COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 40th Annual Report from the Commission to the council and the European Parliament on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of trade defence instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2021
Date: 2022-09-19
Institutions: Directorate-General for Trade and Economic Security, European Commission
Subjects: activity report, anti-dumping measure, anti-subsidy proceeding, countervailing charge, import (EU), import restriction, originating product, surveillance concerning imports, third country, trade dispute

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 19.9.2022  SWD(2022) 294 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT    Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 40th Annual Report from the Commission to the council and the European Parliament on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of trade defence instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2021     {COM(2022) 470 final}  
 
 
Table of Contents 

1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION ................................................................................................. 3 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.1. 

The international framework ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.2. 

The EU legislation ........................................................................................................... 3 

1.2. 

Safeguards .............................................................................................................................. 4 

1.2.1. 

The international framework ........................................................................................... 4 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation ........................................................................................................... 4 

2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS AND MEASURES

5 

2.1.  Measures in place .................................................................................................................. 5 

2.2.  New investigations – recent evolution .................................................................................. 5 

2.3.  Review investigations – recent evolution ............................................................................. 6 

3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2021 ............................................................................................... 7 

3.1.  New investigations ................................................................................................................. 7 

3.1.1. 

Initiations......................................................................................................................... 7 

3.1.2. 

Provisional measures ...................................................................................................... 8 

3.1.2. 

Definitive measures ......................................................................................................... 8 

3.1.5. 

New investigations terminated without measures ......................................................... 24 

3.2.  Review investigations .......................................................................................................... 24 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews ............................................................................................................... 24 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews .............................................................................................................. 37 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews .................................................................................................... 37 

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations ....................................................................................... 37 

3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations ................................................................................. 38 

3.2.6. 

“Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) ..................................................... 42 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations ..................................................................................................... 42 

4.  ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES .......................................... 44 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures ........................................................................................................ 45 

4.2.  Monitoring of undertakings ............................................................................................... 45 

5.  REFUNDS ....................................................................................................................................... 45 

6. 

7. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS .......................... 46 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT
46 

8.  ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU ........................................................... 51 

9.  ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO ........................................................................ 57 

9.1 

Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence ................................................................ 57 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
9.2  Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees. ................. 58 

10. 

AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF AUDITORS .............................................................. 59 

11. 
EXPORT TRANSPARENCY AND AUTHORISATION SCHEME FOR COVID-19 VACCINES AND 
THEIR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ................................................................................................................. 60 

2 

 
 
 
1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy 

The international framework 

1.1.1. 
On an international level, unfair trading practices such as dumping and the granting of subsidies were identified 
as  a  threat to  open  markets  as  early  as  1947,  when the  first  GATT  agreement  was  signed. The agreement 
contained specific provisions allowing GATT members to take action against these practices if they caused 
material  injury  to  the  domestic  industry  of  a  GATT  member.  Today's  globalised  trade  environment  is 
characterised by quicker and cheaper communication and transportation, as well as the coexistence of different 
models  of  economic  governance.  In  such  a  world,  trade  defence  instruments  are  more  relevant  than  ever. 
Indeed, trade distortions that underlie the application of these instruments are widespread. 

Since the beginning of the GATT in 1947, considerable efforts have been made to harmonise the rules relating 
to trade defence instruments. During the last GATT round (the « Uruguay Round »), which led to the creation 
of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the detailed Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements, much 
of the attention was focused on the procedural and material conditions to be fulfilled before measures can be 
adopted. The EU played an active role in the negotiation of these agreements, which are reflected in its own 
legislation.  The  EU  applies  its  anti-dumping  (AD)  and  anti-subsidy  (AS)  legislation  with  rigour  and 
consistency. Unfortunately, many WTO Members lack this type of restraint, thereby affecting negatively also 
EU operators. The role that the EU plays as a prudent but determined user has therefore also an exemplary 
function at WTO level. Against this backdrop, the EU also continues to play a leading active role in any efforts 
to update the WTO rulebook. 

The EU legislation 

1.1.2. 
The EU’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation was first enacted in 1968 and has since been modified 
several  times.  The  current  basic  texts,  which  form  the  legal  basis  of  anti-dumping  and  anti-subsidy 
investigations in the EU, entered into force in March 1996 and October 1997 respectively. These are in line 
with the Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements adopted during the GATT/WTO negotiations. These 
texts were codified in 2016 to reflect changes previously made. The basic texts are: 

– 

– 

Regulation  (EU)  2016/1036  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  dumped  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version1, 
Regulation  (EU)  2016/1037  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  subsidised  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version2. 

These regulations will overall be referred to as the "basic anti-dumping (AD) Regulation" and the “basic anti-
subsidy (AS) Regulation”. Both regulations were last modified by Regulation (EU) 2017/2321 of 12 December 
20173 and Regulation (EU) 2018/825 of 30 May 20184.  

The EU's legislation contains a number of provisions aimed at ensuring a balanced application of the EU’s 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy rules on all interested parties. These provisions include the “EU interest test” 
and the “lesser duty rule”, which go beyond the Union's WTO obligations. 

The EU interest test is a public interest clause and provides that measures cannot be applied if it is established 
that they are contrary to the overall economic interest of the EU. This requires an analysis of all the economic 
interests  involved, including  those  of  the  EU  industry  and  its  suppliers,  downstream  users, consumers and 
traders of the product concerned.  

The  lesser  duty  rule requires  that  the  measures imposed  by  the  EU  be lower  than  the  dumping  or  subsidy 
margin, if a lower duty rate is sufficient to remove the injury suffered by the EU industry. Such a “no-injury” 
rate is usually determined by comparing import prices with the cost of production of the EU industry and a 
reasonable profit margin. Since the 2018 amendments to the basic Regulations, the lesser duty rule does not 
apply,  in  principle,  in  anti-subsidy  investigations,  which  means  anti-subsidy  measures  will  fully  offset  the 

1   
2   
3   
4   

OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.21. 
OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.55. 
OJ L 338, 19.12.2017, p.1. 
OJ L 143, 07.06.2018, p.1. 

3 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
                                                           
subsidies that an exporter has received. Also since 2018, in anti-dumping investigations, the application of the 
lesser duty rule may be modulated under certain conditions relating to evidence of significant raw material 
distortions in the exporting country.   

The Commission can only depart from applying the lesser duty rule after receiving a duly substantiated request 
and  where  doing  so  would  be  not  be  against  the  Union  interest.  This  new  practice  reflects  the  increased 
attention of the EU to tackle unfair and injurious subsidisation and artificial distortions by third countries. The 
EU is one of the few investigating authorities on a worldwide level that applies the lesser duty rule in such a 
coherent and comprehensive way. 

1.2.  Safeguards 

1.2.1. 

The international framework 

The principle of liberalisation of imports was set under the GATT 1947 and strengthened under the 1994 WTO 
Agreements. As safeguard measures consist of the unilateral withdrawal or suspension of a tariff concession 
or of other trade liberalisation obligations formerly agreed, they have to be considered as an exception to this 
principle.  Article  XIX  GATT  1994  and  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Safeguards  do  not  only  impose  strict 
conditions for the application of this "escape clause", but also put in place a multilateral control mechanism 
under the WTO Committee on Safeguards. 

Under WTO rules, safeguard action has to be viewed as a temporary defence measure that applies to all imports 
of  the  product  covered  by  a  measure,  irrespective  of  origin.  As  regards  non-WTO  members,  safeguard 
measures may be selective and apply to products originating in a specific country. WTO Accession Protocols 
may also provide for such selective safeguard mechanisms, as was the case in the Protocol of Accession of the 
People’s Republic of China (PRC), although the provision has now expired.  

Definitive WTO safeguards should only be adopted after a comprehensive investigation that provides evidence 
of the existence of a) unforeseen developments leading to b) increased imports, c) the existence of a serious 
injury or a threat of injury for EU producers and d) a causal link between the imports and the injury. 
Moreover, FTAs concluded by the Union with third countries often include a ‘bilateral safeguard clause’, i.e. 
a provision that allows for the temporary suspension of tariff concessions made under the FTA. 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation 

The above-mentioned WTO principles are reflected in the relevant EU regulations, except for the “unforeseen 
development requirement” (which is not found explicitly in the EU legislation nor in the WTO Agreement on 
Safeguards but has been confirmed as a self-standing condition by WTO jurisprudence, as per Article XIX of 
GATT 1994). Additionally, the adoption of measures in the EU requires an analysis of all interests concerned, 
i.e. the impact of the measures on producers, users and consumers. In other words, safeguard action can only 
be taken when it is in the EU’s interest to do so. The current EU safeguard instruments are covered by the 
following regulations: 

-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/478  of the  European  Parliament and  of the  Council  of 11  March  2015 on 
common rules for imports (codification),5  
-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/755  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  29  April  2015  on 
common rules for imports from certain third countries (recast),6 
-  Regulation  (EU)  2019/287  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  13  February  2019 
implementing  bilateral  safeguard  clauses  and  other  mechanisms  allowing  for  the  temporary 
withdrawal of preferences in certain trade agreements concluded between the European Union and 
third countries,7 
- Regulation (EU) 2015/936 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 June 2015 on common 
rules for imports of textile products from certain third countries not covered by bilateral agreements, 
protocols or other arrangements, or by other specific EU import rules (recast).8 

The first two regulations are referred to as the "basic safeguard Regulation(s)". 

5   
6   
7   
8   

OJ L 83, 27.3.2015, p.16. 
OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p.33. 
OJ L 53, 22.2.2019, p.1. 
OJ L 160, 25.6.2015, p.1. 

4 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS AND MEASURES   

The  number  of  new  investigations  initiated  in  2021  was  similar  to  the  previous  year,  with  14  initiations 
(compared to 15 in 2020). The number of measures imposed in 2021 significantly increased as compared to 
2020. The Commission imposed 12 new definitive measures and 10 provisional measures giving 22, compared 
to  17 in 2020.9 At the same time,  1 new investigation was terminated without the imposition of measures, 
which brought the total number of new investigations concluded in 2021 to 13. Moreover, during 2021, the 
Commission initiated 30 review investigations. These included 10 expiry reviews (one of which concerned 
anti-subsidy measures). The Commission concluded 15 expiry reviews in 2021 confirming the continuation of 
duties in all cases. Below are details on new investigations and review investigations.  

2.1.  Measures in place 

At the end of 2021, the EU had 109 definitive anti-dumping measures (which were extended 10 in 31 cases) 
and 19 countervailing measures in force (extended in one case)11. 

The  anti-dumping  measures  covered  75  products  from  18  countries  (see  Annex  O);  The  countervailing 
measures covered 16 products (1 more than in 2020) from 7 countries (see Annex P).  

Of the 140 anti-dumping measures in force at the end of 2021, the countries and territories affected were the 
People’s Republic of China (PRC) (96 measures – an increase of 5 over 2020), Russia (10 measures), US (5), 
Korea,  India  and Indonesia (4 each), Taiwan (3), Belarus, Thailand and Ukraine (2 each) and Brazil, Egypt, 
Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago and Turkey (1 each).  

Of the 20 anti-subsidy measures in place, the countries affected were PRC (9), India (4), Egypt and US (2 
each) and Argentina, Indonesia and Turkey (1 each).  

2.2.  New investigations – recent evolution 

In the 5-year period from 2017 to 2021, the Commission initiated 66 new investigations on imports from 191 
countries.  

The main sector concerned by the investigations was Iron and steel with 23 investigations. A breakdown of 
the other sectors concerned is in Annex B (A). 

The countries concerned by the highest number of initiations in the period from 2017 to 2021 include the PRC 
– 25; Indonesia and Turkey - 6 each, Egypt and Russia – 5 each; India 3,   Brazil, Korea and US – 2 each. A 
table showing all the investigations initiated over the last 5 years broken down by country of export is available 
at Annex B (B). 

Table 1 below provides statistical information on the developments regarding new investigations for the years 
2017 – 2021.  

TABLE 1 

9  
10  
11  

Not including safeguard measures. 
Measures are extended to other third countries or products if circumvention was found. 
The measures are counted per product and country concerned. 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
 
Evolution of new anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard investigations 
during the period 1 January 2017 - 31 December 202112 
2019 
15 

201813 
17 

2017 
20 

2020 
19 

New investigations in progress at the beginning of 
the period 
New investigations initiated during the period 
New investigations in progress during the period 
New investigations concluded : 
- 

by imposition of definitive duty or 
acceptance of undertakings 
terminations14 

- 
Total new investigations concluded during the 
period15 
New investigations in progress at the end of period 
New provisional measures imposed 

11 
31 

12 
2 

14 

17 
2 

10 
27 

4 
8 

12 

15 
3 

16 
31 

7* 
5 

12 

19 
5 

15 
34 

11 
5 

16 

18 
6 

2021 
18 

14 
32 

12 
1 

13 

19 
10 

* In the 2019 and 2020 reports, this figure was incorrectly reported as 10.  The correction here has had an impact on those figures in 
the table which were based on it (in italics).  

2.3.  Review investigations – recent evolution  

Anti-dumping measures, including price undertakings, may be subject, under the basic AD Regulation, to five 
different  types  of  reviews:  expiry  reviews  (Article  11(2)),  interim  reviews  (Article  11(3)),  newcomer 
investigations  (Article  11(4)),  absorption  investigations  (Article  12)  and  anti-circumvention  investigations 
(Article 13). The Commission also carries out “other” reviews consisting in re-opening of investigations to 
implement court rulings. 

Anti-subsidy measures may also be subject, under the basic AS Regulation, to five different types of reviews: 
expiry reviews (Article 18), interim reviews (Article 19), absorption investigations (Article 19(3)), accelerated 
reviews (Article 20) and anti-circumvention investigations (Article 23). In addition, here also, the Commission 
can re-open investigations to implement court rulings. 

Reviews continue to represent a major part of the work of the Commission's TDI services. In the period from 
2017 to 2021, the Commission initiated 141 review investigations. These reviews represented over 67% of all 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations initiated in that period.  

In 2021, the Commission initiated 30 reviews. These comprised 10 expiry reviews (compared to 21 in 2020), 
5 ‘new exporter’ reviews, 4 interim reviews (of which 2 anti-subsidy), 4 anti-circumvention investigations, 4 
‘other’ reviews, 2 safeguard reviews and 1 anti-absorption investigation. At the same time, the Commission 
concluded 22 reviews – 15 of which were expiry reviews (3 concerned anti-subsidy measures). 

An overview of the review investigations in 2021 can be found in Annexes F to K. Table 2 below provides 
statistical information for the years 2017 – 2021. 

TABLE 2 

12  

13  
14  

15  

The simultaneous initiation of a case concerning several countries but the same product is accounted as separate 
investigation/proceeding per country involved. 
Updated to take into account the Steel safeguard investigation. 
Investigations might be terminated for reasons such as the withdrawal of the complaint, de minimis dumping or 
injury, lack of causal link etc. 
Excluding provisional measures. 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Reviews of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations 
during the period 1 January 2017 - 31 December 202116 

Reviews in progress at the beginning of the period 

2017 
29 

201817 
28 

2019 
25 

2020 
26 

2021 
29 

Reviews initiated during the period 

Reviews in progress during the period 

Total reviews concluded during the period18 

Reviews in progress at the end of the period 

30 

59 

31 

28 

25 

53 

28 

25 

23 

48 

22 

26 

28 

54 

26 

28 

30 

59 

23 

26 

3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2021 

3.1.  New investigations 

3.1.1. 

Initiations 

In 2021, the Commission initiated 11 new anti-dumping and 3 new anti-subsidy investigations. The categories 
of ‘Iron and steel’, as well as ‘Other’ stood out in terms of product coverage (other covers such products as 
ceramic products, bicycles, solar glass). The investigations concerned 7 different countries, with the highest 
number of initiations concerning the PRC (4 cases). Details of the investigations are given in Annexes A and 
B. 

The list of cases initiated in 2021 can be found below, together with the names of the complainants. More 
information can be obtained from the Official Journals - publications reference is given in Annex A. 

Product 
(Type of investigation: AD or AS) 

Origin 

Complainant 

Graphite electrode systems (AD) 

China 

Calcium silicon (AD)  

China 

Superabsorbent polymers (AD)  

Rep. Of Korea 

Corrosion resistant steels (AD)  

Corrosion resistant steels (AD)  

Electrolytic chromium 
coated steel (ECCS) products (AD)  
Electrolytic chromium 
coated steel (ECCS) products (AD)  

Russia 

Turkey 

China 

Brazil 

Aluminium road wheels (AD)  

Morocco 

Fatty acid (AD)  

Ceramic tiles (AD)  

Indonesia 

India 

Graphite Cova GmbH, Showa 
Denko Carbon Holding GmbH and 
Tokai ErftCarbon GmbH 

Euroalliages (Liaison Committee of 
the Ferro-Alloy Industry) 
European Superabsorbent Polymers 
Coalition (ESPC) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
Association of European Wheel 
Manufacturers (EUWA) 
Coalition against Unfair Trade in 
Fatty Acid 
European Ceramic Tile 
Manufacturers' Federation (CET) 

w16  

17  
18  

A case concerning several countries but the same product is accounted as separate investigation/proceeding per 
country involved. The table includes reopenings of investigations (‘other’ reviews). 
From 2018 onwards, data was updated to take into account all cases concluded/terminated. 
Investigations which were conducted and concluded under the specific provisions of the regulation imposing the 
original measures are not counted as there was no publication of the initiation. 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
                                                           
Ceramic tiles (AD)  

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
(AS) 
Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
(AS) 

Turkey 

India 

Indonesia 

Graphite electrode systems (AS) 

China 

European Ceramic Tile 
Manufacturers' Federation (CET) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
Graphite Cova GmbH, Showa 
Denko Carbon Holding GmbH and 
Tokai ErftCarbon GmbH 

Provisional measures 

3.1.2. 
In 2021, provisional duties were imposed in 10 new anti-dumping investigations. There were no provisional 
anti-subsidy measures imposed.19  
The list of cases where provisional measures were imposed during 2021 can be found below, together with the 
measures imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in Annex C. 

Product 

Origin 

Type20 and level of measure 

Hot rolled flat products of 
iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel 
Aluminium flat-rolled 
products 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

Turkey 

AD: 4,8% - 7,6% 

China 

India 

AD: 19,3% - 46,7% 

AD: 13,6% - 34,6%   

Indonesia 

AD: 19,9% – 20,2% 

Mono ethylene glycol 

USA 

AD: 8,5% - 52% 

Mono ethylene glycol 

Saudi Arabia 

AD: 11,1% 

Birch plywood 

Russia 

AD: 15% - 15,9% 

Aluminium converter foil 

China 

AD: 31,5% – 50,6% 

Calcium silicon 

China 

AD: 17,5% - 66,5% 

Graphite electrode systems 

China 

AD: 15,8% 

3.1.2.  Definitive measures 

During  2021,  definitive  duties  were  imposed  in  11  anti-dumping  investigations  and  in  1  anti-subsidy 
investigation. The list of cases where definitive measures were imposed can be found below, together with the 
range of the duties imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journals referred to in Annex 
D. 

19  

20  

Anti-subsidy investigations often run in parallel to anti-dumping investigations, where the provisional anti-dumping duty already provides 
some relief to the Union industry. 
AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Product 

Aluminium extrusions 

Hot rolled flat products of 
iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel 

Aluminium flat-rolled 
products 

Birch plywood 

Origin 

China 

Turkey 

China 

Russia 

Type21 and level of measure 

AD: 21,2% - 32,1% 

AD: 4,7% - 7,3% 

AD: 14,3% - 24,6% 

AD: 14,4% - 15,8% 

Mono ethylene glycol 

USA 

AD: 3% - 60,1% 

Mono ethylene glycol 

Saudi Arabia 

AD: 7,7% 

Optical fibre cables 

China 

AD: 19,7% - 44% 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

India 

AD:13,9% - 35,3%  

Indonesia 

AD: 10,2% - 20,2% 

Aluminium converter foil 

China 

AD:6% - 28,5%  

Steel wind towers 

Aluminium converter foil 

China 

China 

AD:7,2% - 19,2% 

AS: 10,1% - 18,2% 

3.1.4 Details of individual cases with application of new measures 

Aluminium extrusions from China (Definitive AD) 

On  14  February  2020,  the  Commission  initiated  an  anti-dumping  investigation  on  imports  of  aluminium 
extrusions originating in China. The initiation followed a complaint received from the association European 
Aluminium, which represented more than 25% of the total Union production of aluminium extrusions.  The 
complaint  contained  prima  facie  evidence  of  dumping  and  related  injury  justifying  the  initiation  of  the 
investigation. Following a request from the complainant supported by the required evidence, the Commission 
made imports of the product concerned subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the basic Regulation in 
August 2020.  

The product under investigation was bars, rods, profiles (whether or not hollow), tubes, pipes; unassembled; 
whether or not prepared for use in structures (e.g. cut-to-length, drilled, bent, chamfered, threaded); made from 
aluminium, whether or not alloyed, containing not more than 99,3 % of aluminium. The product is used in a 
wide range of applications including building and construction, transportation and engineered products.  
The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 (IP) 
and the examination of trends for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2016 to the 31 
December 2019 (IP).    Provisional measures were imposed in October 2020. 

Sampling 

21  

AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
The Commission applied sampling in this investigation selecting the four largest Union producers in terms of 
production and sales and accounting for just under 10% of production and sales on the Union market.  Two 
importers were selected for the sample on the basis of the largest representative volume of sales of products 
under investigation originating from China during the IP. The Commission selected three cooperating groups 
of exporting producers from China representing 28,1 % of total exports to the EU.  

Dumping 

The  investigation  found  significant  State-induced  distortions  as  regards  the  product  under  investigation  in 
China. The distortions related to the aluminium sector and particularly to the prices and costs of the product 
concerned, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour. As a result, normal value was constructed 
on the basis of costs of production and sale in Turkey, the selected appropriate representative country in this 
case.  

The cooperating exporting producers exported to the Union either directly to independent customers, through 
a related importer or through a related company acting as a trader.  For direct sales or sales through a related 
trader to independent customers in the Union, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the 
product concerned when sold for export to the Union. For the export sales through a related company acting 
as an importer, the export price was established based on the price at which the imported product was first 
resold to independent customers in the Union.  For these sales, the Commission adjusted the price for all costs 
incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits accruing. A comparison 
between normal values and export prices, adjusted where necessary, resulted in a dumping margins for sampled 
exporting  producers  of  21,2%  for  Haomei  Group,  25%  for  PMI  Group  and  22,1%  and  32,1%  for  other 
cooperating companies and all others respectively.  

Injury and causation 

Several injury indicators showed a positive trend such as production, capacity, sales volume on the Union 
market and employment. However, this related to the increase in consumption and should have increased more 
strongly, if the Union industry would have been able to benefit fully from the growing market. Despite the 
increase in sales volume, the Union industry lost 5% market share and while the prices increased by 19 % these 
did not keep up with increases in costs of 20%. This was because of price suppression caused by the dumped 
imports. As a result, all financial performance indicators, namely profitability, return on investment and cash 
flow showed a declining trend, and profits made were below the target profit level during the period considered. 
Hence, while the market for the product under investigation was growing in the period considered, the Union 
industry still suffered falling profits, which did not encourage future investments. Given that the Union industry 
is serving a diverse customer base, which has continuously developing requirements, the Union industry needs 
to invest in R&D and customer focus solutions to remain competitive. The rapidly deteriorating development 
of return on investments of ‒ 71% was a serious threat to the continuing viability of the industry. As a result, 
the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury. 

To  examine  if the  dumped  imports  were  causing  the injury,  the  Commission  examined  the  effect  of  other 
factors on the Union industry’s situation including the cost of raw materials, imports from other sources and 
the export performance of the Union industry. The deterioration in the situation of the Union industry coincided 
with the increase in imports from China, which were made at prices which undercut the Union industry’s prices 
and  suppressed  EU  market  price  levels.  The  Commission  concluded  that  the  dumped  imports  from  China 
caused material injury to the Union industry and that the other factors did not attenuate the causal link between 
the dumped imports and the material injury.  

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry was set at a level that would allow 
the EU industry to sell at a target price which would cover  its costs of production,  (including future costs 
resulting  from  obligations  under  Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements  and  ILO  Conventions),  and  a 
reasonable profit. The investigation established a basic target profit of 10%, based on the profitability of the 
Union industry before the impact of Chinese imports. The injury margin was determined by comparing the 
weighted average import price of the cooperating exporting producers with the weighted average target price 
of the Union industry during the IP, which resulted in margins ranging from 30.5% to 65.6%.  Given these 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
levels were higher than the dumping margins, the duties to be imposed would be at the level of dumping in 
line with the legislation.  

Union interest and definitive measures 

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users.  

Regarding the Union industry, the investigation established that the imposition of anti-dumping duties would 
restore  a  level  playing  field  and  a fair  price level  on  the  Union  market,  and  improve  the  Union industry’s 
profitability.  As for importers, the Commission recognised that measures were likely to have a certain negative 
impact  by  reducing  the  turnover  and  profitability  of  their  aluminium  extrusions  business.  However,  the 
Commission concluded that importers would be in a position to pass on the duty to their customers given their 
significant profit margins of around 7% to 13% and also have the possibility of alternative sources of supply 
from other third countries and the Union industry. In fact, the investigation showed that both sampled importers 
had  a  balanced  supply  structure  and  were  not  reliant  on  Chinese  imports.  Several  user  industries,  mainly 
building, transport, engineering and others including consumer products source the product. Although some 
users registered as interested parties, most user industries did not cooperate with the investigation and did not 
submit questionnaire responses. As a result, the Commission did not receive sufficiently detailed information 
to examine the impact of measures on users in the automotive, construction and other industries.  As regards 
the  rail  transport  industry,  the  Commission  found  that  the  imports  of  the  product  for  that  industry  only 
accounted for a minor part of imports in the Union market and no evidence was provided to support the theory 
that the imposition of measures would have an adverse impact on that industry. The Commission concluded 
that the effects of an imposition of duties would not outweigh the positive effects of measures on the Union 
industry. 

 Three exporting producers submitted undertaking offers; Haomei Group, Shandong Nollvetec Lightweight 
Equipment Co., Ltd. and Jilin Qixing Aluminium Industries Co., Ltd. However, the Commission considered 
the undertakings would be unenforceable and impractical and therefore rejected the offers. The definitive anti-
dumping measures were imposed in March 2021 (based on the dumping margin applying the lesser duty rule), 
and ranged from 21,2% to 32,1%. The Commission decided not to retroactively collect duties for the period 
during which imports were registered as the conditions to do so were not met.   

Aluminium flat-rolled products from China (Definitive AD) 

On 14 August 2020, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports of  aluminium flat 
rolled  products  originating  in  China.  The  initiation  followed  a  complaint  received  from  the  association 
European  Aluminium,  which  represented  more  than  25%  of  the  total  Union  production  of  aluminium 
extrusions.  The  complaint  contained  prima  facie  evidence  of  dumping  and  related  injury  justifying  the 
initiation of the investigation.  There was a request to register imports of the products, however the conditions 
were not met.  

The product under investigation was aluminium products, flat rolled, whether or not alloyed, whether or not 
further worked than flat rolled, not backed, without internal layers of other material, in coils or in coiled strips, 
in cut-to-length sheets, or in the form of circles; of a thickness of 0,2 mm or more but not more than 6 mm, in 
plates, of a thickness of more than 6 mm, in coils or in coiled strips, of a thickness of not less than 0,03 mm 
but less than 0,2 mm, The product is used in a wide range of wide range of applications in sectors such as 
building and construction, foil, technical applications, transport and consumer durables.  

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 (‘IP’) and the 
examination of trends for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the 30 June 2020 
(‘the investigation period’).  The examination of trends for the assessment of injury covered the period from 1 
January 2016 to the 31 December 2019.  Provisional measures were imposed in April 2021. 

Sampling 

The Commission applied sampling in this investigation, selecting three Union producers accounting for 35% 
of the estimated total production and 35% of the estimated total Union sales volume of the like product.  Three 
importers  were  selected  on  the  basis  of  the  largest  representative  volume  of  sales  of  products  under 

11 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
investigation  originating  from  China  during  the  IP  and  the  Commission  selected  three  exporting 
companies/groups of companies representing 18,9% of the estimated total exports from China to the EU.  

Dumping 

The  investigation  found  significant  State-induced  distortions  as  regards  the  product  under  investigation  in 
China. The distortions related to the aluminium sector and particularly to the prices and costs of the product 
concerned, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour. As a result, the Commission constructed 
the normal value on the basis of costs of production and sale in Turkey, the selected appropriate representative 
country in this case. At the same time, the Commission accepted the prices for Titanium Boron Aluminium 
Rod from one exporting producer which sourced that particular raw material entirely from the UK.  

When the sampled exporting producers of the Nanshan Group exported the product concerned to the Union 
either directly to independent customers or through related companies located in China or in third countries, 
the export price was that actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union. 
Two companies within the Nanshan Group also sold the product concerned to the Union through a related 
importer. For these sales, the export price was constructed on the basis of the price  at which the imported 
product  was first  resold to  independent  customers  in the  Union. The  adjustments  made  related  to  all  costs 
incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses and profits, in order to establish a reliable 
export price at the Union frontier level. Another sampled company, Xiamen Xiashun, exported the products 
concerned directly to independent customers in the Union and the export price was the price actually paid for 
the product concerned when sold in the Union.  A comparison between normal values and export prices was 
made with relevant adjustments for transport, insurance, handling and loading, packaging, discounts, credits 
costs, bank charges and other import charges.  This resulted in the following dumping margins: Jiangsu Alcha 
Aluminum Group Co., Ltd 72,1%, Nanshan Group 55,5%, Xiamen Xiashun Aluminium Foil Co., Ltd 23,7%, 
Other cooperating companies 44,5%, All other companies 88%.  

Injury and causation 

Imports of the product from China increased significantly both in absolute (+ 70%) and relative terms (+ 3,9 
percentage points in market share) while consumption in the EU decreased by 10%. The import prices were 
consistently low and significantly below Union industry prices undercutting Union prices by 7% on average. 
The impact on the Union industry was such that production, capacity utilisation, sales volume in the Union 
market, market share, employment and productivity deteriorated. Only capacity and captive sales/use showed 
a positive trend. Sales prices in the EU free market, cost of production, labour costs, profitability, cash flow 
and return on investments also all displayed negative trends. Only investments showed a positive trend after 
the sampled producers made investments in order to maintain competitiveness and follow the latest product 
developments. This deterioration in the situation of the Union industry coincided with the increase in imports 
from China, which were made at prices which undercut the Union industry’s prices and suppressed EU market 
price levels. 

To  examine  if the  dumped  imports  were  causing  the injury,  the  Commission  examined  the  effect  of  other 
factors on the Union industry’s situation including the  contraction in demand, imports from other sources, 
export performance of the Union industry and the Covid pandemic. The Commission concluded that with the 
exception of the COVID-19 pandemic, which aggravated the situation of the injured Union industry, none of 
the factors attenuated the causal link between the dumped imports from China and the material injury suffered 
by the Union industry.  

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry was set at a level that would allow 
the EU industry to sell at a target price which would cover  its costs of production, (including future costs 
resulting  from  obligations  under  Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements  and  ILO  Conventions),  and  a 
reasonable profit. The investigation established a basic target profit of 6%. The injury margin was determined 
by comparing the weighted average import price of the cooperating exporting producers with the weighted 
average target price of the Union industry during the IP, which resulted in underselling margins ranging from 
19,3% to 46,7%.  Given these levels were lower than the dumping margins and the fact that there were no 
significant raw material distortions found, the lesser duty rule in line would be applied.  

12 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Union interest and definitive measures  

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission analysed the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, unrelated importers 
and  users.  Regarding  the  Union  industry,  which  employs  over  8  000  workers  directly,  the  investigation 
established that the imposition of anti-dumping duties would allow it to recover lost market share and improve 
profitability  towards  sustainable  levels.    It  was  also  concluded  that  the  primary  aluminium  sector,  which 
employ around 2 800 workers, relies on the health of its downstream customers.  Without measures the viability 
of these upstream suppliers, would be put at risk if the Union industry contracts further. 

Some importers argued that insufficient production capacity of the Union industry combined with the strong 
post-COVID recovery had led to material shortage, delayed deliveries and price increases since the end of the 
IP.  They  stated  that  anti-dumping  measures  would  worsen  the  supply  situation  for  users  while  the  Union 
industry would benefit from duties, shortages, delay and an increase in prices and profit to the detriment of the 
entire industrial EU system. While the Commission acknowledged the existence of material shortage and price 
increases, it did not conclude that there was a structural lack of capacity in the EU. The Commission concluded 
that importers would be able to pass on the duty to their customers given their profit margins as well as having 
the  possibility  to  find  alternative  sources  of  supply.    Therefore,  the  Commission  concluded  that  importers 
would  not  be  affected  disproportionally  by  the  imposition  of the  measures  due also, in  part,  to  their  other 
activities.  

As regards user industries, including aluminium heat exchangers, building industry and foil stock users the 
Commission considered that the measures would have only have a limited impact on their financial situation. 
Overall, the Commission concluded that the effects of an imposition of duties would not outweigh the positive 
effects of measures on the Union industry. 

The Commission therefore decided that definitive anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of 
aluminium flat products originating in China. The definitive anti-dumping measures were imposed in October 
2021 (based on the underselling margin applying the lesser duty rule), and ranged from 14,3% to 24,6%.  

Suspension of measures 

Following final disclosure in the anti-dumping investigation,  a number of companies (Airoldi Metalli S.p.a. 
(‘Airoldi’), Valeo Systèmes Thermiques SAS (‘Valeo’) and related companies, and TitanX Engine Cooling 
AB (‘TitanX’)) provided information on a change of market conditions which occurred after the IP arguing 
that the changes would justify the suspension of the measures, in accordance with Article 14(4) of the basic 
Regulation. In July 2021, the Commission requested interested parties in the Union to provide comments on 
the possibility to suspend definitive measures in due course.  

Article  14(4)  of  the  basic  Regulation  provides  that,  in  the  Union  interest,  anti-dumping  measures  may  be 
suspended where market conditions have temporarily changed to an extent that injury would be unlikely to 
resume as a result of such suspension. 

The analysis of the additional information requested by the Commission showed that, following the IP, the 
situation of the Union industry improved significantly. In the first quarter of 2021, Union producers’ sales 
increased by over 55% in comparison with the IP and by 34% in comparison with 2017, which was the best 
year  in  the  period  considered.  Also,  production  volume  and  production  capacity  developed  positively 
increasing respectively by 11% and 25% in comparison with 2017. Average sales prices to unrelated customers 
in the Union also increased by 2,4 % in the first semester of 2021 when compared to 2017 and by 6,5% when 
compared with the IP. Profitability reached 1,9% in the first semester of 2021 whereas the Union industry was 
loss making in the IP (– 1,8%). All indicators for which the Commission requested post-IP information showed 
a significant improvement when comparing the first semester of 2021 with the IP or with data from 2017 with 
the exception of capacity utilization and profitability. Several parties provided evidence that Union producers 
could not supply the requested products because they had reached capacity for orders in 2021 and for at least 
the first half of 2022. The Commission concluded that market conditions changed after the period considered 
in the definitive Regulation but the changed market conditions were temporary in nature and it was likely that 
supply and demand would align again after the temporary suspension of the measures.    

