Protection of children against online sexual abuse : summary.
Date: 2023-08-09
Institutions: Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs
Subjects: EU law, Internet, child, child pornography, child protection, fight against crime, opinion poll, paedophilia, protection of privacy, sample survey, sexual violence

Flash Eurobarometer 532  

Protection of children against 
online sexual abuse    

Summary 

Fieldwork: 
June-July 2023 
Publication: 
July 2023 

Survey requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration and 
Home Affairs and coordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication 

This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission.  
The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. 

Flash Eurobarometer 532 – Ipsos European Public Affairs 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 

Protection of children against online 
sexual abuse 

Summary 

 June-July 2023 

Survey conducted by Ipsos European Public Affairs at the request of the European Commission, 
Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs 

Survey coordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication  
(DG COMM “Media Monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Project title 

Linguistic version 
Catalogue number 
ISBN 

© European Union, 2023 

Flash Eurobarometer 532 Protection of children against 
online sexual abuse – June-July 2023 
Summary 
EN 
DR-07-23-307-EN-N  
978-92-68-06690-4  
doi:10.2837/526098 

https://europa.eu/eurobarometer 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Introduction 

On 11 May  2023,  the  European  Commission  proposed  a  Regulation  laying  down  rules  to 
prevent and combat child sexual abuse. With 85 million pictures and videos depicting child sexual 
abuse  reported  worldwide  in  2021  alone,  and  many  more  going  unreported,  child  sexual  abuse  is 
pervasive. The current system based on voluntary detection by companies has proven to be insufficient 
to adequately protect children and, in any case, will no longer be possible once the interim solution 
currently in place expires. In particular, providers falling within the scope of the ePrivacy Directive will 
have no EU legal basis to keep detecting child sexual abuse on a voluntary basis after August 2024.  

The proposed Regulation is, first and foremost, about prevention of child sexual abuse. Providers 
would be required to assess and mitigate the risk of misuse of their services and the measures taken 
must  be  proportionate  to  that  risk  and  subject  to  robust  conditions  and  safeguards.  Detection 
constitutes a last resort measure under the proposal, and it is only necessary where preventive 
measures  fail.  Interpersonal  communication  services  (chat,  messages),  as  well  as  others 
(gaming services, other hosting and online service providers), would be required to detect 
online child sexual abuse material (both known and new content) and activities related to 
the solicitation of children, known as grooming.1  

To find out what EU citizens think about the proposed new EU legislation, a Flash Eurobarometer survey 
was  conducted  between  28  June  and  4  July  2023.  On  behalf  of  the  European  Commission, 
Directorate-General  Migration  and  Home  Affairs,  Ipsos  European  Public  Affairs  interviewed  a 
representative sample of citizens, aged 18 and over, in each of the 27 Member States of the 
European  Union.  More  than  26 000  interviews  were  conducted  online  (via  computer  assisted  web 
interviews).  Data  presented in  this summary are  weighted to  known  population  proportions  and the 
EU27 averages account for the size of the 18+ population of each EU Member State. Totals mentioned 
in  the  text  are  calculated  from  rounded  percentages  as  shown  in  the  charts.  Due  to  rounding, 
percentages shown in the charts may not always appear to add up to 100%.  

The country abbreviations used in this report correspond to:  

BE 
BG 
CZ 
DK 
DE 
EE 
IE 
EL 
ES 

Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Czechia 
Denmark 
Germany 
Estonia 
Ireland 
Greece 
Spain 

FR 
HR 
IT 
CY 
LV 
LT 
LU 
HU 
MT 

France 
Croatia 
Italy 
Rep. of Cyprus* 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Hungary 
Malta 

NL 
AT 
PL 
PT 
RO 
SI 
SK 
FI 
SE 

Netherlands 
Austria 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovenia 
Slovakia 
Finland 
Sweden 

* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 EU MS. However, the ‘acquis communautaire’ has been suspended in the part of the 
country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews carried 
out in the part of the country controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the ‘CY’ category. 

1 Source: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_2976   

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Key findings 

Increasing risks for children online 

Across all Member States, 92% of respondents 'strongly' or 'rather agree' that children are 
increasingly at risk online. At the individual country level, the level of agreement varies between 
86% in Latvia and 96% in Croatia. 

