The EIB climate survey : government action, personal choices and the green transition : 2022-2023, fifth edition.
Date: 2023-06-29
Institutions: European Investment Bank
Subjects: European Investment Bank, climate change policy, energy consumption, financial instrument, government, green economy, sample survey, tax system

Fifth edition — 2022-2023

THE EIB  
CLIMATE SURVEY 

GOVERNMENT ACTION,  
PERSONAL CHOICES AND  
THE GREEN TRANSITION

EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK

Fifth edition — 2022-2023

THE EIB  
CLIMATE 
SURVEY 

GOVERNMENT ACTION,  
PERSONAL CHOICES  
AND THE GREEN TRANSITION

The EIB Climate Survey
Government action, personal choices and the green transition

© European Investment Bank, 2023.
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pdf:

QH-04-23-391-EN-N ISBN 978-92-861-5535-2 doi:10.2867/055829

CONTENTS

V    FOREWORD FROM AMBROISE FAYOLLE, VICE-PRESIDENT
VII   METHODOLOGY 
1     1.  HOW  HAS  THE  WAR  IN  UKRAINE  INFLUENCED  PEOPLE’S 

VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT CLIMATE ACTION, AND WHAT WERE 
PEOPLE’S EXPECTATIONS BEFORE COP27?

A.      WHAT IS THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE OF TODAY?

B.      DOES CLIMATE CHANGE HAVE AN IMPACT ON YOUR EVERYDAY LIFE?

C.       DO YOU THINK YOUR COUNTRY WILL MEET ITS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION GOAL  

BY 2030?

D.      WHICH SOURCE OF ENERGY SHOULD YOUR COUNTRY RELY ON MOST?

E.       WHAT WOULD BE THE MAIN BENEFIT OF GIVING UP FOSSIL FUELS?

F.        DO YOU THINK THAT THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ON PRICES SHOULD MAKE US 

ACCELERATE OR SLOW DOWN THE GREEN TRANSITION?

G.      IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT, WHAT SHOULD YOUR COUNTRY’S PRIORITY REGARDING ENERGY BE?

H.       IF YOU HAD TO REDUCE THE TEMPERATURE OF YOUR HOME NEXT WINTER, WHAT MINIMUM 

TEMPERATURE WOULD STILL BE ACCEPTABLE?

19    2.   WHAT ARE INDIVIDUALS WILLING TO DO TO FIGHT 

CLIMATE CHANGE?

A.      TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK YOUR OWN BEHAVIOUR CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN TACKLING 

CLIMATE CHANGE?

B.      WOULD YOU BE IN FAVOUR OF STRICTER GOVERNMENT MEASURES TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE?

C.       WOULD YOU BE IN FAVOUR OF AN INDIVIDUAL CARBON BUDGET SYSTEM TO FIGHT THE CLIMATE 

EMERGENCY?

D.       IN WHICH AREAS OF YOUR DAILY LIFE DO YOU THINK YOUR INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS CAN REDUCE 

YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT THE MOST?

E.       IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS WOULD YOU BE MOST WILLING TO CHANGE YOUR HABITS TO 

REDUCE YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT?

F.       IF YOU WERE TO CHANGE YOUR CAR OR BUY ONE FOR THE FIRST TIME, WOULD YOU CHOOSE AN 

ELECTRIC, HYBRID OR PETROL/DIESEL VEHICLE?

G.     WHAT WOULD STOP YOU FROM BUYING OR LEASING AN ELECTRIC CAR?

H.      ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF LABELLING ALL FOOD IN ORDER TO LIMIT CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?

I.      WOULD YOU BE WILLING TO PAY SLIGHTLY MORE FOR FOOD THAT HAS LESS ENVIRONMENTAL 

IMPACT?

J.      ARE YOU IN FAVOUR OF LIMITING THE AMOUNT OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS EACH PERSON CAN 

BUY IN ORDER TO LIMIT CLIMATE CHANGE?

K.      WHEN LOOKING FOR A JOB, HOW IMPORTANT IS IT FOR YOU THAT YOUR PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYER 

PRIORITISE SUSTAINABILITY?

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FOREWORD

Alarming confluence of events 

By Vice-President Ambroise Fayolle 

The string of tragic events in 2022 helped us realise that energy security and the green 
transition are closely intertwined. First Russia invaded Ukraine, then came the energy 
crisis and rising inflation. Next, we saw a summer of weather disasters, heatwaves and 
droughts. 

Our  latest  climate  survey  demonstrates  that  people  are  able  to  draw  sensible 
conclusions from this alarming confluence of events. A large majority of people 
surveyed agree that the war in Ukraine should accelerate the green transition. Among 
Europeans, 66% are in favour of stronger government measures to tackle the climate 
emergency. Almost 85% of Europeans predict a global disaster if we don’t drastically 
reduce our consumption of energy and goods.

This is our fifth annual survey. More than 28 000 people from 30 countries responded to 
our questions in August 2022. This climate project is an important way for the European 
Investment Bank to listen to people around the world. We believe these surveys enrich 
the global climate debate, which is why we publish the full results here.

