommends excluding imports from Japan 
due  to their small  volume while it  determines the  existence  of  dumping  by  imports from  China,  Belgium, 
Singapore, the Republic of Korea and France, with dumping margins ranging from 2% to 124%. At the time 
of writing the present report a final decision has not yet been taken. 

Morocco  

Overall trends  

Morocco continues to be a moderate user of the instruments. At the end of 2022 a total of 6 measures are in 
force against EU exports (1 AD and 5 SFG).  During 2022, Morocco initiated 1 new SFG investigation (inner 
tubes for bicycles, velocipedes, motorcycles and scooters) and reviewed 1 AD (PVC); and 2 SFG measures 
already in force were extended (wire rod and rebar; cold rolled steel sheets and plated or coated sheets).  

Main cases  

Inner tubes for bicycles, velocipedes, motorcycles and scooters SFG 

The investigation was initiated on 3 October 2022. EU export value is around EUR 2 million. The Commission 
made a submission at initiation and will continue to monitor.  

Wire rod and rebar SFG expiry review  

In August 2021, Morocco initiated a third expiry review of the SFG measure on imports of wire rod and rebar. 
The Commission made a submission in cooperation with the EU industry. The investigation was finalised in 
December 2021 with the prolongation of measures as of 1 January 2022 until 15 October 2023.  

57 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tunisia 

Overall trends  

At the end of 2022 there were 2 SFG investigations ongoing in Tunisia (on wire of iron or non-alloy steel for 
springs and on minibuses). Traditionally not a frequent user, in 2021 and 2022, Tunisia started to be active and 
initiated 2 new SFG investigations. The Commission intervened in both these cases with written submissions 
in view of the systemic concerns, even if there is very small economic interest. 

Main cases  

Wire of iron or non-alloy steel for springs. 

In July 2022, an SFG investigation on imports of wire of iron or non-alloy steel for springs was initiated (export 
value less than EUR 1 million). We intervened nevertheless with a written submission. 

AD cases on EU exports of frozen fries by three different investigating authorities  

In  2022,  there  were  three  on-going  AD  investigations  against  exports  of  frozen  fries  from  different  EU 
countries. The combined value of EU exports covered by these investigations was close to EUR 130 million. 
The investigating countries were Colombia, South Africa, and Brazil.  

In 2022, Colombia concluded the expiry review initiated in 2020, with the continuation of measures for five 
more years. South Africa continued with the investigation initiated in 2021 and imposed provisional measures 
in June 2022. Brazil initiated an expiry review of measures imposed in 2017. Brazil and South Africa had not 
yet concluded their investigations at the end of 2022.  

The Commission intervened strongly in all the above cases in close cooperation with the EU industry and 
Member States affected.  

9. 

ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO 

9.1  Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence  

The WTO procedure for the settlement of disputes between WTO Members concerning the application of the 
WTO agreements is divided into two main stages.  

The first stage consists of bilateral consultations between the WTO Members concerned. If those consultations 
fail to settle the dispute, the second stage can be opened by requesting the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to 
establish a panel.  

WTO Members, other than the complaining and defending parties, with an interest in a given dispute, can 
intervene as 'third parties' before the panel.  

The panel issues a report, which must be adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to 
become binding between the parties to the dispute. In a fully functioning WTO dispute settlement system (see 
further below), panel reports first can be appealed before the WTO Appellate Body (AB) (each appeal being 
heard by three members of a permanent seven-member body set up by the Dispute Settlement Understanding 
(DSU)).  

Both the panel report and the report by the AB are adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) unless the 
DSB rejects the report by unanimity. The findings of a panel report or an AB report have to be implemented 
by the WTO Member whose measures have been found to be inconsistent with the relevant WTO Agreements.  

If the complaining WTO Member is not satisfied with the way the reports are implemented, it can ask for the 
establishment of a so-called 'implementation panel'. Here too, an appeal against the findings of the panel is 
possible.  

58 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguards measures are among the most common subject matters in WTO 
dispute settlement. The EU is an active participant actively in WTO dispute settlement proceedings as a third 
party in relation to TDI.  

Regarding  the  procedures  described  above,  it  should  be  noted  that,  since  11  December  2019,  due  to  the 
blockage of new appointments to the AB, the WTO dispute settlement system is not able to function fully, 
because there are no members on the Appellate Body. This affects the capacity of the WTO dispute settlement 
system to deliver binding resolutions of trade disputes and undermines rules-based international trade.  

The EU continues its efforts to find, together with the WTO Membership, a lasting solution to this situation. 
Pending a solution, the EU, together with certain other WTO Members, created a workaround arrangement to 
apply as long as the appointments to the AB remain blocked. Known as the ‘MPIA’, the Multi-party interim 
appeal  arbitration arrangement  allows  its  participating  WTO  Members  to  bring  appeals  and solve  disputes 
within  the  framework  of  the  DSU  despite  the  current  paralysis  of  the  AB.  It  achieves  this  through  the 
conclusion of  agreements between  participating WTO  Members  to  have appeals in  disputes  between  them 
dealt  with  by  way  of  arbitration  within  the  framework  of  the  DSU.  In  this  way,  the  MPIA  provides  a 
functioning,  binding,  two-tier  and  independent  dispute  settlement  system  in  the  disputes  that  it  covers.  It 
mirrors the usual WTO appeal rules and, for as long as the AB remains unable to function fully, can be used 
between any Members of the WTO that join the MPIA.   

DS494:  European  Union  –  Cost  Adjustment  Methodologies  and  Certain  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on 
Imports from Russia  

On 24 July 2020, the panel circulated to all WTO Members its final report in DS494 European Union – Cost 
Adjustment  Methodologies  and  Certain  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on  Imports  from  Russia.    Both  parties 
appealed the report.  However, with the ongoing difficulties in the WTO Dispute Settlement, there was no 
progress in 2022.  

DS521:  European  Union  —  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on  Certain  Cold-Rolled  Flat  Steel  Products  from 
Russia 

The case dates back to January 2017, when the Russian Federation requested consultations with the European 
Union concerning anti-dumping measures imposed by the European Union on imports of certain cold-rolled 
flat steel products from the Russian Federation. Consultations with Russia took place on 8 June 2017. Almost 
two years later, on 13 March 2019, the Russian Federation requested the establishment of a panel. The panel 
was established on 16 March 2020. Written procedure took place during the summer 2020 whereas the first 
substantive meeting planned for the autumn was postponed due to COVID-19 related travel restrictions.  In 
March 2022, the Chair of the panel informed the DSB that it had granted the Russian Federation's request of 
18 March 2022, that the panel suspend its work pursuant to Article 12.12 of the DSU for an indeterminate 
period of time. The EU had no comment on this suspension request and had chosen to also suspend its offensive 
dispute settlement cases after the full scale Russian invasion of Ukraine at the end of February 2022. The Chair 
indicated  that the  suspension  of  the  proceedings  was  effective  from  28  March 2022.  The  Chair  noted that 
pursuant to Article 12.12 if the work of the panel had been suspended for more than 12 months, the authority 
for establishment of the panel shall lapse. On 9 March 2023, the Russian Federation requested to resume the 
panel proceedings in the dispute. The panel subsequently communicated to the Parties that it had resumed its 
work on 22 March 2023.  

DS591:  Anti-Dumping Duties by Colombia on Frozen Fries from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands 

In the dispute settlement proceeding regarding the AD measures on frozen fries against Colombia, the Panel 
issued its final report.  On 6 October 2022, Colombia appealed the report to the Multi-Party Interim Appeal 
Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). On 21 December 2022, arbitrators ruled in substance in favour of the EU. 
The final binding award confirmed that the AD duties imposed by Colombia on frozen fries from Belgium, the 
Netherlands and Germany breached the WTO rules and improperly restricted access to the Colombian market. 
Colombia must bring itself into compliance with the ruling, either immediately or within a time limit agreed 
with the EU or set by a WTO arbitrator. If Colombia does not comply, the EU can obtain a WTO authorisation 
to adopt countermeasures. This was the first ruling of the MPIA, which was completed efficiently before the 
90 days deadline. Apart from safeguarding the prospect of a binding resolution of disputes between MPIA 
participants,  the  MPIA  signals  commitment  to  a  rules-based  international  trading  system,  with  properly 
functioning WTO dispute resolution at its heart. 

59 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9.2    Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees.  

Every  year,  the  WTO  holds  meetings  of  the  Subsidies  and  Countervailing,  Anti-dumping  and  Safeguards 
Committees in spring and autumn. In addition, in the context of the Anti-dumping Committee, there are also 
meetings of the Working Group on Implementation.  Though the meetings were in hybrid format in April and 
October, the majority of delegates attended in person.  

The work of these Committees is important in reviewing the functioning of the various Agreements allowing 
WTO members to exchange views and information of a general nature, as well as highlighting individual trade 
defence cases of concern. 

In  the  WTO  Safeguards  Committees  the  EU  was  very  active  defending  its  safeguard  measures  against 
criticisms from Brazil, Japan, China, Türkiye, Japan, Switzerland, India, Korea and Russia.   Many claimed 
that  the  measures  should  have  been  terminated  after  the  Panel  report  in  the  dispute;  European  Union  — 
Safeguard Measures on Certain Steel Products was issued.   The EU was also very active in highlighting its 
concerns  with  regard  to  the  safeguard  practices  of  other  Members  including  Indonesian  investigations  on 
cigarette  paper  and  apparel  and  clothing,  Morocco’s  investigation  on  coated  wood  panels,  Türkiye’s 
investigations on yarn of nylon and Grinding balls and similar articles for mills and US investigation on silicon 
photovoltaic cells  

In the AD Committee, the EU continued to express concerns about investigations on imports of frozen fries 
from Belgium, Netherlands and Germany and on frozen poultry from Poland, Spain, Ireland and Denmark by 
the  South  African  Customs  Union  (SACU).  The  EU  also  defended  its  investigations  into  grain  oriented 
electrical steels, fatty acids, aluminium wheels and fasteners from criticisms by Japan, Indonesia, Morocco 
and China respectively.   

In the Special Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing measures, review of the Subsidy notifications made 
in  2021,  continued.      The  overall  track  record  on  notifications  remains  low  with  95  out  of  the  164  WTO 
members  not  having  made  a  notification  under  the  last  notification  exercise  in  2021.  The  EU  strongly 
encouraged greater compliance with transparency obligations under the ASCM, as this is crucial to understand 
the impact of subsides in global trade. 

In the regular Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing measures, the EU responded to complaints from 
both  China  and  Indonesia,  by  explaining  the  justification  for  countervailing  financial  support  provided  by 
China to companies located in Indonesia. The EU raised concerns on China’s potato starch anti-subsidy case 
against  the  EU  as  well  as  the  US’  countervailing  measures  on  olives  from  Spain,  particularly  the 
implementation  of  the  WTO  panel  report.  Discussions  continued  on  the  impact  of  subsidies  creating 
overcapacities  and  the  IMF,  OECD,  World  Bank  and  WTO  presented  a  report  on  Subsidies,  Trade  and 
International cooperation31.    

The EU participated in informative exchanges in the Anti-dumping Working Group on Implementation where 
the participants discussed issues including; the determination of the viability of domestic sales in dumping 
margin  calculations;  the  treatment  of  affiliated  parties  for  duty  assessment,  defining  the  product  under 
investigation  and  like  products;  product  comparisons  in  dumping  margin  calculations  and  sunset  review 
investigations.  These discussions contribute to a greater understanding of the practices of other investigating 
authorities.  

The new WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies was concluded at the 12th Ministerial conference in June 
2022 to end unsustainable fisheries subsidies in line with UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.632. The WTO 
negotiations will continue on the outstanding issues to achieve a comprehensive agreement.  Also in 2022, the 
WTO  co-sponsor  members  started  subsidies  related  work  under  the  Ministerial  Statements  on  Fossil  Fuel 
Subsidy Reform initiative33 and on Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions 34. 

