Assessment of Member States’ progress in Programmes of Measures during the second planning cycle of the Water Framework Directive : Member State : Finland.
Date: 2022-01-03
Institutions: Directorate-General for Environment
Subjects: Finland, directive (EU), environmental law, national implementing measure, water management, watercourse

Assessment of Member States’ progress in 
Programmes of Measures during the second 
planning cycle of the Water Framework 
Directive

Member State: Finland 

December 2021 

Assessment of Member States’ progress in Programmes of 
Measures during the second planning cycle of the Water 
Framework Directive

Member State: Finland 

December 2021 

Drafted by 

EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Directorate-General for Environment 
Directorate C — Zero Pollution 
Unit C.1 — Sustainable Freshwater Management 

Contact:   Alcolea-Martinez Alfonso 

Vasileios Tyriakidis  

E-mail:  

 Alfonso.ALCOLEA-MARTINEZ@ec.europa.eu 

Vasileios.TYRIAKIDIS@ec.europa.eu 

European Commission 
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GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THE EU 

In person 
All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct information centres. You can find the address 
of the centre nearest you at: https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_en 

On the phone or by email 
Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service: 
- by Freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls), 
- at the following standard number: +32 22999696, or 
- by email via: https://europa.eu/european-union/contact_en  

FINDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE EU 

Online 
Information about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is available on the Europa website 
at: https://europa.eu/european-union/index_en 

EU publications 
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Table of contents 

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... 7 

Summary of findings ................................................................................................................... 9 

1  Overall progress in the implementation of PoM ................................................................. 11 

1.1 

Status and Progress achieved since second RBMP ....................................................... 11 

1.2  Obstacles to implementation of the PoM ..................................................................... 11 

2  Member State PoM information ......................................................................................... 11 

2.1 

Targeted Questions on Basic Measures ....................................................................... 11 

2.1.1 

2.1.2 

2.1.3 

2.1.4 

2.1.5 

2.1.6 

2.1.7 

2.1.8 

Basic Measures required by Article 11.3.a ........................................................... 11 

Basic Measures for the recovery of cost of water services (Article 9) (Article 11.3.b)
11 

Basic measures on water use/water abstraction/groundwater (Article 11.3.c-f) ..... 11 

Basic measures on wastewater (Article 11.3.g)..................................................... 12 

Basic measures on diffuse pollution from agriculture (Article 11.3.h) .................. 12 

Basic measures on hydromorphology (Article 11.3.i) ........................................... 12 

Basic measures on direct discharges to groundwater (Article 11.3.j) .................... 12 

Basic measures on Priority substances for surface water (Article 11.3.k) .............. 13 

2.1.9  Application of basic measures (Article 11.3.c-k) .................................................. 13 

2.1.10  Basic measures on accidental pollution (Article 11.3.1) ....................................... 13 

2.2 

Supplementary measures ............................................................................................. 13 

2.2.1 

2.2.2 

2.2.3 

2.2.4 

Supplementary measures on water reuse .............................................................. 13 

Supplementary measure on Ecological Flow ........................................................ 13 

Supplementary measures on Climate Change ....................................................... 13 

Supplementary measure on MSFD coordination .................................................. 13 

  Other Supplementary measures ............................................................................ 14 

3 

The Cost and Funding of PoM ........................................................................................... 15 

3.1 

Total cost of measures ................................................................................................. 15 

3.1.1 

3.1.2 

Cost Explanation – methods used ......................................................................... 15 

Funding sources ................................................................................................... 16 

4  Objectives of the WFD ...................................................................................................... 17 

4.1 

Indicator gap to achieving good status ......................................................................... 17 

5 

Reporting of Key Type of Measures (KTM) ...................................................................... 18 

5.1  KTM overview............................................................................................................ 18 

5.2 

5.3 

Progress on KTMs to achieve Environmental objectives ............................................. 19 

Progress with implementation of measures to reduce pressures from agriculture.......... 19 

5.3.1  KTM2 - Reduce nutrient pollution from agriculture ............................................. 19 

5.3.2  KTM3 - Reduce pesticides pollution from agriculture. ......................................... 20 

2 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.3.3  KTM12 - Advisory services for agriculture .......................................................... 21 

5.4 
Progress with implementation of measures to reduce pressures from urban and industrial 
wastewater treatment and chemicals....................................................................................... 21 

5.4.1  KTM1 - Construction or upgrades of wastewater treatment plants ........................ 21 

5.4.2  KTM15  -  Measures  for  the  phasing-out  of  emissions,  discharges  and  losses  of 
Priority  Hazardous  Substances  or  for  the  reduction  of  emissions,  discharges  and  losses  of 
Priority Substances ............................................................................................................ 23 

5.4.3  KTM16  -  Upgrades  or  improvements  of  industrial  wastewater  treatment  plants 
(including farms). .............................................................................................................. 23 

5.5 

Progress with implementation of measures to reduce pressures from water abstraction 25 

5.5.1  KTM7 - Improvements in flow regime and/or establishment of ecological flows.. 25 

5.5.2  KTM8  -  Water  efficient,  technical  measures  for  irrigation,  industry,  energy  and 
households ......................................................................................................................... 26 

5.6 
Progress with implementation of measures to reduce pressures from hydromorphological 
alterations .............................................................................................................................. 27 

5.6.1  KTM5 - Improving longitudinal continuity (e.g. establishing fish passes, demolishing 
old dams) ........................................................................................................................... 27 

5.6.2  KTM6  -  Improving  hydromorphological  conditions  of  water  bodies  other  than 
longitudinal continuity ....................................................................................................... 28 

5.7 

Progress with implementation of other Key Type Measures ........................................ 29 

5.7.1  KTM4 - Remediation of contaminated sites (historical pollution including sediments, 
groundwater, soil) .............................................................................................................. 29 

5.7.2  KTM9  - Water pricing policy  measures for the  implementation  of the recovery of 
cost of water services from households .............................................................................. 29 

5.7.3  KTM10 - Water pricing policy measures for the implementation of the recovery of 
cost of water services from industry ................................................................................... 29 

5.7.4  KTM11 - Water pricing policy measures for the implementation of the recovery of 
cost of water services from agriculture ............................................................................... 29 

5.7.5  KTM13 - Drinking water protection measures (e.g. establishment of safeguard zones, 
buffer zones etc.) ............................................................................................................... 30 

5.7.6  KTM14 - Research, improvement of knowledge base reducing uncertainty .......... 30 

5.7.7  KTM17 - Measures to reduce sediment from soil erosion and surface run-off ...... 30 

5.7.8  KTM18 - Measures to prevent or control the adverse impacts of invasive alien species 
and introduced diseases...................................................................................................... 30 

5.7.9  KTM19 - Measures to prevent or control the adverse impacts of recreation including 
angling  30 

5.7.10  KTM20  - Measures to prevent or control the adverse impacts of fishing and  other 
exploitation/removal of animal and plants .......................................................................... 30 

5.7.11  KTM21  -  Measures  to  prevent  or  control  the  input  of  pollution  from  urban  areas, 
transport and built infrastructure ........................................................................................ 30 

5.7.12  KTM22 - Measures to prevent or control the input of pollution from forestry ....... 31 

5.7.13  KTM23 - Natural water retention measures .......................................................... 32 

5.7.14  KTM24 - Adaptation to climate change ............................................................... 32 

3 

 
 
 
 
 
5.7.15  KTM25 - Measures to counteract acidification ..................................................... 32 

5.7.16  KTM99 - Other key type measure reported under PoM ........................................ 33 

4 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Acronyms and definitions 

Acronym  Explanation 

CDR 

Central Data Repository 

EQS Directive  Environmental Quality Standards Directive 

FD   Floods Directive  

KTM   Key Type of Measure  

MSFD 

Marine Strategy Framework Directive 

NWRM 

Natural Water Retention Measures 

PoM   Programme of Measures  

RBD   River Basin District  

RBMP   River Basin Management Plan  

WFD   Water Framework Directive  

WISE   Water Information System for Europe 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
River basin district (RBD) acronyms 

RBD acronym  Name 
FIVHA1  Vuoksi 

FIVHA2  Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland 

FIVHA3  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea 

FIVHA4  Oulujoki-Iijoki 

FIVHA5  Kemijoki 

FIVHA6  Tornionjoki 

FIVHA7  Teno, Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki 

FIWDA  Åland 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
POM assessment terminology 