Additionally, 73% of respondents across the EU reply that the problem of child sexual abuse 
in their country is 'very' or 'fairly widespread'. There is, however, a large variation across the 
Member States for this question (from 37% in Latvia to 86% in Greece). 

Q3 

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements?  
Children are increasingly at risk online (% by country) 

Strongly agree

Rather agree

Rather disagree

Strongly disagree

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

0

2

3

1

1

2

1

2

3

1

1

4

0

2

4

0

1

5

0

1

5

2

2

4

1

2

4

1

2

4

2

2

4

1

1

6

1

2

5

1

1

6

2

2

4

2

2

4

0

2

6

2

2

5

2

3

5

1

3

4

0

2

7

1

2

7

2

2

6

1

3

6

41

41

31

32

39

30

36

37

43

40

44

39

40

37

45

42

39

40

36

42

45

43

52

37

3

1

8

46

2

1

11

5

2

8

2

2

10

54

55

53

65

62

64

55

55

56

58

56

51

52

48

54

52

56

47

50

53

51

55

49

46

47

53

39

42

33

31

33

HR MT

RO

PT

ES

CY

EL

FR

SK EU27 DE

LU

HU

SE

BE

IT

BG

NL

IE

PL

SI

CZ

LT

AT

FI

EE

DK

LV

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

Q1 

How widespread do you think the problem of online child sexual abuse is in [YOUR COUNTRY]?  
(% by country) 

2

1

11

61

Very widespread

Fairly widespread

Rather rare

Very rare

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

5

2

6

1

6

1

6

2

12

13

15

15

9

2

12

3

3

5

3

7

2

6

2

6

3

3

3

6

2

18

18

17

18

21

25

24

8

4

21

11

3

19

7

3

24

5

3

3

5

29

29

12

10

10

3

21

4

26

5

29

6

6

36

10

6

8

8

31

34

13

4

35

9

6

38

59

60

54

48

56

52

57

52

53

53

52

54

55

52

48

51

49

52

47

45

41

40

42

41

42

18

4

5

52

7

39

34

33

25

22

21

29

25

21

24

22

20

17

17

18

15

13

16

19

12

15

15

11

11

12

13

8

8

5

6

4

EL

ES

IT

DE

NL

PT

RO

HR

FR EU27 AT

SE

CY

HU

BE

IE

CZ

SI

LT

FI

MT

BG

PL

SK

LU

EE

DK

LV

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Support for the proposed EU legislation to prevent and combat child sexual abuse  

Respondents  were  also  explained  that  online  service  providers  (e.g.  social  media  platforms)  can 
currently use several safety measures, including a combination of automated technology tools and 
human oversight, to detect and report sexual abuse of children, helping to rescue victims and bring 
perpetrators to justice. On 3 August 2024, however, the EU law that allows online service providers 
to voluntarily detect  and report  online child sexual abuse will expire. As such, new  legislation  is 
proposed that would oblige online service providers to prevent child sexual abuse from 
happening  on  their  services.  If  prevention  fails,  and  in  case  of  significant  risk  of  child 
sexual abuse, the service provider could be temporarily obliged to detect and report online 
child sexual abuse. 

On average, 78% of respondents reply that they 'strongly support' or 'tend to support' the 
law proposed by the EU. In contrast, 13% 'tend to oppose' or 'strongly oppose' the proposed EU 
law. The total level of support varies between 65% in Cyprus and 83% in Czechia and Luxembourg.  
In  Czechia,  however,  the  level  of  'strong  support'  is  lower  than  in  Luxembourg  (45%  vs  64% 
respectively).  Differences  in  'strong  support'  are  also  seen  across  socio-demographic  groups.  For 
example,  across  all  age  groups,  a  vast  majority  at  least  'tend  to  support'  the  EU  proposed  law; 
however, the level of 'strong support' is 41% for those aged 18 to 24 and increases to 62% for those 
aged 55 and over.  