31  
32  
33  

34  

Subsidies-Trade-and-International-Cooperation-April-19-ci.pdf (worldbank.org) 
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/fish_e.htm 
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/fossil_fuel_e.htm  
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tessd_e/tessd_e.htm 

60 

 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEXES 

SUMMARY 

LIST OF ANNEXES 

ANNEX A 

New investigations initiated during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX B 

New investigations initiated 

ANNEX C 

ANNEX D 

ANNEX E 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of provisional duties during the period 1 
January - 31 December 2022 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties during the period 1 
January - 31 December 2022 

New investigations terminated without imposition of measures during the period 1 
January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX H 

Other reviews concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX I 

ANNEX J 

ANNEX K 

ANNEX L 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 December 
2022 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 
December 2022 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 
December 2022 

Safeguard investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January - 31 
December 2022 

ANNEX M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX N 

Measures which expired during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

ANNEX O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2022 

ANNEX P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2022 

Page 61 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEXES 

SUMMARY 

ANNEX Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2022 

ANNEX R 

Anti-dumping & anti-subsidy investigations pending on 31 December 2022 

ANNEX S 

Court cases 

ANNEX T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2022 

Page 62 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  A 

New investigations initiated 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Stainless steel refillable kegs 

Polyester yarn (High tenacity) 

Bulb flat 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

13.05.2022 
C195/24 
[AD689] 

30.06.2022 
C 248/107 
[AD690] 

People's Republic 
of China 
Türkiye 

14.11.2022 
C 431/11 
[AD691] 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Fatty Acid 

Country of 
origin 

Indonesia 

OJ Reference 

13.05.2022 
C195/11 
[AS688] 

Page 63 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  B 

A) New investigations initiated by product sector during the period 2018 - 
2022 (31 December) 

Product sector 

2018 

2019 

2020 

2021 

2022 

Chemical and allied 

Electronics 

Iron and Steel 

Other 

Other mechanical engineering 

Other metals 

Wood and paper 

Grand Total 

Of which 

anti-dumping 

anti-subsidy 

5 

4 

1 

10 

8 

2 

1 

7 

7 

1 

16 

11 

5 

2 

2 

6 

4 

1 

15 

12 

3 

3 

6 

4 

1 

14 

11 

3 

1 

3 

1 

5 

4 

1 

Page 64 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B) New investigations initiated by country of export during the period 2018 - 
2022 (31 December) 

Country of origin 

2018 

2019 

2020 

2021 

2022 

(Dec.) 

Argentina 

Bahrain 

Brazil 

Egypt 

India 

Indonesia 

Malaysia 

Morocco 

North Macedonia 

People's Republic of China 

Republic of Korea 

Russian Federation 

Saudi Arabia 

Taiwan 

Trinidad and Tobago 

Türkiye 

United States of America 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

1 

1 

- 

2 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

- 

1 

- 

4 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

7 

1 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

8 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

2 

1 

- 

- 

1 

- 

2 

2 

- 

1 

- 

4 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

10 

16 

15 

14 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

5 

Page 65 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  C 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of provisional duties 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Electrolytic chromium coated steel 
(ECCS) 

Brazil 
People's Republic 
of China 

23.05.2022 
L143/11 
[AD683] 

Aluminium road wheels 

Morocco 

15.07.2022 
L 188/114 
[AD686] 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

Page 66 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  D 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Iron or steel fasteners 

Calcium silicon 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

Superabsorbent polymers 

Republic of Korea 

Graphite Electrode Systems 

Corrosion resistant steels 

People's Republic 
of China 

Russian 
Federation 
Türkiye 

Electrolytic chromium coated steel 
(ECCS) 

People’s Republic 
of China 

Brazil 

OJ Reference 

17.02.2022 
L36/1 
[AD676] 

24.03.2022 
L 96/9 
[AD679] 

06.04.2022 
L 107/27 
[AD681] 

07.04.2022 
L108/20 
[AD680] 

12.08.2022 
L 211/127 
[AD682] 

16.11.2022 

L 295/7 

[AD683] 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Page 67 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

India 
Indonesia 

OJ Reference 

19.01.2022 
L12/34 
[AS677] 

16.03.2022 
L88/24 
[AS678] 

Page 68 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  E 

New investigations terminated without the imposition of measures 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Graphite electrode systems 

- 

20.07.2022 

L 191/81 

[AS685] 

Page 69 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Sodium gluconate 

Aluminium road wheels (certain) 

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt-welding 
fittings) 

Polyester yarn (High tenacity) 

Heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel (certain) 

Graphite electrode systems 

Graphite electrode systems 

Okoumé plywood 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

18.01.2022 
C25/8 
[R754] 

20.01.2022 
C29/34 
[R759] 

People's Republic 
of China 
Taiwan 

26.01.2022 
C 40/1 
[R758] 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

India 

India 

People's Republic 
of China 

23.02.2022 
C 87/2  
[R760] 

25.02.2022 
C 89/3 
[R761] 

09.03.2022 
C 113/13 
[R763] 

09.03.2022 
C 113/3 
[R762] 

05.04.2022 
C 150/16 
[R764] 

05.04.2022 
C 150/3 
[R765] 

21.04.2022 
C 167/20 
[R767] 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 
(certain) 

People's Republic 
of China 

Glass fibre products (certain continuous filament) 

People's Republic 
of China 

 
 
 
 
Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Thermal paper (certain lightweight) 

Republic of Korea 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron (other than cast iron) or 
steel (other than stainless steel) (certain) 

People's Republic 
of China 

Tungsten carbide, fused tungsten carbide and tungsten 
carbide simply mixed with metallic powder 

People's Republic 
of China 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 
(certain) 

People's Republic 
of China 

Rebars 

Belarus 

Coated fine paper 

Coated fine paper 

Melamine 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel)(certain) 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics) 

Ceramic tiles 

Hand pallet trucks 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

Brazil 
Iran 
Russian 
Federation 
Ukraine 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

03.05.2022 
C180/4 
[R768] 

12.05.2022 
C193/5 
[R769] 

01.06.2022 
C217/17 
[R772] 

08.06.2022 
C223/37 
[R770] 

15.06.2022 
C 231/21 
[R773] 

30.06.2022 
C 248/119 
[R776] 

30.06.2022 
C 248/130 
[R775] 

01.07.2022 
C 252/6 
[R774] 

05.10.2022 
C 384/3 
[R780] 

04.11.2022 
C421/54 
[R781] 

22.11.2022 
C 442/3 
[R782] 

29.11.2022 
C 452/26 
[R783] 

05.12.2022 
C462/10 
[R786] 

 
 
 
 
Concluded: confirmation of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon electrical steel (GOES) 

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel 

Acesulfame Potassium (ACE-K) 

Aluminium foil (certain) 

Japan 
People's Republic 
of China 
Republic of Korea 
Russian 
Federation 
United States of 
America 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile 
cast iron) 

India 

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile 
cast iron) 

India 

Ring binder mechanisms 

Molybdenum wires 

Silicon 

Sodium cyclamate 

Aspartame 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

Indonesia 
People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

17.01.2022 
L10/17 
[R728] 

25.01.2022 
L 16/36 
[R726] 

28.01.2022 
L 19/22 
[R727] 

10.03.2022 
L 83/7 
[R730] 

16.06.2022 
L161/1 
[R736] 

16.06.2022 
L161/28 
[R737] 

28.06.2022 
L170/38 
[R738] 

26.07.2022 
L195/75 
[R744] 

12.08.2022 
L 211/86 
[R743] 

11.10.2022 
l264/12 
[R741] 

24.10.2022 
L274/24 
[R742] 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: confirmation of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Cold-rolled flat steel products 

People's Republic 
of China 
Russian 
Federation 

27.10.2022 
L277/149 
[R745] 

Concluded: termination and repeal of the measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Monosodium Glutamate 

Polyester yarn (High tenacity) 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron) 

India 

Malleable tube fittings (MTF) 

People's Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

24.01.2022 
C 35/12 
[R757] 

30.06.2022 
C 248/142 
[R771] 

22.09.2022 
C 363/9 
[R779] 

18.11.2022 
C 438/7 
[R784] 

Concluded: amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Monosodium Glutamate 

People's Republic 
of China 

- 

Steel ropes and cables 

Republic of Korea 

07.07.2022 
L 181/14 
[R757] 

21.09.2022 

Page 74 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

L 244/8 

[R750] 

Rainbow trout 

Türkiye 

2022/2390 

08.12.2022 

L 316/52 

[R749] 

Concluded by termination without amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

Hot-rolled flat steel products (HRFS) 

People's Republic 
of China  

- 

Trout (Rainbow) 

Türkiye 

OJ Reference 

13.04.2022 

L 115/185[R734] 

10.03.2022 

L 83/60 

[R735] 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Page 75 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Page 76 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  H 

Other reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Thermal paper (certain lightweight) [Re-opening] 

Republic of Korea 

Bicycles (electric) [Re-opening] 

Bicycles (electric) [Re-opening] 

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded) [Re-opening] 

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded) [Re-opening] 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

30.06.2022 
C 248/152 
[AD629a] 

06.07.2022 
C 260/5 
[AD643a] 

06.07.2022 
C 260/5 
[AS646a] 

08.07.2022 
C 263/15 
[AD640a] 

08.07.2022 
C 263/15 
[AS641a] 

Concluded: confirmation/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) [Re-
opening] 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) [Re-
opening] 

Egypt 
People's Republic 
of China 

24.05.2022 
L145/20 
[AD653a] 

Egypt 
People's Republic 
of China 

24.05.2022 
L145/20 
[AS656a] 

Page 77 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: confirmation/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Page 78 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  I 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Bicycles 

Initiated 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

People's Republic 
of China 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics)  People's Republic 

of China 
India (ext) 

OJ Reference 

03.03.2022 
L68/9 
[R714] 

21.04.2022 
L 119/68 
[R766] 

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Biodiesel 

USA 

13.05.2022 

L 136/3 

[R723 and R724] 

Page 79 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics) 

India (ext) 

15.12.2022 
L 321/5 
[R766] 

Concluded: termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid 

People's Republic 
of China  

- 

Bicycles 

People's Republic 
of China 

13.04.2022 

L 115/66 

[R746 – R747 – 
R748] 

21.11.2022 

L 300/6 

[R714] 

Page 80 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  J 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

08.12.2022 
C467/36 
[R785] 

Concluded with increase of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Egypt 

- 

OJ Reference 

L 190; 
19.07.2022, p.70 

[R753] 

Concluded without increase of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Page 81 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded without increase of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

Page 82 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  K 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-
welding fittings, whether or not finished 
(Certain) 

Initiated 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

People's Republic 
of China 
Taiwan 
Malaysia (ext) 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products 
(SSHR) 

Indonesia 
Türkiye (ext) 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

08.06.2022 
L155/36 
[R777] 

27.07.2022 
OJL198/8 
[R778] 

Concluded with extension of duty 

Product 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

People's Republic 
of China - Morocco 
(ext) 

People's Republic 
of China - Morocco 
(ext) 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

25.02.2022 
L 46/49 
[R739] 

25.02.2022 
L 46/31 
[R740] 

Page 83 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded with extension of duty 

Product 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

People's Republic 
of China and 
Egypt - Türkiye 
(ext) 

People's Republic 
of China and 
Egypt -Türkiye 
(ext) 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

08.09.2022 
L233/1 
[R755] 

08.09.2022 
L233/18 
[R756] 

Concluded without extension of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics, certain 

Egypt 

- 

25.02.2022 

L 46/31 (R740) 
and 49 (R739) 

Page 84 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exemptions granted and/or rejected 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Page 85 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  L 

Safeguard investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

investigations initiated 

Product 

Steel products (certain) review 

Country of 
origin 

Erga Omnes (ext) 

OJ Reference 

02.12.2022 
C 459/6 
[Safe009R6] 

investigations terminated without imposition of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Issue of licences 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Page 86 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Safeguard measures which expired 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Date of 
expiry 

None 

- 

- 

Page 87 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Undertakings accepted 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Undertakings withdrawn or repealed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Undertakings which expired/lapsed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure(s) & 
OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Page 88 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Undertakings which expired/lapsed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure(s) & 
OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

Page 89 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  N 

Measures which expired / lapsed 

during the period 1 January - 31 December 2022 

(chronological by date of publication) 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Original measure  
& OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

Barium carbonate 

The People’s 
Republic of China 

27.09.2022 

C 369/6 

[R649] 

Commission Implementing 
Regulation (EU) 2017/1759 
of 27 September 2017 
imposing a definitive anti-
dumping duty on imports of 
barium carbonate originating 
in the People's Republic of 
China following an expiry 
review pursuant to Article 
11(2) of Regulation (EU) 
2016/1036 of the European 
Parliament and of the Council 
(OJ L 250, 28.9.2017, p. 34 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original measure  
& OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

Stainless steel bars and rods 
(certain) 