Given the level of demand and the fact that many users switched to the Union industry post IP and the nature 
of the contracts (very few spot orders), the Commission considered it unlikely that the Union industry would 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
lose significant business to Chinese exporters if measures were to be suspended for 9 months.  In addition, the 
Commission considered that the 9-month suspension would give users, that requested the exclusion of certain 
products, an additional period to turn to Union producers and ensure a smooth transition from a Chinese to a 
Union  source  of  supply,  if  necessary.    Given  the  temporary  nature  of  the  change  in  market  conditions 
concerning demand and supply, together with the Union industry’s prospects for the period, it was considered 
that the injury linked to the imports of the product concerned originating in China was unlikely to resume if 
measures were suspended. 

Consequently, the Commission decided to suspend the measures for nine months on the same day the measures 
were imposed. The Commission established an operational monitoring system, in which interested parties may 
draw its attention to relevant developments in the market on a regular basis.  

Birch plywood originating in Russia (Definitive AD)  

On 14 October 2020, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports of birch 
plywood originating in Russia following a complaint received  from the Woodstock Consortium containing 
sufficient  evidence  of  dumping  and  of  resulting  material  injury.    Birch  plywood  is  a  wood  sheet  material 
consisting of layers or strands of wood veneers pressed together with glue into large, flat sheets. It is used in a 
wide range of applications, for example in the construction, packaging and furniture sectors. The investigation 
period for dumping and injury was 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 and the examination of injury trends covered 
the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the investigation period (“the period considered”). 

On 11 June 2021, the Commission imposed provisional anti-dumping duties ranging between 15% and 15,9% 
on imports of birch plywood originating in Russia by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/940.  

Sampling  

Sampling  was  applied  in  the  investigation.    Three  Union  producers,  located  in  different  Member  States 
accounting for almost 40% of the estimated total production and 35% of estimated total Union sales volume 
of the like product in the Union were selected for the sample.  A sample of three out of thirteen importers was 
selected. As regards exporting companies a sample of three groups of companies was selected accounting for 
approximately 47% of the total exports to the Union during the investigation period. 

Dumping 

 The normal value was based on the price paid or payable in the domestic market where domestic sales were 
found to be representative and constructed where domestic sales were not representative.  

The three sampled companies exported to the Union directly to independent customers or through a related 
importer in the Union. For the direct exports, the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the 
product concerned when sold for export to the Union. For the exports through a related importer, the export 
price was based on the price at which the product  was first resold to independent customers in the Union, 
adjusted  backwards  to  an  ex-works  price  by  deducting  all  costs  incurred  between  importation  and  resale, 
including SG&A expenses, and for profits accruing.  A comparison between normal values and export prices, 
duly adjusted where necessary, resulted in a dumping margin of 14,4% for Sveza group, 15,8% for Zheshartsky 
LРK LLC and 15,72%, for Syktyvkar Plywood Mill Ltd.  

Injury and causation  

During the period considered, Union consumption of birch plywood remained stable at around 1.75m cubic 
meters. Imports from Russia increased by 14% from around 710 163 cubic meters to around 812 521 cubic 
meters representing an increase in market share from 40% to 46%  over the period considered. The average 
prices of the imports from Russia decreased by 10 % from 646 EUR/tonne in 2017 to 584 EUR/tonne during 
the investigation period.  The weighted average undercutting found on the basis of the data provided by the 
sampled exporting producers was 12,6 %. 

The  Commission  found  that  the  economic  situation  of  the  Union  industry  worsened  with  all  major  macro 
indicators presenting a negative trend including production - 14%, EU sales - 17% with a significant reduction 
of its market share from 47% to 39% in the period considered. Because of the pressure from the low Russian 
prices, the Union industry tried to reduce costs including a reduction of 12% in employment. However, as a 

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
result of the pressure exerted by dumped Russian imports in terms of increased volumes and low prices, EU 
sales dropped and stocks increased rapidly (+ 22%) in the period considered. The cost of production of the 
Union industry went up over 10% during the period considered, mainly because of a strong increase in the raw 
material prices. Owing to the pressure from the dumped imports, the Union producers were unable to increase 
prices to cover these increased costs.  As a result, profitability dropped from 9.7% in 2017 to an unsustainable 
loss of -2,8% in the IP. Therefore, the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury.  

Regarding causation,  the Commission found that there was  a clear correlation between the rise of  dumped 
imports from Russia and the deteriorating situation of the Union industry. As a result of the significant increase 
of dumped imports from Russia the Union industry was precluded from increasing prices, resulting in a strong 
decline in its economic situation. Some of the other factors examined included the impact of Covid-19, strikes 
of some producers in Finland as well as imports from other sources.  However, the investigation found that no 
other factor attenuated the causal link between the Russian imports and the Union industry's injurious situation.   

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry was set at a level that would allow 
the EU industry to sell at a target price which would cover  its costs of production,  (including future costs 
resulting  from  obligations  under  Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements  and  ILO  Conventions),  and  a 
reasonable profit. The investigation established a basic target profit of 9,7%, based on the profitability of the 
Union industry in year 2017, that is, before the surge of Russian imports.  The injury margin was determined 
by comparing the weighted average import price of the cooperating exporting producers with the weighted 
average target price of the Union industry during the IP, which resulted in margins ranging from 35,2% to 
58,3%.  

Union interest and definitive measures  

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users.  

Regarding the Union industry, the investigation established that the imposition of anti-dumping duties would 
restore  a  level  playing  field  and  a fair  price level  on  the  Union  market,  and  improve  the  Union industry’s 
profitability.    The  Commission  found  that  while  anti-dumping  measures  might  negatively  affect  some 
importers, the impact would not be significant overall and would depend on the importers’ business model, the 
variety of their sources of supplies and the extent to which increased costs are passed on to their customers.  
Regarding the main sectors using birch plywood in the EU (construction, transport, furniture and packaging), 
the impact of the measures was assessed to be limited. Several parties claimed that the imposition of duties 
might cause carbon leakage due to a substitution of Russian birch plywood with Chinese poplar plywood or 
plywood from other countries farther away from Europe, raising transport emission and the risk that substitute 
products are less sustainable than Russian birch plywood. However, the Commission rejected this claim on the 
basis  that  measures  would  not  exclude  Russian  imports  and  there  was  no  evidence  to  support  that  these 
products were less sustainable than the Russian products. The Commission concluded that the effects of an 
imposition of duties would not outweigh the positive effects of measures on the Union industry. 

The  Commission  concluded  that  definitive  anti-dumping  measures  should  be  imposed  on imports  of  birch 
plywood originating in Russia. The definitive anti-dumping measures imposed on 9 November 2021 (based 
on the dumping margin applying the lesser duty rule), range from 14,4% to 15,8%.  

Mono ethylene glycol originating in the USA and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Definitive AD)  

On 14 October 2020, the European Commission  initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports of mono 
ethylene glycol (‘MEG’) originating in the USA and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) on the basis of a 
complaint lodged by the Defence Committee of European MEG Producers representing more than 25% of the 
total Union production of MEG. The complaint contained evidence of dumping and of resulting material injury.   

The product concerned is mono ethylene glycol produced starting from various feedstocks (ethane, propane, 
NGL, butane) to make ethylene which is then mixed with oxygen to form ethylene oxide and then with water 
to produce mono ethylene glycol. It is available in two different grades: fibre grade and technical grade. Fibre 
grade MEG is used predominantly in the production of PET, polyester fibres, resins and films while technical 

15 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
grade MEG is mainly used in the automotive sector as anti-freeze. Other applications include heat transfer 
agent,  de-icing  fluids,  surface  coatings,  unsaturated  polyester  resins,  polyester  polyols,  and  natural  gas 
dehydrogenation.  

The investigation period covered 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 while the examination of trends relevant for the 
assessment of injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the investigation period.  

On 11 June 2021, the Commission imposed provisional anti-dumping duties of 11.1% on imports of MEG 
originating in Saudi Arabia and duties ranging from 8,5% to 52% on the product originating in USA.  

Sampling  
Sampling was applied in the investigation for Union producers and US exporters.  The sample consisted of 
three Union producers, out of which two were related accounting for 64,1 % of total Union production and 
65%  of  total  Union  sales.  Two  groups  of  exporting  producers  in  the  US  were  selected  for  the  sample 
representing approximately 55% of imports from the US to the EU during the IP.  Sampling was not applied 
for exporting producers in the KSA.  

Dumping  

Saudi Arabia 

Only one of the six production entities of the sole company group, SABIC produced MEG for the domestic 
market. Both domestic sales and exports to the Union were examined at the company group level.   In this 
case, the normal value was based on the price paid or payable in the domestic market where domestic sales 
were found to be representative. Given that less than 80 % of all domestic sales were profitable and that the 
weighted  average  sales  price  was  lower  than  the  cost  of  production,  the  normal  value  was  calculated  as a 
weighted average of the profitable sales only.  

The MEG exported to the EU was manufactured by six exporting producers, two of which are joint ventures 
with  ExxonMobil  and  SPDC  (a  company  related  to  Mitsubishi  Corporation).  The  MEG  is  then  exported 
through  three  different  networks  of  related  traders  and  importers  in  the  Union:  one  for  SABIC,  one  for 
ExxonMobil and one for SPDC.  Therefore, the export price was established on the basis of the price at which 
the imported product was first resold to independent customers in the Union. Adjustments to the export price 
were made for all costs incurred between importation and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits.  
A comparison between normal values and export prices, duly adjusted where necessary, resulted in definitive 
dumping margin, expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, of 7,7%.  

USA  

For the US, the normal value was based on the price paid or payable in the domestic market where domestic 
sales were found to be representative. Given that for MEGlobal Americas Inc, less than 80% of all domestic 
sales were profitable and the weighted average sales price was higher than the cost of production, the normal 
value was calculated as a weighted average of the profitable sales only.  

For the exporting producer that exported the product concerned directly to independent customers in the Union, 
the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the 
Union, in accordance with the basic Regulation. For the exporting producer that exported the product through 
a related company acting as an importer in Switzerland, the export price was established on the basis of the 
price at which the imported product was first resold to independent customers in the Union, in accordance with 
the basic Regulation. Adjustments to the price were made for all costs incurred between importation and resale, 
including SG&A expenses, and profits. As to the latter, the same profit margin of 6,89% as for the KSA was 
applied.  A comparison between normal values and export prices, duly adjusted where necessary, resulted in 
definitive dumping margins, expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty unpaid, of 3% for 
one company and 46,7% for the second.  

Injury and causation 

The volume of imports from the countries concerned grew by 38 % over the period considered and as there 
was fairly stable Union consumption, increased their market share from 31,6 % in 2017 to 44,1 % in the IP. 
As a result, the Union industry lost 10.7 percentage points of their market share.   It was through significant 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
price pressure that the exports were able to increase market share with prices on average between 12% and 
15% lower than Union industry costs. The Union industry had no choice but to decrease prices as well. Even 
though the cost of production decreased as well due to a drop in the price of ethylene, the price pressure from 
the imports was such that it forced the Union industry to decrease prices below the cost of production, resulting 
in significant losses by the end of the IP. Hence, all main macroeconomic injury indicators showed a negative 
trend during the period considered. Production volume, sales volume, employment and productivity decreased 
by 19%, 18%, 7% and 13% respectively. EU producers’ average unit sales prices to unrelated parties decreased 
by  40%  over  the  period  considered  while  their  costs  only  decreased  by  13%.    This  led  to  a  significant 
deterioration in profitability, going from profits between 16,7% and 20,5 % in 2017 to losses between 10,8 % 
and 13,2 % during the IP.  The Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury.  

Regarding  causation,  there  was  a  clear  coincidence  in  time  between  the  substantial  increase  of  imports  at 
dumped prices and market share of the countries concerned and the significant decrease in sales and market 
share of the Union producers, coupled with the price depression, and the deteriorated financial situation of the 
Union industry. The Commission examined the effect of other factors on the Union industry’s injury including 
the  Covid  pandemic,  Union  producers  export  sales  performance  and  higher  production  costs  and  lack  of 
competitiveness.  The investigation did not find that any other factors attenuated the causal link between the 
dumped imports and the injury suffered.  

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry was set at a level that would allow 
the EU industry to sell at a target price which would cover  its costs of production,  (including future costs 
resulting  from  obligations  under  Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements  and  ILO  Conventions),  and  a 
reasonable profit. The investigation established a basic target profit of between 17,5% and 19,5%, taking into 
account  the  level  of  profitability  before  the  increase  in  imports  from  the  countries  concerned,  the  level  of 
profitability needed to cover full costs and investments, research and development (R&D) and innovation, and 
the  level  of  profitability  to  be  expected  under  normal  conditions  of  competition.  The  injury  margins  were 
determined by comparing the weighted average import prices of the cooperating exporting producers with the 
weighted  average  target  price  of  the  Union  industry  during  the  IP  which  resulted  in  underselling  margins 
ranging from 39,6% to 109,4% for USA and 61,5% for KSA.  

Union interest and definitive measures 

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users.  

Regarding  the  Union  industry,  the  non-imposition  of  measures  would  lead  to  a  discontinuation  of  thereby 
reducing  the  available  sources  of  supply  on  the  Union  market  and  making  the  EU  dependent  on  imports 
primarily from the KSA and the US. The Commission found this to be undesirable for users not only in terms 
of competition, but also of security of supply of importers/traders and users.  The Commission concluded that 
the impact of measures would not be disproportionate for importers/traders as they would be able to pass on 
part of the duties to users and, in any event, other sources of supply were available (Taiwan, Singapore and 
Korea) to them.   The Commission examined the impact of measures on users particularly in the coolant, PET 
and  industrial  products  segment  (fibres,  films,  resins)  industries.   While the investigation  showed  a  mixed 
impact on the various segments, it was not considered disproportionate to the benefits of imposing measures.    
The Commission concluded that definitive anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of  MEG 
originating in USA and KSA. The definitive anti-dumping measures imposed in November 2021 (based on the 
dumping margin applying the lesser duty rule), ranged from 3% to 60,1% for imports from the US and 7,7% 
from KSA.   

Steel wind towers originating in China (Definitive AD) 

On 21 October 2020, the European Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation with regard to imports 
of certain steel wind towers originating in the People’s Republic of China following a complaint lodged by the 
European Wind Tower Association containing sufficient evidence of dumping and of resulting material injury.   

The product under investigation is certain utility scale wind towers of steel (‘SWT’), whether or not tapered, 
and  sections  thereof  whether  assembled  or  not,  whether  or  not  including  an  embedded  tower  foundation 

17 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
section, whether or not joined with nacelles or rotor blades, and that are designed to support the nacelle and 
rotor blades. It is used in wind turbines that have electrical power generation capacities – either in onshore or 
offshore applications – equal to or in excess of 1,00 megawatt (‘MW’) and with a minimum height of 50 meters 
measured from the base of the tower to the bottom of the nacelle (i.e. where the top of the tower and nacelle 
are joined) when fully assembled. 

The investigation period for dumping and injury was 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 and the examination of 
injury  trends  covered  the  period  from  1  January  2017  to  the  end  of  the  investigation  period  (‘the  period 
considered’).  

Sampling  

Sampling was applied in the investigation.  On the Union industry side, the sample of consisted of three Union 
producers, located in two different Member States, which accounted for around 38% of the estimated Union 
sales and production volume of the like product at initiation stage. 

As regards Chinese exporting producers, the Commission selected a sample of three exporting producers on 
the basis of the largest representative volume of exports to the Union which could reasonably be investigated 
within the time available.  

Dumping 

Given the finding of significant distortions as regards the product under investigation in China, the normal 
value was constructed on the basis of cost of costs of production and sale in an appropriate representative 
country (Mexico), in line with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation. 

The three sampled exporting producers exported to the Union directly to independent customers. Therefore, 
the export price was the price actually paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the 
Union.  

A comparison between normal values and export prices, duly adjusted where necessary, resulted in a dumping 
margins  of  sampled  exporting  producers  equalling  126,8  %  for  Chengxi  Shipyard,  49,7  %  for  Penglai 
Dajin,  and 60,7 % Suzhou Titan, respectively.  

Injury and causation  
The Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury. The fact that a few indicators 
(production capacity, stocks) did not deteriorate does not undermine the finding of injury. 

During the period considered, injury indicators developed as follows: overall, Union consumption increased 
from 2 707 towers in 2017 to 3 087 in the investigation period while imports from China overall increased by 
54%. Their market share grew from 25% in 2017 to 34% in the investigation period, which entails a 35% 
increase  over  the  period  considered.  The  average  prices  of  imports  from  China  fluctuated.  Overall,  they 
increased by 2%, although they dropped significantly between 2018 and 2019 and then recovered. The dumped 
imports of the sampled exporting producers showed weighted average undercutting margins between 2,7% 
and  5,1%  which  was  considered  significant,  given  that  the  product  under  investigation  is  very  price-
sensitive.   Union  production  dropped  by  10%  whereas  production  capacity  increased  by  a  mere  2%  and 
capacity  utilisation fell from  56%  in  2017 to 49 %  in  the investigation  period. The  Union industry’s sales 
volume dropped by 7% over the period considered. The Union industry’s market share fell from 69% in 2017 
to  56%  in  the  investigation  period,  which  entails  a  decrease  by  18%  overall.  The  level  of  Union  industry 
employment related to the production of SWT dropped by 5% over the period considered. Productivity fell 
from 0,71 towers in 2017 to 0,68 towers per employee in the investigation period. The average unit sales prices 
of full scope orders for Union-origin SWT increased by 12%, while the unit cost of production increased to a 
larger extent, i.e. by 21%. During the period considered, the average labour costs per employee increased by 
7% following the general inflation and labour cost trends. The profitability of the Union industry shrank from 
+3,6% in 2017 to –1,4 % in the investigation period. The net cash flow was negatively affected by falling 
profits and was negative between 2018 and the investigation period. The ability to raise capital was hindered 
by the drop in profits. The level of yearly investments followed a steady downwards trend and dropped by 
90% in the period considered. 

18 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
Regarding causation, the Commission concluded that the imports from China caused material injury to the 
Union industry. Such injury had both volume and price effects. In terms of prices, Chinese import prices were 
significantly below the Union industry sales prices and below the Union industry cost of production throughout 
the  period  considered, leading  to  price  suppression. The  price pressure  exerted by  the  high  and increasing 
import volumes from China at such prices over the period considered is a clear explanation for the Union 
industry’s inability to reflect the cost increases in its sales prices and the resulting losses. In terms of volumes, 
over the period considered, the Union industry lost sales to Chinese imports. The import volumes from China 
increased strongly (by 54%) and their market share increased by nine percentage points, from 25% in 2017 to 
34% in the investigation period. In the same period, and despite the 14% increase in consumption, the Union 
industry’s  sales  volume  dropped  by  7%  over  and  its  market  share  fell  from  69%  in  2017  to  56%  in  the 
investigation period.  

The  Commission  analysed  the  impact  of  other  factors,  such  as  imports  from  third  countries,  the  export 
performance of the Union industry, raw material prices, offshore demand, competition of wind power with 
other energy sources, non-steel towers and production facilities issues. The Commission concluded that these 
other factors, considered individually or collectively, did not  attenuate the causal link between the dumped 
imports and the material injury. 

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry should be at a level that would allow 
the EU industry to sell at a target price which would cover its costs of production, (including future costs 
resulting  from  obligations  under  Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements  and  ILO  Conventions),  and  a 
reasonable  profit.  The  investigation  established  a  basic  target  profit  of  9,1%,  which  is  the  average  profit 
achieved by the Union industry in two years prior to the period considered (2015 and 2016), before the increase 
of Chinese imports. The injury margin was determined by comparing the weighted average import price of the 
cooperating  exporting  producers  with  the  weighted  average  target  price  of  the  Union  industry  during  the 
investigation period, which resulted in margins ranging from 7,2% to 14,4%.  

Union interest and definitive measures  

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission analysed the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers, users, 
suppliers and environmental issues. Regarding the interest of the Union industry, the investigation established 
that the imposition of anti-dumping measures would strengthen the renewable value chain in the Union and a 
sustainable business model based on security of supply and fair competition. In relation to interest of importers, 
the Commission first noted that unrelated importers did not cooperate in the investigation. The Commission 
further found that users import the product under investigation directly. In light of the above, the Commission 
concluded  that  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  imposition  of  anti-dumping  duties  would  affect  importers.  In 
relation to users, the Commission found that product under investigation is sold directly by SWT producers to 
wind turbine producers, which are users in this proceeding to the extent they assemble the SWT with a full 
wind turbine. The Commission concluded that measures on imports of Chinese SWT are not expected to have 
a major impact on the profits of co-operating users, their R&D activities or the manufacturing operations of 
certain parts of wind turbines by users. 

At the same time, the Commission considered that measures would support jobs in the wind sector in the Union 
overall as jobs in this area are forecasted to grow. Regarding alleged supply problems claimed by some users, 
the  Commission  found  that  the  Union  industry  has  the  production  capacity  for  all  required  sizes  of  SWT. 
Production  capacity  of  Union  SWT  producers  is  higher  than  Union  consumption  and  significant  SWT 
capacities are available in the Union serving all required locations and both onshore and offshore markets. The 
Commission therefore concluded that the measures on imports of Chinese SWT are not expected to have a 
major impact on users while they would benefit upstream industries in the Union, namely suppliers of raw 
materials (e.g. Union steel mills) and relevant machinery producers in the Union. Similarly, the investigation 
concluded that measures are expected to support SWT producers in the Union and bring them growth, job 
stability, revenues and investments. Finally, users should benefit from a broad base of competitive, reliable 
and financially sound SWT producers in the Union and from convenient lead-times that Union producers are 
able  to  offer  thanks  to  their  proximity.  Consequently,  the  Commission  concluded  that  that  there  were  no 
compelling reasons that it was not in the Union interest to impose definitive anti-dumping measures on imports 
of steel wind towers and their sections originating in China. 

19 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Commission imposed the definitive anti-dumping measures on 16 December 2021 (based on the injury 
margin applying the lesser duty rule), ranging from 7,2 % to 19,2%.  

Optical fibre cables originating in the People’s Republic of China (Definitive AD) 

On  24  September  2020,  the  European  Commission  initiated  an  anti-dumping  investigation  with  regard  to 
imports of optical fibre cables originating in the People’s Republic of China following a complaint lodged by 
Europacable containing sufficient evidence of dumping and of resulting material injury. 

The  product  under  investigation  is  single  mode  optical  fibre  cables,  made  up  of  one  or  more  individually 
sheathed  fibres,  with  protective  casing,  whether  or  not  containing  electric  conductors.  Optical  fibre  cables 
(OFC) are used as an optical transmission medium in telecommunication networks in long haul, metro and 
access networks.  

The investigation period for dumping and injury was 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 and the examination of 
injury trends covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the investigation period. 

Sampling  
Sampling was applied in the investigation.  Three Union producers were selected for the sample on the basis 
of the highest volume of production and sales of the like product in the Union.  They accounted for 52% of the 
estimated total production of the like product in the Union during the investigation period. As regards Chinese 
exporting companies, a sample of two groups of companies was selected accounting for more than 40% of the 
total exports to the Union during the investigation period. 

Dumping 
The two sampled groups of companies, the FTT group and the ZTT group, all exported to the EU in the IP. 
Given the finding of significant distortions as regards the product under investigation in China, the normal 
value was constructed on the basis of cost of costs of production and sale in an appropriate representative 
country (Argentina), in line with Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation. 

The two groups exported to the Union either directly to independent customers or through related companies 
acting as either an agent, trader or an importer. For the direct exports, the export price was the price actually 
paid or payable for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union. For the exports through a related 
importer, the export price was based on the price at which the product was first resold to independent customers 
in the Union, adjusted backwards to an ex-works price by deducting all costs incurred between importation 
and resale, including SG&A expenses, and for profits accruing.  A comparison between normal values and 
export prices, duly adjusted where necessary, resulted in a dumping margins of 44% and 19.7% for the FTT 
group and the ZTT group, respectively.  

Injury and causation 

During the period considered, several indicators showed a positive trend such as production, capacity, sales 
volume on the Union market and employment. However, the development of these indicators did not match 
the increase in consumption. In fact, the Commission concluded that in normal competition conditions, those 
indicators should have had an even stronger positive trend, considering the Union industry would have been 
able to benefit fully from the growing market. Despite the increase in sales volume, the Union industry lost 
10,8 percentage points of market share (from 64,3% to 53,5%), which was found to be linked to the price 
pressure  generated  by  Chinese  exports,  with  significant  undercutting  and,  in  any  event,  price  depression 
throughout the period considered. The foregoing led to financial injury in the form of lower profits and a drop 
in investments and on the return thereon. In addition to that, the analysis of sales through tenders indicated that 
the  market  share  and  price  erosion  was  accelerating  and  would  continue  to  do  because  of  the  extremely 
aggressive behaviour from Chinese exporting producers therein. Therefore, the Commission concluded that 
the Union industry suffered material injury.  

Regarding causation,  the Commission found that there was  a clear correlation between the rise of  dumped 
imports  from  China  and  the  material  injury  observed  for  the  Union  industry.  The  dumped  imports  have 
increased in both absolute and relative terms. Consumption in the Union market increased 38% over the period 
considered, and it was evident that it had been mainly imports from China that took advantage of this growth. 
The deterioration in the Union industry market share throughout the period considered was simultaneous and 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
directly connected with significant penetration of the Union market by substantial volumes of imports from 
China, which significantly undercut the Union industry’s prices and, in any event, exercised significant price 
depression on Union sales. In particular, the adverse impact on profitability caused by the dumped imports and 
continuous  price pressure did  not  allow the  Union industry  to undertake  the  necessary  investments for  the 
longterm survival of the industry. The Commission analysed the impact of other factors (imports from third 
countries, the export performance of the Union industry, captive sales, and raw material prices) in the situation 
of  the  Union  industry,  but  found  that  none  of  the  other  factors  explained  the  Union  industry’s  negative 
developments in terms of loss of market share, price depression and low profitability, decreasing investments 
and return on investments. Thus, the Commission concluded that the injury to the Union industry was caused 
by the dumped imports from China. 

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry should be at a level that would allow 
the EU industry to sell at a target price which would cover  its costs of production,  (including future costs 
resulting  from  obligations  under  Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements  and  ILO  Conventions),  and  a 
reasonable profit. The investigation established a basic target profit of 12,4%, based on the profitability of the 
Union industry in year 2016, that is, before the sharp increase of Chinese imports in 2017. The injury margin 
was determined by comparing the weighted average import price of the cooperating exporting producers with 
the  weighted  average  target  price  of  the  Union  industry  during  the  investigation  period  which  resulted  in 
margins ranging from 42% to 61,3%. 

Union interest and definitive measures  

The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users.  Regarding  the  Union  industry,  the  investigation  established  that  the  imposition  of  anti-dumping 
measures would allow the Union industry to maintain a competitive position on the market and recover lost 
market  share,  while  improving  their  profitability  towards  sustainable  levels.  In  relation  to  importers,  the 
Commission found that while the anti-dumping measures were likely to have a certain negative impact thereon 
and might reduce their profitability, importers would be able to absorb and/or pass on some of the cost increase 
considering their significant profit margins (over 20 %). They also had the possibility of finding alternative 
sources of supply, including from other third countries and the Union industry. Therefore, it concluded that 
unrelated importers were not disproportionally affected by the imposition of the measures. Finally, for users, 
the investigation established that OFC represents only a minor share of the total rollout cost of digital networks 
projects - in the case of 5G being much less than 5%. The purchases of the product under investigation by the 
cooperating telecom operators represented a marginal percentage of company turnover, and the firm purchase 
a  significant  part  of  its  OFC  from  other  sources.  Therefore,  the  Commission  concluded  that  users  and 
distributors would also not be disproportionally affected by the imposition of the measures.  

Overall, the investigation found that there was sufficient capacity in the Union and in other third countries to 
replace imports originating in China. Furthermore, the imposition of anti-dumping measures would enable the 
Union industry to invest in their Union production sites and new technologies to the benefit the user industry. 
At the same time, measures would not prevent imports from third countries (including China) from competing 
fairly in the Union market. Even if the demand for OFC increased in the following years as expected by market 
players, OFC importers and users would not run any noticeable risks of shortage of supply and the rollout of 
the optical fibre broadband network to homes and businesses would thus not be delayed. 

Thus,  the  Commission  concluded  that  definitive  anti-dumping  measures  should  be  imposed  on  imports  of 
Optical  fibre  cables  originating  in  the  People’s  Republic  of  China.  The  definitive  anti-dumping  measures 
imposed on 18 November 2021 (based on the dumping margin applying the lesser duty rule), range from 19,7% 
to 44%.  

Aluminium converter foil originating in the People’s Republic of China (Definitive CVD)  

On  4  December  2020,  the  European  Commission  initiated  an  anti-subsidy  investigation  on  imports  of 
aluminium converter foil originating in the People’s Republic of China following a complaint lodged by six 
Union producers containing sufficient evidence of subsidisation and of material injury. 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
The product under investigation is aluminium converter foil (‘ACF’) of a thickness of less than 0,021 mm, not 
backed, not further worked than rolled, in rolls of a weight exceeding 10 kg. 

 The investigation of subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 and the 
examination of injury trends covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the investigation period.  

Sampling  

Sampling  was  applied  in  the  investigation.    Three  Union  producers,  located  in  different  Member  States 
accounting for more than 50% of the estimated total production and 40% of estimated total Union sales volume 
of the like product in the Union were selected for the sample. As regards exporting companies, a sample of 
three groups of companies was selected accounting for over 90% of the estimated total Union imports of the 
product under investigation. Only two unrelated importers provided the information necessary and agreed to 
be  included  in  the  sample.  Given  the  small  number  of  replies,  sampling  of  unrelated  importers  was  not 
necessary. 

Subsidy 
The product under investigation is regarded by Government of China (GOC) as a key product and as such it is 
covered by a variety of specific policies and support measures designed to increase its production. The ACF 
industry is thus regarded as a strategic industry whose development is actively pursued by the GOC as a policy 
objective. The companies sampled in the investigation were found to benefit from several subsidy schemes, in 
particular: 

-  Preferential  financing  -  loans:  all  sampled  groups  of  exporting  producers  benefited  from 
preferential  financing  through  loans  from  state-owned  financial  institutions  such  as  Bank  of 
Yantai, Huishang Bank, Nanyang Commercial Bank during the investigation period. In view of 
the existence of a financial contribution, a benefit to the exporting producers and specificity, the 
Commission considered preferential financing through loans a countervailable subsidy. 

-  Preferential financing - other types of financing: Chinese financial institutions (up to 48 banks, 
47 of which were State-owned) provided credit lines to each sampled group in connection with 
the  provision  of  financing.  These  consisted  of  framework  agreements,  under  which  the  bank 
allows the sampled companies to use various debt instruments, such as working capital loans, bank 
acceptance drafts and other forms of trade financing within a certain maximum amount. Under 
normal  market  circumstances,  credit  lines  would  be  subject  to  a  so-called  ‘arrangement’  or 
‘commitment’ fee to compensate for the bank’s costs and risks at the opening of a credit line, as 
well as to a ‘renewal fee’ charged on a yearly basis for renewing the validity of the credit lines. 
However, each sampled group of companies benefited from credit lines provided free of charge. 
The exporting producers also benefitted from preferential financing in the form of convertible and 
non-convertible corporate bonds and export credit insurance.  

-  Grant programmes: Central and local governments in China provided grants under The Industry 
Revitalization and Technology Renovation Work Plan which set up special funds for promoting 
technological  progress  and  technological  transformation  projects.  The  sampled  groups  of 
companies benefitted from a variety of grants programmes such as grants related to technology, 
innovation and development, asset-related grants, interest discounts on loans and grants supporting 
exports. Grants related to technology, innovation and development constituted a significant part 
of the grants reported by the sampled groups of companies.  

-  Government  provision  of  goods  for  less  than  adequate  remuneration  –  land,  electricity:  the 
exporting companies benefitted from the provision of land use rights through allocation by local 
authorities  and  not  through  a  bidding  procedure    -    to  calculate  the  benefit,  land  prices  from 
Chinese  Taipei  were  used  as  an  external  benchmark;  certain  companies  purchased  electricity 
directly from power generators by signing direct purchasing agreements with the approval of local 
authorities  to  participate  in  the  direct  electricity  pilot  scheme.  The  prices  were  lower  than  the 
official  prices  set  at  provincial  level  for  large  industrial  users.  The  benchmark  used  was  the 
standard electricity price.  

-  Revenue foregone: companies within the sampled exporting producer groups qualified as high-
tech companies during the investigation period and thus enjoyed a reduced enterprise income tax 
rate of 15%. 

Injury and causation  

22 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
All  macroeconomic  indicators,  such  as  production,  capacity,  capacity  utilization,  sales  volume  in  the  EU 
market, market share, employment and productivity, showed a negative trend over the period considered. The 
weighted average undercutting found on the basis of the data provided by the sampled exporting producers 
was 10.8 %. Similarly, virtually all microeconomic indicators, such as sales prices in the EU free market, cost 
of  production,  labour  costs,  profitability,  closing  stocks,  cash  flow,  investment  and  return  on  investments, 
showed a negative trend over the period considered. The same injury indicators also developed negatively 
when looking at the period 2017-2019, that is, before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. For many indicators 
the situation in the IP was better than in 2019. This was mainly due to the lower level of imports from the PRC 
caused by the pandemic outbreak at the end of 2019 and beginning of 2020. This further emphasises the impact 
these imports have on the overall situation of the Union industry.  On this basis, the Commission concluded 
that the Union industry suffered material injury.  

Regarding causation, the Commission found a clear nexus between the deterioration of the situation of the 
Union industry and the increase of imports from the PRC. The Commission distinguished and separated the 
effects of all known factors on the situation of the Union industry (consumption, COVID-19 pandemic, lack 
of investment, restructuring, vertical integration, energy costs, salary levels, imports from third countries and 
export performance of the Union industry) from the injurious effects of the subsidised imports. None of the 
factors contributed, alone or in combination, to the negative developments of the injury indicators observed in 
the period considered. 

On this basis, the Commission concluded at this stage that the subsidised imports from the country concerned 
caused material injury to the Union industry and that the other factors, considered individually or collectively, 
did not attenuate the causal link between the subsidised imports and the material injury. 

Union interest and definitive measures 
The  Commission  analysed  whether  it  was  in  the  Union  interest  to  adopt  anti-dumping  measures.  The 
Commission  analysed  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users. 