Term 
KTM’s reported 

Indicator/KTM 

KTM99 

Indicator gap 

Indicator value 
2021 

Indicator value = 
0 
Mapping 
indicators 

Description 
For each significant pressure type and chemical substance reported,  predefined 
Key  Types  of  Measure  (KTMs)  are  reported  that  will  be  made  operational  to 
reduce the pressure or chemical substance. 
For  each  KTM  a  set  of  quantitative  indicators  are  pre-defined.  There  may  be 
more than one indicator for each KTM and vice versa. The same KTM and the 
same indicator can thus be introduced more than once.  
If the pre-defined KTMs are not appropriate, ‘KTM99 – Other key type measure 
reported under PoM’ may be selected by the MS. Each MS should report details 
of the other (new) KTMs developed by the MS. 
For each significant pressure type or chemical substance reported, a pre-defined 
quantitative indicator is reported by the MS. The indicator states the scale and 
extent of the pressure or chemical substance, that is to be reduced by measures 
to achieve the environmental objectives of the WFD. This is the gap to be filled 
to meet the objectives. 
For each pre-defined quantitative indicator, the MS reports the expected value of 
that indicator at the start of the third cycle in 2021. The value for 2021 should 
give  an  indication  of  the  expected  situation  in  2021  in  terms  of  remaining 
measures needed to achieve environmental objectives (i.e. good ecological status 
or potential or good chemical status). The difference between the indicator value 
in 2015 and 2021 should provide an indication of the progress expected in the 
second cycle.  
If all measures needed to achieve the  environmental objectives are expected to 
be fully operational, the value of the indicator should be 0 
Mapping indicators to a specific pressure, means that MS in their reporting link 
pre-defined quantitative indicators to relevant pressures or chemical substances, 
and report on the progress on these indicators over time. 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreword 

Directive  2000/60/EC  also  known  as  the  Water  Framework  Directive  (WFD)1 requires  Member 
States,  under  Article  11,  to  set  up  a  Programme  of  Measures  (PoM)  as  part  of  the  River  Basin 
Management Plan (RBMP) that must be submitted every six years. According to Article 15 of the 
WFD, an interim report of the implementation of the planned PoM has to be submitted within three 
years  of  the  publication  of  the  RBMP  or  any  update  thereof.  The  European  Commission,  under 
Article 18, should inform the European Parliament, the Council and the public on the progress in 
the implementation of the WFD.  

According to the WFD, the 2nd RBMP was due by December 2015 and therefore the interim reports 
on the implementation of PoM were due by December 2018. As with the previous interim reporting, 
an assessment will be done by the European Commission with the aim of having an implementation 
report to inform the European Parliament and the Council at the latest  three years later, as far as 
possible by December 2021. 

The PoM assessments reflect the situation as reported electronically to the WISE database by each 
Member State to the European Commission by end 2018. In May 2020, Member States were asked 
to update or supplement the information reported in 2018.  

The electronic reporting is based on the PoM reported within the 2nd RBMP. Wherever information 
is available in the Member States’ reporting, a separate analysis has been done for basic measures, 
Article 11.3 of the WFD and supplementary and additional measures, Articles 11.4 and 11.5 of the 
WFD.  

Since the publication of the Member States’ (MS) 2nd RBMP and within the reporting period 2016–
2018, the measures listed in the 2nd RBMP have been implemented in different manners in the MS. 
A direct comparison of indicator values given in 2016 in the RBMP and in 2018 is often not possible 
due to different KTM indicators and indicator values provided in the PoM reporting for KTMs and 
indicator gaps. However, the information provided for years 2016 and 2018 and projected for 2021, 
still provides quantitative data on the progress made on the implementation of PoM. This is as far 
as possible reflected in the document. 

Some Member States have, since the 2nd RBMPs, introduced changes in their PoM, generally by 
adding measures that were not foreseen at the time of drafting the 2nd RBMP, or measures that were 
expected  to  be  finished  by  the  time  of  adoption  of  the  2nd  RBMP  but  were  delayed.  When  this 
reporting was not available in the WISE database, supplementary information from national reports 
has, whenever available, been extracted from the Central Data Repository (CDR) on EIONET2. 

1  Directive  2000/60/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  23  October  2000  establishing  a 
framework  for  Community  action  in  the  field  of  water  policy,  2000,  https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060, Accessed 1 December 2020. 
2 EIONET Central Data Repository, 2020, https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/. Accessed 1 December 2020. 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
1  Summary of findings 

An assessment of the implementation of the Programme of Measures (PoM) for the 2nd River Basin 
Management  Plan  (RBMP)  has  been  performed  for  Finland  and  is  described  in  this  report. The 
assessment  covers  all  River  Basin  Districts  (RBDs):  Vuoksi  (FIVHA1),  Kymijoki-Suomenlahti 
(FIVHA2),  Kokemäenjoki-Saaristomeri-Selkämeri 
(FIVHA4), 
Kemijoki (FIVHA5), Torniojoki (FIVHA6), Teno-Näätämöjoki-Paatsjoki  
(FIVHA7) and Åland (FIWDA). 

(FIVHA3),  Oulujoki-Iijoki 

Measures  foreseen  in  the  PoM  are  included  in  the  2nd  RBMP,  which  is  currently  under 
implementation.  New  regulations  have  been  adopted  in  all  the  River  Basin  Districts  (RBDs). 
Measures contributing to reaching the objectives of the  Water Framework Directive (WFD) have 
been  planned,  and  their  implementation  has  started  without  delay.  Finland  reports  that  good 
progress in reducing pollution from point sources has been achieved in urban and industry sectors. 
There has been progress on the actions associated with forestry and aquaculture. More measures are 
needed in the treatment of rural waste water and agriculture and partly in aquaculture. There is a 
delay  in  implementing  agriculture  measures  due  to  insufficient  resources.  Measures  to  achieve 
reductions in diffuse source pollution due to agriculture are mainly based on voluntary agreements 
with  farmers.   Commitment  of  stakeholders  has  been  good,  and  many  measures  have  been 
implemented also on voluntary basis. The awareness of water protection issues has increased and 
RBMP`s have increased importance in permit licensing. 

No information was available in the reporting regarding whether the funding for the 
implementation of the PoM is adequate in the future or not3. This may be considered a potential 
obstacle for the implementation of planned measures. The lack of mechanisms (e.g. regulation not 
yet adopted) has been reported as an obstacle for implementation of the PoM. 

For  the  period  2016-2018,  the  total  investment  expenditure  allocated  to  basic  measures  under 
Article 11.3.a  was EUR 224 million. The total investment expenditure allocated to basic measures 
under Articles 11.3.b-1, supplementary  measures under  11.4 and  measures under  11.5 was  EUR 
450 million. The total investment expenditure of measures  (covering all WFD articles) was EUR 
674 million. 

Key  Type  of  Measures  (KTMs)  have  been  identified  for  each  RBD,  but  information  on  the 
implementation  of  KTMs  has  not  been  reported  for  the  Åland  RBD  (FIWDA).  Upgrades  or 
improvements of industrial wastewater treatment plants (KTM16) is the most frequently used KTM. 
The other most frequently used KTMs include improvements in longitudinal continuity (KTM5), 
improvements in hydromorphological conditions (KTM6) and improvements in flow regime and/or 
establishment  of  ecological flows (KTM7). Most  measures are  palnned  in the Kymijoki-Gulf  of 
Finland RBD (FIVHA2) and Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3). 

It was not possible to assess the effectiveness of measures based on information provided4, although 
it is likely that the measures reported will contribute to reaching the objectives of the WFD. The 
pressures  and  indicators  are  reported.  Information  on  KTMs  was  reported  for  2018  only, 

3 Finland subsequently indicated that public state funding is decided annually in the state budget.  In the current 
govermental  program  there  are  several  programs  that  supplement  the  funding  for  years  2019-2023,  e.g.  for 
restoration  of  water  bodies,  water  protection  in  agriculture,  restoration  of  endangered  habitats  (small  waters, 
beaches), dam removal and construction of fish passages, nutrient recycling, etc. The operators (industry, farmers, 
etc.) are responsible of the cost of measures to a large extent. However, the supplementary measures are generally 
voluntary based.  
4 Finland subsequently clarified that the effectiveness is estimated using different models and assessment tools 
when planning the measures in order to select cost-effective programme of measures.  

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
                                                 
Consequently it was not possible to assess trends in the implementation of measures. Instead, this 
report provides a description of the number or geographical coverage of measures implemented in 
2018. 

The  main  obstacles  identified  for  the  implementation  of  the  PoM  are  the  lack  of  finance  and 
regulation  not  yet  adopted  to  improve  the  status  of  the  water  bodies.  Governance,  unexpected 
planning  delays,  effectiveness/  cost-effectiveness  of  measures  or  extreme  events  have  not  been 
reported as obstacles. 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.1  Overall progress in the implementation of PoM 

1.1.1  Status and Progress achieved since 2nd RBMP 

Good progress in reducing pollution from point sources has been achieved in  urban and industry 
sectors.  There  has  been  progress  on  the  actions  associated  with  forestry  and  aquaculture.  More 
measures are needed in the treatment of rural waste water and agriculture and partly in aquaculture. 
There is a delay in implementing agriculture measures due to insufficient resources. Measures to 
achieve  reductions  in  diffuse  source  pollution  due  to  agriculture  are  mainly  based  on  voluntary 
agreements with farmers.  Commitment of stakeholders has been good, and many measures have 
been implemented also on voluntary basis. The awareness of water protection issues has increased 
and RBMPs have increased importance in permit licensing. 