India 

Commission Implementing 
Regulation (EU) 2017/1141 
of 27 June 2017 imposing a 
definitive countervailing duty 
on imports of certain 
stainless steel bars and rods 
originating in India following 
an expiry review under 

28.06.2022 

C 245/18 

[R649] 

Page 90 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original measure  
& OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

Article 18 of Regulation (EU) 
2016/1037 of the European 
Parliament and the Council 
(OJ L 165, 28.6.2017, p. 2) 

Page 91 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2022 

A.  Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Cases 

Countr
y 

Extens
ion 

Acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) 

Aluminium converter foil 

Aluminium extrusions 

Aluminium flat-rolled products 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Regulation 

L 125, 
21.05.2015, p. 
15 
L 287, 
31.10.2015, p. 
52 
L 19; 
28.01.2022, 
p.22 

L 216; 
18.06.2021, 
p.142 
L 438; 
08.12.2021, 
p.46 

L 336; 
13.10.2020, p.8 
L 109; 
30.03.2021, p.1 

L 124; 
12.04.2021, 
p.40 
L 359; 
11.10.2021, p.6 
L 359; 
11.10.2021, 
p.105 
L 183; 
08.07.2022, 
p.71 

Page 92 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aluminium foil 

Aluminium foil (jumbo rolls) 

Aluminium foil (small rolls) 

Aluminium foil in rolls 

Aluminium radiators 

Aluminium road wheels 

Ammonium nitrate 

L332;18.12.201
5, p.63 
Extension 
(circum.) 
L 40; 
17.02.2017, 
p.51 
L 83; 
10.03.2022, p.7 

Thailan
d 

L 325; 
15.09.2021, p.6 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Thailan
d 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Russia 

L 251, 
18.09.2012, p. 
29 
L 69, 
13.03.2013, p. 
11 
L 146; 
05.06.2019, p. 
63 

L 325; 
15.09.2021, 
p.24 

L 124, 
11.05.2012, p. 
17 
L 310, 
09.11.2012, p. 1 
L 12; 
15.01.2019, 
p.22 

L 18; 
24.01.2017, p.1 

L 280, 
24.09.2014, p. 
19 
L41; 

Page 93 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18.02.2016, 
p.13 
L 425; 
16.12.2020, 
p.21 

L 50; 
26.02.2016, p.4 
L 204; 
29.07.2016, 
p.92 
L 274; 
24.10.2022, 
p.24 

Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 153, 
05.06.2013, p. 
17 
Amendment 
L 47; 
24.02.2017, 
p.13 
L 225; 
29.08.2019, p.1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 153, 
05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 153, 
05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 153, 
05.06.2013, p. 1 

Page 94 of 174 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Indone
sia 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysi
a 

P.R. 
China 

Sri 
Lanka 

Aspartame 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles (electric) 

Bicycles (parts) 

P.R. 
China 

Tunisia 

P.R. 
China 

Cambo
dia 

P.R. 
China 

Pakista
n 

P.R. 
China 

Philippi
nes 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

China 
(bicycle 
parts) 

Biodiesel 

USA 

L 248; 
31.07.2020, p.5 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 153, 
05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 122, 
19.05.2015, p. 4 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 122, 
19.05.2015, p. 4 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 122, 
19.05.2015, p. 4 

L 181; 
18.07.2018, p.7 
L 16; 
18.01.2019, 
p.108 

C 299, 
05.09.2014, p. 7 
L 132, 
29.05.2015, p. 
32 
Amendment 
L 331, 
17.12.2015, 
p.30 

L 239, 
15.09.2015, p. 
69 
Amendment 
L 116; 

Page 95 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Biodiesel 

USA 

Canada 

Birch plywood 

Russia 

Calcium silicon 

Cast iron articles 

Ceramic tiles 

Chamois leather 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

30.04.2016, 
p.31 
L 277; 
02.08.2021, 
p.34 

L 122; 
05.05.2011, p.1 

L 205; 
11.06.2021, 
p.47 
L 394; 
09.11.2021, p.7 

L 366; 
15.10.2021, 
p.17 
L 96; 
24.03.2022, p.9 

L 211; 
17.08.2017, 
p.14 
L 25; 
30.01.2018, p.6 

Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 67, 
12.03.2015, p. 
23 
L 307; 
23.11.2017, 
p.25 

L 334, 
06.12.2012, p. 
31 
L 50; 
21.02.2019, p.5 

Page 96 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Citric acid 

Citric acid 

Citrus fruits 

Coated fine paper 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysi
a 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

Russia 

L 10; 
15.01.2016, p.3 
L 129; 
15.04.2021, 
p.73 

L 15, 
22.01.2015, p. 
15 
L 129; 
15.04.2021, 
p.73 

Reopening 
L 49, 
22.02.2013, p. 
29 
L 354, 
11.12.2014, p. 
17 
L 351; 
22.10.2020, p.2 

L 299; 
16.11.2010, p.7 
L 128; 
06.05.2011, p.1 
L 171; 
04.07.2017, 
p.168 

L 37;  
12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 
04.08.2016, p.1 
L 277; 
27.10.2022, 
p.149 

L 37;  
12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 
04.08.2016, p.1 

Page 97 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
L 277; 
27.10.2022, 
p.149 

L 207; 
10.08.2017, p.1 
L 34; 
08.02.2018, 
p.16 
Extension 
(circum.) 
L 255; 
05.08.2020, 
p.36 

L 211; 
12.08.2022, 
p.127 

L 211; 
12.08.2022, 
p.127 

L 244, 
19.09.2015, p. 
25 
L 73; 
18.03.2016, 
p.53 
L 118; 
16.04.2020, 
p.14 
L 161; 
16.06.2022, p.1 

L 143; 
23.05.2022, 
p.11 
L 295; 
16.11.2022, p.7 

L 143; 
23.05.2022, 

Page 98 of 174 

Corrosion resistant steel (CRS) 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Corrosion resistant steels 

P.R. 
China 

Russia 

Türkiye 

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron) 

India 

Electrolytic chromium  coated steel (ECCS) 

Electrolytic chromium  coated steel (ECCS) 

Brazil 

P.R. 
China 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ferro-silicon 

P.R. 
China 

Ferro-silicon 

Russia 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Egypt 

Türkiye 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Egypt 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Türkiye 

L 233; 
08.09.2022, p.1 

Morocc
o 

L 46; 
25.02.2022, 
p.49 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics 

P.R. 
China 

Taiwan 

P.R. 
China 

Thailan
d 

p.11 
L 295; 
16.11.2022, p.7 

L 107, 
10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 
01.07.2020, p.2 

L 107, 
10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 
01.07.2020, p.2 

L 233; 
08.09.2022, p.1 

L 108; 
06.04.2020, p.1 
L 190; 
19.07.2022, 
p.70 

L 108; 
06.04.2020, p.1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 11, 
16.01.2013, p. 1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 11, 
16.01.2013, p. 1 

Page 99 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Glass fibre products (certain continuous filament) 

P.R. 
China 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics of glass fibres) 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysi
a 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics of) 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics of) 

P.R. 
China 

India 

P.R. 
China 

Indone
sia 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics) 

P.R. 
China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

Japan 

L 243; 
16.09.2010, 
p.40 
L 67; 
15.03.2011, p.1 
L 107; 
25.04.2017, p.4 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 196, 
24.07.2012, p. 1 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 346, 
20.12.2013, p. 
20 
Extension 
(circum.) 
L 236, 
10.09.2015, p. 1 

L 346, 
20.12.2013, p. 
20 

L 204; 
09.08.2011, p.1 
Expiry review 
L 288; 
07.11.2017, p.4 

L 120, 
13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 
30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 
17.01.2022, 
p.17 

Page 100 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

Rep. Of 
Korea 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

P.R. 
China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

USA 

L 120, 
13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 
30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 
17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 120, 
13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 
30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 
17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 120, 
13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 
30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 
17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 120, 
13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 
30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 
17.01.2022, 
p.17 

Page 101 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Graphite electrode systems 

India 

Graphite electrodes system (GES)(certain) 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Hot rolled flat products (HRFS) 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel)(certain) 

Brazil 

L 64; 
10.03.2017, 
p.46 

L 366; 
15.10.2021, 
p.62 
L 108; 
07.04.2022, 
p.20 

Thailan
d 

L 151; 
11.06.2009, p.1 

Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 112, 
24.04.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 265, 
05.09.2014, p. 7 
Extension 
(circum.) 
L 214; 
09.08.2016, p.1 

L 50; 
28.02.2017, 
p.18 

L 272; 
07.10.2016, 
p.33 
L 92; 
06.04.2017, 
p.68 

L 258; 
06.10.2017, 
p.24 

Page 102 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel)(certain) 

Iran 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel)(certain) 

Russia 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 
(certain) 

Türkiye 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 
(certain) 

Iron or steel fasteners 

Ironing boards 

Ironing boards 

Lever arch mechanisms 

Malleable tube fittings (threaded, of cast iron)(MTF) 

Ukraine 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

L 258; 
06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 258; 
06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 3; 07.01.2021, 
p.4 
L 238; 
06.07.2021, 
p.32 

L 258; 
06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 36; 
17.02.2022, p.1 

L 338; 
20.12.2010, 
p.22 
L 252; 
02.10.2019, p.1 

Reopening 
L 297, 
26.10.2012, p. 5 
L 198, 
23.07.2013, p. 1 

L 238, 
04.09.2012, p.5 
L 279; 
09.11.2018, 
p.17 

L 318, 
15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 
14.05.2013, p. 1 

Page 103 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Malleable tube fittings (threaded, of cast iron)(MTF) 

Melamine 

Molybdenum wires 

Thailan
d 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysi
a 

Molybdenum wires  

P.R. 
China 

L 197;  
25.07.2019, p.2 

L 318, 
15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 
14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  
25.07.2019, p.2 

L 298; 
15.11.2010, 
p.10 
L 124; 
10.05.2011, p.2 
L 170; 
01.07.2017, 
p.62 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L8, 12.01.2012, 
p. 22 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 243, 
12.09.2013, P. 2 
Extension 
(circum.) 
L 284, 
30.10.2015, p. 
100 
L 170; 
29.06.2016, 
p.19 
L 197; 
26.07.2022, 
p.75 

Page 104 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) 

Saudi 
Arabia 

Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) 

USA 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Okoumé plywood 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

Indones
ia 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

L 205; 
11.06.2021, p.4 
L 402; 
15.11.2021, 
p.17 

L 205; 
11.06.2021, p.4 
L 402; 
15.11.2021, 
p.17 

L 246, 
21.08.2014, p. 1 
L 15, 
22.01.2015, p. 
54 
L 132; 
19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 15, 
22.01.2015, p. 
31 
Anti-circ 
L 336; 
13.10.2020, p.8 
L 132; 
19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 181; 
17.05.2004, p.5 
L 336; 
02.11.2004, p.4 
L 92; 
06.04.2017, 
p.48 

L 410; 
18.11.2021, 
p.51 

Page 105 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Organic coated steel 

Oxalic acid 

Oxalic acid 

Peroxosulphates (persulphates) 

Polyester yarn (high tenacity) 

Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) (PVA) 

PSC wires and strands 

L 252, 
19.09.2012, p. 
33 
L 73, 
15.03.2013, p. 1 
L 116; 
03.05.2019, p. 5 

L 106, 
18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 165; 
02.07.2018, 
p.13 

L 106, 
18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 321; 
29.11.2016, 
p.48 
L 165; 
02.07.2018, 
p.13 

L 338, 
17.12.2013, p. 
11 
L 13; 
17.01.2020, 
p.18 

L 49; 
25.02.2017, p.6 

L 315; 
29.09.2020, p.1 

Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 297, 
26.10.2012, p.1 
L 139, 
05.06.2015, p. 