Over the past few years, the Bank has been a bulwark against a series of crises. We have 
worked hard to support an economic recovery, invest in new vaccines and better 
healthcare during the pandemic, and keep pushing the green transition in the right 
direction. In 2022, we supported €36.5 billion in green investment, exceeding our 
commitment to devote at least half of our financing to climate action and environmental 
sustainability. Our support for the new REPowerEU initiative will provide €30 billion in 
loans for energy projects over the next five years, with the aim of rapidly reducing 
Europe’s dependence on Russian fossil fuels. Now we are trying to help Ukraine keep its 
economy afloat amid the war, and finance the energy projects that will help end this 
dependence. We have disbursed €1.7 billion to Ukraine under difficult circumstances 
and have another €540 million still to disburse. We recognise that there can be no safe 
world without strong economies, good healthcare for all, and a decisive shift to a green 
society. The green transition is, quite literally, the most important underpinning of our 
future security. 

FOREWORD

V

“ Among Europeans, 66% are  
in favour of stronger government 
measures to tackle the climate 
emergency.  
Almost 85% of Europeans predict a 
global disaster if we don’t drastically 
reduce our consumption of energy 

and goods. ”

We must do more

We do this work because the climate is always the big picture for us. We are the  
EU climate bank and one of the biggest climate financiers in the world.   

Our aims certainly match the desires of the people we surveyed. Our 2022 survey shows 
that the current energy crisis is an opportunity to accelerate the transformation to a 
low-carbon and climate-resilient future. In 2022, our clean energy financing reached a 
record high of €19.4 billion. We are increasing support for innovative clean energy 
investments, advanced wind farms and solar panels, batteries for electric vehicles, and 
green hydrogen technology. We will back these advances with our full range of financial 
and advisory instruments. 

Our survey proves that people are ready for the green transition. Now it’s time to make 
it happen.

Ambroise Fayolle is the European Investment Bank vice-president responsible for climate 
action and environmental sustainability

VI

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY How we conducted the survey

Survey conducted online (computer, tablet or mobile) by the BVA
Group consulting firm between 8 and 31 August 2022 in all 27 EU
countries, the United Kingdom, China and the United States.

Respondents were randomly selected from nationally representative 
panels and participated via an online survey.

Total  sample  of  25  722  people  composed  of  30  representative 
samples  of  the  population  aged  15  and  over  in  each  country 
(over 15 in Luxembourg).

The  quota  method  was  used  to  ensure  the  accuracy  of  the  survey 
results.  Samples  in  each  country  were  weighted  according  to 
gender, age, occupation and location.

4

METHODOLOGY

VII

Samples

Size of the representative panel per country

COUNTRY

United States

China

United Kingdom

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

SAMPLE SIZE

LANGUAGE USED

1 000

1 000

1 000

1 000

1 000

1 007

1 003

500

1 000

1 006

500

1 000

1 000

1 000

1 003

1 000

1 001

1 000

500

500

501

201

1 000

1 000

1 000

1 000

500

500

1 000

1 000

English 

Simplified Chinese

English 

German 

French, Flemish

Bulgarian 

Croatian

Greek

Czech

Danish 

Estonian 

Finnish 

French

German 

Greek

Hungarian

English 

Italian 

Latvian

Lithuanian 

French, German, Luxembourgish

English 

Dutch

Polish

Portuguese

Romanian 

Slovak

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

5

VIII

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Margin of error

All surveys are subject to a margin of error. The table below
shows the margins of error (at the 95% level of confidence)
according to the result obtained in this survey and the
sample sizes.

SAMPLE SIZE

5% or 95% 10% or 90% 20% or 80% 30% or 70% 40% or 60%

95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL BY SCORE

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

2 000

3 000

6 000

10 000

4.4

3.1

2.5

2.2

1.9

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

6.0

4.2

3.5

3.0

2.7

2.4

2.3

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.3

1.1

0.8

0.6

8.0

5.7

4.6

4.0

3.6

3.3

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

1.8

1.4

1.1

0.8

9.2

6.5

5.3

4.6

4.1

3.7

3.5

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.1

1.6

1.3

0.9

9.8

6.9

5.7

4.9

4.4

4.0

3.7

3.5

3.2

3.0

2.2

1.8

1.4

0.9

50%

10.0

7.1

5.8

5.0

4.5

4.1

3.8

3.5

3.3

3.1

2.2

1.8

1.4

1.0

Example: For a sample of 1 000 respondents, for a survey percentage of 20%, the
margin of error is 2.5. The percentage therefore has a 95% chance of being
between 17.5% and 22.5%.

6

METHODOLOGY

IX

X

1

HOW HAS THE WAR  
IN UKRAINE INFLUENCED 
PEOPLE’S VIEWS  
ON GOVERNMENT  
CLIMATE ACTION,  
AND WHAT WERE  
PEOPLE’S EXPECTATIONS 
BEFORE COP27?

