The identification of priority domains in Kosovo : a mapping exercise.
Date: 2023-02-17
Institutions: Joint Research Centre
Subjects: Kosovo, economic situation, energy industry, farming sector, fisheries policy, forestry policy, information technology, innovation, processing industry, provision of services, research method, research report, smart specialisation, tourism

The identification of priority domains in 
Kosovo*. 
A mapping exercise  

Hollanders, H., Rexhëbeqaj, V. 
Edited by Gerussi, E. 

2023 

*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence 

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This  publication  is  a  report  by  the  Joint  Research  Centre  (JRC),  the  European  Commission’s  science  and  knowledge  service.  It  aims  to 
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whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or 
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 

Contact information 
Name: Elisa Gerussi 
Address: Edificio Expo, C. Inca Garcilaso, 3, 41092 Sevilla 
Email: elisa.gerussi@ec.europa.eu 

EU Science Hub 
https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu 

JRC132677 

PDF 

ISBN 978-92-76-99784-9 

doi:10.2760/234515  KJ-09-23-066-EN-N 

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023  

© European Union, 2023  

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How  to  cite  this  report:  Hollanders,  H.,  Rexhëbeqaj,  V.,  The  identification  of  priority  domains  in  Kosovo.  A  mapping  exercise,  Gerussi,  E. 
(editor), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2023, doi:10.2760/234515, JRC132677 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contents 

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 

Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 

1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 

2  Mapping the economic potential of Kosovo .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 

2.1 Data availability for Kosovo ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 

2.2  Methodology for mapping the economic potential using economic data ............................................................................. 8 

2.2.1 Selection of benchmark countries ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 

2.2.2 Static analysis to identify industries with current economic strength ....................................................................... 10 

2.2.3 Dynamic analysis to identify industries with emerging economic strength ......................................................... 11 

2.3  Results of the mapping of the economic potential ................................................................................................................................. 12 

2.3.1 Current economic potential - results .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 

2.3.2 Emerging economic potential – results .................................................................................................................................................... 19 

2.3.3 Summarizing the results for current and emerging economic potential ................................................................. 30 

3 Mapping the innovation potential of Kosovo.................................................................................................................................................................. 33 

3.1 Data availability ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 

3.2 Balkan Business Barometer innovation data ................................................................................................................................................... 34 

3.2.1 Results from the 2016 Balkan Business Barometer ................................................................................................................... 34 

3.2.2 Results from the 2017 Balkan Business Barometer ................................................................................................................... 36 

3.2.3 Results from the 2018 Balkan Business Barometer ................................................................................................................... 37 

3.2.4 Results from the 2019 Balkan Business Barometer ................................................................................................................... 39 

3.2.5 Results from the 2020 Balkan Business Barometer ................................................................................................................... 40 

3.2.6 Results from the 2021 Balkan Business Barometer ................................................................................................................... 42 

3.2.7 Summary of results from the Balkan Business Barometer .................................................................................................. 43 

3.3 Enterprise Survey innovation data ............................................................................................................................................................................. 45 

3.3.1 Results from the 2013 Enterprise Survey ............................................................................................................................................. 45 

3.3.2 Results from the 2019 Enterprise Survey ............................................................................................................................................. 46 

3.3.3 Summary of results from the Enterprise Survey ............................................................................................................................ 47 

3.4 Goods exports ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 

3.4.1 Export performance by product groups ................................................................................................................................................... 48 

3.4.2 Export specialisation by industries ............................................................................................................................................................... 49 

3.5 Industries with an economic and innovation potential for Kosovo ............................................................................................. 51 

4 Mapping the scientific potential of Kosovo ...................................................................................................................................................................... 53 

5  Conclusions and recommendations for future data analyses ................................................................................................................... 56 

5.1 Summary of the methodology and main findings ...................................................................................................................................... 56 

5.2 Some recommendations on data ................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 

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6 The qualitative analysis as a step of the S3 design process in Kosovo .............................................................................................. 58 

6.1 Methodological framework for qualitative insights ................................................................................................................................... 59 

6.2 Implementing the qualitative approach: data collection ....................................................................................................................... 60 

7 The results of the qualitative analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................. 62 

7.1 Information and Communication Technology .................................................................................................................................................. 62 

7.2 Creative Industries ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 

7.3 Food Processing ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 67 

7.4 Wood Processing.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 

7.5 Green Energy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 

7.6 Main conclusions of the qualitative study........................................................................................................................................................... 73 

8 Conclusions of the mapping exercise .................................................................................................................................................................................... 75 

Annexes.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 

Annex A: Detailed results for the mapping of industries with a static or current economic potential ........................ 78 

Annex B: Detailed results for the mapping of industries with a dynamic or emerging economic potential .......... 84 

Annex C: Export performance by product groups ............................................................................................................................................................ 90 

Annex D: Allocation of exports in SITC 3-digit product groups to ISIC 3-digit industries ......................................................... 99 

Annex E: Export specialisation by industries ..................................................................................................................................................................... 102 

Annex F: Web of Science publications: %-shares by category ......................................................................................................................... 108 

Annex G Survey Questionnaires .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 

Annex H In-depth Interview Questionnaires ...................................................................................................................................................................... 124 

Annex J Timeframe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 

List of abbreviations and definitions ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 131 

List of figures .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 132 

List of tables .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 133 

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Abstract 

This study supports a first identification of the economic and productive domains that might be considered in 
the  selection  of  the  priority  areas  for  a  Smart  Specialisation  Strategy  in  Kosovo.  It  includes  both  a 
quantitative  and  a  qualitative  analysis  that  identify  a  number  of  industries  and  sub-areas  to  be  further 
explored in the following Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP), one of the major steps in the design of a 
Smart  Specialisation  strategy.  The  quantitative  mapping  study  is  based  on  a  combination  of  different 
statistical methodologies and explores the economic, scientific and innovation potential of Kosovo, whereas 
the  qualitative  analysis  uses  public  consultations  and  interviews.  The  qualitative  analysis,  which  integrates 
the outcomes of the quantitative diagnosis, identifies three “vertical” economic and productive areas (wood 
processing, food processing, and green energy) and two more “horizontal” ones (ICT and creative industries) 
as  showing  a  great  potential  for  triggering  the  transformation  and  drive  Kosovo  into  a  more  competitive 
economy. 

Both  diagnostic  stages  dealt  with  relevant  challenges  related  to  data  availability,  especially  during  the 
quantitative analysis, as  well as with difficulties in reaching out with the stakeholders of the priority areas 
selected, for a number of reasons including mistrust, post-COVID situation, and a general lack of information 
on Smart Specialisation.  

The findings of both diagnostic phases will be further explored during the EDP that is expected to be closed 
early in 2023. Most importantly, this exercise is to be considered as a first step toward a better diagnosis of 
the economic and productive context that will need future and continuous updates.   

1 

 
 
Acknowledgements 

The authors acknowledge the commitment of the members of Kosovo’s national Smart Specialisation team 
and the support from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics for sharing data on number of enterprises, number of 
employees, turnover, wages and exports of goods. 

Editors  

Elisa Gerussi  
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville, Spain 

Authors 

Hugo Hollanders 
Maastricht University, The Netherlands 

Valmira Rexhëbeqaj 
REX Consulting Group, Kosovo 

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Executive summary  

This study supports a first identification of the economic and productive domains that might be considered in 
the  selection  of  the  priority  areas  for  a  Smart  Specialisation  Strategy  in  Kosovo,  and  it  includes  both  a 
quantitative and a qualitative analyses. 

Smart Specialisation is one of the flagship initiatives of the Western Balkan Agenda on Research, Innovation, 
Education,  Culture,  Youth  and  Sport.  It  is  also  included  in  other  EU  policy  documents  regarding  the  region, 
such as the 2021 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy and the Economic and Investment Plan for the 
Western Balkans.  More and more often, it is identified as a policy instrument for better and more effective 
public  policies  on  innovation  and  territorial  development,  as  it  allows  to  prioritize  assets  and  available 
resources.   

The  commitment  of  Kosovo  in  the  Smart  Specialisation  process  started  in  2018  when  it  registered  in  the 
Smart Specialisation Platform. In July 2020, the Government approved the establishment of a National Team 
for  the  Smart  Specialisation  Strategy,  which  includes  representatives  from  the  government,  the  statistical 
office, academia, business associations and civil society. The Strategic Planning Office under the Office of the 
Prime Minister is in charge of coordinating the process in Kosovo. Since then, Kosovo has been implementing 
a roadmap for the definition of a National Strategy for Smart Specialisation, with the assistance of the EC 
and  according  to  the  JRC  methodological  framework  for  Smart  Specialisation  in  the  EU  Enlargement  and 
Neighbourhood  region.  The  quantitative  mapping,  coordinated  by  the  national  authorities  and  supported  by 
the  JRC  started  in  October  2020  and  was  finalized  in  August  2021.  The  qualitative  mapping  started  in 
November 2021 and was closed in May 2022. Kosovo is now in the EDP phase that will be finalized in early 
2023.  

The  Smart  Specialisation  approach  encourages  the  combination  of  evidence–informed  policy  making  with 
consultation of the key actors of a regional or national eco-system. The mapping phase is crucial to detect 
which sub-sectoral specialisations have appropriate critical mass, innovative activity as well as scientific and 
technological  output  to  drive  economic  transformation  in  the  medium-long  term,  and  can  therefore  be  the 
subject of important public investment. This technical report includes on the one side a statistical quantitative 
analysis mapping of the economic, innovation, scientific and technological potential of the Kosovo economy 
by  using  a  variety  of  statistical  data  and  methodologies,  and  on  the  other  side  a  qualitative  analysis  that 
enables  consideration  of  market  actors’  perspectives  and  positioning.  Both  diagnostic  exercises  have  been 
based  on  the  recommendations  of  JRC  and  S3  Framework  for  EU  Enlargement  and  Neighbourhood  region, 
and  have  been  carried  out  by  a  team  of  international  and  local  experts  with  consolidated  experience  in 
innovation and smart specialisation related topics. 

The quantitative analysis looks at the economic, scientific and innovation potential of Kosovo. The economic 
analysis uses statistical data for individual economic industries provided by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics 
on number of enterprises, number of employees, turnover, wages and exports of goods for the period 2010-
2020.  In  addition  to  industries  with  a  current  economic  potential,  the  analysis  could  overlook  industries  in 
which  Kosovo  is  not  yet  specialised,  which  are  still  small  or  where  average  wages  are  relatively  low,  but 
where there are clear signs of improvement over time, which could turn them into industries with a current 
economic potential in the few years’ time. These industries have been identified as industries with a dynamic 
or emerging economic potential. 

The  report  then  focuses  on  the  results  of  identifying  the  innovation  potential  of  industries  in  Kosovo  using 
data  on  innovation  activities  from  different  editions  of  the  Balkan  Business  Barometer  and  World  Bank 
Enterprise  Survey.  The  report  also  analyses  industries’  trade  specialisation  by  comparing  Kosovo’s  export 
performance with the export performance in a pool of selected benchmark countries. 

The  results  of  the  different  analyses  are  combined  in  a  final  integrated  assessment  of  the  economic  and 
innovation potential of Kosovo in which emerge the following sectors: - NACE 242 Manufacture of tubes, 
pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel; - NACE 259 Manufacture of other fabricated 
metal products; - NACE 412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings; - NACE 581 
Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities. 

An analysis of two different sources for publication data finally shows that there is empirical evidence that 
Kosovo is publishing intensely in areas as Economics, Environmental sciences, Mathematics and Medicine. 

Going  to  the  qualitative  analysis,  based  on  the  survey  and  in-depth  interview  results,  development 
opportunities  are  believed  to  be  related  to  five  areas,  where  great  importance  assume  the  automation  of 
processes, digitalization, new digital frontiers (artificial intelligence, IoT sensors, and machine learning), and 

3 

 
 
energy  transition  (use  of  renewable  sources).  As  the  analysis  reveals  main  positive  experiences  regarding 
inter  sectorial  interactions,  1)  wood  processing,  2)  food  processing,  and  3)  green  energy  have  been 
identified  as  “vertical  preliminary  priority  areas  and  4)  Information  and  Communication 
technologies  (ICT),  and  5)  creative  industries  as  “horizontal”  ones  that  strongly  interact  with  the 
other  three  and  create  inter-industrial  synergies.  Based  on  this,  a  few  sub-areas  that  should  be  further 
explored with the EDP have been detected: for Green energy: - Renewable Energy Sources, and  - Energy 
Efficiency  Measures;  for 
ICT:  -  Software  development;  -  Computer  Programming  Services;  - 
Telecommunication  Services;  -  Advanced  ICT  services  including  IOT,  AI,  Machine  Learning;  for  creative 
industries: - Marketing and Digital Creation Services.  

4 

 
 
 
 
1 Introduction 

This technical report has been drafted within the framework of the project “Support to Smart Specialisation in 
the  Enlargement  and  Neighbourhood  region”  led  by  JRC  and  aimed  at  accompanying  the  Western  Balkan 
economies in the design process of their Smart Specialisation Strategies. Smart Specialisation is one of the 
flagship  initiatives  of  the  Western  Balkan  Agenda  on  Research,  Innovation,  Education,  Culture,  Youth  and 
Sport. It is also included in other EU policy documents regarding the region, such as the 2021 Communication 
on EU Enlargement Policy and the Economic and Investment Plan for the Western Balkans. 

In  2018,  JRC  presented  a  Smart  Specialisation  Framework  for  the  Enlargement  and  Neighbourhood  region 
that  is  meant  to  be  a  guideline  for  the  government  towards  the  definition  of  their  Smart  Specialisation 
priority areas as well as related policy instruments. The Framework includes five main phases – institutional 
capacity  building,  diagnosis,  stakeholders’dialogue,  definition  of  the  policy  mix,  draft  of  the  Strategy  –  and 
provides indications on how to define the main elements for an effective Smart Specialisation Strategy.  

This  preliminary  study  including  the  quantitative  and  qualitative  diagnosis  is  fundamental  for  a  twofold 
reason. On the one side, it is a necessary step to identify the economic, scientific and technological potential 
of  the  economy  and  possibly  detect  those  sub-areas  that  could  be  prioritized  by  public  investment  and 
innovation policies; on the other side, it serves as a basis for a better knowledge of the eco-system and the 
starting point for improving the availability of data as well as the involvement of stakeholders in the decision 
making process.   

Each  of  the  two  parts  regarding  the  quantitative  and  qualitative  study,  respectively,  describes  the 
methodological  framework  used  and  the  results  obtained.  In  the  Annexes,  statistical  tables  of  the  analysis 
and the questionnaires of the qualitative study are provided.  

The  report  comprises  eight  chapters.  Chapters  2  and  3  focus  on  the  quantitative  mapping  exercise,  and 
describe  the  data  and  methodology  used  for  identifying  the  economic  and  innovation  potential  of  Kosovo. 
Chapter 4 provides some integrative results for the scientific potential perspective. Chapter 5 provides main 
findings  from  the  quantitative  analysis  and  some  recommendations  based  on  data  availability  issues 
encountered. Chapter 6 introduces the qualitative analysis based on previous statistical outcomes, providing 
information on the methodological framework. Chapter 7 describes the results of both survey and in-depth 
interviews used to integrate the quantitative analysis. Chapter 8 sums up the conclusions of both diagnostic 
phases and make a reference to the next phase of the EDP.  

5 

 
 
 
 
 
2  Mapping the economic potential of Kosovo 

The objective of the  mapping of the economic potential is to identify economic  priority domains: these are 
industries with current or emerging1 economic strengths having a potential to drive economic transformation.  

2.1 Data availability for Kosovo 

The  mapping  of  the  economic  potential  uses  data  on  employment,  turnover  and  average  wages.  The 
following  annual  economic  data  for  2010-2020  have  been  made  available  by  the  Kosovo  Agency  of 
Statistics: 

—  Number of active enterprises for 580 NACE 4-digit industries  

—  Turnover for 585 NACE 4-digit industries 

—  Number of employees for 578 NACE 4-digit industries 

—  Wages or salaries for 578 NACE 4-digit industries 

An  analysis  using  data  for  NACE  4-digit  industries  would  be  too  detailed  and  would  also  complicate 
combining  the  results  with  those  of  the  mapping  of  the  innovation  potential  for  which,  at  best,  data  are 
available at the NACE 3-digit level. The economic data have therefore been aggregated to the NACE 3-digit 
level including 264 NACE 3-digit industries. Data for a particular industry and year are only included in the 
analysis if for that industry and year data are available for all four above-mentioned variables. 

The evolution over time of these economic variables is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. The number of active 
enterprises  has  been  increasing  over  time  to  43,100  in  2020.  Turnover,  in  nominal  prices,  has  more  than 
doubled  between  2010  and  2020  and  wages,  also  in  nominal  prices,  have  almost  doubled.  The  number  of 
employees  has  been  increasing,  after  a  decline  in  both  2011  and  2012,  to  more  than  244,000  in  2020. 
Average  wages  are  calculated  as  the  ratio  between  wages  and  number  of  employees  and  average  wages 
have been increasing up until 2019  

Table 1 Aggregate economic data for Kosovo 

of 

Number 
active 
enterprises 

Turnover 
(million Euros) 

Number 
employees 

of 

or 

Wages 
salaries 
(million Euros) 

Average wages 
(Euros) 

2010 

2011 

2012 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

33,693 

35,791 

36,698 

34,137 

34,900 

39,772 

37,592 

38,177 

38,825 

41,395 

43,100 

4,452.5  6,920.5  7,592.4  7,862.2  7,681.5  8,439.6  9,058.4  10,195.5  10,229.0  11,935.6  11,045.7 

158,955  144,240  143,655  154,540  155,369  176,339  180,291  197,096  212,517  226,890  244,018 

624.5 

635.0 

640.3 

696.8 

693.0 

754.2 

798.4 

914.3 

1,034.9  1,130.4  1,000.3 

3,928.6  4,402.2  4,457.4  4,508.9  4,460.5  4,277.2  4,428.7  4,639.1  4,869.9  4,982.1  4,099.4 

Data source: Kosovo Agency of Statistics 

1 Emerging in this case only refers to the fact that these industries have been growing at above average rates. Emerging is not meant to 

reflect any kind of value statement as e.g. in the commonly used concept of “emerging economies”. 

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Figure 1 Aggregate economic data for Kosovo 

Number of active enterprises

Number of employees

300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0

Turnover (mln Euros)

Wages or salaries (mln Euros)

50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

Average wages (Euros)

Data source: Kosovo Agency of Statistics 

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.2 Methodology for mapping the economic potential using economic data 

The mapping exercise includes both an identification of industries with a static or current economic potential 
that  are  already  highly  specialised  with  relatively  high  average  wages,  and  industries  with  a  dynamic  or 
emerging economic potential where employment, turnover and average wages have been growing at above 
average rates. 

Industries with a static or current economic potential are established industries in which Kosovo is specialised 
compared to a selection of other countries. These industries should not be too small and have relatively high 
levels of average wages. Increasing the share of industries with high average wages will raise average wages 
in the country and contribute to the country’s overall economic well-being. However, the mapping analysis is 
based on an analysis of past, although relatively recent, data. The analysis could overlook industries in which 
Kosovo  is  not  yet  specialised,  which  are  still  small  or  where  average  wages  are  relatively  low,  but  where 
there  are  clear  signs  of  improvement  over  time,  which  could  turn  these  industries  into  industries  with  a 
current economic potential in the few years’ time. These industries are identified as industries with a dynamic 
or  emerging  economic  potential  when  there  are  positive  and  above  average  trend  improvements  in 
employment, turnover and average wages. 

2.2.1 Selection of benchmark countries 

For determining the degree of specialisation, the economic performance of industries in Kosovo needs to be 
compared to the performance of the same industries in a set of benchmark countries. For recent studies in 
Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia, the European Union (EU) was used as the benchmark. However, 
the  EU  is  composed  of  27  Member  States  of  different  economic  size  and  structure.  For  the  mapping  of 
Kosovo, a benchmark with a selection of neighbouring countries would be more relevant as those differences 
between the regional economies are smaller. 

Economic data for NACE 4-digit industries for the  business sector for EU  Member States and several other 
European  countries  are  available  from  Eurostat  from  the  “Annual  detailed  enterprise  statistics”.  Data  for 
Agriculture,  forestry  and  fishing  (NACE  A)  and  public  services  (NACE  O-U)  are  not  available.  The  business 
sector includes the following industries: 

—  B - Mining and quarrying 

—  C - Manufacturing 

—  D - Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 

—  E - Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 

—  F - Construction 

—  G - Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 

—  H - Transportation and storage 

—  I - Accommodation and food service activities 

—  J - Information and communication 

—  K65 - Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security 

—  L - Real estate activities 

—  M - Professional, scientific and technical activities 

—  N - Administrative and support service activities 

—  S95 - Repair of computers and personal and household goods  

For the benchmark countries, the focus will be on Western Balkans and other ‘neighbouring’ countries. Figure 
2 shows for which of these countries data are available from Eurostat, i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia 
and  North  Macedonia  (in  dark  blue).  No  data  are  available  (in  orange).  Collecting  these  data  from  national 
sources would complicate the analysis as data might not be comparable. Data for Serbia are available for 3 
years only (2016-2018), so it has not been  included in the analysis. Bulgaria and Greece, (in light blue) have 
been  included  given  their  geographical  proximity  and  the  fact  that  both  countries  also  face  issues  in  their 

8 

 
 
 
economic  development.  For  most  of  these  countries  data  are  available  for  at  least  200  NACE  3-digit 
industries for the period 2012-2018. For North Macedonia data are available for less than 160 NACE 3-digit 
industries. There are no data available for the benchmark countries for 2019 and 2020. 

Figure 2 Selected benchmark countries 

Disclaimer:  The  designations  employed  and  the  presentation  of  material  on  the  map  do  not  imply  the 
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any 
country, territory or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 

Source: Map created with the European Commission’s IMAGE tool (https://gisco-services.ec.europa.eu/image). 

Compared to Kosovo, all benchmark countries have a larger population size and higher per capita income in 
both current US$ and international PPP dollars (Table 2). Both the Agricultural and Industry sector in Kosovo 
account  for  a  larger  share  of  Gross  Domestic  Product  (GDP)  compared  to  the  average  of  the  benchmark 
countries, whereas the Services sector accounts for a smaller share of GDP. 

Table 2 Descriptive statistics for Kosovo and benchmark countries and non-selected Western Balkan countries 

Population 
size (2020) 

per 

GDP 
capita 
(current  US$) 
(2020) 

per 
PPP 

GDP 
capita, 
(current 
international 
$) (2020) 

Agriculture, 
forestry,  and 
fishing,  value 
added  (%  of 
GDP) (2020) 

Services, 
value 
added 
(%  of  GDP) 
(2020) 

Industry 
(including 
construction), 
added 
value 
(%  of  GDP) 
(2020) 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

3,280,815 

Kosovo 

* Albania 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Greece 

1,775,378 

4,287 

11,368 

2,837,743 

6,927,288 

6,032 

6,032 

9,976 

4,047,200 

13,828 

10,715,549 

17,676 

13,818 

15,612 

24,367 

24,367 

28,464 

20,567 

9 

Montenegro (1) 

621,718 

7,686 

7.6 

19.3 

6.2 

3.4 

3.3 

4.1 

6.4 

25.8 

19.7 

23.9 

23.0 

21.5 

13.9 

16.1 

44.2 

48.4 

55.7 

60.2 

58.9 

69.8 

58.7 

 
 
 
 
  
North Macedonia 

Serbia (2) 

2,083,380 

6,908,224 

5,888 

7,666 

16,927 

19,231 

9.1 

6.5 

22.6 

24.8 

57.0 

51.5 

 (1,2) Not including in analysis due to either no or limited data from Eurostat for individual industries. 

Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (data extracted 30 June 2021) 

2.2.2 Static analysis to identify industries with current economic strength 

The following criteria are used to identify industries with current economic strength: 

—  Critical mass (‘size’): too small industries, with only a small weight in the economy, are less relevant 
for developing and implementing policies. The absolute size of industries matters and industries’ size 
or ‘critical mass’ is measured by the share of employment in that industry in the country: 

cmi 

= ei / e 

where 

cmi 

= critical mass or relative size of industry i in Kosovo 

ei 

e 

= number of employees or turnover in industry i in Kosovo 

= total number of employees or turnover in Kosovo 

—  Specialisation: measures if, in relative terms, an industry is more important for Kosovo than it is for 
the selected benchmark countries. Specialisation is measured using Location Quotients (LQs), which 
are defined as: 

LQi 

= (ei / e) / (Ei / E) 

where 

LQi 

= location quotient for industry i in Kosovo 

ei 

e 

Ei 

E 

= number of employees or turnover in industry i in Kosovo 

= total number of employees or turnover in Kosovo 

= number of employees or turnover in industry i in benchmark countries 

= total number of employees or turnover in benchmark countries 

An  LQ  above  1  shows  an  above  average  concentration  in  the  industry,  i.e.,  the  share  of  employment  or 
turnover of that industry in Kosovo is higher than the average share of employment or turnover of that same 
industry  in  the  selected  benchmark  countries.  An  LQ  below  1  shows  a  below  average  concentration  in  the 
industry, i.e., the share of employment or turnover of that industry in Kosovo is lower than the average share 
of employment or turnover of that same industry in the selected benchmark countries. 

—  Average wages (‘productivity’): average wages per employee (calculated as the ratio of Total wages 
and  Number  of  employees)  is  used  as  an  additional  criterion  for  selecting  industries  with  an 
economic potential. Industries with close to or above average wages are expected to contribute more 
to  the  economic  development  of  Kosovo.  Average  wages  should  be  above  a  certain  threshold 
compared  to  both  average  wages  for  all  industries  in  Kosovo  and  average  wages  in  the  same 
industry for the selected benchmark countries: 

awi 

aw 

= average wages in industry i in Kosovo 

= average wages in Kosovo 

AWi 

= average wages in industry i in selected benchmark countries 

The mapping exercise identifies industries as having a static or current economic potential for which: 

—  Size is sufficiently high, i.e., above a pre-defined threshold value: 

cmi > X 

Industries should account for at least X% of total number of employees or turnover in Kosovo. 

—  Specialisation (LQ) is sufficiently high, i.e., above a pre-defined threshold value: 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
LQi > Y 

Industries with a degree of specialisation, for both number of employees and turnover, above Y are defined 
as specialized. 

—  Average wages are sufficiently high compared to average wages for all industries in Kosovo: 

awi > Z1 * aw 

Industries with wages higher than Z1 times the level of average wages in Kosovo perform close to or above 
the country’s average. 

—  Average  wages  are  sufficiently  high  compared  to  average  wages  in  the  same  industry  in  the 

selected benchmark countries: 

awi > Z2 * AWi 

Industries with wages higher than Z2 times the level of average wages in the same industry in the selected 
benchmark countries perform close to or above the industry average in the selected benchmark countries. 

There are no set rules for determining the threshold values X, Y, Z1 and Z2. The most common practice is to 
start with threshold values which are also used in other studies and then to either use these if the number of 
selected industries matches policy needs, or to decrease a threshold if the number of selected industries is 
too small or to increase a threshold if the number of selected industries is too high. For the results presented 
in  section  2.3,  the  thresholds  shown  in  Table  3  have  been  used.  Industries  should  account  for  more  than 
0.10% of both total employment and turnover in Kosovo, their degree of specialisation for both employment 
and turnover should be higher than 1.1. Average wages should be higher than 80% of the level of average 
wages in Kosovo and should be higher than 50% of the level of average wages in the same industry in the 
selected benchmark countries. 

Table 3 Selection criteria for mapping of current economic potential 

Criteria 

Size – employment and turnover 

Specialisation – employment and turnover 

Average wages relative to Kosovo 

Average wages relative to same industry in selected benchmark countries 

Data source: Author’s elaboration 

Threshold 

X 

Y 

Z1 

Z2 

Value 

0.10% 

1.1 

80 

50 

Industries should  pass these thresholds for at least  7 out of 9 years (2012 to  2020) for  size and average 
wages  relative  to  Kosovo  and  for  at  least  5  out  of  7  years  (2012  to  2018)  for  specialisation  and  average 
wages relative to the same industry in the selected benchmark countries. Data for 2010 and 2011 are not 
used  for  size  and  average  wages  relative  to  Kosovo  to  ensure  that  the  same  base  year  is  used  in  both 
comparisons, with Kosovo and the selected benchmark countries. 

2.2.3  Dynamic  analysis  to  identify  industries  with  emerging  economic 

strength 

The following criteria are used to identify industries with emerging economic strength: 

—  Employment share: The trend for  2012-2020 should be  positive and at least 1.5 times as high as 
the trend for total employment for Kosovo. Trends are defined as the ratio between the slope of a 
linear regression over the period 2012-2020 and the average value for employment for the same 
years. The trend should be statistically significant, i.e. the adjusted R2 should be at least 0.70. 

—  Specialisation  in  employment:  The  trend  for  2012-2018  should  be  positive  and  statistically 
significant. Trends are defined as the slope of the linear regression over the period 2012-2018 and 
the average value for the degree of specialisation for the same years. Trends are significant if the 
adjusted R2 is at least 0.70. 

—  Turnover share: The trend for 2012-2020 should be positive and at least 1.5 times as high as the 
trend  for  total  turnover  for  Kosovo.  Trends  are  defined  as  the  ratio  between  the  slope  of  a  linear 

11 

 
 
 
regression over the period 2012-2020 and the average value for turnover for the same years. The 
trend should be statistically significant, i.e. the adjusted R2 should be at least 0.70. 

—  Specialisation in turnover: The trend for 2012-2018  should be positive and statistically significant. 
Trends are defined as the slope of the linear regression over the period 2012-2018 and the average 
value for the degree of specialisation for the same years. Trends are significant if the adjusted R2 is 
at least 0.70. 

—  Average  wages  relative  to  Kosovo:  The  trend  for  2012-2020  should  be  positive  and  statistically 
significant. Trends are defined as the ratio between the slope of a linear regression over the period 
2012-2020 and the average value for average wages relative to Kosovo for the same years. Trends 
are significant if the adjusted R2 is at least 0.70. 

—  Average  wages  relative  to  the  same  industry  in  the  selected  benchmark  countries:  The  trend  for 
2012-2018 should be higher than the trend for total average wages relative to total average wages 
in the selected benchmark countries. Trends are defined as the ratio between the slope of a linear 
regression  over  the  period  2012-2018  and  the  average  value  for  average  wages  relative  to  the 
same industry in the selected benchmark countries for the same years. Trends are significant if the 
adjusted R2 is at least 0.70. 

An industry is defined as having a dynamic or emerging economic potential if it passes at least four of these 
criteria. Assuming that all criteria or at least five criteria should be passed would result in a too small number 
of industries with a dynamic or emerging economic potential. 

2.3  Results of the mapping of the economic potential 

Results  for  the  mapping  of  the  current  economic  potential  are  discussed  in  section  2.3.1.  Results  for  the 
mapping of the emerging economic potential are discussed in section 2.3.2. Both results are then combined in 
section 2.3.3. 

2.3.1 Current economic potential - results 

Results for identifying industries with a current economic potential are shown in Annex A. If industries pass a 
threshold the value in the respective table cell is 1, otherwise it is 0. Industries for which comparable data for 
the  selected  benchmark  countries  are  not  available  are  highlighted  in  orange  in  the  first  column.  The  third 
column (EMPL SIZE) shows if and how many industries (108) passed the size criterion for employment, the 
fourth  column  (EMPL  SPEC)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (47)  passed  the  specialisation  criterion  for 
employment, the fifth column (TURN SIZE) shows if and how many industries (84) passed the size criterion 
for turnover, the sixth column (TURN SPEC) shows if and how many industries (34) passed the specialisation 
criterion  for  turnover,  the  seventh  column  (WGS  KV)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (80)  passed  the 
criterion for average wages relative to those in Kosovo, and the eight column (WGS BEN) shows if and how 
many  industries  (66)  passed  the  criterion  for  average  wages  relative  to  those  in  the  same  industry  in  the 
selected benchmark countries. Finally, the last column (CEP) shows how many criteria each industry passed 
and how many industries (9) passed all 6 criteria and would have a current economic potential. 

These 9 industries with a current economic potential account for 18% of total employment and 26% of total 
turnover. On the following pages, for each of these 9 industries the performance on the selection criteria and 
the description of the included NACE 4-digit classes will be discussed. 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
236 

Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
to 
relative 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

1.4% 

4.021 

1.5% 

3.577 

108.0 

61.4 

This industry accounts for about 1.5% of employment and turnover. Compared to the benchmark countries, 
the  industry  shows  a  high  degree  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover.  Average  wages  are 
higher  than  those  in  Kosovo  and  relatively  high  compared  to  those  in  the  same  industry  in  the  benchmark 
countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  23.61 Manufacture of concrete products for construction purposes 

This class includes manufacture of precast concrete, cement or artificial stone articles for use in construction: 
tiles,  flagstones,  bricks,  boards,  sheets,  panels,  pipes,  posts  etc.;  manufacture  of  prefabricated  structural 
components for building or civil engineering of cement, concrete or artificial stone. 

—  23.62 Manufacture of plaster products for construction purposes 

This class includes manufacture of plaster articles for use in construction: boards, sheets, panels etc. 

—  23.63 Manufacture of ready-mixed concrete 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  ready-mix  and  dry-mix  concrete  and  mortars.  This  class  excludes 
manufacture of refractory cements (23.20). 

—  23.64 Manufacture of mortars 

This class includes manufacture of powdered mortars. This class excludes manufacture of refractory mortars 
(23.20); manufacture of dry-mixed concrete and mortars (23.63). 

—  23.65 Manufacture of fibre cement 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  building  materials  of  vegetable  substances  (wood  wool,  straw,  reeds, 
rushes)  agglomerated  with  cement,  plaster  or  other  mineral  binder;  -  manufacture  of  articles  of  asbestos-
cement  or  cellulose  fibre-cement  or  the  like:  corrugated  sheets,  other  sheets,  panels,  tiles,  tubes,  pipes, 
reservoirs, troughs, basins, sinks, jars, furniture, window frames etc. 

—  23.69 Manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster and cement 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  other  articles  of  concrete,  plaster,  cement  or  artificial  stone:  statuary, 
furniture, bas- and haut-reliefs, vases, flowerpots etc. 

412 

Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

Industry is part of Construction (NACE F) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
in 
industry 
benchmark 
countries 

6.5% 

2.034 

6.3% 

2.290 

86.2 

71.1 

This  industry  accounts  for  more  than  6%  of  employment  and  turnover.  Compared  to  the  benchmark 
countries,  the  industry  shows  above  average  degrees  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover. 

13 

 
 
 
Average  wages  are  below  those  in  Kosovo  but  relatively  high.  Average  wages  are  also  high  compared  to 
those in the same industry in the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

This group includes the construction of complete residential or non-residential buildings, on own account for 
sale  or  on  a  fee  or  contract  basis.  Outsourcing  parts  or  even  the  whole  construction  process  is  possible.  If 
only specialised parts of the construction process are carried out, the activity is classified in division 43. 

—  41.20 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

This  class  includes  construction  of  all  types  of  residential  buildings:  single-family  houses,  multi-family 
buildings,  including  high-rise  buildings;  construction  of  all  types  of  non-residential  buildings:  buildings  for 
industrial  production,  e.g.  factories,  workshops,  assembly  plants  etc.,  hospitals,  schools,  office  buildings, 
hotels,  stores,  shopping  malls,  restaurants,  airport  buildings,  indoor  sports  facilities,  parking  garages, 
including  underground  parking  garages,  warehouses,    religious  buildings;  assembly  and  erection  of 
prefabricated constructions on the site. This class also includes remodelling or renovating existing residential 
structures. This class excludes construction of industrial facilities, except buildings (42.99); architectural and 
engineering activities (71.1); project management for construction (71.1). 

421 

Construction of roads and railways 

Industry is part of Construction (NACE F) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

2.1% 

1.801 

2.8% 

1.920 

170.1 

76.0 

This  industry  accounts  for  more  than  2%  of  employment  and  almost  3%  of  turnover.  Compared  to  the 
benchmark countries, the industry shows above average degrees of specialisation for both employment and 
turnover.  Average  wages  are  much  higher  than  those  in  Kosovo  and  high  compared  to  those  in  the  same 
industry in the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  42.11 Construction of roads and motorways 

This  class  includes  construction  of  motorways,  streets,  roads,  other  vehicular  and  pedestrian  ways;  surface 
work  on  streets,  roads,  highways,  bridges  or  tunnels:  asphalt  paving  of  roads,  road  painting  and  other 
marking, installation of crash barriers, traffic  signs and the like; construction of airfield runways. This class 
excludes installation of street lighting and electrical signals (43.21); architectural and  engineering activities 
(71.1); project management for construction (71.1). 

—  42.12 Construction of railways and underground railways 

This  class  includes  construction  of  railways  and  subways.  This  class  excludes  installation  of  lighting  and 
electrical signals (43.21); architectural and engineering activities (71.1); project management for construction 
(71.1). 

—  42.13 Construction of bridges and tunnels 

This  class  includes  construction  of  bridges,  including  those  for  elevated  highways;  construction  of  tunnels. 
This  class  excludes  installation  of  lighting  and  electrical  signals  (43.21);  architectural  and  engineering 
activities (71.1); project management for construction (see 71.1). 

461 

Wholesale on a fee or contract basis 

Industry is part of Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) 

14 

 
 
 
 
Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

0.8% 

1.266 

3.2% 

2.714 

129.3 

70.7 

This  industry  accounts  for  almost  1%  of  employment  and  3%  of  turnover.  Compared  to  the  benchmark 
countries,  the  industry  shows  above  average  degrees  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover. 
Average  wages  are  higher  than  those  in  Kosovo  and  high  compared  to  those  in  the  same  industry  in  the 
benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

This group includes activities of commission agents, commodity brokers and all other wholesalers who trade 
on behalf and on the account of others; activities of those involved in bringing sellers and buyers together or 
undertaking commercial transactions on behalf of a principal, including on the Internet. 

This group also includes activities of wholesale auctioneering houses, including Internet wholesale auctions. 

—  46.11  Agents  involved  in  the  sale  of  agricultural  raw  materials,  live  animals,  textile  raw  materials 

and semi-finished goods 

This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99). 

—  46.12 Agents involved in the sale of fuels, ores, metals and industrial chemicals 

This  class  includes  agents  involved  in  the  sale  of  fuels,  ores,  metals  and  industrial  chemicals,  including 
fertilisers.  This  class  excludes  wholesale  trade  in  own  name  (46.2  to  46.9);  retail  sale  by  non-store 
commission agents (47.99). 

—  46.13 Agents involved in the sale of timber and building materials 

This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99). 

—  46.14 Agents involved in the sale of machinery, industrial equipment, ships and aircraft 

This  class  includes  agents  involved  in  the  sale  of  machinery,  including  office  machinery  and  computers, 
industrial  equipment,  ships  and  aircraft.  This  class  excludes  activities  of  commission  agents  for  motor 
vehicles (45.1); auctions of motor vehicles (45.1); wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by 
non-store commission agents (47.99). 

—  46.15 Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery 

This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99). 

—  46.16 Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods 

This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99). 

—  46.17 Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco 

This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99). 

—  46.18 Agents specialised in the sale of other particular products 

This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99); activities of insurance agents (66.22); activities of real estate agents (68.31). 

—  46.19 Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods 

15 

 
 
This class excludes wholesale trade in own name (46.2 to 46.9); retail sale by non-store commission agents 
(47.99). 

463 

Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco 

Industry is part of Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
to 
relative 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

3.1% 

1.802 

9.4% 

1.284 

104.1 

53.2 

This industry accounts for more than 3% of employment and 9% of turnover. Compared to the benchmark 
countries,  the  industry  shows  above  average  degrees  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover. 
Average wages are higher than those in Kosovo and relatively high compared to those in the same industry in 
the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  46.31 Wholesale of fruit and vegetables 

This class includes wholesale of fresh fruits and vegetables; wholesale of preserved fruits and vegetables. 

—  46.32 Wholesale of meat and meat products 

—  46.33 Wholesale of dairy products, eggs and edible oils and fats 

This class includes wholesale of dairy products; wholesale of eggs and egg products; wholesale of edible oils 
and fats of animal or vegetable origin. 

—  46.34 Wholesale of beverages 

This  class  includes  wholesale  of  alcoholic  beverages;  wholesale  of  non-alcoholic  beverages.  This  class  also 
includes buying of wine in bulk and bottling without transformation. This class excludes blending of wine or 
distilled spirits (11.01, 11.02). 

—  46.35 Wholesale of tobacco products 

—  46.36 Wholesale of sugar and chocolate and sugar confectionery 

This class includes wholesale of sugar, chocolate and sugar confectionery; wholesale of bakery products. 

—  46.37 Wholesale of coffee, tea, cocoa and spices 

—  46.38 Wholesale of other food, including fish, crustaceans and molluscs 

This class also includes wholesale of feed for pet animals. 

—  46.39 Non-specialised wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco 

581 

Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities 

Industry is part of Information and communication (NACE J) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

0.7% 

1.828 

0.4% 

1.581 

122.4 

50.8 

16 

 
 
 
 
This industry accounts for relatively small shares in employment and turnover. Compared to the benchmark 
countries,  the  industry  shows  above  average  degrees  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover. 
Average wages are higher than those in Kosovo and relatively high compared to those in the same industry in 
the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

This  group  includes  activities  of  publishing  books,  newspapers,  magazines  and  other  periodicals,  directories 
and  mailing  lists,  and  other  works  such  as  photos,  engravings,  postcards,  timetables,  forms,  posters  and 
reproductions  of  works  of  art.  These  works  are  characterised  by  the  intellectual  creativity  required  in  their 
development and are usually protected by copyright. 

—  58.11 Book publishing 

This  class  includes  the  activities  of  publishing  of  books  in  print,  electronic  (CD,  electronic  displays  etc.)  or 
audio form or on the Internet. Included are publishing of books, brochures, leaflets and similar publications, 
including publishing of dictionaries and encyclopaedias; publishing of atlases, maps and charts; publishing of 
audio books; publishing of encyclopaedias etc. on CD-ROM. This class excludes production of globes (32.99); 
publishing  of  advertising  material  (58.19);  publishing  of  music  and  sheet  books  (59.20);  activities  of 
independent authors (90.03). 