Page 106 of 174 

P.R. 
China 

India 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rebars (certain concrete reinforcement bars and rods) 

Belarus 

Ring binder mechanisms 

Ring binder mechanisms 

Ring binder mechanisms 

P.R. 
China 

Laos 

P.R. 
China 

Vietna
m 

P.R. 
China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron (other than cast iron) or 
steel (other than stainless steel), or circular cross 
section...(certain) 

P.R. 
China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Russia 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Ukraine 

12 
L 309; 
02.09.2021, p.8 

L 345; 
20.12.2016; p.4 
L 155; 
17.06.2017, p.6 

L 7; 12.01.2006, 
p.1 
L 170; 
28.06.2022, 
p.38 

L 232; 
28.06.2004, p.1 
L 170; 
28.06.2022, 
p.38 

L 122; 
12.05.2016, p.1 
L 170; 
28.06.2022, 
p.38 

L 305; 
12.11.2016, p.1 
L 121; 
12.05.2017, p.3 

L 174, 
04.07.2012, p. 5 
L 357, 
28.12.2012, p. 1 

L 174, 
04.07.2012, p. 5 
Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 

Page 107 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel 

P.R. 
China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Sodium cyclamate 

Sodium cyclamate 

P.R. 
China 

Taiwan 

P.R. 
China 

Korea 
(Rep. 
of) 

P.R. 
China 

Indones
ia 

P.R. 
China 

L 238, 
04.09.2012, p. 1 

L 169; 
27.06.2011, p.1 
L 336; 
14.12.2011, p.6 
L 63, 
06.03.2018, p. 
15 

Extension 
(circum.) 
L 95, 
05.04.2013, p. 1 
L 211; 
12.08.2022, 
p.86 

L 13; 
15.01.2007, p.1 
L 211; 
12.08.2022, 
p.86 

L 179; 
05.07.2016, p.1 
L 211; 
12.08.2022, 
p.86 

L 192; 
16.07.2016, 
p.49 
L 264; 
11.10.2022, 
p.12 

L 192; 
16.07.2016, 
p.23 

Page 108 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sodium cyclamate 

Sodium gluconate 

Solar glass 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

India 

Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 124, 
11.05.2012, p. 1 
L 192; 
16.07.2016, 
p.49 
L 264; 
11.10.2022, 
p.12 

L 16; 
20.01.2017, p.3 

L 316, 
27.11.2013, p. 8 
L 142, 
14.05.2014, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 98, 
15.04.2015, p. 6 
Amendment 
(absorption 
reinvestigation) 
L 215, 
14.08.2015, p. 
42 
L 238; 
23.07.2020, p.1 

C 322; 
30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 
28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 
18.11.2021, 
p.153 

Page 109 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indones
ia 

P.R. 
China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Taiwan 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR) 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR) 

Indones
ia 

P.R. 
China 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR) 

Taiwan 

C 322; 
30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 
28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 
18.11.2021, 
p.153 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 
23 
L 224, 
27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 
16.09.2021, p.1 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 
23 
L 224, 
27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 
16.09.2021, p.1 

L 110; 
08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 
07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 110; 
08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 
07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 110; 
08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 

Page 110 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Steel road wheels 

Steel wind towers 

Steel wire ropes and cables 

Steel wire ropes and cables 

Steel wire ropes and cables 

Sulphanilic acid 

superabsorbent polymers 

07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 259; 
10.10.2019, 
p.15 
L 65; 
04.03.2020, p.9 

L 450; 
16.12.2021, 
p.59 

L36, 
09.02.2012; p. 1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 138, 
13.05.2014, p. 
80 
Amendment 
L 139, 
14.05.2014, p.7 

Korea 
(Rep. 
of) 

Morocc
o 

L36, 
09.02.2012; p. 1 

L36, 
09.02.2012; p. 1 
L 101; 
20.04.2018, 
p.40 

L 363, 
18.02.2014, p. 
82 
L 85; 
12.03.2021, 
p.154 

L 107; 
06.04.2022, 
p.27 

Page 111 of 174 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Rep. Of 
Korea 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) 

Thailan
d 

Tableware and kitchenware (ceramic) 

P.R. 
China 

Tartaric Acid 

Thermal paper (certain heavyweight) 

P.R. 
China 

Rep. Of 
Korea 

L 244, 
13.09.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 91, 
27.03.2014, p. 1 
L 310; 
02.12.2019, p.6 

L 318, 
15.11.2012, p. 
28 
L 131, 
15.05.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 314; 
30.11.2017, 
p.31 
L 189; 
15.07.2019, p.8 

Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 108, 
20.04.2012, p. 1 
L 110, 
24.04.2012, p. 3 
Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L 182, 
13.07.2012, p. 1 
L 164; 
29.06.2018, 
p.14 

L 164; 
27.05.2020, 
p.28 
L 346; 

Page 112 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thermal paper (certain lightweight ) 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

Rep. Of 
Korea 

P.R. 
China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Rep. Of 
Korea 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Malaysi
a 

20.10.2020, 
p.19 

L 310; 
17.11.2016, p.1 
L 114; 
03.05.2017, p.3 

Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 157, 
27.05.2014, p. 
80 
L 319; 
05.12.2017, 
p.10 

L 347, 
03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L58; 
04.03.2016, 
p.38 
L 99; 
10.04.2019, p.9 

L 347, 
03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment 
((partial) interim 
review) 
L58; 
04.03.2016, 
p.38 
L 99; 
10.04.2019, p.9 

Page 113 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Tube and pipe fittings(certain) 

Tube and pipe fittings(certain) 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Indone
sia 

L 335; 
22.11.2004, p.4 

Taiwan 

L 94; 
14.04.2000, p.1 

L 282, 
28.10.2015, p. 
14 
L 16; 
25.01.2022, 
p.36 

Philippi
nes 

L 116; 
27.04.2006, p.1 

Sri 
Lanka 

L 355; 
22.11.2004, p.9 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Tube and pipe fittings(certain) 

Russia 

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt-welding 
fittings) 

P.R. 
China 

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt-welding 
fittings) 

Taiwan 

Tungsten carbide and fused tungsten carbide 

P.R. 
China 

L 203, 
31.07.2012, p. 
37 
L 27, 
29.01.2013, p. 1 
L 99; 
10.04.2019, p.9 

L 22; 
27.01.2017, 
p.14 

L 22; 
27.01.2017, 
p.14 

Initiation 
C 322; 
15.12.1988, p.7 
L 395; 
31.12.2004, 
p.56 
L 78; 
24.03.2011, p.1 
L 142; 

Page 114 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tungsten electrodes 

Tungsten electrodes 

Tungsten electrodes 

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded) 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) 

Russia 

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) 

Trinida
d and 
Tobago 

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) 

USA 

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

Belarus 

02.06.2017, 
p.53 

Thailan
d 

L 290; 
04.09.2020, p.1 

Laos 

L 290; 
04.09.2020, p.1 

L 150, 
04.06.2013, p. 1 
L 200; 
29.07.2019, p. 4 

L 116; 
07.05.2018, p.8 
L 263; 
22.10.2018, p.3 

L 100; 
11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 
09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 100; 
11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 
09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 100; 
11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 
09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 20, 
27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 

Page 115 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

P.R. 
China 

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

Russia 

Wire rods 

P.R. 
China 

19.04.2021,p.14
5 

L 20, 
27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.14
5 

L 20, 
27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.14
5 

L 268, 
15.10.2015, p. 9 
L 364; 
13.10.2021, 
p.14 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country  Extension  Cases 

Regulation 

Belarus 

Rebars (certain concrete reinforcement bars and 
rods) 

Belarus 

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

L 345; 20.12.2016; 
p.4 
L 155; 17.06.2017, 
p.6 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

Page 116 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Electrolytic chromium  coated steel (ECCS) 

L 143; 23.05.2022, 
p.11 
L 295; 16.11.2022, 
p.7 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel)(certain) 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Egypt 

Türkiye 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Egypt 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

India 

India 

Ductile pipes (tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron) 

Graphite electrode systems 

India 

Oxalic acid 

L 233; 08.09.2022, 
p.1 

L 108; 06.04.2020, 
p.1 
L 190; 19.07.2022, 
p.70 

L 244, 19.09.2015, p. 
25 
L 73; 18.03.2016, 
p.53 
L 118; 16.04.2020, 
p.14 
L 161; 16.06.2022, 
p.1 

L 64; 10.03.2017, 
p.46 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 
1 
L 165; 02.07.2018, 
p.13 

Page 117 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
India 

stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indonesia 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Indonesia 

Sodium cyclamate 

Indonesia 

stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indonesia 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR) 

C 322; 30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.153 

L 246, 21.08.2014, p. 
1 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 
54 
L 132; 19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.49 
L 264; 11.10.2022, 
p.12 

C 322; 30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.153 

L 110; 08.04.2020, 
p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

Iran 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel)(certain) 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

Page 118 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Japan 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical 
steel 

Malaysia 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China 

Acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) 

P.R. China 

Aluminium converter foil 

P.R. China 

Aluminium extrusions 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

L 125, 21.05.2015, p. 
15 
L 287, 31.10.2015, p. 
52 
L 19; 28.01.2022, 
p.22 

L 216; 18.06.2021, 
p.142 
L 438; 08.12.2021, 
p.46 

L 336; 13.10.2020, 
p.8 
L 109; 30.03.2021, 
p.1 

Page 119 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Aluminium flat-rolled products 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil 

P.R. 
China 

Thailand 

Aluminium foil (jumbo rolls) 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (small rolls) 

P.R. 
China 

Thailand 

Aluminium foil in rolls 

P.R. China 

Aluminium radiators 

L 124; 12.04.2021, 
p.40 
L 359; 11.10.2021, 
p.6 
L 359; 11.10.2021, 
p.105 
L 183; 08.07.2022, 
p.71 

L332;18.12.2015, 
p.63 
Extension (circum.) 
L 40; 17.02.2017, 
p.51 
L 83; 10.03.2022, p.7 

L 325; 15.09.2021, 
p.6 

L 251, 18.09.2012, p. 
29 
L 69, 13.03.2013, p. 
11 
L 146; 05.06.2019, p. 
63 

L 325; 15.09.2021, 
p.24 

L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 
17 
L 310, 09.11.2012, p. 
1 
L 12; 15.01.2019, 
p.22 

Page 120 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Aluminium road wheels 

L 18; 24.01.2017, p.1 

P.R. China 

Aspartame 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Indonesia  Bicycles 

Malaysia 

Bicycles 

P.R. 
China 

Sri Lanka  Bicycles 

L 50; 26.02.2016, p.4 
L 204; 29.07.2016, 
p.92 
L 274; 24.10.2022, 
p.24 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
17 
Amendment 
L 47; 24.02.2017, 
p.13 
L 225; 29.08.2019, 
p.1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 
L 248; 31.07.2020, 
p.5 

Page 121 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Tunisia 

Bicycles 

Cambodia  Bicycles 

Pakistan 

Bicycles 

Philippines  Bicycles 

P.R. China 

Bicycles (electric) 

P.R. 
China 

China 
(bicycle 
parts) 

Bicycles (parts) 

P.R. China 

Calcium silicon 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 
4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 
4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 
4 

L 181; 18.07.2018, 
p.7 
L 16; 18.01.2019, 
p.108 

C 299, 05.09.2014, p. 
7 
L 132, 29.05.2015, p. 
32 
Amendment 
L 331, 17.12.2015, 
p.30 

L 366; 15.10.2021, 
p.17 
L 96; 24.03.2022, p.9 

Page 122 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Cast iron articles 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tiles 

P.R. China 

Chamois leather 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysia 

Citric acid 

P.R. China 

Citric acid 

P.R. China 

Citrus fruits 

L 211; 17.08.2017, 
p.14 
L 25; 30.01.2018, p.6 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 67, 12.03.2015, p. 
23 
L 307; 23.11.2017, 
p.25 

L 334, 06.12.2012, p. 
31 
L 50; 21.02.2019, p.5 

L 10; 15.01.2016, p.3 
L 129; 15.04.2021, 
p.73 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 
15 
L 129; 15.04.2021, 
p.73 

Reopening 
L 49, 22.02.2013, p. 
29 
L 354, 11.12.2014, p. 
17 
L 351; 22.10.2020, 
p.2 

Page 123 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Coated fine paper 

P.R. China 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

P.R. China 

Corrosion resistant steel (CRS) 

P.R. China 

Electrolytic chromium  coated steel (ECCS) 

P.R. China 

Ferro-silicon 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Türkiye 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Morocco 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

L 299; 16.11.2010, 
p.7 
L 128; 06.05.2011, 
p.1 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.168 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, 
p.1 
L 277; 27.10.2022, 
p.149 

L 207; 10.08.2017, 
p.1 
L 34; 08.02.2018, 
p.16 
Extension (circum.) 
L 255; 05.08.2020, 
p.36 

L 143; 23.05.2022, 
p.11 
L 295; 16.11.2022, 
p.7 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, 
p.2 

L 233; 08.09.2022, 
p.1 

L 46; 25.02.2022, 
p.49 

Page 124 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Taiwan 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics 