Regarding  the  Union  industry,  the  Commission  concluded  that  the  absence  of  measures  would  have  a 
significant negative effect on the Union industry in terms of further price suppression, lower sales and further 
deterioration of the profitability. The measures would allow the Union industry to reach its potential on the 
Union  market,  recover  lost  market  share,  and  improve  profitability  to  levels  to  be  expected  under  normal 
conditions of competition. 

Regarding users and importers, the investigation did not establish a significant level of dependency on the 
imports of aluminium converter foil from China. Some parties argued that the EU industry would not be able 
to supply the users with a product of the same quality of the Chinese imports and that the measures would 
jeopardise the competitiveness of the users on the Union market as costs increases could not be passed on to 
the customers. The investigation revealed that the Union producers have made investments to increase quality 
and that they already competed successfully in third markets with products of Chinese quality. Moreover, the 
users  did  not  substantiate  their  other  claims  including  those  concerning  their  inability  to  pass  on  costs  to 
customers. The Commission concluded that the effects of  the imposition of duties would not outweigh the 
positive effects of measures on the Union industry. 

New investigations terminated without measures 

3.1.5. 
In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  respective  basic  Regulations,  investigations  may  be  terminated 
without  the  imposition  of  measures  if  a  complaint  is  withdrawn  or  if  measures  are  unnecessary  (i.e.  no 
dumping/no subsidies, no injury resulting from dumped or subsidised imports, measures not in the interest of 
the Union). In 2021, 1 new anti-dumping investigation was terminated without measures, compared to 5 in 
2020 – see table below. 

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex 
E. 

Product 
Hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Origin 

Turkey 

Main reason for termination 

Withdrawal of the complaint  

23 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
3.2.  Review investigations 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews 

Article 11(2) and Article 18 respectively of the basic Regulations provide for the expiry of measures after 5 
years,  unless  an  expiry  review  demonstrates  that  in  a  review  that  the  expiry  would  be  likely  to  lead  to  a 
continuation or recurrence of dumping or subsidisation and related injury.  In 2021, 1 anti-dumping measure 
expired automatically. The reference for the measure is available in Annex N. 

Since the expiry provision of the basic Regulations came into force in 1985, a total of 516 measures have 
expired automatically. 

3.2.1.1.  Initiations 

In 2021, the Commission initiated 9 expiry reviews of anti-dumping measures and 1 expiry review of anti-
subsidy measures. The list of the expiry reviews initiated in 2021 are in the following table, together with the 
name of the complainant. Some expiry reviews may be carried out in parallel with interim reviews. Where 
there are interim reviews and expiry reviews ongoing at the same time, these are indicated by an asterisk in the 
table below. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal to which reference is available in 
Annex F. 

Product 
(Type of investigation: AD or AS) 

Origin 

Complainant 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

India 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

India 

Ring binder mechanisms 

Molybdenum wires 

Silicon   

Sodium cyclamate 

China 

China 

China 

China 

Saint-Gobain PAM, Saint-Gobain PAM 
Deutschland GmbH and Saint-Gobain 
PAM España S.A 
Saint-Gobain PAM, Saint-Gobain PAM 
Deutschland GmbH and Saint-Gobain 
PAM España S.A 
Ring Alliance Ringbuchtechnik GmbH 

Plansee SE 

Euroalliages (Liaison Committee of the 
Ferro-Alloy Industry) 

Productos Aditivos SA 

Sodium cyclamate 

Indonesia 

Productos Aditivos SA 

Aspartame 

Cold-rolled flat steel products 

China 

China 

Cold-rolled flat steel products 

Russia 

HSWT France SAS 

European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 
European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 

3.2.1.2.  Expiry reviews concluded with confirmation of duties 

In 2021, the Commission concluded 15 expiry reviews with a confirmation of the duties for a further period of 
5 years. 

The list of the measures, which were renewed during 2021, together with the results of the investigations, can 
be found below. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in Annex F. 

24 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Product 

Sulphanilic acid 

Origin 

China 

Type22 and level of measure 

AD: 33,7% 

Citric acid 

China 

AD: 15,3% - 42,7% 

Monosodium glutamate 

China 

AD: 36,5% - 39,7% 

Monosodium glutamate 

Indonesia 

AD: 7,2% - 28,4% 

Welded tubes and pipes of 
iron or non-alloy steel 

Welded tubes and pipes of 
iron or non-alloy steel 

Welded tubes and pipes of 
iron or non-alloy steel 

Belarus 

AD: 38,1% 

China 

Russia 

AD: 90,6% 

AD: 10,1% – 20,5% 

Rainbow trout 

Turkey 

AS: 1,5% - 9,5% 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

USA 

USA 

AD: €0 - €198 per tonne 

AS: €211,2 - €237 per tonne 

PSC wires and strands 

China 

AD: 0% - 46,2% 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

Stainless steel cold-rolled 
flat products 

Continuous filament glass 
fibre products 

Wire rod 

China 

AD: 24,4% - 25,3% 

Taiwan 

AD: 0% - 6.8% 

China 

China 

AS: 4,9% - 10,3% 

AD: 7,4% - 24% 

3.2.1.3 Details of some individual cases concluded by confirmation of duty 

Certain welded pipes and tubes (WPT) of iron or non-alloyed steel originating in Belarus, the People’s 
Republic of China and Russia  

22  

AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

25 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
On 24 January 2020, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures imposed on 
imports of  certain welded pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloyed steel originating in Belarus, the People’s 
Republic of China and Russia, following a request lodged by the Defence Committee of the welded steel tubes 
industry of the European Union acting on behalf of producers representing more than 25 % of the total Union 
production of the product concerned. The product under review is welded tubes and pipes (WPT), of iron or 
non-alloy steel, of circular cross-section and of an external diameter not exceeding 168,3 mm. It is mainly used 
for the transportation of gases and liquids in plumbing, heating, ventilation systems, etc. 

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. The examination of 
trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period 
from 1 January 2017 to the end of the RIP (‘the period considered’). 

Sampling 
Sampling applied to Union producers. The sample consisted of three Union producers accounting for 40% of 
the estimated total Union production and 38% of the estimated total Union sales volume of the product under 
review.  Sampling of exporting producers was not necessary as only a small number of Russian and Belarus 
companies came forward while no Chinese companies cooperated. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation 

Belarus 
While three  producers  in Belarus  cooperated  with the  investigation,  none  reported  a  significant  amount  of 
export  sales  to  the  EU.  During  the  RIP  imports  from  Belarus  virtually  disappeared  as  compared  to  the 
investigation period of the original investigation dropping from more than 29,000 tonnes during the original 
investigation to 4 tonnes in the RIP. As a result, the Commission investigated the likelihood of recurrence of 
dumping. 

As  Belarus  is  not  a  member  of  the  WTO  normal  value  was  to  be  determined  on  the  basis  of  the  price  or 
constructed value in an appropriate representative country. However, in the absence of cooperation from any 
producer in a potential representative country, the normal value was instead based on the prices actually paid 
in the Union for the like product.   For export prices, the Commission used Belarus’ sales prices to Russia, 
which absorbs 92% of the Belarusian exports of the product under review. The quantities exported to other 
third countries than Russia were negligible and therefore considered not to be representative. The import value 
in Russia was reported at CIF level so therefore, the Commission adjusted the reported prices to calculate the 
export price at ex-works level by deducting the domestic transport cost in Belarus.  The comparison between 
normal value and the export price showed a likely countrywide dumping margin for the Belarusian exports to 
Russia expressed as a percentage of the CIF value of 8,0 %.  

The investigation showed that the Belarusian exports to Russian were made on average at prices at least 5 % 
lower when compared to the average sales prices of the Union producers on the Union market. In addition, the 
Commission concluded that significant spare capacity existed in Belarus, estimated at around 50 000 tonnes 
for the cooperating producers (more than 9% of Union consumption) and could be as much as 125 000 tonnes 
for all producers.  As a result, the Commission concluded that, given the attractiveness of the Union market in 
terms of size, prices and geographical proximity, and the significant spare capacity still available in Belarus, 
it  was  likely  that  Belarusian  exports  would  be  (re)directed  towards  the  Union,  if  the  measures  be  lapsed.   
Consequently, the Commission concluded that there was a likelihood of recurrence of dumping, if measures 
were not to be extended. 

China 

During the RIP, imports from China continued but at a much lower level than in the original investigation 
dropping from 184 887 tonnes to 559 tonnes in the RIP.  Owing to a lack of cooperation by the China producers, 
the findings were based on facts available.  

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic 
Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in China. The 
evidence available showed that prices or costs in the WPT sector including the costs of capital, land, labour, 
energy and raw materials (particularly hot rolled steel coils, which are one of the main inputs) were not the 
result of free market forces because they are affected by substantial government intervention.  The Commission 
also found evidence of preferential financing as well as many state-owned enterprises in the sector. As a result, 

26 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
the Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value 
in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated on the basis of undistorted prices or benchmarks from the 
representative country selected in the case, i.e. Thailand. To construct normal value, the Commission used the 
information provided by the Union industry on the consumption of each factor of production (raw materials, 
labour and energy) multiplied by the undistorted costs per unit established in Thailand. The calculation was 
done separately for two basic types of WPT, i.e. for black pipes/tubes and galvanized pipes/tubes. To this, the 
Commission  added an  appropriate  percentage  amount  for  manufacturing  overheads  and finally  applied  the 
SG&A and profit in Thailand which amounted to 4.3% and 3% respectively.  

This normal value was compared to the export price which was calculated from Eurostat data corrected to ex-
works level by adjusting for sea freight and insurance costs and domestic transport cost in China.  On that 
basis, the weighted average dumping margin, expressed as a percentage of the CIF Union frontier price, duty 
unpaid, was found to be negative.  However, given the volume of imports in question was limited and the 
prices  were  considered  unrepresentative,  the  Commission  decided  to  also  investigate  the  likelihood  of 
recurrence of dumping. 

The investigation found that there were several trade defence measures in force against exports of WPT to 
other  third  countries  including  AD  and  CVD  measures  by  Australia  and  Canada  and  AD  measures  by 
Colombia,  Thailand    and  Mexico.    These  exports  were  made  at  prices  between  8%  to  21%  lower  when 
compared to the average sales prices of the Union producers on the Union market. In addition the investigation 
found that China’s spare capacity was more than ten times the total Union consumption during the RIP, with 
further increases in capacity expected.  Given the  attractiveness of the Union market in terms of size and 
prices, the fact that other markets remain closed due to protective measures and China’s spare capacities, the 
Commission concluded that it is likely that dumping of Chinese WPT was likely if measures were allowed to 
lapse.   

Russia 

During the RIP, imports from Russia continued but at a much lower level than in the original investigation, 
dropping from  36 000 tonnes to  2 000 tonnes in the RIP.  Owing to a lack of  full  cooperation by Russian 
producers, the findings were based on facts available. The normal value was constructed using the information 
provided by PAO Severstal (a Russian company that had initially partially cooperated).   Export price was 
based on CIF Eurostat data adjusted for freight, insurance and domestic transport costs in Russia to ex-works 
level.   The comparison resulted in a dumping margin of 12,4 % so therefore the Commission concluded that 
dumping continued during the RIP.   However, given the volume of imports from Russia was limited and the 
prices  were  considered  unrepresentative,  the  Commission  decided  to  also  investigate  the  likelihood  of 
recurrence of dumping. 

The investigation showed that Russian exports, not only to the EU, but to other export markets were made at 
dumped prices and at prices around 29% lower as compared to the average sales prices of the Union producers 
on  the  Union  market.  The  Commission  also  found  that  the  spare  capacity  in  Russia  was  very  significant, 
exceeding the total Union consumption during the RUP. In addition, the Russian capacity of WPT production 
increased  by  almost  1  million  tonnes  between  2018  and  2019. The  Commission  concluded  that,  given  the 
attractiveness of the Union market in terms of size and prices and the spare capacities in Russia, there was a 
likelihood of recurrence of dumping, if the measures were not extended.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

The investigation showed that the financial situation for the Union industry deteriorated. Production and sales 
volumes decreased, which had a negative effect on employment and productivity as well as on profitability. 
The increased competition and price pressure from third country led to a negative profit margin of –11% for 
the Union industry during the RIP. The cash flow, investments and return on investments also deteriorated, 
which made it difficult for the Union industry to raise capital and invest. The Commission therefore concluded 
that the Union industry suffered material injury.  

As regards the causal link, the volume of imports from the countries concerned was very low during the period 
considered, with a combined market share of imports of only 0,43% during the RIP. At the same time, a surge 
of low-priced imports from other third countries such as Turkey, India and the Republic of North Macedonia, 
put strong price and volume pressure on the Union industry sales increasing their market share from 42% to 
50% between 2016 and 2019. As a result, the Commission concluded that the injury suffered by the Union 

27 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
industry could not have been caused by the imports from the countries concerned due to their very limited 
volume and therefore examined the likelihood of recurrence of injury originally caused by dumped imports 
from  the  countries  concerned  if  the  measures  were  repealed.    This  Commission  considered  that  dumped 
imports of the product from the countries concerned would be made at prices which would undercut the Union 
producer prices and most likely gain market share at the expense of the Union industry as well as taking some 
market share of the exports from other third countries.  This would cause an even greater deterioration of the 
profitability of the Union industry. The Commission concluded that in all likelihood injury would therefore 
recur  if  the  measures  were  allowed  to  lapse.  There  was  no  information  provided  by  importers,  users  or 
consumers to suggest that the maintenance of the anti-dumping measures would not be in the interest of the 
Union industry. 

On 19 April 2021, the Commission extended the measures in place on imports of welded pipes and tubes from 
China, Russia and Belarus for another five-year period.  

Rainbow trout originating in Turkey  

On 27 February 2020, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-subsidy measures imposed on 
imports  of  Rainbow  trout  originating  in  Turkey,  following  a  request  lodged  by  The  Danish  Aquaculture 
Organisation (TDAO) on behalf of producers representing more than 40% of the total Union production of 
rainbow  trout. The  initiation  followed  consultations on  20  February  2020  with  the  Government  of Turkey 
(‘GOT’), held in accordance with the legislation.  The GOT indicated that there had been a substantial change 
in Turkey’s support systems since 2013 and they considered that no expiry review was needed. However, the 
Commission was satisfied that there was sufficient evidence at initiation stage that the alleged subsidies were 
countervailable.   

The product under review was the same as in the original investigation, namely rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 
mykiss) (‘trout’):  live weighing 1,2 kg or less each, or fresh, chilled, frozen and/or smoked:  in the form of 
whole fish (with heads on), whether or not gilled, whether or not gutted, weighing 1,2 kg or less each, or — 
with heads off, whether or not gilled, whether or not gutted, weighing 1 kg or less each, or — in the form of 
fillets weighing 400 g or less each. 

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. The examination of 
trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period 
from 1 January 2016 to the end of the RIP (‘the period considered’). 

Sampling 

This sample consisted of nine Union producers (including one of frozen trout) all of which were Small to 
Medium  sized  Enterprises  (‘SMEs’).  The  sample  represented  13%  of  the  Union  production  and  was 
representative for the Union industry, given the large number of Union producers.  

The Commission selected a sample of three exporting producers/groups of exporting producers who accounted 
for more than 70% of the declared exports to the Union during the review investigation period.  No importers 
cooperated in the investigation.  

Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic the Commission was unable to carry out on-spot verification 
visits  but  instead  performed  remote  cross-checks  (‘RCCs’)  of  the  information  provided  by  the  sampled 
companies.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation 

The Commission analysed the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation if the measures expired.  
The  Commission  investigated  the  following  subsidy  programmes.  Grants:  Support  of  trout  production 
weighing less than 1 kg; Support of trout production weighing more than 1 kg but not more than 1,2 kg; Support 
for breeding trout in hatcheries protected from disease; Closed system production; Fish farming in soil ponds; 
Support payments for agricultural publishing and consulting services; and Support for discarding of fishing 
vessels.  Revenue foregone: Consumption tax rebate on fishing vessel fuel; and Support to investments made 
in  the  aquaculture  sector.    Direct  transfer  of  funds:  Supported  insurance  for  the  aquaculture  sector;  and 
Preferential loans.  The Commission found that some schemes no longer applied such as Support for discarding 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
of fishing vessels.  For a number of other schemes, the companies in the sample were found to not to have 
benefitted from or did not qualify as recipients such as Support for breeding trout in hatcheries protected from 
disease; Closed system production; Fish farming in soil ponds.  However, for a number of schemes  it was 
found  that  during  the  review  investigation  period,  Turkish  exporting  producers  of  the  product  concerned 
continued to benefit from countervailable subsidisation by the Turkish authorities. For those schemes, the total 
amount of subsidies found for the companies in the sample was 3,2% and 4,2%.   

The investigation also examined whether exports to the Union would be made in significant volumes if the 
measures were lifted. The investigation showed that Turkey produced 95 000 tonnes of trout during the review 
investigation  period  and  import  volumes  of  trout  from  Turkey  were  around  20  500  tonnes  whole  fish 
equivalents in the same period, representing around 14 % of the Union market. There were no indications that 
these volumes would decrease if the measures were lifted and therefore the Commission concluded that there 
was a likelihood that subsidisation would continue if the measures were lifted.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

Union consumption of rainbow trout slightly fluctuated during the period. However, overall, the consumption 
decreased by 2% going from 150 175 whole fish equivalent (WFE) tonnes in 2016 to 147 603 WFE tonnes in 
the RIP.  

The import volume from Turkey decreased steadily between 2016 and 2018 and increased again in the RIP 
although overall the import volume fell by 6% during the period considered. Nevertheless, volumes of trout 
from Turkey were still substantial at 20 446 WFE tonnes in the RIP. Turkish imports’ market share decreased 
between 2016 and 2018 from 14,4 % to 11,4 % and then increased again in the RIP to 13,9 %. Import volumes 
from other third countries were low throughout the period and slightly decreased overall from 2 432 tonnes in 
2016 to 2 118 tonnes in the RIP.  

The import price from Turkey decreased between 2016 and 2018 by 5% and then increased by 3,5 % in the 
RIP. Overall, the import prices from Turkey were well below Union prices during the entire period concerned 
with a weighted average undercutting margin of 14,5%. The prices of other third countries’ imports increased 
by 2% during the period considered and were on average considerably higher (15%) than the prices of imports 
from Turkey. 

The  Commission  evaluated  the  economic  situation  of  the  Union  industry  by  examining  relevant 
macroeconomic  and  microeconomic  injury  indicators.    Production  and  sales  volume,  employment  and 
productivity showed stable or slightly decreasing trends. Market share of the Union industry increased slightly 
during the period considered, while it decreased in the RIP reaching a similar level than in 2016. The increase 
of  market  share  in  2017  and  2018  despite  the  relatively  stable  sales  volume  was  due  to  the  decreasing 
consumption during the same period. While the Union industry mostly maintained its sales volume and market 
share, this was at the expense of its profitability and other financial indicators - cash flow, return on investment 
showed negative or low values during the entire period considered.  Despite the average unit sales price of the 
Union  producers  increasing  slightly  increase  during  the  period  considered,  the  industry  did  not  manage  to 
achieve sustainable profit margins. The Turkish imports exercised significant price suppression on the Union 
producers’ sales during the RIP and so the Union industry was unable to recover and made losses almost during 
the  entire  period  considered.  On  that  basis,  the  Commission  concluded  that  the  Union  industry  suffered 
material injury.  

Causation  

Turkish imports of trout remained substantial with market shares above 10% during the entire period at low 
price levels during the RIP, despite the anti-subsidy measures in force. As a result, the Union industry could 
not  increase  their  prices  in  line  with  increasing  costs  which  led  to  losses  during  almost  the  entire  period 
considered. The investigation did not find any other factors that could have caused the material injury suffered 
by the Union industry.  

Likelihood of continuation of injury 

The  total  production  of  trout  in  Turkey  during  the  RIP  was  95  000  tonnes  a  major  portion  of  which  was 
exported. This production volume represented average capacity utilisation of only around 48% meaning overall 

29 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
capacity could be between 197 000 to 202 000 tonnes with the average spare capacity being around 101 000 
to  102  000  tonnes.  This  amount  would  satisfy  70%  of  the  total  Union  consumption.  The  Union  market  is 
Turkey’s largest export market, is geographically close and has already well-established distribution channels. 
It is therefore a very important market for Turkey.  In view of these findings, namely the massive spare capacity 
in Turkey, the attractiveness of the  Union market, the price levels of imports from Turkey and their likely 
impact on the Union industry, the Commission concluded that there was a likelihood of a continuation of injury 
should measures be allowed to lapse.  

Union interest  

The investigation showed that the Union industry was injured and if the measures were removed, it would lead 
to further damage from subsidised imports from Turkey. Therefore, the Commission concluded that it was in 
the interest of the Union industry to maintain measures.  As no importers or users came forward, there was 
nothing to suggest that they would be negatively affected by a continuation of the measures.  Therefore, the 
Commission concluded that there were no Union interest reasons against maintaining the measures on imports 
of trout originating in Turkey.  

On 25 May 2021, the Commission extended the measures in place ranging from 1,5% to 9,5% on imports of 
rainbow trout from Turkey for a further five-year period.  

Biodiesel originating in the USA – AD & AS  

On 14 September 2020, the Commission initiated expiry reviews of both the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy 
measures  imposed  on  imports  of  biodiesel  originating  in  USA,  following  a  request  lodged  by  European 
Biodiesel Board (EBB) on behalf of producers representing more than 25% of the total Union production of 
biodiesel.    

The product  under review was the same as in in the original investigation and the previous expiry review, 
namely fatty acid mono-alkyl esters and/or paraffinic gasoil obtained from synthesis and/or hydro-treatment, 
of non-fossil origin, commonly known as ‘biodiesel’, in pure form or in a blend containing by weight more 
than  20  %  of  fatty  acid  mono-alkyl  esters  and/or  paraffinic  gasoil  obtained  from  synthesis  and/or  hydro-
treatment, of non-fossil origin, 

The review investigation periods in the AD and AS investigations (RIP) ran from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. 
The  examination  of  trends  relevant for  the  assessment  of  the likelihood  of a  continuation  or  recurrence of 
injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the RIP (‘the period considered’). 

The cases were initiated during the transition period agreed between the United Kingdom (‘UK’) and the EU 
in which the UK remained subject to the Union law. As of 1 January 2021, companies and associations from 
the UK no longer qualified as interested parties in the proceeding. BP OIL International Limited and Argent 
Energy requested to continue to be considered as interested parties and were granted this right based on the 
evidence proving the existence of related entities active on the Union market.  

Sampling 

Sampling applied to Union producers. The sample consisted of three Union producers accounting for 17 % of 
the estimated total production volumes of the product in the Union while ensuring a good geographical spread.  
One  unrelated  importer  cooperated.  Sampling  of  exporting  producers  was  not  necessary  as  only  three 
companies  came  forward  initially.  However,  they  subsequently  did  not  cooperate  in  the  expiry  review 
investigation.  Therefore, the Commission relied on the provisions of Article 18 of the basic Regulation (i.e. 
best facts available).  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 

Given the absence of cooperation, the Commission used information from the following sources: the request 
for an expiry review and subsequent submissions from the applicant, Eurostat, the Global Trade Atlas (‘GTA’) 
and the websites of the US Energy Information Administration (‘EIA’) and the US Department of Agriculture 
(‘USDA’). 

30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Following  the  imposition  of  measures  in  2009,  imports  of  biodiesel  from  the  USA  to  the  Union  dropped 
significantly to about 156 tonnes during the RIP representing only 0,04 % of total US exports and even less of 
the Union consumption. The Commission decided that such low volumes did not provide a sufficient basis for 
a continuation of a dumping analysis and therefore focused the investigation on the likelihood of recurrence 
of dumping if the measures were to lapse.  

The  Commission  found  that  the  Union  market,  the  biggest  in  the  world,  is  very  attractive  and  there  are 
significant Union and national incentives for biodiesel consumption. The investigation revealed that average 
US export price to third countries was around EUR 617 and would be far below the Union industry ex-works 
price of EUR 771 per tonne. As a result, it was concluded that it would be a good market for the US producers 
to export their spare capacity of 32 %, or around 2 694 000 tonnes, and also to divert some of their export sales 
from other less profitable third countries into the Union market. In addition, the fact that the measures imposed 
in 2009 were found to be circumvented by means of transhipments via Canada and a change in the composition 
of the blend, showed the continued interest of some US producers in the Union market. Given these facts the 
Commission concluded that dumped imports from the USA were likely to recur if the measures in force lapsed.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation 

The Commission analysed the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation if the measures expired.  
The Commission investigated the following Federal and State subsidy programmes which were listed in the 
review request - Federal Schemes: (a) The Biodiesel Mixture Credit and the Biodiesel Credit (b) The Small 
Agri-biodiesel Producer Income Tax Credit (c) The USDA bioenergy programme for advanced biofuels (d) 
Credit  for  Production  of  Cellulosic  Biofuel  (e)  USDA  Biorefinery,  Renewable  Chemical,  and  Biobased 
Product Manufacturing Assistance Programme.  State Schemes: (a) The Iowa Biodiesel Producer Tax Refund 
(b)  The  Kentucky  Biodiesel  Production  Tax  Credit  (c)  The  Texas  Fuel  Ethanol  and  Biodiesel  Production 
Incentive Programme.  

The Commission found that all of the schemes investigated were still in place and, given the lack of cooperation 
from the US authorities and the US exporting producers, the Commission concluded that the US biodiesel 
producers continue to benefit from them and that the subsidy amounts were above de minimis.  

The investigation then examined whether exports to the Union would be made in significant volumes if the 
measures  were  lifted.  The  investigation  showed  that  imports  from  USA  had  dropped  to  almost  zero  after 
measures were imposed dropping to almost zero from 2013 onwards.  Data from the US Energy Information 
Administration indicated  that  US  biodiesel  producers’  capacity  during  the review  investigation  period  was 
8,412,000 tonnes. Actual production of biodiesel during the RIP was 5,718,000 tonnes (EIA data), capacity 
utilisation of 68 %. Thus, there was spare capacity of 32 %, or around 2,694,000 tonnes. The Commission 
concluded that if export market opportunities presented themselves then the US producers would be likely to 
use their spare capacity for export sales.  The investigation also showed that the exporting producers from the 
USA would be able to sell at a price below €771 per tonne to penetrate the Union market.  This would be an 
incentive for them to redirect some of their current exports to third countries towards the Union market, as it 
is more attractively priced than some other third countries’ markets. The fact that the anti-subsidy measures 
imposed in 2009 were circumvented by transhipments via Canada and a change in the composition of the blend 
also indicated the interest and  attractiveness  of the  Union  market  to  some  US  producers.  In  view  of  these 
findings,  the  Commission  concluded  that  it  would  be  likely  that  US  biodiesel  producers  would  resume 
exporting biodiesel at subsidised prices to the Union market at large volumes, if measures were allowed to 
lapse. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

Union consumption increased by 22 % from 13,8 million tonnes in 2017 to 16,9 million tonnes during the RIP.  

There were virtually no imports of biodiesel from the US to the Union during the review investigation period.  
As a result, the average prices could not be considered representative and could not be used as a reliable basis 
for  calculating  undercutting.  Instead,  the  Commission  calculated  price  undercutting  during  the  review 
investigation  period  by  comparing  the  weighted  average  sales  prices  of  the  sampled  Union  producers  to 
unrelated customers on the Union market with the average export price of US producers to third countries 
resulting in price undercutting of 6,4%. 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The  Commission  evaluated  the  economic  situation  of  the  Union  industry  by  examining  relevant 
macroeconomic and microeconomic injury indicators.  During the period considered while there were almost 
no imports from the USA, imports from third countries except the US increased by 145 % during the period 
considered. The price level of these imports increased as well (by 11%) while, at the same time, the prices of 
the Union industry decreased (by 8%), in line with a decrease in the production costs (by 9%). This price gap 
between  third  countries  exporters  and  the  sampled  Union  producers  reduced,  thereby  increasing  the 
competitiveness of the Union industry. Overall, the injury indicators showed a positive trend during the period 
considered, with increases in production (+11%), production capacity (+9%) and sales (+7%) indicating that 
the  Union  biodiesel  industry  was  recovering  from  past  injury.  While  some  indicators,  in  particular  a  low 
profitability  (≤  3%)  indicated  that  the  industry  remained  in  a  fragile  economic  situation,  the  Commission 
concluded that the Union industry was not suffering material injury.  

The  Commission  then  examined  the  likelihood  of  a  recurrence  of  injury  if  measures  were  to  lapse.  The 
investigation found that the US spare capacities represented 18 % of the Union consumption during the RIP.  
The Commission also found that the US producers exported to their main third markets at prices lower than 
the domestic prices in the US and that those prices would, on average, undercut the Union industry prices by 
6,4 %. Therefore, the Commission concluded that, if measures were to lapse, significant volumes of subsidised 
biodiesel from the USA would exert a very strong downward pressure on Union prices and have a significant 
impact on the Union industry’s economic situation.  As a result, the Commission concluded that the absence 
of measures would in all likelihood result in a recurrence of injury.  

Union interest 

The investigation showed that the Union industry  would, in all likelihood, be injured if the measures were 
removed so  it was in the interest of the Union industry to maintain measures.   No importers  objected to a 
continuation  of  the  measures.  Two  users  claimed  that  the  prolongation  of  the  measures  would  be  a  direct 
hindrance for the green development of the transport sector in Europe and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) 
should be excluded from the current product scope as they expected a shortage of HVO in the coming years. 
However,  there  was  no  evidence  to  support  their  claims.  The  Commission  therefore  concluded  that  the 
continuation of the measures would not be detrimental to the interest of the users. 

On 2 August 2021, the Commission extended the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures in place on imports 
of biodiesel from USA for a further five-year period.  The duties were also extended for five years to imports 
of biodiesel consigned from Canada, which had been found to be circumventing the measures in place on US 
imports in 2011.   

PSC wires and strands originating in the China  

On 4 June 2020, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping measures imposed on imports 
of PSC wires and strands originating in China, following a request lodged by European Stress Information 
Service on behalf of producers representing more than 25% of the total Union production of PSC wires and 
strands. 

The product subject to this review is not plated or not coated wire of non-alloy steel, wire of non-alloy steel 
plated or coated with zinc and stranded wire of non-alloy steel whether or not plated or coated with not more 
than 18 wires, containing by weight 0,6 % or more of carbon, with a maximum cross-sectional dimension 
exceeding 3 mm. The product is mostly used as a concrete reinforcement by the construction industry but can 
also be found in suspension elements and in stay cable bridges. 

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. The examination of 
trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period 
from 1 January 2016 to the end of the RIP (‘the period considered’). 

Sampling 

Sampling applied to Union producers. The sample consisted of three Union producers accounting for 46% of 
the estimated total production volumes of the product in the Union while ensuring a good geographical spread.   

There was no cooperation from Chinese producers or importers. As a result, findings with regard to the imports 
from China were based on the facts available in line with Article 18 of the basic Regulation. 

32 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping  

Due to the absence of cooperation by any Chinese exporters, the Commission based the findings in relation to 
the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping on facts available. This included information in the 
request, submissions by the interested parties, as well as data such as trade statistics on imports and exports 
(Eurostat and GTA), and OECD and other sources of market information such as Global Financials published 
by Dun & Bradstreet and Global Trade Alert. 

The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic 
Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in China. The 
evidence available showed that prices or costs of the product under review, including the costs of raw materials, 
energy and labour, were not the result of free market forces owing to substantial government intervention. As 
a result, the Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal 
value in this case. Therefore, normal value was calculated on the basis of undistorted prices or benchmarks 
from the representative country selected in the case, i.e. Turkey. To construct normal value, the Commission 
used the information provided by the Union industry on the consumption of each factor of production (raw 
materials, labour and energy) multiplied by the undistorted costs per unit established in Turkey. To this, the 
Commission  added an  appropriate  percentage  amount  for  manufacturing  overheads  and finally  applied  the 
SG&A and profit in Turkey which amounted to 11,62 % and 9,39 % respectively.  

As far as the export price was concerned, the volume of imports was very limited, only 86 tonnes in the RIP 
(0,34  %  of  the  Union  imports  in  total  and  0,02  %  of  the  share  in  the  Union  market),  and  were  therefore 
considered  unrepresentative.  Hence  the  Commission  was  unable  to  determine  whether  dumping  continued 
during the RIP.  

The Commission investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping if the measures were allowed to lapse. 
The Commission examined the price behaviour of Chinese exporters to their two largest export markets the 
Philippines  and  Korea.    The  Commission  compared  the  constructed  normal  value  for  China  with  Chinese 
export prices of PSC to these markets which showed that PSC was exported at prices on average 35% lower 
than the normal value.  As far as the production capacity in China is concerned the applicant showed that this 
substantially exceeded the domestic demand on the Chinese market with spare production capacity of around 
2  million  tonnes.  On  this  basis  the  Commission  concluded  that  the  Chinese  exporting  producers  have 
significant spare capacities, which they could use to produce and export to the Union if the measures were 
allowed  to  lapse.  The  investigation  also  showed  that  there  are  anti-dumping  measures  applied  in  Brazil, 
Canada, Chinese Taipei, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey, Ukraine, UK and USA and anti-subsidy 
measures in Chinese Taipei and USA as well as safeguard measures in Chile and UK, these markets as well 
confirming the unfair trade practices of the Chinese PSC producers. The Commission also established that the 
EU market was attractive for the Chinese producers owing to price levels and its size. Because of the foregoing, 
the Commission concluded that that there would be recurrence of dumping from Chinese imports towards the 
Union if the measures were to lapse.   

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury  

For  the  injury  determination,  the  Commission  examined  both  macroeconomic  and  microeconomic  injury 
indicators including production, production capacity, capacity utilisation, sales volume, market share, growth, 
employment,  productivity,  magnitude  of the  dumping  margin,  and  recovery  from  past  dumping  as  well  as 
average  unit  prices,  unit  cost,  labour  costs,  inventories,  profitability,  cash  flow,  investments,  return  on 
investments and ability to raise capital.  

The Union production increased by 3% over the period following largely the evolution of the consumption 
(i.e. increase of 5-7% in 2017-2018, followed by a drop in RIP).  The production capacity increased overall by 
13% during the period considered as a result of investments by several Union producers in response to demand 
when the construction sector was growing.  This led to a drop in capacity utilisation levels from 76% to 70% 
in the period considered. Market share of the Union industry remained stable during the period considered. 
Employment of the Union industry increased by 10% during the period considered. Due to the slower increase 
in production over that period, the productivity decreased by 6% over the same period. The Union industry’s 
average  unit selling  price  to  unrelated  customers  increased  by  18%  over  the  period considered,  essentially 
reflecting  increases  costs  of  production  (mainly  cost  of  wire  rod).  Relieved  from  the  pressure  of  dumped 
imports from China, the Union industry managed to overcome the challenges posed by demand fluctuations 

33 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
and rising production costs.  As a result, the Commission concluded that the Union industry did not suffer 
material injury during the review investigation period. However, the industry remained vulnerable, indicated 
by break-even profit levels and high volatility of demand.  