Q7 

On 3 August 2024, the EU law that allows online service providers to voluntarily detect and 
report online child sexual abuse will expire. The EU has proposed a new law that would oblige 
online service providers  to  prevent  child sexual abuse from happening on their  services. If 
prevention fails, and in case of significant risk of child sexual abuse, the service provider could 
be temporarily obliged to detect and report online child sexual abuse. If this new legislation 
is  not  agreed  upon  by  August  2024,  the  detection  of  online  child  sexual  abuse  in  online 
exchanges – voluntary or not – becomes illegal. With that in mind, to what extent would 
you support or oppose this proposed law? (% by country) 

Strongly support

Tend to support

Tend to oppose

Strongly oppose

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

9

4

4

8

5

4

9

5

4

9

5

4

8

6

4

6

8

5

6

10

4

6

7

7

9

6

6

7

9

6

8

9

4

8

6

7

12

4

5

9

7

6

6

11

10

13

3

8

5

6

8

9

8

7

38

19

19

18

19

14

18

26

24

23

21

20

23

22

19

18

27

13

7

12

15

9

11

12

7

12

10

11

8

7

7

5

7

6

5

13

9

11

14

11

17

6

10

7

9

11

9

25

32

28

24

25

16

28

26

28

29

24

64

63

63

63

67

62

45

54

55

56

58

58

55

56

58

59

49

51

43

47

51

48

57

43

45

42

41

36

CZ

LU

DE

AT

IE

RO

PT

BG

FR

HR

IT

NL

DK EU27 MT

FI

SK

ES

LV

SI

HU

BE

SE

EE

PL

EL

LT

CY

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Detecting child abuse and the right to online privacy 

Across the EU, 60% of respondents reply that the statement 'the ability to detect child abuse is 
more important than the right to online privacy' is closest to their own view; at the individual 
country level, this proportion is the highest in Italy (72%) and the lowest in Hungary (35%). 

The statement that the right to online privacy and the ability to detect child abuse are both 
equally important is selected by 36% of respondents across the EU and varies between 24% in 
Italy and 61% in Hungary. 

In total, 96% of respondents state that the ability to detect child abuse is more important 
or equally important than the right to online privacy. Not more than a handful of respondents 
(2%) reply that the right to online privacy is more important than the ability to detect child abuse. 

Q2 

Which one, if any, of the following statements comes closest to your view? (% by country) 

The ability to detect child abuse is more important than the right to online privacy

The right to online privacy and the ability to detect child abuse are both equally important

The right to online privacy is more important than the ability to detect child abuse

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

2

2

2

1

2

2

24

28

29

1

1

1

1

31

33

3

3

4

2

3

2

1

2

2

1

3

2

2

1

3

2

2

2

3

2

4

2

3

2

31

32

33

37

38

36

38

37

38

39

39

40

4

3

5

3

5

2

38

38

40

3

1

45

3

3

44

2

1

47

2

3

3

3

47

47

7

4

42

3

4

46

3

2

61

72

68

67

66

65

64

62

62

60

60

60

59

58

57

56

56

55

55

55

53

51

50

50

48

48

47

47

35

IT

CY

LU

DE

EL

SE

DK

NL

AT

HR EU27

IE

BG

SI

FR

BE

ES

LT

FI

PL

MT

EE

PT

CZ

RO

LV

SK

HU

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Tools to detect child sexual abuse online 

The tools that online services providers can use to detect child sexual abuse online may interfere to 
a different extent with the privacy of the users. Even after explaining to respondents that the tools 
being  used  by  online  services  providers  may  have  an  impact  on  privacy,  89%  of  respondents 
'strongly' or 'tend to support' the use of tools that automatically detect images and videos 
of child sexual abuse material already known to the police, to identify where these images 
and videos are shared online again. In Czechia, 81% of respondents, in total, support automatic 
detection  of  images  and  videos  of  child  sexual  abuse  material  already  known  to  the  police;  this 
proportion increases to 95% in Portugal. 

