REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union (Reporting year 2020)
Date: 2022-10-26
Institutions: Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission
Subjects: biofuel, diesel fuel, electrical energy, energy consumption, greenhouse gas, petrol, quality standard, reduction of gas emissions, road transport, sampling

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 26.10.2022  COM(2022) 515 final  REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union      (Reporting year 2020)  
 
 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 

Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union 
(Reporting year 2020) 

INTRODUCTION 

1. 
Pursuant to Article 7a of Directive 98/70/EC1 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels 
(henceforth the "Fuel Quality Directive") and Article 5 of Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 
laying down calculation methods and reporting requirements pursuant to Directive 98/70/EC2, 
Member States are required to report annually on the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of fuels 
and energy supplied in their territories. This reporting obligation applied for the first time for 
the reporting year 2017, following the application and transposition of Council Directive (EU) 
2015/652. This annual report comprises the data reported for the year 2020. 

Furthermore,  pursuant  to  Article  8(3)  of  Directive  98/70/EC  Member  States  are  required  to 
report on national fuel quality data for the preceding calendar year.  

This annual report summarises the information provided by Member States in relation to the 
above-mentioned reporting requirements. It is based on the data submitted by Member States 
to the European Environment Agency (EEA) for the year 2020. 

2. 

VOLUMES  AND  LIFE  CYCLE  GREENHOUSE  GAS  INTENSITY  OF  FUEL  AND  ENERGY 
TYPES 

Article  7a  of  the  Fuel  Quality  Directive,  in  conjunction  with  the  Council  Directive  (EU) 
2015/652, sets out reporting requirements concerning the following: 

 

 

 

the total  volume of each type of fuel  or  energy  supplied for  road transport and non-
road  mobile  machinery  (including  inland  waterway  vessels  when  not  at  sea), 
agricultural and forestry tractors, and recreational craft when not at sea; 

the  life  cycle  GHG  emissions  per  unit  of  energy,  including  the  provisional  mean 
values of the estimated indirect land use change (ILUC) emissions from biofuels3;  

the  feedstock  and  the  biofuel  production  pathway  used  for  each  of  the  biofuels 
supplied on the territories of Member States. 

The Fuel Quality Directive obliges Member States to require fuel suppliers to reduce the life 
cycle GHG intensity of transport fuels, i.e., the life cycle GHG emissions per unit of energy 
from fuel and energy supplied, by a minimum of 6% by 31 December 2020 compared with 
the fuel baseline standard for 2010 of 94.1 gCO2eq/MJ. ILUC GHG emissions are not taken 
into account in assessing compliance with the minimum 6% reduction target. The Renewable 
Energy Directive (EU) 2018/20014 foresees several measures to address ILUC including a cap 

1 Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to the quality of petrol and diesel 
fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC, OJ L 350 of 28.12.1998, p. 58. 
2  Council  Directive  (EU)  2015/652  of  20  April  2015  laying  down  calculation  methods  and  reporting 
requirements  pursuant  to  Directive  98/70/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  relating  to  the 
quality of petrol and diesel fuels, OJ L 107 of 25.4.2015, p. 26. 
3  Directive  (EU)  2015/1513  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  9  September  2015  amending 
Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and  amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the 
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L239 of 15.9.2015, p. 8. 
4  Directive  (EU)  2018/2001  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  11  December  2018  on  the 
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82–209 

1 

 
 
                                                           
on  food-  and  feed-based  biofuels,  with  its  delegated  act5  setting  out  detailed  criteria  for 
determining  high  ILUC-risk  feedstock  for  biofuels  to  be  gradually  phased-out  by  2030  and 
the criteria for certifying low ILUC-risk biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.   

In  the  year  2020,  all  27  Member  States,  UK,  Norway  and  Iceland  provided  data  on 
greenhouse  gas  emission  reductions  in  the  appropriate  format.  However,  the  UK  provided 
data  without  separating  out  the  data  for  Northern  Ireland6,  therefore  no  data  for  Northern 
Ireland  could  be  included  in  the  aggregated  figures  of  the  report.  Since  the  reporting 
obligation for 2020 does not apply to the UK as a whole, data for the whole of the UK is not 
included  in  the  report  either.  Still,  some  data  for  Northern  Ireland,  which  were  provided 
outside the reporting submission format, are included in this report. The comparisons between 
aggregated figures refer to EU-27 for all reference years.   