As regards the likelihood of a recurrence of injury, given the estimated Chinese spare capacity and the expected 
price levels of Chinese exports to the EU, the Commission concluded that the non-extension of the measures 
would, in all likelihood, lead to a recurrence of injury and further damage the vulnerable situation of the Union 
industry.  

Union interest  

No importers or users came forward to give a position in relation to the continuation of measures. While it was 
rules out that the imposition of the measures could have a negative impact on their activity, there were other 
sources of supply available to them.  There were no valid arguments that maintaining the measures would have 
a negative impact that would outweigh the positive impact of the measures on the Union industry. Therefore, 
the Commission concluded that there were Union interest reasons against the extension of the measures on 
imports from China.  Because of the foregoing, the Commission decided to extend the measures on PSC wires 
and strands for a further five-year period from September 2021.  

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products originating in the China and Taiwan  

On 25 August 2020, the Commission initiated an expiry review with regard to imports of stainless steel cold-
rolled flat products originating in China and Taiwan, following a request lodged by European Steel Association 
representing more than 25% of the total Union production of stainless steel cold-rolled flat products. 

The product under review was the same as in the original investigation, namely flat-rolled products of stainless 
steel, not further worked than cold-rolled (cold-reduced). The product is used in a wide range of downstream 
industries, for example construction and energy equipment, infrastructure, consumer goods, and vehicles.  

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020 and the examination of trends 
relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 
1 January 2017 to the end of the review investigation period (RIP).  

Sampling  

The Commission selected a sample of three Union producers accounting for more than 60% of the estimated 
total Union production and around 70% of the estimated total Union sales volume of the product under review. 
Sampling was not necessary for unrelated importers as only three made themselves known as interested parties 
Only one exporting producer from Taiwan came forward but later failed to cooperate and no producers from 
China came forward. As a result, the Commission applied Article 18 of the basic Regulation basing its findings 
for on facts available.  

Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic the Commission was unable to carry out on-spot verification 
visits  but  instead  performed  remote  cross-checks  (‘RCCs’)  of  the  information  provided  by  the  sampled 
companies.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping 
China  

Imports of SSCR from China continued at much lower levels than in the original investigation dropping from 
143 420 tonnes to 14 111 tonnes in the review investigation period and accounting for  about 0,4 % of the 
Union market. 

As regards China, the Commission finding on the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping was 
based  on  information  contained  in  the  expiry  review  request,  submissions  by  interested  parties  as  well  as 
sources such as trade statistics on imports and exports (Eurostat and GTA), statistical data from the Chinese 
tax and custom administration websites, World Bank and OECD reports, and independent providers of pricing 
intelligence, news, data, analysis and conferences for the iron and steel industry.   

34 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Commission conducted the investigation in accordance with the provisions of Article 2(6a) of the basic 
Regulation as the request contained sufficient evidence of the existence of significant distortions in China.  
The evidence available showed distortions arising from factors such as, a substantial degree of ownership by 
the GOC in the steel sector, the State’s presence and intervention in the financial markets, as well as in the 
provision of raw materials and inputs including land use rights, the distortive effects of the 13th Five Year 
Steel  Plans  for the  steel industry,  Mineral  Resources and the  Non-Ferrous Metal  Industry.  As a result, the 
Commission concluded that it was not possible to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value in 
this  case.  Therefore,  normal  value  was  calculated  on  the  basis  of  undistorted  prices/benchmarks  from  the 
representative country selected in the case, i.e. Brazil. 

To  construct  normal  value,  the  Commission  used  the  information  provided  by  the  Union  industry  on  the 
consumption of each factor of production multiplied by the undistorted costs per unit established in Brazil. 
The calculation was done for one basic type of SSCR (i.e. for grade 304) which was the steel grade mostly 
sold  in  and  exported  to  the  Union.  To  this,  the  Commission  added  an  appropriate  percentage  amount  for 
manufacturing overheads.   Then the Commission added an appropriate percentage amount for SG&A and 
profit  in  Brazil,  which  amounted  to  11,62%  and  9,39%  respectively.  The  Commission  compared  the 
constructed  normal  value with  the  export  price  based  on  CIF  Eurostat  data  which  was  reduced  by  the  sea 
freight,  insurance  costs  and  domestic  transport  cost  in  China.  The  weighted  average  dumping  margin 
established for China was 17,9%. 

To determine the likelihood of a recurrence of dumping, the Commission also analysed production and spare 
capacity  in  China,  the  attractiveness  of  the  Union  market  and  the  relation  between  export  prices  to  third 
countries and the price level in the Union. Spare capacity in China was found to be around 2 million tonnes 
representing 62,5 % of the Union consumption of SSCR in the RIP (3,2 million tonnes).  The Commission 
also found that globally, there were many trade defence measures and other import restrictions in force against 
exports of SSCR including anti-dumping measures in Brazil, Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan, Thailand, 
United Kingdom, USA, and Vietnam, and countervailing duties in the USA. This showed that unfair trade 
practices  were  taking  place  as  well  as  limiting  the  access  of  Chinese  producers  to  those  markets.  The 
Commission also found that Chinese export prices to these six countries were between 19% and 37% lower 
than average Chinese sales prices to the EU. Given these factors, the Commission concluded that the Union 
market is an attractive market for Chinese producers of SSCR and that it was likely they would direct exports 
towards the Union if the measures lapsed.  

Taiwan  
According to Eurostat, imports of SSCR from Taiwan dropped from 169,097 tonnes in the investigation period 
of the original investigation to 165 540 tonnes in the RIP representing a market share of 5,3% of the Union 
market.  

To establish the normal value, the Commission used adjusted average Taiwanese domestic selling prices of 
different grades and dimensions of SSCR in 2019 as provided by the applicant based on market intelligence. 
These prices needed to be adjusted to a profitable level as domestic sales prices in Taiwan were deemed loss-
making given the price pressure from significant imports penetrating the Taiwanese market. The Commission 
therefore constructed normal value by adding a reasonable profit as used by the applicant, i.e. 6%.  

Export prices were based on prices of Taiwanese exports from Eurostat. These were adjusted to ex-works level 
by deducting freight, insurance and domestic transport costs in Taiwan. The Commission compared the normal 
value  and  the  export  price  yielding  a  dumping  margin  for  Taiwan  of  12%,  showing  that  dumping  had 
continued.      The  Commission  found  that  Taiwan’s  spare  capacity  amounted  to  18,5%  of  the  total  Union 
consumption during the RIP. Clearly, the Union market was attractive given the Taiwanese continued to export 
significant quantities in spite of the measures in place. Furthermore, the Commission found that Taiwanese 
export prices to other third country markets were well below their sales prices to the Union. As a result, the 
Commission concluded that there was a strong likelihood that dumping from Taiwan would continue if the 
measures lapsed.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

The investigation  showed  that  the  financial situation for  the  Union industry  deteriorated  during  the  period 
considered. The  Union  industry  was  forced  to  lower  its  sales  prices  (by  around  3%)  due  to  pressure  from 
dumped Taiwanese imports.  At the same time their cost of production increased by 3% severely affecting the 
Union industry’s profitability, which fell by 94% over the period considered (going from 7,6% in 2017 to 0,4 

35 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
% in the RIP).  The Union consumption decreased significantly during the period considered and both sales 
volumes and production volumes on the Union industry followed this trend. Union producers experienced a 
sharp decrease in productivity and capacity utilisation in the period considered. Other financial indicators also 
showed a negative picture: investments (– 13%), return on investments (– 80%) and cash flow (– 52%). On 
this basis, the Commission concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury.  

The Commission concluded that given the spare capacity in PRC, the attractiveness of the Union market and 
the expected prices of imports from the PRC, in the absence of antidumping measures, the removal of the 
measures would, in all likelihood, result in a significant increase of dumped imports from the PRC and material 
injury would be likely to recur. Given the spare capacity in Taiwan (representing 18,5 % of the total Union 
consumption  in  the  RIP),  their  continued  presence  at  low  prices  on  the  EU  market  despite  measures,  the 
Commission also concluded that a lapse of measures would, in all likelihood, result in a significant increase of 
dumped imports from Taiwan at injurious prices and material injury would be likely to continue.  

Causation 

The volume of imports from China remained below de minimis level during the entire period considered and 
the process did not undercut the prices of the Union industry. Therefore, the Commission concluded that the 
material  injury  suffered  by  the  Union  industry  could  not  have  been  caused  by  the  imports  from  China. 
However,  as  regards  Taiwan,  the  Commission  concluded  that  continued  price  suppression  from  dumped 
imports adversely affected the Union industry. Given the volume, markets share, and low prices of the dumped 
imports from Taiwan, they affected the prices of the European industry. The Commission concluded that the 
material injury suffered by the Union industry was caused by the imports from Taiwan.  

Union interest and measures 

Despite contacting all known unrelated importers, traders and users, none of them replied to the questionnaire 
or cooperated in the expiry review.  While there were claims of shortages of supply, the Commission concluded 
that disruptions in the supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are of exceptional nature and are not 
specific to the SSCR supply chain.   The investigation also identified other sources of supply from other third 
countries. On this basis, the Commission concluded that the effects of extending the anti-dumping measures 
on importers and users would not outweigh the positive impact of the measures on the Union industry. As a 
result,  the  Commission  decided  to  continue the  measures  in place on  SSCR  from  China  and Taiwan for  a 
further period of five years in September 2021.   

3.2.1.4.  Expiry reviews concluded by termination 

In 2021, the Commission did not conclude any expiry review by terminating the measures in force. 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews 

Article 11(3) and Article 19 of the basic Regulations provide for the review of measures during their period of 
validity on the initiative of the Commission, at the request of a Member State or, provided that at least one 
year  has  lapsed  since  the  imposition  of  the  definitive  measure,  following  a  request  containing  sufficient 
evidence by an exporter, an importer or by the EU producers. In carrying out the investigations, it will be 
examined, inter alia, whether the circumstances with regard to dumping/subsidisation and injury have changed 
significantly  and  whether 
to 
dumping/subsidisation or injury aspects. 

lasting  nature.  Reviews  can  be 

these  changes  are  of  a 

limited 

During 2021, the Commission initiated 4 interim reviews (2 on anti-dumping measures and 2 on countervailing 
measures). No interim reviews were concluded in the year. More information can be obtained from the Official 
Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex G. 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews 

As far as anti-dumping measures are concerned, Article 11(4) of the basic AD Regulation allows for a review 
("newcomer" review) to be carried out in order to determine individual margins of dumping for new exporters 
located in the exporting country in question, which did not export the product during the IP.  

36 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Parties have to show that they are genuine new exporters, i.e. that they are not related to any of the exporters 
or producers in the exporting country, which are subject to the anti-dumping measures, and that they have 
actually started to export to the EU following the IP, or that they have entered into an irrevocable contractual 
obligation to export a significant quantity to the EU. 

When a review for a new exporter is initiated, the duties are repealed with regard to that exporter. However, 
its imports become subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the basic AD Regulation in order to ensure 
that, should the review result in a determination of dumping  for that exporter, anti-dumping duties may be 
levied retroactively to the date of the initiation of the review. 

As  far  as  anti-subsidy  measures  are  concerned,  Article  20  of  the  basic  AS  Regulation allows for  a review 
(accelerated review) to be carried out in order to promptly establish an individual countervailing duty. Any 
exporter whose exports are subject to a definitive countervailing duty but who was not individually investigated 
during the original investigation for reasons other than a refusal to co-operate with the Commission can request 
such review. 

In 2021, the Commission initiated 5 ‘new exporter’ reviews (Annex I). Since the Commission carried out the 
first review of this type in 1990, a total of 85 such reviews have been initiated so far.  In 2021, one such review 
was completed.  

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations 

Where there is sufficient information showing that, after the original IP and prior to or following the imposition 
of measures, export prices have decreased or that there has been no or insufficient movement in the resale 
prices or subsequent selling prices of the imported product in the EU, an absorption review may be opened.  
This examines whether the measure has had effects on the export prices. The duty may be increased to take 
account of such lower export prices. The possibility of absorption reviews is included in Articles 12 and 19(3) 
of the basic Regulations. 

In 2021, 1 anti-absorption investigation was initiated on AD measures (Annex J). 

3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations 

The  possibility  of  investigations  being  opened  in  circumstances  where  evidence  is  brought  to  show  that 
measures  are  being  circumvented  is  covered  in  Articles  13  and  23  of  the  basic  AD  and  AS  Regulations 
respectively. 

Circumvention is defined as a change in the pattern of trade between third countries and the EU that stems 
from a practice, process or work for which there is insufficient cause or economic justification other than the 
imposition of the duty. The duties may be extended to imports from third countries of like products, or parts 
thereof, if circumvention is taking place. Duties may also be extended to imports of a slightly modified like 
product from the country subject to current measures. 

In 2021, the Commission initiated 4 anti-circumvention investigations (2 on anti-dumping measures and 2 on 
countervailing  measures).  Two  such  reviews  were  concluded  with  an  extension  of  duty  to  other  exporting 
countries. No anti-circumvention investigation was concluded without extending the measures. In 2021, there 
was further an increase in cases where OLAF pointed to improprieties by Union based companies benefitting 
from exemptions from the duties applicable to certain bicycle parts. This led the Commission trade defence 
services to re-examine the situation of three companies. 

More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex 
K. 

3.2.5.1 Details of some individual cases concluded by extension of duty 

Certain aluminium foil (jumbo rolls) originating in China (measures extended to Thailand) 

In October 2009, the Council imposed a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of certain aluminium foil 
originating  in  China.  The  measures  ranged  between  6,4  %  and  30,0%.  In  December  2015,  the  European 
Commission maintained the measures following an expiry review and in February 2017, following an anti-

37 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
circumvention investigation extended the measures to imports of slightly modified certain aluminium foil from 
China.  

In  November  2020,  the  Commission  received  a  request  to  investigate  possible  circumvention  of  the  anti-
dumping measures imposed on China by imports coming from Thailand. The applicant requested anonymity 
both at application stage and for the duration of the investigation and duly substantiated its request, which was 
accepted by the Commission as it considered there were sufficient grounds to grant the confidentiality of its 
identity. The evidence in the request indicated there was a change in the pattern of  trade appearing to stem 
from the consignment of jumbo rolls via Thailand to the EU after having undergone assembly operations in 
Thailand. It also showed that these assembly operations constituted circumvention as Chinese parts accounted 
for more than 60% of the total value of the assembled product, while the value added during the assembly 
operation was lower than 25% of the manufacturing cost. Furthermore, the request showed that these actions 
were undermining the effects of the measures in terms of quantities and prices and imports consigned from 
Thailand were being dumped. 

The product subject to investigation is aluminium foil of a thickness of not less than 0,008 mm and not more 
than 0,018 mm, not backed, not further worked than rolled, in rolls of a width not exceeding 650 mm and of a 
weight exceeding 10 kg, aluminium foil of a thickness of not less than 0,007 mm and less than 0,008 mm, 
regardless of the width of the rolls, whether or not annealed, aluminium foil of a thickness of not less than 
0,008 mm and not more than 0,018 mm and in rolls of a width exceeding 650 mm, whether or not annealed, 
aluminium foil of a thickness of more than 0,018 mm and less than 0,021 mm, regardless of the width of the 
rolls, whether or not annealed, and/or aluminium foil of a thickness of not less than 0,021 mm and not more 
than 0,045 mm, when presented with at least two layers, regardless of the width of the rolls, whether or not 
annealed.  

On the basis of the request, the Commission opened an anti-circumvention investigation in December 2020 
and made imports of jumbo rolls of aluminium from Thailand, subject to registration.  The investigation period 
ran from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2020 (the ‘IP’).  

Change in the pattern of trade 

The investigation showed that between 2016 and the end of the IP there was a huge increase in imports of the 
product from Thailand going from 18 tonnes to 5 801 tonnes representing an increase in share of total imports 
from 0,03 % to 8,53%.  Initially it appeared that imports from China also increased in the period, though at a 
much smaller pace, from 8 948 to 26 466 tonnes representing an increase in the share of total imports from 
16% to 39%.  However, closer examination of the statistics showed that, in fact, the bulk of these imports were 
made by Chinese exporting producers that did not export aluminium household foil, but rather converter foil, 
which was not the product under investigation. When this was taken into account, it showed that there was a 
significant decrease in the import volumes from China to only 307 tonnes in the reporting period.  This was 
confirmed  by  a  cooperating  unrelated  importer  in  the  EU,  who  provided  information  showing  that,  while 
previously they purchased their jumbo rolls from China from 2019 onwards they were sourced from Thailand. 

The investigation also revealed that since 2016, there was a continuous increase in the exports of foil stock 
(the main raw material for the production of aluminium household foil) from China to Thailand. The exports 
increased from 50,111 tonnes in 2016 to 71 668 tonnes at the end of the IP.   While only a portion of these foil 
stock imports was actually used in the jumbo rolls production process the increase was, in part, explained by 
the increase in the production and exports of jumbo rolls from Thailand.  

The increase of jumbo rolls exported from Thailand to the EU along with the parallel decrease of jumbo rolls 
exported  from  China  to  the  EU  constituted  a  significant  change  in  the  pattern  of  trade.    This  was  further 
confirmed by the increase in exports of the main raw material from China to Thailand in the same period.  

Practice to avoid the duties 

As the evidence in the request pointed to assembly operations in Thailand, the Commission analysed whether 
the criteria  set out  in the  basic  Regulation  were  met. In  particular, the  Commission  examined  whether the 
assembly operation started or substantially increased since, or just prior to, the initiation of the anti-dumping 
investigation and whether the parts concerned were from the country subject to measures. It also examined if 
the parts constituted 60% or more of the total value of the parts of the assembled product and whether the 

38 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
added value of the parts brought in, during the assembly or completion operation, was greater than 25% of the 
manufacturing costs. 

The cooperating group of companies in Thailand, the Dingsheng Group, accounted for more than 95% of all 
exports  to the  EU  during  the  reporting  period.  Dingheng  is  a  subsidiary  of  the  Chinese-owned  Dingsheng 
Group. In previous investigations concerning jumbo rolls companies within the Dingsheng Group found to be 
dumping jumbo rolls and then circumventing the duties by slightly modifying the product. Dingheng explained 
that it started jumbo rolls production in Thailand in order to establish a presence abroad of the Dingsheng 
Group, in line with ‘its mission of globalization and transnational blueprint’. However, the investigation found 
that no imports from the relevant Chinese exporting producer in the Dingsheng Group were made since the 
previous anti-circumvention investigation, which coincides in time with when Dingheng started exporting to 
the Union from Thailand.  Furthermore, the investigation showed that the situation during the reporting period 
did not reflect the company’s intentions as laid out in its investment plan. The company could not provide any 
evidence of economic justification for exporting jumbo rolls from Thailand to the Union. Contrary to what the 
company indicated in its investment plans (dated after the establishment of the production site in Thailand), 
Dingheng sourced all its raw materials from China and produced all jumbo rolls from imported aluminium foil 
stock.  In  addition,  it  complemented  its  own  production  of  jumbo  rolls  by  purchasing  jumbo  rolls  from  its 
related  companies  in  China  to  meet  customer  demand  during  the  reporting  period.    The  Commission  also 
found, in an internet search, that the avoidance of paying anti-dumping duties was used by Dingheng to attract 
customers, indicating that, the avoidance of anti-dumping duties played a role in the economic and marketing 
decisions of the company.  The Commission concluded that the assembly operation started after the initiation 
of the anti-dumping investigation, while the parts were from the country subject to measures. 

Dingheng  produces  jumbo  rolls  from  foil  stock.  The  production  process,  according  to  the  company’s 
exemption request, consists of operations such as further rolling, slitting, annealing and packaging. However, 
the Commission considered these operations as relatively minor when compared to the production process that 
takes place before the input material arrives at the Dingheng production site. The steps to turn the foil stock 
into jumbo rolls are relatively minor in scope and, of a relatively limited added value. Furthermore, the change 
in commodity heading could not be considered as proof of significant transformation of the input material. 

In  order  to  examine  the  value  added  aspect,  this  was  determined  as  the  sum  of  labour  costs  and  factory 
overheads incurred by the assembler with respect to those parts. Selling, general and administrative expenses 
as well as profit were not taken into account. In this case, the value added, when expressed as a percentage of 
the manufacturing cost, was found to be significantly below the 25% threshold set in the basic Regulation. 

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures and dumping 

The Commission examined if the imports from Thailand (quantities and prices), undermined the effects of the 
measures in force. The increase of imports of jumbo rolls from Thailand was significant, increased from less 
than 1% of the total volume of imports of jumbo rolls in 2016 to almost 9% during the reporting period. At the 
same  time,  the imports from  Chinese  companies  decreased  from  13%  in  2016, to  less  than  1%  during  the 
reporting  period.  The  investigation  also  showed  that  the  cooperating  companies  imported  jumbo  rolls  at 
dumped prices during the reporting period. The Commission also compared the average non-injurious price 
from  the  last  expiry  review  with  the  weighted  average  export  CIF  prices  from  Thailand  and  this  revealed 
underselling of 49% and undercutting of 40%. Hence, the Commission concluded that the existing measures 
were being undermined by the volume and prices of the imports from Thailand.  

Extension of the measures 

Based on the above findings, the Commission concluded that the anti-dumping duty imposed on imports of 
jumbo rolls originating China were being circumvented by imports from Thailand. Given that exports of the 
cooperating company constituted more than 95% of the total imports of the product under investigation and 
no other exporting producer cooperated, this conclusion  applied to the whole country. On this basis, on 14 
September 2021, the Commission extended the anti-dumping measures in force on China to imports of the 
product under investigation consigned from Thailand.  

Certain aluminium foil in rolls (small rolls) originating in China (measures extended to Thailand) 

39 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In March 2013, the Council imposed a definitive anti-dumping duties ranging between 14,2 % and 35,6 % on 
imports  of  certain  aluminium  foils in rolls  (‘small rolls’)  originating  in  China. In  June  2019, following  an 
expiry review, the Commission maintained the measures in force.    

In  November  2020,  the  Commission  received  a  request  to  investigate  possible  circumvention  of  the  anti-
dumping measures imposed on China by imports coming from Thailand. The applicant requested anonymity 
both at application stage and for the duration of the investigation and duly substantiated its request, which was 
accepted by the Commission as it considered there were sufficient grounds to grant the confidentiality of its 
identity. The request contained evidence of a change in the pattern of trade involving exports from China and 
Thailand to the Union that had taken place following the imposition of measures on small rolls. This appeared 
to  stem  from  the  consignment  of  small  rolls  via  Thailand  to  the  Union  after  having  undergone  assembly 
operations  in  Thailand.  The  request  also  contained  evidence  that  assembly  operations  constituted 
circumvention as Chinese parts accounted for more than 60 % of the total value of the parts of the assembled 
product, while the value added during the assembly operations was less than 25 % of the manufacturing cost. 
Furthermore, the request showed that these actions were undermining the effects of the measures in terms of 
quantities and prices and that imports consigned from Thailand were being dumped.  

The product concerned is aluminium foil of a thickness of 0,007 mm or more but less than 0,021 mm, not 
backed, not further worked than rolled, whether or not embossed, in low weight rolls of a weight not exceeding 
10 kg.   

On the basis of the request, the Commission opened an anti-circumvention investigation in December 2020 
and made imports of small rolls of aluminium from Thailand subject to registration.  The investigation period 
ran from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2020 (the ‘IP’).  

No Thai producer of the product cooperated in the investigation so findings were based on facts available, 
particularly from the request, along with information from other sources, such as Eurostat and Global Trade 
Atlas (‘GTA’). 

Change in the pattern of trade 

Between 2016 and the end of the reporting period there was a large increase in imports from Thailand, which 
went from 70 tonnes to 1 069 tonnes representing an increase in its share of total imports from 2% to 14%. 
Imports from China also increased but at a much smaller pace, from 299 to 414 tonnes with the Chinese share 
of total imports decreasing from 8% to 5%.  

The information available to the Commission from the request showed that the production of the small rolls, 
which are exported from Thailand to the EU, is mainly done from the intermediate raw materials foil stock or 
jumbo rolls. The investigation found that since 2016, there was a continuous increase in the exports of the raw 
materials from China to Thailand.  While only a portion of the foil stock imports is used in the small rolls 
production process (the percentage used for small rolls was not available), it was assumed that the ratio of 
converter foil production versus household foil production in Thailand remained stable throughout the IP. In 
fact, indications were that production of household foil had increased.  

The increase of small rolls exported from Thailand to the EU along with the parallel decrease of those rolls 
exported from China to the EU constituted a significant change in the pattern of trade.  This was confirmed by 
the increase in exports of the main raw material from China to Thailand in the same period.  

Practice to avoid the duties 

As the evidence in the request pointed to assembly operations in Thailand, the Commission analysed whether 
the criteria set out in the basic Regulation were met. These are; whether the assembly operation started or 
substantially increased since, or just prior to, the initiation of the anti-dumping investigation and whether the 
parts concerned were from the country subject to measures, and whether the parts constitute 60 % or more of 
the total value of the parts of the assembled product and whether the added value of the parts brought in, during 
the assembly or completion operation, was greater than 25 % of the manufacturing costs. 

The request provided evidence that small rolls in Thailand were produced by rewinding jumbo rolls sourced 
directly from China or indirectly from Thai producers who source the raw materials to produce jumbo rolls 
from China. It also showed that Thai producers do not possess the machinery necessary to produce small rolls 

40 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
from primary aluminium, but only to rewind, cut, slit, anneal and perform other relatively minor operations on 
jumbo rolls.  Based on information provided by the applicant, the value added, when expressed as a percentage 
of the manufacturing cost, was found to be significantly below the 25% threshold set in the basic Regulation. 

The applicant also gave information showing that Thai exporting producers of small rolls are subsidiaries of 
Chinese companies, which also produce small rolls in China. The investigation found no evidence of economic 
justification for importing the small rolls from Thailand to the Union, other than avoiding the payment of the 
anti-dumping duties in force against China.   

As regards the start date of the assembly operations, the information from the applicant as well as publicly 
available information, showed that the construction of small rolls production facilities in Thailand started in 
2016 and 2017, and for 1 company in 2018, indicating the assembly operations started after the initiation of 
the anti-dumping investigation. 

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures and dumping 

To examine if the effects of the existing measures were undermined in terms of the prices and/or quantities, 
the  Commission  used  the  export  prices  and  volumes  reported  by  Eurostat.  The  investigation  showed  that 
average export prices were below the normal value from the last expiry review, demonstrating the existence 
of dumping. Furthermore, after comparing the non-injurious price from the 2019 expiry review investigation 
with  the  weighted  average  export  CIF  prices,  (adjusted  to  include  conventional  customs  duties  and  post 
clearance costs) the Commission found underselling of 29%. The Commission also found that the quantities 
exported were significant, representing almost 14% of the total volume of imports of small rolls during the 
reporting period. As a result, the Commission concluded that the existing measures were being undermined by 
the imports of small rolls from Thailand. 

Extension of the measures 

Based on the findings, the Commission concluded that the anti-dumping duty imposed on imports of small 
rolls originating China were being circumvented by imports from Thailand. Therefore, on 15 September 2021, 
the Commission extended the ‘all others’ rate of 35,6% applicable to imports from China to imports of the 
product under investigation consigned from Thailand.   

3.2.6. 

“Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) 

These  investigations  fall  outside  Article  11(3)  or  Article  19  of  the  basic  Regulations  and  focus  on  the 
implementation of court rulings. In 2020, the Commission concluded 4 such investigations by amending the 
measures as appropriate. A list of the cases concerned is given in Annex H. More information can be obtained 
from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in that Annex. 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations 

Safeguard measures have always been and remain an instrument that the Commission would only apply in 
truly  exceptional  circumstances.  Indeed,  they  are  only  used  where  it  is  clear  that,  applying  the  highest 
standards, such measures are necessary and justified because, due to unforeseen circumstances, there has been 
a surge in imports and this has caused or threatens to cause serious damage to the EU industry. The Commission 
expects the EU’s commercial partners to follow a similarly strict approach.  

Not  all  safeguard  measures  adopted  by  the  EU  constitute  safeguards  within  the  meaning  of  the  WTO 
Agreement on Safeguards. Some of these measures are called ‘safeguards’ under particular regimes, such as 
bilateral safeguards or the safeguard investigations under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP). 

On  14  March  2019,  an  EU  Horizontal  Bilateral  Safeguard  Regulation  entered  in  force,23  with  the  aim  to 
streamline  the  implementation  of  the  EU’s  bilateral  safeguard  measures.  The  objective  of  these  safeguard 
clauses is to temporarily suspend tariff preferences where preferential imports increase to such an extent that 
they cause or threaten to cause serious injury to a particular EU industry. This horizontal regulation provides 
standard rules for the implementation of bilateral safeguard clauses, including the conditions and decision-

23  

Regulation (EU) 2019/287 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 February 2019. 

41 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
making process. In the past, the EU adopted separate regulations for each individual FTA, which will no longer 
be necessary. 

In terms of casework, in 2021, the EU concluded two review investigations of its safeguard measure on certain 
steel products (Annex L). 

3.3.1.     Details on individual safeguard cases  

Safeguard measures on certain steel products – Prolongation review  

On  15  January  2021,  the  Commission  received  a  substantiated  request  by  twelve  EU  Member  States  to 
examine, pursuant to Article 19 of Regulation (EU) 2015/478 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
and Article 16 of Regulation (EU) 2015/755, whether the existing safeguard measure should be prolonged.  

The Commission considered that the request contained sufficient evidence to initiate an expiry/prolongation 
review investigation. Accordingly, it published a Notice of Initiation (‘the Notice of Initiation’) in the Official 
Journal of the European Union on 26 February 2021. 

In order to carry out a proper assessment as to whether the safeguard measure continues to be necessary to 
prevent  or  remedy  serious  injury,  whether  the  Union  steel  industry  was  adjusting,  and  whether  such 
prolongation was in line with the wider Union interest, the Commission collected specific data from the Union 
industry  by  means  of  questionnaires.  These  data  included,  inter  alia,  the  evolution  of  key  economic  and 
financial indicators for the product concerned during the period 2018-2020 (‘the period considered’), as well 
as evidence that the industry is adjusting. The Commission also sought the position of other interested parties 
on a potential prolongation. To this end, the Notice of Initiation invited interested parties to participate in the 
investigation by submitting their observations and supporting evidence. 

Legal requirements 
Necessity  
The  investigation  confirmed  that  during  the  period  of  application  of  the  safeguard  measure  the  economic 
situation of the Union industry continued worsening because of import pressure during a period where the 
important adjustments made by the Union industry had not yet produced positive effects. The Commission 
found that the Union steel industry, after the first three years of the safeguard measure, still finds itself in a 
fragile economic situation. The Commission also found that imports from the main steel exporting countries 
have  exerted  and  still  continue  exerting  very  high  import  pressure  on  the  Union’s  steel  market,  with  a  an 
aggressive and opportunistic pattern of commercial behaviour, that is to say, using any  margin to increase 
market  presence.  Furthermore,  given  the  prevailing  downward  trends  in  worldwide  exports  and  domestic 
consumption by the main steel exporting countries over the period considered, which were already underway 
prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in an overall context of significant overcapacity, the Commission then 
noted that exporters were in need to increase their sales on any possible market to continue operating.  

The investigation also confirmed that other significant steel markets, including the second largest importing 
country, the US, continued having trade restrictions in place affecting the ability of exporting countries to sell 
thereto, in a general context of continuous decline in steel consumption. The investigation further confirmed 
that the Union market was comparatively more attractive for imports in terms of size and price levels, thereby 
becoming a market where large volumes of steel could be directed. The counterfactual analysis undertaken to 
determine  what  would  happen  if  the  safeguard  was  removed  clearly  showed  a  high  likelihood  that  very 
substantial volumes of steel unsold in other parts of the world could end up being directed towards in the Union 
market. These additional imports, together with the currently existing ones, would overall lead to a very serious 
further deterioration of the economic situation of the Union industry, and could seriously endanger its viability. 
It  was therefore established that the lapsing of the safeguard measure would result in serious injury to the 
Union industry caused by increased imports. This conclusion was not affected by the effects of the COVID-
19  pandemic  on  the  Union  industry.  Whilst  the  economic  situation  of  the  Union  industry  was  further, 
aggravated in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission established that the likely increase 
in imports should the safeguard measure lapse would result in serious injury to the Union industry.  

The  Commission  concluded  that  such  increased  volumes  could  undermine  significantly  any  meaningful 
economic recovery and the efforts being made by the Union steel industry in its process of adjustment to a 
higher level of imports, which are described in the following section. Therefore, the Commission considered 

42 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
that the safeguard measure continued to be necessary to prevent serious injury. This necessity existed also 
because  the  Union  did  not  have  the  possibility  under  WTO  rules  to  increase  import  duties  on  the  product 
concerned without taking a safeguard measure. Indeed, in the WTO the Union has bound its import tariffs at 
the level of zero for the tariff lines included in the product concerned. For this reason, just as in 2018 the 
increase  in  imports  evidently  was  the  result  of  the  effect  of  these  obligations  (namely  zero-duty  tariff 
concessions) incurred by the Union under the GATT, so would these obligations also now permit imports to 
increase again, resulting in serious injury to the Union industry, should the safeguard lapse. 

Adjustments by the Union industry 

The  Commission  concluded  that the  EU  steel  industry  was  and  would  continue  adjusting  to  a  situation  of 
higher  imports  during  the  application  of  the  safeguard.  In  this  regard,  the  Commission  identified  in  the 
implementing regulation a large number of adjustments undertaken, or being undertaken by the Union industry.  

Union interest 

The Commission established that the legal requirements of necessity and adjustment required to prolong a 
safeguard measure were met. Furthermore, the Commission had also found that a removal of the safeguard 
measure was liable to cause a sudden import wave that will severely worsen the current still fragile financial 
situation of the Union steel industry. Such removal would jeopardise the Union industry’s recovery, just when 
the Union and world economy and trade are rebounding after the COVID-19 pandemic recession, and had not 
yet returned to pre-pandemic conditions. This import shock, in turn, risked negating the adjustment efforts the 
Union steel industry is making to adapt to stronger import pressure coming from market dynamics seriously 
distorted by increasing global overcapacity, and State intervention. Moreover, the Commission had also found 
that the steel prices increases recently observed on the Union steel market could not be imputable to, or be the 
result of, the Union steel safeguard because similar such high prices also prevail on worldwide markets and 
large  volumes  of  free-of-duty  TRQs  remained  nevertheless  unused  available  under  the  safeguard.  In  this 
regard, the Commission also noted that, less than a month and a half to reach the end of the third year of the 
measure,  around  11  million  tonnes  of  free-of-duty  TRQ  remained  unused,  this  is,  36  %  of  the  total  TRQ 
available. Thus showing that users, across product categories, had had the possibility to source sufficient free-
of-duty steel from multiple sources, and that the safeguard measure had not unduly limited effective supply, 
neither in terms of volume, nor in terms of origins. In sum, the Commission found that the downsides of letting 
the safeguard lapse on 30 June 2021 would clearly outweigh any potential benefits its termination could bring 
about.  