—  58.12 Publishing of directories and mailing lists 

This  class  includes  the  publishing  of  lists  of  facts/information  (databases)  that  are  protected  in  their  form, 
but  not  in  their  content.  These  lists  can  be  published  in  printed  or  electronic  form.  This  class  includes 
publishing  of  mailing  lists;  publishing  of  telephone  books;  publishing  of  other  directories  and  compilations, 
such as case law, pharmaceutical compendia etc. 

—  58.13 Publishing of newspapers 

This  class includes the publishing of  newspapers, including advertising newspapers, appearing at least four 
times a week. Publishing can be done in print or electronic form, including on the Internet. This class excludes 
news agency activities (63.91). 

—  58.14 Publishing of journals and periodicals 

This  class includes the  publishing of  periodicals and other journals, appearing less than four times a  week. 
Publishing can be done in print or electronic form, including on the Internet. Publishing of radio and television 
schedules is included here. 

—  58.19 Other publishing activities 

This  class  includes  publishing  (including  on-line)  of  catalogues,  photos,  engravings  and  postcards,  greeting 
cards,  forms,  posters,  reproduction  of  works  of  art,  advertising  material,  other  printed  matter;  on-line 
publishing  of  statistics  and  other  information.  This  class  excludes  publishing  of  advertising  newspapers 
(58.13); on-line provision of software (application hosting and application service provisioning) (63.11). 

582 

Software publishing 

Industry is part of Information and communication (NACE J) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
to 
relative 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

0.3% 

5.144 

0.2% 

3.466 

200.2 

59.8 

This industry accounts for relatively small shares in employment and turnover. Compared to the benchmark 
countries,  the  industry  shows  a  high  degree  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover.  Average 
wages are much higher than those in Kosovo and relatively high compared to those in the same industry in 
the benchmark countries. 

17 

 
 
 
The industry includes the following activities: 

—  58.21 Publishing of computer games 

This class includes publishing of computer games for all platforms. 

—  58.29 Other software publishing 

This class includes publishing of ready-made (non-customised) software, including translation or adaptation 
of non-customised software for a particular market on own account: operating systems, business and other 
applications.  This  class  excludes  reproduction  of  software  (18.20);  retail  sale  of  non-customised  software 
(47.41);  production  of  software  not  associated  with  publishing,  including  translation  or  adaptation  of  non-
customised software for a particular market on a fee or contract basis (62.01); on-line provision of software 
(application hosting and application service provisioning) (63.11). 

611 

Wired telecommunications activities 

Industry is part of Information and communication (NACE J) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
industry 
in 
benchmark 
countries 

2.6% 

4.653 

1.7% 

2.019 

190.8 

55.5 

This industry accounts for 2.6% of employment and 1.7% of turnover. Compared to the benchmark countries, 
the  industry  shows  a  high  degree  of  specialisation  for  employment  and  an  above  average  degree  of 
specialisation  for  turnover.  Average  wages  are  much  higher  than  those  in  Kosovo  and  relatively  high 
compared to those in the same industry in the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  61.10 Wired telecommunications activities 

This class includes operating, maintaining or providing access to facilities for the transmission of voice, data, 
text, sound and video using a wired telecommunications infrastructure, including: operating and maintaining 
switching and transmission facilities to provide point-to-point communications via landlines, microwave or a 
combination of landlines and satellite linkups, operating of cable distribution systems (e.g. for distribution of 
data  and  television  signals),  furnishing  telegraph  and  other  non-vocal  communications  using  own  facilities. 
The  transmission  facilities  that  carry  out  these  activities,  may  be  based  on  a  single  technology  or  a 
combination of technologies. This  class also includes purchasing access and network  capacity from owners 
and operators of networks and providing telecommunications services using this capacity to businesses and 
households;  provision  of  Internet  access  by  the  operator  of  the  wired  infrastructure.  This  class  excludes 
telecommunications resellers (61.90). 

619 

Other telecommunications activities 

Industry is part of Information and communication (NACE J) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover share 

Turnover: degree 
of specialisation 

Average  wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average  wages 
relative  to  same 
in 
industry 
benchmark 
countries 

0.5% 

4.409 

0.9% 

5.678 

203.8 

92.9 

This industry accounts for relatively small shares in employment and turnover. Compared to the benchmark 
countries,  the  industry  shows  a  high  degree  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and  turnover.  Average 

18 

 
 
 
 
wages  are  much  higher  than  those  in  Kosovo  and  high  compared  to  those  in  the  same  industry  in  the 
benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  61.90 Other telecommunications activities 

This  class  includes  provision  of  specialised  telecommunications  applications,  such  as  satellite  tracking, 
communications  telemetry,  and  radar  station  operations;  operation  of  satellite  terminal  stations  and 
associated  facilities  operationally  connected  with  one  or  more  terrestrial  communications  systems  and 
capable  of  transmitting  telecommunications  to  or  receiving  telecommunications  from  satellite  systems; 
provision of Internet access over networks between the client and the ISP not owned or controlled by the ISP, 
such as dial-up Internet access etc.; provision of telephone and Internet access in facilities open to the public; 
provision  of  telecommunications  services  over  existing  telecom  connections:  VOIP  (Voice  Over  Internet 
Protocol)  provision;  telecommunications  resellers  (i.e.  purchasing  and  reselling  network  capacity  without 
providing  additional  services).  This  class  excludes  provision  of 
Internet  access  by  operators  of 
telecommunications infrastructure (61.10, 61.20, 61.30). 

2.3.2 Emerging economic potential – results 

Results  for  identifying  industries  with  an  emerging  economic  potential  are  shown  in  Annex  B.  If  industries 
pass a threshold the value in the respective table cell is 1, otherwise it is 0. Industries for which comparable 
data for the selected benchmark countries are not available are highlighted in orange in the first column. The 
third  column  (EMPL  SIZE)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (84)  passed  the  change  in  size  criterion  for 
employment, the fourth  column (EMPL SPEC) shows if and how many industries (44)  passed the change in 
specialisation criterion for employment, the fifth column (TURN SIZE) shows if and how many industries (65) 
passed  the  change  in  size  criterion  for  turnover,  the  sixth  column  (TURN  SPEC)  shows  if  and  how  many 
industries (29) passed the change in specialisation criterion for turnover, the seventh column (WGS KV) shows 
if and how many industries (48) passed the change criterion for average wages relative to those in Kosovo, 
and  the  eight  column  (WGS  BEN)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (22)  passed  the  change  criterion  for 
average wages relative to those in the same industry in the selected  benchmark countries. Finally, the last 
column (EEP) shows how many criteria each industry passed and how many industries (18) passed at least 
four criteria and would have an emerging economic potential2. 

These  18  industries  with  an  emerging  economic  potential  account  for  5%  of  total  employment  and  6%  of 
total  turnover.  On  the  following  pages,  for  each  industry  the  performance  on  both  the  current  and  the 
emerging selection criteria and the description of the included NACE 4-digit classes will be discussed. 

102 

Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.00% 

Emerging 

0.253 

0.029 

0.655 

0.00% 

0.004 

43.2 

16.9 

0.494 

0.911 

0.221 

0.558 

This industry shows high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. 

2  Increasing the selection threshold to all least 5 out of the 6 criteria would reduce the number of industries with an emerging economic 
potential to 7 accounting for 1.1% of total employment and 0.6% of total turnover. Increasing the selection threshold to all 6 criteria 
would  reduce  the  number  of  industries  with  an  emerging  economic  potential  to  only  2  accounting  for  just  above  0.0%%  of  total 
employment and total turnover. 

19 

 
 
 
 
 
                                           
The industry includes the following activities: 

—  10.20 Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs 

This  class  includes  preparation  and  preservation  of  fish,  crustaceans  and  molluscs:  freezing,  deep-freezing, 
drying, cooking, smoking, salting, immersing in brine, canning etc.; production of fish, crustacean and mollusc 
products:  fish  fillets,  roes,  caviar,  caviar  substitutes  etc.;  production  of  fishmeal  for  human  consumption  or 
animal  feed;  production  of  meals  and  solubles  from  fish  and  other  aquatic  animals  unfit  for  human 
consumption. This class also includes activities of vessels engaged only in the processing and preserving of 
fish;  processing  of  seaweed.  This  class  excludes  processing  and  preserving  of  fish  on  vessels  engaged  in 
fishing (03.11); processing of whales on land or specialised vessels (10.11); production of oils and fats from 
marine  material  (10.41);  manufacture  of  prepared  frozen  fish  dishes  (10.85);  manufacture  of  fish  soups 
(10.89). 

203 

Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.11% 

Emerging 

0.099 

1.688 

0.067 

0.11% 

1.263 

83.9 

35.8 

0.132 

0.098 

0.041 

0.062 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic 
significance  is  already  relatively  high  with  employment  and  turnover  shares  above  0.1%,  high  degrees  of 
specialisation for both employment and turnover, and relatively high average wages compared to Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  20.30 Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink and mastics 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  paints  and  varnishes,  enamels  or  lacquers;  manufacture  of  prepared 
pigments and dyes, opacifiers and colours; manufacture of vitrifiable enamels and glazes and engobes and 
similar preparations; manufacture of mastics; manufacture of caulking compounds and similar non-refractory 
filling  or  surfacing  preparations;  manufacture  of  organic  composite  solvents  and  thinners;  manufacture  of 
prepared  paint  or  varnish  removers;  manufacture  of  printing  ink.  This  class  excludes  manufacture  of 
dyestuffs and pigments (20.12); manufacture of writing and drawing ink (20.59). 

232 

Manufacture of refractory products 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.02% 

Emerging 

0.220 

1.520 

0.221 

0.02% 

3.336 

101.1 

46.2 

0.211 

0.377 

0.107 

0.088 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
This industry shows high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. However, Kosovo shows clear signs of specialisation in the 
industry with degrees of specialisation for both employment and turnover above 1. Average wages are above 
those in Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  23.20 Manufacture of refractory products 

This class includes the manufacture of intermediate products from mined or quarried non-metallic minerals, 
such  as  sand,  gravel,  stone  or  clay.  This  class  includes  manufacture  of  refractory  mortars,  concretes  etc.; 
manufacture of refractory ceramic goods: heat-insulating ceramic goods of siliceous fossil meals, refractory 
bricks,  blocks  and  tiles  etc.,  retorts,  crucibles,  muffles,  nozzles,  tubes,  pipes  etc.  This  class  also  includes 
manufacture of refractory articles containing magnesite, dolomite or chromite. 

235 

Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.01% 

Emerging 

0.177 

0.096 

0.200 

0.01% 

0.025 

57.4 

11.9 

0.220 

0.273 

0.020 

0.026 

This  industry  shows  high  trend  performance  on  2  criteria  and  above  average  but  not  very  high  trend 
performance  on  4  criteria.  The  current  economic  significance  is  limited  given  very  small  shares  for 
employment and turnover. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  23.51 Manufacture of cement 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  clinkers  and  hydraulic  cements,  including  Portland,  aluminous  cement, 
slag cement and superphosphate cements. This class excludes manufacture of refractory mortars, concrete 
etc. (23.20); manufacture of ready-mixed and dry-mix concrete and mortars (23.63, 23.64); manufacture of 
articles of cement (23.69); manufacture of cements used in dentistry (32.50). 

—  23.52 Manufacture of lime and plaster 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  quicklime,  slaked  lime  and  hydraulic  lime;  manufacture  of  plasters  of 
calcined gypsum or calcined sulphate. This class also includes manufacture of calcined dolomite. This class 
excludes manufacture of articles of plaster (23.62, 23.69). 

242 

Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.02% 

0.274 

0.05% 

0.193 

67.6 

19.0 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Emerging 

0.414 

0.916 

0.544 

1.400 

0.148 

-0.189 

This industry shows high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  24.20 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel 

This class includes manufacture of seamless tubes and pipes of circular or non-circular cross section and of 
blanks of circular cross section, for further processing, by hot rolling, hot extrusion or by other hot processes 
of  an  intermediate  product  which  can  be  a  bar  or  a  billet  obtained  by  hot  rolling  or  continuous  casting; 
manufacture of precision and non-precision seamless tubes and pipes from hot rolled or hot extruded blanks 
by further processing, by cold-drawing or cold-rolling of tubes and pipes of circular cross section and by cold 
drawing  only  for  tubes  and  pipes  of  non-circular  cross  section  and  hollow  profiles;  manufacture  of  welded 
tubes and pipes of an external diameter exceeding 406,4 mm, cold formed from hot rolled flat products and 
longitudinally or spirally welded; manufacture of welded  tubes and  pipes of an external diameter of  406,4 
mm or less of circular cross section by continuous cold or hot forming of hot or cold rolled flat products and 
longitudinally or spirally welded and of non-circular cross section by hot or cold forming into shape from hot 
or  cold  rolled  strip  longitudinally  welded;  manufacture  of  welded  precision  tubes  and  pipes  of  an  external 
diameter  of  406,4  mm  or  less  by  hot  or  cold  forming  of  hot  or  cold  rolled  strip  and  longitudinally  welded 
delivered as welded or further processed, by cold drawing or cold rolling or cold formed into shape for tube 
and  pipe  of  non-circular  cross  section;  manufacture  of  flat  flanges  and  flanges  with  forged  collars  by 
processing  of  hot  rolled  flat  products  of  steel;  manufacture  of  butt-welding  fittings,  such  as  elbows  and 
reductions, by forging of hot rolled seamless tubes of steel; threaded and other tube or pipe fittings of steel. 
This class excludes manufacture of seamless tubes and pipes of steel by centrifugally casting (24.52). 

259 

Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.16% 

Emerging 

0.109 

0.366 

0.041 

0.08% 

0.139 

71.8 

34.3 

0.128 

0.081 

0.020 

0.014 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic 
significance is limited, even if the employment share is above 0.1%, with low degrees of specialisation and 
relatively low average wages. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

This group includes the  manufacture of a variety of metal products,  such as cans and  buckets;  nails,  bolts 
and  nuts;  metal  household  articles;  metal  fixtures;  ships  propellers  and  anchors;  assembled  railway  track 
fixtures etc. for a variety of household and industrial uses. 

—  25.91 Manufacture of steel drums and similar containers 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  pails,  cans,  drums,  buckets,  boxes.  This  class  excludes  manufacture  of 
tanks and reservoirs (25.2). 

—  25.92 Manufacture of light metal packaging 

This class includes manufacture of tins and cans for food products, collapsible tubes and boxes; manufacture 
of metallic closures. 

22 

 
 
 
 
—  25.93 Manufacture of wire products, chain and springs 

This  class  includes  manufacture  of  metal  cable,  plaited  bands  and  similar  articles;  manufacture  of 
uninsulated  metal  cable  or  insulated  cable  not  capable  of  being  used  as  a  conductor  of  electricity; 
manufacture of coated or cored wire; manufacture of articles made of wire: barbed wire, wire fencing, grill, 
netting, cloth etc.; coated electrodes for electric arc-welding; manufacture of nails and pins; manufacture of 
springs  (except  watch  springs):  leaf  springs,  helical  springs,  torsion  bar  springs,  leaves  for  springs; 
manufacture of  chain, except power transmission chain.  This  class excludes manufacture of clock or  watch 
springs  (26.52);  manufacture  of  wire  and  cable  for  electricity  transmission  (27.32);  manufacture  of  power 
transmission chain (28.15). 

—  25.94 Manufacture of fasteners and screw machine products 

This class includes manufacture of rivets, washers and similar non-threaded products; manufacture of screw 
machine products; manufacture of bolts, screws, nuts and similar threaded products. 

—  25.99 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c. 

This class includes manufacture of metal household articles: flatware: plates, saucers etc., hollowware: pots, 
kettles etc., dinnerware: bowls, platters etc., saucepans, frying pans and other non-electrical utensils for use 
at the table or in the kitchen, small hand-operated kitchen appliances and accessories, metal scouring pads;  
manufacture  of  building  components  of  zinc:  gutters,  roof  capping,  baths,  sinks,  washbasins  and  similar 
articles;  manufacture  of  metal  goods  for  office  use,  except  furniture;  manufacture  of  safes,  strongboxes, 
armoured doors etc.; manufacture of various metal articles: ship propellers and blades thereof, anchors, bells, 
assembled  railway  track  fixtures,  clasps,  buckles,  hooks,  metal  ladder,  metal  sings,  including  road  signs; 
manufacture of foil bags; manufacture of permanent metallic magnets; manufacture of metal vacuum jugs 
and  bottles;  manufacture  of  metal  badges  and  metal  military  insignia;  manufacture  of  metal  hair  curlers, 
metal  umbrella  handles  and  frames,  combs.  This  class  excludes  manufacture  of  swords,  bayonets  (25.71); 
manufacture of shopping carts (30.99); manufacture of metal furniture (31.01, 31.02, 31.09); manufacture 
of sports goods (32.30); manufacture of games and toys (32.40). 

264 

Manufacture of consumer electronics 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.01% 

Emerging 

0.432 

0.342 

0.238 

0.00% 

0.123 

100.3 

37.4 

0.457 

1.041 

0.270 

0.526 

This industry shows high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. Average wages are just above those in Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  26.40 Manufacture of consumer electronics 

This class includes the manufacture of electronic audio and video equipment for home entertainment, motor 
vehicle,  public  address  systems  and  musical  instrument  amplification.  This  class  includes  manufacture  of 
video  cassette  recorders  and  duplicating  equipment;  manufacture  of  televisions;  manufacture  of  television 
monitors  and  displays;  manufacture  of  audio  recording  and  duplicating  systems;  manufacture  of  stereo 
equipment; manufacture of radio receivers; manufacture of speaker systems; manufacture of household-type 
video  cameras;  manufacture  of  jukeboxes;  manufacture  of  amplifiers  for  musical  instruments  and  public 
address systems; manufacture of microphones; manufacture of CD and DVD players; manufacture of karaoke 
machines;  manufacture of  headphones (e.g.  radio, stereo, computer);  manufacture of  video  game consoles. 
This class excludes reproduction of recorded media (computer media, sound, video, etc.) (18.2); manufacture 

23 

 
 
 
 
of  computer  peripheral  devices  and  computer  monitors  (26.20);  manufacture  of  telephone  answering 
machines (26.30); manufacture of paging equipment (26.30); manufacture of remote control devices (radio 
and  infrared)  (26.30);  manufacture  of  broadcast  studio  equipment  such  as  reproduction  equipment, 
transmitting  and  receiving  antennas,  commercial  video  cameras  (26.30);  manufacture  of  antennas  (26.30); 
manufacture  of  digital  cameras  (26.70);  manufacture  of  electronic  games  with  fixed  (non-replaceable) 
software (32.40). 

325 

Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies 

Industry is part of Manufacturing (NACE C) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.01% 

Emerging 

0.313 

0.043 

0.666 

0.00% 

0.005 

44.2 

25.8 

0.277 

-0.125 

0.198 

0.242 

This industry shows high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  32.50 Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies 

This  class  includes  the  manufacture  of  laboratory  apparatus,  surgical  and  medical  instruments,  surgical 
appliances  and  supplies,  dental  equipment  and  supplies,  orthodontic  goods,  dentures  and  orthodontic 
appliances. Included is the manufacture of medical, dental and similar furniture, where the additional specific 
functions determine the purpose of the product, such as dentist’s chairs with built-in hydraulic functions. This 
class includes manufacture of surgical drapes and sterile string and tissue; manufacture of dental fillings and 
cements (except denture adhesives), dental wax and other dental plaster preparations; manufacture of bone 
reconstruction  cements;  manufacture  of  dental  laboratory  furnaces;  manufacture  of  laboratory  ultrasonic 
cleaning  machinery;  manufacture  of  laboratory  sterilisers;  manufacture  of  laboratory  type  distilling 
apparatus,  laboratory  centrifuges;  manufacture  of  medical,  surgical,  dental  or  veterinary  furniture,  such  as 
operating tables, examination tables, hospital beds with mechanical fittings, dentists’ chairs; manufacture of 
bone  plates  and  screws,  syringes,  needles,  catheters,  cannulae,  etc.;  manufacture  of  dental  instruments 
(including dentists’ chairs incorporating dental equipment); manufacture of artificial teeth, bridges, etc., made 
in dental labs; manufacture of orthopaedic and prosthetic devices; manufacture of glass eyes; manufacture 
of  medical  thermometers;  manufacture  of  ophthalmic  goods,  eyeglasses,  sunglasses,  lenses  ground  to 
prescription, contact lenses, safety goggles. 

This  class  excludes  manufacture  of  denture  adhesives  (20.42);  manufacture  of  medical  impregnated 
wadding,  dressings  etc.  (21.20);  manufacture  of  electromedical  and  electrotherapeutic  equipment  (26.60); 
manufacture of wheelchairs (30.92); activities of opticians (47.78). 

422 

Construction of utility projects 

Industry is part of Construction (NACE F) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

24 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Current 

0.04% 

Emerging 

0.302 

0.095 

0.303 

0.05% 

0.088 

83.5 

37.6 

0.416 

0.461 

0.128 

0.041 

This industry shows high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. Average wages are relatively high compared to Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  42.21 Construction of utility projects for fluids 

This class includes the construction of distribution lines for transportation of fluids and related buildings and 
structures  that  are  integral  part  of  these  systems.  This  class  includes  construction  of  civil  engineering 
constructions  for  long-distance  and  urban  pipelines,  water  main  and  line  construction,  irrigation  systems 
(canals),  reservoirs;  construction  of  sewer  systems,  including  repair,  sewage  disposal  plants,  pumping 
stations. This class also includes water well drilling. This class excludes project management activities related 
to civil engineering works (71.12). 

—  42.22 Construction of utility projects for electricity and telecommunications 

This  class  includes  the  construction  of  distribution  lines  for  electricity  and  telecommunications  and  related 
buildings  and  structures  that  are  integral  part  of  these  systems.  This  class  includes  construction  of  civil 
engineering  constructions  for:  long-distance  and  urban  communication  and  power  lines,  power  plants.  This 
class excludes project management activities related to civil engineering works (71.12). 

429 

Construction of other civil engineering projects 

Industry is part of Construction (NACE F) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
to 
relative 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.04% 

Emerging 

0.341 

0.043 

0.419 

0.07% 

0.129 

86.0 

46.4 

0.238 

0.509 

0.198 

0.410 

This industry shows high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. Average wages are relatively high, both compared to Kosovo 
and compared to the same industry in the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  42.91 Construction of water projects 

This class includes construction of waterways, harbour and river works, pleasure ports (marinas), locks, etc., 
dams  and  dykes;  dredging  of  waterways.  This  class  excludes  project  management  activities  related  to  civil 
engineering works (71.12). 

—  42.99 Construction of other civil engineering projects n.e.c. 

This  class includes construction of industrial facilities, except buildings,  such as: refineries, chemical plants; 
construction  work,  other  than  buildings,  such  as:  outdoor  sports  facilities.  This  class  also  includes  land 
subdivision  with  land  improvement  (e.g.  adding  of  roads,  utility  infrastructure  etc.).  This  class  excludes 
installation  of  industrial  machinery  and  equipment  (33.20);  land  subdivision  without  land  improvement 
(68.10); project management activities related to civil engineering works (71.12). 

464 

Wholesale of household goods 

25 

 
 
 
 
 
Industry is part of Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
to 
relative 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

2.82% 

Emerging 

0.115 

1.450 

0.080 

4.56% 

0.884 

98.8 

39.9 

0.108 

0.062 

0.019 

-0.010 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic 
significance  is  already  relatively  high  with  an  employment  share  of  almost  3%,  a  turnover  share  of  about 
4.5%,  a  degree  of  specialisation  above  1  for  employment,  and  average  wages  only  just  below  those  for 
Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

This group includes the wholesale of household goods, including textiles. 

—  46.41 Wholesale of textiles 

This class includes wholesale of yarn; wholesale of fabrics; wholesale of household linen etc.; wholesale of 
haberdashery: needles, sewing thread etc. 

This class excludes: wholesale of textile fibres (46.76) 

—  46.42 Wholesale of clothing and footwear 

This class includes wholesale of clothing, including sports clothes; wholesale of clothing accessories such as 
gloves, ties and braces; wholesale of footwear; wholesale of fur articles; wholesale of umbrellas. This class 
excludes  wholesale  of  jewellery  (46.48);  wholesale  of  leather  goods  (46.49);  wholesale  of  special  sports 
equipment footwear such as ski boots (46.49). 

—  46.43 Wholesale of electrical household appliances 

This class includes wholesale of electrical household appliances; wholesale of radio and television equipment; 
wholesale  of  photographic  and  optical  goods;  wholesale  of  electrical  heating  appliances;  wholesale  of 
recorded  audio  and  video  tapes,  CDs,  DVDs.  This  class  excludes  wholesale  of  blank  audio  and  video  tapes, 
CDs, DVDs (46.52); wholesale of sewing machines (46.64). 

—  46.44 Wholesale of china and glassware and cleaning materials 

This class includes wholesale of china and glassware; wholesale of cleaning materials. 

—  46.45 Wholesale of perfume and cosmetics 

This class includes wholesale of perfumeries, cosmetics and soaps. 

—  46.46 Wholesale of pharmaceutical goods 

This class includes wholesale of pharmaceutical and medical goods. 

—  46.47 Wholesale of furniture, carpets and lighting equipment 

This class includes wholesale of household furniture; wholesale of carpets; wholesale of lighting equipment. 
This class excludes wholesale of office furniture (46.65). 

—  46.48 Wholesale of watches and jewellery 

—  46.49 Wholesale of other household goods 

This class includes wholesale of woodenware, wickerwork and corkware etc.; wholesale of bicycles and their 
parts  and  accessories;  wholesale  of  stationery,  books,  magazines  and  newspapers;  wholesale  of  leather 
goods and travel accessories; wholesale of musical instruments; wholesale of games and toys; wholesale of 
sports goods, including special sports footwear such as ski boot. 

26 

 
 
 
469 

Non-specialised wholesale trade 

Industry is part of Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.29% 

Emerging 

0.150 

0.175 

0.121 

0.34% 

0.092 

72.4 

38.7 

0.154 

0.140 

0.064 

0.050 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic 
significance is moderate with an employment and turnover share of around 0.3%. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  46.90 Non-specialised wholesale trade 

This class includes wholesale of a variety of goods without any particular specialisation. 

504 

Inland freight water transport 

Industry is part of Transportation and Storage (NACE H) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
to 
relative 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.00% 

Emerging 

0.206 

0.082 

0.184 

0.00% 

0.060 

30.4 

9.1 

0.270 

0.333 

0.226 

0.324 

This industry shows high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

This group includes the transport of freight on inland waters, involving vessels that are not suitable for sea 
transport. 

—  50.40 Inland freight water transport 

This class include transport of freight via rivers, canals, lakes and other inland waterways, including 
inside  harbours  and  ports.  This  class  also  includes  renting  of  vessels  with  crew  for  inland  freight 
water  transport.  This  class  excludes  cargo  handling  (52.24);  renting  of  commercial  ships  or  boats 
without crew (77.34). 

582 

Software publishing 

Industry is part of Information and communication (NACE J) 

Employment 

Employment: 
degree 

of 

Turnover 

Turnover: 
degree 

Average 
wages 

of 

Average 
wages 

27 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
share 

specialisation 

share 

specialisation 

relative 
Kosovo 

to 

to 
relative 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.30% 

Emerging 

0.176 

3.774 

0.242 

0.16% 

3.466 

200.2 

58.5 

0.184 

0.171 

-0.004 

-0.052 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic 
significance is already relatively high with an employment share of 0.3% and a turnover share above 0.1%, 
high degrees of specialisation and average wages being twice as high as those in Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  58.21 Publishing of computer games 

This class includes publishing of computer games for all platforms. 

—  58.29 Other software publishing 

This class includes publishing of ready-made (non-customised) software, including translation or adaptation 
of non-customised software for a particular market on own account: operating systems, business and other 
applications.  This  class  excludes  reproduction  of  software  (18.20),  retail  sale  of  non-customised  software 
(47.41);  production  of  software  not  associated  with  publishing,  including  translation  or  adaptation  of  non-
customised software for a particular market on a fee or contract basis (62.01); on-line provision of software 
(application hosting and application service provisioning) (63.11). 

612 

Wireless telecommunications activities 

Industry is part of Information and communication (NACE J) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.06% 

Emerging 

0.393 

0.080 

0.511 

0.02% 

0.012 

77.7 

13.5 

0.347 

0.462 

0.260 

0.374 

This industry shows high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic significance is limited given 
very small shares for employment and turnover. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  61.20 Wireless telecommunications activities 

This class includes operating, maintaining or providing access to facilities for the transmission of voice, data, 
text, sound, and video using a wireless telecommunications infrastructure; maintaining and operating paging 
as well as cellular and other wireless telecommunications networks. The transmission facilities provide omni-
directional  transmission  via  airwaves  and  may  be  based  on  a  single  technology  or  a  combination  of 
technologies. This class also includes purchasing access and network capacity from owners and operators of 
networks  and  providing  wireless  telecommunications  services  (except  satellite)  using  this  capacity  to 
businesses and  households;  provision of Internet access  by the operator of the wireless infrastructure. This 
class excludes telecommunications resellers (61.90). 

691 

Legal activities 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
Industry is part of Professional, scientific and technical activities (NACE M) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
to 
relative 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.39% 

Emerging 

0.152 

0.182 

0.360 

0.21% 

0.509 

125.3 

122.3 

0.155 

0.098 

-0.018 

0.009 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on 5 criteria. The current economic 
significance  is  already  relatively  high  with  an  employment  share  of  0.4%,  a  turnover  share  of  0.2%,  and 
average wages well above those in Kosovo and in the same industry in the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  69.10 Legal activities 

This class includes legal representation of one party’s interest against another party, whether or not before 
courts or other judicial bodies by, or under supervision of, persons who are members of the bar: advice and 
representation  in  civil  cases,  advice  and  representation  in  criminal  cases,  advice  and  representation  in 
connection with labour disputes; general counselling and advising, preparation of legal documents: articles of 
incorporation, partnership agreements or similar documents in connection with company formation, patents 
and  copyrights,  preparation  of  deeds,  wills,  trusts  etc.;  other  activities  of  notaries  public,  civil  law  notaries, 
bailiffs, arbitrators, examiners and referees. This class excludes law court activities (84.23). 

743 

Translation and interpretation activities 

Industry is part of Professional, scientific and technical activities (NACE M) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
specialisation 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
to 
relative 
same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.07% 

Emerging 

0.143 

0.792 

0.100 

0.03% 

1.105 

83.8 

97.0 

0.149 

0.140 

0.041 

0.059 

This industry shows above average but not very high trend performance on all criteria. The current economic 
significance  is  limited  given  very  small  shares  for  employment  and  turnover.  For  turnover  the  degree  of 
specialisation is high and average wages are relatively high compared to those in Kosovo and to the same 
industry in the benchmark countries. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  74.30 Translation and interpretation activities 

822 

Activities of call centres 

Industry is part of Administrative and support service activities (NACE N) 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 

of 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 

of 

Average 
wages 
relative 

Average 
wages 
relative 

to 

to 

29 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
specialisation 

specialisation  Kosovo 

same industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

Current 

0.65% 

Emerging 

0.333 

2.110 

0.321 

0.15% 

1.505 

127.1 

56.7 

0.360 

0.344 

0.140 

0.089 

This  industry  shows  high  trend  performance  on  5  criteria  and  above  average  but  not  very  high  trend 
performance on 1 criterion. The current economic significance is already relatively high with an employment 
share  of  0.65%,  a  turnover  share  above  0.1%,  high  degrees  of  specialisation  for  both  employment  and 
turnover, and average wages above those of Kosovo. 

The industry includes the following activities: 

—  82.20 Activities of call centres 

This  class  includes  the  activities  of:  inbound  call  centres,  answering  calls  from  clients  by  using  human 
operators, automatic call distribution, computer telephone integration, interactive voice response systems or 
similar methods to receive orders, provide product information, deal with customer requests for assistance 
or  address  customer  complaints  outbound  call  centres  using  similar  methods  to  sell  or  market  goods  or 
services  to  potential  customers,  undertake  market  research  or  public  opinion  polling  and  similar  activities 
for clients. 

2.3.3  Summarizing  the  results  for  current  and  emerging  economic 

potential 

Table  4  summarizes  the  results  for  the  selected  industries  with  a  current  economic  potential.  Additional 
criteria  are  included  to  identify  the  most  relevant  industries,  with  highest  shares  (above  1%),  degrees  of 
specialisation  (above  3)  and  average  wages  (above  150  respectively  70  compared  to  average  wages  in 
Kosovo and the same industry in the benchmark countries). In particular industries Manufacture of articles of 
concrete,  cement  and  plaster  (NACE  236),  Construction  of  residential  and  non-residential  buildings  (NACE 
412),  Construction  of  roads  and  railways  (NACE  421),  Software  publishing  (NACE  582),  Wired 
telecommunications  activities  (NACE  611)  and  Other  telecommunications  activities  (NACE  619)  stand  out 
showing relatively high performance on at least 3 selection criteria. 

Several  of  these  industries,  including  Construction  of  residential  and  non-residential  buildings  (NACE  412), 
Construction  of  roads  and  railways  (NACE  421),  Wholesale  on  a  fee  or  contract  basis  (NACE  461)  and 
Wholesale  of  food,  beverages  and  tobacco  (NACE  463),  are  more  focused  on  the  domestic  market  and 
further  growth  in  these  industries  depends  on  the  growth  of  the  domestic  market  limiting  the  growth 
possibilities resulting from government support. More promising are those industries that could benefit from 
export-driven  growth,  in  particular  those  industries  involving  skilled  employees:  Publishing  of  books, 
periodicals  and  other  publishing  activities 
(NACE  582),  Wired 
telecommunications activities (NACE 611) and Other telecommunications activities (NACE 619). 

(NACE  581),  Software  publishing 

Table 4 Summary results for selected industries with a current economic potential 

NACE   

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
of 
specialisation 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
of 
specialisation 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
to 
relative 
same  industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

236  Manufacture  of  articles  of 
and 

cement 

concrete, 
plaster 

>1% 

1.4% 

>3 

4.021 

>1% 

1.5% 

>3 

3.577 

>150 

108.0 

>70 

61.4 

412  Construction  of  residential 
non-residential 

and 
buildings 

6.5% 

2.034 

6.3% 

2.290 

86.2 

71.1 

421  Construction  of  roads  and 2.1% 

1.801 

2.8% 

1.920 

170.1 

76.0 

30 

 
 
 
  
 
NACE   

railways 

Employment 
share 

Employment: 
degree 
of 
specialisation 

Turnover 
share 

Turnover: 
degree 
of 
specialisation 

Average 
wages 
relative 
Kosovo 

to 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
same  industry 
in  benchmark 
countries 

>1% 

>3 

>1% 

>3 

>150 

>70 

461  Wholesale  on  a  fee  or 

0.8% 

1.266 

3.2% 

2.714 

129.3 

contract basis 

463  Wholesale 

of 

food, 

3.1% 

1.802 

9.4% 

1.284 

104.1 

beverages and tobacco 

of 
581  Publishing 
periodicals 
and 
publishing activities 

0.7% 

books, 
other 

1.828 

0.4% 

1.581 

122.4 

582  Software publishing 

0.3% 

611  Wired 

telecommunications 

2.6% 

5.144 

4.653 

0.2% 

1.7% 

3.466 

2.019 

200.2 

190.8 

activities 

619  Other 

telecommunications 

0.5% 

4.409 

0.9% 

5.678 

203.8 

activities 

Data source: Author’s elaboration 

70.7 

53.2 

50.8 

59.8 

55.5 

92.9 

Table 5 summarizes the results for the selected industries with an emerging economic potential. Table 5 also 
includes the performance on the criteria used for identifying industries with a current economic potential, but 
none  of  the  industries  in  Table  5  passed  these  criteria  (otherwise  they  would  be  included  in  Table  4). 
Additional criteria are included to identify the most relevant industries, with highest trends for shares (above 
0.2), degrees of specialisation (above 0.2) and average wages (above 0.1). In particular industries Processing 
and  preserving  of  fish,  crustaceans  and  molluscs  (NACE  102),  Manufacture  of  refractory  products  (NACE 
232), Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel (NACE 242), Manufacture of 
consumer electronics (NACE 264), Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies (NACE 325), 
Construction of utility projects (NACE 422), Construction of other civil engineering projects (NACE 429), Inland 
freight water transport (NACE 504), Wireless telecommunications activities (NACE 612) and Activities of call 
centres (NACE 822) stand out showing relatively high performance on at least 3 selection criteria. 

Table 5 Summary results for selected industries with an emerging economic potential 

NACE  Current economic potential 

Emerging economic potential 

Employ
ment 
share 

Turn-
over 
share 

Employ
ment: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Turn-
over: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Employ
ment 
share 

Turn-
over 
share 

Employ
ment: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Turn-
over: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to  same 
industry 
in 
bench-
mark 
coun-
tries 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to  same 
industry 
in 
bench-
mark 
coun-
tries 

>0.1%  >1 

>0.1%  >1 

0.00% 

0.029 

0.00% 

0.004 

0.11% 

1.688 

0.11% 

1.263 

>80 

43.2 

83.9 

0.02% 

1.520 

0.02% 

3.336 

101.1 

0.01% 

0.096 

0.01% 

0.025 

0.02% 

0.274 

0.05% 

0.193 

0.16% 

0.366 

0.08% 

0.139 

57.4 

67.6 

71.8 

0.01% 

0.342 

0.00% 

0.123 

100.3 

0.01% 

0.043 

0.00% 

0.005 

0.04% 

0.095 

0.05% 

0.088 

0.04% 

0.043 

0.07% 

0.129 

44.2 

83.5 

86.0 

>40 

16.9 

35.8 

46.2 

11.9 

19.0 

34.3 

37.4 

25.8 

37.6 

46.4 

102 

203 

232 

235 

242 

259 

264 

325 

422 

429 

>0.2 

>0.2 

>0.2 

>0.2 

>0.1 

>0.1 

0.253 

0.655 

0.494 

0.911 

0.221 

0.558 

0.099 

0.067 

0.132 

0.098 

0.041 

0.062 

0.220 

0.221 

0.211 

0.377 

0.107 

0.088 

0.177 

0.200 

0.220 

0.273 

0.020 

0.026 

0.414 

0.916 

0.544 

1.400 

0.148 

-0.189 

0.109 

0.041 

0.128 

0.081 

0.020 

0.014 

0.432 

0.238 

0.457 

1.041 

0.270 

0.526 

0.313 

0.666 

0.277 

-0.125 

0.198 

0.242 

0.302 

0.303 

0.416 

0.461 

0.128 

0.041 

0.341 

0.419 

0.238 

0.509 

0.198 

0.410 

31 

 
 
  
 
  
  
NACE  Current economic potential 

Emerging economic potential 

Employ
ment 
share 

Turn-
over 
share 

Employ
ment: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Turn-
over: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Employ
ment 
share 

Turn-
over 
share 

Employ
ment: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Turn-
over: 
degree 
of 
specialis
ation 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to 
Kosovo 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to  same 
industry 
in 
bench-
mark 
coun-
tries 

Average 
wages 
relative 
to  same 
industry 
in 
bench-
mark 
coun-
tries 

>0.1%  >1 

>0.1%  >1 

2.82% 

1.450 

4.56% 

0.884 

0.29% 

0.175 

0.34% 

0.092 

0.00% 

0.082 

0.00% 

0.060 

>80 

98.8 

72.4 

30.4 

0.30% 

5.144 

0.16% 

3.466 

200.2 

0.06% 

0.080 

0.02% 

0.012 

77.7 

>40 

39.9 

38.7 

9.1 

59.8 

13.5 

>0.2 

>0.2 

>0.2 

>0.2 

>0.1 

>0.1 

0.115 

0.080 

0.108 

0.062 

0.019 

-0.010 

0.150 

0.121 

0.154 

0.140 

0.064 

0.050 

0.206 

0.184 

0.270 

0.333 

0.226 

0.324 

0.176 

0.223 

0.184 

0.171 

-0.004 

-0.082 

0.393 

0.511 

0.347 

0.462 

0.260 

0.374 

0.39% 

0.182 

0.21% 

0.509 

125.3 

122.3 

0.152 

0.360 

0.155 

0.098 

-0.018 

0.009 

0.07% 

0.792 

0.03% 

1.105 

83.8 

0.65% 

2.110 

0.15% 

1.505 

127.1 

97.0 

56.7 

0.143 

0.100 

0.149 

0.140 

0.041 

0.059 

0.333 

0.321 

0.360 

0.344 

0.140 

0.089 

464 

469 

504 

582 

612 

691 

743 

822 

*102  Processing  and  preserving  of  fish,  crustaceans  and  molluscs;  203  Manufacture  of  articles  of  paper  and  paperboard;  232 
Manufacture of refractory products; 235 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster; 242 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and 
related  fittings,  of  steel;  259  Manufacture  of  other  fabricated  metal  products;  264  Manufacture  of  consumer  electronics;  325 
Manufacture  of  medical  and  dental  instruments  and  supplies;  422  Construction  of  utility  projects;  429  Construction  of  other  civil 
engineering projects; 464 Wholesale of household goods; 469 Non-specialised wholesale trade; 504 Inland freight water transport; 582 
Software publishing; 612 Wireless telecommunications activities; 691 Legal activities; 743 Translation and interpretation activities; 822 
Activities of call centres 

Data source: Author’s elaboration 

Results show that there are growth pockets in both manufacturing and services but that most of these are 
still very small. More promising would be to focus on those industries which show high growth performance, 
and  which  have  already  an  economic  base,  i.e.  industries  Manufacture  of  refractory  products  (NACE  232), 
Construction of other civil engineering projects (NACE 429) and Activities of call centres (NACE 822). 