2.1  Greenhouse gas emissions and distance to 2020 target 

According to the data provided, the average GHG intensity of the fuels and energy supplied in 
the 27 reporting Member States in 2020 was 89 gCO2eq/MJ, which translates into a saving of 
51 Mt of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) during the year 2020. This is 5.5% lower than the 
2010  baseline  of  94.1  gCO2eq/MJ  (up  from  a  4.3%  reduction  achieved  by  27  EU  Member 
States  in  2019), which  means  that  an additional 0.5% reduction in  the  GHG intensity  of all 
fossil fuels, biofuels and energy supplied is needed to reach the 6% target.  

Reported data for 2020 shows that the progress achieved by EU fuel suppliers varies greatly 
across the EU Member States. Eleven Member States (Belgium, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, 
Estonia,  Finland,  Germany,  Hungary,  Luxembourg,  Malta  and  Sweden)  have  achieved  their 
objective  of  reducing  the  GHG  intensity  of  transport  fuels  by  6%  by  2020,  compared  with 
2010 (see Figure 1). This represents an important improvement for many Member States in 
comparison to the reporting year 2019 when only  two Member States, Sweden and Finland, 
had achieved the 6% target. The largest progress within a year was achieved by Cyprus and 
Estonia with 4.7 and 4.5 percentage points increases between 2019 and 2020, against the 2010 
baseline, followed by Belgium, Denmark and Hungary with increases ranging from 3.3 to 3.1 
percentage  points.  Based  on  the  preliminary  data  supplied  by  UK7,  Northern  Ireland  has 
achieved a 6.2% GHG intensity reduction for fuel supplied in Northern Ireland in 2020.   

In terms of the remaining distance towards the target, Slovakia, Netherlands and Austria are 
already very close to achieving the 6% target with 5.8%, 5.4% and 5.1% respectively, while 
Romania,  Poland,  Italy,  France,  Bulgaria  and  Greece  have  achieved  reductions  in  the  range 
between 4% and 5%. Finally, in seven Member States (Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Lithuania, 
Ireland, Latvia and Croatia), the reduction of GHG intensity remains lower than 4%. Further 
information  can  be  found  in  the  EEA  Technical  Report  No  2022/2  on  “Greenhouse  gas 
intensities of transport fuels in the EU in 2020”8. 

5 C(2019) 2055 final: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2_en_act_part1_v3.pdf 
6 Following the end of the transition period, Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 setting out relevant reporting 
obligations no longer applies to the UK as whole. However, pursuant to Article 5(4) read in conjunction with 
Annex 2, point 47 of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland to the Withdrawal Agreement (https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12020W/TXT), Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 
continues to apply to and in the UK in respect of Northern Ireland. 
7 The UK is currently finalising their reporting submission for Northern Ireland under Article 7a of the FQD and 
in accordance with Article 5 of Council Directive (EU) 2015/652.  
8 https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-cm/products/etc-cm-report-2022-02  

2 

 
 
  
 
 
                                                           
Figure 1: Reductions in GHG intensity of fuels achieved by EU fuel suppliers in Member 
States in the periods 2010-2019 and 2010-2020 (Source: EEA) 

20%

18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

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2
U
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2010-2019 GHG intensity reduction (excl. ILUC)

2010-2020 GHG intensity reduction (excl. ILUC)

2020 target

Furthermore, in 2020, upstream emission reductions (UER)9 were reported by eleven Member 
States  (Austria,  Cyprus,  Czechia,  Denmark,  Estonia,  Hungary,  Italy,  Luxembourg,  Poland, 
Romania and Slovakia) contributing between 0.3 and 2.3 percentage points in these Member 
States to the overall GHG emission reduction achievement. Consequently, the total  reported 
UER  were  2 625 kt CO2eq  in  2020  resulting  in  an  additional  reduction  of  0.3  percentage 
points of the fuel GHG intensity from 5.2% to 5.5% (see Table 5 in the Annex of the report). 
The  UER  claimed  by  a  supplier  have  to  be  quantified  and  reported  in  accordance  with  the 
requirements  set  out  in  Council  Directive  (EU)  2015/652.  More  detailed  information  on 
approaches to quantify, monitor and report on UER can be found in a guidance note10. 
When taking ILUC emissions into account11, the average GHG intensity of the fuels supplied 
in 2020 in the EU was 3.3% lower than in 2010. This corresponds to a saving of 30 Mt CO2eq 
during  the  year  2020.  According  to  Article  7d  of  Directive  98/70/EC  laying  down  the 
calculation  of  life  cycle  greenhouse  gas  emissions  from  biofuels,  ILUC  emissions  are  not 
taken into account in assessing compliance with the minimum 6% reduction target. 