Therefore, the investigation concluded that the prolongation of the measure was necessary to prevent or remedy 
serious injury, that the EU steel industry was adjusting and that the prolongation was not against the overall 
Union interest.  

Length of prolongation and level of liberalisation  

In order to prevent that the Union industry suffered an undue serious injury if the safeguard measure lapsed at 
this stage, the Commission considered it necessary to prolong the measure for three additional years until 30 
June  2024.  However,  in  order  to  guarantee  that  the  prolongation  remained  limited  to  the  strict  minimum 
necessary,  the  prolongation  will  be  subject to a  review  regime,  which, among  others, foresees a  review  to 
determine whether the safeguard should not be terminated by 30 June 2023 after two years of prolongation. 

Lastly,  regarding  liberalisation,  the  Commission  established  that  as  the  forecasts  foresaw,  pre-pandemic 
economic and trade conditions were not expected to be soundly re-established within the Union until the end 
of  the  first half  of  2022,  and  in line  with the  growth  rate  predicted  over the  current trade flows  trend, the 
Commission did not see any reasons to alter at this stage the liberalisation rate of 3% for the first year of 
prolongation.  

3.4.   Verification activities   

Based on Articles 16 and 26 of the respective basic AD and AS Regulations, in the course of investigations, 
the Commission normally carries out visits to examine the records of companies or associations with the aim 
of verifying the information provided during the proceedings. However, because of the continued COVID-19 

43 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
outbreak,  in  2021  the  European  Commission  replaced  nearly  all  verification  visits  by  a  Remote  Cross-
Checking (RCC) process by videoconference, as had been done in 2020.  The Commission had published a 
Notice24 on the consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak on anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations in 
2020.   

During 2021, the Commission trade defence services carried out 197 verifications by remote cross checking.  
This  covered  the  data  from  111  European  companies  and  86  companies  from  8  countries  outside  the  EU 
(Turkey,  China,  Korea,  India,  Russia,  Indonesia,  USA  and  Argentina).  In  addition,  there  were  12  on-spot 
verifications to European companies in October and November 2021 as travel restrictions started to ease.  The 
total  number  of  verifications  in  2021  was  209  covering  European  producers,  users  of  the  subject  product, 
foreign exporters and importers alike.  

4. 

ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES  

Globalisation of trade led to greater possibilities for circumventing or otherwise reducing the effectiveness of 
anti-dumping  and  countervailing  measures.  To  address  this  problem,  throughout  2021,  the  TDI  services 
continued  their  follow-up  activities  aimed  at  ensuring  that  measures  were  effectively  enforced.  In  the 
framework of an integrated approach measures were considered in all their forms – duties and undertakings – 
and synergy was sought between the TDI services and enforcement-oriented services (OLAF, DG TAXUD 
and customs authorities in Member States).  

More  information  on  the  Commission’s  enforcement  focus  can  be  found  in  the  main  body  of  the  Report 
(hereafter the Annual Report) to which this Staff Working Document (SWD) is attached. 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures 

The follow-up activities concerning measures in force are centred on four main areas: (1) to pre-empt fraud, 
by  defining  risk-related  areas,  alerting  customs  authorities  and  assessing  the  feedback  from  customs  and 
economic operators; (2) to monitor trade flows and market developments; (3) to improve the effectiveness with 
the  appropriate  instruments  (new  investigation,  interim  review,  newcomer  review,  contact  with  national 
administrations) and (4) to react to irregular practices by enhancing the co-operation with enforcement-related 
services (OLAF and national customs) and by initiating anti-absorption or anti-circumvention investigations. 

4.2. 

Monitoring of undertakings  

Monitoring of undertakings forms part of the enforcement activities, given that undertakings are a form of AD 
or AS measures. The Commission accepts such undertakings if it is satisfied that they can effectively eliminate 
the injurious effects of dumping or subsidisation. 

During 2021, over 10 price undertakings in force were scrutinised which showed that the exporting producers 
were complying in full. No price undertakings offered for the TDI cases concluded in 2021 were accepted as 
the applicants did not demonstrate, in particular, that the offer would eliminate injurious dumping. No offer 
was rejected on the grounds of inadequate social and environmental standards in the exporting country. More 
information is available in Annexes M and Q. 

4.3.   OLAF activity  

The Commission has developed a range of activities addressing prevention and detection of fraud, and this 
includes a close cooperation with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), through annual meetings, day-to-
day  contacts,  or  exchange  of  case  information,  via  a  special  OLAF  liaison  officer  within  the  Directorate–
General for Trade. 

By  mutual  agreement  between  the  Commission  and  OLAF,  the  Commission  provides  OLAF  with  any 
information  and  evidence  relating  to  possible  cases  of  fraud,  or  any  other  illegal  activity  related  to  TDI. 
Circumvention of TDI measures can occur in the form of: false declaration of product origin; misclassification 
under product codes outside measures; assembly operations; channelling via companies with no or low duty 
rates or undervaluation of imported products.  

24 OJ C 86, 16.3.2020, p.6 

44 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
                                                           
 
The Commission and OLAF have been reacting whenever they had indications pointing to the possibility of 
the  above  situations,  such  as:  1/  when  subsequent  to the  imposition  of  measures,  a  significant  decrease  in 
imports from the country concerned into the EU could be noted, which was entirely or partially offset by an 
increase in imports of: products from another third country, or products classified under a product code outside 
measures, or parts of the product which are not subject to measures; 2/ when subsequent to the imposition of 
measures, imports from the country concerned into the EU were coming from a company with a low or a zero 
duty at the expense of imports from a company with a higher duty; or 3/ when a low amount of duties was 
collected by Member States’ customs authorities. 

Moreover, when the Commission received complaints from Union industry regarding the circumvention of 
measures, it has each time informed OLAF thereof. The Commission stayed also in regular contact on these 
matters with Member States’ customs authorities. In 2021, there was further an increase in cases where OLAF 
pointed to improprieties by Union based companies benefitting from exemptions from the duties applicable to 
certain  bicycle  parts.  This  led  the  Commission  trade  defence  services  to  re-examine  the  situation  of  three 
companies. 

Investigations by OLAF into the practices above are confidential. For that reason, it is not possible to give 
further information or statistics on the latter. Every year OLAF publishes a report presenting its activities of 
the previous year, as well as statistics of its investigative performance and examples of cases. 

5. 

REFUNDS   

Articles 11(8) and 21(1) of the basic Regulations allow importers to request the reimbursement of the relevant 
collected duties where it is shown that the dumping/subsidy margin, on the basis of which duties were paid, 
has been eliminated or reduced to a level below that of the duty in force. 

38 new refund requests were submitted during 2021. At the end of that year, 5 refund investigations were still 
on-going,  covering  77  requests.  The  Commission  adopted  one  Implementing  Decision  rejecting  refund 
requests. 

 More details on these decisions and on the status of refund investigations can be found at:  
http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/refunds.cfm?sta=1&en=20&page=1&c_order=number&c_order_dir=Down  

6. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS 

Explaining the legislation and practice of the EU's trade defence activity and exchanging views on third country 
practices continues to be an important part of the work of the TDI services.  

In 2021, Korea resumed the traditional forum on trade defence  to exchange best practices in the area. This 
year’s event took place on-line on 25 November. The focus of the event titled  ‘World Trade Environment and 
the Roles of Trade Remedy Authorities’ was to continue a dialogue on how, in today’s difficult and changing 
trade environment, trade remedy authorities can contribute to safeguard the shared values of free and fair trade. 
Under this chapeau, the participants touched upon varied subjects such as: flexibilities put in place for virtual 
and hybrid procedures even beyond COVID (Canada), possible conflicts of TDI with anti-trust law (Japan), 
or, how to deal with circumvention (US and India). The EU  outlined the challenges it faces (COVID with 
unstable trade environment and proliferation of subsidies to address COVID-related hardship, disruption of 
the global supply chains, subsidies to address climate change and requests for reshoring linked to supply chain 
difficulties). As a solution the EU emphasised that all trade remedy authorities should apply the existing rules 
as  a  priority,  stressing  the  principles  of  separating  and  distinguishing  causes  of  injury,  and  respecting  the 
principles of benefits and specificity to ensure government neutrality. 

7. 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT    

7.1.        Overview of the judicial reviews in 2021 

In 2021, the General Court (GC) and the Court of Justice (CJ) rendered 21 judgments and orders in the areas 
of application of anti-dumping or anti-subsidy measures: 14 rulings were handed down by the GC, whereas 
the CJ issued three judgments in appeals of a GC rulings and four preliminary rulings.   

45 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7.2. Cases pending  

At the end of 2021, 61 cases were pending before the GC and 14 before the CJ. A list of the cases is given in 
Annex S.  

7.3. New cases  

In 2021, 18 new court cases were lodged in the field of trade defence. 12 of these were lodged before the GC 
(all actions for annulment) and six appeals before the CJ.  

7.4 Judgements rendered by the General Court (a selection) 

T‑45/19 Acron PAO 

On 5 May 2021, the General Court (“GC”) dismissed the action introduced by Acron PAO25 and its related 
trader  (‘Acron’  or  ‘the  applicants’)  for  the  annulment  of  Commission  Implementing  Decision  2018/1703 
terminating the partial interim review concerning imports of ammonium nitrate originating in Russia. In the 
contested  decision,  the  Commission  considered  that  the  conditions,  which  are  necessary  for  the  level  of 
measures to be modified, in particular that there were lasting changes, were not met and therefore terminated 
the review without modifying the level of measures.  

Acron claimed that the Commission erred in concluding that the change of circumstances on which it relied 
was not of a lasting nature. Acron noted that the Commission limited the interim review to only two out of six 
circumstances of a lasting nature put forward by the applicants in their request. The GC confirmed that the 
Commission has a broad margin of discretion in determining whether there is sufficient evidence in a request 
for an interim review to establish the need for such a review. The burden of proof is on the applicants who did 
not contest the Notice of initiation nor did they propose to enlarge its scope. The Commission was therefore 
right to initiate the interim review at issue solely on account of two alleged changes in circumstances relating, 
first, to the withdrawal of the undertaking, which would have led to a change in the group’s sales structure, 
and, second, to the alleged substantial increase in gas prices in Russia.  

With regard to the alleged increase in the prices of natural gas as one of the possible changes of lasting nature, 
Acron claimed that the prices of natural gas in Russia experienced significant growth since the last calculation 
of its dumping margin in 2008. The GC focused on the question whether the prices of natural gas in Russia 
reasonably reflect a price normally charged on undistorted markets. The GC then confirmed that the applicants 
have not been able to adduce relevant and duly documented evidence to demonstrate that prices in Russia 
reflect prices normally charged on undistorted markets and that that difference between domestic and export 
prices  of  gas  had  been  reduced  in  such  a  way  that  it  could  constitute  a  lasting  change  of  circumstances. 
Consequently, the GC rejected the applicants’ claim that the Commission committed a manifest error when 
assessing alleged increase in gas prices in Russia. 

With regard to changes in the sales structure following the withdrawal of undertaking, the applicants claimed 
that all its sales to the Union were now made through its sales subsidiary in Switzerland. According to the 
applicants, this change in the sales structure resulted in a change of SG&A costs and in a change in the export 
price which plays an important role in the calculation of the dumping margin. Hence that fact alone, according 
to  the  applicants,  justifies  recalculating  their  dumping  margin.  The  GC  first  clarified  that  the  purpose  of 
undertaking is to give entities an alternative to the imposition of anti-dumping duties in the same circumstances 
which justify the imposition of such duties. Therefore, the withdrawal of undertaking cannot, in itself, have 
any bearing on the circumstances which justified the imposition of an anti-dumping duty, except as regards 
the aspects which led to the withdrawal of the undertaking. The GC further held that the creation of Swiss 
subsidiary cannot in this case constitute a circumstance which could in itself influence dumping margin. In 
particular, the applicants have not shown how their reinforced undertaking on the European market influenced 
the factors which gave rise to the application of the anti-dumping duty, that is to say the comparison between 
the normal value and the export prices. A change in the sales structure may, in principle, be included in all the 
relevant and duly documented elements, enabling the Commission to assess the need to maintain or amend an 
anti-dumping  measure.  However,  it  is  not  sufficient  to  modify  the  sales  structure  in  order  to  request  a 
recalculation  of  an  anti-dumping  duty.  The  applicants  were  not  in  a  position  to  provide  other  economic 
justifications for the change in the sales structure. In view of the above, the GC concluded that the Commission 

25 Russian exporting producer of fertilisers 

46 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
did not err in concluding that no significant and lasting change of circumstances within the meaning of Article 
11(3) of the basic regulation has taken place.            

Acron further claimed that the Commission failed to take account of Russia’s accession to the WTO as a factor 
of change and, in so doing, infringed its international WTO obligations, which constitutes ‘an infringement of 
the Treaty’. The GC found that the Commission did not breach the EU's WTO obligations as the question of 
compliance by Russia with the WTO did not, contrary to what is claimed by the Acron, form the subject of an 
assessment by the Commission. Indeed, the Commission did not conclude anywhere in the contested decision 
that 'Russia had not abided by its commitment with respect to its natural gas industry', nor did it state that 
'Russia did not comply with the Protocol. 

Lastly, Acron complained that the Commission failed to communicate to Acron the final calculation of the 
dumping margin and thereby breached its rights of defence and principle of legal certainty. The GC noted that 
given that the Commission concluded that there was no lasting change of circumstances regarding dumping, 
it  was  not  necessary  to  establish  a  new  dumping  margin.  If  the  institutions  conclude  that  the  change  of 
circumstances  on  which  the  author  of  the  review  request  relies  is  not  lasting  or  that  the  circumstances 
concerning dumping have not changes significantly, they may refrain, in the review procedure, from precisely 
calculating dumping margin.    

Case T-716/19 - Interpipe vs Commission 

On 14 July 2021, the GC dismissed the action brought by Interpipe Niko Tube and Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky 
Tube  Rolling  Plant  (the  ‘Applicants’)  against  Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2019/1295 
amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1469 imposing a definitive antidumping duty on imports of 
certain seamless pipes and tubes, of iron or steel, originating in Russia and Ukraine, following a partial interim 
review (the ‘contested regulation’). 

The  Applicants  challenged  the  determination  of their  normal  value  and  specific  adjustments  made  to  their 
export prices to the EU.  The two issues arose in the context of the complex sales channels of the Interpipe 
group for both domestic sales and export sales, which involve related companies selling to the first independent 
customers. 

First,  the  Applicants  claimed  that,  when  calculating  the  normal  value,  the  Commission  wrongly  took  into 
account the SG&A costs incurred on sales of the product concerned between the Applicants and its related 
company IPU, inflating the normal value both when applying the ordinary course of trade test, for the product 
types sold in Ukraine, and in constructing the normal value within the meaning of Article 2(3) of the basic 
regulation, for product types not sold in Ukraine. According to the Applicants the Commission thus breached 
Article 2(3), (4) and (6) of the basic Regulation, Article 2.2.2 of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement (the 
‘WTO  ADA’),  and  its  own  practice.  Moreover,  the  Applicants  argued  that  they  did  not  actually  incur  the 
SG&A costs at issue, but rather that those costs were merely theoretical and provided only to comply with the 
reporting requirements from the Commission’s questionnaire. 

The GC recalled that under Article 2(6) of the basic Regulation, SG&A costs must be based on data relating 
to the sales made in the ordinary course of trade (‘OCOT’). For the purpose of the OCOT test, the indirect sale 
must  be  taken  into  account  as  a  whole.  In  order  to  establish  whether  such  indirect  sale  is  profitable,  the 
Commission must verify whether the price charged by IPU enables it to recover the price that it paid to the 
Applicants and its SG&A costs. The GC therefore concluded that, if the Commission had not included the 
SG&A costs at issue in its calculation, it would have applied method of calculating the normal value which 
did not reflect the economic reality. With regard to the other arguments, the GC first pointed out that, since the 
WTO Appellate Body never ruled specifically on a situation such as that arising from indirect sales, it cannot 
be held that the Commission infringed Article 2(6) of the basic Regulation read in the light of Article 2.2.2 of 
the WTO ADA. Second, the GC reaffirmed that the lawfulness of a regulation imposing anti-dumping duties 
can  only  be  assessed  in  light  of  the  legal  provisions,  and  not  in  light  of  alleged  previous  practice  of  the 
Commission  or  the  Council.  Finally,  the  GC  confirmed  that  the  information  provided  in  response  to  the 
questionnaires (even as theoretical SG&A costs concerning the indirect sales) are essential to the operation of 
the AD procedure and the Commission must rely on information provided therein to establish its findings. 

Second, the Applicants took issue with the fact that the Commission decided to stop treating IPE as an internal 
export  sales  department  of  the  applicants,  instead  labelling  it  as  an  affiliated  trader  that  sells  the  product 
concerned on a commission basis. This entailed making a downward adjustment to the export price charged 

47 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
by the IPE, pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic Regulation. Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation provides 
that ‘commissions’ are one of ‘the factors for which adjustment can be made’ to ensure a fair comparison 
between the export price and the normal value.  

The GC recalled in that regard that when considering performing an adjustment for commissions pursuant to 
Article 2(10)(i) it is crucial to consider the economic reality of the relationship between the producer and the 
related trader. This includes taking account of all factors relevant to the determination as to whether or not that 
distributor carries out the functions of an integrated sales department within that producer. Taking into account 
the fact that IPCT did not exist as a distribution channel at the time of the previous interim review, as well as 
other confidential material communicated to the Applicants, the Commission considered that the adjustment 
should  be  applied. The  GC  found that  given  that  several  related  entities  were performing  at  least  partially 
identical  sales  functions,  the  Commission  was  justified  in  maintaining  that  those  entities  could  not  be 
considered as an internal sales department.  

The Applicants further submitted that the Commission infringed the obligation from Article 11(9) of the basic 
regulation to apply the same methodology in the review proceedings since in the previous reviews it did not 
take into account the SG&A costs at issue nor did it make the adjustment under Article 2(10)(i). 

The GC noted that the Commission applied the adjustment under Article 2(10)(i) on the basis of facts which 
it had not previously examined or from which it had not drawn any legal conclusions. In any event, changes 
in  the  structure  of  a  group  and  in  the  organization  of  its  export  sales  to  the  EU  represent  a  change  in 
circumstances in the sense of Article 11(9), allowing for a change in methodology. 

Finally, the Applicants claimed a breach of their rights of defence, since the Commission only communicated 
to them the new arguments on inclusion of SG&A costs at issue and the adjustment under Article 2(10)(i) in 
the letter of 2 August 2019, the same day as the publication of the contested regulation in the Official Journal.  

The GC noted that the letter did not contain any factual or legal material previously unknown to the Applicants 
or on which they were unable to express their views. Moreover, the GC rejected all the additional arguments 
the Applicants have raised. Thus, it was not shown that the Applicants’ arguments could have affected the 
outcome of the investigation, have they been raised earlier.   

7.5 Judgements rendered by the Court of Justice (a selection)  

C-56/19 P RFA International LP V Commission 

On  10  February  2021,  the  Court  of  Justice  dismissed  the  appeal  against  the  judgement  in  case  T-113/15 
concerning a rejection of applications for a refund of anti-dumping duties. The appeal was lodged by RFA 
International (‘RFA’), a Canadian trader related to two ferro-silicon producers from Russia. 

In the underlying investigation, the Commission rejected the refund applications because it established that the 
anti-dumping duty was not duly reflected in resale prices of RFA to the Union. In particular, the Commission 
found that the resale prices did not cover all the costs, including the anti-dumping duty. RFA challenged this 
finding arguing in essence that the Commission infringed Article 11(9) and (10) of the basic regulation by 
using a different methodology than the one used in the previous refund for assessing whether the anti-dumping 
duty is duly reflected in resale prices without that being justified by a change in circumstances. Article 11(9) 
of  the  basic  regulation  requires  the  Commission  to  use  the  same  methodology  in  all  review  or  refund 
investigations as in the as in the investigation which led to the duty, provided that circumstances have not 
changed.  Article  11(10)  of  the  basic  regulation  provides  for  the  possibility  of  not  deducting  anti-dumping 
duties from the constructed export price if ‘conclusive evidence’ is presented by the applicant for a refund, 
demonstrating  that  those  duties  are  duly  reflected  in  the  resale  prices  and  subsequent  selling  prices  in  the 
European Union. 

The  GC  dismissed  the  action  and  concluded  that  when  assessing  whether  the  anti-dumping  duty  is  duly 
reflected in the resales prices the Commission was justified to take into account also the production costs as 
opposed to only comparing resale prices between the original and refund investigation period. According to 
the GC, given that the production costs have increased significantly since the original investigation period, a 
change in methodology was justified. In the appeal, RFA claimed that  the GC failed its obligation to state 
reason by failing to address the argument relating to the absence of a change in circumstances. The Court of 

48 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Justice rejected the claim stating that the fact that RFA disagrees with the analysis carried out by the GC cannot 
establish a failure to state reason.  

RFA further argued that GC erred in law in the interpretation of Article 11(9) of the basic regulation claiming 
in  essence  that  there  was  no  change  in  circumstances  capable  of  justifying  the  abandonment  of  the 
methodology previously used in the present case. RFA argued in particular that the change found by the GC, 
associated with the increase in ferro-silicon production costs in Russia by more than 100% since the original 
investigation period, existed and was already known to the Commission at the time of the previous refund 
investigation carried out between 2008 and 2010. 

The Court of Justice found that GC erred in law in finding that there had been a change of circumstances in 
relation to what has been done in the context of an earlier investigation. However, the Court of Justice found 
that  the  operative  part  of  the  judgement  under  appeal  can  be  seen  to  be  well  founded  on  other  grounds. 
Therefore, the infringement by the GC is not capable of leading to the annulment of the judgement.   

According to the Court of Justice, a 'mere updating of the parameter relating to the production costs' cannot be 
regarded as a change of methodology within the meaning of Article 11(9) of the basic regulation. The Court 
of Justice thus endorsed the Commission’s practice with regard to duty as cost, which consists of a two-step 
approach: the first step is limited to a comparison of resale prices from the refund investigation with the resale 
prices during the original investigation period. The second step might be required if, like in the present case, 
the resale prices have changed due to external factors such as a change in export costs, an increase or decrease 
in raw materials cost or price fluctuations due to seasonality. This second step consists in ensuring that all the 
production costs and the anti-dumping duties are included in the resales prices. If other factors have influenced 
the resale price, those other factors need to be distinguished from the potential impact of the anti-dumping duty 
in order to determine if such duty is indeed reflected in the resale price.  

By  the  second  part  of  that  ground  of  appeal,  RFA  took  issue  with  the  burden  of  proof  imposed  on  it  and 
criticised  among  others  the  General  Court  for  finding  that,  proof  of  the  incorporation  of the  anti-dumping 
duties in the export prices could be adduced only by means of data relating to the ‘delivered duty paid’ prices. 
The Court of Justice held that RFA’s argument is based on a misinterpretation of the judgment under appeal. 
The Court of Justice further clarified that, contrary to what is claimed by the appellant, Article 11(10) of the 
basic regulation places the burden of proof on the party applying for the refund. The Commission is required 
to carry out only an examination of the content of the evidence provided by that party, and of the verifications 
underlying  that  examination,  in  order  to  determine  whether  that  party  has  proved  satisfactorily  and 
conclusively  that  the  anti-dumping  duty  was  duly  reflected  in  the  resale  prices  in  the  European  Union. 
Furthermore,  it  must  be  held  that,  by  referring  to  the  adjective  ‘conclusive’  in  Article  11(10)  of  the  basic 
regulation, the EU legislature intended to impose, under that provision, an even higher standard of burden of 
proof than that generally laid down under the basic regulation. 

Joined Cases C-884/19 P and C-888/19 P Commission v Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) and GMB 
Glasmanufaktur Brandenburg 

On 2 December 2021 the Court of Justice set aside the judgment of the General Court (‘GC’) of 24 September 
2019 Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) Holdings v commission (T-586/14) and referred the case back to the GC for 
a new ruling on the cases.  

The  cases  concerned  the  application  and  interpretation  of  Article  2(7)(c)  of  Council  Regulation  (EC)  No 
1225/2009 of 30 November 2009 (‘the former basic regulation’) which set out the conditions for producers 
based  in  non-market  economy  countries to claim  that  market  economy  conditions  prevail  for them  (‘MET 
claim’) and therefore their normal value should be established according to the standard methodology and not 
according to the “analogue country method”26. 

In this case, Xinyi PV (a Chinese producer) saw its request for MET rejected by the Commission on the ground 
that the company had not provided sufficient evidence that its productions costs and financial situation are not 
subject to significant distortions carried over from the former non-market economy system in particular in 
relation to depreciation of assets, other write-offs, barter trade and payment via compensation of debts.  

26 Under Council Regulation (EC) No 1225/2009 of 30 November 2009 (before the new anti-dumping methodology was adopted in 2017), in order to 
calculate dumping for China, the Commission was using data collected in an analogue country to establish the normal value in dumping investigations.  

49 

 
 
 
                                                           
Following the action for annulment of Xinyi PV, the GC held that the Commission had made a manifest error 
in its assessment of the existence of significant distortion in production costs and in the financial situation of 
the firm. 

In essence, the GC took into account the factors listed for the purposes of calculating the normal value in 
Article 2(1) to (6) of the former basic regulation and established a link between the significant distortion of the 
financial situation of the undertaking and the factors linked to the manufacture and sale of the like product 
concerned. It therefore interpreted the third indent of Article 2(7)(c) of the former basic regulation as meaning 
that the existence of a significant distortion of the overall financial situation of the producer concerned may 
lead to a rejection of a request for MET only if that distortion affects the production or sale of the like product 
concerned, which it is for the Commission to assess.  

The Commission and GMB challenged this interpretation and argued that by making the possibility of rejecting 
a  request  for  MET  because  of  a  significant  distortion  of  the  financial  situation  of  the  producer  concerned 
subject to the finding that that distortion affects the manufacture and sale of the like product concerned, the 
GC conflated those cumulative and distinct subconditions. The GC’s interpretation rendered the reference to 
the significant distortion of the financial situation of the producer concerned irrelevant. 

The  Court  of  Justice  considered  that  the  GC  interpretation  was  incorrect.  First,  as  regards  the  literal 
interpretation the use of the conjunction ‘and’ implies that it is for the producer to establish that there is no 
significant  distortion  of  its  production  cost  and  also  that  there  is  no  significant  distortion  of  its  financial 
situation. Consequently, MET cannot be granted if either of the subconditions is not met.  

Second, the GC erred in establishing a close link between Article 2(7)(c) and Article 2(1) to (6) of the former 
basic regulation. The Court of Justice held that by making the application of Article 2(7)(c) of the former basic 
regulation    subject  to  an  analysis  of  the  producer  aimed  at  ascertaining  whether  that  producer  operates  in 
accordance with principles enabling normal value to be calculated according to the standard methodology, the 
GC misconstrued the general scheme of those provisions.  

The Court of Justice also criticised the GC for reversing the burden of proof and imposing on the Commission 
the  burden  of  establishing  that  a  significant  distortion  of  the  financial  situation  of  the  producer  concerned 
affects the production or sale of the like product concerned.  

In addition, the Court of Justice also rejected the plea of Xinyi PV that criticised the Commission for having 
found that the tax incentives from which it benefited constituted distortions carried over from the former non-
market economy system. The Court held that the connection of a measure consisting in granting tax incentives 
to foreign investments in sectors considered strategic, such as the high-technology sector, with various five-
year plans implemented in China is sufficient for it to be presumed that that measure constitutes a distortion 
‘carried over from the former non-market economy system’ within the meaning of that provision. 

8. 

ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU 

This section describes the main developments and trends in the area of third country actions in 2021 (see 
also the Annual Report, as well as annex U (A - F) below for detailed figures). 

This section describes the main developments and trends in the area of third country actions in 2021(see also 
the Annual Report, as well as annex U (A - F) below for detailed figures). 
In 2021, the main users of the trade defence instruments against EU exports were the US with 38 measures in 
force, China with 19, Turkey with 17, and Brazil, Canada and India with 12 cases each, followed by Indonesia 
with 11. 
Besides these main users, other important cases in countries that use the instruments less frequently are also 
described below in this section. 

United States 

Overall trends 

In 2021, the US launched no new trade defence investigations affecting EU exports. This is in stark contrast 
to 2020 when the US were the country that launched the highest number of investigations affecting the EU (8).  

At the end of 2021, the US had 38 measures in force affecting EU imports. In the course of 2021, one measure 

50 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
was terminated (pressure sensitive plastic tape) and seven new measures were imposed of which 6 AD and 1 
AS  (common  alloy  aluminium  sheet,  forged  steel  fluid  end  blocks  (AD  and  AS),  methionine,  pre-stressed 
concrete steel wire strand, thermal paper, wind towers). 

Main cases 

Fluid end blocks AD and AS 

On 28 January 2021, the US Department of Commerce (DOC) imposed definitive AD and AS measures on 
imports of fluid end blocks from Germany and Italy. The US found that the EU Emission Trading System 
(ETS) and the EU Research Fund for Coal and Steel are countervailable subsidy schemes. The EU export value 
concerned was EUR 67 million. AD measures range from 0% to 71% and AS measures from 3% to 45%. The 
Commission  coordinated  its  efforts  with  the  German  and  Italian  authorities  and  intervened  as  appropriate 
during the investigation as well as at high political level, in order to avoid the measures. It will continue to 
intervene in order to convince the US to abandon the measures targeting the ETS, in line with the ongoing 
efforts to cooperate with the US in the fight against climate change.   

Common alloy aluminium sheet AD 

On 27 April 2021, the US DOC imposed AD measures on imports of common alloy aluminium sheets (CAAS) 
from six EU Member States: Germany, Spain, Italy, Slovenia, Romania and Croatia. The EU economic interest 
was EUR 520 million. AD measures range from 0% to 242.80%. Throughout the investigation the Commission 
has intervened in close cooperation with the EU industry, conveying in particular two concerns: (1) that such 
measures should be applied in a targeted way, whereas the US investigation covered a total of 18 countries 
representing almost all US imports, and (2) the excessively high level of AD duties as a result of ‘adverse facts 
available’ despite full cooperation of the exporters concerned.  

Ripe olives AD and AS 

On  8  December  2021,  the  US  DOC  launched  the  third  administrative  review  of  the  countervailing  duties 
against ripe olives from Spain. The US initially imposed these AS duties of up to 27 % and AD duties of up to 
25.5% on 1 August 2018 and they have been in force since then. Preliminary results of this review are expected 
in September 2022 at the earliest. The EU economic interest in this case is EUR 67 million (before imposition 
of measures). The AS measures target support measures under the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 
which  the  EU  considers  as  “green  box”,  i.e.  they  comply  with  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Agriculture.  The 
Commission challenged these duties before the WTO and on 20 December 2021 the WTO Dispute Settlement 
Body adopted the final panel report declaring these duties inconsistent with WTO rules. The US expressed its 
intention  to  comply  with  the  ruling  and  the  Commission  is  engaging  with  the  US  to  ensure  the  timely 
implementation of the panel ruling. Despite the favourable panel report, measures remain in place for the time 
being and companies and governments need to cooperate in the yearly reviews.  

China  

Overall trends 

In 2021, China's Trade defence activity towards the EU continued to be rather limited. The total number of 
measures in force against the EU at the end of 2021 was 19, equal to 2020.  

China  did  not  initiate  any  new  investigations  in  2021  but  imposed  one  new  measure  on  meta-cresol  from 
Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland and Netherlands. 

Turkey 

Overall trends 

At  the  end  of  2021,  Turkey  had  17  measures  in  force  that  affected  the  EU,  12  AD  and  5  SFG.  4  new 
investigations were initiated (3 AD: digital print foils, hot rolled steel and polyurethane artificial leather, the 
latter being an anti-circumvention investigation, and 1 SFG: grinding balls), which remains constant with 4 
initiations in 2020.   

There was 1 review of the SFG measure on wallpaper extended in July 2021 for additional 3 years, 1 new SFG 
measure, staple fibres, imposed in September 2021 for 3 years, and 1 new anti-circumvention measure, woven 
fabrics, imposed in August 2021 until January 2026.  

51 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Main cases 

Wallpaper SFG 

Review of the original SFG measure from 2015. This measure was already extended for 3 years in August 
2018,  including  a  TRQ  that  the  EU  successfully  negotiated  during  consultations.  The  second  review  was 
initiated on 16 January 2021 and concluded on 15 July 2021 by extending the validity of the measure until 5 
August 2024. Economic interest around EUR 13 million. 

Staple Fibres SFG 

The SFG investigation was initiated on 30 May 2020 and concluded on 24 September 2021 by imposing a 
specific duty of 0,06 USD/kg for 3 years (2nd period 0,058 and 3rd period 0,056). Economic interest: EUR 13 
million. 

Hot Rolled Steel AD 

This investigation was initiated in January 2021, very soon after the imposition of measures by the EU on the 
same product, and it is still ongoing. The Commission intervened on several occasions in close cooperation 
with the EU industry. The investigation was extended and should be finalized by the end of June. Economic 
interest around EUR 820 million. 

India   

Overall trends 

The total number of trade defence measures in force in 2021 has decreased as compared to 2020 (12 in 2021 
against 15 in 2020), even though India remains one of the most frequent users of the instruments against the 
EU, after the US and China. 

India has not initiated any SFG investigation last year, but has launched 2 new AD investigations in 2021 (4 
in 2020) against the EU. The 2 new cases concern imports of melamine and rubber chemicals. 

With regard to actions taken, India did not impose any duties in 2021 and has extended a temporary suspension 
of definitive AD duties imposed in 2019 (high-speed steel from Germany) for 12 months.  

Main cases 

Rubber Chemicals AD 

The  AD  investigation  was  initiated  in  March  2021,  targeting  imports  originating  in  or  exported  from  3 
countries, among which the EU (EU economic interest of around EUR 17 million). The product concerned is 
certain rubber chemicals (TDQ, CBS, PVI). The Commission intervened during the oral hearing and has filed 
written  submissions.  At  the  time  of  writing  this  report,  final  findings  have  not  been  issued  and  definitive 
measures have not yet been introduced.  

Indonesia 

Overall trends 

Indonesia is one of the most frequent users of SFG investigations in the world, regularly resorting to using 
SFG, rather than AD or AS.  

In 2021, Indonesia had increased the number of SFG measures in force to 11 (as compared to 9 in 2020).  

Up until recently in most of these investigations, the EU economic interest was negligible or limited. However, 
the situation has changed with the SFG investigation particularly on articles of apparel and clothing accessories 
and cigarette paper, (EU exports amounted to around EUR 82 million for the 2 products). In 2021, Indonesia 
initiated 2 SFG reviews (ceramic tiles and other alloy steel). The Commission actively intervened in all these 
cases, including at political level. 