1.2  Obstacles to implementation of the PoM 

The main obstacles reported to the implementation of the PoM are the lack of funding and regulatory 
mechanisms.  Governance,  unexpected  planning  delays,  effectiveness/  cost-effectiveness  of 
measures  or  extreme  events  have  not  been  reported  as  obstacles.  No  additional  information  on 
obstacles have been reported. 

2  Member State PoM information 

2.1  Targeted Questions on Basic Measures 

Promoting  efficient  and  sustainable  water  use  to  meet  the  requirements  of  Article  7  and  avoid 
compromising the achievement of the objectives specified in Article 4 are included into the basic 
measures. 

2.1.1  Basic Measures required by Article 11.3.a 

The basic measures referred to in Article 11.3.a, are the minimum requirements that must be met to 
protect waters, and these are considered as an integral part of the PoM. Measures shall consist of 
those measures required to implement Community legislation for the protection of water, including 
measures required under the legislation specified in Article 10 and in part A of Annex V. Finland 
has  listed  Acts  and  regulations  that  implement  the  basic  measures  in  existing  legislation  as 
mentioned in Annex VI of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the background documents 
uploaded to Eionet.  

2.1.2  Basic Measures for the recovery of cost of water services (Article 9) (Article 11.3.b) 

The following basic measures for the recovery and cost of water services were reported by 
Finland: 

-  KTM24 on adaptation to climate change 
-  KTM8 on improving water efficiency and implementing technical measures for irrigation, 

industry and households 

2.1.3  Basic measures on water use/water abstraction/groundwater (Article 11.3.c-f) 

The  basic  measures  promoting  efficient  and  sustainable  water  use  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
Article 7 and avoid compromising the achievement  of the  objectives specified in  Article 4 have 
been implemented in the previous cycle, no new measures nor significant changes are planned. The 
measures already in place are: 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‒  Adaption to climate change (KTM24) at four water bodies 
‒  Water efficiency and technical measures for irrigation, industry and households (KTM8) at 

six water bodies 

‒  Other key type of measures reported under PoM (KTM99) at 11 water bodies. 

For measures of type Article 11.3.d, all but 1 RBD (Åland) report that there are safeguard zones 
and there are no plans to change the regulations as a result of the RBMP. For the Åland RBD there 
are safeguard zones  but there  will be significant changes to them implemented as a result of the 
RBMP. 
Pertaining to  measures of type  Article 11.3.e, current regulations require the issuance  of permits 
and registering for all water abstractions from surface and ground waters. There are thresholds but 
small abstractions are exempted from controls. Further, there is a concession, authorisation and/or 
permitting regime to control water impoundment and a register of impoundments. 

The WISE WFD database reporting indicate that measures of type Article 11.3.f were implemented in 
the previous cycle, and no new measures nor significant changes are planned in all RBDs except Åland 
RBD. In the Åland RBD measures of this type was implemented in the previous cycle but new measures 
and/or significant changes are planned. 

2.1.4  Basic measures on wastewater (Article 11.3.g) 

Finland  maintains an authorisation and permit regime for surface and  groundwater in all RBDs. 
Finland also maintains a register for surface and groundwaters in 7 RBDs but only for surface waters 
in RBD Oulujoki-Iijoki. Small discharges are not subject to permitting. Nevertheless, there is no 
threshold for registration and small discharges therefore are also registered. 

Construction and upgrades of wastewater treatment plants (KTM1) are planned in 13 water bodies. 
In  addition,  other  key  type  of  measures  reported  under  PoM  (KTM99)  are  planned  in  12  water 
bodies.  

2.1.5  Basic measures on diffuse pollution from agriculture (Article 11.3.h) 

Based on the information provided in the WISE WFD Database, there are general binding rules in 
all RBDs for the control of diffuse pollution for the parameters nitrates and pesticides. The measures 
apply in accordance with the obligations of the Nitrates Directive and general measures apply to all 
RBDs. The Nitrate Directive is implemented in the whole territory. 

The  issues  covered  by  the  general  binding  rules  cover  nitrates,  phosphates,  pesticides,  organic 
pollution.   

2.1.6  Basic measures on hydromorphology (Article 11.3.i) 

For  all  RBDs  in  Finland  there  is  an  authorisation  and  permitting  regime  to  control  physical 
modifications to the water bodies. These modifications also include changes in the riparian area. 
There is also a register of physical modifications of water bodies. The permits are evaluated on a 
case-by-case principle.  

2.1.7  Basic measures on direct discharges to groundwater (Article 11.3.j) 

Measures under article 11.3.j, for direct discharges of pollutants to groundwater are not listed. There 
is a prohibition of direct discharges to groundwater in Finnish Environmental Protection Act. 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
2.1.8  Basic measures on Priority substances for surface water (Article 11.3.k) 

There are basic measures to eliminate pollution of surface waters by those substances specified in 
the list of Priority Substances agreed pursuant to Article 16.2 and to progressively reduce pollution 
by other substances, which would otherwise prevent Member States from achieving the objectives 
for the bodies of surface waters as set out in Article 4 (Article 11.3.k). The measures are specified 
separately  for  groundwater,  water  and  wastewater  management,  agriculture,  forestry,  peat 
production, fish farming and industry. 

2.1.9  Application of basic measures (Article 11.3.c-k) 

The  basic  measures  are  applied  in  various  regions  according  to  guidance  documents  provided 
separately  for  fish  farming,  agriculture,  groundwater,  industry,  peat  production,  water  and 
wastewater  management,  water  construction  and  remediation,  and  planning  of  the  programs  of 
measures. Separate guidance  documents have been provided for Åland, which is an autonomous 
island that belongs to Finland. The guidance documents were made available for review. 

2.1.10  Basic measures on accidental pollution (Article 11.3.1) 

No information has been provided about basic measures on accidental pollution. 

2.2  Supplementary measures 

2.2.1  Supplementary measures on water reuse 

No information concerning water reuse related impacts and measures was reported. However, water 
reuse is widely applied especially in industry. 

2.2.2  Supplementary measure on Ecological Flow 

Ecological flows have been derived for some relevant water bodies but the work is still ongoing. 
No risks related to failing the environmental objectives were mentioned. Depending on the RBDs, 
the  budget  has  already  been  allocated  for  some  or  all  measures,  but  the  implementation  has  not 
started yet in any of them. 

2.2.3  Supplementary measures on Climate Change 

Measures related to climate change have been included in the RBMP. Implementation has started 
for some measures, but the measures have not been fully implemented5. 

Win-win measures aiming at simultaneously achieving the objectives of the WFD and FD, drought 
management and related to the use of Natural Water Retention Measures, have been included.  

The  design  of  new  and  existing  infrastructures,  such  as  flood  defences,  storage  dams  and  tidal 
barriers have been adapted to take into account the WFD environmental objectives. 

2.2.4  Supplementary measure on MSFD coordination 

In  Finland,  the  preparations  of  the  RBMPs  and  PoMs  have  been  coordinated  with  the 
implementation  of  the  Marine  Strategy  Framework  Directive  (MSFD).  However,  there  are  two 

5 Finland subsequently indicated that some measures are “continuous measures” e.g. in agriculture. 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
regions  classified  as  landlocked  countries  (Vuoksi  RBD/  FIVHA1  and  Teno,  Näätämöjoki  and 
Paatsjoki RBD/ FIVHA7) for which there has been no coordination with the MSFD. 

Finland reported that no additional measures or more stringent measures beyond those required by 
the WFD were considered necessary in the RBMPs to contribute to the achievement of the relevant 
MSFD  objectives  in  coastal  and  marine  environments.    Although  it  should  be  noted  that  these 
measures have been addressed in the planning process of the MSFD. 

 Other Supplementary measures 

No other supplementary measures are implemented  nor needed according to the documents made 
available. 

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3  The Cost and Funding of PoM 

3.1  Total cost of measures 

The total investment expenses reported for the period 2015-2018 is EUR 224 million for measures 
under Article 11.3.a and EUR 450 million for measures under Articles 11.3.b-1, 11.4 and 11.5.  

Table  1. The total investment expenditure (in millions of Euros) of measures under Article 11.3.a and Articles 
11.3.b-l and Articles 11.4 and 11.5 in Finland for 2015-2018 that were effectively implemented during the second 
planning cycle and EU Funds for 2015-2018. ‘Article 11.3 a-l 11.4 11.5 Investment 2015-2018’ represents the 
total investment expenditure for 2015-2018 if only aggregated data is available. 

RBD 

Article 11.3.a 
Investment 
2015-2018 

Article 11.3.a-
1, 11.4, 11.5 
Investment 
2015-2018 

Article 11.3.b-
1, 11.4, 11.5 
Investment 
2015-2018 

Cost of 
measures 
period 2015-
2018 

Cost of 
measures scale 
2015-2018 

EU Funds 
2015-2018 

224 

450 

2016-2018 

National scale 
(no breakdown 
of costs per 
RBD provided) 

55-65 

Member State 
(no breakdown 
of costs per 
RBD was 
provided) 

The breakdown of expenses per RBD was not provided. 