Emerging  activities  in  Manufacture  of  consumer  electronics  (NACE  264)  and  Wireless  telecommunications 
activities (NACE 612) underline the importance of the ICT sector with Software publishing (NACE 582), Wired 
telecommunications  activities  (NACE  611)  and  Other  telecommunications  activities  (NACE  619)  having  a 
current economic potential. 

32 

 
 
  
  
 
3 Mapping the innovation potential of Kosovo 

For  mapping  the  innovation  potential,  ideally  national  innovation  survey  data  should  be  used,  as  these 
provide data on number of enterprises that innovate for different types of innovations. Unfortunately, such 
data are not available for Kosovo as there is neither a recent innovation survey nor a R&D survey. Instead, 
this chapter combines results from different national and international data sources, on intellectual property 
rights, aggregate innovation activities, and export performance. 

3.1 Data availability 

Data  on  intellectual  property  rights  are  only  available  at  the  highest  level  of  aggregation  for  the  whole 
country. The Agency for Industrial Property (API) informed that it is not possible to extract patent application 
statistics according to 4-digit IPC. According to API, the total number of patent applications for 2008-2021 
would  be  2,390  and  the  total  number  of  patent  registrations  would  be  1,127.  The  full  list  of  registered 
patents are published in the online register http://213.163.122.85/wopublish-search/public/home. This register 
also  includes  data  on  trademarks  for  the  period  2008-2021  and  designs  for  the  period  2010-2021.  The 
number of designs is very small (33), the number of trademarks is more than 34,000. Most trademarks are 
applied for in Health (20.3%) and Agriculture (17.1%) (Figure 3). 

Figure 3 Trademarks filing by Industry sector 

Source: image copied from online register. Layout revised by author. 

For  measuring  innovation  activities,  aggregate  data  are  available  from  two  sources,  the  Balkan  Business 
Barometer and the World Bank Enterprise Survey. 

The  Balkan  Barometer  is  an  annual  survey  of  public  opinion  and  business  sentiments  in  seven  Balkan 
economies, commissioned by the Regional Cooperation Council. It is examining aspirations and expectations 
on  life  and  work,  prevalent  socio-economic  and  political  trends,  and  regional  and  European  integration  and 
covers two  surveys, the Balkan Public Barometer and the Balkan Business  Barometer. The  Balkan  Business 
Barometer includes several questions on innovation activities. Aggregate and firm-level data are available for 
Kosovo  from  the  2016  to  2021  editions  of  the  Balkan  Business  Barometer  and  also  include  identifiers  for 
different NACE 1-digit industries. All data are available at https://www.rcc.int/balkanbarometer/. 

The  World  Bank  Enterprise  Survey  includes  several  questions  on  innovation  activities.  Aggregate  and  firm-
level  data  are  available  for  Kosovo  from  the  2013  and  2019  edition  of  the  Enterprise  Survey  and  include 
identifiers 
at 
https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/data. 

industries. 

available 

different 

2-digit 

NACE 

data 

are 

for 

All 

Data  on  goods  exports  will  be  used  to  identify  in  which  products  and  industries  Kosovo  has  a  trade 
specialisation compared to the same benchmark countries used for mapping the economic potential. Data on 
goods  exports  for  2010-2020  have  been  made  available  by  the  Kosovo  Agency  of  Statistics  for  3-digit 
product  groups  following  the  Standard  International  Trade  Classification  (SITC)  Rev.  43.  Comparable  data 

3  https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/sitcrev4.htm 

33 

 
 
 
 
                                           
for  2012-2020 

from  UN  Comtrade 
have  been  extracted 
(https://comtrade.un.org/). Data on goods exports by product groups for Kosovo and the benchmark countries 
are also recalculated into exports by NACE 3-digit industries based on an ad-hoc interpretation of an official 
concordance  between  4-digit  product  groups  and  4-digit  industries.  Table  6  summarises  available  data 
sources for each innovation data category selected.   

the  benchmark 

countries 

for 

Table 6 Available data for mapping the innovation potential in Kosovo 

Type of data 

Data source 

Intellectual property rights 

Not available 

Innovation activities 

Export performance 

Balkan Business Barometer; World Bank Enterprise Survey 

Kosovo Agency of Statistics; UN Comtrade 

Data source: Author’s elaboration 

3.2 Balkan Business Barometer innovation data 

The  Balkan  Business  Barometer  is  an  annual  survey  since  2016  among  enterprises  in  at  most  7  Balkan 
countries. The Barometer includes several questions on innovation activities which can be used to calculate 
shares of innovative enterprises at the country level and for some NACE 1-digit industries. Sample sizes are 
different  over  time  and  so  is  the  coverage  of  individual  industries.  Results  can  therefore  not  be  compared 
over  time,  but  the  data  can  be  used  to  identify  the  presence  of  innovation  activities  at  the  country  level 
compared to other Balkan countries and at the industry level for Kosovo. A comparison at industry level with 
the  same  industries  in  other  Balkan  countries  is  not  possible  due  to  the  sometimes  large  differences  in 
sample composition between countries. 

3.2.1 Results from the 2016 Balkan Business Barometer 

The  2016  Balkan  Business  Barometer  collected  responses  from  1,407  enterprises  of  which  64  enterprises 
from Kosovo. Overall, 56.3% of enterprises introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services 
in the past twelve months, and in Kosovo 53.1% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate 
of  product  innovation  in  Kosovo  is  close  to  that  of  the  Western  Balkan  region  (Table  7).  Overall,  48.6%  of 
enterprises introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service delivery processes in the last 
twelve months, and in Kosovo 46.9% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate of process 
innovation in Kosovo is close to that of the Western Balkan region (Table 8). 

Table 7 2016 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services 
in the past twelve months? 

Country 

Albania 

Bosnia i Hercegovina 

Croatia 

Kosovo 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

69 

111 

271 

34 

45 

23 

239 

792 

Yes -%-share 

59.0% 

68.5% 

51.9% 

53.1% 

48.9% 

57.5% 

58.3% 

56.3% 

No 

48 

50 

248 

28 

46 

16 

169 

605 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

DK/  Refuse 
answer 

to 

0 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

10 

Total 

117 

162 

522 

64 

92 

40 

410 

1,407 

34 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 8 2016 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service 
delivery processes in the last twelve months? 

Country 

Albania 

Bosnia i Hercegovina 

Croatia 

Kosovo 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

59 

94 

248 

30 

34 

19 

200 

684 

Yes -%-share 

50.4% 

58.0% 

47.5% 

46.9% 

37.0% 

48.7% 

48.8% 

48.6% 

No 

57 

62 

274 

31 

56 

18 

200 

698 

DK/  Refuse 
answer 

to 

1 

6 

0 

3 

2 

2 

10 

24 

Total 

117 

162 

522 

64 

92 

39 

410 

1,406 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

A  further  breakdown  by  industry  shows  that  for  most  industries  the  sample  size  is  too  small  to  calculate 
representative  results  (Table  9).  Results  are  only  calculated  for  industries  with  at  least  five  enterprises 
included in the sample. Highest shares of product innovators are for Information and communication (80%) 
and  Financial  and  insurance  activities  (80%).  Highest  shares  of  process  innovators  are  for  Accommodation 
and food services (60%), Information and communication (60%) and Financial and insurance activities (60%). 

Table 9 2016 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
significantly 
improved  products 
and/or  services  in  the  past  twelve 
months? 

Have  you 
introduced  new  or 
significantly  improved  production 
and/or service delivery processes in 
the last twelve months? 

Yes 

Yes  -%-
share 

No 

DK/ 
Refuse 
to 
answer 

Total 

Yes 

Yes  -%-
share 

No 

DK/ 
Refuse 
to 
answer 

Total 

What is the 
main 
activity  of 
your 
company? 

NACE A Agriculture, forestry 
and fishing 

NACE B Mining 

NACE C Manufacturing 

NACE  E  Water 
sewerage, 
management 
remediation activities 

supply; 
waste 
and 

NACE F Construction 

NACE  G  Wholesale  and 
retail trade; repair of motor 
vehicles and motorcycles 

NACE  H  Transportation  and 
storage 

NACE I Accommodation and 
food service activities 

NACE  J 
communication 

Information  and 

NACE  K  Financial  and 
insurance activities 

T 

Activities 

of 
NACE 
households  as  employers; 
undifferentiated goods 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

8 

4 

7 

4 

4 

1 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

0 

1 

2 

1 

40.0%  3 

47.1%  8 

36.4%  7 

63.6%  4 

80.0%  1 

80.0%  1 

-- 

0 

Total 

31 

51.7%  28 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

3 

1 

5 

17 

11 

11 

5 

5 

1 

0 

1 

2 

0 

3 

7 

4 

6 

3 

3 

1 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

50.0%  3 

38.9%  9 

33.3%  7 

60.0%  4 

60.0%  2 

60.0%  2 

-- 

0 

60 

30 

46.9%  31 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

6 

18 

12 

10 

5 

5 

1 

64 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

35 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.2.2 Results from the 2017 Balkan Business Barometer 

The  2017  Balkan  Business  Barometer  collected  responses  from  1,438  enterprises  of  which  69  enterprises 
from Kosovo. Overall, 53.4% of enterprises introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services 
in the past twelve months, and in Kosovo 58.0% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate 
of  product  innovation  in  Kosovo  is  above  that  of  the  Western  Balkan  region  (Table  10).  Overall,  51.0%  of 
enterprises introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service delivery processes in the last 
twelve months, and in Kosovo 37.1% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate of process 
innovation in Kosovo is below that of the Western Balkan region (Table 11). 

Table 10 2017 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services 
in the past twelve months? 

Country 

Albania 

Bosnia i Hercegovina 

Croatia 

Kosovo 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

60 

112 

260 

40 

62 

25 

209 

768 

Yes -%-share 

48.0% 

65.1% 

49.5% 

58.0% 

56.9% 

58.1% 

52.9% 

53.4% 

No 

65 

57 

260 

28 

46 

17 

177 

650 

DK/refuse 

Total 

0 

3 

5 

1 

1 

1 

9 

20 

125 

172 

525 

69 

109 

43 

395 

1,438 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table 11 2017 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service 
delivery processes in the last twelve months? 

Country 

Albania 

Bosnia i Hercegovina 

Croatia 

Kosovo 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

61 

99 

260 

26 

55 

22 

209 

732 

Yes -%-share 

49.6% 

57.6% 

49.4% 

37.1% 

50.5% 

52.4% 

53.0% 

51.0% 

No 

61 

70 

263 

43 

53 

19 

180 

689 

DK/refuse 

Total 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

5 

15 

123 

172 

526 

70 

109 

42 

394 

1,436 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

A  further  breakdown  by  industry  shows  that  for  most  industries  the  sample  size  is  too  small  to  calculate 
representative  results  (Table  12).  Results  are  only  calculated  for  industries  with  at  least  5  enterprises 
included  in  the  sample.  Highest  shares  of  product  and  process  innovators  are  for  Manufacturing  and 
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. 

36 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 12 2017 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
significantly 
improved  products 
and/or  services  in  the  past  twelve 
months? 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
significantly 
improved  production 
and/or service delivery processes in 
the last twelve months? 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

Yes 

What is the 
main 
activity  of 
your 
company? 

NACE C Manufacturing 

NACE  D  Electricity,  gas, 
steam  and  air  conditioning 
supply 

NACE  E  Water 
supply; 
wastewater  management, 
controlling the process 

NACE F Construction 

NACE  G  Wholesale  and 
retail trade; repair of motor 
vehicles and motorcycles 

NACE  H  Transportation  and 
storage 

NACE I Accommodation and 
food service activities 

NACE  J 
communication 

Information  and 

NACE  K  Financial  and 
insurance activities 

NACE 
activities 

L 

Real 

estate 

NACE  Q  Human  health  and 
social work activities 

NACE  S  Other 
activities 

service 

Yes 

3 

1 

1 

2 

Yes  -%-
share 

No 

60.0%  2 

-- 

-- 

-- 

0 

1 

2 

20 

66.7%  10 

3 

4 

3 

1 

0 

2 

0 

-- 

1 

50.0%  4 

50.0%  3 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

1 

2 

0 

1 

Total 

40 

59.7%  27 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Yes  -%-
share 

No 

60.0%  2 

-- 

-- 

-- 

0 

1 

4 

5 

1 

2 

4 

3 

1 

1 

0 

30 

13 

43.3%  17 

4 

8 

6 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

0 

1 

0 

-- 

3 

25.0%  6 

33.3%  4 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

2 

2 

0 

1 

67 

25 

37.3%  42 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

1 

2 

4 

30 

4 

8 

6 

3 

2 

1 

1 

67 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

3.2.3 Results from the 2018 Balkan Business Barometer 

The  2018  Balkan  Business  Barometer  collected  responses  from  about  1,200  enterprises  of  which  89 
enterprises  from  Kosovo.  The  2018  Barometer  also  does  not  cover  Croatia.  Compared  to  the  two  previous 
editions of the Barometer, the time period to capture innovation activities has increased from the last twelve 
months to the last three years. With a larger time period, the share of enterprises with innovation activities 
should  be  higher.  Despite  the  longer  survey  period  compared  to  previous  editions  of  the  Balkan  Business 
Barometer, the shares of product and process innovation innovators are significantly lower than in the 2016 
and 2017 editions. 

Overall, 37.7% of enterprises introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services in the past 
three  years,  and  in  Kosovo  31.5%  of  enterprises  introduced  such  innovations.  The  overall  rate  of  product 
innovation in Kosovo is below that of the Balkan region (Table 13). Overall, 31.5% of enterprises introduced 
new  or  significantly  improved  production  and/or  service  delivery  processes  in  the  last  three  years,  and  in 
Kosovo 30.3% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate of process innovation in Kosovo is 
below that of the Balkan region (Table 14). 

37 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 13 2018 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services 
in the last three years (2015-17)? 

Country 

Albania 

Yes 

42 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

127 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

28 

34 

28 

193 

452 

Total 

 Yes -%-share 

26.3% 

55.7% 

31.5% 

23.1% 

48.3% 

37.4% 

37.7% 

No 

116 

96 

56 

109 

29 

303 

709 

DK/refuse 

Total 

2 

5 

5 

4 

1 

20 

37 

160 

228 

89 

147 

58 

516 

1,198 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table 14 2018 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service 
delivery processes in the last three years (2015-17)? 

Country 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

40 

91 

27 

39 

23 

158 

378 

 Yes -%-share 

25.0% 

39.9% 

30.3% 

26.5% 

38.3% 

30.6% 

31.5% 

No 

118 

127 

55 

104 

35 

336 

775 

DK/refuse 

Total 

2 

10 

7 

4 

2 

23 

48 

160 

228 

89 

147 

60 

517 

1,201 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

A  further  breakdown  by  industry  shows  that  for  most  industries  the  sample  size  is  too  small  to  calculate 
representative  results  (Table  15).  Results  are  only  calculated  for  industries  with  at  least  five  enterprises 
included in the sample. For only 3 industries results can be calculated as Wholesale and retail trade; repair of 
motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) accounts for more than half of the sample. The overrepresentation 
of this industry also implies that results cannot be compared with those of other editions of the Barometer. 

Table 15 2018 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
products 
improved 
significantly 
and/or  services  in  the  last  three 
years (2015-17)? 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
improved  production 
significantly 
and/or  service  delivery  processes  in 
the last three years (2015-17)? 

Yes 

 Yes -%-
share  

No 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

Yes 

 Yes -%-
share  

No 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

0 

0 

1 

0 

3 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

30.0%  6 

17 

34.0%  30 

1 

3 

-- 

3 

27.3%  7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

0 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

10 

0 

0 

1 

0 

3 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

30.0%  5 

50 

14 

28.6%  32 

4 

11 

1 

4 

-- 

3 

36.4%  5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

3 

0 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

10 

49 

4 

11 

What is the 
main 
activity  of 
your 
company? 

NACE A Agriculture, forestry 
and fishing 

NACE B Mining 

NACE C Manufacturing 

NACE  D  Electricity,  gas, 
steam  and  air  conditioning 
supply 

NACE F Construction 

NACE  G  Wholesale  and 
retail  trade;  repair  of  motor 
vehicles and motorcycles 

NACE  H  Transportation  and 
storage 

NACE I Accommodation and 
food service activities 

38 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NACE  J 
communication 

Information  and 

NACE  K 
insurance activities 

Financial  and 

NACE  S  Other 
activities 

service 

1 

1 

0 

-- 

-- 

-- 

2 

0 

2 

Total 

27 

31.4%  54 

0 

0 

0 

5 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

0 

-- 

-- 

-- 

2 

0 

2 

86 

25 

29.4%  53 

0 

0 

0 

7 

3 

1 

2 

85 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

3.2.4 Results from the 2019 Balkan Business Barometer 

The  2019  Balkan  Business  Barometer  collected  responses  from  about  1,270  enterprises  of  which  208 
enterprises  from Kosovo. Compared to previous editions  of the Barometer, the sample size for Kosovo  has 
significantly increased. 

Overall, 38.7% of enterprises introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services in the past 
three  years,  and  in  Kosovo  41.8%  of  enterprises  introduced  such  innovations.  The  overall  rate  of  product 
innovation in Kosovo is above that of the Balkan region (Table 16). Overall, 29.3% of enterprises introduced 
new  or  significantly  improved  production  and/or  service  delivery  processes  in  the  last  three  years,  and  in 
Kosovo 31.7% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate of process innovation in Kosovo is 
below that of the Balkan region (Table 17). 

Table 16 2019 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services 
in the last three years (2016-18)? 

Economy 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

100 

85 

87 

69 

79 

72 

492 

 Yes -%-share 

45.5% 

40.9% 

41.8% 

33.5% 

34.8% 

35.5% 

38.7% 

No 

114 

119 

108 

134 

141 

122 

738 

DK/refuse 

Total 

6 

4 

13 

3 

7 

9 

42 

220 

208 

208 

206 

227 

203 

1,272 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table 17 2019 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service 
delivery processes in the last three years (2016-18)? 

Economy 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

84 

58 

66 

54 

50 

61 

373 

Yes -%-share  

38.2% 

27.8% 

31.7% 

26.3% 

22.0% 

30.2% 

29.3% 

No 

125 

146 

127 

146 

169 

136 

849 

DK/refuse 

Total 

11 

5 

15 

5 

8 

5 

49 

220 

209 

208 

205 

227 

202 

1,271 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

A  further  breakdown  by  industry  shows  that  for  most  industries  the  sample  size  is  too  small  to  calculate 
representative  results  (Table  18).  Results  are  only  calculated  for  industries  with  at  least  5  enterprises 
included  in  the  sample.  Highest  shares  of  product  innovators  are  for  Real  estate  (66.7%),  Manufacturing 
(47.8%),  Wholesale  and  retail  trade;  repair  of  motor  vehicles  and  motorcycles  (45.1%),  and  Construction 
(44.4%).  Highest  shares  of  process  innovators  are  for  Manufacturing  (47.8%),  Wholesale  and  retail  trade; 
repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (36.1%), Construction (33.3%), and Real estate (33.3%). 

39 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 18 2019 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry 

you 

introduced 

Have 
or 
significantly  improved  products  and/or 
services in the last three years (2016-
18)? 

new 

new 
or 
introduced 
Have 
you 
significantly 
production 
improved 
and/or service delivery processes in the 
last three years (2016-18)? 

Yes 

Yes  -%-
share    No 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

Yes 

Yes  -%-
share    No 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

What is the 
main 
activity  of 
your 
company? 

NACE  A  Agriculture, 
forestry and fishing 

2 

NACE 
Manufacturing 

C 

11 

-- 

0 

47.8% 

10 

NACE  D  Electricity, 
gas,  steam  and  air 
conditioning supply 

0 

-- 

0 

NACE F Construction  4 

44.4% 

4 

NACE  G  Wholesale 
and 
trade; 
retail 
of  motor 
repair 
and 
vehicles 
motorcycles 

37 

45.1% 

43 

NACE  H  Transpor-
tation and storage 

9 

32.1% 

19 

13 

38.2% 

17 

Accom-
I 
NACE 
modation  and  food 
service activities 

NACE  J  Information 
and communication 

NACE K Financial and 
insurance activities 

NACE  L  Real  estate 
activities 

0 

2 

4 

R 

NACE 
entertainment 
recreation 

Arts, 
and 

0 

NACE  S  Other  service 
activities 

3 

-- 

-- 

4 

2 

66.7% 

0 

-- 

0 

23.1% 

9 

0 

2 

1 

1 

2 

0 

4 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

2 

2 

-- 

0 

23 

11 

47.8% 

11 

1 

9 

0 

3 

-- 

0 

33.3% 

5 

82 

30 

36.1% 

49 

28 

34 

4 

4 

6 

0 

13 

6 

9 

0 

0 

2 

0 

3 

21.4% 

22 

27.3% 

20 

-- 

-- 

4 

4 

33.3% 

0 

-- 

1 

23.1% 

10 

0 

1 

1 

1 

4 

0 

4 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

2 

23 

1 

9 

83 

28 

33 

4 

4 

6 

1 

13 

Total 

85 

41.3% 

108 

13 

206 

66 

31.9% 

126 

15 

207 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

3.2.5 Results from the 2020 Balkan Business Barometer 

The  2020  Balkan  Business  Barometer  collected  responses  from  about  1,215  enterprises  of  which  87 
enterprises from Kosovo. Compared to the  2019 edition of the Barometer, the sample size for Kosovo has 
significantly  decreased  and  is  comparable  to  that  used  in  the  Barometers  before  2019.  Remarkable  and 
adding to the difficulties of comparing results is that the first question on product innovation covers the past 
12 months whereas the second question on process innovation covers the last three years. 

Overall, 28.9% of enterprises introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services in the past 
12  months,  and  in  Kosovo  21.8%  of  enterprises  introduced  such  innovations.  The  overall  rate  of  product 
innovation in Kosovo is below that of the Balkan region (Table 19). Overall, 28.1% of enterprises introduced 
new  or  significantly  improved  production  and/or  service  delivery  processes  in  the  last  three  years,  and  in 
Kosovo 16.3% of enterprises introduced such innovations. The overall rate of process innovation in Kosovo is 
below that of the Balkan region (Table 20). 

A  further  breakdown  by  industry  shows  that  for  most  industries  the  sample  size  is  too  small  to  calculate 
representative  results  (Table  21).  Results  are  only  calculated  for  industries  with  at  least  5  enterprises 
included in the sample. Highest shares of product innovators are for Manufacturing (40%) and Wholesale and 
retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (31.8%). Highest shares of process innovators are for 
Wholesale  and  retail  trade;  repair  of  motor  vehicles  and  motorcycles  (31.8%),  Manufacturing  (20%),  and 
Construction (20%). 

40 

 
 
 
 
Table 19 2020 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators 

Have you introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services in 
the past 12 months? 

Economy 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

30 

91 

19 

30 

26 

156 

352 

 Yes -%-share 

18.3% 

41.7% 

21.8% 

21.7% 

43.3% 

28.4% 

28.9% 

No 

130 

124 

65 

107 

31 

388 

845 

DK/refuse 

Total 

4 

3 

3 

1 

3 

5 

19 

164 

218 

87 

138 

60 

549 

1,216 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table 20 2020 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators 

Have  you  introduced  new  or  significantly  improved  production  and/or  service 
delivery processes in the last three years (2017-19)? 

Economy 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

40 

84 

14 

25 

22 

156 

341 

 Yes -%-share 

24.2% 

38.4% 

16.3% 

18.2% 

37.3% 

28.4% 

28.1% 

No 

124 

130 

67 

111 

34 

382 

848 

DK/refuse 

Total 

1 

5 

5 

1 

3 

11 

26 

165 

219 

86 

137 

59 

549 

1,215 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table 21 2020 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry 

What is the 
main 
activity  of 
your 
company? 

Have  you 
significantly 
and/or  services 
months? 

introduced  new  or 
products 
improved 
in  the  past  12 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
significantly 
improved  production 
and/or  service  delivery  processes  in 
the last three years (2017-19)? 

Yes 

NACE  A Agriculture,  forestry 
and fishing 

NACE C Manufacturing 

NACE  E  Water 
supply; 
wastewater  management, 
controlling  the  process  of 
removing  waste  and  similar 
activities 

NACE F Construction 

NACE  G  Wholesale  and 
retail  trade;  repair  of  motor 
vehicles and motorcycles 

NACE  H  Transportation  and 
storage 

NACE  I  Accommodation  and 
food service activities 

NACE  J 
communication 

Information  and 

NACE  K 
insurance activities 

Financial  and 

NACE P Education 

0 

2 

0 

1 

7 

2 

4 

1 

0 

0 

Yes  -%-
share 

-- 

No 

1 

40.0%  3 

-- 

1 

16.7%  5 

31.8%  14 

13.3%  13 

17.4%  19 

20.0%  3 

-- 

-- 

1 

1 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

Yes 

1 

5 

1 

6 

22 

15 

23 

5 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

7 

1 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

41 

Yes  -%-
share 

-- 

No 

1 

20.0%  4 

-- 

1 

20.0%  4 

31.8%  14 

6.7% 

14 

12.5%  20 

-- 

-- 

-- 

3 

1 

1 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

5 

1 

5 

22 

15 

24 

4 

1 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Have  you 
significantly 
and/or  services 
months? 

introduced  new  or 
products 
improved 
in  the  past  12 

introduced  new  or 
Have  you 
significantly 
improved  production 
and/or  service  delivery  processes  in 
the last three years (2017-19)? 

Yes 

0 

17 

Yes  -%-
share 

-- 

No 

1 

21.0%  62 

DK/ 
refuse 

0 

2 

Total 

Yes 

1 

81 

0 

13 

Yes  -%-
share 

-- 

No 

1 

16.3%  64 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

0 

3 

1 

80 

NACE  S  Other 
activities 

service 

Total 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

3.2.6 Results from the 2021 Balkan Business Barometer 

The 2021 Balkan Business Barometer collected responses from 1,200 enterprises of which 200 enterprises 
from Kosovo. Compared to the 2020 edition of the Barometer, the sample size for Kosovo has significantly 
increased  and  is  comparable  to  that  used  in  the  Barometer  2020.  This  survey  repeats  the  combination  of 
different  time  periods  introduced  in  the  Barometer  2020  with  the  first  question  on  product  innovation 
covering the past 12 months and the second question on process innovation covering the last three years. 

Overall, 29.3% of enterprises introduced new or significantly improved products and/or services in the past 
12  months,  and  in  Kosovo  28.5%  of  enterprises  introduced  such  innovations.  The  overall  rate  of  product 
innovation  in  Kosovo  is  close  to  that  of  the  Balkan  region  (Table  22).  Overall,  22.8  %  of  enterprises 
introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service delivery processes in the last three years, 
and  in  Kosovo  15.0%  of  enterprises  introduced  such  innovations.  The  overall  rate  of  process  innovation  in 
Kosovo is below that of the Balkan region (Table 23). 

Table 22 2021 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators 

Introduced  new  or  significantly  improved  products  and/or  services  in  the 
past twelve months 

Economy 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

64 

87 

57 

58 

53 

32 

351 

 Yes -%-share 

32.0% 

43.5% 

28.5% 

29.0% 

26.5% 

16.0% 

29.3% 

No 

130 

93 

105 

131 

123 

151 

733 

DK/refuse 

Total 

6 

20 

38 

11 

24 

17 

116 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

1,200 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table 23 2021 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators 

Introduced new or significantly improved production and/or service delivery 
processes in the last three years (2018-2020 

Economy 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Kosovo* 

North Macedonia 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Total 

Yes 

35 

82 

30 

55 

45 

26 

273 

 Yes -%-share 

17.5% 

41.0% 

15.0% 

27.5% 

22.5% 

13.0% 

22.8% 

No 

159 

98 

132 

134 

131 

157 

811 

DK/refuse 

Total 

6 

20 

38 

11 

24 

17 

116 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

1,200 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

42 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A  further  breakdown  by  industry  shows  that  for  most  industries  the  sample  size  is  too  small  to  calculate 
representative  results  (Table  24).  Results  are  calculated  only  for  industries  with  at  least  five  enterprises 
included  in  the  sample.  Highest  shares  of  product  and  process  innovators  are  for  Manufacturing  and 
Accommodation and food service activities. 

Table 24 2021 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry 

new 

Introduced 
significantly 
improved  products  and/or  services  in 
the past 12 months 

or 

or 

new 

Introduced 
significantly 
improved  production  and/or  service 
delivery  processes  in  the  last  three 
years (2018-2020) 

What 
is 
the  main 
activity 
that your 
company 
carries 
out? 

NACE 
Manufacturing 

Yes 

C 

22 

NACE  D  Supplier  of 
electricity,  gas,  steam 
and air conditioner. 

0 

-%-

Yes 
share 

No 

DK/ 
refuse 

Total 

Yes 

-%-

Yes 
share 

No 

DK/ 
refuse 

50.0% 

18 

-- 

2 

4 

0 

44 

2 

9 

1 

20.5% 

31 

-- 

1 

4 

0 

Total 

44 

2 

NACE 
Water 
E 
supplier:  wastewater 
management, 
controller  of  waste 
processes 
disposal 
and  other 
related 
activities. 

0 

-- 

1 

0 

1 

0 

-- 

1 

0 

1 

NACE F Construction 

NACE  G  Wholesale 
and retail trade 

8 

9 

NACE 
Transportation 
storage 

H 
and 

0 

NACE 
I 
Accommodation  and 
food service activities 

NACE  J 
and communication 

Information 

NACE  K  Financial  and 
insurance activities 

NACE  M  Professional, 
scientific 
and 
technical activities 

NACE P Education 

NACE  Q  Public  health 
and 
social  work 
activities 

2 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

R 

NACE 
entertainment 
recreation 

Arts, 
and 

0 

17.0% 

31 

29.0% 

14 

-- 

1 

40.0% 

3 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

1 

0 

1 

0 

2 

1 

8 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

NACE  S  Other  service 
activities 

Other / Don’t know 

9 

5 

57 

24.3% 

17 

-- 

13 

28.5% 

105 

11 

7 

38 

Total 

47 

31 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

37 

25 

4 

3 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

5 

8.5% 

9.7% 

35 

20 

-- 

0 

20.0% 

4 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

16.2% 

20 

-- 

13 

200 

30 

15.0% 

132 

8 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

47 

31 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

11 

7 

38 

37 

25 

200 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

3.2.7 Summary of results from the Balkan Business Barometer 

Table  25  summarizes  the  results  from  the  different  Balkan  Business  Barometers.  For  several  NACE  1-digit 
industries there are no results as these industries were either not included or sample sizes were too small. 
Overall,  there  are  significant  innovation  activities  at  industry  level  if  results  are  available  for  at  least  3 
surveys and if average shares are at least 80% of the average share of all industries combined (respective 
cells are highlighted in green in Table 25). 

43 

 
 
 
 
Significant innovation activities for product innovators are observed in: 

—  Manufacturing (NACE C) (4 out of 6 years) 

—  Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) (all 6 years) 

—  Accommodation and food service activities (NACE I) (all 6 years) 

—  Information and communication (NACE J) (3 out of 6 years) 

Significant innovation activities for process innovators are observed in: 

—  Manufacturing (NACE C) (4 out of 6 years) 

—  Construction (NACE F) (4 out of 6 years) 

—  Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE G) (5 out of 6 years) 

—  Accommodation and food service activities (NACE I) (4 out of 6 years) 

Table 25 Balkan Business Barometer: 2016-2021 results by industry 

Have  you  introduced  new  or  significantly  improved 
products and/or services in the last 

Have  you  introduced  new  or  significantly  improved 
production and/or service delivery processes in the last 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

2021 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

2021 

12 
months 

12 
months 

3 years  3 years  12 

months 

12 
months 

12 
months 

12 
months 

3 years  3 years  3 years  3 years 

NACE C Manufacturing  -- 

60.0% 

-- 

47.8%  40.0%  50.0% 

---- 

60.0% 

47.8%  20.0%  20.5% 

NACE F Construction 

40.0% 

-- 

30.0%  44.4%  16.7%  17.0%  50.0% 

-- 

30.0%  33.3%  20.0%  8.5% 

NACE  G  Wholesale 
and retail trade; repair 
of  motor  vehicles  and 
motorcycles 

NACE H Transportation 
and storage 

I 
NACE 
Accommodation  and 
food service activities 

NACE  J 
and communication 

Information 

47.1%  66.7%  34.0%  45.1%  31.8%  29.0%  38.9%  43.3%  28.6%  36.1%  31.8%  9.7% 

36.4% 

-- 

-- 

32.1%  13.3% 

-- 

33.3% 

-- 

-- 

21.4%  6.7% 

-- 

63.6%  50.0%  27.3%  38.2%  17.4%  40.0%  60.0%  25.0%  36.4%  27.3%  12.5%  20.0% 

80.0%  50.0% 

-- 

20.0% 

-- 

60.0%  33.3% 

-- 

NACE  K  Financial  and 
insurance activities 

80.0% 

-- 

NACE  L  Real  estate 
activities 

NACE  S  Other  service 
activities 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

60.0% 

-- 

-- 

-- 

66.7% 

-- 

-- 

23.1% 

-- 

24.3% 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

33.3% 

-- 

-- 

-- 

-- 

23.1% 

-- 

16.2% 

Total 

51.7%  59.7%  31.4%  41.3%  21.0%  28.5%  46.9%  37.3%  29.4%  31.9%  16.3%  15.0% 

Cells highlighted in green where the percentage share is above 0.8 times that of all industries combined. 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Balkan Business Barometer 

44 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.3 Enterprise Survey innovation data 

Aggregate and firm-level data on innovation are available from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. Firm-level 
data  are  available  for  Kosovo  from  the  2013  and  2019  edition  of  the  Enterprise  Survey  and  include 
identifiers for different industries. These data are analysed in this section. 

3.3.1 Results from the 2013 Enterprise Survey 

The 2013 Enterprise Survey 4 includes data for 381 enterprises for several NACE 2-digit industries. The 2013 
Enterprise Survey includes four questions on innovation: 

•  H.1  During  the  last  three  years,  has  this  establishment  introduced  new  or  significantly  improved 

products or services? 

•  H.3 During the last three years, has this establishment introduced any new or significantly improved 

methods for the production or supply of products or services? 

•  H.4 During the last three years, has this establishment introduced any new or significantly improved 

organizational or management practices or structures? 

•  H.5  During  the  last  three  years,  has  this  establishment  introduced  new  or  significantly  improved 

marketing methods? 

A fifth variable has been constructed by combining all questions to identify enterprises having introduced at 
least  one  type  of  innovation.  For  some  industries,  the  number  of  enterprises  is  too  small  to  derive  robust 
results. To ensure representative results, a lower threshold of at least 5 enterprises has been used. Industries 
which do not meet this criterion are highlighted in red in Table 26. 

Overall, 71% of enterprises introduced at least one type of innovation. The highest shares of enterprises with 
any  type  of  innovation  are,  in  descending  order:  Plastics  &  rubber  (NACE  25)  100%,  Furniture  (NACE  36) 
100%, Transport (NACE 60) 92%, Fabricated metal products (NACE 28) 83%, Supporting transport activities 
(NACE 63) 83%, Textiles (NACE 17) 78%, Services of motor vehicles (NACE 50) 78%, Hotel and restaurants 
(NACE 55) 75%, Publishing, printing and recorded media (NACE 22) 73%, IT (NACE 72) 71%, Wholesale (NACE 
51)  70%,  Food  (NACE  15)  68%,  Retail  (NACE  52)  66%,  Non-metallic  mineral  products  (NACE  26)  65%, 
Construction (NACE 45) 57%, Chemicals (NACE 24) 43%, and Basic metals (NACE 27) 31%. 

Table 26 Share of innovative enterprises by industry using 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey data 

NACE 

Industry  

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

Organi-
satio-
nal 
innova-
tions 

Marke-
ting 
innova-
tions 

Any 
type  of 
innova-
tion 

Total 
number 
of 
firms 

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

Organi-
satio-
nal 
innova-
tions 

Marke-
ting 
innova-
tions 

Any 
type  of 
innova-
tion 

Number  Number  Number  Number  Number  Number   %-share   %-share   %-share   %-share   %-share 

15 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

Food 

Textiles 

Garments 

Wood 

6 

2 

1 

4 

3 

8 

8 

4 

7 

Paper & paper products 2 

Publishing, printing and 
recorded media 

Chemicals 

Plastics & rubber 

Non-metallic  mineral 
products 

Basic metals 

Fabricated 
products 

Machinery 

metal 

and 3 

15 

11 

10 

15 

22 

7 

7 

2 

1 

2 

8 

3 

6 

7 

0 

1 

2 

5 

2 

3 

12 

15 

2 

5 

3 

0 

5 

1 

68% 

67% 

50% 

67% 

100% 

0% 

45% 

78% 

0% 

32% 

78% 

68% 

78% 

100% 

100% 

33% 

33% 

33% 

33% 

33% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

9 

2 

3 

2 

11 

36% 

36% 

45% 

73% 

73% 

7 

8 

23 

13 

12 

3 

43% 

0% 

100% 

75% 

29% 

38% 

43% 

75% 

43% 

100% 

35% 

39% 

52% 

65% 

65% 

31% 

15% 

15% 

0% 

31% 

58% 

25% 

42% 

42% 

83% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

33% 

100% 

7 

2 

1 

2 

8 

3 

8 

15 

4 

10 

3 

6 

0 

1 

2 

4 

0 

6 

9 

2 

3 

3 

4 https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/.../documents/country-profiles/Kosovo-2013.pdf 

45 

 
 
  
  
                                           
NACE 

Industry  

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

Organi-
satio-
nal 
innova-
tions 

Marke-
ting 
innova-
tions 

Any 
type  of 
innova-
tion 

Total 
number 
of 
firms 

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

Organi-
satio-
nal 
innova-
tions 

Marke-
ting 
innova-
tions 

Any 
type  of 
innova-
tion 

Number  Number  Number  Number  Number  Number   %-share   %-share   %-share   %-share   %-share 

31 

36 

37 

45 

50 

51 

52 

55 

60 

63 

72 

equipment 

Electronics 

Furniture 

Recycling 

Construction 

of  motor 

Services 
vehicles 

Wholesale 

Retail 

3 

5 

1 

6 

5 

37 

35 

Hotel and restaurants  13 

Transport 

Supporting 
activities 

IT 

 Total 

transport 

11 

14 

5 

3 

4 

0 

12 

3 

27 

19 

9 

12 

6 

5 

3 

6 

0 

16 

7 

34 

31 

16 

13 

13 

5 

0 

3 

1 

13 

4 

40 

32 

15 

17 

20 

4 

3 

7 

1 

16 

7 

48 

40 

24 

23 

20 

5 

3 

7 

1 

28 

9 

69 

61 

32 

25 

24 

7 

100% 

100% 

100% 

0% 

100% 

71% 

57% 

86% 

43% 

100% 

100% 

0% 

0% 

100% 

100% 

21% 

43% 

57% 

46% 

57% 

56% 

33% 

78% 

44% 

78% 

54% 

57% 

41% 

44% 

39% 

31% 

28% 

48% 

49% 

51% 

50% 

52% 

58% 

52% 

47% 

68% 

70% 

66% 

75% 

92% 

58% 

25% 

54% 

83% 

83% 

71% 

71% 

71% 

57% 

71% 

198 

147 

196 

206 

272 

381 

52% 

39% 

51% 

54% 

71% 

Data source: 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey 

3.3.2 Results from the 2019 Enterprise Survey 

The  2019  Enterprise  Survey 5  includes  data  for  1,087  enterprises  for  several  NACE  2-digit  industries.  The 
2019 Enterprise Survey includes two questions on innovation: 

•  H.1  During  the  last  three  years,  has  this  establishment  introduced  new  or  improved  products  or 

services? 

•  H.5  During  the  last  three  years,  has  this  establishment  introduced  any  new  or  improved  process? 
(These  include  methods  of  manufacturing  products  or  offering  services;  logistics,  delivery,  or 
distribution methods for inputs, products, or services; or supporting activities for processes) 

A third variable has been constructed by combining all questions to identify enterprises having introduced at 
least  one  type  of  innovation.  For  some  industries,  the  number  of  enterprises  is  too  small  to  derive  robust 
results. To ensure representative results, a lower threshold of at least 5 enterprises has been used. Industries 
which do not meet this criterion are highlighted in red in Table 27. 

Overall, 29% of enterprises introduced at least one type of innovation. The highest shares of enterprises with 
any  type  of  innovation  are,  in  descending  order:  Machinery  and  equipment  (NACE  29-30)  94%,  Chemicals 
(NACE  24)  80%,  Plastics  &  rubber  (NACE  25)  72%,  IT  (NACE  72)  54%,  Transport  (NACE  60-64)  40%,  Food 
(NACE  15)  36%,  Wholesale  (NACE  51)  36%,  Fabricated  metal  products  (NACE  28)  35%,  Wood  (NACE  20) 
26%,  Retail  (NACE  52)  21%,  Non-metallic  mineral  products  (NACE  26)  18%,  Refined  petroleum  products 
(NACE  23)  17%,  Textiles  (NACE  17)  13%,  Paper  (NACE  21)  13%,  Furniture  (NACE  36)  13%,  Construction 
(NACE 45) 8%, and Hotel and restaurants (NACE 55) 5%. 