Q8 

Online  services  providers  can  use  various  tools,  including  a  combination  of  automated 
technology tools and human oversight, to detect child sexual abuse online. These tools may 
interfere to a different extent with the privacy of the users. To what extent would you support 
or oppose the detection of child sexual abuse by online service providers via… (% by country) 

Tools that automatically detect images and videos of child sexual abuse material 
already known to the police, to identify where these images and videos are shared 
online again  

Strongly support

Tend to support

Tend to oppose

Strongly oppose

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

1

2

3

22

73

3

3

2

4

3

2

25

19

74

67

5

1

3

3

3

3

3

2

5

3

2

5

3

2

5

4

2

4

3

2

4

4

2

4

2

3

5

6

3

2

4

2

5

4

2

5

4

2

5

5

2

5

5

2

5

5

2

5

3

3

6

5

2

6

5

3

5

4

2

7

4

3

6

5

2

6

5

4

5

5

3

7

26

23

29

19

29

25

37

25

27

25

27

36

28

34

28

18

30

28

40

26

35

26

36

35

65

68

62

71

66

61

65

63

65

62

54

61

61

55

53

71

58

60

61

61

47

52

50

51

6

4

8

41

40

PT

LU

MT

FI

IE

ES

RO

EL

AT

EE

DE

HR

CY

FR

LT EU27 HU

DK

SE

SI

BE

LV

IT

BG

NL

PL

SK

CZ

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

When asked about tools based on artificial intelligence (AI), 85% of respondents across 
the  EU  'strongly  support'  or  'tend  to  support'  the  use  of  these  tools,  even  if  they  may 
interfere with the privacy of users, for detecting new sexual abuse material images and 
videos shared online and 84% 'strongly support' or 'tend to support' the use of these tools 
for detecting grooming and/or imminent abuse.  

Support for the use of AI tools to detect new sexual abuse material images and videos shared 
online varies between 77% in Czechia and 93% in Portugal. Similalry, support for the use of AI tools 
to detect grooming and/or imminent abuse varies between 78% in Slovakia and 94% in Portugal. 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Q8 

Online  services  providers  can  use  various  tools,  including  a  combination  of  automated 
technology tools and human oversight, to detect child sexual abuse online. These tools may 
interfere to a different extent with the privacy of the users. To what extent would you support 
or oppose the detection of child sexual abuse by online service providers via… (% by country) 

Tools  based  on  artificial  intelligence  (AI)  detecting  new  sexual  abuse  material 
images and videos shared online  

Strongly support

Tend to support

Tend to oppose

Strongly oppose

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

2

2

3

4

2

3

4

2

5

3

3

6

4

3

5

4

3

7

6

2

6

6

2

6

3

3

9

5

3

7

6

3

6

4

4

7

6

4

7

5

3

7

28

26

31

25

34

39

37

33

33

44

33

32

6

5

6

6

3

8

3

5

9

5

4

9

6

3

8

8

4

6

7

2

9

4

4

9

6

4

7

8

3

7

8

4

8

8

4

8

6

6

7

5

10

12

33

36

38

30

39

31

43

29

40

28

29

34

38

34

37

40

65

65

64

58

53

48

49

53

53

52

54

52

42

48

45

54

52

45

53

54

53

40

43

48

43

46

41

37

PT

MT

CY

RO

LU

EL

FI

ES

SI

EE

DE

HR EU27 HU

PL

IT

BG

AT

LV

IE

LT

SE

FR

BE

DK

NL

SK

CZ

Tools based on artificial intelligence (AI) detecting grooming and/or imminent abuse 

Strongly support

Tend to support

Tend to oppose

Strongly oppose

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

3

2

3

3

2

3

26

24

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

2

4

4

2

5

6

2

4

5

3

5

4

3

7

6

2

6

6

3

5

6

4

4

3

4

8

6

4

5

6

2

7

6

3

7

6

3

6

6

3

7

3

5

9

5

3

9

9

2

7

8

3

7

8

3

8

8

3

8

10

3

7

7

4

11

9

3

9

24

31

38

31

29

34

28

43

34

36

30

29

40

37

31

32

36

28

43

31

30

36

33

39

33

8

5

10

38

68

68

67

59

58

60

51

58

54

52

50

44

55

57

45

48

53

52

55

48

50

52

39

45

47

46

40

40

PT

MT

RO

CY

EL

HR

ES

FI

IT

EE

LU

PL

SI

IE

LT

HU EU27 AT

BG

SE

LV

DE

FR

DK

BE

CZ

NL

SK

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

Taking into account that 70% of the 1.5 million reports of child sexual abuse online stemming from 
the  EU  come  from  online messages,  email  and  chat,  87%  of  respondents  across  the  EU  'strongly 
support'  or  'tend  to  support'  that  service  providers  detect  child  sexual  abuse  material  and 
grooming conversations in messages (e.g. e-mail, chat) in case of a significant risk of child 
sexual abuse on a specific platform. At the individual country level, support varies between 79% 
in Latvia and 93% in Greece, Portugal and Romania. 