3.1.1  Cost Explanation – methods used 

The projections in investment expenditure for the second planning cycle 2016-2021 are EUR 430 
million  for  measures  under  Article  11.3.a  and  EUR  1,348  million  for  measures  under  Articles 
11.3.b-1, 11.4 and 11.5 

The  cost  of  the  measure  related  to  rehabilitation,  regulation  and  management  of  water  courses 
construction are estimated as follows:  

1. If a cost estimate already exists for the project, it will always be used for costing  
evaluation.  
2. In the absence of project cost estimates, a regional expert will be used primarily  
assessment.  
3. If an expert assessment cannot be made, it can be used to estimate the cost the indicative 
costs set out below. 

Cost estimates for measures related to  fish farms are based on the Game and Fisheries Research 
Institute (now the Natural Resources Center)6. 

The cost of measures relating to agriculture is estimated from the agri-environmental compensation 
measures and the implementation of agri-environmental investment and operating costs. 

The cost for measures relating to groundwater and contaminated land is based on actual costs related 
to measures implementation (POVET, 2012) and adjusted to the period 2016-2021. 

For  the  cost  of  measures  relating  to  industry,  Statistics  Finland  collects  data  on  the  costs  of 
environmental  protection  in  industry  every  year.  In  the  first  planning  period,  Statistics  Finland 

6 Fish and Game Reports No. 394 

15 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
produced a calculation of the investment and operating costs of industrial water protection by water 
management area. The same method has been applied to the period 2016-2021. 

The  costs  of  water  management  measures  in  relation  to  peat  production  for  the  planning  period 
2016–2021  are  estimated  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  first  planning  period,  as  there  has  been  no 
pressure to change the way the costs of the measures are assessed. 

3.1.2  Funding sources 

The  total  investment  expenditure  for  the  Programme  of  Measures  of  the  second  planning  cycle 
(2015-2018), which was financed by EU Funds, is approximately EUR 55-65 million out of a total 
of EUR 450 million. 

The total expected support out of the EU funds for the whole second planning cycle (2016-2021) is 
EUR 130-160 million. 

The EU funding type or funding breakdown for measures was not provided. 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4  Objectives of the WFD 

For  each  significant  pressure  type  or  chemical  substance  reported,  a  predefined  quantitative 
indicator  of  the  scale  and  extent  of  the  pressure  or  chemical  substance  that  is  to  be  reduced  by 
measures to achieve Environmental Objectives has been reported. This corresponds to the gap to be 
filled to meet the objectives. No indicator gaps have been reported in the 2nd RBMP reporting in an 
electronic format7. It has thus not been possible to conduct an analysis of progress or future trends 
between 2015 and 2021. 

4.1  Indicator gap to achieving good status 

All indicator gaps have been pre-filled with the information that the indicator was previously 
included in Annex 0. No trend or status can therefore be extracted from the data reported. 

7 Finland subsequently clarified that it has not been possible, for technical reasons, to submit this information in 
the electronic reporting format.  

17 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
5  Reporting of Key Type of Measures (KTM5.1.  KTM overview 

A total of 15 KTMs have been defined to target significant pressures or chemical substances across 
Finland’s  eight  RBDs.  As  shown  in  Error!  Reference  source  not  found.,  KTM16  concerning 
upgrades or improvements of industrial wastewater treatment plants and KTM 4, 5 and 6 concerning 
hydromorphology have been mapped to most pressures. It is worth noting that only KTMs with a 
registered indicator value have been included in Table 3. For a large number of KTMs no indicator 
value has been given in 2018. This is the case for all KTMs in Åland RBD and therefore it does not 
appear in the Table.  

Error! Reference source not found. shows the KTM and KTM indicators reported. A total of 23 
different KTM indicators have been employed byFinland.   

Table 2 Reported KTMs and KTM indicators reported by Finland. 

No information was available concerning the number of significant pressures or chemical 
substances in  the  Åland RBD (FIWDA) 

18 

KTMKEYTYPEMEASUREINDICATORKTM1KN11 - Number of households required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM1KN18 - Number of research studies etc that are required to achieve objectivesKTM1KN19 - Number of sites requiring measures to achieve objectivesKTM1KN28 - Number of wastewater treatment works requiring to be constructed or upgraded to achieve objectivesKTM1KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM1KS01 - Population equivalent required to be treated by construction or upgrade of wastewater treatment plants to KTM2KA02 - Area (km2) of agricultural land required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM3KA03 - Area (km2) of agricultural land required to be covered by measures to reduce pesticide pollution in KTM4KN05 - Number of contaminated sites to be remediated or where preventative actions need to be taken to achieve KTM4KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM5KN10 - Number of fish/continuity passes required to be installed to achieve objectivesKTM5KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM6KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM7KA16 - Area (km2) of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM7KN15 - Number of installations where upgrades or improvements are required to achieve objectivesKTM7KN18 - Number of research studies etc that are required to achieve objectivesKTM7KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM8KN02 - Number of aquaculture sites/facilities for which measures are required to achieve objectivesKTM8KN19 - Number of sites requiring measures to achieve objectivesKTM8KN29 - Number of water bodies required to be affected by drinking water protection measures to achieve objectivesKTM8KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM12KN09 - Number of farms that need to be covered by advisory services to achieve objectivesKTM15KN28 - Number of wastewater treatment works requiring to be constructed or upgraded to achieve objectivesKTM16KA14 - Area (km2) of land required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM16KA16 - Area (km2) of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM16KN02 - Number of aquaculture sites/facilities for which measures are required to achieve objectivesKTM16KN17 - Number of new permits required or permits that need to be updated to achieve objectivesKTM16KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM21KL09 - Length (km) of transport infrastructure required to be subject to regulation and/or codes of practice for use KTM21KN18 - Number of research studies etc that are required to achieve objectivesKTM21KN19 - Number of sites requiring measures to achieve objectivesKTM21KN28 - Number of wastewater treatment works requiring to be constructed or upgraded to achieve objectivesKTM21KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM22KA09 - Area (km2) of forest land required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM22KA10 - Area (km2) of forest land requiring measures to reduce nutrient inputs to levels compatible with the KTM22KN01 - Number of advisory services required to achieve objectivesKTM22KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM23KA07 - Area (km2) of buffer zones required to achieve objectivesKTM23KN19 - Number of sites requiring measures to achieve objectivesKTM25KA02 - Area (km2) of agricultural land required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM25KA14 - Area (km2) of land required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM99KN30 - Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectivesKTM99KN32 - Number of water bodies that are expected to achieve objectives as a result of research etc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 Key Type of Measures (KTM) mapped to significant pressures or substances causing failure (numbers) in 
each River Basin District (RBD). 

5.1  Progress on KTMs to achieve Environmental objectives 

No  KTM  indicator  values  have  been  reported  in  the  2nd  RBMP  reporting.  It  has  thus  not  been 
possible to conduct an analysis of the progress between 2015 and 2018. KTM Indicator values have 
only been reported for 2018 and not for 2021. In other words, no expected trend for the indicator 
values can be determined for the period 2018-20218. 

5.2  Progress  with  implementation  of  measures  to  reduce  pressures  from 

agriculture 

5.2.1  KTM2 - Reduce nutrient pollution from agriculture 

KTM2  measures  have  been  mapped  in  all  RBDs  except  Teno-Näätämöjoki-Paatsjoki  RBD 
(FIVHA7) and Åland RBD (FIWDA). The KTM have been mapped to the pressure ‘2.2 Diffuse -
Agricultural’.. The  indicator  reported  is  KA02 – ‘Area  (km2)  of  agricultural  land  required  to  be 
covered by measures to achieve objectives’.  

KTM2 measures needed to reduce nutrient pollution have been reported for 2018 in the following 
areas : 

‒  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): 0.8 km2 (groundwater) and 641 km2 (surface water) 
‒  Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): 3.5 km2 (groundwater)  and 505 km2 (surface 

water) 

‒  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3):  32.0  km2  (groundwater) 

and 2277 km2 (surface water) 

‒  Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 6.5 km2 (groundwater) and 302 km2 (surface water) 
‒  Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): 55.5 km2 (surface water) 
‒  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): 9.3 km2 (surface water) 

8 Finland subsequently clarified that they have planned and scaled measures separately for 1st and 2nd cycle and 
will  also  scale  measures  separately  for  3rd  cycle.  The  reson  is  that  they  experienced  difficulties  in  creating 
indicators, as they were not able to merge all the measures (with different units) to the KTM’s and then to split 
them again to the various combinations of pressure-drivers.  