Table 27 Share of innovative enterprises by industry using 2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey data 

NACE 

Industry  

15 

17 

Food 

Textiles 

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

type 

Any 
of 
innovation 

Total 
number  of 
firms 

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

type 

Any 
of 
innovation 

 Number 

  Number 

  Number 

  Number 

 %-share 

 %-share 

 %-share 

32 

3 

12 

1 

32 

3 

89 

23 

36% 

13% 

13% 

4% 

36% 

13% 

5 https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/country/Kosovo-2019.pdf 

46 

 
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
                                           
NACE 

Industry  

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

type 

Any 
of 
innovation 

Total 
number  of 
firms 

Product 
innova-
tions 

Process 
innova-
tions 

type 

Any 
of 
innovation 

 Number 

  Number 

  Number 

  Number 

 %-share 

 %-share 

 %-share 

18 

20 

21 

23 

24 

25 

26 

28 

Garments 

Wood 

Paper 

Refined petroleum products 

Chemicals 

Plastics & rubber 

Non-metallic mineral products 

Fabricated metal products 

29-30 

Machinery and equipment 

36 

45 

50 

51 

52 

55 

Furniture 

Construction 

Services of motor vehicles 

Wholesale 

Retail 

Hotel and restaurants 

I: 60-64  Transport 

72 

IT 

0 

11 

1 

0 

4 

48 

14 

14 

17 

2 

3 

1 

71 

11 

10 

33 

14 

0 

8 

1 

1 

0 

24 

9 

5 

0 

0 

1 

1 

13 

14 

0 

7 

2 

0 

11 

1 

1 

4 

50 

18 

17 

17 

2 

3 

1 

73 

21 

10 

39 

14 

9 

43 

8 

6 

5 

69 

98 

49 

18 

16 

37 

1 

204 

100 

189 

97 

26 

0% 

26% 

13% 

0% 

80% 

70% 

14% 

29% 

94% 

13% 

8% 

0% 

19% 

13% 

17% 

0% 

35% 

9% 

10% 

0% 

0% 

3% 

0% 

26% 

13% 

17% 

80% 

72% 

18% 

35% 

94% 

13% 

8% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

35% 

11% 

5% 

34% 

54% 

6% 

14% 

0% 

7% 

8% 

9% 

36% 

21% 

5% 

40% 

54% 

29% 

Total 

289 

99 

317 

1,087 

27% 

Data source: 2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey 

3.3.3 Summary of results from the Enterprise Survey 

The  results  of  the  two  Enterprise  Surveys  show  that  there  are  high  shares6  of  innovators  in  the  following 
industries: 

—  Food (NACE 15) (ES 2019) 

—  Textiles (NACE 17) (ES 2013) 

—  Chemicals (NACE 24) (ES 2019) 

—  Plastics & rubber (NACE 25) (ES 2013 & ES 2019) 

—  Fabricated metal products (NACE28) (ES 2013 & ES 2019) 

—  Furniture (NACE 36) (ES 2013) 

—  Services of motor vehicles (NACE 50) (ES 2013) 

—  Wholesale (NACE 51) (ES 2019) 

—  Hotels and restaurants (NACE 55) (ES 2013) 

—  Transport (NACE 60-64) (ES 2013 & ES 2019) 

—  IT (NACE 72) (ES 2013 & ES 2019) 

6  Industries  have  a  high  share  of  enterprises  with  innovation  activities  if  results  are  available  for  both  Enterprise  Surveys  and  if  the 
average share of enterprises with innovation activities is higher than the average share for all industries for at least one Enterprise 
Survey. 

47 

 
 
  
  
  
 
 
                                           
3.4 Goods exports 

Export data for goods can be used to assess the competitiveness of Kosovo. Data have been made available 
by  the  Kosovo  Agency  of  Statistics  following  the  Standard  International  Trade  Classification  (SITC)  Rev.  4 7. 
Table 28 provides an example of the structure of the SITC classification. 

Data on goods exports are used to identify in which products and industries Kosovo has a trade specialisation 
compared to the same benchmark countries used for mapping the economic potential. Data on goods exports 
for 2010-2020 have been made available by the Kosovo Agency of Statistics for 3-digit SITC product groups. 
Comparable data have been extracted for 2012-2020 for the benchmark countries from UN Comtrade. Data 
on  goods  exports  by  product  groups  for  Kosovo  and  the  benchmark  countries  are  also  recalculated  into 
exports by NACE 3-digit industries based on an ad-hoc interpretation of an official concordance between 4-
digit product groups and 4-digit NACE industries. 

Table 28 Example of SITC Rev. 4 goods classification 

Level 

Code 

Description 

Section level 

Division level 

1-digit 

2-digit 

5 

51 

Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 

Organic chemicals 

Group level 

3-digit 

511 

Hydrocarbons, n.e.s., and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 

Subgroup level 

4-digit 

511.1 

Acyclic hydrocarbons 

Basic heading 

5-digit 

511.11 

Ethylene 

Data source: Author’s elaboration  

3.4.1 Export performance by product groups 

Export data can be analysed by SITC product groups. Export shares are at least 1% in at least 7 years in the 
2012-2020 period for the 12 product groups shown in Table 29 (cf. Annex C for export shares for all product 
groups). Export shares are high in Beverages (SITC 111 + 112), Metalliferous ores and metal scrap (SITC 282 
+ 287 + 288), Electric current (SITC 351), and Iron and steel (SITC 671 + 691). Exports of Pig-iron etc. (SITC 
671)  account  for  more  than  20%  of  total  goods  exports  for  the  2012-2020  period,  but  this  share  has 
declined strongly from more than 31% in 2012-2014 to almost 13.5% in 2018-2020. 

Table 29 Largest product groups by export share 

Product group 

111 Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. 

112 Alcoholic beverages 

211 Hides and skins (except furskins), raw 

3.0% 

2.6% 

2.8% 

282 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel  5.6% 

287 Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s. 

288 Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. 

351 Electric current 

582 Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastics 

6.7% 

4.6% 

5.9% 

2.1% 

Export  share 
2012-2020 

Export  share 
2012-2014 

Export  share 
2015-2017 

Export  share 
2018-2020 

2.3% 

1.7% 

3.6% 

7.4% 

7.3% 

5.8% 

5.7% 

1.2% 

3.1% 

2.5% 

3.1% 

4.1% 

7.4% 

4.3% 

8.2% 

2.3% 

3.7% 

3.4% 

1.7% 

5.3% 

5.4% 

3.7% 

3.7% 

2.7% 

671  Pig-iron,  spiegeleisen,  sponge  iron,  iron  or  steel  granules  and 
powders and ferro-alloys 

21.0% 

31.3% 

18.4% 

13.4% 

679  Tubes,  pipes  and  hollow  profiles,  and  tube  or  pipe  fittings,  of 
iron or steel 

4.4% 

691  Structures  and  parts  of  structures,  n.e.s.,  of  iron,  steel  or 
aluminium 

893 Articles, n.e.s., of plastics 

3.2% 

4.6% 

3.2% 

0.9% 

1.4% 

4.6% 

6.0% 

4.3% 

5.5% 

2.8% 

8.0% 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics 

7  https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/sitcrev4.htm 

48 

 
 
 
 
 
                                           
3.4.2 Export specialisation by industries 

Exports by product groups can be recalculated to exports by industries using concordance or correspondence 
tables. Correspondence tables are available from RAMON, Eurostat’s Metadata Server 8. The correspondence 
between  SITC  Rev.  3  and  ISIC  Rev.  3  links  5-digit  SITC  data  to  4-digit  ISIC  data.  ISIC  is  the  International 
Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities which is very similar but not identical to the NACE 
classification.  As  export  data  are  available  at  the  3-digit  level,  an  ad-hoc  approach  has  been  used  to  link 
these data to 3-digit industries. 

The following methodology has been used to link 3-digit SITC product groups to 3-digit ISIC industries: 

—  First,  each  SITC  5-digit  product  group  to  ISIC  4-digit  industry  correspondence  pair  has  been 
transformed into a corresponding SITC 3-digit product group to ISIC 3-digit industry correspondence 
pair by shortening the 5-digit SITC codes to their first 3 digits and the 4-digit ISIC codes to their first 
3 digits. E.g., the correspondence pair SITC 27231 – ISIC 1421 is transformed into SITC 272 – ISIC 
142. 

—  Second,  the  SITC-ISIC  3-digit  correspondence  pair 

is  reversed 

into  an 

ISIC-SITC  3-digit 

correspondence pair. 

—  Third, for each unique SITC-ISIC 3-digit correspondence pair the number of times such a pair occurs 
in  the  reversed  correspondence  table  is  counted.  E.g.,  Table  30  below  shows  the  number  of 
occurrences for all ISIC-SITC correspondence pairs including ISIC 011 (Meat of bovine animals, fresh, 
chilled or frozen). 

Table 30 Number of occurrences for all ISIC-SITC correspondence pairs, for product group ISIC 011 

ISIC 

SITC 

ISIC-SITC 

# Occurrences 

ISIC 

SITC 

ISIC-SITC 

# Occurrences 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

54 

57 

71 

72 

74 

11-41 

11-42 

11-43 

11-44 

11-45 

11-54 

11-57 

11-71 

11-72 

11-74 

2 

1 

1 

2 

7 

23 

29 

1 

1 

3 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

75 

81 

121 

222 

223 

231 

263 

264 

265 

292 

11-75 

11-81 

11-121 

11-222 

11-223 

11-231 

11-263 

11-264 

11-265 

12 

3 

2 

9 

5 

4 

1 

1 

6 

11-292 

11 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics 

—  Fourth,  the  contribution  of  each  3-digit  SITC  product  group  to  an  ISIC  3-digit  industry  is  100%  if 
there is only one unique combination, otherwise the contribution of SITC xxx to ISIC yyy is equal to 
the percentage share calculated as the number of times the correspondence pair SITC xxx to ISIC yyy 
occurs of all correspondence pairs including SITC xxx. E.g., there are 4 occurrences of SITC-ISIC 231-
11 and 1 occurrence of SITC-ISIC 231-20. SITC 231 is thus included in 5 occurrences in total. 80% of 
exports in SITC 231 are then allocated to ISIC 11 and 20% of exports in SITC 231 to ISIC 20. 

The allocation of goods exports of SITC 3-digit product groups to ISIC 3-digit industries is shown in Annex D. 

For Kosovo and the benchmark countries goods exports are then calculated for each year from 2012 to 2020 
for each ISIC 3-digit industry, and goods export specialisation for each industry is calculated using Location 
Quotients. An industry has a current goods export specialisation if the degree of specialisation (LQ) is above 
1.5 for at least 7 out of 9 years from 2012 to 2020. An industry has an emerging goods export specialisation 
if  there  is  a  positive  and  significant  trend  in  the  degree  of  specialisation.  Trends  are  defined  as  the  ratio 
between the slope of a linear regression over the period 2012-2020 and the average value for the degree of 

8  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon 

49 

 
 
                                           
 
specialisation for the same years. The trend should be statistically significant, i.e. the adjusted R2 should be 
at least 0.70. 

Results for industries with a current and an emerging goods export specialisation are shown in Table 31. In 
total  10  industries  have  a  current  goods  export  specialisation  and  in  addition  12  more  industries  have  an 
emerging goods export specialisation. For many of the industries the average goods export share is small. Of 
the industries with a current goods export specialisation, 271 Manufacture of basic iron and steel accounts 
for more than 25% of total  goods exports, and 3 more industries each account for  more than 5% of total 
goods  exports.  In  all  12  industries  with  a  current  goods  export  specialisation,  average  degrees  of 
specialisation are high. These 12 industries together account for 48% of average 2012-2020 goods exports, 
showing  that  Kosovo’s  goods  exports  are  concentrated  in  a  relatively  small  number  of  industries.  For  2  of 
these industries there is also a positive and significant trend development in the degree of specialisation, for 
8 industries the trend is positive but not significant, and for 2 industries the trend is negative, including 271 
Manufacture of basic iron and steel. 

Of the 12 additional industries with an emerging goods export specialisation, export shares are above 1% for 
only  3  industries,  011  Growing  of  crops;  market  gardening;  horticulture,  252  Manufacture  of  plastics 
products, and 361 Manufacture of furniture. Of these industries, only 252 Manufacture of plastics products 
shows a high degree of specialisation. Trends are high for 020 Forestry, logging and related service activities, 
201 Sawmilling and planing of wood, 222 Printing and service activities related to printing, 252 Manufacture 
of plastics products and 361 Manufacture of furniture. 

For all industries shown in Table 31, we assume that these industries have an innovation potential as these 
industries are competitive on the international market. All industries combined account for almost two-thirds 
of average 2012-2020 goods exports. The lasts two columns in Table 31 show the corresponding NACE Rev. 
1.19 and NACE Rev. 2 2 codes10. 

Table 31 Industries with a current or emerging goods export specialisation 

ISIC Rev 3.1 industries 

Average 
2012-2020 
export share 

Average 
2012-2020 
degree 
of 
specialisation 

in 
Trend 
degree 
of 
specialisation 
= 
(* 
significant 
increase) 

Corresponding 
NACE  Rev.  1.1 
industries 

Corresponding 
full  or  partial 
NACE  Rev.  2 
industries 

Current specialisation 

101 Mining and agglomeration of hard coal 

102 Mining and agglomeration of lignite 

103 Extraction and agglomeration of peat 

132  Mining  of  non-ferrous  metal  ores,  except 
uranium and thorium ores 

142 Mining and quarrying n.e.c. 

155 Manufacture of beverages 

172 Manufacture of other textiles 

251 Manufacture of rubber products 

0.06% 

0.11% 

0.06% 

6.75% 

0.37% 

5.60% 

1.76% 

1.28% 

2.593 

4.413 

4.413 

8.631 

3.312 

6.610 

2.256 

5.649 

0.107 

0.125 

0.125 

0.031 

101 

102 

103 

132 

0.105 

143+144+145 

0.160* 

0.117* 

-0.168 

159 

175 

251 

051, 099, 192 

052, 099, 192 

089, 099, 192 

072, 099 

089,  099,  106, 
382 

110, 201 

139, 172, 331 

221,  325,  329, 
331 

271 Manufacture of basic iron and steel 

26.13% 

9.345 

-0.056 

271+272+273  241 

401  Production,  collection  and  distribution  of 
electricity 

Emerging specialisation 

011  Growing  of  crops;  market  gardening; 
horticulture 

020  Forestry, 
activities 

logging  and  related  service 

5.87% 

4.704 

0.085 

401 

351, 381 

2.64% 

0.247 

0.071* 

011 

0.37% 

1.105 

0.242* 

020 

011,  012,  013, 
016,  021,  023, 
104, 110 

012,  021,  022, 
023, 161 

9  https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/tables/ISIC/ISIC31_NACE11/ISIC31-NACE11.txt 
10 Using the NACE Rev 1.1. to NACE Rev. 2 correspondence table from Eurostat: 

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1965800/1978760/CORRESPONDENCETABLENACEREV.1.1-NACEREV.2.pdf/e8200936-c2f0-
4202-8bda-99fbbfc422b4 

50 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                           
ISIC Rev 3.1 industries 

Average 
2012-2020 
export share 

Average 
2012-2020 
degree 
of 
specialisation 

in 
Trend 
degree 
of 
specialisation 
(* 
= 
significant 
increase) 

Corresponding 
NACE  Rev.  1.1 
industries 

Corresponding 
full  or  partial 
NACE  Rev.  2 
industries 

050  Fishing,  operation  of  fish  hatcheries  and 
fish farms; service activities incidental to fishing 

201 Sawmilling and planing of wood 

202  Manufacture  of  products  of  wood,  cork, 
straw and plaiting materials 

0.03% 

0.14% 

0.85% 

210 Manufacture of paper and paper products 

0.90% 

222  Printing  and  service  activities  related  to 
printing 

241 Manufacture of basic chemicals 

0.08% 

0.54% 

0.070 

0.090 

1.212 

0.796 

0.535 

0.118 

0.187* 

0.210* 

0.091* 

0.172* 

0.238* 

0.161* 

252 Manufacture of plastics products 

7.28% 

2.244 

0.226* 

272  Manufacture  of  basic  precious  and  non-
ferrous metals 

0.77% 

293 Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c. 

0.50% 

0.156 

0.581 

0.121* 

0.107* 

361 Manufacture of furniture 

2.35% 

0.476 

0.248* 

Data source: Author’s elaboration based on data from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics 

050 

201 

202 

031, 032, 702 

161 

162 

211+212 

171, 172, 181 

222 

241 

252 

274 

297 

361 

172, 181, 581 

191, 201, 382 

222,  273,  329, 
331,  332,  412, 
433 

244, 259 

275, 282, 331 

282,  293,  301, 
302,  303,  310, 
952 

3.5 Industries with an economic and innovation potential for Kosovo 

The next step is to combine  the results for the mapping of the economic potential for Kosovo in Chapter 2 
with those for the mapping of the innovation potential in Chapter 3. The list of industries with an economic 
and innovation potential is biased towards industry as export data are only available for goods and not for 
services.  The  combined  analysis  suffers  from  a  lack  of  detailed  data  for  mapping  the  innovation  potential. 
Results  for  the  innovation  potential  are  at  best  available  for  a  limited  number  of  mostly  NACE  3-digit 
industries in Manufacturing using data on goods exports and for a limited number of NACE 2-digit industries 
using innovation data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. Results from the Balkan Business Barometer 
are too general as they are only available for NACE 1-digit industries. 

The  combined  results  in  Table  32  show  that  for  only  a  few  NACE  3-digit  industries  there  is  statistical 
evidence of both an economic and innovation potential: 

—  NACE 242 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel, 

—  NACE 259 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products, 

—  NACE 412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings, 

—  NACE 581 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities. 

This  list  of  industries  can  be  increased  by  adding  an  alternative  approach  where  industries  with  an  export 
potential  (as  identified  in  Table  31)  are  also  included  if  they  qualify  for  5  selection  criteria  used  for  the 
mapping  of  the  static  or  current  economic  potential  (cf.  Annex  A  for  detailed  results  for  these  selection 
criteria).  In  addition,  the  following  industries  would  then  have  both  an  economic  and  innovation  potential 
(these  industries  are  shown  in  italics  in  Table  32  and  with  a  different  colour  of  green  for  the  current 
economic potential): 

—  NACE 051 Mining of hard coal, 

—  NACE 106 Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products, 

—  NACE 241 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys, 

—  NACE 351 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution. 

51 

 
 
 
Table 32 Industries with an economic and innovation potential 

C MANUFACTURING 

051 Mining of hard coal 

102 Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs 

106 Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products 

203 Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard 

232 Manufacture of refractory products 

235 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 

236 Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster 

241 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys 

242 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel 

259 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 

264 Manufacture of consumer electronics 

325 Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies 

D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY 

351 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 

F CONSTRUCTION 

412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

421 Construction of roads and railways 

422 Construction of utility projects 

429 Construction of other civil engineering projects 

Current 
economic 
potential 

Emerging 
economic 
potential 

Innovation 
potential 

Balkan Barometer 

Goods exports 

Goods exports 

Exports 

Enterprise Survey 

Enterprise Survey 

Goods exports 

Balkan Barometer 

Goods exports 

G  WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  TRADE;  REPAIR  OF  MOTOR  VEHICLES  AND 
MOTORCYCLES 

Balkan Barometer 

Balkan Barometer 

Goods exports 

461 Wholesale on a fee or contract basis 

463 Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco 

464 Wholesale of household goods 

469 Non-specialised wholesale trade 

H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 

504 Inland freight water transport 

J INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 

581 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities 

582 Software publishing 

611 Wired telecommunications activities 

612 Wireless telecommunications activities 

619 Other telecommunications activities 

M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 

691 Legal activities 

743 Translation and interpretation activities 

N ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES 

822 Activities of call centres 

Data source: Author’s elaboration 

52 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
4 Mapping the scientific potential of Kosovo 

For  mapping  the  scientific  potential  of  Kosovo  different  data  sources  are  available  including  data  from 
Scopus and Web of Science.  

Scopus is a  database from Elsevier and “combines a comprehensive, expertly curated  abstract and citation 
database  with  enriched  data  and  linked  scholarly  literature  across  a  wide  variety  of  disciplines”11.  Scopus 
includes data for most countries but not for Kosovo. Krasniqi collected data from 2010 to 2019 for Kosovo 
by  manually  searching  for  the  number  of  publications  for  each  university,  research  institute  and  private 
college  registered  in  Kosovo.  Krasniqi  collected  data  for  27  subject  fields  (cf.  Table  33)  for  the  following 
types  of  scientific  documents:  articles,  book  chapters,  books,  conference  papers,  data  papers,  editorials, 
errata, letters, notes, reviews, and short surveys. 

For 2010-2019 the total number of Scopus publications for Kosovo is 3,320 or 1,850 publications per million 
population. Compared to the benchmark countries, Kosovo has the lowest number of publications and almost 
the  lowest  number  of  publications  per  million  population  (Table  33).  Most  publications  are  in  Medicine, 
Engineering,  Social  Sciences,  Agricultural  and  Biological  Sciences,  Mathematics,  and  Environmental  Science 
(Table 34). 

Table 33 Number of scientific publications in Kosovo, 2010-2019 

Number of scientific publications 

Number  of  scientific  publications  per 
million population 

Kosovo 

* Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Greece 

* Montenegro 

North Macedonia 

* Serbia 

Data source: Scopus 

3,320 

4,299 

10,566 

46,220 

67,545 

193,772 

3,884 

8,798 

75,645 

1,850 

1,506 

3,201 

6,626 

16,606 

18,082 

6,243 

4,423 

10,892 

Table 34 Scientific publications by subject field in Kosovo, 2010-2019 

%-
share 

14.9 

13.5 

6.6 

6.5 

6.4 

5.7 

5.7 

5.0 

4.6 

Medicine 

Engineering 

Social Sciences 

Computer Science 

and 

Biological 

Agricultural 
Sciences 

Mathematics 

Environmental Science 

Chemistry 

Biochemistry, 
Molecular Biology 

Genetics 

and 

Data source: Scopus 

%-
share 

Physics and Astronomy 

Materials Science 

Earth and Planetary Sciences 

Energy 

Pharmacology,  Toxicology  and 
Pharmaceutics 

Arts and Humanities 

Economics,  Econometrics  and 
Finance 

Chemical Engineering 

Business,  Management 
Accounting 

and 

4.2 

4.1 

3.2 

2.7 

2.4 

2.1 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

Health Professionals 

Dentistry 

Veterinary 

Immunology and Microbiology 

Psychology 

Neuroscience 

Multidisciplinary 

Decision Sciences 

Nursing 

%-
share 

1.1 

1.1 

1.0 

1.0 

0.8 

0.5 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

Web  of  Science  offers  bibliographical  access  to  a  curated  collection  of  over  21,000  peer-reviewed,  high-
quality  scholarly  journals  published  worldwide  (including  Open  Access  journals)  in  over  250  science,  social 
sciences, and humanities disciplines. Web of Science is currently maintained by Clarivate Analytics 12. The Web 

11   https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/scopus 
12   https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/solutions/web-of-science/ 

53 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                           
of  Science  schema  comprises  approximately  250  subject  areas  in  science,  social  sciences,  and  arts  & 
humanities.  Data  have  been  extracted  for  2012-2020  for  the  following  document  types:  articles,  notes  or 
reviews. Detailed results for 200 subject areas for which there has been at least one publication are included 
in Annex F. 

The total number of publications has been increasing over time (Figure 4) from 2 in 2012 to 341 in 2020. 
Given the low number of total publications in 2012-2014, these data will not be included in the analysis. 

Figure 4 Number of scientific publications in Kosovo, 2012 - 2020 

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

92

47

2

4

341

316

293

256

142

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Data source: Web of Science 

The  largest  subject  areas  (all  having  2014-2020  shares  above  2.5%)  include  Environmental  Sciences, 
Mathematics,  Economics,  Medicine  General  Internal,  Chemistry  Multidisciplinary,  Public  Environmental 
Occupational  Health,  and  Pharmacology  Pharmacy  (Table  34)  These  results  are  different  from  those  using 
Scopus  data  due  to  different  time  periods,  a  different  coverage  of  document  types,  and  a  much  more 
detailed breakdown for Web of Science publications. 

Comparing the results in Tables 34 and 35 does show that for both data sources there is empirical evidence 
that  Kosovo  is  publishing  intensely  in  areas  as  Economics,  Environmental  sciences,  Mathematics  and 
Medicine. 

Table 35 Science publications by subject area in Kosovo, 2014-2020 

Total 

Environmental Sciences 

Mathematics 

Economics 

Medicine General Internal 

Chemistry Multidisciplinary 

Public  Environmental  Occupational 
Health 

Pharmacology Pharmacy 

Mathematics Applied 

Dentistry Oral Surgery Medicine 

Law 

Multidisciplinary Sciences 

Infectious Diseases 

Humanities Multidisciplinary 

Surgery 

Medicine Research Experimental 

Physics Multidisciplinary 

2015-
2016 

2017-
2018 

234 

549 

2018-
2020 

657 

30 

13 

5 

3 

11 

9 

6 

5 

6 

4 

8 

5 

5 

9 

6 

9 

54 

32 

22 

20 

14 

11 

19 

12 

18 

13 

14 

12 

13 

5 

11 

8 

69 

39 

31 

25 

21 

21 

15 

18 

10 

17 

12 

12 

11 

13 

10 

10 

54 

2014-
2020 

1493 

153 

84 

58 

48 

46 

41 

40 

35 

34 

34 

34 

29 

29 

27 

27 

27 

2015-
2016 

2017-
2018 

2018-
2020 

2014-
2020 

12.8% 

5.6% 

2.1% 

1.3% 

4.7% 

9.8% 

5.8% 

4.0% 

3.6% 

2.6% 

10.5% 

10.2% 

5.9% 

4.7% 

3.8% 

3.2% 

5.6% 

3.9% 

3.2% 

3.1% 

3.8% 

2.0% 

3.2% 

2.7% 

2.6% 

2.1% 

2.6% 

1.7% 

3.4% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

3.8% 

2.6% 

3.8% 

3.5% 

2.2% 

3.3% 

2.4% 

2.6% 

2.2% 

2.4% 

0.9% 

2.0% 

1.5% 

2.3% 

2.7% 

1.5% 

2.6% 

1.8% 

1.8% 

1.7% 

2.0% 

1.5% 

1.5% 

2.7% 

2.3% 

2.3% 

2.3% 

2.3% 

1.9% 

1.9% 

1.8% 

1.8% 

1.8% 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total 

Chemistry Physical 

Engineering Electrical Electronic 

Psychiatry 

Biochemistry Molecular Biology 

Engineering Environmental 

Education Educational Research 

Area Studies 

Chemistry Analytical 

Sport Sciences 

Cardiac Cardiovascular Systems 

Chemistry Medicinal 

Management 

Food Science Technology 

Business 

Veterinary Sciences 

Materials Science Multidisciplinary 

History 

Computer 
Systems 

Science 

Information 

2015-
2016 

2017-
2018 

234 

549 

2018-
2020 

657 

2014-
2020 

1493 

2015-
2016 

2017-
2018 

2018-
2020 

2014-
2020 

3 

5 

2 

5 

3 

2 

5 

3 

6 

6 

5 

2 

1 

2 

5 

2 

2 

0 

6 

13 

5 

9 

7 

7 

9 

9 

10 

10 

5 

5 

12 

9 

5 

4 

6 

9 

16 

7 

18 

10 

14 

14 

8 

10 

6 

5 

11 

14 

7 

9 

10 

11 

8 

6 

25 

25 

25 

24 

24 

23 

22 

22 

22 

21 

21 

21 

20 

20 

20 

17 

16 

15 

1.3% 

2.1% 

0.9% 

2.1% 

1.3% 

0.9% 

2.1% 

1.3% 

2.6% 

2.6% 

2.1% 

0.9% 

0.4% 

0.9% 

2.1% 

0.9% 

0.9% 

1.1% 

2.4% 

0.9% 

1.6% 

1.3% 

1.3% 

1.6% 

1.6% 

1.8% 

1.8% 

0.9% 

0.9% 

2.2% 

1.6% 

0.9% 

0.7% 

1.1% 

2.4% 

1.1% 

2.7% 

1.5% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

1.2% 

1.5% 

0.9% 

0.8% 

1.7% 

2.1% 

1.1% 

1.4% 

1.5% 

1.7% 

1.2% 

1.7% 

1.7% 

1.7% 

1.6% 

1.6% 

1.5% 

1.5% 

1.5% 

1.5% 

1.4% 

1.4% 

1.4% 

1.3% 

1.3% 

1.3% 

1.1% 

1.1% 

0.0% 

1.6% 

0.9% 

1.0% 

(All subject areas with a publication share of at least 1% for 2014-2020) 

Data source: Web of Science 

55 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5  Conclusions and recommendations for future data analyses 

5.1 Summary of the methodology and main findings 

The  first  part  of  this  study  has  designed  a  quantitative  analysis  framework  to  assess  the  economic  and 
innovation  potential  of  Kosovo  compared  to  a  number  of  benchmark  countries,  including  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece and North Macedonia. The economic analysis uses statistical data for 
individual  economic  industries  provided  by  the  Kosovo  Agency  of  Statistics  on  a  number  of  enterprises, 
number of employees, turnover, wages and exports of goods. Industries with a current economic potential are 
established industries in which Kosovo is specialised – by having a relatively high degree of specialisation - 
compared  to  the  average  of  the  benchmark  countries.  These  industries  should  not  be  too  small  and  have 
relatively high levels of average wages, both compared to the average of Kosovo and to the average of the 
benchmark countries, contributing to the country’s overall economic well-being. The analysis has identified 9 
industries with a current economic potential: NACE 236 Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and 
plaster, NACE 412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings, NACE 421 Construction 
of  roads  and  railways,  NACE  461  Wholesale  on  a  fee  or  contract  basis,  NACE  463  Wholesale  of 
food,  beverages  and  tobacco,  NACE  581  Publishing  of  books,  periodicals  and  other  publishing 
activities, NACE 582 Software publishing, NACE 611 Wired telecommunications activities, and NACE 
619 Other telecommunications activities. 

The analysis could overlook industries in which Kosovo is not yet specialised, which are still small or where 
average wages are relatively low, but where there are clear signs of improvement over time – by having a 
significant upward trend over time in the different economic variables - which could turn these industries into 
industries  with  a  current  economic  potential  in  the  few  years’  time.  Thus,  the  analysis  has  identified  18 
industries  with  an  emerging  economic  potential:  NACE  102  Processing  and  preserving  of  fish, 
crustaceans and molluscs; NACE  203 Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard; NACE 232 
Manufacture of refractory products; NACE 235 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster; NACE 242 
Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel; NACE 259 Manufacture 
of  other  fabricated  metal  products;  NACE  264  Manufacture  of  consumer  electronics;  NACE  325 
Manufacture  of  medical  and  dental  instruments  and  supplies;  NACE  422  Construction  of  utility 
projects;  NACE  429  Construction  of  other  civil  engineering  projects;  NACE  464  Wholesale  of 
household  goods;  NACE  469  Non-specialised  wholesale  trade;  NACE  504  Inland  freight  water 
transport;  NACE  582  Software  publishing;  NACE  612  Wireless  telecommunications  activities;  NACE 
691 Legal activities; NACE 743 Translation and interpretation activities; and NACE 822 Activities of 
call centres. 

The report has used data on innovation activities from different editions of the Balkan Business Barometer 
and World Bank Enterprise Survey and on goods export performance to identify industries with an innovation 
potential. Based on the Balkan Business Barometer, 5 NACE 1-digit industries show high shares of innovation 
activities  in  product  and/or  process  innovation:  NACE  C  Manufacturing,  NACE  F  Construction,  NACE  G 
Wholesale  and  retail  trade;  repair  of  motor  vehicles  and  motorcycles,  NACE  I  Accommodation  and  food 
service activities, and NACE J Information and communication. Based on firm-level data from two editions of 
the World Bank Enterprise Survey, high shares of innovation activities have been identified for   NACE 
15 
Food,  NACE  17  Textiles,  NACE  24  Chemicals,  NACE  25  Plastics  and  rubber,  NACE28  Fabricated  metal 
products, NACE 36 Furniture, NACE 50 Services of motor vehicles, NACE 51 Wholesale, NACE 55 Hotels and 
restaurants, NACE 60-64 Transport, and NACE 72 IT. 

Based on an analysis of degrees of specialisation of goods’ exports, for a number of ISIC Rev 3.1 industries 
either a current specialisation13  or an emerging specialisation14 has been identified. 

13   ISIC  101  Mining  and  agglomeration  of  hard  coal,  ISIC  102  Mining  and  agglomeration  of  lignite,  ISIC  103  Extraction  and 
agglomeration of peat, ISIC 132 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores, except uranium and thorium ores, ISIC 142 Mining and quarrying 
n.e.c.,  ISIC  155  Manufacture  of  beverages,  ISIC  172  Manufacture  of  other  textiles,  ISIC  251  Manufacture  of  rubber  products,  ISIC 
271 Manufacture of basic iron and steel, ISIC 401 Production, collection and distribution of electricity 

14   ISIC 011 Growing of crops; market gardening; horticulture, ISIC 020 Forestry, logging and related service activities, ISIC 050 Fishing, 
operation of fish hatcheries and fish farms; service activities incidental to fishing, ISIC 201 Sawmilling and planning of wood, ISIC 
202 Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials, ISIC 210 Manufacture of paper and paper products, ISIC 
222 Printing and service activities related to printing, ISIC 241 Manufacture of basic chemicals, ISIC 252 Manufacture of plastics 
products, ISIC 272 Manufacture of basic precious and non-ferrous metals, ISIC 293 Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c., ISIC 
361 Manufacture of furniture 

56 

 
 
                                           
The  results  of  the  different  analyses  are  combined  in  a  final  integrated  assessment  of  the  economic  and 
innovation  potential  of  industries  in  Kosovo.  The  following  NACE  3-digit  industries  would  have  both  an 
economic and innovation potential: 

—  NACE 051 Mining of hard coal 

—  NACE 106 Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products 

—  NACE 241 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys 

—  NACE 242 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel 

—  NACE 259 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 

—  NACE 351 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 

—  NACE 412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

—  NACE 581 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities. 

5.2 Some recommendations on data   

For a proper analysis of the innovation potential at national and regional level, a survey comparable to the 
Community Innovation Survey (CIS) is recommended. The Community Innovation Survey (CIS)15 is a survey of 
innovation  activity  in  enterprises  used  by  most  European  countries  following  the  recommendations  for 
measuring innovation in the 2018 edition of the Oslo Manual 16. The survey sample should be large enough to 
allow for reliable and representative results for industries at the NACE 3-digit level for Kosovo. 

The  use  of  export  data  for  mapping  the  innovation  potential  of  industries  is  limited  to  those  industries 
(mainly) exporting goods as only data on goods exports are available. It is recommended to also collect data 
on  services  exports  as  these  can  be  used  for  mapping  the  innovation  potential  of  industries  (mainly) 
exporting services. 

The  United  Nations  “Manual  on  Statistics  of  International  Trade  in  Services  2020” 17  provides  guidelines  on 
how to compile and collect statistics of international trade in services. It is recommended to collect data for 
the following EBOPS 2010 (Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification 2010) classes or at least 
those not shown in italics: 

S  –  Services;  SA  -  Services:  Manufacturing  services  on  physical  inputs  owned  by  others;  SB  -  Services: 
Maintenance and repair services n.i.e.; SC - Services: Transport; SC1- Services: Sea transport; SC2 - Services: 
Air  transport;  SC3  -  Services:  Other  modes  of  transport;  SC4  -  Services:  Postal  and  courier  services;  SCA  - 
Services: All modes of transport; Passenger; SCB - Services: All modes of transport; Freight; SCC - Services: All 
modes of transport; Other than passenger and freight; SD - Services: Travel; SD1 - Services: Travel; Personal; 
SDZ - Services: Tourism-related services in travel and passenger transport; SE - Services: Construction; SE1 - 
Services: Construction abroad; SE2 - Services: Construction in the reporting economy; SF - Services: Insurance 
and pension services; SF1 - Services: Direct insurance; SF2 - Services: Reinsurance; SF3 - Services: Auxiliary 
insurance  services;  SF4  -  Services:  Pension  and  standardized  guarantee  services;  SG  -  Services:  Financial 
services;  SG1  -  Services:  Financial  services  explicitly  charged  and  other  financial  services;  SG2  -  Services: 
Financial  intermediation  services  indirectly  measured  (FISIM);  SH  -  Services:  Charges  for  the  use  of 
intellectual property n.i.e.; SH1 - Services: Franchises and trademarks licensing fees; SH2 - Services: Licences 
for the use of outcomes of research and development; SH3 - Services: Licences to reproduce and/or distribute 
computer software; SH4 - Services: Licences to reproduce and/or distribute audio-visual and related products; 
SI  -  Services:  Telecommunications,  computer,  and  information  services;  SI1  -  Services:  Telecommunications 
services; SI2 - Services: Computer services; SI3 - Services: Information services; SJ - Services: Other business 
services; SJ1 - Services: Research and development services; SJ2 - Services: Professional and management 
consulting  services;  SJ3  -  Services:  Technical,  trade-related,  and  other  business  services;  SK  -  Services: 
Personal, cultural, and recreational services; SK1 - Services: Audiovisual and related services; SK2 - Services: 
Personal,  cultural,  and  recreational  services  other  than  audiovisual  and  related  services;  SL  -  Services: 
Government goods and services n.i.e.; SL1 - Services: Embassies and consulates; SL2 - Services: Military units 
and agencies; SL3 - Services: Government goods and services n.i.e. other than embassies and consulates and 
military units and agencies; SOX - Services: Commercial services; SN - Services: Services not allocated. 

15   https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/inn_cis2_esms.htm 
16   https://www.oecd.org/science/oslo-manual-2018-9789264304604-en.htm 
17   http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/Seriesm/seriesM_86Rev1e.pdf 

57 

 
 
                                           
6 The qualitative analysis as a step of the S3 design process in Kosovo 

The  quantitative  analysis  provides  evidence  based  on  data.  In  the  previous  chapter  issues  related  to  data 
availability  have  been  reported.  Nonetheless,  there  are  some  aspects  relevant  to  the  Smart  Specialisation 
approach  that  cannot  easily  be  detected  by  using  only  a  quantitative  diagnosis.  These  aspects  concern  for 
example  the  potential  of  niches  or  cross-sector  areas  that  are  not  precisely  identified  by  product 
classifications such as NACE. Therefore, a qualitative analysis is preferred to observe innovation dynamics, if 
any, by delving deeper into the value chains or the horizontal sector collaborations, among others.  

On the basis of the results of the quantitative analysis and other quantitative contributions as well as official 
statistics, the Kosovo Government has considered as good candidates for Smart Specialisation the following 
sectors:  Information  and  Communication  Technologies  (ICT),  Food  Processing,  Creative  Industries,  Green 
Energy and Wood Processing Sector. 

Information and Communication Technologies  

ICT is one of the sectors with the highest growth rates in export of services, +16%during the period 2018-
2020, and +38% in 2021.18 ICT was also identified as having a great economic potential in the quantitative 
analysis. More specifically, emerging activities in Manufacture of consumer electronics (NACE 264), Wireless 
telecommunications  activities  (NACE  612),  Software  publishing  (NACE  582),  Wired  telecommunications 
activities (NACE 611) and Other telecommunications activities (NACE 619) have been detected to have a  a 
current economic potential. 

Food Processing Industry 

The  Processing  sector  overall  in  Kosovo,  in  2020  represented  13.4%19  of  GDP  and  had  a  positive  growth 
trend  over  the  years.  In  total  employment,  in  2020,  this  sector  participated  with  11.8%20  and  its  turnover 
increased by 8.4%.21  

Creative Industries 

Creative industries represent “those activities which  have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent 
and  which  have  the  potential  for  wealth  and  job  creation  through  the  generation  and  exploitation  of 
intellectual property.” 22 

Creative  industries  include  businesses  that  offer  mainly:  advertisement,  media  representation,  market 
research and  public opinion  polling, motion picture, video and television program activities, sound recording 
and  music  publishing  activities,  radio  broadcasting,  television  programming  and  broadcasting  activities, 
artistic  creation,  and  retail  sale  of  textiles  in  specialized  stores.  Based  on  the  quantitative  analysis  results, 
some  of  these  sub-sectors  passed  several  of  the  criteria  and  were  considered  sectors  with  economic 
potential, including employee size, employee specialization, and turnover size. 

Green Energy 

Energy consumption in Kosovo is highly dependent on fossil fuels, as electricity generation capacity is mainly 
from  coal-based  thermal  power  plants.  Based  on  the  Energy  Regulatory  Office,  thermal  power  plants 
comprise of 90.02% of the installed capacities or 87.36% of operating capacities, while the rest comes from 
renewable energy sources (hydropower  plants,  wind mills, photovoltaic panels).23 Nonetheless, in the recent 
years,  there  have  been  attempts  to  increase  energy  generation  through  renewable  sources  in  line  with  the 
targets set by the EU and the Energy Community and on creating the necessary conditions for investment, in 
line with the Acquis and the purpose of the EU, and the Energy Community. In the Economic Reform Program 
2022-2024,  Kosovo  is  including  measures  that  increase  energy  efficiency  and  contribute  to  achieving  the 
Sustainable  Development  Goal  for  Clean  and  Affordable  Energy,  as  well  as  towards  the  Green  Agenda  for 
Clean,  Affordable,  and  Secure  Energy  Supply.  The  renewable  energy  production  sector  is  seen  by  the 
government as a sector with high economic potential which will be supported with international funds as well.  

18 Source: Service Trade. Data 2021, Central Bank of Kosovo. Time Series 
19 Source: National Accounts. 2020. Kosovo Agency of Statistics. 
20 Labour Force Survey. 2020. Kosovo Agency of Statistics. 
21 Economic Reform Program 2022-2024. Ministry of Finance, Labour and Transfers 
22  UK  Department  of  Culture,  Media  and  Sport,  1998.  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/creative-industries-mapping-

documents-1998  

23 Source: Energy Regulatory Office https://www.ero-ks.org/zrre/en/pjesemarresit-ne-treg/energjia-elektrike/prodhimi?q=sq/pjesemarresit-

ne-treg/energjia-elektrike/prodhimi  

58 

 
 
                                           
Wood Processing Sector 

The Kosovo wood processing sector is considered in all competitiveness analyses including the USAID 
EMPOWER Sector Assessment and Selection Report of 2015, Analysis of the Wood Building Material Value 
Chain 2018, and Study of skills needs in the wood processing sector in Kosovo 2017. These analyses and the 
UNDP assessments for this subsector show that the wood sector in Kosovo has a great economic 
development potential.24 According to KIESA, this sector has been undertaking an increasing year-on-year 
trend with high turnover and high exports. Based on a Ministry of Trade and Industry’s report in 2019 the 
sector of “Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork” had an employment increase of 2.77% 
and a turnover increase of 17.36%. Furthermore, exports in the sector of “Manufacture of wood and wood 
products and cork”, in 2019, has increased by 41.94%, compared to the previous year. From total exports, 
40.54% are to EU countries is 40.54%, 24.49% to CEFTA countries, 33.89% to EFTA and other countries with 
1.08%25. 