Further  action  will  be  necessary  in  order  to  decarbonize  the  fuel  used  in  transport  and 
contribute to the increased climate ambition, as set out in the European Green Deal and the 
subsequent “Fit For 55” legislative package proposed by the Commission on 14 July 2021 and 
undergoing  co-decision  processes.  The  proposed  revision  of  the  Renewable  Energy 

9  “Upstream  emissions”  means  all  greenhouse  gas  emissions  occurring  prior  to  the  raw  material  entering  a 
refinery or a processing plant where the fuel is produced. 
10 https://ec.europa.eu/clima/system/files/2016-11/guidance_note_on_uer_en.pdf 
11  For  this  calculation,  the  provisional  estimated  indirect  land-use  change  emissions  from  biofuels  were  taken 
into account as listed in Annex V of the Fuel Quality Directive. 

3 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
Directive12 substantially increases the overall ambition in order to reduce the GHG emission 
intensity of  all transport fuels  by 13% by  2030  compared  with  the 2010 baseline, while the 
Commission  has  proposed  to  repeal  the  6%  reduction  target  of  the  FQD  in  order  to  avoid 
double  regulation  and  streamline  the  legislation.  The  proposed  ReFuelEU  Aviation  and 
FuelEU Maritime Regulations also aim to boost the production and uptake of the sustainable 
alternative fuels in the aviation and maritime sectors.  

2.2 

Fuel supply 

This section summarises the data submitted by Member States on all fossil fuels, biofuels and 
fuels of non-biological origin within the scope of the Fuel Quality Directive for road transport 
and non-road mobile machinery. 

Total  fuel  supply  reported  by  the  27  Member  States  in  2020  was  10  585  petajoules  (PJ), 
representing a decrease of 10.8 % compared to 2019, largely as a result of the effects of the 
COVID-19  crisis.  The  fuel  supply  remained  largely  dominated  by  fossil  fuels  (93.2%) 
followed by biofuels (6.8%) and a very minor share (0.02%) of electricity (see  Section 2.4). 
No renewable fuels of non-biological origin were reported in 2020.  

The fossil fuel supply in 2020 remained dominated by diesel (56.1%; 5 934 PJ), followed by 
petrol (22.2%; 2 354 PJ) and gas oil (12.6%; 1 337 PJ). Liquefied petroleum gas and natural 
gas had a combined share of 2.2% (236 PJ) (see Figure 2). 

Figure 2: Fuel energy supply shares per fuel type in 2020 (Source: EEA) 

Petrol 22,2 %

Bioethanol 0,9 %

Gas oil 12,6 %

LPG, LNG, CNG 2,2 %

Hydrotreated vegetable 
oil HVO 1,4 %

Other fossil 0,01 %

Other 6,8 %

Diesel 56,1 %

Biodiesel (FAME) 4,2 %

Bio-ETBE
0,1 %

Biogas
0,1 %

Other biofuel
0,10 %

2.3 

Biofuel consumption 

The  total  biofuel  consumption  increased  slightly  from  693  PJ  to  723  PJ  between  2019  and 
2020 in the 27 Member States. It continues to be dominated by biodiesel  (fatty acid methyl 
ester,  FAME)  accounting  for  62.0%  of  the  total  biofuel  consumption  (449  PJ),  followed  by 
hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) (20.2%; 146 PJ), and bioethanol (13.4%; 97 PJ). Bio-ethyl 
tert-butyl  ether  (bio-ETBE)  accounted  for  1.6%  (11  PJ)  and  biogas  for  1.4%  (10  PJ)  of  the 
total biofuel consumption. All other biofuels represented a much smaller share (see Figure 3). 