19 

KeyTypeMeasureFIVHA1FIVHA2FIVHA3FIVHA4FIVHA5FIVHA6FIVHA7KTM1 - Construction or upgrades of wastewater treatment plants3332221KTM2 - Reduce nutrient pollution from agriculture111111KTM3 - Reduce pesticides pollution from agriculture.1111KTM4 - Remediation of contaminated sites (historical pollution including sediments, groundwater, soil)12111KTM5 - Improving longitudinal continuity (e.g. establishing fish passes, 266231KTM6 - Improving hydromorphological conditions of water bodies other than 355411KTM7 - Improvements in flow regime and/or establishment of ecological flows2453331KTM8 - Water efficiency, technical measures for irrigation, industry, energy and households332KTM15 - Measures for the phasing-out of emissions, discharges and losses of 111KTM16 - Upgrades or improvements of industrial wastewater treatment plants 8761043KTM21 - Measures to prevent or control the input of pollution from urban areas, 33333KTM22 - Measures to prevent or control the input of pollution from forestry111111KTM23 - Natural water retention measures1222KTM25 - Measures to counteract acidification31KTM99 - Other key type measure reported under PoM2123111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Measures to reduce nutrient pollution from agriculture are also  mapped in the FIWDA RBD, but 
the  indicator  value  has  not  been  reported.  Indicator  values  have  only  been  reported  for  2018 
concerning the rest of the RBDs. Consequently,  

The estimated costs for KTM2 have been estimated for the following measures: 

‒  Construction of sedimentation basins and wetlands: EUR 14,500 per site plus maintenance 

cost EUR 853 per ha (15 years) 

‒  Manure processing: EUR 30,000 per separation installation (15 years) 
‒  Construction of water treatment EUR 14,000 per large farm plus maintenance EUR 4,000 

per year 

‒  Construction  of  water  treatment  EUR  6,000  per  medium-  and  small-sized  farms  plus 

maintenance EUR 500 per year 

Nutrient pollution from agriculture is mainly financed by EU funds. The EU fund for development 
of  agriculture  is  the  main  source  of  financing.  The  council  regulation  1698/2005  on  support  for 
rules for rural development determines the rules for the financial support. The total budget for the 
rural development program in Finland in 2014 to 2020 was EUR 7.1 billion. In 2014 to 2020 the 
focus  was  on  environmental  and  climate  related  measures  related  to  agriculture,  which  received 
EUR 1.6 billion in 2014 to 2020.  

The following cost estimates were included in national guidelines concerning agriculture: 

‒  The measures for implementing the Nitrate Directive in 2016 to 2021 are estimated to cost 
EUR 23 million per year. The total cost is thus estimated to approximately EUR 138 million 
for 2016 to 2021.  

‒  Supplementary measures to be implemented on the edges of the fields are estimated to cost 
EUR 4 million and EUR 1 million annual costs. The total cost of these measures in 2016 to 
2021 is estimated to EUR 10 million.  

5.2.2  KTM3 - Reduce pesticides pollution from agriculture. 

KTM3 has been mapped in five out of the eight RBDs: Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1), Kymijoki-Gulf of 
Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2),  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3), 
Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4) and Åland RBD (FIWDA).  

The significant pressure associated with KTM3 is ‘2.2 Diffuse -Agricultural’. 

The indicator reported for KTM3 is : KA03 “Area (km²) of agricultural land to be covered to reduce 
pesticides pollution in agriculture”.  

Measures  to  reduce  pesticide  pollution  have  been  reported  in  the  following  areas  of  land  in  the 
RBDs for 2018: 

‒  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): 7 km2(groundwater) 
‒  Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): 34 km2 (groundwater) 
‒  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3):  256  km2  (groundwater) 

and 14 km2 (surface water) 

‒  Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 6.5 km2 (groundwater) 

Almost  no  measures  have  been  reported  for  2018  for  surface  waters  (only  14  km²  in  the 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD),  as  most  reported  measures  concern 
groundwaters.  Measures  to  reduce  pesticide  pollution  from  agriculture  are  also  conducted  at 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FIWDA, but the area covered has not been reported. Indicator values have only been reported for 
2018, it was consequently not possible to estimate the trend for this KTM. 

The European fund for development of agriculture is the main source of financing also for measures 
related  to  pesticides  pollution.  The  council  regulation  1698/2005  on  support  for  rules  for  rural 
development  determines  the  rules  for  the  financial  support.  Implementation  of  plant  protection 
legislation is estimated to cost EUR 5 million per year – all together EUR 30 million in 2016 to 
2021. However, measures to reduce pesticide pollution include also other types of measures. 

5.2.3  KTM12 - Advisory services for agriculture 

KTM12  -  advisory  services  for  agriculture,    has  been  mapped  in  seven  out  of  the  eight  RBDs: 
Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1), Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago 
Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3),  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4),  Kemijoki  RBD  (FIVHA5), 
Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6) and Åland RBD (FIWDA). The indicator value reported for KTM12 is 
the  number  of  farms  receiving  the  advisory  services.  The  significant  pressure  associated  with 
KTM12 is ‘2.2 Diffuse - Agricultural’. No other KTM indicators were reported. 

The number of farms receiving the advisory services to protect surface and groundwater bodies has 
been reported as followed for 2018: 

‒  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): 2973 farms (surface water) and 2973 farms (groundwater) 
‒  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2):  1737  (surface  water)  and  350  farms 

(groundwater) 

‒  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): 5238 (surface water) and 

2450 farms (groundwater) 

‒  Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 862 farms (surface water) and 10000 farms (groundwater) 
‒  Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): 186 farms (surface water) 
‒  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): 60 farms (surface water) 

Measures to provide advisory services for agriculture are also implemented in the Åland RBD 
(FIWDA), but the number of farms concerned was not reported. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

The advisory services for agriculture are financed by the public sector (Ministry of Agriculture and 
Forestry). In 2013, the budget of the advisory services was EUR 7 million. 

5.3  Progress  with  implementation  of  measures  to  reduce  pressures  from 

urban and industrial wastewater treatment and chemicals 

5.3.1  KTM1 - Construction or upgrades of wastewater treatment plants 

KTM1  -  construction  or  upgrade  wastewater  treatment  plants  (WWTPs)  -  has  been  mapped  to 
significant pressures in all RBDs.  

The significant pressures associated with KTM1 are: ‘1.1 Point – Urban wastewater’, ‘1.2 Point – 
Storm overflows’ and ‘2.6 Diffuse – Discharges not connected to sewerage network’. The indicators 
reported for KTM1 are the following: 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‒ 

‒ 

‒ 

for pressure “1.1 Point – Urban wastewater’”: KN11 “number of households to be covered 
by the measure”, KN18 “number of research studies etc” and KS01 “Population equivalent 
required to be treated by construction or upgrade of WWTP” 
for pressure 1.2 “Point – Storm overflows”: KN28 “number of wastewater treatment works 
required to be constructed or upgraded” and KN30 “Number of water bodies required to be 
covered by the measures” 
for pressure 2.6 “Diffuse – Discharges not connected to sewerage network”: KN11, KS01, 
KN30 (all described previously) and KN19 “number of sites requiring measures to achieve 
the objectives” 

The following population equivalents have been reported for 2018 as being covered by measures 
aiming at addressing point source pollution from urban wastewater (significant pressure 1.1): 

‒  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): 301,520 
‒  Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): 303,246 
‒  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): 1,002,099 
‒  Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 4,000 
‒  Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): 2,555 
‒  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): 4,828 
‒  Teno, Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7): 19 

Measures aiming at decreasing point source pollution generated from storm overflows discharges 
(significant  pressure  1.2)  have  been  reported  in  three  surface  water  bodies  of  Kymijoki-Gulf  of 
Finland RBD (FIVHA2) for 2018. No measures related the storm overflows were reported in other 
RBDs. 

The following numbers of households have been reported for 2018 as being covered by measures 
aiming  at  decreasing  diffuse  discharges  caused  by  lack  of  connection  to  sewerage  network 
(significant pressure 2.6): 

‒  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): 1,870 households (nine surface water/groundwater bodies) 
‒  Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): 7,341 households (28 water bodies) 
‒  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3):  29,862  households  (21 

water bodies) 

‒  Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 325 households (five water bodies) 
‒  Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): 700 population-equivalent (one surface water body) 
‒  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): 570 population-equivalent 

Measures to decrease urban point source pollution (significant pressure 1.1) are also implemented 
in the Åland RBD (FIWDA), but the population equivalent covered by measures was not reported.  

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

The  public  financing  for  additional  investments  is  assumed  to  be  low  –  it  has  recently  been 
approximately 10 % of the total investment according to the national guidelines on measures related 
to water management for the years 2016-2021 updated on 31 January 2016.  
Most significant investments are required to be carried out in rural areas, since many households 
need to invest in wastewater treatment equipment and maintain the equipment. Public investments 
focus on common wastewater treatment solutions in areas where it is considered economically and 
environmentally feasible. 

9 Finland subsequently indicated that this is a reporting error 

22 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
5.3.2  KTM15 - Measures for the phasing-out of emissions, discharges and losses of Priority 
Hazardous  Substances  or  for  the  reduction  of  emissions,  discharges  and  losses  of 
Priority Substances 

KTM15  concerns  measures  for  the  phasing-out/reduction  of  emissions,  discharges  and  losses  of 
Priority  Hazardous  Substances.  It  has  been  mapped  in  the  following  RBDs:  Vuoksi  RBD 
(FIVHA1), Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2), Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4) and Åland 
RBD  (FIWDA).  The  significant  pressures  associated  with  KTM15  is:  ‘1.1  Point  –  Urban 
wastewater’.  