Q9 

Last year, service providers sent 1.5 million reports of child sexual abuse online stemming 
from the EU. Over one million of these reports - 70 per cent – came from online messages, 
email and chat, the rest from other sources, such as social media and gaming platforms. To 
what extent would you support or oppose the following? (% by country) 

Service  providers  detecting  child  sexual  abuse  material  and  grooming 
conversations in messages (e.g. e-mail, chat) in case of a significant risk of child 
sexual abuse on a specific platform  

Strongly support

Tend to support

Tend to oppose

Strongly oppose

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

2

2

4

3

1

3

2

2

4

4

3

2

4

3

3

4

2

5

6

2

3

5

2

5

5

2

5

29

24

18

26

32

31

26

30

29

6

3

3

5

2

5

5

2

5

4

3

6

5

1

7

4

3

7

6

3

5

7

3

4

5

2

7

6

2

6

8

2

5

4

4

6

6

3

6

6

3

8

4

5

9

7

3

8

8

4

7

26

26

29

21

37

36

34

28

39

28

31

33

28

41

31

38

30

10

3

8

9

4

9

40

43

69

64

75

65

59

58

63

59

59

62

62

58

66

50

51

53

58

58

55

53

56

47

51

52

43

44

40

36

EL

PT

RO MT

LU

ES

IT

FI

FR

IE

CY EU27 SE

LT

BG

PL

DE

EE

AT

BE

HR

NL

CZ

SI

SK

DK

HU

LV

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
Flash Eurobarometer 532 
Protection of children against online sexual abuse 

When asked about detecting child sexual abuse material and grooming in messages using 
end-to-end encryption, in case of a significant risk of child sexual abuse on a specific platform, 
83% of respondents across the EU 'strongly support' or 'tend to support' this. Respondents in Romania 
(92%) and Portugal (91%) are the most likely to support detecting child sexual abuse material and 
grooming in messages using end-to-end encryption, while respondents in Hungary and Latvia are the 
least likely to do so (both 73%). 

Q9 

Last year, service providers sent 1.5 million reports of child sexual abuse online stemming 
from the EU. Over one million of these reports - 70 per cent – came from online messages, 
email and chat, the rest from other sources, such as social media and gaming platforms. To 
what extent would you support or oppose the following? (% by country) 

Service providers detecting child sexual abuse material and grooming in messages 
using  end-to-end  encryption  (end-to-end  encryption  prevents  material  or 
conversations from being viewed by anyone other than the sender and recipient) in 
case of a significant risk of child sexual abuse on a specific platform 

Strongly support

Tend to support

Tend to oppose

Strongly oppose

Prefer not to answer/Don’t know

3

2

4

4

2

3

20

26

6

2

5

30

7

2

5

6

4

4

6

3

5

5

3

5

7

2

5

7

2

6

7

3

5

5

4

6

7

3

5

9

3

4

8

3

6

7

4

6

9

4

5

9

4

5

11

10

10

10

2

5

4

6

4

8

3

8

6

5

10

3

8

4

8

4

7

4

7

27

27

29

30

38

25

26

37

21

25

28

31

35

29

29

27

35

38

31

38

30

29

27

10

10

11

12

14

12

72

65

58

60

60

57

56

61

59

64

59

48

48

55

51

48

53

52

53

44

41

48

41

49

49

51

4

8

5

10

35

41

38

32

RO

PT

EL

IT

MT

ES

LU

LT

CY

FR

BG

SE

IE

EU27 HR

PL

FI

BE

NL

EE

CZ

SI

SK

AT

DK

DE

HU

LV

Base: All respondents (n=26 270) 

12