Main cases 

Articles of apparel and clothing accessories SFG 

The SFG investigation was initiated in October 2020 (EU exports  EUR 76 million). The Commission filed 
several written submissions and has requested consultations in order to avoid or reduce the very high duties 
proposed by Indonesia. In November 2021, the SFG measures were nonetheless imposed, though at a level 
around 45% lower than initially recommended by the Indonesian authorities.  

Cigarette paper SFG 

52 

 
 
 
In  October  2020,  the  Indonesian  authorities  initiated  an  investigation  on  imports  of  cigarette  paper  (EU 
economic interest around EUR 6 million). The Commission provided written comments and has requested 
consultations to avoid or decrease the duties originally proposed. The measures finally imposed in December 
2021 were more than 50% lower and for a shorter duration (2 years, instead of 3) than initially recommended. 

Gulf Cooperation Council – GCC countries 

Overall trends 

At the end of 2021 there were 1 AD measure (uncoated paper or paperboard in rolls or sheets)  and 1 SFG 
measure chemical plasticisers) in force.   

Traditionally not a frequent user, in 2021, the GCC was very active and initiated 3 new AD investigations. The 
Commission actively intervened in all these cases, including at political level, and in various bilateral fora. 

Main cases 

Certain steel products SFG 

On 2 September 2021, the GCC decided not to impose definitive SFG measures on imports of certain steel 
products. This investigation was initiated in October 2019. There were several rounds of written submissions 
made by the Commission and several hearings took place (EU economic interest more than EUR 100 million).   

Electric accumulators AD 

In April 2021 an AD investigation against imports of electric accumulators (vehicle batteries), inter alia, from 
Spain, was initiated (export value around EUR 36 million). We intervened in close cooperation with the EU 
industry. At the time of writing this report, the authorities have recommended to exclude Spanish imports from 
the scope of the investigation, as its dumping margin was less than 2%, de minimis. 

Semi-chemical fluting paper AD 

In August 2021, an AD investigation on imports of semi-chemical fluting paper from Germany and France 
was  initiated  (export  value  around  EUR  29  million).  We  intervened  in  cooperation  with  the  industry  and 
continue to closely monitor. 

Ukraine  

Overall trends 

In 2021, 1 new SFG measure (fresh cut roses) was imposed, which brings the total  number of measures in 
force at the end of 2021 to 5 (1 AD, rubber plugs and 4 SFG, sulphuric acid and oleum, polymeric materials, 
polyurethane foam, and fresh cut roses). 

3 investigations were terminated (1 AD, aluminium ladders and 2 SFG, ceramic tiles and cables and wires). 

The  number  of  ongoing  investigations  by  Ukraine  remains  considerably  high.  There  were  4  new  SFG 
investigations initiated in 2021 (sodium hypochlorite, PVC profiles, tricone drilling bits and certain types of 
cheese), which represents 100% increase in comparison to 2020. Furthermore,  1 new SFG investigation on 
ceramic  tiles  was  terminated  without  measures.  The  Commission  intervened  in  all  these  investigations. 
Moreover, the Commission intervened on several occasions at political level with the Ukrainian authorities in 
order to make them reconsider their extensive use of the SFG instrument. 

Main cases 

Fresh cut roses SFG 
Initiated  in  July  2020,  95%  of  EU  exports  come  from  the  Netherlands.  The  Commission  made  a  written 
submission and held several rounds of consultations in order to avoid the very high duty of 139,7% or at least 
to reduce it. Following intense involvement of the Commission and the EU industry, the final measure of 56% 
was imposed on 21 April 2021 for 3 years (2nd period 44,8%% and 3rd period 35,48%), thus considerably 
reducing the originally proposed level of duty (EU  Economic interest: EUR 3 million).  

Aluminium ladders AD 

This AD investigation was initiated on 1 September 2021 and concerns imports from Slovakia and Poland. 
Following the EU submission, this case was terminated on 8 December 2021. (EU economic interest: EUR 20 
million). 

53 

 
 
 
 
Ceramic tiles SFG 

The investigation was initiated on 1 June 2021. The EU industry and several Member States were very active 
in this case. The Commission also filed a submission. The case was terminated on 23 July 2021 (EU economic 
interest: EUR 76 million). 

Cables and wires SFG 

This case was initiated on 28 July 2020. The Commission participated in a hearing and a round of consultations 
in April 2021. Despite the original announcement to terminate this investigation in spring 2021, the intention 
to impose measures was communicated in September 2021. The Commission contested the late notification 
(more  than  4  months  after  the  foreseen  end  of  the  investigation  according  to  UA  law)  by  an  additional 
submission in September 2021, following which the investigation was terminated (EU Economic interest: EUR 
20 million). 

Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)  

Overall trends 

The EAEU did not initiate any new investigation against the EU, nor did it impose any new measure. There is 
currently 1 AD measure in force (herbicides). 

Canada  

Overall trends 

In 2021, Canada has increased the number of measures imposed against the EU. At the end of 2021, Canada 
had 12 measures in force against the EU, 2 more than 2020. In terms of new investigations, Canada initiated 2 
AD  investigations  (certain  oil  country  tubular  goods  and  small  power  transformers,  both  originating  in 
Austria). In 3 cases, Canada imposed provisional measures. Canada also initiated a combined AD/AS interim 
review investigation on imports of refined sugar from the EU. 

Main cases 

Interim review investigation on refined sugar AD and AS 

On  6  August  2021,  Canada  initiated  a  combined  AD  (DE,  NL,  UK,  BE)  and  AS  (EU)  re-investigation  to 
recalculate  subsidy  amounts  and  dumping  duties.  Measures  are  in  place  since  1995.  EU  exports  since  the 
imposition of measures were very low and in 2019 amounted to EUR 3 million. 

The Commission has cooperated in the investigations. Regarding the AS investigation, the Commission has 
submitted evidence showing that there have been significant changes in the EU sugar market since the previous 
review, in particular, the sugar regime ended in 2017.  

Wheat gluten AD  

The investigation was initiated in August 2020, with  an export value of around EUR 11 million.  Member 
States concerned FR, BE, DE, LT, AT. The Canadian industry linked the increase of imports to the provisional 
entry into force of the CETA agreement on 21 September 2017, which is an element not linked to dumping. 
Canada also assessed whether there was a particular market situation in the EU market of wheat gluten. The 
Commission made three different submissions and replied to the questionnaire. It also participated in a hearing. 
In the end, Canada found that there was no particular market situation in the EU market of wheat gluten but 
decided to impose AD duties in April 2021.  

Egypt 

Overall trends 

At the end of 2021, there were 2 SFG measures in force (raw aluminium and iron/steel bars and rods/ semi-
finished products of iron/non-alloy steel). 

Main cases 

Edam and Gouda cheese SFG 

The investigation was initiated on 29 December 2020 against imports of Edam and Gouda cheese from the 
Netherlands.  Economic  interest around  EUR  30  million.  Definitive  measures  were  imposed  on 10 January 
2022, for a period of five years.  The Commission made several written submissions, in close contact with the 
Dutch authorities, to coordinate our interventions. 

54 

 
 
 
Morocco  

Overall trends 

Morocco continues to be a moderate user of the instruments. At the end of 2021 a total of 6 measures are in 
force against EU exports (1 AD and 5 SFG). 

During 2021, Morocco initiated 1 new SFG investigation (lighting columns) and reviewed 2 SFG measures in 
force (cold-rolled steel sheets, bars and wire rods).  

Main cases 

Lighting columns SFG 

The investigation was initiated on 23 April 2021. EU export value: EUR 49 million. The Commission made a 
submission  at  initiation.  The  European  industry  has  cooperated  and  some  Member  States  intervened  very 
actively since the very beginning. On 16 September 2021, the Moroccan authorities announced the application 
of a provisional SFG measure consisting of an ad valorem duty of 25% for a period of 200 days. It is still not 
clear when the measure will enter into force.  

Wire rod and rebar SFG expiry review 

In August 2021, Morocco initiated a third expiry review of the SFG measure on imports of wire rod and rebar. 
The Commission made a submission in cooperation with the EU industry. The investigation was finalised in 
December 2021 with the prolongation of measures as of 1 January 2022 until 15 October 2023.  

Cold rolled steel sheets and plated or coated sheets SFG expiry review 

In August 2021, Morocco initiated a second expiry review of the SFG measure on imports of cold-rolled steel 
sheets and plated or coated sheets. The Commission made a submission (no cooperation from the industry).  
On 21 December 2021, Morocco notified the extension of the SFG measure as of 1 January 2022 for 3 years, 
i.e. until 31 December 2024.  The SFG measure consists of an additional ad valorem duty of 13,75% applicable 
to imports of cold-rolled steel sheets and plated or coated sheets exceeding a fixed quota of 36 000 tonnes.  

South Africa 

Overall trends 

At the of 2021 there are 6 measures in force - 3 AD (2 measures on frozen chicken and 1 measure on ropes 
and cables) and 4 SFG  (bolts, frozen chicken (bilateral SFG), screws and threaded fasteners). 

2  new  AD  investigations  were  initiated  in  2021  (frozen  chicken  and  frozen  potato  chips)  thus  remaining 
constant with 2 investigations initiated in 2020. Moreover, South Africa imposed 1 new SFG measure (on the 
aforementioned bolts) like in 2020. 1 SFG investigation (structural steel) was terminated. South Africa  also 
imposed 1 provisional AD measure on frozen chicken 

Main cases 

Structural steel SFG 

The  investigation  was  initiated  in  June  2020.  The  investigating  authority  recommended  terminating  this 
investigation in January 2021. Following the comments by the interested parties on this recommendation, this 
case was indeed terminated on 17 September 2021. Economic interest EUR 9 million.  

Bolts SFG 

The  SFG  investigation  was  initiated  on  15  May  2020.  Despite  several  interventions  through  written 
submissions upon initiation and essential facts, provisional measures were imposed on 13 November 2020. 
The definitive duty of 31,08% came into effect as of 10 December 2021 for a duration of 3 years (2nd period 
30,8% and 3rd period 29,8%). Economic interest around EUR 16 million. 

Frozen Chicken AD and bilateral SFG 

An expiry review of the AD measure was initiated in March 2020 and concluded in August 2021, upholding 
the original duty levels imposed on imports from the Netherlands and Germany. The Commission has been 
heavily contesting the circumstances of the review, but also of the original investigation through numerous 
interventions on technical and political level, including comments on initiation, essential facts and final report. 

55 

 
 
 
In  parallel,  the  bilateral  dispute  settlement  proceeding  on  frozen  chicken  is  still  ongoing.  Bilateral  SFG 
measures were originally imposed in 2018 for a duration of 3,5 years, with a decreasing ad valorem duty (from 
35% to 15%). Following several attempts to find an amicable solution, dispute settlement was requested by 
the EU, which has been advancing very slowly due to  the  unresponsiveness of South  Africa. A panel was 
finally established in late 2021. It will issue the final report most likely after the lapse of the duties, foreseen 
on 11 March 2022.  

In addition, a ‘new’ frozen poultry AD investigation was initiated on 24 February 2021. The Commission has 
intervened in all appropriate fora in support of the already heavily hampered frozen poultry sector. Despite a 
number of interventions, preliminary measures were imposed in December 2021. Final measures, if any, are 
expected in spring 2022. The EU economic interest is valued at around EUR 100 million.  

Pasta AD 

This  case  was  initiated  on  18  September  2020  and  concerned  Latvia  and  Lithuania.  Despite  several 
interventions on technical and political level, measures between 3 and 73% were imposed on 23 August 2021. 
Other countries concerned: Egypt and Turkey. EU economic interest: EUR 8 million. 

Other important cases 
AD cases on EU exports of frozen fries  

In  2021,  there  were  four  on-going  AD  investigations  against  exports  of  frozen  fries  from  different  EU 
countries. The combined value of EU exports covered by these investigations was close to EUR 150 million. 
The  investigating  countries  were  Colombia,  New  Zealand,  South  Africa  and  Brazil.  In  2021,  Colombia 
continued with the expiry review initiated in 2020, with very few developments. In August 2021, South Africa 
terminated the expiry review of measures imposed in 2016 without duties, but initiated a new investigation in 
November. New Zealand also terminated an AD investigation without measures. Brazil concluded a review of 
the product scope of the measures imposed in 2017 without the extension of measures to other types of frozen 
fries. The Commission intervened strongly in all the above cases in close cooperation with the EU industry 
and Member States affected. As a result, exporters can continue to export to South Africa without duties for 
the time being and Brazilian measures were not extended to other product types. Finally, the WTO dispute 
settlement proceeding against Colombia frozen fries is still ongoing. The Panel report is expected by summer 
2022. 

Commission’s successful interventions 

Examples of successful Commission interventions are listed below. 

In  October  2019,  the  Gulf  Cooperation  Council  (GCC)  initiated  a  SFG  investigation  regarding  imports  of 
certain steel products. The Commission, in close cooperation with the European industry and Member States 
concerned  were  very  active  throughout  the  whole  investigation.  There  were  several  rounds  of  written 
submissions made by the Commission and several hearings took place. In February 2021, the Essential Facts 
Report  was  circulated,  which  determined  that  the  criteria  for  imposition  of  measures  were  met.  The 
Commission presented again a series of comments in particular in relation to the proposed enlargement of the 
product scope.   

Finally, on 2 September 2021, the GCC Ministerial Committee did not approve the Permanent Committee’s 
proposal for the imposition of definitive SFG measures and the investigation was terminated. 

The Commission persuasively intervened in one AD and two SFG investigations conducted by Ukraine on 
imports of aluminium ladders, ceramic tiles, cables and wires. The Commission has repeatedly insisted that 
measures  would  not  be  compatible  with  WTO  rules.  These  actions  led  to  the  termination  of  all  these 
investigations by the Ukrainian authorities without imposition of any measures allowing for a market, of a 
combined export value of EUR 116 million, not to be closed. 

The Commission, together with the EU industry and Member States, also successfully intervened to obtain a 
lower  level  of  SFG  duty  on  exports  of  fresh  cut  roses  to  Ukraine  (from  initially  139,7%  to  56%)  after 
consultations held with the Ukrainian authorities. Economic interest is EUR 3 million. 

9. 

ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO 

9.1  Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence  

56 

 
 
 
 
 
The WTO procedure for the settlement of disputes between WTO Members concerning the application of the 
WTO agreements is divided into two main stages.  

The first stage consists of bilateral consultations between the WTO Members concerned. If those consultations 
fail to settle the dispute, the second stage can be opened by requesting the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to 
establish a panel.  

WTO Members, other than the complaining and defending parties, with an interest in a given dispute, can 
intervene as 'third parties' before the panel.  

The panel issues a report, which must be adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to 
become binding between the parties to the dispute. In a fully functioning WTO dispute settlement system (see 
further below), panel reports first can be appealed before the WTO Appellate Body (AB) (each appeal being 
heard by three members of a permanent seven-member body set up by the Dispute Settlement Understanding 
(DSU)).  

Both the panel report and the report by the AB are adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) unless the 
DSB rejects the report by unanimity. The findings of a panel report or an AB report have to be implemented 
by the WTO Member whose measures have been found to be inconsistent with the relevant WTO Agreements.  

If the complaining WTO Member is not satisfied with the way the reports are implemented, it can ask for the 
establishment of a so-called 'implementation panel'. Here too, an appeal against the findings of the panel is 
possible.  

Anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguards measures are among the most common subject matters in WTO 
dispute settlement. The EU is an active participant actively in WTO dispute settlement proceedings as a third 
party in relation to TDI.  

Regarding  the  procedures  described  above,  it  should  be  noted  that,  since  11  December  2019,  due  to  the 
blockage of new appointments to the AB, the WTO dispute settlement system is not able to function fully, 
because there are no members on the Appellate Body. This affects the capacity of the WTO dispute settlement 
system to deliver binding resolutions of trade disputes and undermines rules-based international trade.  

The EU has been tireless in its efforts to find, together with the WTO Membership, a lasting solution to this 
situation. Pending such a solution, the EU, together with certain other WTO Members, built a workaround 
arrangement to apply as long as the appointments to the AB remain blocked. Known as the ‘MPIA’, the Multi-
party interim appeal arbitration arrangement allows its participating WTO Members to bring appeals and solve 
disputes within the framework of the DSU despite the current paralysis of the AB. It achieves this through the 
conclusion of  agreements between  participating  WTO  Members  to  have appeals in  disputes  between  them 
dealt  with  by  way  of  arbitration  within  the  framework  of  the  DSU.  In  this  way,  the  MPIA  provides  a 
functioning,  binding,  two-tier  and  independent  dispute  settlement  system  in  the  disputes  that  it  covers.  It 
mirrors the usual WTO appeal rules and, for as long as the AB remains unable to function fully, can be used 
between any Members of the WTO that join the MPIA.   

The MPIA shows that participating WTO Members value and are willing to take concrete action to preserve 
an independent dispute settlement system with an appeal function. The MPIA will apply until a lasting solution 
to  the  AB  situation  is  found.  Finding  that  solution  remains  the  EU’s  priority.  The  world  needs  a  properly 
functioning, multilateral, rules-based global trading system, with a functioning dispute settlement system at its 
core.  

DS494:  European  Union  –  Cost  Adjustment  Methodologies  and  Certain  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on 
Imports from Russia  

On 24 July 2020, the panel circulated to all WTO Members its final report in DS494 European Union – Cost 
Adjustment  Methodologies  and  Certain  Anti-Dumping  Measures  on  Imports  from  Russia.    Both  parties 
appealed the report. 

However, with the ongoing difficulties in the WTO Dispute Settlement, there was no progress in 2021.  

DS521: European Union — Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Cold-Rolled Flat Steel Products from 
Russia 

57 

 
 
 
 
 
 
The case dates back to January 2017, when the Russian Federation requested consultations with the European 
Union concerning anti-dumping measures imposed by the European Union on imports of certain cold-rolled 
flat steel products from the Russian Federation. Consultations with Russia took place on 8 June 2017. Almost 
two years later, on 13 March 2019, the Russian Federation requested the establishment of a panel. The panel 
was established on 16 March 2020. Written procedure took place during the summer 2020 whereas the first 
substantive meeting planned for the autumn was postponed due to COVID-19 related travel restrictions.     

There was no progress on this case during 2021 as Russia continued to postpone during the year. 

9.2    Meetings of the WTO Anti-dumping, ASCM and Safeguards Committees.  

The twice-yearly meetings of the Subsidies and Countervailing, Anti-dumping and Safeguards Committees 
were  held  in  April  and  October  2021,  again  in  virtual  format.  The  Anti-dumping  Working  Group  on 
Implementation also met virtually in October 2021.  

The  Commission  submitted  the  EU’s  Subsidy  notification  to  the  WTO  in  July  2021.  This  exercise  in 
transparency, which is due every second year, is crucial in understanding the level and impact of subsidies 
granted  by  WTO  countries.  Unfortunately,  the  track  record  on  members  making  timely  and  complete 
notifications has been poor.  The Commission continued in 2021 to urge members to meet their notification 
obligations.    

In the AD Committee, the EU raised a number of third countries’ investigations of concern for EU Exporters. 
These included: a review investigation on imports of frozen chips / fries from Belgium and the Netherlands by 
the  South  African  Customs  Union  (SACU);  a  review  of  measures  on  refined  sugar  from  Denmark,  the 
Netherlands,  UK  and  Belgium  by  Canada  and  the  preliminary  AD  duties  on  imports  on  common  alloy 
aluminium sheet originating in seven EU Member States by the US.  

In the ASCM Committee, under the now regular agenda item on the role of subsidies as a contributor to excess 
capacity, discussion took place on the role of below market financing in contributing to overcapacities.  There 
was also an exchange on the harmful impact of overcapacities on the environment as well as loss to investment 
in R & D by competing industries. 

During  the  WTO  Safeguard  Committee  meetings  in  April  and  October  2021,  the  EU  raised  a  number  of 
concerns  regarding  the  following  investigations:  Indonesia:  Articles  of  apparel  and  clothing  accessories, 
Morocco: hot rolled steel, wire rods and reinforcing bars, cold rolled sheets, lighting columns, South Africa: 
steel screws with hexagon heads, Turkey: polyester staple fibres,   and Ukraine: sodium hypochlorite, PVC 
profiles. The EU also defended its position concerning the safeguard measures on certain steel products, which 
were subject to criticism from India, China, Russia, Japan, Switzerland and Korea. 

10. 

AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF AUDITORS 

During  2021,  the  Commission  continued  implementing  the  recommendations  of  the  European  Court  of 
Auditors contained in the report of the audit on the EU’s Trade defence policy, published in July 2020. The 
report, which concluded that the Commission successfully enforces the EU’s trade defence policy, proposed 
six recommendations for trade defence investigations, as follows; 

(i) 
(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv) 

(v) 

(vi) 

better document how review of confidentiality issues was carried-out; 
 to seek  additional  communication channels  with stakeholders to raise  awareness  of trade  defence 
instruments;  
to provide further guidance to in questionnaires to interested parties, as well as to investigators on 
how to analyse relevant competition issues raised by parties;   
 to stipulate criteria for identifying trade defence measures with the highest risk of circumvention, as 
well as to carry regular evaluations to estimate the overall effectiveness of trade defence measures;  
to use its powers of initiating ex-officio investigations more fully, including by specifying the criteria 
to initiate an investigation for new products ex-officio and by acting swiftly where conditions are met 
for an ex-officio initiation and  
to  prioritise  its  response  to  third-country  measures  more  effectively,  in  particularly  by  defining 
specific criteria for its response. 

The Commission had accepted all the recommendations, except for recommendation (v) relating to ex-officio 
investigations  which  the  Commission  accepted  partially.  This  is  because  the  Commission  considered  its 
practice with respect to ex-officio investigations to be fully in line with the applicable legislation.  

58 

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
As far as the implementation of the recommendations in 2021 is concerned;  
(i) 

(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv) 

(v) 

(vi) 

The Commission developed an IT based solution to document the confidentiality assessments of the 
documents that will become operational in 2022.  
Covid  related  restrictions  delayed  full  implementation  of  the  second  recommendation.  A  seven 
module information package explaining the purpose, application and relevance of the trade defence 
instruments for SMEs was developed. This was placed on-line in early 2022 and will be disseminated 
through Member States and relevant stakeholders.  
As  regards  competition  aspects  in  trade  defence,  the  Commission  developed  guidance  for 
stakeholders/interested parties as well as for case-handlers on how to address competition issues in 
investigations. This will be implemented in cases from early 2022. 
The Commission, already committed to enforcement, developed a new policy on monitoring based 
on  a  detailed  mapping  of  systemic  risk  factors  associated  with  trade  defence  measures.  The  risk 
factors, together with a standardised scoring system, forms the basis for objective prioritisation of 
monitoring  activities  as  from  the  end  of  2021.  Channels  for  exchanging  risk  information  with 
associated Commission services (such as OLAF, DG TAXUD and DG BUDG) as well as Member 
States' customs administrations and the Union industry, were further developed.  
As  regards  ex-officio  investigations,  while  not  accepting  the  recommendation  fully  as  explained 
above,  the  Commission  nevertheless  set  out  on  its  website,  more  information  regarding  such 
investigations  in  order  to  address  certain  misconceptions  and  provide  additional  guidance  for  the 
European industry.   
In 2021, the Commission established criteria to identify third country trade defence cases that present 
the most important economic, systemic and political interest, as well as the level of cooperation by 
European exporters. 

The recommendations also included an evaluation of the effectiveness of trade defence instruments which is 
to be done in 2023.  

11. 

EXPORT TRANSPARENCY AND AUTHORISATION SCHEME FOR COVID-19 VACCINES AND THEIR 
ACTIVE SUBSTANCES  

On 29 January 2021, the Commission decided on a temporary export authorisation regime, pursuant to Article 
5 of Regulation (EU) 2015/479, for COVID-19 vaccines covered by Advanced Purchase Agreements (APA) 
with the Union to ensure adequate supplies in the Union to meet the vital demand27. Under this scheme, export 
authorisations  had to be requested for  exports  of  COVID-19  vaccines  and their  active  substances during  a 
period of six weeks. With Regulation (EU) 2021/442 this scheme was prolonged until 30 June 2021.  

In  March  2021,  the  principles  of  reciprocity  and  proportionality  were  introduced  as  new  criteria  to  be 
considered for authorising exports in Regulation (EU) 2021/521. This Regulation also suspended the exempted 
export destinations, except the EU’s overseas countries and territories, and some small states in Europe with a 
particular dependency on the metropolitan supply chains of the Member States to which they are attached to. 
Initially, this Regulation was valid for 6 weeks. This period was extended by Regulation (EU) 2021/734 and 
the  list  of  exempted  export  destinations  was  further  broadened  to  include  the  EFTA  countries.  Due  to  the 
continuing need for transparency and security of supply, the export authorisation scheme, together with the 
principles of reciprocity and proportionality was prolonged twice until 31 December 2021. On 26 November 
2021, the Commission announced that it would replace the transparency and authorisation scheme with an 
export monitoring system on the same products from 1 January 2022 onwards28..  

27 Regulation (EU) 2021/111 (OJ LI 31, 30.1.2021, p. 1) 
28 Regulation (EU) 2021/2071 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEXES 

SUMMARY 

LIST OF ANNEXES 

ANNEX A 

New investigations initiated during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX B 

New investigations initiated 

ANNEX C 

ANNEX D 

ANNEX E 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of provisional duties during the period 1 
December - 31 December 2021 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties during the period 1 
December - 31 December 2021 

New investigations terminated without imposition of measures during the period 1 
December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX H 

Other reviews concluded during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX I 

ANNEX J 

ANNEX K 

ANNEX L 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 December - 31 December 
2021 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 December - 31 
December 2021 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 December - 
31 December 2021 

Safeguard investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 December - 31 
December 2021 

ANNEX M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX N 

Measures which expired during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

ANNEX O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2021 

ANNEX P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2021 

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ANNEXES 

SUMMARY 

ANNEX Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2021 

ANNEX R 

Anti-dumping & anti-subsidy investigations pending on 31 December 2021 

ANNEX S 

Court cases 

ANNEX T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2021 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEX  A 

New investigations initiated 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Graphite electrode systems 

Calcium silicon 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

China 

China 

C 57; 17.02.2021, p.3 

C 58; 18.02.2021, p.60 

Superabsorbent polymers 

Rep. Of Korea 

C 58; 18.02.2021, p.73 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Electrolytic chromium 
coated steel (ECCS) products 

Electrolytic chromium 
coated steel (ECCS) products 

Russia 

Turkey 

China 

Brazil 

Aluminium road wheels 

Morocco 

C 245; 24.06.2021, 
p.21 

C 245; 24.06.2021, 
p.21 

C 387; 24.09.2021, p.2 

C 387; 24.09.2021, p.2 

C 464; 17.11.2021, 
p.19 

Fatty acid 

Ceramic tiles 

Ceramic tiles 

Indonesia 

C 482; 30.11.2021, p.5 

India 

Turkey 

C 501; 13.12.2021, 
p.25 

C 501; 13.12.2021, 
p.25 

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B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

India 

C 57; 17.02.2021, p.16 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indonesia 

C 57; 17.02.2021, p.16 

Graphite electrode systems 

China 

C 466; 18.11.2021, p.6 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEX  B 

A) New investigations initiated by product sector during the period 2017 - 
2021 (31 December) 

Product sector 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

2021 

Chemical and allied 

Electronics 

Iron and Steel 

Other 

Other mechanical engineering 

Other metals 

Wood and paper 

Grand Total 

Of which 

anti-dumping 

anti-subsidy 

5 

4 

1 

10 

8 

2 

1 

7 

7 

1 

16 

11 

5 

2 

2 

6 

4 

1 

15 

12 

3 

3 

6 

4 

1 

14 

11 

3 

4 

7 

11 

9 

2 

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B) New investigations initiated by country of export during the period 2017 - 
2021 (31 December) 

Country / territory of origin 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

2021 

Argentina 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Brazil 

Egypt 

India 

Indonesia 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Malaysia 

P.R. China 

Russia 

Saudi Arabia 

Taiwan 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

USA 

Trinidad and Tobago 

Bahrain 

North Macedonia 

Morocco 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

2 

1 

7 

1 

1 

11 

10 

16 

15 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

14 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEX  C 

New investigations where provisional duties were imposed 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Hot rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy 
or other alloy steel 

Turkey 

L 3; 07.01.2021, p.4 

Aluminium flat-rolled products 

China 

L 124; 12.04.2021, p.40 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

India 

L 188; 28.05.2021, p.61 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indonesia 

L 188; 28.05.2021, p.61 

Mono ethylene glycol 

USA 

L 205; 11.06.2021, p.4 

Mono ethylene glycol 

Saudi Arabia  L 205; 11.06.2021, p.4 

Birch plywood 

Russia 

L 205; 11.06.2021, p.47 

Aluminium converter foil 

Calcium silicon 

Graphite electrode systems 

China 

China 

China 

L 216; 18.06.2021, p.142 

L 366; 15.10.2021, p.17 

L 366; 15.10.2021, p.62 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

None 

Country of 
origin 

- 

- 

OJ Reference 

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ANNEX  D 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Aluminium extrusions 

China 

L 109; 30.03.2021, p.1 

Hot rolled flat products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel 

Turkey 

L 238; 06.07.2021, p.32 

Aluminium flat-rolled products 

China 

L 359; 11.10.2021, p.6 

Birch plywood 

Mono ethylene glycol 

Russia 

USA 

L 394; 09.11.2021, p.7 

L 402; 15.11.2021, p.17 

Mono ethylene glycol 

Saudi Arabia 

L 402; 15.11.2021, p.17 

Optical fibre cables 

China 

L 410; 18.11.2021, p.51 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

India 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

Aluminium converter foil 

Steel wind towers 

Indonesia 

China 

China 

L 410; 18.11.2021, p.153 

L 410; 18.11.2021, p.153 

L 438; 08.12.2021, p.46 

L 450; 16.12.2021, p.59 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

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Product 

Aluminium converter foil 

Country of 
origin 

People's Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

L 458; 22.12.2021, p.344 

Concluded: amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Aluminium converter foil 

China 

L 458; 22.12.2021, 
p.344 

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ANNEX  E 

New investigations terminated without the imposition of measures 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-
alloy or other alloy steel 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Turkey 

L 186; 27.05.2021, p.26 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

None 

Country of 
origin 

- 

- 

OJ Reference 

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ANNEX  F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Ring binder mechanisms 

Molybdenum wires 

Silicon   

Sodium cyclamate 

Sodium cyclamate 

Aspartame 

Cold-rolled flat steel products 

Cold-rolled flat steel products 

India 

India 

China 

China 

China 

China 

C 90; 17.03.2021, p.8 

C 90; 17.03.2021, p.19 

C 183; 11.05.2021, p.8 

C 251; 28.06.2021, 
p.17 

C 258; 02.07.2021, p.8 

C 284; 16.07.2021, p.4 

Indonesia 

C 284; 16.07.2021, p.4 

China 

China 

Russia 

C 303; 29.07.2021, 
p.12 

C 311; 03.08.2021, p.6 

C 311; 03.08.2021, p.6 

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Concluded: confirmation of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Sulphanilic acid 

Citric acid 

Monosodium glutamate 

China 

China 

China 

L 85; 12.03.2021, p.154 

L 129; 15.04.2021, p.73 

L 132; 19.04.2021, p.63 

Monosodium glutamate 

Indonesia 

L 132; 19.04.2021, p.63 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel 

Belarus 

L 132; 19.04.2021,p.145 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel 

China 

L 132; 19.04.2021,p.145 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel 

Russia 

L 132; 19.04.2021,p.145 

Rainbow trout 

Turkey 

L 183; 25.05.2021, p.5 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

PSC wires and strands 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

USA 

USA 

China 

China 

L 277; 02.08.2021, p.34 

L 277; 02.08.2021, p.62 

L 309; 02.09.2021, p.8 

L 327; 16.09.2021, p.1 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Taiwan 

L 327; 16.09.2021, p.1 

Continuous filament glass fibre products 

China 

L 65; 25.02.2021, p.1 

Wire rod 

China 

L 364; 13.10.2021, p.14 

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Concluded: termination and repeal of the measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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Concluded: amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

- 

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ANNEX  G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Hot rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel 

Russia 

C 18, 18.01.2021, 
p.36 

Rainbow trout 

Turkey 

Steel ropes and cables 

Rep. Of Korea 

Rainbow trout 

Turkey 

C 40; 05.02.2021, 
p.12 

C 313; 05.08.2021, 
p.9 

C 380; 20.09.2021, 
p.15 

Concluded: amendment of duty 

Product 

- 

Country of 
origin 

- 

- 

OJ Reference 

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Concluded by termination without amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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ANNEX  H 

Other reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics, certain 

China 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics, certain 

Egypt 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics, certain 

China 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics, certain 

Egypt 

C 199; 27.05.2021, 
p.6 

C 199; 27.05.2021, 
p.6 

C 199; 27.05.2021, 
p.6 

C 199; 27.05.2021, 
p.6 

Concluded: confirmation/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of origin 

OJ Reference 

Sweetcorn in kernels 

Thailand 

L 68; 26.02.2021, p.149 

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Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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ANNEX  I 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Initiated 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

OJ Reference 

China 

China 

China 

Canada 

Canada 

L 263; 23.07.2021, p.1 

L 263; 23.07.2021, p.1 

L 263; 23.07.2021, p.1 

L 436; 07.12.2021, p.28 

L 436; 07.12.2021, p.28 

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

OJ Reference 

Ceramic tableware and kitchenware  China 

L 369; 19.10.2021, p.5 

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Product 

Concluded: termination 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

OJ Reference 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Canada 

L 311; 03.09.2021, p.1 

Canada 

L 311; 03.09.2021, p.1 

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ANNEX  J 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven and/or stitched) 

Egypt 

01.12.2021 
C483/29 
[R753] 

Concluded with increase of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded without increase of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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Concluded without increase of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

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ANNEX  K 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Initiated 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics, certain 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics, certain 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics, certain 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics, certain 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Turkey 

Turkey 

OJ Reference 

L 190; 31.05.2021, p.82 

L 190; 31.05.2021, p.76 

L 448; 15.12.2021, p.58 

L 448; 15.12.2021, p.52 

Concluded with extension of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

OJ Reference 

Thailand 

L 325; 15.09.2021, p.24 

Aluminium foil in rolls 

Aluminium foil 

06/01/2022 12:31 

Thailand 

L 325; 15.09.2021, p.6 

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Concluded without extension of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Exemptions granted and/or rejected 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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ANNEX  L 

Safeguard investigations initiated or concluded 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

New/review investigations initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ Reference 

Steel products (certain) review 

Erga Omnes  

C 66; 26.02.2021, p. 50 

Steel products (certain) review 

Erga Omnes  

C 509; 17.12.2021, p. 
12 

New/review investigations terminated without imposition of measures 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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Issue of licences 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 

Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Safeguard measures which expired 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Date of 
expiry 

None 

- 

- 

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ANNEX  M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

Undertakings accepted 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Undertakings withdrawn or repealed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Undertakings which expired/lapsed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure(s) & 
OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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Undertakings which expired/lapsed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure(s) & 
OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

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ANNEX  N 

Measures which expired / lapsed 

during the period 1 December - 31 December 2021 

(chronological by date of publication) 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure  
& OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

High fatigue performance steel 
concrete reinforcement bars 

China 

- 

NoE C 303; 
29.07.2021, p.23 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure  
& OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

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ANNEX  O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2021 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Cases 

Country / 
territory 

Extension 

Regulation 

Acesulfame potassium 

P.R. China 

Aluminium converter foil 

P.R. China 

Aluminium extrusions 

P.R. China 

L 125, 21.05.2015, p. 
15 
L 287, 31.10.2015, p. 
52 

L 216; 18.06.2021, 
p.142 
L 438; 08.12.2021, 
p.46 

L 336; 13.10.2020, p.8 
L 109; 30.03.2021, p.1 

L332;18.12.2015, p.63 
Extension (circum.) 
L 40; 17.02.2017, p.51 

Aluminium foil 

Aluminium foil 

P.R. China 

P.R. China  Thailand 

L 325; 15.09.2021, p.6 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

P.R. China  Thailand 

Aluminium radiators 

P.R. China 

L 251, 18.09.2012, p. 
29 
L 69, 13.03.2013, p. 11 
L 146; 05.06.2019, p. 
63 

L 325; 15.09.2021, 
p.24 

L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 
17 
L 310, 09.11.2012, p. 1 
L 12; 15.01.2019, p.22 

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Aluminium road wheels 

P.R. China 

L 18; 24.01.2017, p.1 

Ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

Aspartame 

P.R. China 

Barium carbonate 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Indonesia 

P.R. China  Malaysia 

P.R. China  Sri Lanka 

P.R. China  Tunisia 

P.R. China  Cambodia 

P.R. China  Pakistan 

P.R. China  Philippines 

L 280, 24.09.2014, p. 
19 
L41; 18.02.2016, p.13 
L 425; 16.12.2020, 
p.21 

L 50; 26.02.2016, p.4 
L 204; 29.07.2016, 
p.92 

L 27; 28.01.2005, p.4 
L189; 18.07.2005. p.15 
L 250; 28.09.2017, 
p.34 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
17 
Amendment 
L 47; 24.02.2017, p.13 
L 225; 29.08.2019, p.1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 
L 248; 31.07.2020, p.5 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 

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Bicycles (parts) 

P.R. China 

China 
(bicycle 
parts) 

C 299, 05.09.2014, p. 
7 
L 132, 29.05.2015, p. 
32 
Amendment 
L 331, 17.12.2015, 
p.30 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
69 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.31 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.34 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

USA 

USA 

Birch plywood 

Russia 

Cast iron articles 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tableware and kitchenware 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tiles 

P.R. China 

certain corrosion resistant steels 

P.R. China 

Canada 

L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

L 205; 11.06.2021, 
p.47 
L 394; 09.11.2021, p.7 

L 211; 17.08.2017, 
p.14 
L 25; 30.01.2018, p.6 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
28 
L 131, 15.05.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 314; 30.11.2017, 
p.31 
L 189; 15.07.2019, p.8 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 67, 12.03.2015, p. 23 
L 307; 23.11.2017, 
p.25 

L 207; 10.08.2017, p.1 
L 34; 08.02.2018, p.16 
Extension (circum.) 