1

While COVID-19 was considered the number one 
challenge facing Europeans and Americans in 
2021, economic issues now dominate their 
concerns 

What are the three biggest challenges that people in your country are currently 
facing?

European Union

United States

China

Financial crisis

Climate change

Increased cost 
of living

Increased cost 
of living

Financial crisis

COVID-19

COVID-19

Climate change

Increased cost 
of living

45%

41%

36%

60%

36%

31%

59%

55%

40%

8

2

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY The economic consequences of the war in Ukraine 
appear to be the main challenges facing 
Europeans, along with climate change

What are the three biggest challenges that people in your country are currently 
facing?

% of respondents ranking a given challenge among the top three 
for their country

European Union

Financial crisis

Climate change

Increased cost 
of living

45%

41%

36%

O t h e r   c h a l l e n g e s

Unemployment

Access to healthcare

Political instability

COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental degradation

Large-scale migration

26%

25%

25%

24%

21%

18%

Terrorism

7%

Cyberattacks

4%

9

3

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONIn the current context, climate change is seen as a 
In the current context, climate change is seen as a 
lower priority for Eastern European countries
lower priority for Eastern European countries

What are the three biggest challenges that people in your country are 
currently facing?

What are the three biggest challenges that people in your country are 
currently facing?

% ranking climate change as one of the three 
biggest challenges

% ranking climate change as one of the three 
biggest challenges

United States

United States

28%

28%

China

China

55%

55%

Total 
Total 
European 
European 
Union
Union

41%

41%

GROUP 1
(More than 44%)

GROUP 1
(More than 44%)

Germany

Germany

57%

57%

Luxembourg

Luxembourg

55%

55%

France

France

Denmark

Denmark

Austria

Austria

47%

47%

47%

47%

47%

47%

GROUP 2
(Between 34% and 44%)

GROUP 2
(Between 34% and 44%)

Belgium

Belgium

44%

44%

Netherlands

Netherlands

44%

44%

Italy

Italy

Spain

Spain

Portugal

Portugal

Malta

Malta

44%

44%

39%

39%

37%

37%

34%

34%

10

10

4

United 
Kingdom

United 
Kingdom

32%

32%

GROUP 3
(Less than 34%)

GROUP 3
(Less than 34%)

Sweden

Sweden

Poland

Poland

Slovenia

Slovenia

Finland

Finland

Cyprus

Cyprus

Ireland

Ireland

Greece

Greece

Romania

Romania

Croatia

Croatia

Hungary

Hungary

33%

33%

33%

33%

32%

32%

31%

31%

31%

31%

31%

31%

27%

27%

27%

27%

24%

24%

23%

23%

Czech Republic

Czech Republic

21%

21%

Slovakia

Slovakia

Lithuania

Lithuania

Estonia

Estonia

Bulgaria

Bulgaria

Latvia

Latvia

18%

18%

16%

16%

15%

15%

9%

9%

8%

8%

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Climate change is affecting the everyday lives of at 
least two-thirds of Europeans, Americans and 
Chinese people

Do you feel that climate change has an impact on your everyday life? 

European Union

No

20%

3%

17%

50%

30%

No,
not at all

No,
not really

Yes, 
somewhat

Yes, 
very much

Yes

80%

2021: 77%

No

33%

United States

12%

21%

38%

29%

No,
not at all

No,
not really

Yes, 
somewhat

Yes, 
very much

No

Yes

67%

2021: 71%

Yes

China

9%

3%

6%

55%

36%

91%

No, 
not at all

No, 
not really

Yes, 
somewhat

Yes, 
very much

2021: 94%

11

5

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONSouthern and Southeastern Europeans in 
particular are feeling the impact of climate change 
on their everyday lives 

Southern and Southeastern Europeans in 
particular are feeling the impact of climate change 
on their everyday lives 

Do you feel that climate change has an impact on your everyday life? 

Do you feel that climate change has an impact on your everyday life? 

% who responded yes

% who responded yes

United States

China

United States

67%

67%

China

91%

91%

GROUP 1
(More than 82%)

GROUP 1
(More than 82%)
Hungary

Italy
Hungary

Italy

Malta

Malta

Romania

Romania

Slovenia

Slovenia

Greece

Greece

Croatia

Croatia

Spain

Spain

Total 
European 
Total 
Union
European 
Union

80%

80%

91%

91%

91%

91%

88%

88%

88%

88%

85%

85%

85%

85%

84%

84%

83%

83%

GROUP 2
(Between 75% and 82%)

GROUP 2
(Between 75% and 82%)
Luxembourg

82%

Portugal
Luxembourg

Portugal

Poland

Poland

Slovakia

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Bulgaria

France

France

82%

82%

82%

81%

81%

80%

80%

80%

80%

80%

80%

12

12

6

United 
Kingdom

United 
Kingdom

65%

65%

GROUP 2 (Cont.)

GROUP 2 (Cont.)