The KTM indicator used is the number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to be constructed 
or upgraded to achieve the objectives. No other Key Type Measure indicators were reported. For 
2018, Finland reported five WWTPs being constructed/upgraded at Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD 
(FIVHA2) and eight WWTPs at Oulujoki Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4). No measures were reported for 
other RBDs. 

Measures  for  phasing-out/reduction  of  emissions,  discharges  and  losses  of  Priority  Hazardous 
Substances are also implemented in Åland RBD (FIWDA; significant pressure 1.1), but the number 
of WWTPs covered was not reported.  

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

The  required  investments  are  mainly  financed  by  increases  in  the  wastewater  fees.  Municipal 
wastewater  fees  are  estimated  to  have  increased  by  15-20 %  due  to  increased  requirements  for 
wastewater  treatment.  There  is  no  specific  estimation  of  investments  required  for  the  phasing-
out/reduction of emissions, discharges and losses of Priority Hazardous Substances. 

5.3.3  KTM16  -  Upgrades  or  improvements  of  industrial  wastewater  treatment  plants 

(including farms). 

KTM16 to upgrade or improve industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and  wastewater 
treatment  (including  farms)  has  been  mapped  in  all  RBDs  except  for  Teno,  Näätämöjoki  and 
Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7). 

The significant pressures associated  with this KTM are: ‘1.3 Point -IED plants’, ‘1.4 Point -non 
IED plants’, ‘1.7 Point  -mine  waters’, ‘1.8 Point  -aquaculture’, ‘1.9 Point  -other’, ‘2.8 Diffuse  -
mining’,  ‘2.9  Diffuse  -aquaculture’,  ‘2.10  Diffuse  -other’,  “Nickel  and  its  compounds’  and 
“cadmium and its compounds’.  

The indicators reported for this KTM are “:  

-  For surface waters: KN30 “Number of water bodies required to be covered to decrease point 
source pollution from IED plant (most commonly used), KA14 “area (km²) of land required 
to  be  covered  by  measures”,  KN02  “number  of  aquaculture  sites/facilities  for  which 
measures are required”,  

-  For groundwaters: KN30 (described previously), KN17 “number of new permits required 
or permits that need to be updated”, and KA16 “area (km²) of water bodies required to be 
covered by measures to achieve objectives (the latest was reported for 1km² only) 

‒  The KTM indicator values reported for 2018 are the following: For ignificant pressure 1.3 
“Point  -IED plants”: KN30 “Number  of  water bodies  required to be covered to decrease 
point source pollution from IED plants” (Kymijoki-Gulf  of Finland RBD  (FIVHA2): 17 

23 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
water  bodies;  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3):  10  water 
bodies;  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4):  three  water  bodies;  Kemijoki  RBD  (FIVHA5): 
three water bodies; Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): two water bodies) 

‒  Significant pressure 1.4 “Point -non IED plants”: Number of new permits that need to be 
updated  to  decrease  point  pollution  from  non  IED  plants  (Vuoksi  RBD  (FIVHA1):  14 
permits; Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): 51 permits)  
‒  Significant pressure 1.4 “Point -non IED plants”: Number of water bodies required to be 
covered to  decrease point pollution from  non  IED plants (Vuoksi RBD  (FIVHA1): Two 
water bodies; Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): 31 water bodies; Kokemäenjoki-
Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): Two water bodies; Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD 
(FIVHA4): One water body) 

‒  Significant  pressure  1.7  “Point  -mine  waters”:  Number  of  water  bodies  required  to  be 
covered to decrease point source pollution from mine waters (Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): Four 
water  bodies;  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2):  Four  water  bodies;  Oulujoki-
Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): One water body; Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): Two water bodies) 
‒  Significant  pressure  1.8  “Point  -aquaculture”:  Number  of  water  bodies  required  to  be 
covered to decrease point source pollution from agriculture (Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): Two 
water  bodies;  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2):  Nine  water  bodies; 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): 13 water bodies; Oulujoki-
Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): Three water bodies) 

‒  Significant pressure 1.9 “Point –other”: Area of land/number of water bodies required to be 
covered to decrease point source pollution from other sources (Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): 34 
km2 and eight water bodies; Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): 239 water bodies; 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3):  219  km2  and  70  water 
bodies;  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4):  80  km2  and  1  water  body;  Kemijoki  RBD 
(FIVHA5): 9.26 km2; Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): 3.81 km2) 

‒  Significant pressure 2.8 “Diffuse –mining”: Number of water bodies required to be covered 
to decrease diffuse pollution from mining (Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): One water body) 
‒  Significant  pressure  2.9  “Diffuse  –aquaculture”:  Number  of  water  bodies  required  to  be 
covered to decrease  diffuse pollution from aquaculture (Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 
Two water bodies; Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): One water body) 

‒  Significant pressure 2.10 “Diffuse -other’”: Number of water bodies required to decrease 
diffuse other sources of pollution (Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): Nine water 
bodies; Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): 72 water bodies; 
Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 25 water bodies) 

‒  Significant pressure concerning nickel compounds: Number of water bodies required to be 

covered to decrease nickel pollution (Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): Six water bodies) 

‒  Significant pressure concerning cadmium: Number of water bodies required to be covered 
to  decrease cadmium pollution (Kymijoki-Gulf  of Finland RBD (FIVHA2): Three  water 
bodies) 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

Measures  to  upgrade/improve  wastewater  treatment  plants  are  also  implemented  in  Åland  RBD 
(FIWDA)to  decrease  point  and  diffuse  sources  of  pollution  from  aquaculture  and  other  sources, 
butno indicator key values havebeen reported. 

24 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No  information  was  available  concerning  wastewater  related  investments  in  industry10.  No 
supplementary measures are currently provided for industry. 

The required investments are mainly covered by the industry. Public support may be applied for 
research and development projects, but the share of public financing for this KTM is small. 

5.4  Progress  with  implementation  of  measures  to  reduce  pressures  from 

water abstraction 

5.4.1 

 KTM7 - Improvements in flow regime and/or establishment of ecological flows 

Key  Type  of  Measures  to  improve  flow  regime  and/or  establish  ecological  flows  have  been 
determined for allRBDs in Finland. 

The  identified  significant  pressures  reported  for  KTM7  are  hydrological  alteration  related  to 
agriculture (4.3.1-‘Hydrological alteration-agriculture’), transport (4.3.2-‘Hydrological alteration-
transport’) and hydropower (4.3.3-‘Hydrological alteration-hydropower’) and public water supply 
(4.3.4-‘Hydrological alteration-water supply’) and other (4.3.6-‘Hydrological alteration-other’). In 
addition, pressures have been identified related hydromorphological alteration including physical 
loss of a whole or part of a water body (4.4-‘Hydromorphological alteration-physical loss of whole 
or  part  of 
type  of  hydromorphological  alteration  (4.5-
‘Hydromorphological alteration-other’). 

the  water  body’)  and  other 

The following indicators were reported for KTM7: 

‒  The number of research studies (KN18) has been used as an indicator value at Vuoksi RBD 
(FIVHA1)  for  all  identified  pressures  and  some  of  the  pressures  at  Kemijoki  RBD 
(FIVHA5)  (for  pressures  4.3.3  –  ‘Hydrological  alteration-Hydropower’  and  4.4-
‘Hydromorphological alteration-physical loss of whole or part of the water body). 

‒  The number of installations to be upgraded/improved (KN15) has been reported, in relation 

to hydropower, at Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4) 

‒  Area of the water bodies required to be covered by the measures (KA16) has been used as 
an indicator value at Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6) related to hydrological alteration due to 
hydropower (4.3.3 – ‘Hydrological alteration-Hydropower’) 

‒  The  number  of  water  bodies  to  be  covered  by  measures  (KN30)  has  been  used  as  an 

indicator value in most RBDs 

The following indicator values were reported for each RBDs: 

‒  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): Research studies are carried out, related to agriculture (one study), 

hydropower (three studies) and public water supply (one study) 

‒  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2):  Measures  are  implemented  to  address 
hydrological  alteration  due  to  agriculture  (one  water  body),  transport  (one  water  body), 
hydropower (seven water bodies) and public water supply (two water bodies) 

‒  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): Measures are implemented 
to address hydrological alteration due to hydropower (14 water bodies), public water supply 
(14  water  bodies)  and  other  use  (three  water  bodies).  Measures  are  also  implemented  to 
address hydromorphological  alteration due to physical loss of a whole or part of a water 
body (one water body) and to other reasons (29 water bodies) 

10 However, the total investments in water protection (including improvement of wastewater treatment) was EUR 
1,164 million  in  2010  to  2015  and  during  the  first  period  of  implementing  the  water  management  plans 
approximately EUR 194 million per year. 

25 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
‒  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4):  Measures  are  implemented  to  address  hydrological 

alteration due to agriculture (two water bodies) and hydropower (one water body) 

‒  Kemijoki  RBD  (FIVHA5):  Research  studies  are  carried  out,  related  to  hydrological 
alteration  of  hydropower  (2  studies)  and  hydromorphological  alteration  due  to  loss  of  a 
whole or part of a water body (1 study). In addition, measures are implemented in 1 water 
body to address other type of hydromorphological alteration 

‒  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): Measures are implemented to address hydrological alteration 
due to hydropower in an area of 3 km2 and to improve hydromorphological conditions due 
to physical loss of a water body (one water body) or to other reasons (one water body) 
‒  Teno, Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7): Measures are implemented to address 

hydrological alteration caused by agriculture in one water body 

‒  Åland  RBD  (FIWDA):  Measures  are  implemented  to  address  alteration  caused  by 

agriculture. No indicator values have been reported for these measures. 