Furthermore,  as  from  the  previous  quantitative  analysis    the  2019  Enterprise  Survey26  identifies  the  wood 
sector in Kosovo as one of the sectors introduced at least one type of innovation.  

6.1 Methodological framework for qualitative insights 

The qualitative analysis has been done using:  

—  Online Survey; and 

— 

In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) 

Both data collection activities were carried out directly by a local expert, who was also responsible for the list 
of stakeholders, drafting the questionnaires, and running the interviews.  

The online survey was run between December 2021 and January 2022.  

The  main  research  objective  was  to  measure  stakeholders’  perceptions  on  the  developments  of  their 
respective  sectors,  innovation  potential,  challenges,  growth  prospects,  cooperation  with  other  sectors, 
pandemics impact and so on. 

The methodology and its application were developed over a cooperative effort between the government, the 
expert and JRC, and according to the following steps:  

— 

Identification of the scope of the activity, research questions, and target stakeholder groups 

—  Design of the questionnaires per each category of stakeholder;  

—  Definition of the criteria for the sample of interviewees and selection of the same one; 

— 

Interviews and data collection;  

—  Preliminary Result Tables, and 

—  Survey report 

The Albanian language was established as the working language for the questionnaire preparation as well as  
response collection. 

IDIs  were  used  to  provide  more  detailed  information  on  main  challenges  for  the  selected  priority  sectors, 
presenting  strengths  and  weaknesses,  specific  features  of  value  chains,  current  competitive  advantages, 
relevant  technologies  and  competences,  and  opportunities  for  innovation  potential.  These    were  conducted 
with  relevant  stakeholders  from  the  business  community,  academia  and  research  institutions,  government 
and related agencies, and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), belonging to the selected domains and oriented 
to bring out main features of the sector they belong to. The main purpose of the interviews was to focus on 
the same topics addressed with the online survey, but at a deeper level of detail, including a representation 
of stakeholder’s outlook on future trends.  

24 KIESA, REPORT 2019 - SECTOR C - MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 
25 Report-Manufacturing industry, 2019. Ministry of Trade and Industry of Kosovo 
26 https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/country/Kosovo-2019.pdf  

59 

 
 
 
                                           
6.2 Implementing the qualitative approach: data collection 

The Survey 

The  survey  has  been  addressed  to  stakeholders  operating  in  the  five  identified  preliminary  priority  sectors 
leading  to  the  definition  of  four  different  questionnaires,  one  for  each  stakeholder  category  (Businesses, 
Academia-Research, CSOs and Government).  

The survey was designed in the Kobo Toolbox platform with relevant links for five preliminary sectors. In total 
there were 8 different links  directed to different  stakeholder  categories. The questionnaire was then  coded 
into the platform on the 2nd of December 2022.  

The  sources  of  the  email  addresses  for  businesses  were  obtained  mainly  from  Kosovo  Business  Registry 
Agency, whereas the email addresses for the Government were provided by the Strategic Office in the Prime 
Minister Office. For academia and CSO representatives, email contacts were found on university websites and 
respective CSO websites.   

The  Government  was  indirectly  involved  in  the  launch  and  promotion  of  the  survey.  Reminders  for 
participating in the survey were done continuously by the expert in order to increase the response rate.  

Some difficulties have risen during the survey launching process. A number of emails were returned back due 
to technical difficulties because of incorrect email addresses. Many emails couldn’t be delivered at the same 
time because the maximum daily limit of sent emails was reached.  At the end of the survey process, a total 
of 266  responses were  submitted reaching an overall response rate of  9%,  showing  that the instrument is 
not optimal and that needs to be integrated with further analysis. 

Table 36 shows the total number of respondents per each sector.  

Table 36 Survey Response Rate 

The sector 

Creative industry 
Energy sector 
Wood processing 

Agro-processing 
ICT 
Academia 
CSO 
Government 
Total 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

In-Depth Interviews 

Number of Responses 

Response Rates 

23 
13 
22 

26 
32 
108 
12 
30 
266 

4.5% 
31.0% 
7.2% 

10.5% 
5.8% 
8.5% 
19.7% 
28.0% 
9.0% 

The interview process began on the 25th of January 2022 and ended on the 7th of April 2022. 

A list of relevant  stakeholders per each priority sector was created  

Interviews were conducted in a structured manner following the questions presented in each interview form. 
Interviews were transcribed directly and then translated to English. A total of 77 interviews have been held 
using  a  combination  of  face-to-face  meetings  and  virtual  meetings.  On  average,  the  length  of  interviews 
variated between 35 and50 minutes.  

As  per  methodological  requirements,  the  majority  of  interviews  (>50%)  within  each  sector  were  conducted 
with  business  representatives.  In  all  cases,  interviews  were  held  with  CEO’s  or  high  level  managers  of  the 
companies.  

60 

 
 
 
Table 37 In-depth Interview Respondents 

Sector 

ICT 

Green Energy 

Wood Processing 

Creative Industries 

Food Processing 

Total 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

Businesses 

Academia 

Government 

Other 

Total  

9 

9 

9 

10 

8 

45 

4 

0 

2 

3 

1 

10 

3 

3 

2 

1 

0 

9 

3 

3 

1 

1 

5 

13 

19 

15 

14 

15 

14 

77 

61 

 
 
 
7 The results of the qualitative analysis 

7.1 Information and Communication Technology 

Based  on  2020  national  accounts,  services  related  to  information  and  communication,  and  professional 
activities consist of 4.0% of Gross Value Added.27 According to an ICT study conducted by PWC 28, this sector 
is characterized by a positive trade balance and around 78% of the existing companies export their services.  
Based  on  this,  as  well  as  on  the  availability  of  skilled  labour  in  the  sector,  the  Government  of  Kosovo  has 
been   working to make Kosovo  as a regional hub for information technology related products and services. 

The ICT sector has started to play a more and more important  role in Kosovo’s economic growth, as stressed 
in  the  Kosovo  IT  Strategy.29.  According  to  Open  Data  Kosovo 30,  by  the  end  of  2018,  there  were  7,762 
businesses  registered  in  the  ICT  sector,  whereby  the  majority  of  them,  around  88%,  were  Kosovo-owned, 
around 3% were in equal partnership with foreign partners; and around 8% were foreign-owned (Figure 5).  

Figure 5 Number of ICT companies per year, 2008-2018 

1187

1086

923

982

741

413

429

437

543

541

477

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Source: Open Data Kosovo 

In  the  in-depth  interview  process,  nine  companies,  four  academia  representatives,  three  government 
representatives and three CSO representatives were interviewed. In the survey process, there were thirty-two 
ICT  business  representative  respondents,  coupled  with  additional  academia  and  other  stakeholders  whose 
background was more related to the ICT sector.  

As per the qualitative mapping report and research sample, ICT sector consisted of: 

—  Software development/publishing (58.2) 
—  Telecommunications (61) 
—  Computer programming activities (62.01) 
—  Computer consultancy activities (62.02) 
—  Computer facilities management activities (62.03) 
—  Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals (63.1) 
—  Web Portals (63.12) 
—  Repair of computers and communication equipment (95.1) 
—  Manufacture of electronic components and boards (26.1) 
—  Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment (26.2) 

(2018). 

27  National Accounts. Kosovo Agency of Statistics. GDP Structure by activities 2020. 
28  PWC 
ICT  Sector  Study  North  Macedonia,  Albania,  Kosovo.  https://www.netherlandsworldwide.nl/binaries/en-
nederlandwereldwijd/documenten/publications/2019/04/10/ict-wb/ICT+Sector+Study+-+Albania%2C+Kosovo+and+North+Macedonia.pdf  
29 https://stikk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Kosovo_IT_Strategy_V01-00_29-06-2016.pdf 
30 The Future Workplace in the Kosovo ICT Market. (2021). Open Data Kosovo. https://opendatakosovo.org/portfolio/the-future-workplace-
in-the-kosovo-ict-market/  

62 

 
 
  
 
                                           
—  Manufacture of communication equipment (26.3) 
—  Manufacture of consumer electronics (26.4) 
—  Manufacture of magnetic and optical media (26.8) 
—  Wholesale of information and communication equipment (45.6) 
—  Publishing of Computer Games (58.21) 

The  companies  interviewed  and  surveyed  operated  mainly  in  a)  software  development/publishing;  b) 
computer programming activities; c) computer consultancy services; d) data processing, hosting, and related 
activities; and e) web portals. 

These  sub-sectors  within  the  ICT  sector  have  been  identified  as  relevant  also    from  STIKK-  Kosovo  ICT 
Association in the 2020 IT Barometer research report, whereby it has been identified that the most popular 
horizontal  markets  in  the  ICT  sector  are  related  to  Custom  Development  /  Outsourcing,  followed  by  IT 
Consulting, Web design development, Mobile Solutions, E-commerce, Software Quality Assurance etc.31 

Based  on  both  survey  and  in-depth-interviews,  the  main  factors  providing  the  sector  with  competitive 
advantage  are  export  capacity  and  human  resources.  Companies    are  strongly  export-oriented  within  the 
regional market,  and to the EU, and  to a  lesser extent to the US market. 

Around 77% of the companies interviewed sell their products on both the domestic and international market, 
with the latter one prevailing. 23% of the sample interviewed provides  either the domestic or international 
market. Similar findings  came also  from the   the survey  , where only  21.9 % of the  respondents operated 
only domestically, while for the rest, the international market dominated as a percentage to total sales.  

According to stakeholders, in terms of emerging technologies, products, or global market opportunities that 
are  promising  for  Kosovo’s  economy  in  the  upcoming  decade,  Artificial  Intelligence,  machine  learning,  and 
automation are identified as the main opportunities. 

The  stakeholders  assess  their  companies  as  being  innovative  due  to  different  products/services  that  have 
been  developed.  They  identify  the  insufficient  access  to  finance  for  R&D  purposes  as    among  the  main  
bottlenecks impeding a better innovation performance. The lack of finance for R&D purposes has also been 
identified as a challenge in the Kosovo IT Barometer study in 2020.32  

The  interviews  reveal  the  important  role  of  the  numerous  innovation  networks  and  clusters  existing  in 
Kosovo,  which  include  leading  innovative  companies.  This  was  stressed  also    by  stakeholders  from  other 
sectors consulted with both the survey and in-depth interview answers. Namely, stakeholders from the Green 
Energy, Food Processing, Wood Processing and Creative Industries suggest that innovation clusters in Kosovo 
are present mainly in the ICT sector. 

Stakeholders  from  the  Academia,  CSOs  and  Government  both  in  the  survey  and  in-depth  interviews  report 
that the sector with the highest potential for R&D and innovation out of the five preliminary sectors, is ICT. 
Main reasons for this include quality workforce and export orientation. 

According to the business stakeholders, the national current research and innovation priorities and available  
resources in support to the sector  do not match the real  needs  R&D, according to the interviews, is not yet 
seen  as  a  priority  and  further  support  is  needed  particularly  since  it  is  stated  that  it  is  not  easy  to  pursue 
innovative ideas in Kosovo due to financial limitations and lack of places/labs to test innovative ideas. This 
view  is  shared  by  representatives  of  academia,  CSOs  and  government,  both  in  the  in-depth  interviews  and 
survey results. The stakeholders also point out that the fact that Kosovo is not a fully recognized country and 
is not part of numerous international platforms is a deterrent to R&D potential.   

All  stakeholders    point  out  that  the  science/knowledge  sector  cooperation    is  good  but  limited  to  student 
placements  opportunities.  Business  stakeholders  believe  that  the  qualifications  attained  in  universities  are 
not enough and the new graduates still have to go through training programs, in order to be prepared for the 
job,  since technology is advancing and universities are lagging  behind. Academia’s  stakeholders also stress 
issues related to not updated curricula. The industry faces a deficit of highly skilled ICT professionals, which 

31 Kosovo IT Barometer (2020). https://stikk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/IT-Barometri-2020.pdf  
32 Ibid 

63 

 
 
                                           
is  linked  to  the  gap  between  the  skills  developed  by  the  education  system  and  those  needed  by  the  labor 
market.  In  terms  of  joint  research  infrastructure,  technology  transfer,  research  labs  and  so  on,  cooperation 
and opportunities are very limited. 

The  stakeholders  identify  brain  drain  as  a  potential  upcoming  challenge  considering  that  the  highly  skilled 
specialized profiles may leave the workforce to go to European or US markets. According to them, the sector 
growth potential is highly dependent on qualified human resources and there is a need for a higher number 
of ICT professionals.  

In  terms  of  value  chain,  based  on  the  survey  and  interviews,  the  following  value  added  operations  mostly 
take  place  in  Kosovo,  within  the  company:  a)  Technological  development  component  b)  Operations.  The 
interviewees  suggest  that  most  of  the  ICT  companies  do  not  create  full  value  chains  or  have  short  value 
chains since they only participate in the production of some elements of the final software solutions. This can 
be  explained  with  the  fact  that  most  ICT  companies  are  contracted  by  international  ICT  companies  to 
complete parts of products. 

In terms of horizontal cooperation, the survey and interview results suggest that cooperation with companies 
within  the  ICT  sector  is  beneficial  and  would  contribute  to  a  higher  competitive  advantage  of  the  sector 
overall.  Cooperation  with  other  sectors,  according  to  the  stakeholders,  would  contribute  mainly  to  higher 
digitalization levels in those sectors. The two sectors highlighted in terms of cooperation, both in the survey 
and in-depth interviews are Creative Industries and Banking sector. 

At  a  time  of  COVID-19  crisis,  the  ICT  sector  demonstrated  strong  flexibility  as  stakeholders  in  the  sector 
quickly adapted to working from home. On the contrary, the usage of digital technology in all sectors in the 
newly  created  had  a  positive  impact  for  the  ICT  companies  interviewed  and  surveyed.  In  2020,  during  the 
peak of pandemics, most companies had a positive effect in their performance results. 

Considering the wide area of the ICT sector, based on systematized data obtained from a number of sources 
(conducted interviews,  survey responses, in-depth  sectoral analysis, etc.), the following  sub-areas are to be 
stressed: 

1.  Software Development; and 
2.  Computer Programming Activities  

A  third  potential  area  would  be  related  to  advanced  ICT  services  including  the  emerging  technologies 
identified  by  stakeholders  such  as  Artificial  Intelligence,  machine  learning,  and  automation.  However,  these 
need to be further elaborated in the EDP process. 

According to the interviews, outsourcing is currently dominating, but many companies are focusing on their 
specialisation related to custom software development in the following industries: e-solutions for production 
processes and services, health, banking, e-commerce, etc. As part of the digital transformation process taking 
place in many industries, almost all sectors are considered to be ICT target markets.  

ICT  as  a  potential  priority  for  Smart  Specialisation  could  be  a  valuable  sector  in  terms  of  horizontal 
integration  with  other  sectors,  in  particular  by  helping  with  the  digital  transformation,  especially  due  to  a 
rapid growth (post-pandemic) for e-services in the business and public sector, trade (e-commerce), education 
(e-education), etc.  

Table 38 Summary of Findings for the ICT sector 

Topic 

Main Findings 

Competitive Advantage 

●  Export orientation and export opportunities 

●  Competitive Workforce in terms of cost of labor 

64 

 
 
 
Value Chain 

●  Large part of the sector is related to outsourcing of services 

●  Most  of  the  ICT  companies  do  not  create  full  value  chains  or  have  short 
value  chains  since  they  only  participate  in  the  production  of  some 
elements of the final software solutions. 

Upcoming Challenges 

●  Education Quality – unsatisfactory level of  skills and  knowledge obtained 

in the higher level education system; 

● 

 Brain  Drain  syndrome  –  emigration  of  highly  specialized  profiles  to 
developed economies. 

●  Low cooperation between academia and the private sector in the process 

of building capacities  

Innovation Dynamics 

● 

Innovative  individual  companies  reflected  by  different  products/services 
developed 

●  Lack  of  joint  research  infrastructure,  technology  transfer,  and  research 

labs 

●  Low cooperation with academia in terms of research 

● 

Insufficient access to finance for R&D purposes  

●  Limitations stemming from the fact that Kosovo is not a fully recognized 
country,  making  it  hard  for  the  ICT  sector  to  fully  take  advantage  of 
innovation potential or create international partnerships 

COVID-19 Impact 

●  The sector hasn’t been affected by the impact of the pandemic 

●  Most companies had a positive effect in their performance results. 

Horizontal  Cooperation 
Areas 

●  Cooperation within the ICT sector would contribute to a higher competitive 

advantage of the sector overall.  

●  Cooperation  with  other  sectors,  according  to  the  stakeholders,  would 
contribute mainly to higher digitalization levels in those sectors, especially 
beneficial with the Creative Industries and Banking sector. 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

7.2 Creative Industries 

The creative industries sector considered for the analysis consisted of:  

●  Advertising (NACE 73.11)  
●  Media representation (NACE 73.12) 
●  Market research and public opinion polling (NACE 73.2)  
●  Motion picture, video and television programme activities (NACE 59.1)  
●  Sound recording and music publishing activities (NACE 59.2) 
●  Radio broadcasting (NACE 60.1)  
●  Television programming and broadcasting activities (NACE 60.2) 
●  Artistic creation (NACE 90.03) 

Based  on  the  survey  and  in-depth  interview  process,  the  respondents  belonged  mainly  in  the  advertising, 
artistic creation, and market research/public polling sub-sectors.  

In  the  in-depth  interview  process,  ten  companies,  three  academia  representatives,  one  government 
representative  and  one  CSO  representative  were  part  of  the  process.  In  the  survey  process,  there  were 

65 

 
 
twenty-three business representative respondents, coupled with additional academia and other stakeholders 
whose background was more related to the sector.  

Based  on  both  surveys  and  in-depth-interviews,  the  main  factors  providing  the  sector  with  competitive 
advantage were export capacity and human resources. The respondents rate this sector as strong and with 
high competitive advance in the external market due mainly to lower comparative costs. The results suggest 
that  the  companies  operating  in  the  sector  are  very  export-oriented  and  a  large  share  of  their  services  is 
destined for exports, mainly destined to Europe, especially the UK, and the US. 

According to stakeholders, in terms of emerging technologies, products, or global market opportunities that 
are  promising  for  Kosovo’s  economy  in  the  upcoming  decade,  new  digital  frontiers  such  as  Block  Chain, 
Virtual Reality, and Artificial Intelligence are identified as the main opportunities. 

Stakeholders  assess  their  companies  as  being  innovative  mostly  in  the  use  of  new  technology  and  in  the 
offer  of  innovative  services.  Insufficient  access  to  finance  is  again  a  main  challenge.  In  particular, 
respondents  point  out  companies  mainly  own  digital  assets,  which  are  not  counted  as  collateral  by  banks, 
limiting their borrowing capacities. While other issues are related to Kosovo not having fully functional online 
payment services and lack of collaboration with R&D partners and other sectors.  

Other  challenges  are:    R&D  is  not  yet  a  priority  ,    technical  issues  such  as  international  platforms  not 
recognizing Kosovo (i.e. including here.), and the lack of  investments in the sector, either public or private.. 

Stakeholders  also  stress    that  the  science/knowledge  sector  cooperation  with  their  secor  is  limited.  
Universities  qualifications  are  not  adequate,  and  the  new  graduates  still  have  to  go  through  training 
programs,  in  order  to  be  prepared  for  the  job.  The  respondents  state  that  qualified  workforce  will  be  an 
upcoming  challenge  due  to  two  main  reasons:  difficulties  in  attracting  qualified  workforce  due  to  foreign 
competition,  and  the  need  for  ongoing  training  in  order  to  keep  up  with  the  fast  moving  technological 
changes. 

In terms of horizontal cooperation, the survey and interview results suggest that higher business cooperation 
within the sector would be beneficial.  

COVID-19  impact  seemed    to  be  moderate  and  highly  dependent  on  the  type  of  market.  For  stakeholders 
operating  mainly  in  the  domestic  market,    sales  were  negatively  affected  whereas    for  the  most 
internationalized , the impact was positive due to a higher demand of  services. 

Table 39 Summary of Findings for Creative Industries 

Topic 

Main Findings 

Competitive Advantage 

●  Export orientation and export opportunities 
●  Competitive Workforce in terms of cost of labor 

Value Chain 

Upcoming challenges 

●  Creative  industry,  mostly  advertising/marketing  firms  are  mainly 
operating  in  the  provision  of  outsourced  services  mainly  to  European 
countries, UK with a high emphasis. 

●  There was limited information about the value chain of this area by the 
interviewed  stakeholders,  so  more  attention  needs  to  be  paid  to  this 
question in the EDP in order to identify the missing parts of the value 
chain that should be supported. 

●  Lack  of  qualified  human  resources  linked  to  the  gap  between  skills 
obtained in the education system and those needed in the labor market 
Insufficient access to finance- mainly since digital assets are not being 
counted as collateral by banks, limiting borrowing capacities 

● 

●  No fully functional online payment services 

66 

 
 
Innovation Dynamics 

Innovative individual companies reflected by different services offered 

● 
●  Low cooperation with academia 
● 
●  R&D not yet a priority or focus 
●  Technical issues such as international platforms not recognizing Kosovo 

Insufficient access to finance for R&D purposes  

● 

including here PayPal, Google Analytics, AdScale, etc.  
Insufficient  investments  either  public  or  private  to  complement  their 
own resources. 

COVID-19 Impact 

●  The sector was moderately affected by the pandemic 
●  The  impact  was  mainly  negative  for  the  companies  whose  operations 

were mainly domestic 

Horizontal 
Areas 

Cooperation 

●  Cooperation  with  the  ICT  sector  would  contribute  to  a  higher 

competitive advantage of the sector.  

●  Cooperation with other sectors, would be to offer services to them and 

mainly in terms of B2B cooperation 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

7.3 Food Processing  

Food  processing  in  Kosovo  is  considered  a  sector  with  significant  growth  potential,  both  domestically  and 
externally.  According  to  a  USAID  report  on  sectoral  assessment,  food  processing  is  one  of  the  biggest 
manufacturing  sectors  in  Kosovo,  and  the  third  largest  exporter.33  According  to  the  Central  Bank  (CBK)’s 
statistics on external trade, exports of prepared foodstuff and fats/edible oils have been around 8% of total 
exports of goods in 2021.  

In the qualitative mapping sample, the following sub-sectors have been identified: 

●  Processing and preserving of meat and production of meat products (NACE 10.1) 
 Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs (NACE 10.2) 
● 
 Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables (NACE 10.3) 
● 
●  Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats (NACE 10.4) 
●  Manufacture of dairy products (NACE 10.5) 
●  Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products (NACE 10.6) 
●  Manufacture of bakery and farinaceous products (NACE 10.7)  
●  Manufacture of sugar (NACE 10.8)  
●  Processing of tea and coffee (NACE 10.84) 
●  Manufacture of prepared animal feeds (NACE 10.9) 
●  Manufacture of beverages (NACE 11.0) 

Based on the survey and in-depth interview process, the respondents belonged mainly to the subsectors of 
dairy products, manufacturing of vegetable and animal oils and fats, and manufacturing of beverages. 

In  the  in-depth  interview  process,  eight  companies,  one  academia  representative,  and  five  CSO 
representatives  were  involved.  In  the  survey  process,  there  were  twenty-six  Food  Processing  representative 
respondents, and additional academia and other stakeholders. 

According to the stakeholders interviewed there is still room for this sector to be further developed since it 
produces essential goods that are always whose demand is high.  

33 SECTOR ASSESSMENTS. Wood Processing, Information and Communications Technology, and Food Processing USAID Kosovo Compete 
Activity. 2021. 

67 

 
 
                                           
According to stakeholders, in terms of emerging technologies, products, or global market opportunities that 
are promising for Kosovo’s economy in the upcoming decade, new and technologically advanced production 
machinery would offer a competitive advantage. 

The  stakeholders  assess  their  companies  can  be  considered  as  innovative  mostly  for  the  use  of  new 
technology in the production process. In this regard, it is also identified that challenges and bottlenecks that 
impede a better  performance are related to insufficient access to finance and limited possibility of traveling 
due  to  Kosovo  not  being  fully  recognized  and  not  having  visa  liberalization.  In  particular,  the  respondents 
point out to the fact that travel difficulties hinder their ability to participate in fairs and other events which 
would allow them to take advantage of innovation potential or create business partnerships.  

The  respondents  state  that  there  are  no  sufficient  investments,  neither  public  nor  private,  to  complement 
their own resources. When it comes to the research and innovation priorities and available public resources, 
interviews  suggest  that  these  priorities  do  not  satisfy  sectoral  needs,  also  because  there  are  no  sufficient 
diagnosis  studies  and  analysis  of  the  sector.    Implementing  innovative  ideas  is  not  as  easy  as  companies  
have to rely on their own finances to do so.   

The  stakeholders  point  out  that  the  science/knowledge  cooperation  is  moderate,  and  universities 
qualifications  often  not    to  face  the  job  market,  which  requires  additional  training    programs  and  more 
professional preparation.    

In terms of horizontal cooperation, the surveys and interviews suggest that cooperation with the ICT, Creative 
Industries, and Green Energy sector, would be advantageous, contributing to higher digitalization of processes 
and marketing of the products.  

COVID-19  impact  is  reported  to  have  significantly  affected  the  sector,  positively  in  some  cases,  very 
negatively in some others. For some of the stakeholders, the pandemic resulted in a higher demand for their 
healthy  and  organic  products  while  for  others  transportation  disruptions,  lockdown  and  infection  rates 
amongst employees, led to an overall negative impact.   

Table 40 Summary of Findings in Food Processing Industry 

Topic 

Main Findings 

Competitive Advantage 

Value Chain 

Upcoming Challenges 

●  High demand for essential products 

●  The  largest  part  of  the  sector  is  oriented  to  the  domestic 

market, organized in small companies 

●  The  main  stage  of  the  value  chain  in  which  most  companies 
operate  is:  Operations  (production  activity  of  goods  and 
services,  transformation  from  raw  material  into  a  finished 
product).  

●  Some  of  the  companies  also  engage  in  distribution  activities 

and marketing/sale activities 

●  Lack of qualified human resources resulting in a high need for 

in-job training.  
Insufficient access to finance 

● 
●  Shortage  of  raw  materials,  particularly  milk  in  the  dairy 

manufacturing industry 

Innovation Dynamics 

● 

Innovative 
technology usage during production process 

companies 

individual 

reflected  by  different 

●  Moderate cooperation with academia 
● 

Insufficient access to finance for R&D purposes  

68 

 
 
●  Travel  issues  hinder  participation  in  international  fairs,  thus 

impeding partnerships 

●  No sufficient investments either public or private to complement 

their own resources 

●  The sector was significantly affected by the pandemic 
●  The 

the  companies  whose 
transportation was disrupted and the production process halted 
due to social distancing measures. 

impact  was  negative 

for 

●  Cooperation  with  the  ICT,  Creative  Industries,  and  Renewable 
Energy  sector  would  contribute  to  a  higher  competitive 
advantage of the sector.  

COVID-19 Impact 

Horizontal Cooperation Areas 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

7.4 Wood Processing  

The wood processing industry in Kosovo is an important and prioritized economic sector. Based on the USAID 
Compete  Activity  Sectorial  Report,  the  wood  industry’s  competitiveness  has  improved  due  to  the  growing 
adoption  of  modern  production  technologies.  Based  on  this  report  it  is  estimated  that  wood  processors  in 
Kosovo  invested  close  to  €30  million  in  technology  adoption  over  the  past  five  years.34  This  technological 
advancement  has  been  complemented  with  an  increasing  number  of  companies  operating  in  the  sector, 
leading to higher employment, and higher exports.  

According to the Compete Activity Sectorial Report, due to price competitiveness, Kosovo’s exports of wood 
products to Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, and the Scandinavian countries have increased at an estimated 
Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 31.9% over the period 2015 – 2019. in the period 2015 – 2019.  

The wood processing sector comprises a large number of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with 
an increasing number of medium-sized firms.  

The growth of the sector  and  in particular, the increasing export trend  activities are  mainly due to  a) the 
proximity to the EU market and b) the diaspora which is heavily engaged in the construction sector in the EU.  
The  latter  positively  influences  the  industry  as  it  enables  a  higher  collaboration  between  Kosovo 
businessesabroad and Kosovo businesses in Kosovo.  

In the qualitative mapping sample design, the following sub-sectors have been identified as relevant: 

—  Manufacture of veneer sheets and wood-based panels (NACE 16.21) 
—  Manufacture of assembled parquet floors (NACE 16.22) 
—  Manufacture of other builders' carpentry and joinery (NACE 16.23) 
—  Manufacture of wooden containers (NACE 16.24) 
—  Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork, straw and plaiting materials 

(NACE 16.29) 

—  Manufacture of furniture (NACE 31.0) 
—  Manufacture of office and shop furniture (NACE 31.01) 
—  Manufacture of kitchen furniture (NACE 31.02) 

In  the  in-depth  interview  process,  nine  companies,  two  government  representatives,  two  academia 
representatives and one CSO representative was interviewed.  In the  survey  process, there were twenty-two 
Wood  Processing  representative  respondents,  coupled  with  additional  academia  and  other  stakeholders 
whose background was more related to the sector.  

34 SECTOR ASSESSMENTS. Wood Processing, Information and Communications Technology, and Food Processing USAID Kosovo Compete 
Activity. 2021. 

69 

 
 
                                           
Based  on  the  survey  and  in-depth  interview  process,  the  respondents  belonged  mainly  in  the  a) 
manufacturing of furniture and b) manufacturing of kitchen furniture. 

The  stakeholders  considered  this  sector  to  be  very  strong  mainly  because  of  its  export  capacity,  low 
production  cost,  and  innovation  potential.  The  view  was  also  supported  by  the  academia,  government  and 
CSO representatives. The respondents assess that their companies are export oriented mainly toward other 
Western Balkan countries and the EU , in particular Germany and Switzerland. 

Challenges  relate  mainly  to  the  lack  of  specialized  workforce  and  a  general  availability  of  low  quality 
workforce, in particular due to possible migration. 

According to stakeholders, in terms of emerging technologies, products, or global market opportunities that 
are promising for Kosovo’s economy in the upcoming decade, new and technologically advanced production 
machinery would offer a competitive advantage combined with process digitalization/automation. 

Interviewees  assess  their  companies  as  being  innovative  mostly  in  the  use  of  new  technology  in  the 
production  process  and  in  the  development  of  innovative  designs.  Again,  as  in  previous  sectors  considered, 
bottlenecks are strongly related to insufficient access to finance.  

Investments  are  reported  to  be  insufficient  for  the  sector  and  support  from  the  public  sector  is  limited.  In 
terms of R&D and innovation priorities, the respondents suggest that the sectoral needs do not correspond 
with the priorities and support resources in the country. According to stakeholders, R&D is still not seen as a 
priority and efforts are sufficient in that regards especially in terms of finances for that purpose. The sector 
believes that lack of innovation comes mainly due to the fact that when pursuing innovative ideas, they have 
to rely only on their own finances to do so..  

The  stakeholders  point  out  that  the  science/knowledge  cooperation  with  their  sector  is  moderate.    On  that 
note,  they  report  that  the  only  form  of  cooperation  is  by  providing  students  with  internship  opportunities; 
while,  there  is  no  cooperation  in  joint  research  infrastructure,  technology  transfer  centres,  and  research 
laboratories. This view is shared by academia representatives in the in-depth interview process as well. The 
survey and interview results  argue that the qualifications attained in universities are not sufficient and the 
new graduates still have to go through training programs, in order to be prepared for the job.   

In terms of horizontal cooperation, the answers suggest that cooperation with the ICT, Creative Industries (in 
particular digital marketing), and Banking sector in terms of better financing options, would be advantageous,  

COVID-19  impact  for  the  sector  is  reported  to  have  been  significant.  For  some  of  the  stakeholders,  the 
pandemics resulted in a higher demand for their products while for others there were lower sales, resulting in 
postponement of investment plans.  

Table 41 Summary of Findings for Wood Processing  

Topic 

Main Findings 

Competitive Advantage 

Value Chain 

●  Export Potential 
●  Price Competitiveness 
●  Proximity to European markets 

●  Most of the sector is oriented towards the European markets 
●  The  main  stage  of  the  value  chain  in  which  most  companies 
operate  is:  Operations  (production  activity  of  goods  and 
services,  transformation  from  raw  material  into  a  finished 
product) 

●  Raw  materials  are  mostly  imported  from  European  countries 

and Turkey 

●  Some  of  the  companies  also  engage  in  distribution  activities 

70 

 
 
and marketing/sale activities 

●  The  value  chain  is  short  as  most  producers’  export  by 
themselves  and  there  are  no  key  national  wholesalers 
facilitating  sales  on  international  markets.  There  are  also  no 
innovative  companies  developing  machinery  and  technology 
that supports cost-effective production. 

●  Lack of qualified human resources resulting in a high need for 

● 

● 

in-job training 
Insufficient access to finance 

Innovative 
technology usage during production process 

companies 

individual 

reflected  by  different 

Upcoming Challenges 

Innovation Dynamics 

●  Moderate  cooperation  with  academia,  mainly  in  terms  of 

● 
● 

student placement and not research collaboration 
Insufficient access to finance for R&D purposes  
Insufficient investments, either public or private, to complement 
their own resources. 

COVID-19 Impact 

●  The sector was moderately affected by the pandemic 
● 

Investment plans were postponed 

Horizontal Cooperation Areas 

●  Cooperation with the ICT, Creative Industries (mainly marketing), 
and  Banking  sector  would  contribute  to  a  higher  competitive 
advantage of the sector.  

Source: Author’s elaboration 

7.5 Green Energy  

The  vast  majority  of  electricity  in  Kosovo  is  produced  by  two  lignite-fired  thermal  power  plants,  known  as 
Kosovo A and Kosovo B. To encourage renewable energy sources, Kosovo has established the necessary legal 
framework  for  hydropower,  wind,  photovoltaic,  and  biomass  generation.  In  2019,  Kosovo  reached  its  25% 
target for the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption.  Nonetheless, this 
was mainly due to biomass consumption rather than a significant increase in renewable investments.  

According to Bankwatch Network, by the end of 2020 only 10 MW of solar photovoltaics had been installed, 
even  though  the  country  has  a  solar  manufacturer  capable  of  manufacturing  200  MW  per  year.  In  2018 
Kosovo had its first major wind farm, the 32 MW Kitka plant, and in September 2021 part of the 105 MW 
Bajgora plant started test operations.35   

The  energy  sector  is  also  being  highly  supported  by  the  Millenium  Foundation  through  energy  efficiency 
measures,  private-sector  participation in the energy sector, and women's engagement in the energy sector. 
Their  program Green Recovery and Opportunity Window (GROW)36 is  providing free technical assistance for 
increasing access to finance for businesses that invest in renewable energy and energy efficiency measures. 

The  government,  in  the  Economic  Reform  Program  2022-2024  has  also  introduced  measures  that  aim  to 
prioritize energy efficiency and improve it in all sectors, especially in the residential one. The measures focus 
on  increasing  energy  generation  through  renewable  sources  in  line  with  the  targets  set  by  the  EU  and  the 
Energy  Community,  contributing  to  achieving  the  Sustainable  Development  Goal  for  Clean  and  Affordable 
Energy, as well as towards the Green Agenda for Clean, Affordable, and Secure Energy Supply.37 

In the qualitative mapping sample design, the energy sector has been targeted, with a special emphasis on 
renewables. 

35  Bankwatch  Network. 
kosovo#:~:text=Despite%20the%20slow%20progress%2C%20Kosovo,a%20real%20increase%20in%20investments.  
36 https://millenniumkosovo.org/reliable-energy/  
37 Economic Reform Program 2022-2024. https://mf.rks-gov.net/page.aspx?id=2,28  

(2020).  The  Energy  Sector 

in  Kosovo.  https://bankwatch.org/beyond-fossil-fuels/the-energy-sector-in-

71 

 
 
                                           
—  Production of electricity (NACE 35.1.1) 
—  Transmission of electricity (NACE 35.1.2) 
—  Distribution of electricity (NACE 35.1.3) 
—  Trade of electricity (NACE 35.1.4) 
—  In the case of renewables, the respondents had the options of choosing: Solar Power, Wood Biomass, 
Recycling,  Hydropower,  Energy  Efficiency,  Wind  Power,  Green  Technology  and  Innovation,  and 
Production and Wholesale of Pellets. 

Respondents belong mainly to the renewables sector, representing especially solar and wind energy.  

Nine companies, three government representatives and three CSO representatives were interviewed, whereas 
the  

The  business  stakeholders  considered  this  sector  to  have  potential  to  grow  mainly  because  of  increased 
demand for energy and increased focus on renewables. The view was also supported by the government and 
CSO representatives.  

Challenges  foreseen  by  the  stakeholders  relate  mainly  to  small  company  sizes,  limited  number  of  private 
investors,  bureaucracy  issues  as  difficult  procedures  for  connecting  to  the  electricity  grid,  and  production 
prices. 

According to stakeholders, in terms of emerging technologies, products, or global market opportunities that 
are promising for Kosovo’s economy in the upcoming decade, new and technologically advanced production 
machinery for producing solar panels would offer a competitive advantage. 

The  stakeholders  assess  their  companies  as  being  innovative  mostly  in  the  use  of  new  technology  in  the 
production  process.  It  is  also  identified  that  one  of  the  greatest  determinants  for  increasing  innovation  is 
cooperation with R&D partners, especially foreign companies.  

Also  in  this  case,  stakeholders  identify  as  main  challenges  to  a        better  innovation  performancesthe 
insufficient availability of funds, small market size, complex bureaucratic procedures, as well as insufficient 
investment in education and innovative labs.   

Cooperation with academia is reported to be moderate as the only form of  cooperation is through student 
placements.  Furthermore,  when  it  comes  to  the  quality  of  new  graduates,  both  the  survey  and  interview 
results suggest that the skills acquired in universities are not sufficient and the new graduates still have to 
go through training programs, in order to be prepared for the job.   

In  terms  of  horizontal  cooperation,  the  respondents  express  the  belief  that  further  expansion  of  the 
collaboration with the ICT sector and Creative Industries would create competitive advantage mainly in terms 
of digitalization. Cooperation with the construction sector would offer them more business opportunities.  

The COVID-19 impact for the sector is reported to have been significant. For the stakeholders, the pandemics 
resulted in lower sales and postponement of investment plans.  Most of the companies in this sector reported 
that they were affected negatively from the pandemic crisis. They faced lower sales  and  postponement of 
investments.  

Considering the wide area of the Green Energy sector, based on systematized data obtained from a number 
of sources (conducted interviews, survey responses, etc.), the following sub-areas are proposed: 

3.  Renewable Energy Sources, and 

4.  Energy Efficiency Measures 

The  Green  Energy  preliminary  priority  sector  would  be  considered  to  be  a  horizontal  one  because  it  would 
contribute to cross-sectoral relations with other proposed priority areas, especially wood and food processing 
industries which are more energy dependent in the production process. 

Within this area, potential fields needing additional research are solar energy and wind energy, as two of the 
most promising fields in the Kosovo context and environment. 

However, it should be noted that there are several serious deficiencies in the energy sector: 1) the country is 
still a net importer of electricity; 2) the use of fossil fuels for electricity production is high and causes serious 
environmental problems; 3) there is significant loss of electricity within the electricity distribution system; 4) 
the renewable energy sources are still insufficiently used (solar and wind).  

72 

 
 
Nonetheless,  there  is  a  growth  potential  for  this  sector,  which  appears  to  be  attractive  for  foreign 
investments (as main wind power plants are foreign investments), as well as significant potential for further 
development of production of electricity with renewable energy sources.  

Table 42 Summary of Findings for the Green Energy Sector 

Topic 

Main Findings 

Competitive Advantage 

Value Chain 

Upcoming Challenges 

Innovation Dynamics 

COVID-19 Impact 

Horizontal Cooperation Areas 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

● 
● 

Increased demand for energy 
Increased focus on renewables  

●  With  regards  to  energy  production,  the  companies  operating  in 
renewables are mainly based on solar panels and wind farms 
●  Most  of  the  companies  import  the  technology  and  engage 

mainly in operations and services 

●  No  availability  of  more  detailed  information  about  the  value 
chain by the interviewed stakeholders, so more attention needs 
to  be  paid  to  this  matter  in  the  EDP  in  order  to  identify  the 
missing parts of the value chain. 

●  Lack of qualified human resources resulting in a high need for 

in-job training.  
Insufficient access to finance 

● 
●  Small company sizes 
●  Limited number of private investors 
●  Bureaucracy  issues  i.e.  procedures  for  connecting  to  the 

electricity grid 

●  Moderate  cooperation  with  academia,  mainly  in  terms  of 

student placement and not research collaboration 
Insufficient access to finance for R&D purposes  

● 
●  No  sufficient 

investments,  either  public  or  private, 

to 

complement their own resources. 
Insufficient investment in education and innovative labs 

● 

●  The sector was negatively affected by the pandemic in terms of 

lower sales 
Investment plans were postponed 

● 

●  Cooperation with the ICT, Creative Industries would contribute to 

a higher competitive advantage of the sector 

●  Cooperation  with  the  Construction  sector  would  offer  more 

business opportunities 

7.6 Main conclusions of the qualitative study 

In  all  sectors,  the  analysis  reveals  that  there  is  a  mismatch  between  the  students  and  new  workers 
competences and the labor market requirements. In particular, the academic institutions are lagging behind in 
the adaptation of curricula to international standards and technological innovations, which oblige  businesses 
in all five sectors observed to invest in on-job training programs.  

73 

 
 
 
Overall, the research, and especially academic research, is considered below quality standards, mainly due to 
is the lack of R&D funds. Furthermore, collaboration between academia and businesses is considerably weak, 
mainly focused on students ‘mobility rather than on knowledge sharing and R&D activities.  