Germany

79%

Cyprus
Germany

Cyprus

79%

78%

78%

GROUP 3 
(Less than 75%)

GROUP 3 
(Less than 75%)
Czech Republic

74%

Austria
Czech Republic

Austria

Belgium

Belgium

Ireland

Ireland

Lithuania

Lithuania

Netherlands

Finland
Netherlands

Finland

Denmark

Denmark

Sweden

Sweden

Latvia

Latvia

Estonia

Estonia

74%

74%

74%

73%

73%

71%

71%

64%

64%

59%

59%

59%

59%

59%

59%

58%

58%

57%

57%

46%

46%

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Americans, Chinese and Europeans are in broad 
agreement that they are not doing enough to fight 
the climate emergency

To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements:

European Union

United States

China

We claim to fight 
climate change, but 
actually people and 
businesses are not 
truly willing to change 
the way they produce 
and consume

Governments are too 
slow in acting against 
climate change and 
environmental 
degradation 

If we don’t drastically 
reduce our 
consumption of energy 
and goods in the 
coming years, we will 
be heading for a 
global catastrophe

13

88%
agree

81%
agree

85%
agree

87%

74%

76%

84%

72%

88%

7

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONOnly a minority of Europeans and Americans trust 
their country’s ability to reduce carbon emissions 
by 2030

Your country has pledged to substantially reduce its carbon emissions by 2030. 
Do you think it will succeed? 

European Union

Yes

36%

United States

Yes

45%

China

Yes

91%

14

8

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Renewable energies are considered an investment 
priority in the European Union, China and, to a 
lesser extent, the United States

In which source of energy should your country invest the most in the coming 
years?

European Union

United States

China

Renewable energies 
(wind farms, solar 
power, etc.)

65%

47%

72%

Nuclear energy

17%

14%

6%

Fossil fuels (oil, gas, 
coal, etc.)

9%

23%

16%

None, the priority is to 
save energy 

7%

13%

5%

Other

2%

3%

1%

15

9

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONThe majority of respondents in all countries 
support investment in renewable energy, except 
in the United States, the Czech Republic and 
Sweden

In which source of energy should your country invest the most in the coming 
years?

% who would invest in renewable energies

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46

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY  
 
 
 
 
In most European nations, protecting the future 
of the planet is cited as the main advantage of 
giving up fossil fuels, but some countries say 
the primary benefit is energy independence

What would be the main benefit of giving up fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal)? 

United States

33%

(Future of the planet) 

Future of the planet
Total European Union: 36%

Portugal

Malta

Sweden

Hungary

Denmark

Ireland

Italy

Slovenia

Spain

France

Romania

Netherlands

Belgium

Greece

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Poland

Slovakia

51%

47%

46%

43%

41%

41%

41%

39%

37%

36%

36%

34%

34%

34%

33%

33%

33%

31%

17

China

49%

(Future of the planet) 

Total European 
Union
36%

Future of the planet

United 
Kingdom

38%

(Future of the planet)

Independence
Total European Union: 32%

Austria

Germany

Croatia

Luxembourg

Estonia

Lithuania

Czech Republic

Latvia

43%

41%

37%

36%

36%

34%

32%

31%

Both future of the planet
and independence

Finland

34%

11

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONThe war in Ukraine is perceived as an opportunity 
to accelerate the green transition in the European 
Union

Do you think that the war in Ukraine and its consequences on the price of oil 
and gas should make us accelerate the green transition by reducing our 
consumption of fossil fuels, or slow down the green transition to secure energy 
availability in the short term?

Accelerate the green 
transition

Slow down the green 
transition

European Union

66%

34%

Accelerate the green 
transition

Slow down the green 
transition

United States

52%

48%

Accelerate the green 
transition

Slow down the green 
transition

China

60%

40%

18

12

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Southern European countries are the most 
convinced that the Ukraine crisis is an opportunity 
to accelerate the green transition

Do you think that the war in Ukraine and its consequences on the price of oil 
and gas should make us accelerate or slow down the green transition?

% who see the crisis as an opportunity to 
accelerate the green transition

China

60%

Total European 
Union
66%

United States

52%

GROUP 1
(More than 67%)

Croatia

Italy

Hungary

Cyprus

Portugal

Romania

Malta

France

Denmark

Spain

81%

77%

77%

76%

75%

73%

72%

71%

71%

69%

GROUP 2
(Between 62% and 67%)

Slovenia

Latvia

Lithuania

67%

67%

65%

19

United 
Kingdom

62%

GROUP 2 (Cont.)

Poland

Luxembourg

Ireland

Greece

Belgium

Slovakia

GROUP 3 
(Less than 62%)

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Austria

Sweden

Germany

Czech Republic

Finland

Estonia

65%

64%

64%

63%

63%

63%

62%

57%

57%

55%

54%

50%

49%

48%

13

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONEuropeans, Americans and Chinese have 
different views on how to handle the energy 
crisis

In the current context, what should your country’s priority regarding energy be?

European Union

United States

China

Developing renewable 
energies

47%

37%

37%

34%

39%

46%

19%

24%

17%

Diversifying energy 
supplies to avoid being 
dependent on a single 
provider

Reducing the energy 
consumption of people 
and businesses

20

14

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY For most EU countries, priority should be given to 
the production of renewable energy

In the current context, what should your country’s priority regarding energy be?