Thailand 

Glass fibre open mesh fabrics 

P.R. China 

Glass fibre products (certain continuous filament) 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysia 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics of glass 
fibres) 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

India 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics of) 

Indonesia  Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics of) 

L 108; 06.04.2020, 
p.1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

L 243; 16.09.2010, 
p.40 
L 67; 15.03.2011, p.1 
L 107; 25.04.2017, 
p.4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 196, 24.07.2012, p. 
1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 
20 
Extension (circum.) 
L 236, 10.09.2015, p. 
1 

L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 
20 

Page 125 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Glass fibres (certain open mesh fabrics) 

P.R. China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical 
steel 

P.R. China 

Graphite electrodes system (GES)(certain) 

P.R. 
China 

Thailand 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

P.R. China 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

L 204; 09.08.2011, 
p.1 
Expiry review 
L 288; 07.11.2017, 
p.4 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 366; 15.10.2021, 
p.62 
L 108; 07.04.2022, 
p.20 

L 151; 11.06.2009, 
p.1 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 112, 24.04.2013, p. 
1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 265, 05.09.2014, p. 
7 
Extension (circum.) 
L 214; 09.08.2016, 
p.1 

Page 126 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel 

P.R. China 

Hot rolled flat products (HRFS) 

L 50; 28.02.2017, 
p.18 

L 272; 07.10.2016, 
p.33 
L 92; 06.04.2017, 
p.68 

P.R. China 

Iron or steel fasteners 

L 36; 17.02.2022, p.1 

P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

P.R. China 

Lever arch mechanisms 

P.R. China 

Malleable tube fittings (threaded, of cast iron)(MTF) 

L 338; 20.12.2010, 
p.22 
L 252; 02.10.2019, 
p.1 

Reopening 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p. 
5 
L 198, 23.07.2013, p. 
1 

L 238, 04.09.2012, 
p.5 
L 279; 09.11.2018, 
p.17 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 
1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, 
p.2 

Page 127 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Melamine 

L 298; 15.11.2010, 
p.10 
L 124; 10.05.2011, 
p.2 
L 170; 01.07.2017, 
p.62 

P.R. 
China 

Malaysia  Molybdenum wires 

Extension (circum.) 
L8, 12.01.2012, p. 22 

P.R. China 

Molybdenum wires  

P.R. China 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Extension (circum.) 
L 243, 12.09.2013, P. 
2 
Extension (circum.) 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
100 
L 170; 29.06.2016, 
p.19 
L 197; 26.07.2022, 
p.75 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 
31 
Anti-circ 
L 336; 13.10.2020, 
p.8 
L 132; 19.04.2021, 
p.63 

Page 128 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Okoumé plywood 

P.R. China 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

P.R. China 

Organic coated steel 

P.R. China 

Oxalic acid 

P.R. China 

Peroxosulphates (persulphates) 

L 181; 17.05.2004, 
p.5 
L 336; 02.11.2004, 
p.4 
L 92; 06.04.2017, 
p.48 

L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.51 

L 252, 19.09.2012, p. 
33 
L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 1 
L 116; 03.05.2019, p. 
5 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 
1 
L 321; 29.11.2016, 
p.48 
L 165; 02.07.2018, 
p.13 

L 338, 17.12.2013, p. 
11 
L 13; 17.01.2020, 
p.18 

P.R. China 

Polyester yarn (high tenacity) 

L 49; 25.02.2017, p.6 

P.R. China 

Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) (PVA) 

L 315; 29.09.2020, 
p.1 

Page 129 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

PSC wires and strands 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Laos 

Ring binder mechanisms 

Vietnam 

Ring binder mechanisms 

P.R. China 

Ring binder mechanisms 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron (other than cast 
iron) or steel (other than stainless steel), or circular 
cross section...(certain) 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 297, 26.10.2012, 
p.1 
L 139, 05.06.2015, p. 
12 
L 309; 02.09.2021, 
p.8 

L 7; 12.01.2006, p.1 
L 170; 28.06.2022, 
p.38 

L 232; 28.06.2004, 
p.1 
L 170; 28.06.2022, 
p.38 

L 122; 12.05.2016, 
p.1 
L 170; 28.06.2022, 
p.38 

L 305; 12.11.2016, 
p.1 
L 121; 12.05.2017, 
p.3 

L 169; 27.06.2011, 
p.1 
L 336; 14.12.2011, 
p.6 
L 63, 06.03.2018, p. 
15 

Page 130 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. 
China 

Taiwan 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

P.R. 
China 

Korea 
(Rep. of) 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

P.R. China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 

P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 

P.R. China 

Sodium gluconate 

Extension (circum.) 
L 95, 05.04.2013, p. 1 
L 211; 12.08.2022, 
p.86 

L 13; 15.01.2007, p.1 
L 211; 12.08.2022, 
p.86 

L 179; 05.07.2016, 
p.1 
L 211; 12.08.2022, 
p.86 

L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.23 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 
1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.49 
L 264; 11.10.2022, 
p.12 

L 16; 20.01.2017, p.3 

Page 131 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
L 316, 27.11.2013, p. 
8 
L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
1 
Amendment 
L 98, 15.04.2015, p. 6 
Amendment 
(absorption 
reinvestigation) 
L 215, 14.08.2015, p. 
42 
L 238; 23.07.2020, 
p.1 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 16.09.2021, 
p.1 

L 110; 08.04.2020, 
p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 259; 10.10.2019, 
p.15 
L 65; 04.03.2020, p.9 

L 450; 16.12.2021, 
p.59 

Page 132 of 174 

P.R. China 

Solar glass 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR) 

P.R. China 

Steel road wheels 

P.R. China 

Steel wind towers 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Korea 
(Rep. of) 

Steel wire ropes and cables 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 138, 13.05.2014, p. 
80 
Amendment 
L 139, 14.05.2014, 
p.7 

Morocco 

Steel wire ropes and cables 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. China 

Steel wire ropes and cables 

P.R. China 

Sulphanilic acid 

P.R. China 

Tableware and kitchenware (ceramic) 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
L 101; 20.04.2018, 
p.40 

L 363, 18.02.2014, p. 
82 
L 85; 12.03.2021, 
p.154 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
28 
L 131, 15.05.2013, p. 
1 
Amendment 
L 314; 30.11.2017, 
p.31 
L 189; 15.07.2019, 
p.8 

Page 133 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 108, 20.04.2012, p. 
1 
L 110, 24.04.2012, p. 
3 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 182, 13.07.2012, p. 
1 
L 164; 29.06.2018, 
p.14 

Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 157, 27.05.2014, p. 
80 
L 319; 05.12.2017, 
p.10 

L 335; 22.11.2004, 
p.4 

P.R. China 

Tartaric Acid 

P.R. China 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

Indonesia  Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Taiwan 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

L 94; 14.04.2000, p.1 

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. 
China 

Philippines  Tube and pipe fittings(certain) 

L 282, 28.10.2015, p. 
14 
L 16; 25.01.2022, 
p.36 

L 116; 27.04.2006, 
p.1 

Page 134 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. 
China 

P.R. China 

Sri Lanka 

Tube and pipe fittings(certain) 

L 355; 22.11.2004, 
p.9 

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt-
welding fittings) 

L 22; 27.01.2017, 
p.14 

P.R. China 

Tungsten carbide and fused tungsten carbide 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Thailand 

Tungsten electrodes 

Laos 

Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China 

Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China 

Tyres for buses or lorries (new and retreaded) 

P.R. China 

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

Initiation 
C 322; 15.12.1988, 
p.7 
L 395; 31.12.2004, 
p.56 
L 78; 24.03.2011, p.1 
L 142; 02.06.2017, 
p.53 

L 290; 04.09.2020, 
p.1 

L 290; 04.09.2020, 
p.1 

L 150, 04.06.2013, p. 
1 
L 200; 29.07.2019, p. 
4 

L 116; 07.05.2018, 
p.8 
L 263; 22.10.2018, 
p.3 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

Page 135 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Wire rods 

Rep. Of Korea 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical 
steel 

Rep. Of Korea 

superabsorbent polymers 

Rep. Of Korea 

Thermal paper (certain heavyweight) 

Rep. Of Korea 

Thermal paper (certain lightweight ) 

Rep. Of Korea 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

L 268, 15.10.2015, p. 
9 
L 364; 13.10.2021, 
p.14 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 107; 06.04.2022, 
p.27 

L 164; 27.05.2020, 
p.28 
L 346; 20.10.2020, 
p.19 

L 310; 17.11.2016, 
p.1 
L 114; 03.05.2017, 
p.3 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

Page 136 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Russia 

Ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

Birch plywood 

Russia 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

Russia 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Russia 

Ferro-silicon 

L 280, 24.09.2014, p. 
19 
L41; 18.02.2016, p.13 
L 425; 16.12.2020, 
p.21 

L 205; 11.06.2021, 
p.47 
L 394; 09.11.2021, 
p.7 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, 
p.1 
L 277; 27.10.2022, 
p.149 

L 211; 12.08.2022, 
p.127 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, 
p.2 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 17.01.2022, 
p.17 

Russia 

Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical 
steel 

Hot-rolled flat products (of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel)(certain) 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

Page 137 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Russia 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Russia 

Tube and pipe fittings(certain) 

Russia 

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) 

Russia 

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

Saudi Arabia 

Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) 

Taiwan 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 
5 
L 357, 28.12.2012, p. 
1 

L 203, 31.07.2012, p. 
37 
L 27, 29.01.2013, p. 1 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

L 100; 11.04.2019, 
p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 205; 11.06.2021, 
p.4 
L 402; 15.11.2021, 
p.17 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 16.09.2021, 
p.1 

Page 138 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taiwan 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products (SSHR) 

L 110; 08.04.2020, 
p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

Taiwan 

Tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel (butt-
welding fittings) 

L 22; 27.01.2017, 
p.14 

Thailand 

Malleable tube fittings (threaded, of cast iron)(MTF) 

Thailand 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) 

Trinidad and Tobago 

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) 

Türkiye 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Türkiye 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel (certain) 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 
1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, 
p.2 

L 244, 13.09.2013, p. 
1 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 91, 27.03.2014, p. 1 
L 310; 02.12.2019, 
p.6 

L 100; 11.04.2019, 
p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 211; 12.08.2022, 
p.127 

L 3; 07.01.2021, p.4 
L 238; 06.07.2021, 
p.32 

Page 139 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ukraine 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel (certain) 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

Ukraine 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

USA 

Biodiesel 

USA 

Canada 

Biodiesel 

USA 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical 
steel 

USA 

Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 
5 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 238, 04.09.2012, p. 
1 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
69 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.31 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.34 

L 122; 05.05.2011, 
p.1 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 10; 17.01.2022, 
p.17 

L 205; 11.06.2021, 
p.4 
L 402; 15.11.2021, 
p.17 

Page 140 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
USA 

Urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) 

L 100; 11.04.2019, 
p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

Page 141 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2022 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Cases 

Aluminium converter foil 

Biodiesel 

Country 

P.R. 
China 

Argentina 

Biodiesel 

Indonesia 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Coated fine paper 

USA 

USA 

P.R. 
China 

continuous filament glass fibre products 

Egypt 

Exten
sion 

Regulation 

L 458; 22.12.2021, 
p.344 

L 40; 12.02.2019, 
p.71 

L 212; 13.08.2019, 
p.1 
L 317; 09.12.2019, 
p.42 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
99 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.27 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.62 

Canad
a 

L 122; 05.05.2011, 
p.1 

L 128; 06.05.2011, 
p.18 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.134 

L 69; 06.03.2020, p. 
14 
L 201; 25.06.2020, 
p.10 

Page 142 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E-bicycles 

Filament glass fibre products 

Graphite electrode systems 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

optical fibre cables 

Organic coated steel  

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

India 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 

Rainbow trout 

Türkiye 

Solar glass 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

P.R. 
China 

India 

L 16; 18.01.2019, p.5 

L 367, 23.12.2014, p. 
22 
L 65; 25.02.2021, p.1 

L 64; 10.03.2017, 
p.10 

L 146; 09.06.2017, 
p.17 

L 283; 12.11.2018, 
p.1 

L 12; 19.01.2022, 
p.34 

L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 
16 
L 116; 03.05.2019, 
p.39 

L 208, 05.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 202; 31.07.2019, p. 
81 

L 319, 06.11.2014, p. 
1 
L 56, 27.02.2015, p. 
12 
L 183; 25.05.2021, 
p.5 

L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
23 
L 238; 23.07.2020, 
p.43 