12 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0557 

4 

 
 
 
                                                           
Thus, more than 80% of all biofuels are blended into diesel fuel. Detailed information for all 
biofuels and pathways can be found in the EEA Technical Report No 2022/02. 

Figure 3: Biofuel energy supply shares per fuel type in 2020 (Source: EEA) 

Hydrotreated vegetable 
oil HVO
20,2%

Other biofuel
1,4%

Biogas
1,4%

Bioethanol
13,4%

Biodiesel
62,0%

Bio-ETBE
1,6%

2.4 

Electricity consumption 

The  reporting  of  electricity  consumption  by  fuel  suppliers  is  voluntary  and  fifteen  Member 
States (compared to eleven in 2019) reported data on electricity consumed by electric vehicles 
and motorcycles (see Table 1). The total reported quantity of electricity consumed by electric 
vehicles has increased to 6 218 196 GJ (excluding powertrain efficiency adjustment) from 3 
714  644  GJ  in  2019,  representing  a  67%  increase.  The  actual  electricity  consumption  of 
electric vehicles in the different Member States may be larger since the reporting of electricity 
is not compulsory under Article 7a and is still not reported by many Member States albeit it 
would contribute towards achieving the 6% target. 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
Table 1: Electricity consumed by electric vehicles and motorcycles in 2020 as a reported 
contribution by fuel suppliers to their GHG reduction target (Source: EEA) 

Member State 

Quantity of energy 

GHG intensity 

excluding 
powertrain 
efficiency (GJ) 

including 
powertrain 
efficiency13 (GJ) 

reported by 
Member State 
(g CO2e/MJ) 

reported by 
Member State 
(g CO2e/kWh) 

Austria 

Bulgaria 

Czechia 

Estonia 

France 

Germany 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Portugal 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Sweden 

Total 

69 971 

129 600 

1 085 

62 091 

1 526 400 

2 394 000 

17 387 

176 276 

234 015 

766 091 

37 350 

645 225 

 155 950  

 2 447  

308 

27 988 

51 840 

434 

24 836 

610 560 

957 600 

6 955 

70 511 

93 606 

306 437 

14 940 

258 090 

 62 380  

979 

123 

6 218 196 

2 487 279 

21.8 

522.0 

177.0 

114.5 

16.6 

153.0 

56.3 

110.1 

110.3 

141.0 

65.7 

- 

46.4 

97.5 

13.0 

78 

1 879 

637 

412 

60 

551 

203 

396 

397 

508 

237 

- 

167 

351 

47 

3. 

OVERVIEW OF THE 2020 FUEL QUALITY DATA IN THE EU 

According to Article 8 of the Fuel Quality Directive, all 27 Member States, Norway, and the 
United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland submitted reports on national fuel quality data 
for the year 2020.  

This  section  provides  the  data  for  petrol  and  diesel  sales,  and  the  biocomponents  included 
therein,  for  road  transport  reported  by  27  EU  Member  States.  It  excludes  other  fossil  fuels, 
other  biofuels  and  fuels  of  non-biological  origin,  as  well  as  fuels  used  for  non-road  mobile 
machinery.  

3.1 

Petrol and diesel  

The share of diesel has remained stable between 2017 and 2020, reaching the value of 73.2% 
of  total  sales  in  2020.  Earlier  it  had  increased  somewhat,  from  71.2%  in  2014  to  73.3%  in 
2017. This is the legacy of the, so called, dieselisation of Europe’s vehicle fleet over the last 
decades  that  came  to  halt  in  the  wake  of  the  diesel  emissions  scandal.  The  total  amount  of 
diesel  sold  in  2020  has  decreased  by  12%  when  compared  with  2019  as  an  effect  of  the 
COVID-19  crisis.  The  petrol  sales  in  2020  decreased  by  similar  percentage  (12.4%)  (see 
Table 2). 