% who say developing renewable energies should 
be the priority

China

37%

Total European 
Union
47%

United States

37%

GROUP 1
(More than 50%)

Cyprus

Croatia

Hungary

Portugal

Slovakia

Italy

Slovenia

Denmark

Bulgaria

70%

68%

63%

60%

56%

55%

54%

53%

51%

GROUP 2
(Between 45% and 50%)

Malta

Spain

Lithuania

Ireland

Romania

Poland

21

50%

50%

50%

49%

49%

49%

United 
Kingdom

45%

GROUP 2 (Cont.)

Greece

Sweden

Czech Republic

48%

47%

46%

GROUP 3 
(Less than 45%)

Austria

Belgium

Netherlands

Finland

Luxembourg

France

Latvia

Germany

Estonia

43%

43%

42%

42%

41%

41%

40%

38%

36%

15

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONFewer than three in ten people would accept 
capping the temperature in homes at 19°C in 
winter

If you had to reduce the temperature of your home next winter, what minimum 
temperature would still be acceptable for you and your family?

19°C or below

20°C or more

European Union

28%

39%

mean

19.7°C

% who cannot afford to properly heat their homes: 25%
% who do not heat their homes: 9%

19°C or below

20°C or more

United States

18%

38%

mean
20°C

% who cannot afford to properly heat their homes: 29%
% who do not heat their homes: 15%

19°C or below

20°C or more

China

25%

27%

mean

18.6°C

% who cannot afford to properly heat their homes: 13%
% who do not heat their homes: 35%

22

16

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Only a minority of people would accept a 19°C 
home temperature cap in winter

If you had to reduce the temperature of your home next winter, what minimum 
temperature would still be acceptable for you and your family?

% who would accept 19° C 

s
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47

45

26

27

24 23

20

18

32

30

28 29

22

11

11

26

27

18

15

16

16

12

36

28

25

32

18

20

14 13

4

23

17

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITION 
 
 
 
 
18

2

WHAT ARE INDIVIDUALS 
WILLING TO DO TO FIGHT 
CLIMATE CHANGE?

19

 
Most people believe that their behaviour can make 
a difference in the fight against climate change

To what extent, if at all, do you think your own behaviour can make a difference 
in tackling climate change?

European Union

17%

55%

Yes

72%

To a great 
extent 

To some extent 

2021: 75%

United States
TOP 3 BIGGEST CHALLENGES 
faced by EU citizens

21%

43%

Yes

64%

To a great 
extent 

To some extent 

2021: 68%

China

27%

To a great 
extent 

61%

To some 
extent 

Yes

88%

2021: 90%

25

20

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Northern Europeans are less optimistic about the 
difference their behaviour can make to combat 
climate change

To what extent, if at all, do you think your own behaviour can make a difference 
in tackling climate change? 

United States

64%

GROUP 1 
(More than 75%)

Portugal

Italy

Spain

Poland

Malta

Slovenia

Romania

Germany

GROUP 2 
(Around 72%)

Cyprus

Hungary 

Austria

86%

80%

80%

79%

78%

77%

76%

75%

71%

71%

70%

26

China

88%

Total 
European 
Union

72%

United 
Kingdom

66%

GROUP 3
(Less than 70%)

Netherlands

Ireland

Greece

Slovakia

Croatia

Sweden

France

69%

69%

69%

67%

65%

64%

63%

Czech Republic 62%

Belgium

Denmark

Luxembourg

Bulgaria

Estonia

Latvia

Finland

Lithuania

62%

62%

60%

56%

52%

49%

49%

42%

21

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONMost Europeans and Chinese people are in favour
of stricter government measures to fight climate
change, but Americans are divided

Would you be in favour of stricter government measures imposing changes in 
people’s behaviour to tackle climate change?

European Union

Yes

66%

United States

Yes

50%

China

Yes

90%

27

22

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY The willingness to tighten government measures 
varies greatly among countries but remains in the 
majority almost across the board

Would you be in favour of stricter government measures imposing changes in 
people’s behaviour to tackle climate change?

y
n
a
m
r
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G

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a
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90

i

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S

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75

72

69

6666

67

66

65

76

76

59 59

59

59

58 59 58

50

52 51 52

52

84

69

66

77

74

64

55

48

28

23

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITION 
 
 
 
 
People living in countries where the effects of 
climate change are most frequently felt are also 
those with the highest expectations of stricter 
government measures

Would you be in favour of stricter government measures imposing changes in 
people’s behaviour to tackle climate change?