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certain polyvinyl alcohols 

P.R. China 

L 315; 29.09.2020, p.1 

L 255; 05.08.2020, 
p.36 

Chamois leather 

P.R. China 

Citric acid 

P.R. China  Malaysia 

Citric acid 

P.R. China 

Citrus fruits 

P.R. China 

Coated fine paper 

P.R. China 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

P.R. China 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

Russia 

E-bicycles 

P.R. China 

Ferro-silicon 

P.R. China 

Ferro-silicon 

Russia 

L 334, 06.12.2012, p. 
31 
L 50; 21.02.2019, p.5 

L 10; 15.01.2016, p.3 
L 129; 15.04.2021, 
p.73 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 15 
L 129; 15.04.2021, 
p.73 

Reopening 
L 49, 22.02.2013, p. 29 
L 354, 11.12.2014, p. 
17 
L 351; 22.10.2020, p.2 

L 299; 16.11.2010, p.7 
L 128; 06.05.2011, p.1 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.168 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 

L 181; 18.07.2018, p.7 
L 16; 18.01.2019, 
p.108 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 

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Filament glass fibre products 

P.R. China 

L 243; 16.09.2010, 
p.40 
L 67; 15.03.2011, p.1 
L 107; 25.04.2017, p.4 

Glass fibre fabrics 

Glass fibre fabrics 

Egypt 

L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 

P.R. China 

L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Japan 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

P.R. China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Graphite electrode systems 

USA 

India 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 64; 10.03.2017, p.46 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

P.R. China  Thailand 

L 151; 11.06.2009, p.1 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

P.R. China 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 112, 24.04.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 265, 05.09.2014, p. 7 

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Extension (circum.) 
L 214; 09.08.2016, p.1 

heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel 

P.R. China 

L 50; 28.02.2017, p.18 

heavyweight thermal paper 

Korea (Rep. of) 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

Indonesia 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

P.R. China 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

Taiwan 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

Brazil 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

Iran 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

P.R. China 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

Russia 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

Ukraine 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel  

Turkey 

L 164; 27.05.2020, 
p.28 
L 346; 20.10.2020, 
p.19 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 272; 07.10.2016, 
p.33 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.68 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 3; 07.01.2021, p.4 
L 238; 06.07.2021, 
p.32 

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Ironing boards 

P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

P.R. China 

Lever arch mechanisms 

P.R. China 

Melamine 

P.R. China 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

USA 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

Trinidad and Tobago 

Molybdenum wires 

P.R. China  Malaysia 

Molybdenum wires  

P.R. China 

mono ethylene glycol 

Saudi Arabia 

L 338; 20.12.2010, 
p.22 
L 252; 02.10.2019, p.1 

Reopening 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p. 5 
L 198, 23.07.2013, p. 1 

L 238, 04.09.2012, p.5 
L 279; 09.11.2018, 
p.17 

L 298; 15.11.2010, 
p.10 
L 124; 10.05.2011, p.2 
L 170; 01.07.2017, 
p.62 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

Extension (circum.) 
L8, 12.01.2012, p. 22 

Extension (circum.) 
L 243, 12.09.2013, P. 2 
Extension (circum.) 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
100 
L 170; 29.06.2016, 
p.19 

L 205; 11.06.2021, p.4 
L 402; 15.11.2021, 
p.17 

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mono ethylene glycol 

USA 

Monosodium glutamate 

Indonesia 

Monosodium glutamate 

P.R. China 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

P.R. China 

Okoumé plywood 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

India 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

Indonesia 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China  Thailand 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China  Taiwan 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China  Malaysia 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

optical fibre cables 

P.R. China 

L 205; 11.06.2021, p.4 
L 402; 15.11.2021, 
p.17 

L 246, 21.08.2014, p. 1 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 54 
L 132; 19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 31 
Anti-circ 
L 336; 13.10.2020, p.8 
L 132; 19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 116; 07.05.2018, p.8 
L 263; 22.10.2018, p.3 

L 181; 17.05.2004, p.5 
L 336; 02.11.2004, p.4 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.48 

Extension (circum.) 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 
20 
Extension (circum.) 
L 236, 10.09.2015, p. 1 

L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 
20 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 196, 24.07.2012, p. 1 

L 204; 09.08.2011, p.1 
Expiry review 
L 288; 07.11.2017, p.4 

L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.51 

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Organic coated steel 

P.R. China 

Oxalic acid 

India 

Oxalic acid 

P.R. China 

Peroxosulphates  

P.R. China 

L 252, 19.09.2012, p. 
33 
L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 1 
L 116; 03.05.2019, p. 5 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 165; 02.07.2018, 
p.13 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 321; 29.11.2016, 
p.48 
L 165; 02.07.2018, 
p.13 

L 338, 17.12.2013, p. 
11 
L 13; 17.01.2020, p.18 

Polyester high tenacity filament yarn 

P.R. China 

L 49; 25.02.2017, p.6 

PSC wires and strands 

P.R. China 

Rebars 

Belarus 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p.1 
L 139, 05.06.2015, p. 
12 
L 309; 02.09.2021, p.8 

L 345; 20.12.2016; p.4 
L 155; 17.06.2017, p.6 

Ring binder mechanisms 

P.R. China  Laos 

L 7; 12.01.2006, p.1 

Ring binder mechanisms 

P.R. China  Vietnam 

L 232; 28.06.2004, p.1 

Ring binder mechanisms 

P.R. China 

L 122; 12.05.2016, p.1 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Russia 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Ukraine 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 5 
L 357, 28.12.2012, p. 1 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 5 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 238, 04.09.2012, p. 1 

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Seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes, of iron or steel, external 
diameter exceeding 406.4 mm 

P.R. China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

P.R. China  Taiwan 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 

Indonesia 

Sodium cyclamate 

P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 

Sodium gluconate 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Solar glass 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

India 

L 169; 27.06.2011, p.1 
L 336; 14.12.2011, p.6 
L 63, 06.03.2018, p. 15 

L 305; 12.11.2016, p.1 
L 121; 12.05.2017, p.3 

Extension (circum.) 
L 95, 05.04.2013, p. 1 

L 13; 15.01.2007, p.1 

L 179; 05.07.2016, p.1 

L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.49 

L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.23 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.49 

L 16; 20.01.2017, p.3 

L 316, 27.11.2013, p. 8 
L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 98, 15.04.2015, p. 6 
Amendment 
(absorption 
reinvestigation) 
L 215, 14.08.2015, p. 
42 
L 238; 23.07.2020, p.1 

C 322; 30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 28.05.2021, 
p.61 

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Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Indonesia 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Taiwan 

L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.153 

C 322; 30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.153 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 16.09.2021, p.1 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 16.09.2021, p.1 

Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding 
fittings 

Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding 
fittings 

P.R. China 

L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 

Taiwan 

L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 

Steel road wheels 

P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 

P.R. China 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

L 259; 10.10.2019, 
p.15 
L 65; 04.03.2020, p.9 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 138, 13.05.2014, p. 
80 
Amendment 
L 139, 14.05.2014, p.7 

Steel ropes and cables 

P.R. China  Morocco 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 

Steel ropes and cables 

P.R. China 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
L 101; 20.04.2018, 
p.40 

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Steel wind towers 

P.R. China 

Sulphanilic acid 

P.R. China 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels)  Thailand 

Tartaric Acid 

P.R. China 

Thermal paper 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of 
malleable cast iron 

P.R. China 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of 
malleable cast iron 

Thailand 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

P.R. China 

L 450; 16.12.2021, 
p.59 

L 363, 18.02.2014, p. 
82 
L 85; 12.03.2021, 
p.154 

L 244, 13.09.2013, p. 1 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 91, 27.03.2014, p. 1 
L 310; 02.12.2019, p.6 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 108, 20.04.2012, p. 1 
L 110, 24.04.2012, p. 3 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 182, 13.07.2012, p. 1 
L 164; 29.06.2018, 
p.14 

L 310; 17.11.2016, p.1 
L 114; 03.05.2017, p.3 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, p.2 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, p.2 

Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 157, 27.05.2014, p. 
80 
L 319; 05.12.2017, 
p.10 

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Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Malaysia 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China  Philippines 

L 116; 27.04.2006, p.1 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China  Sri Lanka 

L 355; 22.11.2004, p.9 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China 

Indonesia 

L 335; 22.11.2004, p.4 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China  Taiwan 

L 94; 14.04.2000, p.1 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Russia 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

India 

Tungsten carbide and fused tungsten carbide  P.R. China 

L 282, 28.10.2015, p. 
14 

L 203, 31.07.2012, p. 
37 
L 27, 29.01.2013, p. 1 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

L 244, 19.09.2015, p. 
25 
L 73; 18.03.2016, p.53 
L 118; 16.04.2020, 
p.14 

Initiation 
C 322; 15.12.1988, p.7 
L 395; 31.12.2004, 
p.56 
L 78; 24.03.2011, p.1 
L 142; 02.06.2017, 
p.53 

Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China  Thailand 

L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 

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Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China  Laos 

L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 

Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel  

Belarus 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel  

P.R. China 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel  

Russia 

Wire rod 

P.R. China 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

L 150, 04.06.2013, p. 1 
L 200; 29.07.2019, p. 4 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 268, 15.10.2015, p. 9 
L 364; 13.10.2021, 
p.14 

Country 

Cases 

Extension 

Regulation 

Belarus 

Rebars 

Belarus 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel  

Brazil 

Egypt 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Glass fibre fabrics 

L 345; 20.12.2016; p.4 
L 155; 17.06.2017, p.6 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 

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India 

Graphite electrode systems 

L 64; 10.03.2017, p.46 

India 

Oxalic acid 

India 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

India 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Indonesia 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

Indonesia 

Monosodium glutamate 

Indonesia 

Sodium cyclamate 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 
1 
L 165; 02.07.2018, 
p.13 

C 322; 30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.153 

L 244, 19.09.2015, p. 
25 
L 73; 18.03.2016, p.53 
L 118; 16.04.2020, 
p.14 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 246, 21.08.2014, p. 
1 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 
54 
L 132; 19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.49 

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Indonesia 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Iran 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Japan 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

heavyweight thermal paper 

C 322; 30.09.2020, 
p.17 
L 188; 28.05.2021, 
p.61 
L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.153 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 164; 27.05.2020, 
p.28 
L 346; 20.10.2020, 
p.19 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

Thermal paper 

L 310; 17.11.2016, p.1 
L 114; 03.05.2017, p.3 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

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Malaysia 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

P.R. China 

Acesulfame potassium 

P.R. China 

Aluminium converter foil 

P.R. China 

Aluminium extrusions 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 
17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

L 125, 21.05.2015, p. 
15 
L 287, 31.10.2015, p. 
52 

L 216; 18.06.2021, 
p.142 
L 438; 08.12.2021, 
p.46 

L 336; 13.10.2020, p.8 
L 109; 30.03.2021, p.1 

L332;18.12.2015, p.63 
Extension (circum.) 
L 40; 17.02.2017, p.51 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil 

Thailand 

L 325; 15.09.2021, p.6 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

L 251, 18.09.2012, p. 
29 
L 69, 13.03.2013, p. 
11 
L 146; 05.06.2019, p. 
63 

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P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less 
than 10 kg) 

Thailand 

L 325; 15.09.2021, 
p.24 

P.R. China 

Aluminium radiators 

P.R. China 

Aluminium road wheels 

P.R. China 

Aspartame 

P.R. China 

Barium carbonate 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Indonesia 

L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 
17 
L 310, 09.11.2012, p. 
1 
L 12; 15.01.2019, p.22 

L 18; 24.01.2017, p.1 

L 50; 26.02.2016, p.4 
L 204; 29.07.2016, 
p.92 

L 27; 28.01.2005, p.4 
L189; 18.07.2005. 
p.15 
L 250; 28.09.2017, 
p.34 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
17 
Amendment 
L 47; 24.02.2017, p.13 
L 225; 29.08.2019, p.1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 

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P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Malaysia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Sri Lanka 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Tunisia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Cambodia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Pakistan 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Philippines 

P.R. China 

Bicycles (parts) 

China (bicycle parts) 

P.R. China  Cast iron articles 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 
L 248; 31.07.2020, p.5 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 
1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 
4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 
4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 
4 

C 299, 05.09.2014, p. 
7 
L 132, 29.05.2015, p. 
32 
Amendment 
L 331, 17.12.2015, 
p.30 

L 211; 17.08.2017, 
p.14 
L 25; 30.01.2018, p.6 

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P.R. China  Ceramic tableware and kitchenware 

P.R. China  Ceramic tiles 

P.R. China 

certain corrosion resistant steels 

P.R. China 

certain polyvinyl alcohols 

P.R. China  Chamois leather 

P.R. China  Citric acid 

Malaysia 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
28 
L 131, 15.05.2013, p. 
1 
Amendment 
L 314; 30.11.2017, 
p.31 
L 189; 15.07.2019, p.8 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 67, 12.03.2015, p. 
23 
L 307; 23.11.2017, 
p.25 

L 207; 10.08.2017, p.1 
L 34; 08.02.2018, p.16 
Extension (circum.) 
L 255; 05.08.2020, 
p.36 

L 315; 29.09.2020, p.1 

L 334, 06.12.2012, p. 
31 
L 50; 21.02.2019, p.5 

L 10; 15.01.2016, p.3 
L 129; 15.04.2021, 
p.73 

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P.R. China  Citric acid 

P.R. China  Citrus fruits 

P.R. China  Coated fine paper 

P.R. China 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

P.R. China 

E-bicycles 

P.R. China 

Ferro-silicon 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 
15 
L 129; 15.04.2021, 
p.73 

Reopening 
L 49, 22.02.2013, p. 
29 
L 354, 11.12.2014, p. 
17 
L 351; 22.10.2020, p.2 

L 299; 16.11.2010, p.7 
L 128; 06.05.2011, p.1 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.168 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 

L 181; 18.07.2018, p.7 
L 16; 18.01.2019, 
p.108 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 

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P.R. China 

Filament glass fibre products 

P.R. China  Glass fibre fabrics 

P.R. China  Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

P.R. China 

Hand pallet trucks and their 
essential parts 

Thailand 

P.R. China  Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

L 243; 16.09.2010, 
p.40 
L 67; 15.03.2011, p.1 
L 107; 25.04.2017, p.4 

L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 151; 11.06.2009, p.1 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 112, 24.04.2013, p. 
1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 265, 05.09.2014, p. 
7 
Extension (circum.) 
L 214; 09.08.2016, p.1 

P.R. China 

heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel 

L 50; 28.02.2017, p.18 

P.R. China 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

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P.R. China 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

P.R. China 

Lever arch mechanisms 

P.R. China  Melamine 

P.R. China  Molybdenum wires 

Malaysia 

L 272; 07.10.2016, 
p.33 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.68 

L 338; 20.12.2010, 
p.22 
L 252; 02.10.2019, p.1 

Reopening 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p. 
5 
L 198, 23.07.2013, p. 
1 

L 238, 04.09.2012, p.5 
L 279; 09.11.2018, 
p.17 

L 298; 15.11.2010, 
p.10 
L 124; 10.05.2011, p.2 
L 170; 01.07.2017, 
p.62 

Extension (circum.) 
L8, 12.01.2012, p. 22 

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P.R. China  Molybdenum wires  

P.R. China  Monosodium glutamate 

P.R. China  New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

P.R. China  Okoumé plywood 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass 
fibres  

India 

Extension (circum.) 
L 243, 12.09.2013, P. 
2 
Extension (circum.) 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
100 
L 170; 29.06.2016, 
p.19 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 
31 
Anti-circ 
L 336; 13.10.2020, p.8 
L 132; 19.04.2021, 
p.63 

L 116; 07.05.2018, p.8 
L 263; 22.10.2018, p.3 

L 181; 17.05.2004, p.5 
L 336; 02.11.2004, p.4 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.48 

Extension (circum.) 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 
20 
Extension (circum.) 
L 236, 10.09.2015, p. 
1 

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P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass 
fibres  

Indonesia 

L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 
20 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass 
fibres  

Thailand 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass 
fibres  

Taiwan 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass 
fibres  

Malaysia 

P.R. China  Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

optical fibre cables 

P.R. China  Organic coated steel 

P.R. China  Oxalic acid 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 196, 24.07.2012, p. 
1 

L 204; 09.08.2011, p.1 
Expiry review 
L 288; 07.11.2017, p.4 

L 410; 18.11.2021, 
p.51 

L 252, 19.09.2012, p. 
33 
L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 1 
L 116; 03.05.2019, p. 
5 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 
1 
L 321; 29.11.2016, 
p.48 
L 165; 02.07.2018, 
p.13 

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P.R. China 

Peroxosulphates  

L 338, 17.12.2013, p. 
11 
L 13; 17.01.2020, p.18 

P.R. China 

Polyester high tenacity filament yarn 

L 49; 25.02.2017, p.6 

P.R. China 

PSC wires and strands 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p.1 
L 139, 05.06.2015, p. 
12 
L 309; 02.09.2021, p.8 

P.R. China  Ring binder mechanisms 

Laos 

L 7; 12.01.2006, p.1 

P.R. China  Ring binder mechanisms 

Vietnam 

L 232; 28.06.2004, p.1 

P.R. China  Ring binder mechanisms 

L 122; 12.05.2016, p.1 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel 

L 169; 27.06.2011, p.1 
L 336; 14.12.2011, p.6 
L 63, 06.03.2018, p. 
15 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes, of iron or steel, external diameter exceeding 
406.4 mm 

L 305; 12.11.2016, p.1 
L 121; 12.05.2017, p.3 

P.R. China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Taiwan 

Extension (circum.) 
L 95, 05.04.2013, p. 1 

P.R. China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Korea (Rep. of) 

L 13; 15.01.2007, p.1 

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P.R. China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 

P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 

P.R. China 

Sodium gluconate 

P.R. China 

Solar glass 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

L 179; 05.07.2016, p.1 

L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.23 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 
1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, 
p.49 

L 16; 20.01.2017, p.3 

L 316, 27.11.2013, p. 
8 
L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
1 
Amendment 
L 98, 15.04.2015, p. 6 
Amendment 
(absorption 
reinvestigation) 
L 215, 14.08.2015, p. 
42 
L 238; 23.07.2020, p.1 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 16.09.2021, p.1 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings 

L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 

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P.R. China 

Steel road wheels 

P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 

Korea (Rep. of) 

L 259; 10.10.2019, 
p.15 
L 65; 04.03.2020, p.9 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 138, 13.05.2014, p. 
80 
Amendment 
L 139, 14.05.2014, p.7 

P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 

Morocco 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 

P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 

P.R. China 

Steel wind towers 

P.R. China 

Sulphanilic acid 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
L 101; 20.04.2018, 
p.40 

L 450; 16.12.2021, 
p.59 

L 363, 18.02.2014, p. 
82 
L 85; 12.03.2021, 
p.154 

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Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 108, 20.04.2012, p. 
1 
L 110, 24.04.2012, p. 
3 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 182, 13.07.2012, p. 
1 
L 164; 29.06.2018, 
p.14 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 
1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, 
p.2 

Amendment 
(newcomer) 
L 157, 27.05.2014, p. 
80 
L 319; 05.12.2017, 
p.10 

L 116; 27.04.2006, p.1 

L 355; 22.11.2004, p.9 

L 335; 22.11.2004, p.4 

L 94; 14.04.2000, p.1 

P.R. China 

Tartaric Acid 

P.R. China 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of malleable cast iron 

P.R. China 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron 
or steel 

Philippines 

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron 
or steel 

Sri Lanka 

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron 
or steel 

Indonesia 

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron 
or steel 

Taiwan 

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P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

L 282, 28.10.2015, p. 
14 

P.R. China 

Tungsten carbide and fused tungsten carbide 

Initiation 
C 322; 15.12.1988, p.7 
L 395; 31.12.2004, 
p.56 
L 78; 24.03.2011, p.1 
L 142; 02.06.2017, 
p.53 

P.R. China 

Tungsten electrodes 

Thailand 

L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 

P.R. China 

Tungsten electrodes 

Laos 

L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 

P.R. China 

Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China  Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel  

P.R. China  Wire rod 

Russia 

Ammonium nitrate 

L 150, 04.06.2013, p. 
1 
L 200; 29.07.2019, p. 
4 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 268, 15.10.2015, p. 
9 
L 364; 13.10.2021, 
p.14 

L 280, 24.09.2014, p. 
19 
L41; 18.02.2016, p.13 
L 425; 16.12.2020, 
p.21 

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Russia 

Birch plywood 

Russia 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

Russia 

Ferro-silicon 

Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

Russia 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Russia 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Russia 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

L 205; 11.06.2021, 
p.47 
L 394; 09.11.2021, p.7 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 
13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 
5 
L 357, 28.12.2012, p. 
1 

L 203, 31.07.2012, p. 
37 
L 27, 29.01.2013, p. 1 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

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Russia 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel  

Saudi Arabia  mono ethylene glycol 

Taiwan 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

Taiwan 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 132; 
19.04.2021,p.145 

L 205; 11.06.2021, p.4 
L 402; 15.11.2021, 
p.17 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, 
p.26 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 327; 16.09.2021, p.1 

Taiwan 

Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings 

L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 

Thailand 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) 

L 244, 13.09.2013, p. 
1 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 91, 27.03.2014, p. 1 
L 310; 02.12.2019, p.6 

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Thailand 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of malleable cast iron 

Trinidad and 
Tobago 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

Turkey 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel  

Ukraine 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Ukraine 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 
10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 
1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, 
p.2 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 3; 07.01.2021, p.4 
L 238; 06.07.2021, 
p.32 

L 258; 06.10.2017, 
p.24 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 
5 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 238, 04.09.2012, p. 
1 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
69 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.31 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.34 

USA 

USA 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Canada 

L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

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USA 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

USA 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

USA 

mono ethylene glycol 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 
10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, 
p.21 

L 205; 11.06.2021, p.4 
L 402; 15.11.2021, 
p.17 

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ANNEX  P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2021 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Cases 

Country  Extension  Regulation 

Aluminium converter foil 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

P.R. 
China 

Indonesia 

L 458; 22.12.2021, 
p.344 

L 212; 13.08.2019, p.1 
L 317; 09.12.2019, 
p.42 

USA 

Canada 

L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
99 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.27 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.62 

USA 

Argentina 

L 40; 12.02.2019, p.71 

Coated fine paper 

continuous filament glass fibre products 

E-bicycles 

P.R. 
China 

Egypt 

P.R. 
China 

L 128; 06.05.2011, 
p.18 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.134 

L 69; 06.03.2020, p. 
14 
L 201; 25.06.2020, 
p.10 

L 16; 18.01.2019, p.5 

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Filament glass fibre products 

Graphite electrode systems 

P.R. 
China 

India 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy 
steel 

P.R. 
China 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

Organic coated steel  

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 

Rainbow trout 

Solar glass 

Stainless steel bars 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

Turkey 

P.R. 
China 

India 

India 

Egypt 

P.R. 
China 

L 367, 23.12.2014, p. 
22 
L 65; 25.02.2021, p.1 

L 64; 10.03.2017, p.10 

L 146; 09.06.2017, 
p.17 

L 283; 12.11.2018, p.1 

L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 
16 
L 116; 03.05.2019, 
p.39 

L 208, 05.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 202; 31.07.2019, p. 
81 

L 319, 06.11.2014, p. 
1 
L 56, 27.02.2015, p. 
12 
L 183; 25.05.2021, p.5 

L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
23 
L 238; 23.07.2020, 
p.43 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 202, 27.07.2013, p. 
2 
L 165; 28.06.2017, p.2 

L 73; 18.03.2016, p.1 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.1 

L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

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B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country  Cases 

Argentina  Biodiesel 

Egypt 

continuous filament glass fibre products 

Extension  Regulation 

L 40; 12.02.2019, p.71 

L 69; 06.03.2020, p. 
14 
L 201; 25.06.2020, 
p.10 

Egypt 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

India 

Graphite electrode systems 

L 64; 10.03.2017, p.10 

India 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 

Stainless steel bars 

India 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Indonesia  Biodiesel 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Aluminium converter foil 

Coated fine paper 

L 208, 05.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 202; 31.07.2019, p. 
81 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 202, 27.07.2013, p. 
2 
L 165; 28.06.2017, p.2 

L 73; 18.03.2016, p.1 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.1 

L 212; 13.08.2019, p.1 
L 317; 09.12.2019, 
p.42 

L 458; 22.12.2021, 
p.344 

L 128; 06.05.2011, 
p.18 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.134 

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E-bicycles 

Filament glass fibre products 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

L 16; 18.01.2019, p.5 

L 367, 23.12.2014, p. 
22 
L 65; 25.02.2021, p.1 

L 146; 09.06.2017, 
p.17 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

L 283; 12.11.2018, p.1 

Organic coated steel  

Solar glass 

L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 
16 
L 116; 03.05.2019, 
p.39 

L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
23 
L 238; 23.07.2020, 
p.43 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics 

L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Turkey 

Rainbow trout 

USA 

Biodiesel 

USA 

Biodiesel 

L 319, 06.11.2014, p. 
1 
L 56, 27.02.2015, p. 
12 
L 183; 25.05.2021, p.5 

Canada 

L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
99 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.27 
L 277; 02.08.2021, 
p.62 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEX  Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2021 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Product 

Origin 

Measure 

Citric acid 

Undertakings 

People's 
Republic of 
China 

Biodiesel 

Argentina 

Undertakings 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Origin 

Product 

Measure 

Argentina 

Biodiesel 

Undertakings 

People's 
Republic of 
China 

Citric acid 

Undertakings 

Regulation 
NO 

OJ 
Reference 

03.12.2008 
OJ L 323, 
p.62 
[AD522] 

12.02.2019 
OJ L 40, p. 71 
[AS644] 

COMMISSION 
DECISION of 
2 December 
2008  
02.12.2008 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTIN
G DECISION 
(EU) 
2019/245 
11.02.2019 

Regulation 
NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTIN
G DECISION 
(EU) 
2019/245 

COMMISSION 
DECISION of 
2 December 
2008  
02.12.2008 

Argentina 

03.12.2008 
OJ L 323, 
p.62 
[AD522] 

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ANNEX  R 

Anti-dumping & anti-subsidy investigations pending 

on 31 December 2021 

CaseNo 

Cases 

Type 

AD/A
S 

Country  NoI 

R727 

Acesulfame potassium 

expiry 

AD 

AD668 

aluminium flat-rolled products 

new 

AD 

R730 

Aluminium foil 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

AD686 

Aluminium road wheels 

new 

AD 

Morocco 

R742 

Aspartame 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

R752 

Biodiesel 

R752 

Biodiesel 

new exporter / 
accelerated 

AD 

Canada 

new exporter / 
accelerated 

AS 

Canada 

AD679 

Calcium silicon 

new 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.13 

C 268; 
14.08.2020, 
p.5 

C 436; 
17.12.2020, 
p.10 

C 464; 
17.11.2021, 
p.19 

C 303; 
29.07.2021, 
p.12 

L 436; 
07.12.2021, 
p.28 

L 436; 
07.12.2021, 
p.28 

C 58; 
18.02.2021, 
p.60 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

AD684 

Ceramic tiles 

new 

AD 

Turkey 

AD684 

Ceramic tiles 

new 

AD 

India 

AD682 

certain corrosion resistant steels 

new 

AD 

Turkey 

AD682 

certain corrosion resistant steels 

new 

AD 

Russia 

R745 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

expiry 

AD 

Russia 

R745 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

AD683 

electrolytic chromium coated steel 
(ECCS) products 

new 

AD 

Brazil 

AD683 

electrolytic chromium coated steel 
(ECCS) products 

new 

P.R. 
China 

AD 

AD676 

Fasteners, iron or steel 

new 

AD 

AD687 

Fatty acid 

new 

AD 

R728 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products 
of silicon-electrical steel 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

Indonesi
a 

P.R. 
China 

C 501; 
13.12.2021, 
p.25 

C 501; 
13.12.2021, 
p.25 

C 245; 
24.06.2021, 
p.21 

C 245; 
24.06.2021, 
p.21 

C 311; 
03.08.2021, 
p.6 

C 311; 
03.08.2021, 
p.6 

C 387; 
24.09.2021, 
p.2 

C 387; 
24.09.2021, 
p.2 

C 442; 
21.12.2020, 
p.6 

C 482; 
30.11.2021, 
p.5 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.25 

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R728 

R728 

R728 

R728 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products 
of silicon-electrical steel 

expiry 

AD 

USA 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products 
of silicon-electrical steel 

expiry 

AD 

Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products 
of silicon-electrical steel 

expiry 

AD 

Korea 
(Rep. of) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products 
of silicon-electrical steel 

expiry 

AD 

Japan 

AD680 

Graphite electrode systems 

new 

AD 

AS685 

Graphite electrode systems 

new 

AS 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

R734 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, 
non-alloy or other alloy steel 

interim 

AD 

Russia 

R744 

Molybdenum wires 

expiry 

AD 

AS677 

Optical fibre cables 

new 

AS 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

R749 

Rainbow trout 

interim 

AS 

Turkey 

R735 

Rainbow trout 

interim 

AS 

Turkey 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.25 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.25 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.25 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.25 

C 57; 
17.02.2021, 
p.3 

C 466; 
18.11.2021, 
p.6 

C 18, 
18.01.2021, 
p.36 

C 251; 
28.06.2021, 
p.17 

C 442; 
21.12.2020, 
p.18 

C 380; 
20.09.2021, 
p.15 

C 40; 
05.02.2021, 
p.12 

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R738 

Ring binder mechanisms 

expiry 

AD 

R743 

Silicon 

expiry 

AD 

R741 

Sodium Cyclamate 

expiry 

AD 

R741 

Sodium Cyclamate 

expiry 

AD 

AD670 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

new 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

P.R. 
China 

Indonesi
a 

P.R. 
China 

Indonesi
a 

AD670 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

new 

AD 

India 

AS678 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

new 

AS 

Indonesi
a 

AS678 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat 
products 

new 

AS 

India 

SAFE009R
5 

Steel products 

general 
safeguard 
review 

SFG  ROW 

R750 

Steel ropes and cables 

interim 

AD 

AD681 

Superabsorbent polymers 

new 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

Korea 
(Rep. of) 

C 183; 
11.05.2021, 
p.8 

C 258; 
02.07.2021, 
p.8 

C 284; 
16.07.2021, 
p.4 

C 284; 
16.07.2021, 
p.4 

C 322; 
30.09.2020, 
p.17 

C 322; 
30.09.2020, 
p.17 

C 57; 
17.02.2021, 
p.16 

C 57; 
17.02.2021, 
p.16 

C 509; 
17.12.2021, 
p. 12 

C 313; 
05.08.2021, 
p.9 

C 58; 
18.02.2021, 
p.73 

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R529a 

Tartaric Acid 

reopening 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

R748 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

new exporter / 
accelerated 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

R747 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

new exporter / 
accelerated 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

R746 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

new exporter / 
accelerated 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

R726 

R736 

R737 

R739 

R739 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or 
steel 

expiry 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

tubes and pipes of ductile cast 
iron 

expiry 

AD 

India 

tubes and pipes of ductile cast 
iron 

expiry 

AS 

India 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AD 

P.R. 
China 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AD 

Egypt 

AD653a 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

reopening 

AD 

P.R. 
China 

AD653a 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

reopening 

AD 

Egypt 

C 296; 
07.09.2017, 
p.16 

L 263; 
23.07.2021, 
p.1 

L 263; 
23.07.2021, 
p.1 

L 263; 
23.07.2021, 
p.1 

C 361; 
27.10.2020, 
p.6 

C 90; 
17.03.2021, 
p.19 

C 90; 
17.03.2021, 
p.8 

L 190; 
31.05.2021, 
p.82 

L 190; 
31.05.2021, 
p.82 

C 199; 
27.05.2021, 
p.6 

C 199; 
27.05.2021, 
p.6 

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R740 

R740 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AS 

P.R. 
China 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AS 

Egypt 

AS656a 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

reopening 

AS 

P.R. 
China 

AS656a 

Woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

reopening 

AS 

Egypt 

R755 

R755 

R753 

R756 

R756 

woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AD 

P.R. 
China 

woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AD 

Egypt 

woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

absorption 

AD 

Egypt 

woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AS 

P.R. 
China 

woven and/or stitched glass fibre 
fabrics 

circumvention  AS 

Egypt 

L 190; 
31.05.2021, 
p.76 

L 190; 
31.05.2021, 
p.76 

C 199; 
27.05.2021, 
p.6 

C 199; 
27.05.2021, 
p.6 

L 448; 
15.12.2021, 
p.58 

L 448; 
15.12.2021, 
p.58 

C 483; 
01.12.2021, 
p.29 

L 448; 
15.12.2021, 
p.52 

L 448; 
15.12.2021, 
p.52 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEX S 

Court cases  

A. 