L88; 16.03.2022, p.24 

Page 143 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indonesia 

L88; 16.03.2022, p.24 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

India 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

Egypt 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

Egypt 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country 

Cases 

Argentina  Biodiesel 

L 73; 18.03.2016, p.1 
L 118; 16.04.2020, 
p.1 
L 161; 16.06.2022, 
p.28 

Türkiy
e 

L 233; 08.09.2022, 
p.18 

L 189; 15.06.2020, 
p.1 

Türkiy
e 

L 233; 08.09.2022, 
p.18 

Moroc
co 

L 46; 25.02.2022, 
p.31 

L 189; 15.06.2020, 
p.1 

Extension  Regulation 

L 40; 12.02.2019, p.71 

L 233; 08.09.2022, 
p.18 

Egypt 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics  Türkiye 

Egypt 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

Egypt 

continuous filament glass fibre products 

L 69; 06.03.2020, p. 
14 
L 201; 25.06.2020, 
p.10 

Page 144 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
India 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

L 208, 05.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 202; 31.07.2019, p. 
81 

L 73; 18.03.2016, p.1 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.1 
L 161; 16.06.2022, 
p.28 

L 64; 10.03.2017, p.10 

L 212; 13.08.2019, p.1 
L 317; 09.12.2019, 
p.42 

India 

India 

India 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Graphite electrode systems 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

L88; 16.03.2022, p.24 

Indonesia  Biodiesel 

Indonesia  Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

L88; 16.03.2022, p.24 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

optical fibre cables 

L 12; 19.01.2022, p.34 

Organic coated steel  

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy 
or other alloy steel 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics  Türkiye 

L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 
16 
L 116; 03.05.2019, 
p.39 

L 146; 09.06.2017, 
p.17 

L 233; 08.09.2022, 
p.18 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics  Morocco 

L 46; 25.02.2022, p.31 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

Page 145 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Solar glass 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or 
lorries 

E-bicycles 

Filament glass fibre products 

Aluminium converter foil 

Coated fine paper 

Türkiye 

Rainbow trout 

USA 

USA 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
23 
L 238; 23.07.2020, 
p.43 

L 283; 12.11.2018, p.1 

L 16; 18.01.2019, p.5 

L 367, 23.12.2014, p. 
22 
L 65; 25.02.2021, p.1 

L 458; 22.12.2021, 
p.344 

L 128; 06.05.2011, 
p.18 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.134 

L 319, 06.11.2014, p. 
1 
L 56, 27.02.2015, p. 
12 
L 183; 25.05.2021, p.5 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
99 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.27 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.62 

Canada 

L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

Page 146 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2022 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Product 

Origin 

Measure 

Citric acid 

Undertakings 

People's 
Republic of 
China 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 
Indonesia 

Undertakings 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Origin 

Product 

Measure 

India 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

Undertakings 

Indonesia 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

Undertakings 

Regulation 
NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
DECISION of 
2 December 
2008  
02.12.2008 

COUNCIL 
REGULATION 
(EC) No 
192/2007  
22.02.2007 

03.12.2008 
L323/62 
[AD522] 

27.02.2007 
L59/1 
[R380] 

Regulation 
NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COUNCIL 
REGULATION 
(EC) No 
192/2007  
22.02.2007 

COUNCIL 
REGULATION 
(EC) No 
192/2007  
22.02.2007 

27.02.2007 
L59/1 
[R380] 

27.02.2007 
L59/1 
[R380] 

Page 147 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Origin 

Product 

Measure 

Citric acid 

Undertakings 

People's 
Republic of 
China 

Regulation 
NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
DECISION of 
2 December 
2008  
02.12.2008 

03.12.2008 
L323/62 
[AD522] 

Page 148 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  R 

Anti-dumping & anti-subsidy investigations pending 

on 31 December 2022 

A. New investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order) 

Cases 

CaseNo  AD/AS  Country 

NoI 

Aluminium road wheels 

AD686  AD 

Morocco 

Bulb flat 

Bulb flat 

AD691  AD 

Türkiye 

AD691  AD 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tiles 

AD684  AD 

Türkiye 

Ceramic tiles 

AD684  AD 

India 

Fatty acid 

Fatty acid 

AD687  AD 

Indonesia 

AS688  AS 

Indonesia 

High tenacity yarns of polyesters 

AD690  AD 

P.R. China 

Stainless Steel Refillable Kegs 

AD689  AD 

P.R. China 

C 464; 17.11.2021, 
p.19 

C 431; 14.11.2022, 
p.11 

C 431; 14.11.2022, 
p.11 

C 501; 13.12.2021, 
p.25 

C 501; 13.12.2021, 
p.25 

C 482; 30.11.2021, 
p.5 

C 195; 13.05.2022, 
p.11 

C 248; 30.06.2022, 
p.107 

C 195; 13.05.2022, 
p.24 

B. Review investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order) 

Page 149 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cases 

CaseNo 

Type 

AD/A
S 

Country 

CIRC
UMV 
VIA 

NoI 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)   R786 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Melamine 

R774 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Tungsten carbide and fused 
tungsten carbide 

R772 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Sodium gluconate 

R754 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Tartaric Acid 

R529a 

reopening  AD 

P.R. China 

Optical fibre cables 

R785 

absorption  AD 

P.R. China 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings 
of malleable cast iron 

R784 

interim 

AD 

P.R. China 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

R780 

expiry 

AD 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

R780 

expiry 

AD 

Ukrai
ne 

Russi
a 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

R780 

expiry 

AD 

Iran 

C 462; 
05.12.2022, 
p.10 

C 252; 
01.07.2022, 
p.6 

C 217; 
01.06.2022, 
p.17 

C 25; 
18.01.2022, 
p.8 

C 296; 
07.09.2017, 
p.16 

C 467; 
08.12.2022, 
p.36 

C 438; 
18.11.2022, 
p.7 

C 384; 
05.10.2022, 
p.3 

C 384; 
05.10.2022, 
p.3 

C 384; 
05.10.2022, 
p.3 

Page 150 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

R780 

expiry 

AD 

Brazil 

tubes and pipes of ductile cast 
iron 

R779 

interim 

AD 

India 

certain hot rolled stainless steel 
sheets and coils 

R778 

circumven
tion 

AD 

Indon
esia 

Türki
ye 

Rebars 

R773 

expiry 

AD 

Belar
us 

stainless steel tube and pipe butt-
welding fittings 

R777 

circumven
tion 

AD 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes, of iron or steel, 
external diameter exceeding 
406.4 mm 

R769 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

R765 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

heavy plate of non-alloy or other 
alloy steel 

R761 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

stainless steel tube and pipe butt-
welding fittings 

R758 

expiry 

AD 

Taiwa
n 

stainless steel tube and pipe butt-
welding fittings 

R758 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

R770 

expiry 

AS 

P.R. China 

C 384; 
05.10.2022, 
p.3 

C 363; 
22.09.2022, 
p.9 

L 198; 
27.07.2022, 
p.8 

C 231; 
15.06.2022, 
p.21 

L 155; 
08.06.2022, 
p.36 

C193; 
12.05.2022, 
p.5 

C 150; 
05.04.2022, 
p.3 

C 89; 
25.02.2022, 
p.3 

C 40; 
26.01.2022, 
p.1 

C 40; 
26.01.2022, 
p.1 

C 223; 
08.06.2022, 
p.37 

Page 151 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Steel products 

SAFE0
09R6 

general 
safeguard 
review 

SFG  ROW 

C 459; 
02.12.2022, p. 
6 

Ceramic tiles 

R782 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres   R781 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

new and retreaded tyres for 
buses or lorries 

E-bicycles 

AD640
a 

AD643
a 

reopening  AD 

P.R. China 

reopening  AD 

P.R. China 

continuous filament glass fibre 
products 

R767 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Graphite electrode systems 

R762 

expiry 

AD 

India 

new and retreaded tyres for 
buses or lorries 

E-bicycles 

AS641
a 

AS646
a 

reopening  AS 

P.R. China 

reopening  AS 

P.R. China 

Graphite electrode systems 

R763 

expiry 

AS 

India 

Hand pallet trucks and their 
essential parts 

R783 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

C 442; 
22.11.2022, 
p.3 

C 421; 
04.11.2022, 
p.54 

C 263; 
08.07.2022, 
p.15 

C 260; 
06.07.2022, 
p.5 

C 167; 
21.04.2022, 
p.20 

C 113; 
09.03.2022, 
p.3 

C 263; 
08.07.2022, 
p.15 

C 260; 
06.07.2022, 
p.5 

C 113; 
09.03.2022, 
p.13 

C 452; 
29.11.2022, 
p.26 

Page 152 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aluminium road wheels 

R759 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

High tenacity yarns of polyesters  R771 

interim 

AD 

P.R. China 

High tenacity yarns of polyesters  R760 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

lightweight thermal paper 

AD629
a 

reopening  AD 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

Coated fine paper 

R775 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

lightweight thermal paper 

R768 

expiry 

AD 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

Okoumé plywood 

R764 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. China 

Coated fine paper 

R776 

expiry 

AS 

P.R. China 

Steel products 

SAFE0
09DSI 

reopening  SFG  Ergo Omnes 

C 29; 
20.01.2022, 
p.34 

C 248; 
30.06.2022, 
p.142 

C 87; 
23.002.2022, 
p.2 

C 248; 
30.06.2022, 
p.152 

C 248; 
30.06.2022, 
p.130 

C 180; 
03.05.2022, 
p.4 

C 150; 
05.04.2022, 
p.16 

C 248; 
30.06.2022, 
p.119 

C 320; 
24.08.2022, 
p.47 

Page 153 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  S 

Court cases 

A. Court cases pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the 
General Court on 31 December 2022 

Court of Justice 

C-439/20 P 

Commission v Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System (appeal against T-110/17) 

C-441/20 P 

Council v Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System and Commission (appeal against T-
110/17) 

C-123/21 P 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Commission (appeal against T-541/18) 

C-478/21P 

C-747/21P 

C-748/21P 

C-268/22 

C-412/22 

C-517/22P 

C-688/22P 

C-725/22P 

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and 
Electronic Products and Others v Commission (appeal against T-254/18) 

PAO Severstal v Commission (appeal against T-753/16)  

NLMK v Commission (appeal against T-752/16)  

Vitol (request for preliminary ruling) 

Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (request for preliminary ruling)  

Eurobolt B.V. and Others 

Methanol Holdings (Trinidad) v Commission (appeal against T-744/19) 

Nevinnomyssky "Azot" and NAK "Azot" v Commission (appeal against T-
865/19) 

T-781/17 

Kraftpojkarna v Commission 

General Court 

Page 154 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T-782/17 

T-733/19  

T-301/20 

T-403/20 

T-480/20 

T-540/20 

T-660/20 

T-693/20 

T-762/20 

T-763/20 

T-764/20 

T-126/21 

T-326/21 

T-598/21 

T-629/21 

T-630/21 

T-748/21 

T-2/22 

T-3/22 

T-32/22 

General Court 

Wuxi Saijing Solar v Commission 

 Zhejiang Sunflower Light Energy Science & Technology LTD and Sunowe Solar 
GmbH c/ Commission  

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass Industry v 
Commission 

Wuxi Suntech Power v Commission 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass Industry v 
Commission 

Jushi Egypt v Commission 

Zhejiang Beyondsun Green Energy Technology v Commission 

Hansol Paper v Commission 

Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others v Commission 

Inner Mongolia Shuangxin Environment-Friendly Material v Commission 

Anhui Wanwei Updated High-Tech Material Industry and Inner Mongolia 
Mengwei Technology v Commission 

Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" v Commission 

Guangdong Haomei New Materials and Guangdong King Metal Light Alloy 
Technology v Commission 

Euranimi v Commission 

Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları and Others v Commission 

Çolakoğlu Metalurji and Çolakoğlu Dış Ticaret v Commission 

Hangzhou Dingsheng Industrial Group e.a. v Commission 

Sveza Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha and others v Commission  

ZHPLK v Commission 

Vyatsky Plywood Mill / Commission  

Page 155 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
T-81/22 

T-245/22 

T-246/22 

T-263/22 

T-348/22 

T-356/22 

General Court 

Euranimi v Commission  

PGTEX Morocco v Commission 

PGTEX Morocco v Commission 

CCCME v Commission 

PT Indonesia Ruipu Nickel and Chrome Alloy v Commission 

LG Chem, Ltd v Commission 

B. Judgments, orders or other decisions rendered in 2022. 

Court of Justice 

C-891/19 P 

Commission v Hubei Xinyegang Special Tube (appeal against T-500/17) 