China

90%

Total European 
Union
66%

United 
Kingdom

66%

GROUP 3 
(Less than 64%)

Czech Republic

Austria

Belgium

Lithuania

Germany

Latvia

Luxembourg

Slovakia

Finland

Denmark

Hungary

Estonia

Netherlands

59%

59%

59%

59%

59%

58%

58%

55%

52%

52%

52%

51%

48%

United States

50%

GROUP 1
(More than 68%)

Portugal

Slovenia

Malta

Italy

Croatia

Spain

Cyprus

Romania

Bulgaria

84%

77%

76%

76%

75%

74%

72%

69%

69%

GROUP 2
(Between 64% and 68%)

France

Poland

Greece

Ireland

Sweden

67%

66%

66%

65%

64%

29

24

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Most Chinese and Europeans are in favour of a 
carbon budget system while Americans remain 
divided

To tackle the climate emergency, some suggest setting up a carbon rationing 
system*. Would you be in favour of such a system to fight the climate 
emergency?

European Union

Yes

56%

United States

Yes

49%

China

Yes

83%

*Each person would be allocated a fixed amount of yearly credits to spend on items with a big carbon footprint 
(such as non-essential goods, flights, meat, etc.). Regardless of wealth or status, everyone would receive the 
same amount of credits and would not be able to spend more than they were allocated.

30

25

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONSouthern Europeans are more favourable to 
carbon rationing than people in Northern Europe

To tackle the climate emergency, some suggest setting up a carbon rationing 
system*. Would you be in favour of such a system to fight the climate 
emergency?

% in favour of a carbon rationing system

China

83%

Total European 
Union
56%

United 
Kingdom

54%

GROUP 3 
(Less than 52%)

Belgium

Hungary

Denmark

Latvia

Lithuania

Sweden

Luxembourg

Slovakia

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Finland

Estonia

51%

47%

47%

46%

45%

45%

44%

44%

44%

40%

40%

35%

United States

49%

GROUP 1
(More than 59%)

Portugal

Italy

Cyprus

Romania

Poland

68%

64%

62%

62%

60%

GROUP 2
(Between 52% and 59%)

Spain

Croatia

Malta

France

Greece

Germany

Bulgaria

Austria

Ireland

Slovenia

59%

58%

57%

57%

57%

56%

56%

54%

52%

52%

31

*Each person would be allocated a fixed amount of yearly credits to spend on items with a big carbon footprint (such as non-essential goods, 
flights, meat, etc.). Regardless of wealth or status, everyone would receive the same amount of credits and would not be able to spend more 
than they were allocated.

26

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Heating, air conditioning and daily mobility are the 
areas where people believe their individual actions 
can have the greatest impact on reducing their 
carbon footprint

In which areas of your daily life do you think your individual actions can reduce 
your carbon footprint the most?

European Union

United States

China

42%

41%

40%

38%

35%

57%

33%

23%

25%

Home heating and cooling 
(lowering the temperature of 
your home during winter, using 
less air conditioning)

Everyday mobility (carsharing, 
cycling or walking short distances, 
etc.)

Consumption (local products, 
seasonal products, second-hand 
products, etc.)

Holidays (choosing nearby 
destinations, limiting air travel, 
etc.)

Food (adopting a flexitarian or 
vegetarian diet, etc.)

12%

21%

16%

14%

20%

22%

Digital (less video streaming, 
cleaning up your email, etc.)

10%

11%

15%

6%

14%

1%

Other

32

27

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONIn Europe, there is no unanimous opinion on 
which individual actions have the most impact 
on people’s carbon footprint

In which areas of your daily life do you think your individual actions can reduce 
your carbon footprint the most?

China

57%

(Everyday mobility)

Total European 
Union
42%

(Home heating and 
cooling)

United 
Kingdom

48%

(Home heating and 
cooling)

Home heating and 
cooling 
(Total European Union: 42%)

Italy

Ireland

France

Netherlands

Belgium

Denmark

58%

44%

42%

40%

37%

36%

Consumption
(Total European Union: 33%)

Luxembourg

Finland

Austria

Portugal

45%

41%

40%

39%

United States

40%

(Home heating and 
cooling )

Everyday mobility 
(Total European Union: 41%)

Cyprus

Greece

Croatia

Spain

Romania

Malta

Slovenia

Lithuania

Bulgaria

Estonia

Slovakia

Poland

Latvia

Germany

Czech Republic

Hungary

Sweden

53%

52%

51%

50%

50%

50%

47%

46%

45%

44%

43%

42%

40%

39%

39%

39%

35%

33

28

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Europeans and Americans are the most willing to 
change heating and cooling habits, while Chinese 
people are more willing to change everyday 
mobility habits

In which of the following areas would you be most willing to change your habits 
to reduce your carbon footprint?

European Union

United States

China

38%

36%

31%

24%

13%

12%

6%

Home heating and cooling 
(lowering the temperature of 
your home during winter, using 
less air conditioning)

Everyday mobility (carsharing, 
cycling or walking short distances, 
etc.)

Consumption (local products, 
seasonal products, second-hand 
products, etc.)

Holidays (choosing nearby 
destinations, limiting air travel, 
etc.)

Food (adopting a flexitarian or 
vegetarian diet, etc.)

Digital (less video streaming, 
cleaning up your email, etc.)