The  measures  for  which  the  highest  indicator  values  have  been  reported  aim  at  addressing 
hydrological  alteration  caused  by  hydropower  (pressure  4.3.3).  Measures/studies  have  been 
reported to address this pressure in six RBDs. Measures/studies addressing hydrological alteration 
related  to  public  water  supply  (pressure  4.3.4) are  implemented  in  three  RBDs  and  measures  to 
address hydromorphological changes (pressures 4.4 and 4.5) are carried out at three RBDs. Other 
indicator values have been reported for individual RBDs only. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

Information on estimated total costs for this KTM was not provided. Costs are determined based on 
the  measures/studies  needed.  Public  support  covering  50-90 %  of  the  costs  may  be  granted  for 
implementation  of  projects.  The  financing  of  the  measures  is  divided  between  the  EU, 
municipalities, companies and partners of the companies.  Costs for companies are defined in the 
permit applications. 

5.4.2  KTM8  -  Water  efficient,  technical  measures  for  irrigation,  industry,  energy  and 

households 

KTM8 has been mapped to address pressures in three RBDs: Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1), Kymijoki-
Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2)  and  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea–Bothnian  Sea  RBD 
(FIVHA3). 

The significant pressures reported for KTM8 are : Abstraction or flow diversion due to public water 
supply (pressure 3.2), abstraction or flow diversion due to industry’ (pressure 3.3-‘), abstraction or 
flow diversion due to fish farms (pressure 3.6) and abstraction or flow diversion due to other reasons 
(pressure 3.7). 

The KTM indicator used are KN29 “Number of water bodies required to be affected by drinking 
water protection measures”; KN30 “number of water bodies required to be covered by measures”; 
KN02 “Number of aquaculture sites / facilities for which measures are required”;. The following 
indicator values were reported: 

‒  Measures to address pressure 3.2 “Abstraction or flow diversion due to public water supply” 
are implemented in the Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1: one site for groundwater), Kymijoki-Gulf 
of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2:  six  sites  for  groundwater  /one  surface  water  body)  and 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3; 31 sites for groundwater) 

26 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‒  Measures  to  address  pressure  3.3  “abstraction  or  flow  diversion  due  to  industry”  are 
implemented in Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3; two surface 
water bodies) 

‒  Measures  to  address  pressure  3.6  “abstraction  or  flow  diversion  due  to  fish  farms”  are 
implemented in FIVHA1 (one site/facility for surface water) and Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland 
RBD (FIVHA2: two sites/facilities for surface water) 

‒  Measures to address pressure 3.7 “abstraction or flow diversion due to other reasons” are 

implemented in Kymojoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2: one surface water body) 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

Cost estimates and financing source for the required measures were not provided. 

5.5  Progress  with  implementation  of  measures  to  reduce  pressures  from 

hydromorphological alterations 

5.5.1  KTM5 - Improving longitudinal continuity (e.g., establishing fish passes, demolishing 

old dams) 

Measures to improve longitudinal continuity have been identified for all the other RBDs except for 
Teno, Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7).  

The  significant  pressures  include  dams,  barriers  and  locks  of  hydropower  (pressure  4.2.1-‘Dam, 
barrier  and  locks-Hydropower’),  flood  protection  (pressure  4.2.2-‘Dam,  barrier  and  locks-Flood 
protection’), drinking  water (pressure 4.2.3-‘Dam, barrier and locks-Drinking  water’), recreation 
(pressure 4.2.5-‘Dam, barrier and locks-Recreation’) and industry (pressure 4.2.6-‘Dam, barrier and 
locks-Industry’) and other (pressure 4.2.8-‘Dam, barrier and locks-Other’). 

The KTM indicators used ar : KN10 “number of fish/continuity passes required to be installed” and 
KN30 “Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures to achieve objectives”;  . The 
following values were reported for each RBD for 2018: 

-  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1): Eight passes related to hydropower and flood protection 
-  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2):  69  passes  related  to  hydropower,  flood 
protection, recreation, industry and other purposes and three passes used also for drinking 
water purposes 

-  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3): 62 passes  for hydropower 
and flood protection infrastructures, measures in one water body to address drinking water 
infrastructure,  in  three  water  bodies  to  address  infrastructure  used  for  recreation,  in  four 
water bodies to address industry related infrastructures and in 11 water bodies to address 
infrastructures used for other reasons 

-  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4):  One  pass  to  adress  hydropower  and  flood  protection 

infrastructures 

-  Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5): Four passes to address hydropower; measures in one water body 
to  address  flood  protection  infrastructures  and  in  three  water  bodies  to  address 
infrastructures used for recreation 

-  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6): Two passes for hydropower. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

27 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Measures  for  improving  longitudinal  continuity  have  also  been  identified  in  the  Åland  RBD 
(FIWDA), but indicator values have not been reported. 

Cost estimates and financing source(s) for the required measures were not provided. 

5.5.2  KTM6  -  Improving  hydromorphological  conditions  of  water  bodies  other  than 

longitudinal continuity 

KTM6 measures have been identified for all RBDs except Teno, Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki RBD 
(FIVHA7) and Åland BD (FIWDA).  

Significant  pressures  include  physical  alteration  of  channel/bed/riparian  area/shore  due  to  flood 
protection  (pressure  4.1.1-‘Physical  alteration  of  channel/bed/riparian  area/shore  -  Flood 
protection’),  agriculture  (pressure  4.1.2-‘Physical  alteration  of  channel/bed/riparian  area/shore  – 
Agriculture’), navigation (pressure 4.1.3-‘Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian area/shore  – 
Navigation’), other reasons (pressure 4.1.4-‘Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian area/shore 
–  Other’)  or  unknown  reasons  (pressure  4.1.5-‘Physical  alteration  of  channel/bed/riparian 
area/shore - Unknown or obsolete’). 

The KTM indicator used is KN30 “Number of water bodies required to be covered by measures”. 
The following number of water bodies where measures were reported for KTM6 for 2018: 

‒  To address physical alteration due to flood protection (pressure 4.1.1): Kymijoki-Gulf of 
Finland RBD (FIVHA2: 114 water bodies), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea 
RBD (FIVHA3: 119 water bodies), FIVHA4 (5 water bodies) 

‒  To address physical alteration due to agriculture (pressure 4.1.2): Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1: 
47  water  bodies),  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2:  114  water  bodies), 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RB (FIVHA3: 119 water bodies), Oulujoki-
Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4: two water bodies) 

‒  To address physical alteration due to navigation (pressure 4.1.3): Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland 
RBD (FIVHA2: seven water bodies), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD 
(FIVHA3: 73 water bodies) 

‒  To address physical alteration due to other reasons (pressure 4.1.4): Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1: 
47  water  bodies),  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2:  114  water  bodies), 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3: 59 water bodies), Oulujoki-
Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4: nine water bodies), Kemijoki RBD (FIVHA5: one water body) and 
Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6: two water bodies) 

‒  To  address  physical  alteration  due  to  unknown  reasons  (pressure  4.1.5):  Vuoksi  RBD 
(FIVHA1:      one  water  body),  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD 
(FIVHA3:  one water body) 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

Cost estimates and financing sources for the required measures were not provided. 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.6  Progress with implementation of other Key Type Measures 

5.6.1  KTM4 - Remediation of contaminated sites (historical pollution including sediments, 

groundwater, soil) 

KTM4 measures have been reported in the following  RBDs:  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1), Kymijoki-
Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3) 
and Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4).  

Significant pressures include contaminated sites or abandoned industrial sites potentially causing 
either  point  source  pollution  (pressure  1.5-‘Point  -  Contaminated  sites  or  abandoned  industrial 
sites’)  or  diffuse  pollution  (pressure  2.5-‘Diffuce-Contaminated  sites  or  abandoned  industrial 
sites’).  

The indicators used  are KN30 “number of water bodies required to be covered by measures” and 
KN05 “number of contaminated sites to be remediated or where preventative actions need to be 
taken”. The following values were reported for these indicators for 2018: 

‒  The number of contaminated or abandoned industrial sites potentially causing point source 
pollution (KN05) that need to be remediated or where prevention actions need to be taken 
is 22 in the Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1), 329 in the Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2), 
and  249  in  the  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3)  (all  for 
groundwater) 

‒  The number of water bodies to be covered by remediation measures (KN30) is estimated to 
be 11 at Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2 for surface water) and 24 at Oulujoki-
Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4 for groundwater).   

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

Cost estimates and financing sources for the required measures were not provided. 

5.6.2  KTM9 - Water pricing policy measures for the implementation of the recovery of cost 

of water services from households 

KTM9 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported. 