C-226/20 P 

The European Steel Association (Eurofer) v European Commission (appeal 
against T-835/17) 

C-666/19 P 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Commission (appeal against T-741/16) 

C-79/20 P 

Yieh United Steel Corporation Ltd (Yusco) (appeal against T-607/15) 

C-260/20P 

European Commission v Hansol paper (appeal against T-383/17)  

C-718/20 P 

Zhejiang Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals v Commission  

C-507/21P 

C-617/22P 

(appeal against T-307/18) 

Puma and Others v Commission (appeal against T-781/16) 

European Association of Non-Integrated Metal Importers & Distributors 
(Euranimi) (appeal against T-781/21 and T-782/21) 

Page 156 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T-586/14RENV I 

Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) v Commission 

General Court 

T-30/19  

T-72/19 

T-242/19 

T-243/19 

T-245/19 

T-246/19 

T-144/20 

T-440/20 

T-441/20 

T-479/20 

T-328/21 

T-150/21 

T-788/21 

T-744/19 

T-865/19  

T-1/22 

T-278/20 

T-781/21 

T-782/21 

T-769/21 

T-687/20 

CRIA and CCCMC v Commission 

CRIA and CCCMC v Commission 

Giant Electric Vehicle Kunshan v Commission 

Giant Electric Vehicle Kunshan v Commission 

Uzina Metalurgica Moldoveneasca v Commission 

Cambodge and CRF v Commission 

Guangxi Xin Fu Yuan Co., Ltd. v Commission 

Jindal Saw v Commission 

Jindal Saw v Commission 

Eurobolt v Commission 

Airoldi Metalli v Commission 

Hangzhou Dingsheng Industrial Group e.a. v Commission (withdrawn) 

TDK Foil Italy S.p.A v Commission 

Methanol Holdings (Trinidad) v Commission 

Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" v Commission  

Airoldi Metalli v Commission 

Zhejiang Hangtong Machinery Manufacture and Ningbo Hi-Tech Zone 
Tongcheng Auto Parts v Commission 

EAA v Commission 

EAA v Commission 

Euranimi v Commission 

Jinan Meide Casting and Others v Commission 

Page 157 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
General Court 

T-111/20 

T-138/20 

T-143/20 

T-782/16 

PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia, PT Wilmar Nabati Indonesia e.a. v Commission 

  PT Ciliandra Perkasa v Commission 

PT Pelita Agung Agrindustri and PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo v Commission 

Timberland v Commission (case withdrawn) 

T-861/16  

C & J Clark International Ltd v Commission (case withdrawn) 

T-790/16 

T-154/17 

T-155/17 

T-347/17 

T-351/17 

T-360/17 

T-24/18 

T-124/18  

T-126/18 

T-127/18  

T-130/18  

T-131/18  

T-141/18  

T-142/18  

T-157/18 

T-747/20 

T-746/20 

C & J Clark International Ltd v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Deichmann v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Van Haren Schoenen v Commission (case withdrawn) 

FLA Europe v Commission (case withdrawn) 

  Nike European Operations Netherlands and Others v Commission (case 

withdrawn) 

Jana shoes and Others v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Adidas International Trading and Others v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Wendel and Others v Commission (case withdrawn) 

van Haren Schoenen v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Cortina and FLA Europe v Commission (case withdrawn) 

adidas International Trading and Others v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Deichmann v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Deichmann-Shoes UK v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Buffalo - Boots v Commission (case withdrawn) 

Caprice Schuhproduktion v Commission (case withdrawn) 

EOC Belgium v Commission (PVA) 

Grünig v Commission 

Page 158 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2022 

A. Safeguard measures 

List of safeguard measures in force 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Type 

OJ Reference 

Steel products (certain) 

Erga Omnes 

General 

C 111; 
26.03.2018, p.29 
L 181; 
18.07.2018; p.39 

Page 159 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex U 

Third country cases against the EU 

Measures imposed  

In the year 2022. 

Country 

Product 

Instrument 

Argentina 
Brazil 
Egypt 
Mexico 
Pakistan 

Sodium Benzoate 
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 
Edam and Gouda Cheese 
Steel beams (H and I) 
CR Coils/Sheets 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

Type Of 
Measure 
Provisional 
Provisional 
Definitive 
Provisional 
Definitive 

Philippines  High-Density Polyethylene and 
Linear Low-Density 
Polyethylene pellets and 
granules 

SG 

Definitive 

Exporting MS 

Date Of 
Imposition 
31-05-2022  Netherlands 
25-02-2022 
10-01-2022  Netherlands 
20-08-2022  Germany, Spain 
03-02-2022  Belgium, 

France 

Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Cyprus, 
Netherlands, 
Finland, Sweden 
27-10-2022  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Latvia, Lithuania, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Finland, 
Sweden 
17-03-2022 
Latvia, Lithuania 
01-08-2022  Denmark, Spain, 

Ireland, Poland 

SACU 
South 
Africa 
South 
Africa 

Pasta 
Frozen bone-in portion of fowls 
of gallus domesticus 
Frozen potato chips 

AD 
AD 

AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Provisional 

15-07-2022  Belgium, 

Germany, 
Netherlands 

Türkiye 

Grinding balls 

SG 

Definitive 

27-07-2022  Germany, Spain, 

Türkiye 
Türkiye 

Polyurethane artificial leather 
Hot rolled steel alloy and non-
alloy 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

France, 
Netherlands, 
Bulgaria 
15-06-2022  Greece 
07-07-2022  Belgium, 

Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Romania 

Page 160 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Page 161 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investigations initiated  

In the year 2022. 

Country 

Product 

Instrument 

Initiation 
Date 

Exporting MS 

Australia 

India 

India 

Ammonium nitrate, prilled, granular, or in 
other solid form, with or without additives 
or coatings, in packages exceeding 10 kg 

PVC Suspension Resins with Residual 
VCM above 2 PPM 

Vitamin A Palmitate, in all its strengths 
and forms, with or without stabilization 

Madagascar 

Water and oil paints 

Morocco 

Inner tubes for bicycles, velocipedes, 
motorcycles and scooters 

AD 

SG 

AD 

SG 

SG 

Tunisia 

wire of iron or non-alloy steel for springs. 

SG 

United States 

Certain preserved mushrooms 

AD 

08-06-
2022 

16-09-
2022 

29-12-
2022 

01-06-
2022 

03-10-
2022 

19-07-
2022 

31-03-
2022 

Lithuania 

Germany, France, 
Sweden 

Belgium, Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Belgium, Italy, 
Portugal 

Spain, France, 
Netherlands, Poland 

Page 162 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Measures in Force 

At 31-12-2022 

Country 

Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 
Australia 

Product 

Certain boilers 
Electrical terminals 
Radiators 
Sodium Benzoate 
A4 Copy paper 

Instrument 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

Type Of 
Measure 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Exporting MS 
Italy, Slovakia 

Date Of 
Imposition 
26-03-2020 
02-04-2009  Germany 
22-11-2019  Spain, Italy 
01-11-2022  Netherlands 
02-04-2019  Austria, 

Australia 
Australia 
Australia 

Australia 
Australia 
Australia 
Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 
Canada 

Canada 
Canada 

Ammonium nitrate 
Chrome bars 
Q&T Steel Plate 

Railway wheels 
Steel Reinforcing Bar 
Steel reinforcing bar 
Adipic Acid 

Elastomeric rubber pipes 
Ethanolamines and 
triethanolamines 
Ethylene glycol monobutyl 
ether 
Laminated steel 

Lightweight paper 

Monobutyl ethers of 
ethylene glycol  
Nitrile Rubber 
Offset printing plates 

Plastic Tubes for Blood 
Collection 
Silicon electrical steel 
Certain hot-rolled carbon 
steel heavy plate and 
high-strength low-alloy 
steel heavy plate 
Concrete reinforcing bar 
Concrete reinforcing bar 

AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Slovakia, 
Finland 
29-05-2019  Sweden 
08-09-2016  Romania 
05-11-2014  Finland, 
Sweden 

12-07-2019  France 
19-11-2015  Spain 
08-03-2018  Greece, Spain 
01-04-2015  Germany, 

France, Italy 

22-06-2015  Germany, Italy 
04-11-2013  Germany 

Definitive 

22-08-2022  France 

Definitive 

04-10-2013  Germany, 

Finland 

Definitive 

23-04-2012  Belgium, 

Germany, 
Finland, 
Sweden 

Definitive 

22-04-2016  Germany 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-08-2018  France 
05-03-2015  Belgium, 

Germany, 
United Kingdom 

Definitive 

30-04-2015  Germany, 

United Kingdom 

Definitive 
Definitive 

12-07-2019  Germany 
05-02-2021  Germany 

Definitive 
Definitive 

04-06-2021 
04-05-2017  Spain, Portugal 

Italy 

Page 163 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Canada 
Canada 

Canada 

Canada 
Canada 
Canada 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

Copper tubes 
Hot-rolled carbon steel 
plate and high-strength 
low-alloy steel plate 
Refined sugar 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

AD 

Definitive 

Refined sugar 
Steel plate 
Wheat gluten 

CVD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

02-01-2014  Greece 
09-01-2004  Czech Republic, 

Bulgaria, 
Romania 
06-11-1995  Denmark, 
Germany, 
Netherlands, 
United Kingdom 
06-11-1995  European Union 
04-06-2014  Denmark, Italy 
23-04-2021  Belgium, 

Germany, 
France, 
Lithuania, 
Austria 

Alloy Seamless Tubes 

Certain iron or steel 
fasteners 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

10-05-2014  Germany, 

France, Italy 

Definitive 

29-06-2010  Germany, 

China 

Chloroprene Rubber 

AD 

Definitive 

Dispersion Unshifted 
Single-mode Optical Fiber 

AD 

Definitive 

EPDM 

Ethylene Glycol 
Monobutyl Ether 
Grain oriented flat-rolled 
steel (GOES) 

halogenated butyl rubber 

meta-Cresol 

Perchlorethylene 

Phenol 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Spain, France, 
Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Poland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 
10-05-2005  Germany, 

France, 
European Union 

22-04-2011  Denmark, 
Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

20-12-2020  Belgium, 
Germany 
25-01-2013  Germany, 

France, Sweden 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

23-07-2016  Germany, 

Definitive 

20-08-2018  Belgium, United 

Poland, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

Kingdom 
15-01-2021  Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Ireland, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 

30-05-2014  Germany, 

Definitive 

France 

06-09-2019  Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France 

China 

Photographic paper 

AD 

Definitive 

23-03-2012  Netherlands, 

United Kingdom 

Page 164 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
China 

Polyamide-6 (PA6) 

AD 

Definitive 

22-04-2010  Belgium, 

Germany, Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Poland 

China 

Potato Starch 

CVD 

Definitive 

17-09-2011  Germany, 

France, 
Netherlands 

China 

Potato Starch 

AD 

Definitive 

06-02-2007  Germany, 

China 

Stainless Steel Billet and 
Hot-rolled Stainless Steel 
Plate (Coil) 

AD 

Definitive 

China 
China 

Toluidine 
Unbleached sack paper 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Colombia 

Frozen fries 

AD 

Definitive 

France, 
Netherlands 

23-07-2019  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Slovenia, 
Slovakia, 
Finland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 
13-03-2013  Germany 
09-04-2016  Austria, Finland, 

Sweden, 
Bulgaria 
09-11-2018  Belgium, 

Germany, 
Netherlands 

Costa Rica 
Egypt 
Egypt 

Eurasian 
Economic Union 

Gulf 
Cooperation 
Council 

India 
India 

India 

White sugar 
Edam and Gouda Cheese 
Raw aluminium (Ingots, 
Billets & Wire Rod) 
Herbicides 

SG 
AD 
SG 

AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

09-08-2020 
10-01-2022  Netherlands 
15-04-2021  Spain 

Definitive 

18-06-2019  Belgium, 

Uncoated paper or 
paperboard in rols or 
sheets (other than 
Containerboard) 
2-Ethyl Hexanol 
Acetone 