Other

34

41%

35%

31%

57%

26%

24%

19%

23%

14%

16%

13%

13%

22%

1%

29

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONExcept in Italy, most people aren’t willing to 
change their home heating and cooling habits

In which of the following areas would you be most willing to change your habits 
to reduce your carbon footprint?

% willing to change home heating and cooling  habits

s
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t
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d
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42

38

41

35

37 38

35

30

32

33

29

39

38

35

41

30

25

22

54

28

22

40

34 34

35

33

42

31

31

27

26

35

30

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY  
 
 
 
 
Just over one-third of French and Germans are 
prepared to change daily mobility habits

In which of the following areas would you be most willing to change your habits 
to reduce your carbon footprint?

% willing to change everyday mobility  habits

s
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t
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57

49

45

41

39

35

27

36

33

31

31

29

46

54

42

37

36 35

34

31 32

32

32

31

48

48

44

40

38

36

33

36

31

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITION 
 
 
 
 
The willingness of Europeans to change their 
consumption habits is fairly even, except in 
Luxembourg, where it is stronger

In which of the following areas would you be most willing to change your habits 
to reduce your carbon footprint?

% willing to change consumption habits

s
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t
a
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S
d
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i
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C

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48

39

3131

32

38 38

36

36

33

35

32

30

26

24

24

34 33

31

26

37

35

37

29

29 30

25 26

26 26

22

37

32

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY  
 
 
 
 
If they had to change cars, Europeans and 
Americans would prefer a hybrid vehicle, whereas 
many Chinese people would opt for an electric one

If you were to change your car or buy one for the first time, would you choose a 
hybrid, electric or petrol/diesel vehicle? 

European Union

United States

China

Hybrid vehicle

40%

39%

21%

Electric vehicle

31%

32%

66%

Petrol/diesel 
vehicle

29%

29%

13%

% of people who would own their own vehicle

38

33

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONBreakdown of vehicle choice by country
Breakdown of vehicle choice by country

If you were to change your car or buy one for the first time, would you choose a 
hybrid, electric or petrol/diesel vehicle?
If you were to change your car or buy one for the first time, would you choose a 
hybrid, electric or petrol/diesel vehicle?

United States

China

United Kingdom

United States

39%
39%

Hybrid vehicle

China

66%
66%

Electric vehicle

United Kingdom

38%
38%

Hybrid vehicle

Electric vehicle

Hybrid vehicle

Electric vehicle
Total European Union: 31%
Electric vehicle
Total European Union: 31%

Portugal

43%

Netherlands
Portugal

Denmark
Netherlands

Sweden
Denmark

Sweden

39%
43%

39%
39%

36%
39%

36%

Petrol/diesel vehicle
Total European Union: 29%
Petrol/diesel vehicle
Total European Union: 29%

Czech Republic

50%

Austria
Czech Republic

Slovenia
Austria

Germany
Slovenia

Estonia
Germany

Luxembourg
Estonia

Luxembourg

46%
50%

42%
46%

40%
42%

39%
40%

37%
39%

37%

Hybrid vehicle
Hybrid vehicle
Total European Union: 40%
Hybrid vehicle
Total European Union: 40%

Cyprus

54%

Total 
European 
Total 
Union
European 
Union

40%
40%

Hybrid vehicle

Hybrid vehicle

Malta
Cyprus

Italy
Malta

Romania
Italy

Lithuania
Romania

Finland
Lithuania

Poland
Finland

Greece
Poland

France
Greece

Spain
France

Bulgaria
Spain

Belgium
Bulgaria

Ireland
Belgium

Latvia
Ireland

Hungary
Latvia

Slovakia
Hungary

Croatia
Slovakia

49%
54%

48%
49%

46%
48%

46%
46%

44%
46%

44%
44%

43%
44%

42%
43%

42%
42%

41%
42%

41%
41%

37%
41%

37%
37%

36%
37%

36%
36%

35%
36%

% of people who would own their own vehicle

Croatia

35%

% of people who would own their own vehicle

34

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY For Americans and Europeans, price is the main 
barrier to buying an electric vehicle; Chinese 
people are more divided and have concerns about 
driving range

What would prevent you from buying/leasing an electric car?

European Union

United States

China

Too expensive

48%

47%

27%

Insufficient range

20%

21%

31%

No possibility to 
charge at home 

18%

21%

18%

Not enough charging
stations

14%

11%

24%

% of people who would own their own vehicle

40

35

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONLabelling all food products is widely accepted in 
China and the European Union, but  Americans are 
slightly less enthusiastic

Are you in favour of labelling all food in order to limit climate change and 
environmental impact?

European Union

Yes

79%

United States

Yes

62%

China

Yes

88%

41

36

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Southern European countries are particularly in 
favour of labelling all food

Are you in favour of labelling all food in order to limit climate change and 
environmental impact?