13 In accordance with Annex I, Part 1 of the Council Directive (EU) 2015/652, the GHG reduction target is 
calculated on the basis of electricity quantities using the adjustment factor for the EV technology, which 
corresponds to the inclusion of the powertrain efficiency. 
6 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Table 2: Diesel and petrol fuel sales for EU-27 (in million litres and their respective 
shares) in 2017 – 2020  

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

Diesel fuel 
sales 

Petrol fuel 
sales 

Total (diesel 
and petrol)  

235 388 (73.3%)  241 653 (73.3%)  246 865 (73.0%)  217 395 (73.2%) 

85 911 (26.7%) 

87 994 (26.7%) 

90 917 (27.0%) 

79 659 (26.8%) 

321 299 

329 629  

337 782 

297 054 

Diesel  fuel  consumption  is  dominant  in  all  EU Member  States,  except  in  Cyprus  where  the 
proportion of petrol use is 50%. Other countries with relatively high petrol consumption are 
Greece,  Netherlands  and  Finland  with  the  corresponding  shares  of  45%,  42%  and  38% 
respectively,  while  on  the  other  end,  in  Bulgaria,  Latvia  and  Lithuania,  the  corresponding 
petrol shares range from 18%, 16% and 13% respectively.  

There  are  no  significant  changes  in  the  distribution  of  petrol  sales  in  terms  of  petrol  grade 
research octane numbers (RON) between 2019 and 2020. The majority of petrol sales in 2020 
comprised fuels with a petrol grade RON 95, the share of which slightly increased compared 
to  2019.  The  share  of  95 ≤ RON < 98  sales  decreased,  while  the  share  of  RON ≥ 98  sales 
slightly increased compared to preceding year (see Table 3). 

Table 3: Share of petrol sales in EU-27 according to RON numbers 

RON 95 

95 ≤ RON < 98 

RON ≥ 98 

RON = 91 

2017 

84.3% 

8.5% 

6.9% 

0.2% 

3.2 

Biocomponents content  

2018 

80.0% 

14.9% 

4.9% 

0.2% 

2019 

77.8% 

16.7% 

5.4% 

0.1% 

2020 

79.3% 

14.3% 

6.4% 

0.01% 

In 2020, almost all petrol and diesel sold in the EU is marketed as containing biocomponents. 
Of  all  petrol  sold,  99.8%  contained  biocomponents14  with  the  following  breakdown:  65.7% 
contained  up  to  5%  ethanol  content  by  volume  (E5)  which  is  by  7.6  percentage  points  less 
than  in  2019,  while  33.3%  contained  up  to  10%  ethanol  content  (E10)  demonstrating  an 
increase by 7.6 percentage points in comparison to 2019; 1.0% of petrol contained more than 
10% ethanol (E+15).  

Of  all  the  diesel  fuel  sold,  99.7%  contained  biocomponents,  whereas  86.2%  of  diesel  fuel 
contained up to 7% FAME (B7), 13.8% contained more (B+)16 showing an important increase 
from 0.8% in 2019 (see Table 4). 

14 This includes bioethanol directly blended into petrol or converted to ETBE and then blended into petrol. 
15 E+ is petrol fuel with > 10% (% v/v) ethanol content  
16 B+ is diesel fuel with > 7 % (% v/v) biodiesel content 
7 

 
 
  
 
 
                                                           
Table 4: Use of biocomponents in petrol and diesel fuels sold in the EU-27 in 2017-2020 

Fuel type 

l
o
r
t
e
P

l
e
s
e
i
D

E0 

E5 

E10 

E+ 

B0 

B7 

B+ 

2017 

14.5% 

66.7% 

18.6% 

0.1% 

0.0% 

81.8% 

16.2% 

2018 

4.9% 

81.5% 

13.4% 

0.2% 

0.0% 

99.2% 

0.8% 

2019 

0.7% 

73.3% 

25.7% 

0.4% 

0.0% 

99.1% 

0.8% 

2020 

0.0%17 

65.7% 

33.3% 

1.0% 

0.0%18 

86.2% 

13.8% 

3.3 

Compliance of sold fuels with quality limits 

Overall in the EU, a high compliance with the fuel quality limits is observed. The very large 
majority  of  key  fuel  parameters  in  the  samples  taken  in  2020  were  reported  within  the 
tolerance limits. 

Lithuania,  Slovenia  and  Sweden  verified  and  reported  full  compliance  for  both  petrol  and 
diesel fuels. Eight Member States verified and reported full compliance for petrol (Bulgaria, 
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden), and seventeen 
for  diesel  (Austria,  Croatia,  Denmark,  Finland,  Hungary,  Ireland,  Italy,  Latvia,  Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden). 