Methylene Chloride 

AD 

Definitive 

01-05-2019  Spain, Italy, 

Poland 

Germany, 
France 

AD 
AD 

AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

29-03-2016  Germany 
11-03-2008  Belgium, Spain, 

Definitive 

21-05-2014  Belgium, 

Italy 

Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Portugal, United 
Kingdom 

Page 165 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
India 

India 

Normal Butanol or N-Butyl 
Alcohol 
Synthetic Filament Yarn 
of Nylon 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

Definitive 

19-02-2016  Germany 

06-10-2018  Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Estonia, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, 
Slovenia, 
Slovakia, 
Finland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 

02-12-2020  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Germany, 
Greece, Spain, 
Italy, Latvia, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Poland, 
Portugal, United 
Kingdom 
27-03-2018  Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, Italy, 
Lithuania, 
Poland 

India 

Toluene Di-Isocyanate 

AD 

Definitive 

India 

Wooden flooring 

AD 

Definitive 

Indonesia 

Articles of Apparel 

SG 

Definitive 

12-11-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, 
Slovenia, 
Slovakia, 
Finland, 
Sweden, 
Bulgaria, 
Romania, 
Croatia 
Page 166 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Indonesia 

Carpets 

SG 

Definitive 

Indonesia 

Ceramic tiles and mosaic 

SG 

Definitive 

17-02-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Ireland, Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, 
Finland, 
Sweden, 
Bulgaria, 
Romania 
12-10-2018  Germany, 

Spain, France, 
Italy, 
Netherlands 

Indonesia 

Cigarette Paper 

SG 

Definitive 

30-11-2021  Czech Republic, 

Indonesia 

Cotton; Man-Made 
Filaments; Man-Made 
Staple Fibres; Special 
Woven Fabrics; Knitted or 
Crocheted Fabrics 

Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Lithuania, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Poland 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, 
Slovenia, 
Slovakia, 
Finland, 
Sweden, 
Bulgaria, 
Romania, 
Croatia 

Indonesia 

Evaporators 

SG 

Definitive 

11-01-2020  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, Cyprus, 
Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Page 167 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Malta, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, 
Slovenia, 
Slovakia, 
Finland, 
Sweden, 
Romania, 
Croatia 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Provisional 
Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 

24-12-2021  Spain, Italy 
17-09-2020  France, 

Netherlands 
21-01-2015  France, Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Sweden 

06-12-2016  France 
22-07-2018  Finland 
30-07-2004  Spain 
22-02-2019 
26-09-2019  Germany, 

Italy 

France, Poland 

02-03-2020 
31-08-2021 

 France, United 
Kingdom 
31-08-2021  Belgium, 

France, Poland 

31-08-2021  Belgium, 
France, 
Netherlands 

31-08-2021  France,  
31-08-2020 

Definitive 

01-08-2019  Spain, France, 

Italy 

Definitive 

23-12-2015  Germany, 

Definitive 

04-04-2018  Spain 

France 

Provisional 
Definitive 
Definitive 

20-08-2022  Germany, Spain 
01-05-2019 
Italy 
22-09-2005 

Definitive 

27-02-2016  Spain, Portugal 

Definitive 

07-09-2015  Spain 

SG 
SG 

SG 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

SG 
SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 
SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

Definitive 

19-06-2020 

Page 168 of 174 

Indonesia 
Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Korea/South 
Korea/South 
Korea/South 
Korea/South 
Lebanon 

Lebanon 
Madagascar 

Madagascar 

Madagascar 

Expansible polystyrene 
Fructose syrup 

H and I sections of other 
alloy steel 

Butyl Glycol Ether 
Coated printing paper 
Stainless steel bar 
Stainless steel bar 
corn flakes, rice and 
roasted wheat 
White refined sugar 
Blankets 

Blankets and travelling 
rugs 
Detergent powder 

Madagascar 
Madagascar 

Madagascar 

Detergents  
Edible vegetable oils and 
margarines 
Pasta 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Mexico 
Mexico 
Mexico 

Mexico 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Hot rolled steel coils 

Seamless carbon steel 
pipes 
Steel beams (H and I) 
Steel plate 
Steel plate produced in 
Romania 
Stranded wire ropes & 
cables 
Cold rolled steel sheets 
and plated or coated 
sheets 
Hot rolled steel sheets 
(tôles d'acier laminées à 
chaud enroulées ou non 
enroulées) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
Morocco 
Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

New Zealand 
New Zealand 
Pakistan 

Insulin 
Tubes and pipes iron or 
steel (Tubes et tuyaux en 
fer ou en acier) 
wire rods and reinforcing 
bars 
Wooden panels 
(Panneaux de bois 
revetus (PBR)) 
Canned peaches 
Preserved peaches 
CR Coils/Sheets 

AD 
SG 

SG 

SG 

AD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

28-10-2014  Denmark 
01-09-2020 

Definitive 

27-03-2014  Spain, Portugal 

Definitive 

20-09-2019 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

09-03-1998  Greece 
04-08-2011  Spain 
03-02-2022  Belgium, 

Pakistan 
Philippines 

Hydrogen Peroxide 
High-Density 
Polyethylene and Linear 
Low-Density Polyethylene 
pellets and granules 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

SACU 
South Africa 

Pasta 
bolts with hexagon heads 
of iron or steel 7318.15.43 
(different product from 
SFG Threaded fasteners 
2019) 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Italy, Cyprus, 
Netherlands, 
Finland, 
Sweden 
15-07-2011  Belgium 
27-10-2022  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Italy, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Finland, 
Sweden 

17-03-2022  Latvia, Lithuania 
10-12-2021  Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
France, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Croatia 

South Africa 

Frozen bone-in portion of 
fowls of gallus domesticus 

AD 

Definitive 

01-08-2022  Denmark, 

Spain, Ireland, 
Poland 

South Africa 

Frozen chicken 

AD 

Definitive 

27-02-2015  Germany, 

Netherlands, 
United Kingdom 

South Africa 

Frozen potato chips 

AD 

Provisional 

15-07-2022  Belgium, 

South Africa 

South Africa 

Ropes & cables of iron or 
steel 
screws made of steel with 
hexagon heads 

AD 

SG 

Definitive 

28-08-2002  Germany, 

United Kingdom 

Definitive 

03-02-2019  Belgium, 

Germany, 
Netherlands 

Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Page 169 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
South Africa 

threaded fasteners, bolds 
and screws 

SG 

Definitive 

Thailand 

Thailand 

Hot-rolled flat in coils and 
not in coils 
tin free steel 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

Definitive 

24-07-2020  Denmark, 
Germany, 
France, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Croatia 

27-05-2003  Slovakia, 
Romania 
13-11-2021  Belgium, 

Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Netherlands 

Thailand 

Tinplate 

AD 

Definitive 

13-11-2021  Belgium, 

AC woven fabrics of 
synthetic filament yarn 
Electrical water heaters 
Fittings 
Grinding balls 

AD 

AD 
AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Hot rolled steel alloy and 
non-alloy 

AD 

Definitive 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 
Türkiye 
Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 
Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Laminated flooring 
Poly(ethylene 
terephthalate) - PET 

Polyurethane artificial 
leather 
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 

AD 
SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Sodium Percarbonate 

Synthetic staple fibres of 
polyesters 

Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 

22-08-2015  Bulgaria 

Italy 

19-09-2013 
07-09-2006  Spain 
27-07-2022  Germany, 

Spain, France, 
Netherlands, 
Bulgaria 
07-07-2022  Belgium, 

Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Romania 
13-06-2015  Germany 
13-12-2020  Germany, 

Greece, Spain, 
Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 

15-06-2022  Greece 

Definitive 

06-02-2003  Belgium, 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Germany, 
Greece, Italy, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Finland, 
Romania 
02-03-2018  Germany, 

Sweden 

24-09-2021  Czech Republic, 
Ireland, Poland, 
Bulgaria, 
Romania 

Page 170 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Türkiye 

Toothbrushes 

SG 

Definitive 

03-02-2018  Germany, 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Türkiye 

Ukraine 
Ukraine 

Unbleached kraft liner 
paper 
Wall paper 

woven fabrics of synthetic 
and artificial staple fibres 
Woven fabrics of synthetic 
filament yarn; Woven 
fabrics of synthetic or 
artificial staple fibres 
Woven fabrics of yarn and 
fibres. Anti circumvention 
investigation. 
yarn of polyamides and 
other nylon 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

Netherlands, 
Sweden 

Definitive 

19-04-2018  Poland, Finland 

Definitive 

06-08-2015  Belgium, 

Definitive 

Germany, Italy, 
United Kingdom 
22-08-2015  Poland, Bulgaria 

Definitive 

26-08-2021  Germany, 

Spain, Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

07-05-2019  Greece 

SG 

Definitive 

21-11-2019  Germany, Italy, 

Poland, 
Slovakia 

Fresh Cut Roses 
Polymeric materials 

SG 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

21-04-2021  Netherlands 
20-11-2020  Czech Republic, 

Rubber plugs 
Sulphuric acid and oleum 

Ukraine 
Ukraine 
United Kingdom  Certain steel products 
United States 
United States 

acetone 
Brass sheet & strip 

United States 

Carbon & alloy steel cut to 
length plate 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 

Certain carbon and alloy 
steel wire rod 
Certain carbon and alloy 
steel wire rod 
Certain Cold-Drawn 
Mechanical Tubing of 
Carbon and Alloy Steel 
Certain hot-rolled steel flat 
products 
Chlorinated isocyanurates 
citric acid, sodium citrate, 
and potassium citrate 
(also in blends under HS 
382499) 

Germany, 
France, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Poland 
20-05-2019  Poland 
01-09-2018  Germany 
01-07-2021 
20-12-2019  Belgium, Spain 
06-03-1987  Germany, 

France, Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 

05-05-2017  Belgium, 

Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Austria 

AD 
SG 
SG 
AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

20-03-2018  Spain, Italy, 

CVD 

Definitive 

19-03-2018 

United Kingdom 
Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

16-04-2018  Germany, Italy 

AD 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 

12-09-2016  Netherlands, 

United Kingdom 

Definitive 
Definitive 

24-06-2005  Spain 
25-07-2018  Belgium 

Page 171 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
United States 

common alloy aluminum 
sheet 

United States 
United States 
United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 
United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 
United States 
United States 

Corrosion-resistant steel 
Corrosion-resistant steel 
crystalline silicon 
photovoltaic (CSPV) cells 
(whether or not partially or 
fully assembled into other 
products) 
Emulsion styrene-
butadiene rubber (ESB 
rubber) 
Finished Carbon Steel 
Flanges 
Forged steel fittings 
Forged Steel Fluid End 
Blocks 
Forged Steel Fluid End 
Blocks 
Large Diameter Welded 
Pipes 
Large residential washers 
(LRWs) and certain parts 
thereof 
Methionine 
Non-oriented electrical 
steel 
Pasta 
Pasta 
Pressed Concrete Steel 
Wire Strand 
Ripe olives 
Ripe Olives 
Seamless line and 
pressure pipe 
Seamless pipe 
Seamless pipe small 
diameter 
Sodium Nitrite 
Stainless steel butt-weld 
pipe fittings 
Stainless steel plates in 
coils 
Steel concrete reinforcing 
bars x752 
Strontium Chromate 
Thermal paper 
Uncoated paper 

AD 

Definitive 

27-04-2021  Germany, 

Greece, Spain, 
Italy, Slovenia, 
Romania, 
Croatia 
Italy 
Italy 

15-09-2016 
15-07-2016 
07-02-2018  Germany, Italy 

CVD 
AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

AD 

Definitive 

12-09-2017  Poland 

AD 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 

29-07-2017  Spain, Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 

05-10-2018 
28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 

Italy 

CVD 

Definitive 

28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 

AD 

SG 

AD 
AD 

CVD 
AD 
AD 

CVD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 

27-02-2019  Greece 

Definitive 

07-02-2018  Germany, 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Spain, Italy, 
Sweden 

23-07-2021  Spain, France 
18-11-2014  Germany, 

Sweden 
Italy 
Italy 

24-07-1996 
24-07-1996 
09-04-2021  Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands 

25-07-2018  Spain 
01-08-2018  Spain 
03-08-1995  Germany 

04-03-1997  Germany 
11-10-2011  Romania 

27-08-2008  Germany 
23-02-2001 

Italy 

Definitive 

21-05-1999  Belgium 

Definitive 

07-09-2001  Latvia, Poland 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

08-10-2019  France, Austria 
30-09-2021  Germany, Spain 
20-01-2016  Portugal 

Page 172 of 174 

 
 
 
 
 
 
United States 

Utility Scale Wind towers 

AD 

Definitive 

16-08-2021  Spain 

Page 173 of 174