Particularly interesting are the sub-areas related to: automation of processes, digitalization, new digital 
frontiers (artificial intelligence, IoT sensors, and machine learning), and energy transition (use of 
renewable sources). In terms of horizontal integrations, main positive experiences regard the integration of 
ICT  with  the  other  four  sectors,  contributing  to  higher  digitalization  and  competitive  advantage.  The 
integration of the renewable energy sector with the Food and Wood Processing sectors is also deemed as a 
positive horizontal integration.   

To  sum  up  three  vertical  areas  and  two  horizontal  thematic  priority  areas  could  be  considered  as  to  be 
prioritized, as shown in Table 43.  

 Table 43 Matrix of vertical and horizontal thematic priority areas 

Food Processing 

Wood Processing 

Green Energy 

ICT 
Creative Industries 

Source: Author’s elaboration 

After processing all information obtained from the qualitative mapping process, the following priority areas 
and sub-areas are proposed as being subject to further elaboration within the EDP:  

1) Information and Communication technologies (ICT) sector  

Software development (sub-area)  

Computer Programming Services (sub-area) 

Telecommunication Services (sub-area) 

Advanced ICT services including IOT, AI, Machine Learning (potential sub-area) 

 2) Green Energy 

Renewable Energy Sources (sub-area)  

Energy Efficiency Measures (sub-area) 

3) Creative Industry 

Marketing and Digital Creation Services (sub-area) 

4) Food Processing 

5) Wood Processing 

In terms of limitations, the analysis occasionally lacked available data to and information on value chains, so 
this topic should be further investigated at the EDP stage.  

74 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8 Conclusions of the mapping exercise  

This report includes a quantitative and a qualitative analysis for the identification of the preliminary priority 
areas for the Smart Specialisation Strategy of Kosovo, which will be further defined in the EDP phase.  

First,  a  quantitative  mapping  exercise  has  been  done  across  three  levels,  the  economic,  innovation  and 
scientific potential of Kosovo, using a benchmark regional pool, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, 
Croatia,  Greece  and  North  Macedonia.  The  results  of  the  different  quantitative  analyses  are  combined  in  a 
final integrated assessment which identifies the following NACE 3-digit industries having both an economic 
and innovation potential: 

—  NACE 051 Mining of hard coal 

—  NACE 106 Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products 

—  NACE 241 Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys 

—  NACE 242 Manufacture of tubes, pipes, hollow profiles and related fittings, of steel 

—  NACE 259 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 

—  NACE 351 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 

—  NACE 412 Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

—  NACE 581 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities. 

The  quantitative  analysis  cannot  be  considered  as  exhaustive  for  the  scope  of  the  Smart  Specialisation 
approach,  therefore  a  qualitative  mapping  exercise  has  been  done  to  integrate  data  evidence.  An  online 
survey has been combined with interviews to more than seventy stakeholders from the quadruple helix of the 
national eco-system.   

The qualitative analysis applied to the five sectors identified as potential priorities for Smart Specialisation, 
based  on  previous  quantitative  analysis  results.  These  sectors  –  ICT,  creative  industries,  food  processing, 
wood processing, and green energy – show relevant growth potential and innovation opportunities to expand, 
despite structural weaknesses that should be addressed by ad hoc public policies. The analysis reveals that  
ICT sector has the greatest potential for R&D&I growth, followed by Green Energy and Creative Industries.  

To  sum  up  three  vertical  areas  (wood  processing,  food  processing,  and  green  energy)  and  two 
horizontal areas (ICT and Creative industries) could be considered as to be prioritized though the 
Smart  Specialisation  Strategy.  The  next  EDP  will  be  then  focused  on  a  few  sub-areas  of  ICT,  creative 
industries and green energy, respectively, in addition to wood and food processing.   

1) Information and Communication technologies (ICT) sector  

Software development (sub-area)  

Computer Programming Services (sub-area) 

Telecommunication Services (sub-area) 

Advanced ICT services including IOT, AI, Machine Learning (potential sub-area) 

 2) Green Energy 

Renewable Energy Sources (sub-area)  

Energy Efficiency Measures (sub-area) 

3) Creative Industry 

Marketing and Digital Creation Services (sub-area) 

4) Food Processing 

5) Wood Processing 

As  previously  pointed  out,  this  is  an  indicative  outcome  of  the  mapping  exercise,  and  it  will  require  further 
exploration  during  the  EDP  as  well  as  internal  consultation  involving  both  the  Smart  Specialisation  inter-

75 

 
 
ministerial working group and main stakeholders that can provide substantial contribution. The EDP will aim 
at  collecting  the  perspectives  of  stakeholders  on  main  growth  trends  and  potential  of  niches  in  relation  to 
policy and financial instruments that exist, or are  strongly needed. Furthermore, the analysis reported here 
stresses  the  importance  of  looking  at  the  Smart  Specialisation  Strategy  as  a  continuous  process  to  be 
constantly  revised  and  updated.  As  both  the  quantitative  mapping  and  qualitative  surveys  evidenced,  a 
number of shortcomings related to the availability of data, the uncertain data quality of some indicators, the 
reluctance  of  stakeholders  and  the  mistrust  in  political  institutions,  compel  to  improve  data  source, 
strengthen the stakeholders’ engagement and in some case revise the methodology. One of the main lack is 
related  to  data  availability,  especially  innovation  data  and  the  indicators  that  would  be  used  in  such  an 
analysis.  Kosovo  is  not  included  in  the  European  Innovation  Scoreboard  and  it  is  currently  collecting  the 
indicators  required, which  will be a  value added in future also  for smart  specialisation related analysis. On 
this purpose, public authorities and especially institutions directly involved in the provision and elaboration of 
data, such as statistical institutions, should be supported and spur towards a stronger capacity building. This 
is  particular  important  in  view  of  the  accession  process  to  EU,  and  its  very  recent  agreement  as  a  fully 
associate partner in the Horizon Europe programme.  

76 

 
 
Annexes

77 

 
 
Annex  A:  Detailed  results  for  the  mapping  of  industries  with  a  static  or  current 
economic potential 

Results for identifying industries with a current economic potential are shown in the table below. If industries 
pass a threshold the value in the respective table cell is 1, otherwise it is 0. Industries for which comparable 
data for the selected benchmark countries are not available are highlighted in orange in the first column. The 
third column (EMPL SIZE) shows if and how many industries (108) passed the size criterion for employment, 
the fourth column (EMPL SPEC) shows if and how many industries (47) passed the specialisation criterion for 
employment, the fifth column (TURN SIZE) shows if and how many industries (84) passed the size criterion for 
turnover,  the  sixth  column  (TURN  SPEC)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (34)  passed  the  specialisation 
criterion  for  turnover,  the  seventh  column  (WGS  KV)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (80)  passed  the 
criterion for average wages relative to those in Kosovo, and the eight column (WGS BENCH) shows if and how 
many  industries  (66)  passed  the  criterion  for  average  wages  relative  to  those  in  the  same  industry  in  the 
selected benchmark  countries. Finally, the last column (CEP) shows  how  many criteria each industry  passed 
and how many industries (9) passed all 6 criteria and would have a current economic potential (CEP). 

Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

108 

47 

84 

34 

80 

66 

9 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

CEP 

011 

012 

013 

014 

015 

016 

017 

021 

022 

023 

024 

031 

032 

051 

052 

061 

071 

072 

081 

089 

091 

099 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

120 

131 

Growing of non-perennial crops 

Growing of perennial crops 

Plant propagation 

Animal production 

Mixed farming 

Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop activities 

Hunting, trapping and related service activities 

Silviculture and other forestry activities 

Logging 

Gathering of wild growing non-wood products 

Support services to forestry 

Fishing 

Aquaculture 

Mining of hard coal 

Mining of lignite 

Extraction of crude petroleum 

Mining of iron ores 

Mining of non-ferrous metal ores 

Quarrying of stone, sand and clay 

Mining and quarrying n.e.c. 

Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction 

Support activities for other mining and quarrying 

Processing  and  preserving  of  meat  and  production  of  meat 
products 

Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs 

Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables 

Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats 

Manufacture of dairy products 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products  1 

Manufacture of bakery and farinaceous products 

Manufacture of other food products 

Manufacture of prepared animal feeds 

Manufacture of beverages 

Manufacture of tobacco products 

Preparation and spinning of textile fibres 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

78 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

108 

47 

84 

34 

80 

66 

9 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

CEP 

132  Weaving of textiles 

133 

139 

141 

142 

143 

151 

152 

161 

162 

171 

172 

181 

182 

191 

192 

201 

Finishing of textiles 

Manufacture of other textiles 

Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel 

Manufacture of articles of fur 

Manufacture of knitted and crocheted apparel 

Tanning  and  dressing  of  leather;  manufacture  of  luggage, 
handbags, saddlery and harness; dressing and dyeing of fur 

Manufacture of footwear 

Sawmilling and planing of wood 

Manufacture  of  products  of  wood,  cork,  straw  and  plaiting 
materials 

Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard 

Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard  

Printing and service activities related to printing 

Reproduction of recorded media 

Manufacture of coke oven products 

Manufacture of refined petroleum products 

Manufacture  of  basic  chemicals,  fertilisers  and  nitrogen 
compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms 

202 

Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products 

203 

204 

205 

206 

211 

212 

221 

222 

231 

232 

233 

234 

235 

236 

237 

239 

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink 
and mastics 

Manufacture  of  soap  and  detergents,  cleaning  and  polishing 
preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 

Manufacture of other chemical products 

Manufacture of man-made fibres 

Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products 

Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations 

Manufacture of rubber products 

Manufacture of plastic products 

Manufacture of glass and glass products 

Manufacture of refractory products 

Manufacture of clay building materials 

Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products 

Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 

Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster 

Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone 

Manufacture  of  abrasive  products  and  non-metallic  mineral 
products n.e.c. 

241 

Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys 

242 

243 

244 

245 

251 

252 

255 

256 

257 

259 

Manufacture  of  tubes,  pipes,  hollow  profiles  and  related  fittings, 
of steel 

Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel 

Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals 

Casting of metals 

Manufacture of structural metal products 

Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal 

Forging,  pressing,  stamping  and  roll-forming  of  metal;  powder 
metallurgy 

Treatment and coating of metals; machining 

Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware 

Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 

79 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

108 

47 

84 

34 

80 

66 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

CEP 

261 

262 

263 

264 

265 

266 

Manufacture of electronic components and boards 

Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 

Manufacture of communication equipment 

Manufacture of consumer electronics 

Manufacture  of  instruments  and  appliances  for  measuring, 
testing and navigation; watches and clocks 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic 
equipment 

0 

267 

Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment  0 

Manufacture  of  electric  motors,  generators,  transformers  and 
electricity distribution and control apparatus 

Manufacture of batteries and accumulators 

Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices 

Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 

Manufacture of domestic appliances 

Manufacture of other electrical equipment 

Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 

Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 

Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 

Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools 

Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 

Manufacture of motor vehicles 

Manufacture  of  bodies 
(coachwork) 
manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers 

for  motor  vehicles; 

Building of ships and boats 

Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock 

Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c. 

Manufacture of furniture 

Manufacture of jewellery, bijouterie and related articles 

Manufacture of sports goods 

Manufacture of games and toys 

Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies 

Manufacturing n.e.c. 

Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment 

Installation of industrial machinery and equipment 

Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains  0 

Steam and air conditioning supply 

360  Water collection, treatment and supply 

370 

Sewerage 

381  Waste collection 

382  Waste treatment and disposal 

Materials recovery 

Remediation activities and other waste management services 

Development of building projects 

Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

Construction of roads and railways 

Construction of utility projects 

Construction of other civil engineering projects 

Demolition and site preparation 

Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities  1 

Building completion and finishing 

1 

80 

271 

272 

273 

274 

275 

279 

281 

282 

283 

284 

289 

291 

293 

301 

302 

309 

310 

321 

323 

324 

325 

329 

331 

332 

351 

352 

353 

383 

390 

411 

412 

421 

422 

429 

431 

432 

433 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

108 

47 

84 

34 

80 

66 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

CEP 

467 

469 

471 

472 

473 

474 

475 

476 

477 

478 

479 

491 

492 

493 

494 

495 

501 

502 

503 

504 

511 

512 

439 

451 

452 

453 

454 

Other specialised construction activities 

Sale of motor vehicles 

Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 

Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories 

Sale,  maintenance  and  repair  of  motorcycles  and  related  parts 
and accessories 

461  Wholesale on a fee or contract basis 

462  Wholesale of agricultural raw materials and live animals 

463  Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco 

464  Wholesale of household goods 

465  Wholesale of information and communication equipment 

466  Wholesale of other machinery, equipment and supplies 

Other specialised wholesale 

Non-specialised wholesale trade 

Retail sale in non-specialised stores 

Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialised stores 

Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialised stores 

Retail  sale  of  information  and  communication  equipment  in 
specialised stores 

Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised stores 

Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialised stores  1 

Retail sale of other goods in specialised stores 

Retail sale via stalls and markets 

Retail trade not in stores, stalls or markets 

Passenger rail transport, interurban 

Freight rail transport 

Other passenger land transport  

Freight transport by road and removal services 

Transport via pipeline 

Sea and coastal passenger water transport 

Sea and coastal freight water transport 

Inland passenger water transport 

Inland freight water transport 

Passenger air transport 

Freight air transport and space transport 

521  Warehousing and storage 

522 

531 

532 

551 

552 

553 

559 

561 

562 

563 

581 

582 

591 

592 

601 

Support activities for transportation 

Postal activities under universal service obligation 

Other postal and courier activities 

Hotels and similar accommodation 

Holiday and other short-stay accommodation 

Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks 

Other accommodation 

Restaurants and mobile food service activities 

Event catering and other food service activities 

Beverage serving activities 

Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities 

Software publishing 

Motion picture, video and television programme activities 

Sound recording and music publishing activities 

Radio broadcasting 

81 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

108 

47 

84 

34 

80 

66 

9 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

CEP 

602 

Television programming and broadcasting activities 

611  Wired telecommunications activities 

612  Wireless telecommunications activities 

613 

619 

620 

631 

639 

641 

642 

643 

649 

651 

652 

653 

661 

662 

663 

681 

682 

683 

691 

692 

701 

702 

711 

Satellite telecommunications activities 

Other telecommunications activities 

Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 

Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals 

Other information service activities 

Monetary intermediation 

Activities of holding companies 

Trusts, funds and similar financial entities 

Other  financial  service  activities,  except  insurance  and  pension 
funding 

Insurance 

Reinsurance 

Pension funding 

Activities  auxiliary  to  financial  services,  except  insurance  and 
pension funding 

Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding 

Fund management activities 

Buying and selling of own real estate 

Rental and operating of own or leased real estate 

Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis 

Legal activities 

Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy  1 

Activities of head offices 

Management consultancy activities 

Architectural  and  engineering  activities  and  related  technical 
consultancy 

712 

Technical testing and analysis 

721 

722 

731 

732 

741 

742 

743 

749 

750 

771 

772 

773 

774 

781 

782 

783 

791 

799 

801 

Research and experimental development on natural sciences and 
engineering 

Research  and  experimental  development  on  social  sciences  and 
humanities 

Advertising 

Market research and public opinion polling 

Specialised design activities 

Photographic activities 

Translation and interpretation activities 

Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c. 

Veterinary activities 

Rental and leasing of motor vehicles 

Rental and leasing of personal and household goods 

Rental  and  leasing  of  other  machinery,  equipment  and  tangible 
goods 

Leasing  of  intellectual  property  and  similar  products,  except 
copyrighted works 

Activities of employment placement agencies 

Temporary employment agency activities 

Other human resources provision 

Travel agency and tour operator activities 

Other reservation service and related activities 

Private security activities 

82 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

108 

47 

84 

34 

80 

66 

9 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

CEP 

802 

811 

812 

813 

821 

822 

823 

829 

841 

842 

843 

851 

852 

853 

854 

855 

856 

861 

862 

869 

872 

Security systems service activities 

Combined facilities support activities 

Cleaning activities 

Landscape service activities 

Office administrative and support activities 

Activities of call centres 

Organisation of conventions and trade shows 

Business support service activities n.e.c. 

Administration of the State and the economic and social policy of 
the community 

Provision of services to the community as a whole 

Compulsory social security activities 

Pre-primary education 

Primary education 

Secondary education 

Higher education 

Other education 

Educational support activities 

Hospital activities 

Medical and dental practice activities 

Other human health activities 

Residential  care  activities  for  mental  retardation,  mental  health 
and substance abuse 

873 

Residential care activities for the elderly and disabled 

881 

889 

900 

910 

920 

931 

932 

941 

949 

951 

952 

960 

970 

990 

Social work activities without accommodation for the elderly and 
disabled 

Other social work activities without accommodation 

Creative, arts and entertainment activities 

Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities 

Gambling and betting activities 

Sports activities 

Amusement and recreation activities 

Activities  of  business,  employers  and  professional  membership 
organisations 

Activities of other membership organisations 

Repair of computers and communication equipment 

Repair of personal and household goods 

Other personal service activities 

Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel 

Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies 

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

83 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex  B:  Detailed  results  for  the  mapping  of  industries  with  a  dynamic  or 
emerging economic potential 

Results  for  identifying  industries  with  an  emerging  economic  potential  are  shown  in  the  table  below.  If 
industries pass a threshold the  value in the respective table cell is 1, otherwise it is  0. Industries for which 
comparable data for the selected benchmark countries are not available are highlighted in orange in the first 
columns.  The  third  column  (EMPL  SIZE)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (84)  passed  the  change  in  size 
criterion for employment, the fourth column (EMPL SPEC) shows if and how many industries (44) passed the 
change  in  specialisation  criterion  for  employment,  the  fifth  column  (TURN  SIZE)  shows  if  and  how  many 
industries  (65) passed the change in size criterion for turnover, the sixth column (TURN SPEC) shows if and 
how many industries (29) passed the change in specialisation criterion for turnover, the seventh column (WGS 
KV) shows if and how many industries (48) passed the change in the criterion for average wages relative to 
those  in  Kosovo,  and  the  eight  column  (WGS  BENCH)  shows  if  and  how  many  industries  (22)  passed  the 
change in the criterion for average wages relative to those in the same industry in the selected benchmark 
countries.  Finally,  the  last  column  (EEP)  shows  how  many  criteria  each  industry  passed  and  how  many 
industries (18) passed at least four criteria and would have an emerging economic potential (EEP). 

Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

84 

44 

65 

29 

48 

22 

18 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

EEP 

011 

012 

013 

014 

015 

016 

017 

021 

022 

023 

024 

031 

032 

051 

052 

061 

071 

072 

081 

089 

091 

099 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

120 

Growing of non-perennial crops 

Growing of perennial crops 

Plant propagation 

Animal production 

Mixed farming 

Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop activities 

Hunting, trapping and related service activities 

Silviculture and other forestry activities 

Logging 

Gathering of wild growing non-wood products 

Support services to forestry 

Fishing 

Aquaculture 

Mining of hard coal 

Mining of lignite 

Extraction of crude petroleum 

Mining of iron ores 

Mining of non-ferrous metal ores 

Quarrying of stone, sand and clay 

Mining and quarrying n.e.c. 

Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction 

Support activities for other mining and quarrying 

Processing  and  preserving  of  meat  and  production  of  meat 
products 

Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs 

Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables 

Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats 

Manufacture of dairy products 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products  0 

Manufacture of bakery and farinaceous products 

Manufacture of other food products 

Manufacture of prepared animal feeds 

Manufacture of beverages 

Manufacture of tobacco products 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

84 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

2 

1 

2 

0 

0 

2 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

1 

0 

3 

0 

1 

3 

0 

2 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

84 

44 

65 

29 

48 

22 

18 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

EEP 

131 

Preparation and spinning of textile fibres 

132  Weaving of textiles 

133 

139 

141 

142 

143 

151 

152 

161 

162 

171 

172 

181 

182 

191 

192 

201 

Finishing of textiles 

Manufacture of other textiles 

Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel 

Manufacture of articles of fur 

Manufacture of knitted and crocheted apparel 

Tanning  and  dressing  of  leather;  manufacture  of  luggage, 
handbags, saddlery and harness; dressing and dyeing of fur 

Manufacture of footwear 

Sawmilling and planing of wood 

Manufacture  of  products  of  wood,  cork,  straw  and  plaiting 
materials 

Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard 

Manufacture of articles of paper and paperboard  

Printing and service activities related to printing 

Reproduction of recorded media 

Manufacture of coke oven products 

Manufacture of refined petroleum products 

Manufacture  of  basic  chemicals,  fertilisers  and  nitrogen 
compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms 

202 

Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products 

203 

204 

205 

206 

211 

212 

221 

222 

231 

232 

233 

234 

235 

236 

237 

239 

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing ink 
and mastics 

Manufacture  of  soap  and  detergents,  cleaning  and  polishing 
preparations, perfumes and toilet preparations 

Manufacture of other chemical products 

Manufacture of man-made fibres 

Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products 

Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations 

Manufacture of rubber products 

Manufacture of plastic products 

Manufacture of glass and glass products 

Manufacture of refractory products 

Manufacture of clay building materials 

Manufacture of other porcelain and ceramic products 

Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 

Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster 

Cutting, shaping and finishing of stone 

Manufacture  of  abrasive  products  and  non-metallic  mineral 
products n.e.c. 

241 

Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys 

242 

243 

244 

245 

251 

252 

255 

256 

257 

Manufacture  of  tubes,  pipes,  hollow  profiles  and  related  fittings, 
of steel 

Manufacture of other products of first processing of steel 

Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals 

Casting of metals 

Manufacture of structural metal products 

Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal 

Forging,  pressing,  stamping  and  roll-forming  of  metal;  powder 
metallurgy 

Treatment and coating of metals; machining 

Manufacture of cutlery, tools and general hardware 

85 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

2 

0 

3 

0 

1 

3 

1 

0 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

4 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

84 

44 

65 

29 

48 

22 

18 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

EEP 

259 

261 

262 

263 

264 

265 

266 

Manufacture of other fabricated metal products 

Manufacture of electronic components and boards 

Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment 

Manufacture of communication equipment 

Manufacture of consumer electronics 

Manufacture  of  instruments  and  appliances  for  measuring, 
testing and navigation; watches and clocks 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic 
equipment 

0 

267 

Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment  0 

271 

272 

273 

274 

275 

279 

281 

282 

283 

284 

289 

291 

293 

301 

302 

309 

310 

321 

323 

324 

325 

329 

331 

332 

351 

352 

353 

383 

390 

411 

412 

421 

422 

429 

431 

432 

Manufacture  of  electric  motors,  generators,  transformers  and 
electricity distribution and control apparatus 

Manufacture of batteries and accumulators 

Manufacture of wiring and wiring devices 

Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 

Manufacture of domestic appliances 

Manufacture of other electrical equipment 

Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 

Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 

Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery 

Manufacture of metal forming machinery and machine tools 

Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 

Manufacture of motor vehicles 

Manufacture  of  bodies 
(coachwork) 
manufacture of trailers and semi-trailers 

for  motor  vehicles; 

Building of ships and boats 

Manufacture of railway locomotives and rolling stock 

Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c. 

Manufacture of furniture 

Manufacture of jewellery, bijouterie and related articles 

Manufacture of sports goods 

Manufacture of games and toys 

Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies 

Manufacturing n.e.c. 

Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment 

Installation of industrial machinery and equipment 

Electric power generation, transmission and distribution 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains  0 

Steam and air conditioning supply 

360  Water collection, treatment and supply 

370 

Sewerage 

381  Waste collection 

382  Waste treatment and disposal 

Materials recovery 

Remediation activities and other waste management services 

Development of building projects 

Construction of residential and non-residential buildings 

Construction of roads and railways 

Construction of utility projects 

Construction of other civil engineering projects 

Demolition and site preparation 

Electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities  1 

86 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

4 

2 

2 

0 

5 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

2 

0 

3 

0 

0 

1 

2 

3 

2 

0 

3 

0 

2 

1 

3 

1 

0 

0 

4 

1 

2 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

1 

0 

4 

5 

0 

3 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

84 

44 

65 

29 

48 

22 

18 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

EEP 

467 

469 

471 

472 

473 

474 

475 

476 

477 

478 

479 

491 

492 

493 

494 

495 

501 

502 

503 

504 

511 

512 

433 

439 

451 

452 

453 

454 

Building completion and finishing 

Other specialised construction activities 

Sale of motor vehicles 

Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 

Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories 

Sale,  maintenance  and  repair  of  motorcycles  and  related  parts 
and accessories 

461  Wholesale on a fee or contract basis 

462  Wholesale of agricultural raw materials and live animals 

463  Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco 

464  Wholesale of household goods 

465  Wholesale of information and communication equipment 

466  Wholesale of other machinery, equipment and supplies 

Other specialised wholesale 

Non-specialised wholesale trade 

Retail sale in non-specialised stores 

Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialised stores 

Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialised stores 

Retail  sale  of  information  and  communication  equipment  in 
specialised stores 

Retail sale of other household equipment in specialised stores 

Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialised stores  0 

Retail sale of other goods in specialised stores 

Retail sale via stalls and markets 

Retail trade not in stores, stalls or markets 

Passenger rail transport, interurban 

Freight rail transport 

Other passenger land transport  

Freight transport by road and removal services 

Transport via pipeline 

Sea and coastal passenger water transport 

Sea and coastal freight water transport 

Inland passenger water transport 

Inland freight water transport 

Passenger air transport 

Freight air transport and space transport 

521  Warehousing and storage 

522 

531 

532 

551 

552 

553 

559 

561 

562 

563 

581 

582 

591 

592 

Support activities for transportation 

Postal activities under universal service obligation 

Other postal and courier activities 

Hotels and similar accommodation 

Holiday and other short-stay accommodation 

Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks 

Other accommodation 

Restaurants and mobile food service activities 

Event catering and other food service activities 

Beverage serving activities 

Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing activities 

Software publishing 

Motion picture, video and television programme activities 

Sound recording and music publishing activities 

87 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

0 

2 

4 

1 

0 

1 

5 

0 

3 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

3 

2 

6 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

4 

0 

2 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

84 

44 

65 

29 

48 

22 

18 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

EEP 

601 

602 

Radio broadcasting 

Television programming and broadcasting activities 

611  Wired telecommunications activities 

612  Wireless telecommunications activities 

613 

619 

620 

631 

639 

641 

642 

643 

649 

651 

652 

653 

661 

662 

663 

681 

682 

683 

691 

692 

701 

702 

711 

Satellite telecommunications activities 

Other telecommunications activities 

Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 

Data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals 

Other information service activities 

Monetary intermediation 

Activities of holding companies 

Trusts, funds and similar financial entities 

Other  financial  service  activities,  except  insurance  and  pension 
funding 

Insurance 

Reinsurance 

Pension funding 

Activities  auxiliary  to  financial  services,  except  insurance  and 
pension funding 

Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding 

Fund management activities 

Buying and selling of own real estate 

Rental and operating of own or leased real estate 

Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis 

Legal activities 

Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing activities; tax consultancy  1 

Activities of head offices 

Management consultancy activities 

Architectural  and  engineering  activities  and  related  technical 
consultancy 

712 

Technical testing and analysis 

721 

722 

731 

732 

741 

742 

743 

749 

750 

771 

772 

773 

774 

781 

782 

783 

791 

799 

Research and experimental development on natural sciences and 
engineering 

Research  and  experimental  development  on  social  sciences  and 
humanities 

Advertising 

Market research and public opinion polling 

Specialised design activities 

Photographic activities 

Translation and interpretation activities 

Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c. 

Veterinary activities 

Rental and leasing of motor vehicles 

Rental and leasing of personal and household goods 

Rental  and  leasing  of  other  machinery,  equipment  and  tangible 
goods 

Leasing  of  intellectual  property  and  similar  products,  except 
copyrighted works 

Activities of employment placement agencies 

Temporary employment agency activities 

Other human resources provision 

Travel agency and tour operator activities 

Other reservation service and related activities 

88 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

2 

2 

1 

0 

0 

4 

1 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

3 

3 

0 

4 

2 

2 

1 

0 

2 

0 

2 

2 

2 

1 

0 

 
 
 
 
 
Number of industries that pass selection criteria 

84 

44 

65 

29 

48 

22 

18 

EMPL 
SIZE 

EMPL 
SPEC 

TURN 
SIZE 

TURN 
SPEC 

WGS 
CTR 

WGS 
BEN 

EEP 

801 

802 

811 

812 

813 

821 

822 

823 

829 

841 

842 

843 

851 

852 

853 

854 

855 

856 

861 

862 

869 

872 

Private security activities 

Security systems service activities 

Combined facilities support activities 

Cleaning activities 

Landscape service activities 

Office administrative and support activities 

Activities of call centres 

Organisation of conventions and trade shows 

Business support service activities n.e.c. 

Administration of the State and the economic and social policy of 
the community 

Provision of services to the community as a whole 

Compulsory social security activities 

Pre-primary education 

Primary education 

Secondary education 

Higher education 

Other education 

Educational support activities 

Hospital activities 

Medical and dental practice activities 

Other human health activities 

Residential  care  activities  for  mental  retardation,  mental  health 
and substance abuse 

873 

Residential care activities for the elderly and disabled 

881 

889 

900 

910 

920 

931 

932 

941 

949 

951 

952 

960 

970 

990 

Social work activities without accommodation for the elderly and 
disabled 

Other social work activities without accommodation 

Creative, arts and entertainment activities 

Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities 

Gambling and betting activities 

Sports activities 

Amusement and recreation activities 

Activities  of  business,  employers  and  professional  membership 
organisations 

Activities of other membership organisations 

Repair of computers and communication equipment 

Repair of personal and household goods 

Other personal service activities 

Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel 

Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies 

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

2 

5 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

2 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

2 

2 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

89 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex C: Export performance by product groups 

001: Live animals other than animals of division 03 
011: Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen 
012:  Other  meat  and edible  meat  offal,  fresh,  chilled  or  frozen  (except  meat  and  meat  offal  unfit  or  unsuitable  for  human 
consumption) 
016: Meat and edible meat offal, salted, in brine, dried or smoked; edible flours and meals of meat or meat offal 
017: Meat and edible meat offal, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. 
022: Milk and cream and milk products other than butter or cheese 
023: Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk 
024: Cheese and curd 
025: Eggs, birds', and egg yolks, fresh, dried or otherwise preserved, sweetened or not; egg albumin 
034: Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen 
035: Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish (whether or not cooked before or during the smoking process); flours, meals and 
pellets of fish, fit for human consumption 
036: Crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates, whether in shell or not, fresh (live or dead), chilled, frozen, dried, salted 
or in brine 
037: Fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. 
041: Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled 
042: Rice 
043: Barley, unmilled 
044: Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled 
045: Cereals, unmilled (other than wheat, rice, barley and maize) 
046: Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin 
047: Other cereal meals and flours 
048: Cereal preparations and preparations of flour or starch of fruits or vegetables 
054:  Vegetables,  fresh,  chilled,  frozen  or  simply  preserved  (including  dried  leguminous  vegetables);  roots,  tubers  and  other 
edible vegetable products, n.e.s., fresh or dried 
056: Vegetables, roots and tubers, prepared or preserved, n.e.s. 
057: Fruit and nuts (not including oil nuts), fresh or dried 
058: Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excluding fruit juices) 
059:  Fruit  juices  (including  grape  must)  and  vegetable  juices,  unfermented  and  not  containing  added  spirit,  whether  or  not 
containing added sugar or other sweetening matter 
061: Sugars, molasses and honey 
062: Sugar confectionery 
071: Coffee and coffee substitutes 
072: Cocoa 
073: Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. 

90 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.4% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.9% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
2.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
1.3% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
1.3% 
0.0% 
0.6% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.1% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.4% 

1.1% 

0.8% 

1.3% 

0.9% 

1.2% 

0.9% 

1.0% 

1.1% 

1.6% 

0.3% 
0.6% 
0.2% 

0.4% 
0.6% 
0.3% 

0.5% 
0.6% 
0.3% 

0.5% 
0.7% 
0.3% 

1.1% 
1.0% 
0.5% 

1.6% 
1.4% 
1.2% 

1.3% 
1.5% 
1.1% 

1.0% 
1.4% 
1.0% 

1.2% 
1.1% 
1.3% 

0.3% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.6% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.8% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.8% 
0.0% 
0.9% 

0.0% 
0.3% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.8% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.8% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.9% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.9% 
0.0% 
0.5% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.8% 
0.0% 
0.3% 

 
 
 
0.0% 

074: Tea and maté 
075: Spices 
081: Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) 
091: Margarine and shortening 
098: Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. 
111: Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. 
112: Alcoholic beverages 
121: Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse 
122: Tobacco, manufactured (whether or not containing tobacco substitutes) 
211: Hides and skins (except furskins), raw 
212: Furskins, raw (including heads, tails, paws and other pieces or  cuttings, suitable for furriers’ use), other than hides and 
skins of group 211 
222: Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits of a kind used for the extraction of “soft” fixed vegetable oils (excluding flours and meals)  0.0% 
223: Oil-seeds and oleaginous fruits, whole or broken, of a kind used for the extraction of other fixed vegetable oils (including 
flours and meals of oil-seeds or oleaginous fruit, n.e.s.) 
231:  Natural  rubber,  balata,  gutta-percha,  guayule,  chicle  and  similar  natural  gums,  in  primary  forms  (including  latex)  or  in 
plates, sheets or strip 
232: Synthetic rubber; reclaimed rubber; waste, parings and scrap of unhardened rubber 
244: Cork, natural, raw and waste (including natural cork in blocks or sheets) 
245: Fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal 
246: Wood in chips or particles and wood waste 
247: Wood in the rough, whether or not stripped of bark or sapwood, or roughly squared 
248: Wood, simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood 
251: Pulp and waste paper 
261: Silk 
263: Cotton 
264:  Jute  and  other  textile  bast  fibres,  n.e.s.,  raw  or  processed  but  not  spun;  tow  and  waste  of  these  fibres  (including  yarn 
waste and garnetted stock) 
265: Vegetable textile fibres (other than cotton and jute), raw or processed but not spun; waste of these fibres 
266: Synthetic fibres suitable for spinning 
267: Other man-made fibres suitable for spinning; waste of man-made fibres 
268: Wool and other animal hair (including wool tops) 
269: Worn clothing and other worn textile articles; rags 
272: Fertilizers, crude, other than those of division 56 
273: Stone, sand and gravel 
274: Sulphur and unroasted iron pyrites 
277: Natural abrasives, n.e.s. (including industrial diamonds) 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.2% 
3.4% 
3.2% 
2.1% 
2.8% 
2.3% 
1.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.8% 
3.2% 
3.6% 

0.1% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
3.8% 
3.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.5% 

0.1% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
3.7% 
3.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.7% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
3.3% 
3.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.9% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
2.7% 
2.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.2% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
2.4% 
2.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.9% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
2.4% 
1.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.3% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

91 

 
 
 
278: Other crude minerals 
281: Iron ore and concentrates 
282: Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel 
283: Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes; cement copper 
284: Nickel ores and concentrates; nickel mattes, nickel oxide sinters and other intermediate products of nickel metallurgy 
285: Aluminium ores and concentrates (including alumina) 
286: Uranium or thorium ores and concentrates 
287: Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s. 
288: Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. 
289: Ores and concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap and sweepings of precious metals (other than of gold) 
291: Crude animal materials, n.e.s. 
292: Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s. 
321: Coal, whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated 
322: Briquettes, lignite and peat 
325: Coke and semi-coke (including char) of coal, of lignite or of peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon 
333: Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 
334: Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude); preparations, n.e.s., containing by weight 
70%  or  more  of  petroleum  oils  or  of  oils  obtained  from  bituminous  minerals, these  oils  being  the  basic  constituents  of  the 
preparation 
335: Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., and related materials 
342: Liquefied propane and butane 
343: Natural gas, whether or not liquefied 
344: Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons, n.e.s. 
345: Coal gas, water gas, producer gas and similar gases, other than petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 
351: Electric current 
411: Animal oils and fats 
421: Fixed vegetable fats and oils, 'soft', crude, refined or fractionated 
422: Fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude, refined or fractionated, other than “soft” 
431: Animal or vegetable fats and oils, processed; waxes; inedible mixtures or preparations of animal or vegetable fats or oils, 
n.e.s. 
511: Hydrocarbons, n.e.s., and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 
512: Alcohols, phenols, phenol-alcohols, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives 
513:  Carboxylic  acids  and  their  anhydrides,  halides,  peroxides  and  peroxyacids;  their  halogenated,  sulphonated,  nitrated  or 
nitrosated derivatives 
514: Nitrogen-function compounds 
515: Organo-inorganic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, nucleic acids and their salts, and sulphonamides 
516: Other organic chemicals 

92 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.1% 
1.1% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
3.7% 
3.7% 
8.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.8% 
8.3% 
7.4% 
2.8% 
3.8% 
7.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.2% 
0.4% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
5.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
5.5% 
3.7% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
1.2% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
6.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
6.8% 
4.6% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.7% 
0.0% 
5.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
9.0% 
5.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.6% 
0.0% 
3.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
4.8% 
3.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.4% 
0.0% 
6.9% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
7.3% 
4.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.5% 
0.0% 
7.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
7.3% 
5.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
4.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
7.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
4.9% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
5.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
10.1%  9.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
6.4% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.7% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.9% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

 
 
 
522: Inorganic chemical elements, oxides and halogen salts 
523: Salts and peroxysalts, of inorganic acids and metals 
524: Other inorganic chemicals; organic and inorganic compounds of precious metals 
525: Radioactive and associated materials 
531: Synthetic organic colouring matter and colour lakes, and preparations based thereon 
532: Dyeing and tanning extracts, and synthetic tanning materials 
533: Pigments, paints, varnishes and related materials 
541: Medicinal and pharmaceutical products, other than medicaments of group 542 
542: Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) 
551: Essential oils, perfume and flavour materials 
553: Perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (excluding soaps) 
554: Soap, cleansing and polishing preparations 
562: Fertilizers (other than those of group 272) 
571: Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 
572: Polymers of styrene, in primary forms 
573: Polymers of vinyl chloride or of other halogenated olefins, in primary forms 
574: Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, polyallyl esters and other 
polyesters, in primary forms 
575: Other plastics, in primary forms 
579: Waste, parings and scrap, of plastics 
581: Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings therefor, of plastics 
582: Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastics 
583:  Monofilament  of  which  any  cross-sectional  dimension  exceeds  1  mm,  rods,  sticks  and  profile  shapes,  whether  or  not 
surface-worked but not otherwise worked, of plastics 
591:  Insecticides,  rodenticides,  fungicides,  herbicides,  anti-sprouting  products  and  plant-growth  regulators,  disinfectants  and 
similar products, put up in forms or packings for retail sale or as preparations or articles 
592: Starches, inulin and wheat gluten; albuminoidal substances; glues 
593: Explosives and pyrotechnic products 
597: Prepared additives for mineral oils and the like; prepared liquids for hydraulic transmission; anti-freezing preparations and 
prepared de-icing fluids; lubricating preparations 
598: Miscellaneous chemical products, n.e.s. 
599: Residual products of the chemical or allied industries, n.e.s.; municipal waste; sewage sludge; other wastes 
611: Leather 
612: Manufactures of leather or of composition leather, n.e.s.; saddlery and harness 
613:  Furskins,  tanned  or  dressed  (including  heads,  tails,  paws  and  other  pieces  or  cuttings),  unassembled,  or  assembled 
(without the addition of other materials), other than those of heading 848.31 
621: Materials of rubber (e.g., pastes, plates, sheets, rods, thread, tubes, of rubber) 

93 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.8% 
0.4% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.5% 
0.6% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.9% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.4% 
0.8% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
1.4% 

0.0% 
0.3% 
0.5% 
1.4% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
2.2% 

0.0% 
0.3% 
0.7% 
2.4% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.7% 
2.3% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.8% 
3.0% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
3.0% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
2.2% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

 
 
 
625: Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kinds 
629: Articles of rubber, n.e.s. 
633: Cork manufactures 
634: Veneers, plywood, particle board, and other wood, worked, n.e.s. 
635: Wood manufactures, n.e.s. 
641: Paper and paperboard 
642: Paper and paperboard, cut to size or shape, and articles of paper or paperboard 
651: Textile yarn 
652: Cotton fabrics, woven (not including narrow or special fabrics) 
653: Fabrics, woven, of man-made textile materials (not including narrow or special fabrics) 
654: Other textile fabrics, woven 
655: Knitted or crocheted fabrics (including tubular knit fabrics, n.e.s., pile fabrics and openwork fabrics), n.e.s. 
656: Tulles, lace, embroidery, ribbons, trimmings and other smallwares 
657: Special yarns, special textile fabrics and related products 
658: Made-up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials, n.e.s. 
659: Floor coverings, etc. 
661: Lime, cement, and fabricated construction materials (except glass and clay materials) 
662: Clay construction materials and refractory construction materials 
663: Mineral manufactures, n.e.s. 
664: Glass 
665: Glassware 
666: Pottery 
667: Pearls and precious or semiprecious stones, unworked or worked 
671: Pig-iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, iron or steel granules and powders and ferro-alloys 
672: Ingots and other primary forms, of iron or steel; semi-finished products of iron or steel 
673: Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, not clad, plated or coated 
674: Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, clad, plated or coated 
675: Flat-rolled products of alloy steel 
676: Iron and steel bars, rods, angles, shapes and sections (including sheet piling) 
677: Rails or railway track construction material, of iron or steel 
678: Wire of iron or steel 
679: Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel 
681: Silver, platinum and other metals of the platinum group 
682: Copper 
683: Nickel 
684: Aluminium 

94 

0.0% 
2.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
2.6% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.9% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
1.3% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
1.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.0% 
0.5% 
0.1% 
0.7% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.5% 
0.7% 
1.0% 
2.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.6% 
0.9% 
0.8% 
0.5% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
0.3% 
0.1% 
2.5% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
2.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.6% 
1.0% 
0.8% 
0.4% 
1.2% 
1.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.8% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.6% 
0.7% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
0.6% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
30.7%  30.1%  33.1%  32.0%  7.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
1.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
4.8% 
3.9% 
2.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.2% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
1.2% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.6% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
13.4%  17.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
5.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
1.1% 
0.8% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.6% 
0.5% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.8% 
0.7% 
1.1% 
1.1% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.4% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.2% 
0.7% 
0.7% 
0.5% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
15.9%  9.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
6.2% 
5.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
5.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
3.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
1.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