Member States reported a total of 235 cases of non-compliance for petrol and 90 for diesel, 
corresponding to a share of 1% and 0.4% respectively of the total number of samples taken 
in  2020, which is by 33% less than in 2019. For petrol, the most common parameters falling 
outside  the  specifications  were  exceedances  of  the  summer  vapour  pressure  (in  fifteen 
Member States), research octane number (RON, in six Member States), motor octane number 
(MON,  in  five  Member  States),  aromatics  content  (hydrocarbon  analysis,  in  five  Member 
States)  and  sulphur  content  (in  one  Member  State,  France).  For  diesel,  the  most  common 
parameters falling outside the specifications were the sulphur content and the FAME content 
(in six Member States for both parameters).  

All Member States described the actions taken when non-compliant samples were identified. 
These  actions  included  informing  the  competent  authorities,  initiating  investigations, 
imposing penalties and fines, and resampling. In a small number of cases, no action was taken 
where the non-compliant parameters were found to be very close to the tolerance limits. 

There was therefore no need for the Commission to launch any investigation in this area. It 
can  be  concluded  that  the  fuel  quality  monitoring  system  in  place  ensures  that  high  quality 
fuels are sold in the EU in accordance with the requirements of the Fuel Quality Directive.  

17 Only Malta and Slovakia reported 186 million litres of petrol sold with no biofuel content, corresponding to a 
share of 0.2% of the total petrol sales in 2020 (due to the low share, it is left out of Table 4). 
18 Only Latvia reported 638 million litres of diesel sold in winter period with no biofuel content, corresponding 
to a share of 0.3% of the total diesel sales in 2020 (due to the low share, it is left out of Table 4). 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Annex 

Table  5:  Upstream  Emission  Reduction  contribution  towards  the  6%  GHG  emission 
intensity target in 2020, excluding ILUC (Source: EEA) 

Member 
state 

GHG intensity 
reduction 
excluding UERs 

UERs 
contribution 

GHG 
intensity 
reduction 
including 
UERs 

GHG intensity 
incl. UERs  
(g CO2eq/MJ) 

GHG intensity 
excl. UERs  
(g CO2eq/MJ) 

Cyprus 

Denmark 

Austria 

Hungary 

Estonia 

Slovakia 

Romania 

Czechia 

Poland 

Luxembourg 

Italy 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Ireland 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Malta 

Netherlands 

Portugal 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 

EU27 

3.7% 

3.7% 

3.2% 

4.2% 

4.9% 

4.5% 

4.0% 

5.4% 

4.4% 

5.7% 

4.5% 

6.3% 

4.0% 

2.2% 

7.2% 

4.4% 

6.1% 

4.0% 

3.2% 

2.9% 

3.3% 

6.2% 

5.4% 

3.4% 

3.8% 

3.7% 

19.1% 

5.2% 

88.4 

88.5 

89.3 

88.4 

88.2 

88.6 

89.6 

88.4 

89.6 

88.4 

89.6 

88.1 

90.3 

92.0 

87.4 

90.0 

88.3 

90.3 

91.1 

91.3 

91.0 

88.2 

89.0 

90.9 

90.5 

90.6 

76.1 

89.0 

90.6 

90.6 

91.1 

90.1 

89.5 

89.9 

90.3 

89.0 

90.0 

88.8 

89.9 

88.1 

90.3 

92.0 

87.4 

90.0 

88.3 

90.3 

91.1 

91.3 

91.0 

88.2 

89.0 

90.9 

90.5 

90.6 

76.1 

89.2 

2.3% 

2.3% 

1.9% 

1.8% 

1.4% 

1.3% 

0.8% 

0.7% 

0.4% 

0.4% 

0.3% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.0% 

0.3% 

6.0% 

6.0% 

5.1% 

6.1% 

6.3% 

5.8% 

4.8% 

6.1% 

4.7% 

6.0% 

4.7% 

6.3% 

4.0% 

2.2% 

7.2% 

4.4% 

6.1% 

4.0% 

3.2% 

2.9% 

3.3% 

6.2% 

5.4% 

3.4% 

3.8% 

3.7% 

19.1% 

5.5% 

9