5.6.3  KTM10  -  Water  pricing  policy  measures  for  the  implementation  of  the  recovery  of 

cost of water services from industry 

KTM10 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.4  KTM11  -  Water  pricing  policy  measures  for  the  implementation  of  the  recovery  of 

cost of water services from agriculture 

KTM11 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

29 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
5.6.5  KTM13 - Drinking water protection measures (e.g. establishment of safeguard zones, 

buffer zones etc.) 

KTM13 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.6  KTM14 - Research, improvement of knowledge base reducing uncertainty 

KTM14 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.7  KTM17 - Measures to reduce sediment from soil erosion and surface run-off 

KTM17 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.8  KTM18 - Measures to prevent or control the adverse impacts of invasive alien species 

and introduced diseases 

KTM18 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.9  KTM19 - Measures to prevent or control the adverse impacts of recreation including 

angling 

KTM19 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.10  KTM20  -  Measures  to  prevent  or  control  the  adverse  impacts  of  fishing  and  other 

exploitation/removal of animal and plants 

KTM20 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported.  

5.6.11  KTM21  -  Measures  to  prevent  or  control  the  input  of  pollution  from  urban  areas, 

transport and built infrastructure 

KTM21 has been reported in all RBDs except  Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6) and Teno, Näätämöjoki 
and Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7).  

Significant pressures include waste disposal sites (pressure 1.6-‘Point - Waste disposal sites’), urban 
run-off (pressure 2.1-‘Diffuse - Urban run-off’) and transport (pressure 2.4-‘Diffuse - Transport’). 

The indicators used are : The indicators used at the RBDs are : KN30 “Number of water bodies or 
sites  requiring  measures”,  KN18  “Number  of  research  studies  required”,  KN28  “Number  of 
wastewater  treatment  works  requiring  to  be  constructed/upgraded”  and    KL09  “Length  (km)  of 
transport  infrastructure  subject  to  the  regulation/codes  of  practice  for  use  and  disposal  of 
chemicals”. The  following  indicator  values  were  reported for KTM21 measures implemented  in 
2018 (almost all for groundwater): 

‒  To address point source pollution due to waste disposal sites (pressure 1.6): Vuoksi RBD 
(FIVHA1: 15 water bodies), Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2: 33 water bodies), 

30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3: 27 water bodies), Oulujoki-
Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4: 14 water bodies)  

‒  To address  diffuse source of pollution  due to urban run-off (pressure 2.1)  : Vuoksi RBD 
(FIVHA1:  32  water  bodies),  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2:  two  wastewater 
treatment works and 66 water bodies), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD 
(FIVHA3: 79 water bodies), FIVHA4 (10 water bodies) 

‒  To  address  diffuse  source  of  pollution  due  to  transport  (pressure  2.4):  Vuoksi  RBD 
(FIVHA1: 55 km of transport infrastructure), Kymijoki-Gulf of Filand RBD (FIVHA2: 200 
km  of  transport  infrastructure),  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD 
(FIVHA3:  51  km  of  transport  infrastructure),  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4:  21  km  of 
transport infrastructure) 

Measures  to  prevent  or  control  the  input  of  pollution  from  urban  areas,  transport  and  built 
infrastructure are needed in the Åland RBD (FIWDA), but no information was reported. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

Cost estimates and financing sources for the required measures were not provided. 

5.6.12  KTM22 - Measures to prevent or control the input of pollution from forestry 

KTM22 has been mapped in all RBDs except in Teno, Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7). 
The  significant  pressure  reported  for  KTM22  is  diffuse  pollution  from  forestry  (pressure  2.3-
‘Diffuse-Forestry’). 

The indicators used for KTM22 are : KA09 “Area (km²) of forest land requiring measures”, KA10 
“Area (km²) of forest requiring measures to reduce nutrient input”, KN01 “the number of advisory 
services required to achieve the objectives”, and KN30 “Number of water bodies to be covered by 
measures”. The following indicator values were reported for KMT22 for 2018: 

‒  Area of forest covered by  measures (KA09 and KA10):  Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1:  381 
km2),  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2:  1058  km2),  Kokemäenjoki-
Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3:  348  km2),  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD 
(FIVHA4: 428  km2),  Kemijoki  RBD  (FIVHA5:  305  km2)  and  Torniojoki  RBD 
(FIVHA6: 36 km2) 

‒  Number of advisory services (KN01): Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1: 4,000 advisory services), 
Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2:  3,700  advisory  services),  Kokemäenjoki-
Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3: 16,770 advisory services) 

‒  Number of water bodies covered by measures (KN30): Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4: 

four water bodies) 

Measures  to prevent  or control the  input of pollution  from  forestry are also needed  in the  Åland 
RBD (FIWDA), but no information was reported. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

No cost estimate or information on funding sources for this KTM was reported.  
Owners of the forest or the parties authorised by the forest owners have the main responsibility to 
implement necessary measures to reduce adverse impacts of forestry on water bodies. 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.6.13  KTM23 - Natural water retention measures 

KTM23 has been mapped reported in the following RBDs: Vuoksi RBD (FIVHA1), Kymijoki-Gulf 
of  Finland  RBD  (FIVHA2),  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3)  and 
Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4).  

Significant  pressures  reported  for  KTM23  are:  Physical  alteration  of  channel/bed/riparian 
area/shore  due  to  flood  protection  (pressure  4.1.1-‘Physical  alteration  of  channel/bed/riparian 
area/shore  – Flood protection’) and Physical alteration  of channel/bed/riparian area/shore  due to 
agriculture (pressure 4.1.2-‘Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian area/shore – Agriculture’). 

The indicators used are: KN19 “Number of sites requiring measures” and KA07 ”Area of buffer 
zones required to achieve the objectives” (although value have only been reported for KN19). The 
following indicator values were reported for KMT23 for 2018: 

‒  To  address  pressures  from  flood  protection  (4.1.1):  Kymijoki-Gulf  of  Finland  RBD 
(FIVHA2: 114 sites), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3: eight 
sites) 

‒  To address pressures from agriculture (4.1.2): FIVHA1 (41 sites), Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland 
RBD (FIVHA2: 114 sites), Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3: 
eight sites) 

Measures  on  natural  water  retention  are  also  needed  in  the  Åland  RBD  (FIWDA),  but  no 
information was reported. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

No cost estimate or financing sources for this KTM was reported. 

5.6.14  KTM24 - Adaptation to climate change 

KTM24 has not been mapped to any pressures or chemical substances in any of the RBDs and no 
measures have been reported. 

5.6.15  KTM25 - Measures to counteract acidification 

KTM25 has been mapped in the following RBDs: Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea 
RBD (FIVHA3) and Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4).  

The significant pressure reported for KTM25 is “Anthropogenic pressure – other” (pressure 7), and 
the  chemical  substances  are  “Nickel  and  its  compounds”  (CAS_7440-02-0)  and  “Cadmium  its 
compounds” (CAS_7440-43-9). 

The indicator used for KTM 25 is KA02 ”Area (km²) of agricultural land required to be covered to 
achieve the objectives”. The following indicator values were reported for KMT25 for 2018:: 

- 

- 

In  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3)  :  802  km2,  to  address 
pressure 7 as well as the two chemical substances.  
In Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4): 25 km2, to address pressure 7. 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

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No cost estimate or financing sources for this KTM was reported. 

5.6.16  KTM99 - Other key type measure reported under PoM 

KTM99 has been mapped in all RBDs except in Åland RBD (FIWDA).  

Significant pressures include : ”"Introduced species and diseases” (pressure 5.1), “Anthropogenic 
pressures – other” (pressure 7) and ”Anthropogenic pressure – unknown” (pressure 8). 

The  indicators used  for KTM99 are:  KN30 “Number  of  water bodies required to be  covered by 
measures” and KN32 “Number of water bodies that are expected to achieve objectives as a result 
of research”. The following indicator values were reported for KTM99 for 2018: 

‒  To address pressures from introduced species and diseases (pressure 5.1): 2 water bodies in 
the Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago Sea-Bothnian Sea RBD (FIVHA3) and 9 water bodies in 
the Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4) 

‒  To address other anthropogenic pressures (pressure 7) : 64 water bodies in the Vuoksi RBD 
(FIVHA1), 222 water bodies in the Kymijoki-Gulf of Finland RBD (FIVHA2), 147 water 
bodies  in  the  Kokemäenjoki-Archipelago  Sea-Bothnian  Sea  RBD  (FIVHA3),  54  water 
bodies  in  the  Oulujoki-Iijoki  RBD  (FIVHA4),  4  water  bodies  in  the  Kemijoki  RBD 
(FIVHA5), 3 water bodies in the Torniojoki RBD (FIVHA6) and 3 water body in the Teno, 
Näätämöjoki and Paatsjoki RBD (FIVHA7) 

‒  To address unknown anthropogenic pressures (pressure 8): 3 water bodies  in the  Vuoksi 

RBD (FIVHA1) and 20 water bodies in the Oulujoki-Iijoki RBD (FIVHA4) 

Indicator values have only been reported for 2018, and it was consequently not possible to estimate 
the trend for this KTM. 

 No cost estimates or financing sources for this KTM was available for review. 

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