 
 
 
685: Lead 
686: Zinc 
687: Tin 
689: Miscellaneous non-ferrous base metals employed in metallurgy, and cermets 
691: Structures and parts of structures, n.e.s., of iron, steel or aluminium 
692: Metal containers for storage or transport 
693: Wire products (excluding insulated electrical wiring) and fencing grills 
694: Nails, screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and the like, of iron, steel, copper or aluminium 
695: Tools for use in the hand or in machines 
696: Cutlery 
697: Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. 
699: Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. 
711: Steam or other vapour-generating boilers, superheated water boilers, and auxiliary plant for use therewith; parts thereof 
712: Steam turbines and other vapour turbines and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
713: Internal combustion piston engines and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
714:  Engines  and  motors,  non-electric  (other  than  those  of  groups  712,  713  and  718);  parts,  n.e.s.,  of  these  engines  and 
motors 
716: Rotating electric plant and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
718: Power-generating machinery and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
721: Agricultural machinery (excluding tractors) and parts thereof 
722: Tractors (other than those of headings 744.14 and 744.15) 
723: Civil engineering and contractors' plant and equipment; parts thereof 
724: Textile and leather machinery and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
725: Paper mill and pulp mill machinery, paper-cutting machines and other machinery for the manufacture of paper articles; 
parts thereof 
726: Printing and bookbinding machinery and parts thereof 
727: Food-processing machines (excluding domestic); parts thereof 
728: Other machinery and equipment specialized for particular industries; parts thereof, n.e.s. 
731: Machine tools working by removing metal or other material 
733: Machine tools for working metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets, without removing material 
735: Parts, n.e.s., and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines falling within groups 731 and 733 
(including work or tool holders, self-opening die-heads, dividing heads and other special attachments for machine tools); tool 
holder 
737: Metalworking machinery (other than machine tools) and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
741: Heating and cooling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
742:  Pumps  for  liquids,  whether  or  not  fitted  with  a  measuring  device;  liquid  elevators;  parts  for  such  pumps  and  liquid 
elevators 

95 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.5% 
0.6% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.0% 
13.5%  1.5% 
0.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.9% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.4% 
0.3% 
0.2% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.5% 
0.7% 
0.7% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.8% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.9% 

0.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.6% 
0.0% 
1.0% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
1.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.7% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
0.3% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
1.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
3.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.3% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.2% 

0.3% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.2% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.3% 
0.3% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.2% 
0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.1% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.1% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.3% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

 
 
 
743: Pumps (other than pumps for liquids), air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating 
a fan, whether or not fitted with filters; centrifuges; filtering or purifying apparatus; parts thereof 
744: Mechanical handling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
745: Non-electrical machinery, tools and mechanical apparatus and parts thereof, n.e.s. 
746: Ball- or roller bearings 
747:  Taps,  cocks,  valves  and  similar  appliances  for  pipes,  boiler  shells,  tanks,  vats  or  the  like,  including  pressure-reducing 
valves and thermostatically controlled valves 
748: Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears 
and gearing; ball  or roller screws; gearboxes and other speed changers (including torque converters); flywheels and pulleys 
749: Non-electric parts and accessories of machinery, n.e.s. 
751: Office machines 
752: Automatic data-processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto 
data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, n.e.s. 
759: Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with machines 
falling withing groups 751 and 752 
761: Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus; reception apparatus for television, whether or 
not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus 
762:  Reception  apparatus  for  radio-broadcasting,  whether  or  not  combined,  in  the  same  housing,  with  sound  recording  or 
reproducing apparatus or a clock 
763: Sound recording or reproducing apparatus; video recording or reproducing apparatus; whether or not incorporating a video 
tuner 
764: Telecommunications equipment, n.e.s., and parts, n.e.s., and accessories of apparatus falling within division 76 
771: Electric power machinery (other than rotating electric plant of group 716) and parts thereof 
772: Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits or for making connections to or in electrical circuits (e.g., 
switches, relays, fuses, lightning arresters, voltage limiters, surge suppressors, plugs and sockets, lamp-holders and j 
773: Equipment for distributing electricity, n.e.s. 
774: Electrodiagnostic apparatus for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes, and radiological apparatus 
775: Household-type electrical and non-electrical equipment, n.e.s. 
776:  Thermionic,  cold  cathode  or  photo-cathode  valves  and  tubes  (e.g.,  vacuum  or  vapour  or  gas-filled  valves  and  tubes, 
mercury  arc  rectifying  valves  and  tubes,  cathode-ray  tubes,  television  camera  tubes);  diodes,  transistors  and  similar 
semiconductor devices 
778: Electrical machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. 
781: Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than motor vehicles for the 
transport of ten or more persons, including the driver), including station-wagons and racing cars 
782: Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special-purpose motor vehicles 
783: Road motor vehicles, n.e.s. 
784: Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of groups 722, 781, 782 and 783 
785: Motor cycles (including mopeds) and cycles, motorized and non-motorized; invalid carriages 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.4% 

0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.3% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.3% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.2% 
0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.8% 

0.0% 
0.3% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.3% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.1% 

0.1% 
0.1% 

0.3% 
0.0% 

0.8% 
0.1% 

1.3% 
0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.7% 

1.1% 

0.8% 

0.4% 

0.5% 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.7% 

0.3% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.2% 

0.3% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 

96 

 
 
 
786:  Trailers  and  semi-trailers;  other  vehicles,  not  mechanically-propelled;  specially  designed  and  equipped  transport 
containers 
791: Railway vehicles (including hovertrains) and associated equipment 
792: Aircraft and associated equipment; spacecraft (including satellites) and spacecraft launch vehicles; parts thereof 
793: Ships, boats (including hovercraft) and floating structures 
811: Prefabricated buildings 
812: Sanitary, plumbing and heating fixtures and fittings, n.e.s. 
813: Lighting fixtures and fittings, n.e.s. 
821: Furniture and parts thereof; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings 
831:  Trunks,  suitcases,  vanity  cases,  executive  cases,  briefcases,  school  satches,  spectacle  cases,  binocular  cases,  camera 
cases, musical instrument cases, gun cases, holsters and similar containers; travelling bags, insulated food or beverages bags, 
toilet bags, rucksacks, handbags 
841:  Men's  or  boys'  coats,  capes,  jackets,  suits,  blazers, trousers,  shorts,  shirts,  underwear,  nightwear and  similar articles  of 
textile fabrics, not knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) 
842: Women's or girls' coats, capes, jackets, suits, trousers, shorts, shirts, dresses and skirts, underwear, nightwear and similar 
articles of textile fabrics, not knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) 
843:  Men's  or  boys'  coats,  capes,  jackets,  suits,  blazers, trousers,  shorts,  shirts,  underwear,  nightwear and  similar articles  of 
textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) 
844: Women's or girls' coats, capes, jackets, suits, trousers, shorts, shirts, dresses and skirts, underwear, nightwear and similar 
articles of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted (other than those of subgroup 845.2) 
845: Articles of apparel, of textile fabrics, whether or not knitted or crocheted, n.e.s. 
846: Clothing accessories, of textile fabrics, whether or not knitted or crocheted (other than those for babies) 
848: Articles of apparel and clothing accessories of other than textile fabrics; headgear of all materials 
851: Footwear 
871: Optical instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. 
872: Instruments and appliances, n.e.s., for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes 
873: Meters and counters, n.e.s. 
874: Measuring, checking, analysing and controlling instruments and apparatus, n.e.s. 
881: Photographic apparatus and equipment, n.e.s. 
882: Photographic and cinematographic supplies 
883: Cinematographic film, exposed and developed, whether or not incorporating soundtrack or consisting only of soundtrack 
884: Optical goods, n.e.s. 
885: Watches and clocks 
891: Arms and ammunition 
892: Printed matter 
893: Articles, n.e.s., of plastics 
894: Baby carriages, toys, games and sporting goods 
895: Office and stationery supplies, n.e.s. 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.7% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.6% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.4% 
0.0% 
0.8% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
1.1% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.9% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
2.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.8% 
0.1% 
2.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
0.8% 
0.1% 
2.9% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
0.7% 
0.1% 
4.2% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.2% 
0.5% 
0.1% 
8.9% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.2% 

0.1% 

0.4% 

0.3% 

0.3% 

0.2% 

0.0% 

0.3% 

0.5% 

0.5% 

0.5% 

0.3% 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.3% 

0.6% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
1.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
1.9% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.9% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
2.9% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
4.8% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
5.3% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
7.3% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
8.7% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
8.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 

97 

 
 
 
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.6% 
0.1% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.0% 
0.1% 

0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.8% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.8% 
0.0% 

0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.0% 

896: Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 
897: Jewellery, goldsmiths' and silversmiths' wares, and other articles of precious or semiprecious materials, n.e.s. 
898:  Musical  instruments and  parts and accessories thereof;  records,  tapes  and  other  sound  or  similar  recordings  (excluding 
goods of groups 763 and 883) 
899: Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. 
911: Postal packages not classified according to kind 
931: Special transactions and commodities not classified according to kind 
961: Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal tender 
971: Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) 
972:  
999: unknown 

98 

 
 
 
Annex  D:  Allocation  of  exports  in  SITC  3-digit  product  groups  to  ISIC  3-digit 
industries 

SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

SITC 

1 

1 

11 

12 

12 

16 

17 

22 

23 

24 

25 

25 

34 

34 

35 

36 

36 

37 

41 

42 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

48 

48 

54 

54 

56 

56 

57 

58 

59 

61 

61 

61 

61 

62 

71 

71 

72 

72 

73 

74 

74 

75 

81 

81 

12 

151 

151 

12 

151 

151 

151 

152 

152 

152 

12 

154 

50 

151 

151 

50 

151 

151 

11 

11 

153 

11 

11 

11 

153 

153 

153 

154 

155 

11 

151 

151 

153 

11 

151 

151 

12 

152 

153 

154 

154 

11 

154 

11 

154 

154 

11 

154 

11 

11 

151 

78.6% 

21.4% 

100.0% 

9.1% 

90.9% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

25.0% 

75.0% 

38.1% 

61.9% 

100.0% 

50.0% 

50.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

25.0% 

75.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

54.5% 

36.4% 

9.1% 

85.2% 

14.8% 

80.0% 

20.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

7.1% 

7.1% 

35.7% 

50.0% 

100.0% 

16.7% 

83.3% 

20.0% 

80.0% 

100.0% 

50.0% 

50.0% 

100.0% 

18.8% 

68.8% 

81 

91 

98 

98 

111 

112 

121 

122 

211 

211 

212 

222 

223 

223 

231 

231 

232 

232 

244 

244 

245 

245 

246 

247 

247 

248 

251 

261 

261 

263 

263 

263 

264 

264 

265 

265 

266 

266 

267 

267 

268 

268 

268 

269 

272 

272 

273 

273 

274 

274 

277 

ISIC 

153 

151 

12 

154 

155 

155 

11 

160 

12 

151 

12 

11 

11 

151 

11 

20 

241 

251 

20 

202 

20 

241 

201 

20 

201 

201 

210 

12 

171 

11 

151 

171 

11 

171 

11 

171 

171 

243 

171 

243 

12 

151 

171 

369 

142 

241 

141 

269 

142 

241 

142 

99 

%-share  of 
exports 

SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

12.5% 

100.0% 

6.3% 

93.8% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

12.5% 

87.5% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

83.3% 

16.7% 

80.0% 

20.0% 

90.0% 

10.0% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

50.0% 

50.0% 

100.0% 

75.0% 

25.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

33.3% 

33.3% 

50.0% 

50.0% 

46.2% 

53.8% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

36.4% 

9.1% 

54.5% 

100.0% 

60.0% 

40.0% 

88.9% 

11.1% 

75.0% 

25.0% 

60.0% 

277 

278 

278 

278 

281 

281 

283 

283 

284 

284 

285 

285 

286 

287 

289 

291 

291 

291 

291 

292 

292 

292 

321 

322 

322 

322 

325 

333 

334 

335 

335 

335 

335 

342 

343 

344 

345 

351 

411 

411 

421 

421 

422 

431 

431 

431 

431 

511 

512 

512 

512 

369 

111 

141 

142 

131 

241 

132 

272 

132 

272 

132 

272 

120 

132 

132 

12 

50 

151 

930 

11 

20 

50 

101 

101 

102 

103 

231 

111 

232 

231 

232 

241 

269 

232 

111 

232 

402 

401 

151 

171 

151 

153 

151 

12 

151 

241 

242 

241 

155 

241 

242 

40.0% 

4.2% 

20.8% 

75.0% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

50.0% 

50.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

20.0% 

40.0% 

20.0% 

20.0% 

44.0% 

52.0% 

4.0% 

100.0% 

25.0% 

50.0% 

25.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

8.3% 

33.3% 

50.0% 

8.3% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

80.0% 

20.0% 

87.5% 

12.5% 

100.0% 

14.3% 

57.1% 

14.3% 

14.3% 

100.0% 

10.0% 

85.0% 

5.0% 

 
 
SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

513 

513 

514 

514 

515 

515 

516 

516 

522 

522 

523 

524 

525 

525 

525 

531 

532 

533 

533 

541 

542 

551 

553 

554 

562 

571 

572 

573 

574 

575 

581 

582 

583 

591 

592 

592 

592 

593 

597 

598 

598 

598 

611 

612 

613 

621 

625 

629 

633 

634 

634 

634 

635 

641 

241 

242 

241 

242 

241 

242 

241 

242 

241 

269 

241 

241 

233 

241 

401 

241 

241 

241 

242 

242 

242 

242 

242 

242 

241 

241 

241 

241 

241 

241 

252 

252 

252 

242 

152 

153 

242 

242 

242 

241 

242 

269 

191 

191 

182 

251 

251 

251 

202 

20 

201 

202 

202 

210 

95.2% 

4.8% 

77.3% 

22.7% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

95.0% 

5.0% 

97.3% 

2.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

57.1% 

28.6% 

14.3% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

42.1% 

57.9% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

6.7% 

53.3% 

40.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

17.9% 

75.0% 

7.1% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

6.7% 

6.7% 

86.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

642 

642 

651 

651 

651 

651 

652 

653 

654 

654 

655 

656 

657 

657 

657 

657 

658 

659 

659 

659 

661 

662 

663 

664 

665 

666 

667 

667 

667 

667 

671 

672 

673 

674 

675 

676 

677 

678 

679 

681 

682 

683 

684 

685 

686 

687 

689 

691 

692 

692 

693 

694 

695 

696 

77.8% 

22.2% 

71.4% 

2.0% 

24.5% 

2.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

95.2% 

4.8% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

84.0% 

8.0% 

4.0% 

4.0% 

100.0% 

85.7% 

7.1% 

7.1% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

18.2% 

27.3% 

18.2% 

36.4% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

210 

222 

171 

172 

243 

261 

171 

171 

171 

261 

173 

172 

172 

181 

210 

251 

172 

172 

210 

369 

269 

269 

269 

261 

261 

269 

50 

142 

241 

369 

271 

271 

271 

271 

271 

271 

271 

271 

271 

272 

272 

272 

272 

272 

272 

272 

272 

281 

281 

289 

289 

289 

289 

289 

100 

697 

697 

699 

699 

711 

712 

713 

713 

713 

713 

714 

714 

716 

718 

718 

718 

721 

722 

723 

723 

724 

725 

726 

726 

726 

727 

728 

731 

733 

735 

737 

741 

741 

741 

741 

742 

743 

743 

743 

744 

744 

745 

745 

745 

746 

747 

748 

749 

749 

749 

751 

752 

759 

761 

289 

293 

272 

289 

281 

291 

291 

341 

343 

353 

291 

353 

311 

233 

281 

291 

292 

292 

291 

292 

292 

292 

222 

292 

300 

292 

292 

292 

292 

292 

292 

291 

292 

293 

331 

291 

291 

292 

293 

291 

292 

291 

292 

319 

291 

291 

291 

289 

291 

292 

300 

300 

300 

323 

69.2% 

30.8% 

23.3% 

76.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

41.7% 

25.0% 

16.7% 

16.7% 

33.3% 

66.7% 

100.0% 

11.1% 

22.2% 

66.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

4.5% 

95.5% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

7.1% 

85.7% 

7.1% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

75.8% 

15.2% 

6.1% 

3.0% 

100.0% 

80.0% 

10.0% 

10.0% 

96.8% 

3.2% 

66.7% 

28.6% 

4.8% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

8.3% 

16.7% 

75.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

 
 
SITC 

ISIC 

762 

763 

763 

764 

764 

764 

764 

771 

772 

772 

773 

773 

773 

773 

773 

774 

775 

776 

778 

778 

778 

778 

778 

781 

782 

783 

784 

784 

785 

786 

786 

323 

322 

323 

32 

322 

323 

331 

311 

312 

321 

252 

261 

269 

313 

319 

331 

293 

321 

292 

314 

315 

319 

321 

341 

341 

341 

341 

343 

359 

292 

342 

%-share  of 
exports 

100.0% 

12.5% 

87.5% 

4.8% 

47.6% 

42.9% 

4.8% 

100.0% 

75.0% 

25.0% 

7.7% 

7.7% 

15.4% 

46.2% 

23.1% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

10.8% 

10.8% 

13.5% 

40.5% 

24.3% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

12.5% 

87.5% 

100.0% 

12.5% 

75.0% 

786 
Source: author’s calculations. 

12.5% 

359 

SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

SITC 

ISIC 

%-share  of 
exports 

791 

792 

793 

811 

812 

812 

812 

813 

813 

813 

821 

821 

831 

841 

842 

843 

844 

845 

845 

846 

846 

846 

848 

848 

848 

848 

851 

871 

871 

872 

873 

874 

352 

353 

351 

281 

269 

281 

293 

252 

261 

315 

172 

361 

191 

181 

181 

181 

181 

173 

181 

173 

173 

181 

181 

182 

251 

252 

192 

331 

332 

331 

331 

331 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

33.3% 

16.7% 

50.0% 

10.0% 

10.0% 

80.0% 

8.7% 

91.3% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

10.0% 

90.0% 

18.8% 

18.8% 

62.5% 

56.3% 

12.5% 

12.5% 

18.8% 

100.0% 

15.4% 

84.6% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

97.3% 

874 

881 

881 

882 

882 

883 

884 

885 

885 

891 

891 

892 

892 

892 

892 

893 

894 

895 

895 

895 

896 

897 

898 

898 

898 

898 

899 

899 

899 

899 

961 

971 

369 

315 

332 

242 

749 

921 

332 

191 

333 

289 

292 

210 

221 

222 

742 

252 

369 

242 

289 

369 

921 

369 

221 

242 

315 

369 

172 

202 

331 

369 

369 

272 

2.7% 

6.7% 

93.3% 

66.7% 

33.3% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

3.8% 

96.2% 

6.7% 

93.3% 

5.6% 

83.3% 

5.6% 

5.6% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

11.1% 

22.2% 

66.7% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

27.3% 

22.7% 

4.5% 

45.5% 

2.4% 

9.8% 

14.6% 

73.2% 

100.0% 

100.0% 

101 

 
 
Annex E: Export specialisation by industries 

Code Description 

A Agriculture, hunting and forestry 
011 Growing of crops; market gardening; horticulture 
012 Farming of animals 
013 Growing of crops combined with farming of animals (mixed farming) 
014 Agricultural and animal husbandry service activities, except veterinary activities 
015 Hunting, trapping and game propagation including related service activities 
020 Forestry, logging and related service activities 

B Fishing 
050 Fishing, operation of fish hatcheries and fish farms; service activities incidental to 
fishing 

C Mining and quarrying 
101 Mining and agglomeration of hard coal 
102 Mining and agglomeration of lignite 
103 Extraction and agglomeration of peat 
111 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas 
112 Service activities incidental to oil and gas extraction excluding surveying 
120 Mining of uranium and thorium ores 
131 Mining of iron ores 
132 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores, except uranium and thorium ores 
141 Quarrying of stone, sand and clay 
142 Mining and quarrying n.e.c. 

D Manufacturing 
151 Production, processing and preservation of meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and 
fats 
152 Manufacture of dairy products 
153  Manufacture  of  grain  mill  products,  starches and  starch  products, and  prepared 
animal feeds 
154 Manufacture of other food products 
155 Manufacture of beverages 
160 Manufacture of tobacco products 
171 Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles 
172 Manufacture of other textiles 
173 Manufacture of knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles 

LQ 
2012 

LQ 
2013 

LQ 
2014 

LQ 
2015 

LQ 
2016 

LQ 
2017 

LQ 
2018 

LQ 
2019 

LQ 
2020 

#  LQ 
> 1.5 

Trend 
(slope 
/ 
average) 

Adjusted 
R2 

Trend 
positive and 
significant 

0.209  0.169  0.210  0.203  0.264  0.247  0.295  0.299  0.322  0 
0.226  0.199  0.241  0.249  0.210  0.222  0.214  0.210  0.196  0 

0.071 
-0.013 

0.833 
0.064 

0.405  0.336  0.496  0.740  1.004  1.054  1.244  1.821  2.845  2 

0.242 

0.805 

0.027  0.026  0.078  0.036  0.056  0.066  0.077  0.131  0.138  0 

0.187 

0.728 

1.439  1.690  0.000  1.804  3.471  7.989  1.879  2.718  2.345  7 
1.563  2.803  0.000  2.988  5.549  14.400  4.306  4.729  3.376  8 
1.563  2.803  0.000  2.988  5.549  14.400  4.306  4.729  3.376  8 
0.007  0.077  0.134  0.181  0.206  0.372  0.859  0.176  0.013  0 

0.004  0.000  0.020  0.069  0.000  0.000  12.722  0.217  0.965  1 
7.359  5.591  9.609  9.385  10.811  5.933  10.240  10.609  8.147  9 
0.306  1.931  1.618  0.993  0.410  0.947  0.993  0.500  0.281  2 
0.135  2.972  2.978  2.970  2.732  4.293  7.610  4.778  1.338  7 

0.107 
0.125 
0.125 
0.146 

0.320 
0.031 
-0.107 
0.105 

-0.011 
0.012 
0.012 
-0.010 

-0.023 
0.014 
0.083 
0.085 

0.391  0.328  0.388  0.371  0.342  0.346  0.423  0.494  0.458  0 

0.034 

0.360 

0.062  0.032  0.020  0.016  0.022  0.053  0.058  0.051  0.050  0 

0.048 

-0.040 

1.428  1.548  2.258  1.754  1.308  0.996  1.158  1.243  0.832  3 

-0.075 

0.367 

0.200  0.082  0.195  0.226  0.323  0.430  0.392  0.309  0.329  0 
2.130  3.247  5.069  5.493  4.847  6.713  7.410  9.213  10.868  9 
0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0 
2.271  2.969  3.603  3.747  3.287  1.944  0.324  0.615  0.569  6 
1.626  1.656  1.526  1.412  1.769  2.369  3.498  3.305  3.138  8 
0.011  0.019  0.032  0.023  0.032  0.033  0.036  0.057  0.190  0 

0.109 
0.160 

-0.173 
0.117 
0.293 

0.498 
0.928 

0.490 
0.706 
0.428 

102 

1 
0 

1 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
1 
0 
0 
1 
0 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Code Description 

LQ 
2012 

LQ 
2013 

LQ 
2014 

LQ 
2015 

LQ 
2016 

LQ 
2017 

LQ 
2018 

LQ 
2019 

LQ 
2020 

#  LQ 
> 1.5 

0.015  0.003  0.349  0.169  0.338  0.128  0.768  0.492  0.550  0 

0.049  0.093  0.114  0.170  0.183  0.211  0.143  0.126  0.195  0 
0.014  0.008  0.006  0.013  0.010  0.018  0.017  0.019  0.005  0 

0.008  0.015  0.027  0.126  0.316  0.587  0.625  0.432  0.319  0 
0.030  0.021  0.052  0.063  0.075  0.104  0.157  0.159  0.147  0 
0.744  0.915  1.053  1.121  1.225  1.113  1.547  1.403  1.785  2 
0.265  0.425  0.587  0.551  0.754  0.775  1.204  1.309  1.291  0 
1.874  0.366  0.420  0.541  0.361  0.738  0.610  0.441  0.762  1 
0.326  0.245  0.165  0.179  0.251  0.598  0.733  1.141  1.179  0 

181 Manufacture of wearing apparel, except fur apparel 
182 Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur 
191  Tanning  and  dressing  of  leather;  manufacture  of  luggage,  handbags,  saddlery 
and harness 
192 Manufacture of footwear 
201 Sawmilling and planing of wood 
202 Manufacture of products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials 
210 Manufacture of paper and paper products 
221 Publishing 
222 Printing and service activities related to printing 
223 Reproduction of recorded media 
231 Manufacture of coke oven products 
232 Manufacture of refined petroleum products 
233 Processing of nuclear fuel 
241 Manufacture of basic chemicals 
242 Manufacture of other chemical products 
243 Manufacture of man-made fibres 
251 Manufacture of rubber products 
252 Manufacture of plastics products 
261 Manufacture of glass and glass products 
269 Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. 
271 Manufacture of basic iron and steel 
272 Manufacture of basic precious and non-ferrous metals 
273 Casting of metals 
281 Manufacture of structural metal products, tanks, reservoirs and steam generators  0.358  0.585  0.954  0.600  1.173  2.602  11.977  1.404  2.079  3 
289 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; metal working service activities  0.422  0.398  0.622  0.494  0.578  0.543  0.913  0.840  1.428  0 
0.181  1.035  0.914  0.275  0.255  0.213  0.174  0.147  0.142  0 
291 Manufacture of general purpose machinery 
0.855  0.637  0.742  0.340  0.539  0.423  0.428  0.330  0.514  0 
292 Manufacture of special purpose machinery 
0.420  0.276  0.418  0.637  0.482  0.644  0.809  0.722  0.819  0 
293 Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c. 
0.683  0.511  0.217  0.131  0.333  1.434  0.461  0.237  0.241  0 
300 Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery 
0.184  0.180  0.098  0.066  0.151  0.098  0.243  0.101  0.093  0 
311 Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers 
0.018  0.005  0.117  0.020  0.021  0.024  0.015  0.015  0.046  0 
312 Manufacture of electricity distribution and control apparatus 
0.017  0.020  0.010  0.012  0.008  0.006  0.020  0.009  0.014  0 
313 Manufacture of insulated wire and cable 
0.589  0.708  1.420  1.891  1.285  0.704  0.860  0.843  0.600  1 
314 Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries 
0.366  0.605  0.423  0.558  0.437  0.335  0.355  0.467  0.390  0 
315 Manufacture of electric lamps and lighting equipment 

0.008  0.004  0.016  0.008  0.003  0.057  0.027  0.045  0.062  0 
0.002  0.001  0.002  0.003  0.001  0.011  0.007  0.013  0.029  0 
0.017  0.002  0.021  0.003  0.000  0.006  0.006  0.000  0.002  0 
0.058  0.081  0.064  0.074  0.088  0.118  0.207  0.201  0.171  0 
0.117  0.073  0.095  0.090  0.101  0.115  0.168  0.182  0.249  0 
4.462  5.572  6.334  6.980  6.536  4.200  0.619  1.084  0.774  6 
6.957  9.628  9.534  7.832  4.893  4.200  3.327  2.222  2.249  9 
0.609  0.698  1.199  1.761  1.432  2.631  3.709  3.557  4.599  5 
0.101  0.140  0.139  0.269  0.933  0.559  0.245  0.592  0.843  0 
0.469  0.614  0.342  0.860  0.746  0.798  0.802  0.911  1.047  0 
9.726  10.199  9.179  10.280  14.167  13.157  4.139  7.565  5.691  9 
0.129  0.074  0.117  0.130  0.099  0.193  0.187  0.223  0.249  0 

Trend 
/ 
(slope 
average) 
0.092 
0.036 

Adjusted 
R2 

0.382 
-0.088 

Trend 
positive and 
significant 
0 
0 

0.235 

0.544 

0.254 
0.210 
0.091 
0.172 
-0.089 
0.238 

0.269 
0.355 
-0.249 
0.161 
0.129 
-0.174 
-0.168 
0.226 
0.189 
0.092 
-0.056 
0.121 

0.230 
0.144 
-0.196 
-0.088 
0.107 
-0.028 
-0.035 
-0.031 
-0.035 
-0.031 
-0.026 

0.555 
0.901 
0.862 
0.928 
-0.001 
0.717 

0.594 
0.585 
0.229 
0.733 
0.641 
0.494 
0.760 
0.919 
0.409 
0.658 
0.081 
0.713 

0.055 
0.658 
0.234 
0.443 
0.765 
-0.133 
-0.087 
-0.136 
-0.080 
-0.102 
-0.016 

0 

0 
1 
1 
1 
0 
1 

0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

103 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LQ 
2012 

LQ 
2013 

LQ 
2014 

LQ 
2015 

LQ 
2016 

LQ 
2017 

LQ 
2018 

LQ 
2019 

LQ 
2020 

#  LQ 
> 1.5 

0.258  0.344  0.528  0.691  0.442  0.240  0.305  0.294  0.224  0 
0.134  0.111  0.341  0.416  0.295  0.142  0.170  0.180  0.314  0 

Trend 
/ 
(slope 
average) 
-0.054 
0.022 

Adjusted 
R2 

-0.005 
-0.123 

Trend 
positive and 
significant 
0 
0 

0.303  0.268  0.120  0.809  0.165  0.515  0.607  0.355  0.753  0 

0.106 

0.143 

0.219  0.170  0.085  0.403  0.129  0.244  0.289  0.213  0.429  0 

0.084 

0.120 

0.383  0.412  0.267  0.290  0.189  0.209  0.209  0.153  0.264  0 

-0.092 

0.519 

0.049  0.090  0.031  0.012  0.073  0.032  0.269  0.037  0.490  0 
0.000  0.022  0.000  0.007  0.029  0.026  0.703  1.144  1.725  1 
0.478  0.354  0.360  0.375  0.414  0.425  0.228  0.120  0.302  0 

0.291 
0.480 
-0.080 

0.275 
0.647 
0.379 

0.088  0.270  0.113  0.043  0.144  0.070  0.131  0.039  0.059  0 

-0.117 

0.114 

0.298  0.064  0.279  0.362  0.343  0.290  0.123  0.192  0.268  0 
0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.004  0.001  0.002  0 
0.109  0.691  0.275  0.000  0.010  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0 
0.002  0.116  0.724  0.705  0.945  0.594  0.113  0.056  0.013  0 
0.011  0.047  0.165  0.006  0.111  0.132  0.083  0.009  0.041  0 
0.209  0.174  0.251  0.223  0.281  0.399  0.705  0.828  1.216  0 
1.279  0.349  0.468  0.631  0.421  0.376  0.430  0.420  0.516  0 

-0.008 
0.397 
-0.423 
-0.067 
-0.009 
0.248 
-0.097 

-0.139 
0.223 
0.267 
-0.106 
-0.142 
0.770 
0.145 

3.325  3.198  3.474  5.267  3.684  3.781  8.403  6.444  4.763  9 
0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0 

0.085 

0.298 

0 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 

0 
0 

Code Description 

319 Manufacture of other electrical equipment n.e.c. 
321 Manufacture of electronic valves and tubes and other electronic components 
322  Manufacture  of  television  and  radio  transmitters  and  apparatus  for  line 
telephony and line telegraphy 
323  Manufacture  of  television  and  radio  receivers,  sound  or  video  recording  or 
reproducing apparatus, and associated goods 
331  Manufacture  of  medical  appliances  and  instruments  and  appliances  for 
measuring,  checking,  testing,  navigating  and  other  purposes,  except  optical 
instruments 
332 Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment 
333 Manufacture of watches and clocks 
341 Manufacture of motor vehicles 
342  Manufacture  of  bodies  (coachwork)  for  motor  vehicles;  manufacture  of  trailers 
and semi-trailers 
343 Manufacture of parts and accessories for motor vehicles and their engines 
351 Building and repairing of ships and boats 
352 Manufacture of railway and tramway locomotives and rolling stock 
353 Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft 
359 Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c. 
361 Manufacture of furniture 
369 Manufacturing n.e.c. 
371 Recycling of metal waste and scrap 
372 Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap 

E Electricity, gas and water supply 
401 Production, collection and distribution of electricity 
402 Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains 
403 Steam and hot water supply 
410 Collection, purification and distribution of water 

F Construction 
451 Site preparation 
452 Building of complete constructions or parts thereof; civil engineering 
453 Building installation 
454 Building completion 
455 Renting of construction or demolition equipment with operator 

G  Wholesale  and  retail  trade;  repair  of  motor  vehicles,  motorcycles  and 
personal and household goods 

104 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LQ 
2012 

LQ 
2013 

LQ 
2014 

LQ 
2015 

LQ 
2016 

LQ 
2017 

LQ 
2018 

LQ 
2019 

LQ 
2020 

#  LQ 
> 1.5 

Trend 
/ 
(slope 
average) 

Adjusted 
R2 

Trend 
positive and 
significant 

Code Description 

501 Sale of motor vehicles 
502 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 
503 Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories 
504 Sale, maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related parts and accessories 
505 Retail sale of automotive fuel 
511 Wholesale on a fee or contract basis 
512  Wholesale  of  agricultural  raw  materials,  live  animals,  food,  beverages  and 
tobacco 
513 Wholesale of household goods 
514 Wholesale of non-agricultural intermediate products, waste and scrap 
515 Wholesale of machinery, equipment and supplies 
519 Other wholesale 
521 Non-specialized retail trade in stores 
522 Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores 
523 Other retail trade of new goods in specialized stores 
524 Retail sale of second-hand goods in stores 
525 Retail trade not in stores 
526 Repair of personal and household goods 

H Hotels and restaurants 
551 Hotels; camping sites and other provision of short-stay accommodation 
552 Restaurants, bars and canteens 

I Transport, storage and communications 
601 Transport via railways 
602 Other land transport 
603 Transport via pipelines 
611 Sea and coastal water transport 
612 Inland water transport 
621 Scheduled air transport 
622 Non-scheduled air transport 
630 Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies 
641 Post and courier activities 
642 Telecommunications 

J Financial intermediation 
651 Monetary intermediation 
659 Other financial intermediation 

105 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Code Description 

660 Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security 
671  Activities  auxiliary  to  financial  intermediation,  except  insurance  and  pension 
funding 
672 Activities auxiliary to insurance and pension funding 

K Real estate, renting and business activities 
701 Real estate activities with own or leased property 
702 Real estate activities on a fee or contract basis 
711 Renting of transport equipment 
712 Renting of other machinery and equipment 
713 Renting of personal and household goods n.e.c. 
721 Hardware consultancy 
722 Software consultancy and supply 
723 Data processing 
724 Data base activities 
725 Maintenance and repair of office, accounting and computing machinery 
729 Other computer related activities 
731  Research  and  experimental  development  on  natural  sciences  and  engineering 
(NSE) 
732 Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities (SSH) 
741  Legal, accounting,  book-keeping  and  auditing  activities;  tax  consultancy;  market 
research and public opinion polling; business and management consultancy 
742 Architectural, engineering and other technical activities 
743 Advertising 
749 Business activities n.e.c. 

L Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 
751 Administration of the State and the economic and social policy of the community 
752 Provision of services to the community as a whole 
753 Compulsory social security activities 

M Education 
801 Primary education 
802 Secondary education 
803 Higher education 
809 Adult and other education 

N Health and social work 
851 Human health activities 

LQ 
2012 

LQ 
2013 

LQ 
2014 

LQ 
2015 

LQ 
2016 

LQ 
2017 

LQ 
2018 

LQ 
2019 

LQ 
2020 

#  LQ 
> 1.5 

Trend 
/ 
(slope 
average) 

Adjusted 
R2 

Trend 
positive and 
significant 

0.457  0.266  0.259  0.400  0.216  0.606  0.468  0.271  0.603  0 

0.052 

0.015 

0.055  0.148  0.215  0.387  0.066  0.639  0.881  0.165  0.000  0 

0.083 

-0.089 

0 

0 

106 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Code Description 

852 Veterinary activities 
853 Social work activities 

O Other community, social and personal service activities 
900 Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities 
911 Activities of business, employers and professional organizations 
912 Activities of trade unions 
919 Activities of other membership organizations 
921 Motion picture, radio, television and other entertainment activities 
922 News agency activities 
923 Library, archives, museums and other cultural activities 
924 Sporting and other recreational activities 
930 Other service activities 

P Private households with employed persons 
950 Private households with employed persons 

Q Extra-territorial organizations and bodies 
990 Extra-territorial organizations and bodies 

LQ 
2012 

LQ 
2013 

LQ 
2014 

LQ 
2015 

LQ 
2016 

LQ 
2017 

LQ 
2018 

LQ 
2019 

LQ 
2020 

#  LQ 
> 1.5 

Trend 
/ 
(slope 
average) 

Adjusted 
R2 

Trend 
positive and 
significant 

0.026  0.036  0.000  0.000  0.044  0.204  0.257  0.240  0.629  0 

0.391 

0.652 

0 

0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0 

0 

107 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex F: Web of Science publications: %-shares by category 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 

Agricultural Economics Policy 

Agricultural Engineering 

Agriculture Dairy Animal Science 

Agriculture Multidisciplinary 

Agronomy 

Allergy 

Anatomy Morphology 

Anaesthesiology 

Anthropology 

Architecture 

Area Studies 

Art 

Automation Control Systems 

Behavioural Sciences 

Biochemical Research Methods 

Biochemistry Molecular Biology 

Biodiversity Conservation 

Biology 

Biophysics 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  2.1% 

0.0%  0.7% 

25.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.2%  2.1% 

0.0% 

4.3%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

8.5% 

2.1% 

2.2%  2.1% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

Biotechnology Applied Microbiology 

50.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.7% 

Business 

Business Finance 

Cardiac Cardiovascular Systems 

Cell Biology 

Cell Tissue Engineering 

Chemistry Analytical 

Chemistry Applied 

Chemistry Inorganic Nuclear 

Chemistry Medicinal 

Chemistry Multidisciplinary 

Chemistry Organic 

Chemistry Physical 

Clinical Neurology 

Communication 

Computer Science Artificial Intelligence 

Computer Science Cybernetics 

Computer Science Information Systems 

Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications 

Computer Science Theory Methods 

Construction Building Technology 

Criminology Penology 

Crystallography 

Cultural Studies 

Dentistry Oral Surgery Medicine 

Dermatology 

Development Studies 

Developmental Biology 

Ecology 

Economics 

Education Educational Research 

Education Scientific Disciplines 

Electrochemistry 

Emergency Medicine 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

4.3% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3%  1.4% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

4.3%  0.7% 

5.4%  4.2% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

4.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

3.3%  0.7% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3% 

1.1%  3.5% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.2%  2.1% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

2.1% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

108 

1.2% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.8% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

2.0% 

1.6% 

1.2% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.8% 

0.4% 

2.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

1.6% 

2.7% 

0.4% 

1.2% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

2.0% 

0.0% 

2.3% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

4.3% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.7%  1.6%  0.9% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.6%  0.3% 

0.0%  1.6%  0.0% 

1.4%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

1.4%  1.3%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

1.7%  0.9%  1.5% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

2.0%  2.5%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

1.7%  0.3%  0.3% 

2.4%  0.9%  1.8% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.6% 

1.7%  0.9%  0.6% 

1.4%  0.0%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

2.0%  0.9%  2.1% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  2.2%  1.2% 

2.4%  2.8%  3.5% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

1.0%  1.3%  3.5% 

1.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

1.0%  0.9%  0.9% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.9% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

3.8%  2.2%  0.9% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.3%  1.2% 

3.8%  5.1%  4.4% 

1.7%  0.6%  3.5% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.6% 

1.7%  0.3%  0.9% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

 
 
 
Endocrinology Metabolism 

Energy Fuels 

Engineering Biomedical 

Engineering Chemical 

Engineering Civil 

Engineering Electrical Electronic 

Engineering Environmental 

Engineering Geological 

Engineering Industrial 

Engineering Manufacturing 

Engineering Mechanical 

Engineering Multidisciplinary 

Entomology 

Environmental Sciences 

Environmental Studies 

Ergonomics 

Ethics 

Ethnic Studies 

Evolutionary Biology 

Family Studies 

Fisheries 

Folklore 

Food Science Technology 

Forestry 

Gastroenterology Hepatology 

Genetics Heredity 

Geochemistry Geophysics 

Geography 

Geosciences Multidisciplinary 

Geriatrics Gerontology 

Green Sustainable Science Technology 

Health Care Sciences Services 

Health Policy Services 

History 

Horticulture 

Hospitality Leisure Sport Tourism 

Humanities Multidisciplinary 

Immunology 

Industrial Relations Labour 

Infectious Diseases 

Information Science Library Science 

Instruments Instrumentation 

Integrative Complementary Medicine 

International Relations 

Language Linguistics 

Law 

Limnology 

Linguistics 

Literary Reviews 

Literature 

Management 

Marine Freshwater Biology 

Materials Science Biomaterials 

Materials Science Characterization Testing 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

109 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

0.0%  1.4% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

0.0%  1.4% 

1.1%  2.8% 

0.0% 

0.0%  2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

25.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.8% 

1.6% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.6% 

1.2% 

0.8% 

1.0%  1.3%  0.3% 

0.7%  0.6%  0.9% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.6%  0.3% 

1.0%  0.9%  1.2% 

3.1%  1.6%  0.6% 

1.7%  3.5%  0.9% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.9%  1.8% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.9% 

14.9%  9.8%  14.8%  12.5%  7.5%  9.8%  11.1% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.8% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

2.1% 

4.3% 

0.0%  0.7% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.2%  0.7% 

0.0%  2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

2.2%  2.1% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

2.2%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3%  0.7% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  3.5% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

1.1%  0.7% 

1.1%  0.7% 

1.1%  0.0% 

1.1%  2.1% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.7% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.8% 

0.8% 

1.2% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

1.2% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

2.3% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

1.7%  0.9%  1.2% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.0% 

1.0%  0.0%  0.9% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

1.4%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

1.4%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.7%  0.3%  0.3% 

1.4%  1.9%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

3.4%  2.2%  1.2% 

1.7%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

2.0%  2.2%  1.5% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.6% 

0.7%  0.9%  0.9% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

4.1%  2.5%  2.6% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.0% 

1.0%  2.5%  1.8% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

 
 
 
Materials Science Coatings Films 

Materials Science Composites 

Materials Science Multidisciplinary 

Materials Science Paper Wood 

Mathematical Computational Biology 

Mathematics 

Mathematics Applied 

Mathematics Interdisciplinary Applications 

Mechanics 

Medical Informatics 

Medical Laboratory Technology 

Medicine General Internal 

Medicine Legal 

Medicine Research Experimental 

Medieval Renaissance Studies 

Metallurgy Metallurgical Engineering 

Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences 

Microbiology 

Mineralogy 

Mining Mineral Processing 

Multidisciplinary Sciences 

Mycology 

Nanoscience Nanotechnology 

Neurosciences 

Nuclear Science Technology 

Nursing 

Nutrition Dietetics 

Obstetrics Gynaecology 

Oncology 

Ophthalmology 

Optics 

Orthopaedics 

Otorhinolaryngology 

Parasitology 

Pathology 

Paediatrics 

Peripheral Vascular Disease 

Pharmacology Pharmacy 

Philosophy 

Physics Applied 

Physics Atomic Molecular Chemical 

Physics Condensed Matter 

Physics Mathematical 

Physics Multidisciplinary 

Physiology 

Plant Sciences 

Political Science 

Primary Health Care 

Psychiatry 

Psychology 

Psychology Applied 

Psychology Biological 

Psychology Clinical 

Psychology Developmental 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

25.0%  2.1% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

8.5% 

6.5%  4.9% 

10.6%  2.2%  2.1% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

1.1%  1.4% 

1.1%  0.0% 

3.3%  2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

3.3%  3.5% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

2.2%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

4.3% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0% 

2.1% 

4.3% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

1.1%  0.0% 

4.3%  1.4% 

25.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

3.3%  4.2% 

6.4% 

1.1%  0.0% 

2.1% 

2.1% 

2.2%  0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

25.0%  0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

25.0%  0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

110 

50.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

6.6% 

3.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

3.5% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

3.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

1.6% 

0.8% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

5.1% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

2.0% 

0.4% 

0.8% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.3%  2.9% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

5.1%  6.0%  5.9% 

1.4%  2.5%  2.9% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

3.8%  3.5%  4.1% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.3% 

3.8%  1.6%  1.5% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.9% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.3%  1.3%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.6%  1.2% 

2.0%  0.6%  2.9% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.3% 

1.7%  0.9%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.9%  0.3% 

1.4%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.6%  1.2% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.0% 

2.0%  2.5%  2.1% 

1.7%  0.3%  0.9% 

0.7%  0.0%  2.1% 

0.3%  0.3%  1.2% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

1.0%  1.6%  1.5% 

0.7%  0.6%  0.6% 

1.0%  0.0%  0.9% 

1.0%  1.3%  1.2% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

1.0%  3.5%  2.1% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  1.3%  0.6% 

0.7%  1.6%  0.6% 

 
 
 
Psychology Educational 

Psychology Experimental 

Psychology Multidisciplinary 

Psychology Psychoanalysis 

Psychology Social 

Public Administration 

Public Environmental Occupational Health 

Quantum Science Technology 

Radiology Nuclear Medicine Medical Imaging 

Rehabilitation 

Religion 

Remote Sensing 

Reproductive Biology 

Respiratory System 

Rheumatology 

Social Issues 

Social Sciences Biomedical 

Social Sciences Interdisciplinary 

Social Work 

Sociology 

Soil Science 

Spectroscopy 

Sport Sciences 

Statistics Probability 

Substance Abuse 

Surgery 

Telecommunications 

Thermodynamics 

Toxicology 

Transplantation 

Transportation 

Transportation Science Technology 

Tropical Medicine 

Urology Nephrology 

Veterinary Sciences 

Virology 

Water Resources 

Women S Studies 

Zoology 

2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3% 

2.2%  4.9% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

1.1%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

1.1%  0.0% 

1.1%  3.5% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3% 

6.5%  2.1% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.7% 

4.3% 

0.0%  1.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.0% 

4.3% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  2.8% 

2.1% 

0.0%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0%  2.8% 

0.0% 

0.0%  0.0% 

0.0% 

1.1%  0.7% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

3.1% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

2.7% 

1.2% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

1.2% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.8% 

0.0% 

0.4% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.9%  1.2% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.9% 

0.3%  0.3%  1.2% 

1.0%  2.2%  4.1% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.6% 

0.0%  0.3%  1.2% 

0.0%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.3% 

1.0%  0.9%  0.9% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.6% 

0.7%  3.2%  0.9% 

1.4%  0.6%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.9% 

1.0%  0.6%  0.3% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.6%  0.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.3%  0.3% 

0.3%  0.3%  0.6% 

1.0%  0.3%  2.6% 

0.3%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.0%  0.0% 

0.0%  0.3%  0.0% 

0.7%  0.3%  0.3% 

111 

 
 
 
Annex G Survey Questionnaires 

1. 