Court cases pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the General Court on 
31 December 2021: 

C-666/19 P 

C-891/19 P 

C-79/20 P 

C-226/20 P 

C-260/20P 

C-439/20 P 

C-441/20 P 

C-718/20 P 

C-123/21 P 

C-478/21P 

C-507/21P 

C-478/21P 

C-747/21P 

06/01/2022 12:31 

Court of Justice 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Commission (appeal against T-
741/16) 

Commission v Hubei Xinyegang Special Tube (appeal against T-
500/17) 

Yieh United Steel Corporation Ltd (Yusco) (appeal against T-607/15) 

The European Steel Association (Eurofer) v European Commission 
(appeal against T-835/17) 

European Commission v Hansol paper (appeal against T-383/17)  

Commission v Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System (appeal against T-
110/17) 

Council v Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System and Commission (appeal 
against T-110/17) 

Zhejiang Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals v Commission  

(appeal against T-307/18) 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Commission (appeal against T-
541/18) 

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and 
Electronic  Products  and  Others  v  Commission  (appeal  against  T-
254/18) 

Puma and Others v Commission (appeal against T-781/16) 

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery 
and Electronic Products and Others v Commission (appeal against T-
254/18) 

PAO Severstal v Commission (appeal against T-753/16)  

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C-748/21P 

NLMK v Commission (appeal against T-752/16)  

General Court 

T-586/14RENVII 

Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) v Commission 

T-782/16 

T-861/16  

T-790/16 

T-154/17 

T-155/17 

T-347/17 

T-351/17 

Timberland v Commission 

C & J Clark International Ltd v Commission 

C & J Clark International Ltd v Commission 

Deichmann v Commission 

Van Haren Schoenen v Commission 

FLA Europe v Commission 

Nike European Operations Netherlands and Others v Commission 

T-360/17 

Jana shoes and Others v Commission 

T-781/17 

T-782/17 

T-24/18 

T-124/18  

T-126/18 

T-127/18  

T-130/18  

T-131/18  

T-141/18  

T-142/18  

T-157/18 

Kraftpojkarna v Commission 

Wuxi Saijing Solar v Commission 

Adidas International Trading and Others v Commission 

Wendel and Others v Commission 

van Haren Schoenen v Commission 

Cortina and FLA Europe v Commission 

adidas International Trading and Others v Commission 

Deichmann v Commission 

Deichmann-Shoes UK v Commission 

Buffalo - Boots v Commission 

Caprice Schuhproduktion v Commission 

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CRIA and CCCMC v Commission 

CRIA and CCCMC v Commission 

Giant Electric Vehicle Kunshan v Commission 

Giant Electric Vehicle Kunshan v Commission 

Uzina Metalurgica Moldoveneasca v Commission 

Cambodge and CRF v Commission 

 Zhejiang Sunflower Light Energy Science & Technology LTD and 
Sunowe Solar GmbH c/ Commission  

Methanol Holdings (Trinidad) v Commission 

Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" v Commission  

PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia, PT Wilmar Nabati Indonesia e.a. v 
Commission 

  PT Ciliandra Perkasa v Commission 

PT Pelita Agung Agrindustri and PT Permata Hijau Palm Oleo v 
Commission 

Guangxi Xin Fu Yuan Co., Ltd. v Commission 

Zhejiang Hangtong Machinery Manufacture and Ningbo Hi-Tech 
Zone Tongcheng Auto Parts v Commission 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass 
Industry v Commission 

Wuxi Suntech Power v Commission 

Jindal Saw v Commission 

Jindal Saw v Commission 

Eurobolt v Commission 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for 
Fiberglass Industry v Commission 

Jushi Egypt v Commission 

Zhejiang Beyondsun Green Energy Technology v Commission 

T-30/19  

T-72/19 

T-242/19 

T-243/19 

T-245/19 

T-246/19 

T-733/19  

T-744/19 

T-865/19  

T-111/20 

T-138/20 

T-143/20 

T-144/20 

T-278/20 

T-301/20 

T-403/20 

T-440/20 

T-441/20 

T-479/20 

T-480/20 

T-540/20 

T-660/20 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Hansol Paper v Commission 

Jinan Meide Casting and Others v Commission 

Grünig v Commission 

EOC Belgium v Commission 

Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others v Commission 

Inner Mongolia Shuangxin Environment-Friendly Material v 
Commission 

Anhui Wanwei Updated High-Tech Material Industry and Inner 
Mongolia Mengwei Technology v Commission 

Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" v Commission 

Hangzhou Dingsheng Industrial Group e.a. v Commission 

Guangdong Haomei New Materials and Guangdong King Metal Light 
Alloy Technology v Commission 

Airoldi Metalli v Commission 

Euranimi v Commission 

Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları and Others v Commission 

Çolakoğlu Metalurji and Çolakoğlu Dış Ticaret v Commission 

Hangzhou Dingsheng Industrial Group e.a. v Commission 

Euranimi v Commission 

EAA v Commission 

EAA v Commission 

TDK Foil Italy S.p.A v Commission 

T-693/20 

T-687/20 

T-746/20 

T-747/20 

T-762/20 

T-763/20 

T-764/20 

T-126/21 

T-150/21 

T-326/21 

T-328/21 

T-598/21 

T-629/21 

T-630/21 

T-748/21 

T-769/21 

T-781/21 

T-782/21 

T-788/21 

B. 

Judgments, orders or other decisions rendered in 2021 

Court of Justice 

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RFA International v Commission (appeal against T-113/15) 

Eurocylinder systems (preliminary ruling) 

Von Aschenbach & Voss (preliminary ruling) 

Renesola UK 

Profit Europe (preliminary ruling) 

Commission v Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) (appeal against T-586/14 
RENV) 

GMB Glasmanufaktur Brandenburg v Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) 
(appeal against T-586/14 RENV) 

General Court 

Puma v Commission 

Roland v Commission 

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery 
and Electronic Products and Others v Commission 

Acron and Others v Commission 

Interpipe Niko Tube and Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube Rolling 
Plant v Commission 

NLMK v Commission 

Severstal v Commission 

Novolipetsk Steel v Commission 

Airoldi Metalli v Commission 

Far Polymers and Others v Commission 

Airoldi Metalli v Commission 

C-56/19P 

C-324/19  

C-708/19 

C-209/20 

C-362/20 

C-884/19 P  

C-888/19 P  

T-781/16 

T-132/18 

T-254/18 

T-45/19 

T-716/19 

T-752/16 

T-753/16 

T-790/19   

T-611/20  

T-722/20 

T-744/20 

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T-604/20  

T-725/20  

Guangdong Haomei New Materials et Guangdong King Metal Light 
Alloy Technology v Commission  

Guangdong Haomei New Materials and Guangdong King Metal Light 
Alloy Technology v Commission 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

ANNEX  T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2021 

A. Safeguard measures 

List of safeguard measures in force 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Type 

OJ Reference 

Steel products 

ROW 

General 

C 111; 26.03.2018, 
p.29 
L 181; 18.07.2018; 
p.39 
L 31; 01.02.2019, 
p.27 

Indica rice 

Indica rice 

Cambodia 

Bilateral 

L 15; 17.01.2019, p.5 

Myanmar 

Bilateral 

L 15; 17.01.2019, p.5 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Annex U 

Third country cases against the EU 

Measures imposed during 2021 

Country 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 
Canada 
Canada 

Product 

Certain hot-rolled carbon steel 
heavy plate and high-strength low-
alloy steel heavy plate 
Certain oil country tubular goods 
(casing, tubing and green tubes) 
Concrete reinforcing bar 
Small power transformers 
Wheat gluten 

Instrum
ent 
AD 

Type Of 
Measure 
Definitive 

Date Of 
Imposition 
05-02-2021  Germany 

Exporting MS 

AD 

Provisional 

25-10-2021  Austria 

AD 
AD 
AD 

Provisional 
Provisional 
Definitive 

Italy 

04-02-2021 
27-08-2021  Austria 
23-04-2021  Belgium, Germany, 

France, Lithuania, 
Austria 

China 

Meta-Cresol 

AD 

Definitive 

15-01-2021  Belgium, Denmark, 

Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Netherlands 

Egypt 

Indonesia 
Indonesia 

Raw aluminium (Ingots, Billets & 
Wire Rod) 
Articles of Apparel 
Carpets 

SG 

Definitive 

15-04-2021  Spain 

SG 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

12-11-2021  European Union 
17-02-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Italy, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania 

Indonesia 

Cigarette Paper 

SG 

Definitive 

30-11-2021  Czech Republic, 

Denmark, Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Lithuania, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Poland 

Expansible polystyrene 

Indonesia 
Madagascar  Blankets and travelling rugs 
Madagascar  Detergent powder 

SG 
SG 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

24-12-2021  Spain, Italy 
31-08-2021 
31-08-2021  Belgium, France, 

Pakistan 

CR Coils/Sheets 

AD 

Provisional 

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Netherlands 

23-08-2021  Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Cyprus, 
Netherlands, 
Finland, Sweden 
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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Philippines 

Passenger cars and LCVs 

SG 

Provisional 

21-02-2021  Belgium, Czech 

SACU 
South Africa 

Pasta 
Bolts with hexagon heads of iron 
or steel 7318.15.43 (different 
product from SFG Threaded 
fasteners 2019) 

South Africa 

Thailand 

Frozen bone-in portion of fowls of 
gallus domesticus 
Tin free steel 

Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Lithuania, Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Portugal, 
Slovakia, Sweden, 
Croatia 
Latvia, Lithuania 

23-08-2021 
10-12-2021  Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, France, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, Croatia 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

AD 

Provisional 

17-12-2021  Denmark, Spain, 

AD 

Definitive 

Ireland, Poland 

13-11-2021  Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Netherlands 

Thailand 

Tinplate 

AD 

Definitive 

13-11-2021  Belgium, Germany, 

Spain, France, 
Netherlands 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Synthetic staple fibres of 
polyesters 

Woven fabrics of synthetic 
filament yarn; Woven fabrics of 
synthetic or artificial staple fibres 

SG 

Definitive 

AD 

Definitive 

24-09-2021  Czech Republic, 
Ireland, Poland, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

26-08-2021  Germany, Spain, 
Italy 

Ukraine 
Fresh Cut Roses 
United States  Common alloy aluminium sheet 

SG 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

21-04-2021  Netherlands 
08-03-2021  Germany, Greece, 

United States  Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 
United States  Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 
United States  Methionine 
United States  Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire 

AD 
CVD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Provisional 
Definitive 

Strand 

United States  Thermal paper 
United States  Wind towers 

AD 
AD 

Provisional 
Provisional 

06-05-2021  Germany, Spain 
02-04-2021  Spain 

Spain, Italy, 
Slovenia, Romania, 
Croatia 

28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 
28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 
25-02-2021  Spain, France 
09-04-2021  Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Investigations initiated during 2021 

Country 

Product 

Instrument 

Argentina 
Brazil 
Canada 

Sodium Benzoate 
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 
Certain oil country tubular goods 
(casing, tubing and green tubes) 
Small power transformers 

Canada 
Gulf Cooperation Council  Electric Accumulators 
Gulf Cooperation Council  Semi-Chemical Fluting Paper, 

Fluting and Test Liner paper 
(recycled liner board) [Container 
Board Paper] 

Gulf Cooperation Council  Super absorbent polymer (SAP) 
India 

Certain Rubber Chemicals (TDQ, 
CBS, PVI) 

India 

Melamine 

Mexico 
Morocco 

Pakistan 

Steel beams (H and I) 
Streets lights (des candélabres 
pour l'éclairage public) 
CR Coils/Sheets 

Peru 
South Africa 

South Africa 

Tunisia 
Turkey 

Chapters 61, 62 and 63 
Frozen bone-in portion of fowls of 
gallus domesticus 
Frozen potato chips 

Minibuses 
Grinding balls 

AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 
SG 

AD 

SG 
AD 

AD 

SG 
SG 

Turkey 

Hot rolled steel alloy and non-alloy 

AD 

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Initiation 
Date 

Exporting MS 

28-12-2021  Netherlands 
15-07-2021  France 
07-07-2021  Austria 

15-04-2021  Austria 
27-04-2021  Spain 
12-08-2021  Germany, France 

04-11-2021  Belgium, France 
31-03-2021  Belgium, Czech 

Republic, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden 
26-02-2021  Belgium, 

Germany, Poland, 
Slovenia, 
Romania 

01-09-2021  Germany, Spain 
23-04-2021 

25-02-2021  Belgium, 

Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Cyprus, 
Netherlands, 
Finland, Sweden 

24-12-2021  Spain 
19-02-2021  Denmark, Spain, 

Ireland, Poland 

19-11-2021  Belgium, 
Germany, 
Netherlands 

01-10-2021 
09-10-2021  Germany, Spain, 

France, 
Netherlands, 
Bulgaria 
09-01-2021  Belgium, 

Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Ukraine 
Ukraine 
Ukraine 

Ukraine 
Ukraine 

Polyurethane artificial leather 
Self-adhesive digital print foil with a 
width exceeding 1m 
Aluminium ladders 
Ceramic Tiles 
Certain types of cheese excluding 
fermented products 

PVC Profile 
Sodium hypochlorite 

AD 
AD 

AD 
SG 
SG 

SG 
SG 

Netherlands, 
Romania 

26-03-2021  Greece 
27-05-2021  Germany 

01-09-2021  Poland, Slovakia 
01-06-2021  Germany, Poland 
24-12-2021  Germany, France, 

Lithuania, 
Netherlands, 
Poland 

01-09-2021  Germany, Poland 
27-05-2021  Germany, Italy, 

Poland, Slovakia, 
Romania 

Ukraine 

Tricone drilling bits 

SG 

14-10-2021  Germany, Poland, 

Sweden 

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Measures in Force 

At 31-12-2021 

Country 

Product 

Instrument 

Certain boilers 
Electrical terminals 
Radiators 
Straight handsaw 
blades 
A4 Copy paper 

Ammonium nitrate 
Q&T Steel Plate 
Railway wheels 
Steel reinforcing bar 
Steel Reinforcing 
Bar 
Adipic Acid 

Elastomeric rubber 
pipes 
Ethanolamines and 
triethanolamines 
Frozen fries 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Type Of 
Measure 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Date Of 
Imposition 
26-03-2020 
02-04-2009 
22-11-2019 
21-02-2008 

Definitive 

02-04-2019 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

29-05-2019 
05-11-2014 
12-07-2019 
06-03-2018 
19-11-2015 

Definitive 

01-04-2015 

Definitive 

22-06-2015 

Exporting MS 

Italy, Slovakia 
Germany 
Spain, Italy 
Sweden 

Austria, Slovakia, 
Finland 
Sweden 
Finland, Sweden 
France 
Greece, Spain 
Spain 

Germany, France, 
Italy 
Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

04-11-2013 

Germany 

Definitive 

17-02-2017 

Laminated steel 
Lightweight paper 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

04-10-2013 
23-04-2012 

Belgium, Germany, 
France, Netherlands 
Germany, Finland 
Belgium, Germany, 
Finland, Sweden 
France 
Belgium, Germany, 
United Kingdom 
Belgium, Germany 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-08-2018 
05-03-2015 

Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

16-10-2002 
30-04-2015  Germany, United 

Kingdom 

07-10-2005 
12-07-2019  Germany 
25-05-2017 

Spain, United Kingdom 

AD 

Definitive 

05-02-2021  Germany 

AD 

Provisional 

25-10-2021 

Austria 

Nitrile Rubber 
Offset printing plates 

Phenol 
Plastic Tubes for 
Blood Collection 
Seamless steel pipes  
Silicon electrical steel 
Certain fabricated 
industrial steel 
components 
Certain hot-rolled 
carbon steel heavy 
plate and high-
strength low-alloy 
steel heavy plate 
Certain oil country 
tubular goods (casing, 

Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 
Argentina 

Australia 

Australia 
Australia 
Australia 
Australia 
Australia 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 

Brazil 
Brazil 
Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

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tubing and green 
tubes) 
Certain steel products 
Concrete reinforcing 
bar 
Concrete reinforcing 
bar 
Copper tubes 
Hot-rolled carbon 
steel plate and high-
strength low-alloy 
steel plate 
Refined sugar 
Refined sugar 

Canada 
Canada 

Canada 

Canada 
Canada 

Canada 
Canada 

Canada 
Canada 

Steel plate 
Wheat gluten 

China 
China 

China 

Alloy Seamless Tubes 
Caprolactam 

Certain iron or steel 
fasteners 

China 

Chloroprene Rubber 

China 

China 
China 

China 

China 

China 

Dispersion Unshifted 
Single-mode Optical 
Fiber 

EPDM 
Ethylene Glycol 
Monobutyl Ether 
Grain oriented flat-
rolled steel (GOES) 
halogenated butyl 
rubber 
meta-Cresol 

China 
China 

Perchlorethylene 
Phenol 

SG 
AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-05-2019 
04-06-2021 

Spain 
Italy 

Definitive 

04-05-2017 

Spain, Portugal 

Definitive 
Definitive 

02-01-2014  Greece 
09-01-2004 

Czech Republic, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

CVD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 

06-11-1995 
06-11-1995 

Definitive 
Definitive 

04-06-2014 
23-04-2021 

European Union 
Denmark, Germany, 
Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 

Denmark, Italy 
Belgium, Germany, 
France, Lithuania, 
Austria 

Definitive 
Definitive 

10-05-2014  Germany, France, Italy 
22-09-2011 

Czech Republic, 
Germany, Spain, 
Netherlands, Poland 

AD 
AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

Definitive 

29-06-2010  Germany, Spain, 

France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

Definitive 

10-05-2005  Germany, France, 

Definitive 

22-04-2011 

European Union 
Denmark, Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 
Definitive 

20-12-2020 
Belgium, Germany 
25-01-2013  Germany, France, 

Sweden 

Definitive 

23-07-2016  Germany, Poland, 

Definitive 

20-08-2018 

Definitive 

15-01-2021 

United Kingdom 
Belgium, United 
Kingdom 
Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 
Definitive 

30-05-2014  Germany, France 
06-09-2019 

Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France 

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China 

Photographic paper 

China 

Polyamide-6 (PA6) 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

23-03-2012 

Definitive 

22-04-2010 

Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
Belgium, Germany, 
Italy, Netherlands, 
Poland 

China 

Potato Starch 

CVD 

Definitive 

17-09-2011  Germany, France, 

China 

Potato Starch 

China 

Stainless Steel Billet 
and Hot-rolled 
Stainless Steel Plate 
(Coil) 

China 
China 

Colombia 

Toluidine 
Unbleached sack 
paper 
Frozen fries 

Costa Rica  White sugar 
Egypt 

iron/steel bars and 
rods (steel rebar) and 
on imports of semi-
finished products of 
iron/non-alloy steel 
(steel billets), 
Raw aluminium 
(Ingots, Billets & Wire 
Rod) 
Herbicides 

Chemical plasticizer 
(prepared additives 
for cement, mortars or 
concretes 
Uncoated paper or 
paperboard in rolls or 
sheets (other than 
Containerboard) 
2-Ethyl Hexanol 
Acetone 
Certain Rubber 
Chemicals 

Egypt 

Eurasian 
Economic 
Union 
Gulf 
Cooperation 
Council 

Gulf 
Cooperation 
Council 

India 
India 
India 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 

SG 
SG 

Definitive 

06-02-2007  Germany, France, 

Netherlands 

Definitive 

23-07-2019 

Netherlands 
Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-03-2013  Germany 
09-04-2016 

Austria, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria 
Belgium, Germany, 
Netherlands 

Definitive 

09-11-2018 

Definitive 
Definitive 

09-08-2020 
12-10-2019 

SG 

Definitive 

15-04-2021 

Spain 

AD 

Definitive 

18-06-2019 

Belgium, Germany, 
France 

SG 

Definitive 

21-06-2019 

AD 

Definitive 

01-05-2019 

Spain, Italy, Poland 

AD 
AD 
AD 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

29-03-2016  Germany 
11-03-2008 
20-11-2005 

Belgium, Spain, Italy 
Belgium, Germany, 
Italy 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

Colour coated/pre-
painted flat products 
of alloy or non-alloy 
steel 
High Speed Steel of 
Non-Cobalt Grade 
Methylene Chloride 

Normal Butanol or N-
Butyl Alcohol 
SBR - Styrene 
Butadiene Rubber of 
1500 series and 1700 
series 

AD 

Definitive 

17-10-2017 

Belgium, Germany, 
France, Netherlands, 
Austria, Portugal 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

25-09-2019  Germany 

Definitive 

21-05-2014 

Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Portugal, 
United Kingdom 

Definitive 

19-02-2016  Germany 

Definitive 

30-08-2017 

India 

Sodium Chlorate 

AD 

Definitive 

02-11-2017 

India 

Synthetic Filament 
Yarn of Nylon 

AD 

Definitive 

06-10-2018 

India 

Toluene Di-
Isocyanate 

AD 

Definitive 

02-12-2020 

India 

Wooden flooring 

AD 

Definitive 

27-03-2018 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Portugal, Sweden, 
United Kingdom 

Belgium, Germany, 
Ireland, Poland, United 
Kingdom 

Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Spain, France, Ireland, 
Italy, Luxembourg, 
Hungary, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Germany, 
Greece, Spain, Italy, 
Latvia, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Portugal, United 
Kingdom 

Denmark, Germany, 
Spain, Italy, Lithuania, 
Poland 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Indonesia 

Articles of Apparel 

SG 

Definitive 

12-11-2021 

Indonesia 

Carpets 

SG 

Definitive 

17-02-2021 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria, 
Romania, Croatia 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

Indonesia 

Ceramic tiles and 
mosaic 

SG 

Definitive 

12-10-2018  Germany, Spain, 

Indonesia 

Cigarette Paper 

SG 

Definitive 

30-11-2021 

Indonesia 

Cotton; Man-Made 
Filaments; Man-Made 
Staple Fibres; Special 
Woven Fabrics; 
Knitted or Crocheted 
Fabrics 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

Indonesia 

Curtains (Including 
Drapes), Interior 
Blinds, Bed Valances, 
and Other Furnishing 
Articles 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Czech Republic, 
Denmark, Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Lithuania, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Poland 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Ireland, 
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Poland, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Slovakia, 
Finland, Sweden, 
Bulgaria, Romania, 
Croatia 

Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, Greece, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Portugal, Sweden 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Indonesia 

Evaporators 

SG 

Definitive 

11-01-2020 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Denmark, 
Germany, Estonia, 
Greece, Spain, 
France, Ireland, Italy, 
Cyprus, Latvia, 
Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Hungary, 
Malta, Netherlands, 
Austria, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Finland, 
Sweden, Romania, 
Croatia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 
Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Expansible 
polystyrene 
Fructose syrup 
H and I sections of 
other alloy steel 
Yarn (other than 
sewing thread) of 
synthetic and artificial 
staple fibres) 

Korea/South  Butyl Glycol Ether 
Korea/South  Coated printing paper 
Korea/South  Stainless steel bar 
Korea/South  Stainless steel bar 
Lebanon 

corn flakes, rice and 
roasted wheat 
White refined sugar 

Lebanon 
Madagascar  blankets and travelling 

rugs 
Madagascar  detergent powder 

Madagascar  Pasta 
Mexico 
Mexico 

Mexico 
Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 
Morocco 

Hot rolled steel coils 
Seamless carbon 
steel pipes 
Steel plate 
Cold rolled steel 
sheets and plated or 
coated sheets 
Hot rolled steel sheets 
(tôles d'acier laminées 
à chaud enroulées ou 
non enroulées) 
Insulin 
Tubes and pipes iron 
or steel (Tubes et 
tuyaux en fer ou en 
acier) 

SG 

SG 
SG 

SG 

AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 
AD 

SG 
SG 

SG 

SG 
AD 
AD 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 

24-12-2021 

Spain, Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 

17-09-2020 
21-01-2015 

France, Netherlands 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands, Austria, 
Sweden, Romania 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

France 
06-12-2016 
Finland 
22-07-2018 
Spain 
30-07-2004 
Italy 
22-02-2019 
26-09-2019  Germany, France, 

Poland 

Provisional 
Definitive 

02-03-2020 
31-08-2021 

Definitive 

31-08-2021 

France, United 
Kingdom 
Belgium, France, 
Netherlands 
Spain, France, Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 
Definitive 

01-08-2019 
23-12-2015  Germany, France 
04-04-2018 

Spain 

Definitive 
Definitive 

01-05-2019 
07-09-2015 

Italy 

SG 

Definitive 

19-06-2020 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 
Definitive 

28-10-2014 
01-09-2020 

Denmark 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Morocco 

Morocco 

New 
Zealand 
Pakistan 

Pakistan 
Pakistan 

wire rods and 
reinforcing bars 
Wooden panels 
(Panneaux de bois 
revetus (PBR)) 
Canned peaches 

CR Coils/Sheets 

Hydrogen Peroxide 
Tinplate of a width of 
600 mm or more and 
of a thickness of less 
than 0.5 mm 

Philippines 

Cement 

Pasta 
SACU 
South Africa  bolts with hexagon 

heads of iron or steel 
7318.15.43 (different 
product from SFG 
Threaded fasteners 
2019) 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

SG 

AD 
SG 

Definitive 

27-03-2014 

Definitive 

20-09-2019 

Definitive 

09-03-1998  Greece 

Provisional 

23-08-2021 

Definitive 
Definitive 

15-07-2011 
31-05-2019 

Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Cyprus, Netherlands, 
Finland, Sweden 

Belgium 
Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands, Slovakia, 
United Kingdom 

Definitive 

11-09-2019  Germany, Greece, 

Definitive 
Definitive 

23-08-2021 
10-12-2021 

France, Luxembourg 
Latvia, Lithuania 
Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, France, 
Hungary, Netherlands, 
Croatia 

Denmark, Spain, 
Ireland, Poland 

South Africa  Frozen bone-in 

AD 

Provisional 

17-12-2021 

portion of fowls of 
gallus domesticus 

South Africa  Frozen chicken 

AD 

Definitive 

27-02-2015  Germany, 

South Africa  Frozen chicken BSG 

SG 

Definitive 

28-09-2018 

Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, Ireland, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
United Kingdom 

South Africa  Ropes & cables of 

iron or steel 

South Africa  screws made of steel 
with hexagon heads 

AD 

SG 

Definitive 

28-08-2002  Germany, United 

Definitive 

03-02-2019 

South Africa 

threaded fasteners, 
bolds and screws 

SG 

Definitive 

24-07-2020 

Kingdom 
Belgium, Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands 

Denmark, Germany, 
France, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Croatia 

Thailand 

Thailand 

Hot-rolled flat in coils 
and not in coils 
tin free steel 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

27-05-2003 

Slovakia, Romania 

Definitive 

13-11-2021 

Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Luxembourg, 
Netherlands 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Thailand 

Tinplate 

AD 

Definitive 

13-11-2021 

Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Netherlands 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 
Turkey 

AC woven fabrics of 
synthetic filament yarn 
Electrical water 
heaters 
Fittings 
Hinges. Anti-
circumvention case. 
Laminated flooring 
Poly(ethylene 
terephthalate) - PET 
Polyvinyl chloride 
(PVC) 

Sodium Percarbonate 
Synthetic staple fibres 
of polyesters 

Turkey 

Toothbrushes 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

Ukraine 

Tubes and pipes of 
refined copper 
Unbleached kraft liner 
paper 
Wall paper 

woven fabrics of 
synthetic and artificial 
staple fibres 
Woven fabrics of 
synthetic filament 
yarn; Woven fabrics of 
synthetic or artificial 
staple fibres 
Woven fabrics of yarn 
and fibres. Anti 
circumvention 
investigation. 
yarn of polyamides 
and other nylon 
Flexible porous 
plates, blocks and 
sheets of 
polyurethane foam 
Fresh Cut Roses 

AD 

AD 

AD 
AD 

AD 
SG 

AD 

AD 
SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

Definitive 

22-08-2015 

Bulgaria 

Definitive 

19-09-2013 

Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 

07-09-2006 
Spain 
20-10-2017  Greece, Spain, Italy 

Definitive 
Definitive 

13-06-2015  Germany 
13-12-2020  Germany, Greece, 

Definitive 

06-02-2003 

Spain, Italy 
Belgium, Germany, 
Greece, Italy, 
Hungary, Netherlands, 
Finland, Romania 

Definitive 
Definitive 

02-03-2018  Germany, Sweden 
24-09-2021 

Czech Republic, 
Ireland, Poland, 
Bulgaria, Romania 

Definitive 

03-02-2018  Germany, 

Netherlands, Sweden 

Definitive 

17-10-2017  Greece 

Definitive 

19-04-2018 

Poland, Finland 

Definitive 

06-08-2015 

Definitive 

22-08-2015 

Belgium, Germany, 
Italy, United Kingdom 
Poland, Bulgaria 

AD 

Definitive 

26-08-2021  Germany, Spain, Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

07-05-2019  Greece 

SG 

SG 

Definitive 

21-11-2019  Germany, Italy, 

Definitive 

07-07-2016 

Poland, Slovakia 
Hungary, Poland, 
Romania 

SG 

Definitive 

21-04-2021 

Netherlands 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Ukraine 

Polymeric materials 

SG 

Definitive 

20-11-2020 

Czech Republic, 
Germany, France, 
Hungary, Netherlands, 
Poland 

Ukraine 
Ukraine 

United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 

United 
States 
United 
States 

United 
States 

United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 

United 
States 

United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
06/01/2022 12:31 

Rubber plugs 
Sulphuric acid and 
oleum 
acetone 

Brass sheet & strip 

Brass sheet & strip 

Brass sheet & strip 

Carbon & alloy steel 
cut to length plate 
Certain carbon and 
alloy steel wire rod 
Certain carbon and 
alloy steel wire rod 
Certain Cold-Drawn 
Mechanical Tubing of 
Carbon and Alloy 
Steel 
Chlorinated 
isocyanurates 
citric acid, sodium 
citrate, and potassium 
citrate (also in blends 
under HS 382499) 
common alloy 
aluminium sheet 

Corrosion-resistant 
steel 
Corrosion-resistant 
steel 
crystalline silicon 
photovoltaic (CSPV) 
cells (whether or not 
partially or fully 
assembled into other 
products) 
Emulsion styrene-
butadiene rubber 
(ESB rubber) 
Finished Carbon Steel 
Flanges 
Forged steel fittings 

Forged Steel Fluid 
End Blocks 

Definitive 
Definitive 

20-05-2019 
01-09-2018  Germany 

Poland 

Definitive 

20-12-2019 

Belgium, Spain 

Definitive 

06-03-1987 

Italy 

Definitive 

06-03-1987 

France 

Definitive 

06-03-1987  Germany 

Definitive 

05-05-2017 

CVD 

Definitive 

19-03-2018 

Definitive 

20-03-2018 

Belgium, Germany, 
France, Italy, Austria 
Italy 

Spain, Italy, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

16-04-2018  Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

24-06-2005 

Spain 

Definitive 

25-07-2018 

Belgium 

AD 
SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

27-04-2021  Germany, Greece, 

Spain, Italy, Slovenia, 
Romania, Croatia 

AD 

Definitive 

15-07-2016 

Italy 

CVD 

Definitive 

15-09-2016 

Italy 

SG 

Definitive 

07-02-2018  Germany, Italy 

AD 

Definitive 

12-09-2017 

Poland 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

29-07-2017 

Spain, Italy 

Definitive 

05-10-2018 

Italy 

Definitive 

28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Forged Steel Fluid 
End Blocks 
Hot rolled steel 

Large Diameter 
Welded Pipes 
Large residential 
washers (LRWs) and 
certain parts thereof 
Methionine 

Non-oriented 
electrical steel 
Pasta 

CVD 

Definitive 

28-01-2021  Germany, Italy 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

12-09-2016 

Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

27-02-2019  Greece 

Definitive 

07-02-2018  Germany, Spain, Italy, 
Sweden 

Definitive 

23-07-2021 

Spain, France 

Definitive 

18-11-2014  Germany, Sweden 

Definitive 

24-07-1996 

Italy 

Pasta 

CVD 

Definitive 

24-07-1996 

Italy 

Prestressed Concrete 
Steel Wire Strand 
Ripe Olives 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

09-04-2021 

Definitive 

01-08-2018 

Spain, Italy, 
Netherlands 
Spain 

Ripe olives 

CVD 

Definitive 

25-07-2018 

Spain 

Seamless pipe 

Seamless pipe small 
diameter 
Sodium Nitrite 

Stainless steel bar 
x709 
Stainless steel butt-
weld pipe fittings 
Stainless steel plates 
in coils 
Steel concrete 
reinforcing bars 
Steel concrete 
reinforcing bars x752 
Strontium Chromate 

Thermal paper 

Uncoated paper 

Wind towers 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

04-03-1997  Germany 

Definitive 

11-10-2011 

Romania 

Definitive 

27-08-2008  Germany 

Definitive 

02-03-1995 

Spain 

Definitive 

23-02-2001 

Italy 

Definitive 

21-05-1999 

Belgium 

Definitive 

07-09-2001 

Latvia 

Definitive 

07-09-2001 

Poland 

Definitive 

08-10-2019 

France, Austria 

Definitive 

30-09-2021  Germany, Spain 

Definitive 

20-01-2016 

Portugal 

Definitive 

25-06-2021 

Spain 

United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 

United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 
United 
States 

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STATISTICS COVERING 01/12/2021 - 31/12/2021 

Viet Nam 

Certain mineral or 
chemical fertilizers 

SG 

Definitive 

07-03-2018 

Belgium, Czech 
Republic, Germany, 
Spain, France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Portugal, Slovenia, 
Slovakia, Sweden, 
Bulgaria 

06/01/2022 12:31 

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