% who support labelling all food to fight climate change and 
reduce the environmental impact

China

88%

Total European 
Union
79%

United States

62%

GROUP 1
(More than 81%)

Portugal

Malta

Cyprus

Italy

Spain

France

Romania

Greece

90%

87%

85%

85%

84%

83%

82%

82%

GROUP 2
(Between 77% and 81%)

Luxembourg

Germany

Ireland

Poland

Austria

Slovenia

Bulgaria

Croatia

80%

80%

78%

78%

78%

77%

77%

77%

42

United 
Kingdom

77%

GROUP 3 
(Less than 77%)

Hungary

Denmark

Sweden

Belgium

Czech Republic

Netherlands

Slovakia

Lithuania

Finland

Estonia

Latvia

72%

72%

72%

72%

67%

67%

64%

63%

62%

62%

61%

37

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONMost respondents in the European Union, United 
States and China are willing to pay a little more for 
locally grown food that has a lower impact on the 
environment

Would you be willing to pay slightly more for food that is produced locally and 
has less environmental impact?

European Union

Yes

62%

United States

Yes

60%

China

Yes

83%

43

38

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Southern European countries tend to be more 
willing to pay extra for locally produced food with 
a lower impact on the environment

Would you be willing to pay slightly more for food that is produced locally and 
has less environmental impact?

China

83%

Total European 
Union
62%

United States

60%

GROUP 1
(More than 63%)

Luxembourg

Bulgaria

Romania

Croatia

Portugal

Spain

Austria

Poland

Italy

77%

71%

71%

69%

67%

66%

65%

65%

64%

GROUP 2
(Between 59% and 63%)

Malta

Ireland

Germany

Sweden

Cyprus

France

63%

61%

61%

60%

60%

60%

44

United 
Kingdom

58%

GROUP 2
(Cont.)

Slovenia

Greece

GROUP 3 
(Less than 59%)

Czech Republic

Finland

Slovakia

Denmark

Netherlands

Hungary

Estonia

Belgium

Latvia

Lithuania

60%

59%

57%

55%

55%

53%

52%

52%

49%

49%

47%

41%

39

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONHalf of Europeans support a limit on the amount of 
meat and dairy products each person can buy, 
while most Americans reject this measure

Are you in favour of limiting the amount of meat and dairy products each 
person can buy in order to limit climate change?

European Union

Yes

51%

United States

Yes

40%

China

Yes

73%

45

40

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY Most Northern and Eastern Europeans oppose a 
limit on the quantity of meat and dairy products 
each person can buy

Are you in favour of limiting the amount of meat and dairy products each 
person can buy in order to limit climate change?

% who support limiting the amount of meat and dairy 
products to fight climate change

China

73%

Total European 
Union
51%

United States

40%

GROUP 1
(More than 54%)

Italy

Cyprus

Portugal

France

68%

58%

57%

57%

GROUP 2
(Between 49% and 54%)

Greece

Malta

Romania

Spain

Luxembourg

Germany

Croatia

54%

53%

52%

50%

49%

49%

49%

46

United 
Kingdom

50%

GROUP 3 
(Less than 49%)

Austria

Belgium

Ireland

Sweden

Netherlands

Poland

Denmark

Slovenia

Czech Republic

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Hungary

Finland

Latvia

Estonia

Lithuania

48%

48%

47%

47%

45%

44%

44%

44%

40%

39%

38%

38%

34%

32%

31%

28%

41

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONFor the vast majority of people in three parts of 
the world, sustainability is an important factor 
when seeking a job

When looking for a job, how important is it for you that your prospective 
employer prioritise sustainability?

81%

European Union

21%

60%

19%

A priority

Important but not a 
priority

Not important

78%

United States

30%

48%

22%

A priority

Important but not a 
priority

Not important

China

95%

57%

38%

5%

A priority

Important but not a 
priority

Not important

47

42

THE EIB CLIMATE SURVEY When looking for a job, the priority an employer 
gives to sustainability is more important for 
Southern Europeans than Northern Europeans

When looking for a job, how important is it for you that your prospective 
employer prioritises sustainability?

% who say the priority an employer gives to sustainability is 
important or is a priority when looking for a job

China

95%

Total European 
Union
81%

United States

78%

GROUP 1
(More than 83%)

Slovenia

Cyprus

Malta

Italy

Romania

Portugal

Greece

Bulgaria

Spain

Poland

89%

89%

86%

86%

86%

85%

85%

85%

84%

84%

GROUP 2
(Between 78% and 83%)

Latvia

Hungary

Croatia

Austria

83%

81%

81%

79%

48

United 
Kingdom

75%

GROUP 2
(Cont.)

Belgium

France

Germany

Luxembourg

GROUP 3 
(Less than 78%)

Estonia

Ireland

Netherlands

Lithuania

Slovakia

Sweden

Denmark

Finland

Czech Republic

79%

79%

79%

78%

77%

76%

75%

72%

72%

71%

68%

68%

66%

43

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITIONFifth edition — 2022-2023

THE EIB  
CLIMATE SURVEY 

GOVERNMENT ACTION, PERSONAL 
CHOICES AND THE GREEN TRANSITION

pdf:

ISBN 978-92-861-5535-2

EN   05/2023