Business Survey 

A.  Business Profile 

A1. Can you please specify which of the following you represent? 

1.  a company 

2.  a cluster 

3.  an association of businesses 

A2. In case you are a business please write down the Business Name. 

[________________________] 

A3. In case you are an association or cluster, please write down the Name. 

[________________________] 

A4. Year of Establishment [______________] 

A5. What size is your business (by number of employees)?  

1.  Micro enterprise (1-9 employees) 
2.  Small enterprise (10-49 employees) 
3.  Medium enterprise (50-249 employees) 
4.  Large enterprise (250 and more employees) 
5.  Don’t know/No answer 

A6. Please tell us what are the main sub sectors of your business? (if not listed, please select other and describe- 
you can select up to three sub sectors, the NACE rev.2 Codes are included) 

B.  Market potential  

This section contributes to explore the potential of the regional, local and Kosovo market to grow, based on both 
the perception and the existing conditions of the companies.  

B1.  Where do you see most market growth potential for your business in the near future? 

1.  Domestic market 
2.  Foreign markets (i.e., exports) 
3.  Equally in the domestic and in the foreign markets  
4.  Neither in the domestic nor in the foreign markets   
5.  Don’t know/No answer 

B2. Did the number of competitors in your market change in the last three years? 

1.  Yes, it increased 
2.  Yes, it decreased 
3.  It remained the same 
4.  Do not know/No answer 

C.  Research and Innovation Potential 

This  section  contributes  to  exploring  business  potential  for  participating  or  leading  research  and  development 
projects, introducing innovative products or processes, and playing as a determinant for higher competitiveness 
for the reference sector in Kosovo. 

C1.  In  the  last  5  years  or  since  you  founded  the  company,  has  your  company  introduced  new  or  significantly 
improved technology? 

C2. In the last 5 years or since you founded the company, has your company acquired any patent? 

112 

 
 
 
 
 
 
C3. Does your company plan to invest more in technology in the next 3 years? 

C4. Does your company carry out research and development activities?  

C5. Do you have collaborations with academia or research institutes?  

C6. Do you have collaborations with other companies in Research & Development activities?  

C7. If you carry out research and development activities, please specify in what domain are those: 

1.  New products 
2.  New processes 
3.  Improvement to existing products 
4.  Improvement to existing processes (digitalization or technology innovations) 
5.  Improvement to existing processes (energy-efficiency, cost-efficiency) 
6.  We don’t carry out research and development activities 

C8. What do you think are the main determinants of innovation potential of your company? 

1.  Market structure 
2.  Firm Size 
3.  Technological opportunity 
4.  Collaboration with R&D partners  
5.  Appropriability conditions 
6.  Finance 
7.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 
8.  The company does not have an innovation potential 

C9.  To  what  extent  do  the  following  factors  prevent  your  company  in  carrying  out  innovation  activities? 
(Barriers to innovation)  

1.  Firm size 
2.  Lack of funds/finance 
3.  Lack of qualified workforce 
4.  Lack of technologies/infrastructures 
5.  Low demand from the market/sector 
6.  Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 
7.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

D.  Sector potential  

This  section  contributes  to  explore  the  innovative  potential  of  the  whole  sector  to  lead  the  growth  and 
competitiveness of the Kosovo economy.  

D1.  Can  you  please  tell  us  what  are  the  factors  that  make  your  sector  strong  (you  can  select  the  two  most 
important factors)? 

1.  Export- oriented 
2.  Research and Development potential and Know-how/ Innovation 
3.  Proximity to markets (transportation costs, distance) and distribution networks 
4.  Quality workforce 
5.  Economies of scale / low production costs (including labor costs) 
6.  Access to Natural Resources 
7.  Strong brands 
8.  Research Infrastructures 
9.  Transport Infrastructure 
10.  Subsidies and Grants 
11.  Tax friendly regime 
12.  Low cost of regulatory compliance 
13.  Access to Finance 
14.  Other, please specify (______) 

D2.  Which  are,  in  your  opinion,  the  main  weaknesses  of  the  sector  (you  can  select  the  two  most  important 
factors)? 

1.  Low potential to export 

113 

 
 
 
2.  Low capacities for Research and Development and Innovation  
3.  Poorly qualified workforce 
4.  Mismatch Education – Labor market 
5.  Low quality of standard certifications 
6.  Poor know-how and lack of new technology 
7.  Lack of capital  
8.   Unfavorable tax regime 
9.  Low access to finance 
10. Other, please specify (______) 

D3. Do you think that your sector or sub sectors need more adequate skills? If so, please explain 

D4. What other sector, if any, is the most connected with the one of your company?  

1.  ICT 
2.  Construction 
3.  Agriculture 
4.  Food Processing 
5.  Marketing and Advertising 
6.  Wood Processing 
7.  Transportation/Logistics 
8.  Retail/Wholesale 
9.  Manufacturing 
10. Banking 
11. Energy 

D5.  What  part  of  your  sector  has  great  potential  and  you 
(____________________________________) 

think  should  be  supported  more? 

D6. Please read the following list of issues and then rate them from the most problematic to the least (scale 5 to 
1), where the 5 is most problematic, 1 is least problematic.  

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

Dk/Na 

Issues/Factors 

Water  

Customs Procedures (Export-Import) 

Business permits  

Tax Administration Procedures 

Tax Burden 

Access to land  

Mobile coverage  

Labor regulations  

Internet service  

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Transport  

11 

Price of land 

12 

Courts/conflict resolution 

13 

Electricity  

114 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14 

Skilled workforce 

15 

Informal sector 

16 

Crimes and theft 

17 

Corruption 

18 

Political instability  

19  Macroeconomic Environment 

E.  Value Chain positioning  

This section contributes to identify the weight of Value Chains in the innovative potential of Kosovo.  

E1. Where (geographically) is your Value Chain based?   

(__________________________) 

E2. Which stage of the Value Chain does your company operate? (you can select one) 

1.  Technological development component (design and R&D activities) 
2.  Inbound logistics (raw material supplier) 
3.  Operations (production activity of goods and services, transformation from raw material into a finished 

product) 

4.  Outbound logistics (distribution activities) 
5.  Marketing and sales (Marketing and communication activities, retail) 
6.  Services (including maintenance, refund, replacement service, customer care…) 

F. 

Impact of COVID-19 

This section contributes to explore the main effects on business and sector performance of pandemic crisis.  

F1.  How  has  the  number  of  employees  in  your  company  changed  over  September  2019  –  September  2021? 
Increase 

1.  Decrease 
2.  Remain the same 
3.  Don’t know/ No answer 

F2. How were your sales affected by the crisis? 

Increase 
1. 
2.  Decrease 
3.  Remain the same 
4.  Don’t know/ No answer 

F3. Have your investment plans in your business been affected by the crisis and how? 

1.  Yes (delayed indefinitely) 
2.  No 
3.  Delayed Investment for 1 year 
4.  Don’t know/ No answer 

2. 

Academia/Think Tanks/Research Institutions Survey 

A.  Stakeholder Profile 

115 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A1. What type of institution do you represent? 

1.  Public university 
2.  Private university  
3.  Public Research Institute 
4.  Private Research Institute 
5.  Science &Technology /Industrial Park Consortium 

B.  Research and Innovation potential  

This  section  contributes  to  explore  Higher  Education  and  Research  Institutions  potential  for  participating  or 
leading research and development projects, and playing as a determinant for higher competitiveness of Kosovo. 

B1. Does your institution engage in research and development and innovation activities? 

B2. In the last 5 years has your institute obtained any patent? 

B3. If yes, what kind of research activity does your institution carry out?  

a)  Fundamental research;  
b)  Applied research;  
c)  Experimental development;  
d) 
Innovation research;  
e)  Technology transfer;  
f)  Other 

B4. In which areas does your institution engage most its research and development activities/projects? (up to two 
options) 

a)  Humanities  
b)  Social sciences (including law, economy and finance, psychology, pedagogy)  
c)  Natural science and mathematics (including math, physics, chemistry, geology) 
d)  Biomedical sciences (including biophysics, ecology, botany, zoology, agro, medicine)  
e)  Technological  sciences  (including  processing,  engineering,  electronics/electrical,  construction, 

transport) 

B5.  Does  your  institution  collaborate  with  businesses  or  other  academic  or  research  entities  for  research 
activities/projects? 

1. Yes, with businesses 
2. Yes, with university/research institutes 
3. No 
4. Other (Please Explain) 

B6.If yes, in which of the following sectors?  

ICT 

1. 
2.  Wood Processing Industry 
3.  Agrifood/Food Processing Industry 
4.  Creative Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc) 
5.  Green Energy 

B7. Does your institution have a technology transfer unit?  

1.  Yes 
2.  No 
3.  Other (Please Explain) 

B8. How  would  you  define the  level  of  digitalization  in  your  institution? (i.e.  digitalization  of  processes, 
business models, communication and marketing, improvement of broadbands, collection of data, …) 

1. High, with current improvements and upgrades 
2. Good, with occasional improvement and upgrades 

116 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. At normal level, not showing any upgrade or improvement 
4. Low, not showing any improvement 
5. Very Low, almost absent 

C.  Sector and market potential  

This  section  contributes  to  explore  the  innovative  potential  of  the  whole  sector  to  lead  the  growth  and 
competitiveness of the Kosovo economy.  

C1.  What  are  the  main  barriers  in  doing  research  development  innovation  in  Kosovo  (you  can  select  the  two 
most important factors)? 

1.  Lack of researchers 
2.  Poor competencies 
3.  Poor institutional organization,  
4.  Lack of funds 
5.  Lack of technologies/infrastructures 
6.  Low demand from the market/sector 
7.  Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 
8.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

C2. Does your institution receive funds for conducting research development innovation? 

1.  Yes, national  
2.  Yes, international  
3.  Yes, combination national/international 
4.  No 

C3. According to your perspective, which sector has the most potential   for its Research and Development and 
Innovation (please rank from the one that has the highest potential to the one that has the lowest)? 

ICT 

1. 
2.  Wood Processing Industry 
3.  Agrifood/Food Processing Industry 
4.  Creative Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc) 
5.  Green Energy 

C4. Considering your first choice from the previous question, which are the main strengths of the sector?  

1.  Export- oriented 
2.  Research and Development potential and Know-how/ Innovation 
3.  Proximity to markets (transportation costs, distance) and distribution networks 
4.  Quality workforce 
5.  Economies of scale / low production costs (including labor costs) 
6.  Access to Natural Resources 
7.  Strong brands 
8.  Research Infrastructures 
9.  Transport Infrastructure 
10.  Subsidies and Grants 
11.  Tax friendly regime 
12.  Low cost of regulatory compliance 
13.  Access to Finance 
14.  Other, please specify (______) 

C5. Based on your perception, do you think that the Innovation and Research and Development potential of your 
country is fully supported? 

1.  Yes, it is fully supported 
2.  No, it is not fully supported 
3. 
It is partially supported 
4.  Other (Please Explain) 

C6.  Do  you  think  that  your  institution  provides  adequate  skills  and  competences  for  the  Kosovo  market  or 
regional market? 

117 

 
 
 
 
 
1.  Yes 
2.  No 
3.  Partially 
4.  Other (Please Explain) 
5.  Not applicable 

C7. If yes, what do you think would improve skills and reduce the labor market mismatch? 

1.  Improve the quality of teaching 
2.  Diversifying curricula and adapt to new professional profiles  
3.  Introduce or improves Doctoral and Post grade offer 
4.  Introduce new masters 
5.  Increase cooperation with businesses for research activity 
6.  Increase cooperation with businesses for internship opportunities  
7.  Increase the number of business incubators and think tank 
8.  Other, please specify (______) 

D.  COVID-19 Impact 

This section contributes to explore the main effects of the pandemic crisis on performance in Higher Education 
and Research institutions.  

D1. Has your research development innovation activity changed due to COVID-19 impact?  

1.  Yes, it has increased 
2.  Yes, it has decreased 
3.  No, it has not significantly changed  

D2. What do you think is the sector most affected by COVID-19 in terms of innovation and growth?  

ICT 

1. 
2.  Wood Processing Industry 
3.  Agrifood/Food Processing Industry 
4.  Creative Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc) 
5.  Green Energy 

3. 

Civil Society Survey 

A.  Stakeholder Profile 

A1. What kind of entity do you represent?  

1.  National or local or regional association   

2.  Non-governmental organization 

3.  Private organization   

A2. Can you please tell us the name of the entity you represent? (Optional) 

A3. Does the activity of your entity contribute to the development of any of the following sectors (please select 
all that apply)? 

1. ICT 

2. Green Energy 

3. Wood Processing Industry 

4. Agrifood/ Food Processing Industry 

5. Creative Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc) 

6. All of the above 

118 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. Other (Please specify) 

8. None of them 

A4. What do you think is the most promising sector for Kosovo?  

1.  ICT 

2.   Green Energy 

3.   Wood Processing Industry 

4.   Agrifood/ Food Processing Industry 

5.   Creative Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Video Production, Fashion Design) 

6.   All of the above 

7.   Other (Please specify) 

A5. Why? _____________________________________ 

A6. Have you been involved in any project to increase productivity/competitiveness of the Kosovo economy in 
the last three years? 

1.  Yes 

2.  No 

3.  Other (Please Explain) 

A7. Please briefly specify the objective of the project.  

A8. Have you been involved in any project for social innovation in the last three years? 

1.  Yes 

2.  No 

3.  Other (Please Explain) 

A9. Please briefly specify the objective of the project 

A10.Do you collaborate with other entities for your activities?  

1. Universities and/or research institutes  

2. Public administrations  

3. Companies  

4. Other associations/NGOs  

5. No  

A11. Are involved in a policy dialogue (including public consultations) or cooperate with government and public 
administration (central and local) for improving the economic environment in Kosovo? 

1. Yes (Please name the institutions) 

2. No 

3. Other (Please Explain) 

A12. How  would  you  define the  level  of  digitalization  in  your  institution/association/organization? (i.e. 
digitalization  of  processes,  business  models,  communication  and  marketing,  improvement  of  broadbands, 
collection of data, …) 

1. High, with current improvements and upgrades 

2. Good, with occasional improvement and upgrades 

119 

 
 
 
 
3. At normal level, not showing any upgrade or improvement 

4. Low, not showing any improvement 

5. Very Low, almost absent 

4.  Government Survey 

A.  Stakeholder Profile 

A1. Can you please tell us the name of the institution you represent? 

B.  Kosovo Market 

B1.  According to your perspective, which sector has the most potential   for its Research and Development and 
Innovation (please rank from the one that has the highest potential to the one that has the lowest)? 

1. 

ICT 

2.  Wood Processing Industry 

3.  Agrifood/Food Processing Industry 

4.  Creative Industries ((Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media etc) 

5.  Green Energy 

B2. Considering your first choice from the previous question, which are the main strengths of the sector?  

1.  Export- oriented 

2.  Research and Development potential and Know-how/ Innovation 

3.  Proximity to markets (transportation costs, distance) and distribution networks 

4.  Quality workforce 

5.  Economies of scale / low production costs (including labor costs) 

6.  Access to Natural Resources 

7.  Strong brands 

8.  Research Infrastructures 

9.  Transport Infrastructure 

10.  Subsidies and Grants 

11.  Tax friendly regime 

12.  Low cost of regulatory compliance 

13.  Access to Finance 

14.  Other, please specify (______) 

B3. What  factors  you  think  are  the  main  barrier  to  innovation  potential  in  Kosovo  in  the  ICT  sector  (you  can 
select the two most important factors)? 

1. 

Limited company size 

2.  Lack of funds/finance 

3.  Lack of skills and competences  

4.  Lack of technologies/infrastructures 

120 

 
 
 
 
 
 
5.  Low demand from the market/sector 

6.  Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 

7.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

B4. What factors you think are the main barrier to innovation potential in Kosovo in the Agri-Food sector (you 
can select the two most important factors)? 

1.  Limited company size 

2.  Lack of funds/finance 

3.  Lack of skills and competences  

4.  Lack of technologies/infrastructures 

5.  Low demand from the market/sector 

6.  Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 

7.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

B5. What factors you think are the main barrier to innovation potential in Kosovo in the Wood Processing sector 
(you can select the two most important factors)? 

1.  Limited company size 

2.  Lack of funds/finance 

3.  Lack of skills and competences  

4.  Lack of technologies/infrastructures 

5.  Low demand from the market/sector 

6.  Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 

7.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

B6. What factors you think are the main barrier to innovation potential in Kosovo in the Energy sector (you can 
select the two most important factors)? 

1. Limited company size 

2. Lack of funds/finance 

3. Lack of skills and competences  

4. Lack of technologies/infrastructures 

5. Low demand from the market/sector 

6. Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 

7. Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

B7.  What  factors  you  think  are  the  main  barrier  to  innovation  potential  in  Kosovo  in  the  Creative  Industries 
(Advertising,  Graphic  Design,  Fashion  Design,  Media  Production  etc)  sector  (you  can  select  the  two  most 
important factors)? 

1.  Limited company size 

2.  Lack of funds/finance 

3.  Lack of skills and competences  

4.  Lack of technologies/infrastructures 

5.  Low demand from the market/sector 

6.  Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards 

7.  Other Factors, please specify (_________________) 

121 

 
 
 
C.  Research and Development Potential 

C1. Does your institution have funds for research and innovation activities? 

C2. According to your perspective, which sector has the most potential for its Research and Development and 
Innovation (please rank from the one that has the highest potential to the one that has the lowest)? 

1. 

ICT 

2.  Green Energy 

3.  Wood Processing Industry 

4.  Food Processing Industry 

D.  Creative Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc) 

5.  Other (Please specify) 

C3. Considering your first choice from the previous question, which are the main strengths of the sector?  

1.  Export- oriented 

2.  Research and Development potential and Know-how/ Innovation 

3.  Proximity to markets (transportation costs, distance) and distribution networks 

4.  Quality workforce 

5.  Economies of scale / low production costs (including labor costs) 

6.  Access to Natural Resources 

7.  Strong brands 

8.  Research Infrastructures 

9.  Transport Infrastructure 

10.  Subsidies and Grants 

11.  Tax friendly regime 

12.  Low cost of regulatory compliance 

13.  Access to Finance 

14.  Other, please specify (______) 

C4.  Do  you  have  a  dialogue  with  other  public  institutions  (central  and  local)  regarding  Research  and 
Development activities and innovation support? 

1.  Yes, current dialogue 

2.  Yes, but not very often 

3.  No 

C5. Do you involve other stakeholders in consultations on how to spur the innovation potential and growth of the 
economy?  

C6. Is there any program/action that aims to support specific sectors with innovation potential? 

1.  Yes (which sector………) 

2.  No 

3.  Other (Please Explain) 

4.  I don’t know 

C7. Is your institution supporting or has supported Research and Development or innovation projects currently 
or in the last three years in one of the following sectors (ICT, Wood Processing, Agri-Food Processing, Creative 
Industries, Energy)? 

122 

 
 
 
C8. Did any Research and Development and innovation project you have been supporting have a positive impact 
on the territory? If so, please briefly explain why.  

C9. How  would  you  define the  level  of  digitalization  in  your  institution? (i.e.  digitalization  of  processes, 
business models, communication and marketing, improvement of broadbands, collection of data, …) 

1. High, with current improvements and upgrades 

2. Good, with occasional improvement and upgrades 

3. At normal level, not showing any upgrade or improvement 

4. Low, not showing any improvement 

5. Very Low, almost absent 

123 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex H In-depth Interview Questionnaires 

1.  Businesses 

Name of Representative: 

Position: 

Company Name: 

Year of Establishment: 

Sector: 

Contact Email: 

●  Sectoral Dynamics 

o  Do you consider your economic sector to be strongly developed? Why? 
o  What makes it strong (export, human resources, innovation, access to finance...)?  
o  Do  you  believe  that  your  area  may  have  significant  growth  and  innovation  potential  in  the  next  5 

years? Why?  

●  Country Dynamics 

o  What are key economic sub-sectors and in which sectors are innovation networks / clusters present in 

Kosovo?  

o  Which leading enterprises (i.e. large multinational firms and/ or key entrepreneurial innovators) operate 

in Kosovo? 

-Do they belong to the key economic sectors or are they situated in other sectors?  

o  Which technologies, products, or global market opportunities do you think are promising for Kosovo’s 

economy in the upcoming decade? 

o  How internationalized is your regional economy (i.e. how export-oriented is your sector, how much as a 
%  do  you  export  if  any,  what  is  the  level  of  foreign  direct  investment)  –  is  your  sector  open  in  that 
respect? To which destinations do most exports go?  

● 

Innovation dynamics 

o  Do  you  consider  your  company  as  an  innovative  one  (R&D  activities/department,  any  patent,  new 

brand/process/technology?)  

o  What  do  you  think  are  the  main  determinants  of  innovation  potential  of  your  company?  (market 

structure, firm size, technology, collaboration with R and D partners, finance, others) 

o  Do you think that regional research and innovation priorities and the type of support resources (grants, 
loans,  guarantees,  vouchers,  business  services,  access  to  laboratories,  qualified  personnel,  and 
cooperation partners, etc.) offered correspond to your needs? In general, do you think it is easy in your 
region to pursue innovative business ideas?  

o  What are the main challenges your region is facing with respect to RD performance (i.e. what are the 

major bottlenecks for a better overall innovation performance)? 

o  Which sectors are most active in this respect and where do you have potential for improvement?  
o  What  would  be  a  suitable  incentive  /  condition  for  you  to  decide  to  invest  (more)  into  research, 
development and demonstration activities (inside your firm, or out-sourced to other firms or to public 
R&D providers)?  

o  Are  there  investments  from  both  the  public  and  private  side  in  place  to  complement  your  own 

resources and attract co-funding? 

124 

 
 
 
 
o  How well does the science / knowledge & creative sector interact with the regional economy (i.e. do 
you  have  industry-science  co-operations,  joint  research  infrastructures,  and/or  pro-active  technology 
transfers, contract research, living labs, student placement schemes)? 

o  Do local universities supply you with sufficient graduates– or do you need to look abroad for qualified 

personnel?  

● 

Identify Sub Areas in each sector 

o  Which subfields in your sector do you operate in? (provide a list of all for them to choose from) 
o  Which  subfields  in  your  sectors  are  the  ones  with  greater  growth  and  innovation  potential  that  you 
would like to expand to? (we will provide a list of all for them to choose from, similar to the list in the 
survey question with NACE Rev2 codes) 

● 

Identify horizontal support areas 

o  Do you collaborate with firms that operate in other sectors (ICT, Wood, Food, Creative, Energy)? 
o 

In which fields could enhanced cross sectoral cooperation create competitive advantages? why? (With 
which sector do you think collaboration would be beneficial? -list the 5 sectors and allow other options) 

• 

Impact of pandemics in the private sector dynamics 

o  Has your firm had a direct impact from the pandemic crisis? 
o  Was the number of employees affected by the crisis? 
o  Have the sales been affected by the crisis? 
o  Have your investments been affected by the crisis? 
o  Has access to finance been affected by the crisis? 
o  Did the pandemics influence the investment in innovation/digitalization of services/operations? 

●  Opportunities and constraints to growth 

o  What  are  the  main  challenges  your  country  will  be  facing  in  the  next  decade  (economically, 

environmentally, socio-demographic etc.)?  

o  What are the main opportunities / emerging sub-sectors that you would like to engage with?  
o  How  can  the  business  sector  and  the  science  &  creative  sector  help  in  responding  jointly  to  these 

challenges and opportunities? 

o  Do  scientific,  technological,  creative  or  skills  strengths  and  specializations  fit  to  economic  needs? 

Where is the best match – where do you see the strongest mismatch? 

•  Value Chain 

o  Where (geographically) is your Global Value Chain based?  
o  Which stage (of the Global Value Chain) does your company operate? 
● 

 (Technological  development  component  (design  and  R&D  activities,  Inbound  logistics  (raw  material 
supplier),  

●  Operations (production activity of goods and services, transformation from raw material into a finished 

product),  

●  Outbound logistics (distribution activities),  

●  Marketing and sales (Marketing and communication activities, retail,  

●  Services (including maintenance, refund, replacement service, customer care…) 

125 

 
 
 
 
 
 
2.  Government 

Demographics 

Name of Representative: 

Position: 

Institution Name: 

Contact Email: 

o  What  is  the  strategic  approach  to  economic  growth  and  innovation  policy  in  your  region  (long  term 

vision, strategic concepts and priorities...)?  

o 

 What capacities do you have in your government for strategy development and priority setting? Could 
you set up a policy development process with your own competencies and resources or would you have 
to involve external experts? 

o  Does  the  innovation  support  in  Kosovo  cover  only  capacity  building  measures  for  innovation  or  also 

facilitate the emergence of demand for innovations? 

o  Does Kosovo have capacities to cover only strategy planning or also implementation of strategies? 
o  Besides  science  or  technology  driven  innovation,  which  other  forms  of  innovation  /  economic 

transformation are supported in Kosovo? Provide evidence/examples 

o 

Is there any innovation project that has been implemented in the last five years that has been successful? 
Explain. 

o  How stable and predictable are public funds for innovation policy measures in your region?  
o  According to your perspective, which sector/s has the most potential for its Research and Development 
and  Innovation?  (ICT,  Wood  Processing  Industry,  Agrifood/Food  Processing  Industry,  Creative 
Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc), Green Energy) 

o  What are the main strengths of the sector/s? (Export- oriented, Research and Development potential and 
Know-how/ Innovation, Proximity to markets (transportation costs, distance) and distribution networks, 
Quality  workforce,  Economies  of  scale  /  low  production  costs  (including  labor  costs),  Access  to 
Finance…) Why? Was there any previous study done or is this just your perception? 

o  What factors you think are the main barrier to innovation potential in Kosovo in the chosen sectors (you 
can  select  the  two  most  important  factors)?  (Limited  company  size,  Lack  of  funds/finance,  Lack  of 
skills  and  competences,  Lack  of  technologies/infrastructures,  Low  demand  from  the  market/sector, 
Unfavorable legislation/regulation/ standards….) 

o  Do these factors apply to all five sectors, or only some…please specify? 
o  Does your institution have funds for research and innovation activities? 
o  Do  you  have  a  dialogue  with  other  public  institutions  (central  and  local)  regarding  Research  and 

Development activities and innovation support? Please explain? 

o  Do you involve other stakeholders in consultations on how to spur the innovation potential and growth 

of the economy?  

o 

o 

Is there any program/action that aims to support specific sectors with innovation potential? If so, which 
sector? 

Is  your  institution  supporting  or  has  supported  Research  and  Development  or  innovation  projects 
currently or in the last three years in one of the following sectors (ICT, Wood Processing, Agri-Food 
Processing, Creative Industries, Green Energy)? 

126 

 
 
 
 
 
 
3.  Civil Society 

Demographics 

Name of Representative: 

Position: 

Institution Name: 

Contact Email: 

o  Which economic sectors in your region are strong in R&D investment and technology development? 
Where  do  they  get  their  new  scientific  and  technological  knowledge?  From  regional  universities  or 
from international R&D partners?  

o  Does  the  activity  of  your  entity  contribute  to  the  development  of  any  of  the  following  sectors? 

(Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc), Green Energy). 

o  What  do  you  think  is  the  most  promising  sector  for  Kosovo? (ICT,  Wood  Processing  Industry, 
Agrifood/Food  Processing  Industry,  Creative  Industries  (Advertising,  Graphic  Design,  Fashion 
Design, Media Production etc), Green Energy) Why? 

o  Have  you  been  involved  in  any  project  to  increase  productivity/competitiveness  of  the  Kosovo 

economy in the last three years? If yes, please explain. 

o  Do  you  collaborate  with  other  entities  for  your  activities? (Universities  and/or  research  institutes, 

Public administrations, Companies, Other associations/NGOs) 

o  Are involved in a policy dialogue (including public consultations) or cooperate with government and 

public administration (central and local) for improving the economic environment in Kosovo? 

o 

Is your organization involved in scientific/research activities with the local/regional stakeholders, with 
an interest to make advancements in the sector or area of interest of your CSO?  

o  Who do you think is responsible for R&D and science based improvements in the area of interest of 

your CSO?  

127 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.  Academia 

Demographics 

Name of Representative: 

Position: 

Institution Name: 

Faculty: 

Contact Email: 

●  Sectoral Dynamics 

o  Which  of  the  following  areas  do  you  think  has  higher  growth  potential? (ICT,  Energy,  Creative 

Industries, Food Processing, Wood Processing) 

o  What makes it have high growth potential (export, human resources, innovation potential,...)? 
o 

In the chosen sector/s, which sub sectors do you think have the highest potential? 

•  Main opportunities/constraints to growth 

o  Does  current  academic  education  fit  to  the  needs  of  the  regional  economy  –  do  regional  employers 
absorb graduates or are graduates forced to look elsewhere?  If not, what do you think would improve 
skills  and  reduce  the  labor  market  mismatch/align  education  with  the  labour  market?  (Improve  the 
quality of teaching, diversifying curricula and adapt to new professional profiles, introduce or improves, 
Doctoral and Post grade offer, introduce new masters, increase cooperation with businesses for research 
activity,  increase  cooperation  with  businesses  for  internship  opportunities,  increase  the  number  of 
business incubators and think tank) 

● 

Innovation 

o  Do  you  collaborate  with  businesses  in  terms  of  R  and  D  and  how  much? (If  yes,  in  which  of  the 
following  sectors,  ICT,  Wood  Processing  Industry,  Agrifood/Food  Processing  Industry,  Creative 
Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc), Green Energy) 

o  Which economic sectors in your region are strong in R&D investment and technology development? 
Where do they get their new scientific and technological knowledge? From local universities or from 
international  R&D  partners  (i.e.  employ/engage  foreign  experts  or  receive  knowhow  transfer  when 
they purchase new technology?  

o  Are  people  (incl.  young  people,  university  graduates,  etc.) keen  to  start  up  their  own  business  or  do 
they rather prefer jobs in established businesses or public sector? If not, what are the main barriers?  

o  How  favorable  are  working  conditions  for  researchers  in  your  region?  How  much  mobility  between 
the Government funded public research institutes and the private sector does exist in your region (i.e. 
are graduates/engineers/ professors moving easily between universities and firms and back)? 

o  How many co-operations with other international lead institutions does your institution have? 
o  How well does the science / knowledge & creative sector interact with the regional economy (i.e. do 
you  have  industry-science  co-operations  in  your  region,  joint  research  infrastructures,  and/or  pro-
active  technology  transfers,  contract  research,  student  placement  schemes)?  Which  sectors  are  most 
active in this respect and where do you have potential for improvement?  

o  Does your institute have any patents? If yes, what kind of research activity does your institution carry 
development; Innovation 

research; Experimental 

Applied 

out? (Fundamental 
research; Technology transfer; …) 

research; 

o 

In  which  areas  does  your  institution  engage  most  its  research  and  development  activities/projects? 
(Humanities,  Social  sciences  (including  law,  economy  and  finance,  psychology,  pedagogy),  Natural 
science  and  mathematics  (including  math,  physics,  chemistry,  geology),  Biomedical  sciences 

128 

 
 
 
 
(including  biophysics,  ecology,  botany,  zoology,  agro,  medicine),  Technological  sciences  (including 
processing, engineering, electronics/electrical, construction, transport)) 

o  What are the  main barriers in doing research development  innovation  in Kosovo (you can select the 
two  most 
institutional 
important  factors)?  (Lack  of  researchers,  Poor  competencies,  Poor 
organization, Lack  of  funds,  Lack  of  technologies/infrastructures,  Unfavorable  legislation/regulation/ 
standards, low market demand…) 

o 

 Does  your  institution  receive  funds  for  conducting  research  development  innovation?  (if  so  from 
whom?) 

o  According to your perspective, which sector has the most potential for its Research and Development 
and  Innovation  (ICT,  Wood  Processing  Industry,  Agrifood/Food  Processing  Industry,  Creative 
Industries (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc), Green Energy). 

o  Based on your perception, do you think that the Innovation and Research and Development potential 

of your country is fully supported? 

• 

Impact of pandemics  

o  Has your research development innovation activity changed due to COVID-19 impact? How? 
o  What  do  you  think  is  the  sector  most  affected  by  COVID-19  in  terms  of  innovation  and 

growth? (Advertising, Graphic Design, Fashion Design, Media Production etc), Green Energy). 

129 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex J Timeframe 

The  qualitative  analysis  is  conducted  by  a  local  expert  in  charge  of  collecting  data  and  information  on  the 
territory. The proper implementation of the activities is ensured by the supervision of the JRC. The activity starts 
approximately in December 2021 and the conclusion is expected at most in May 2022. Below is reported a table 
with main operational steps, expected outputs and corresponding deadline. 

Outputs 

Survey Questionnaire Development 

List of Stakeholders 

Deadline 

15 November 2021 

30 November 2021 

In-depth Interview Questionnaire Development 

10 January 2022 

Intermediate Annex including the results of the survey 

31 January 2022 

Intermediate  Annex  including  the  results  of  50%  of  the 
interviews scheduled 

15 March 2022 

Intermediate  Annex  including  the  results  of  50%  of  the 
interviews scheduled 

30 April 2022 

Final Report 

15 May 2022 

130 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of abbreviations and definitions 

CBK 

CM 

CSO 

Central Bank of Republic of Kosovo  

Critical mass 

Civil Society Organization  

EBOPS 

Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification 

EDP 

EU 

GDP 

Entrepreneurial Discovery Process 

European Union 

Gross Domestic Product 

GROW 

Green Recovery and Opportunity Window 

IDI 

IPC 

ISIC 

JRC 

LQ 

In-Depth Interviews 

International Patent Classification 

International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities 

Joint Research Centre 

Location Quotient 

NACE 

Nomenclature générale des Activités économiques dans les Communautés Européennes 

PPP 

SITC 

Purchasing Power Parity 

Standard International Trade Classification 

131 

 
 
List of figures 

Figure 1 Aggregate economic data for Kosovo....................................................................... 7 

Figure 2 Selected benchmark countries ............................................................................... 9 

Figure 3 Trademarks filing by Industry sector .......................................................................33 

Figure 4 Number of scientific publications in Kosovo, 2012 - 2020 ..............................................54 

Figure 5 Number of ICT companies per year, 2008-2018 .........................................................62 

132 

 
 
List of tables 

Table 1 Aggregate economic data for Kosovo....................................................................... 6 

Table 2 Descriptive statistics for Kosovo and benchmark countries and non-selected Western Balkan 
countries ................................................................................................................ 9 

Table 3 Selection criteria for mapping of current economic potential ............................................11 

Table 4 Summary results for selected industries with a current economic potential ...........................30 

Table 5 Summary results for selected industries with an emerging economic potential .......................31 

Table 6 Available data for mapping the innovation potential in Kosovo .........................................34 

Table 7 2016 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators ................................34 

Table 8 2016 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators ................................35 

Table 9 2016 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry .............35 

Table 10 2017 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators ...............................36 

Table 11 2017 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators...............................36 

Table 12 2017 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry ...........37 

Table 13 2018 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators ...............................38 

Table 14 2018 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators...............................38 

Table 15 2018 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry ...........38 

Table 16 2019 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators ...............................39 

Table 17 2019 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators...............................39 

Table 18 2019 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry ...........40 

Table 19 2020 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators ...............................41 

Table 20 2020 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators...............................41 

Table 21 2020 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry ...........41 

Table 22 2021 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of product innovators ...............................42 

Table 23 2021 Balkan Business Barometer: overall share of process innovators...............................42 

Table 24 2021 Balkan Business Barometer: share of product and process innovators by industry ...........43 

Table 25 Balkan Business Barometer: 2016-2021 results by industry ..........................................44 

Table 26 Share of innovative enterprises by industry using 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey data .......45 

Table 27 Share of innovative enterprises by industry using 2019 World Bank Enterprise Survey data .......46 

Table 28 Example of SITC Rev. 4 goods classification .............................................................48 

Table 29 Largest product groups by export share .................................................................48 

Table 30 Number of occurrences for all ISIC-SITC correspondence pairs, for product group ISIC 011 ........49 

Table 31 Industries with a current or emerging goods export specialisation ....................................50 

Table 32 Industries with an economic and innovation potential ..................................................52 

Table 33 Number of scientific publications in Kosovo, 2010-2019 ..............................................53 

133 

 
 
Table 34 Scientific publications by subject field in Kosovo, 2010-2019 .........................................53 

Table 35 Science publications by subject area in Kosovo, 2014-2020 ..........................................54 

Table 36 Survey Response Rate ......................................................................................60 

Table 37 In-depth Interview Respondents ...........................................................................61 

Table 38 Summary of Findings for the ICT sector ..................................................................64 

Table 39 Summary of Findings for Creative Industries .............................................................66 

Table 40 Summary of Findings in Food Processing Industry .......................................................68 

Table 41 Summary of Findings for Wood Processing ...............................................................70 

Table 42 Summary of Findings for the Green Energy Sector ......................................................73 

Table 43 Matrix of vertical and horizontal thematic priority areas ................................................74 

134 

 
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