REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION under Regulation (EU) 2018/956 analysing the data transmitted by Member States and manufacturers for the reporting period 2019 on CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles
Date: 2021-11-08
Institutions: Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission
Subjects: EU Member State, consumption, environmental monitoring, greenhouse gas, large vehicle, motor fuel, motor vehicle industry, motor vehicle pollution, new technology, reduction of gas emissions

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 8.11.2021  COM(2021) 679 final  REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION under Regulation (EU) 2018/956  analysing the data transmitted by Member States and manufacturers for the reporting period 2019 on CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles  
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 

under Regulation (EU) 2018/956  analysing the data transmitted by Member States and 
manufacturers for the reporting period 2019 on CO2 emissions from and fuel 
consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles 

1.  Legal base ........................................................................................................................... 2 

2.  Content of the report ........................................................................................................... 2 

3.  Data basis ............................................................................................................................ 3 

4.  Analysis for the first reporting period ................................................................................. 3 

4.1  CO2 emissions and fuel consumption .......................................................................... 3 

4.1.1 

Performance of the fleet of the Union .................................................................. 4 

4.1.2 

Performance of the fleet of the Member States .................................................... 5 

4.1.3 

Performance of the fleet of the manufacturers ..................................................... 6 

4.1.4 

CO2 emissions at different mission profiles/payload combinations ..................... 7 

4.1.5 

CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by fuel type .............................................. 8 

4.2  Advanced CO2 technologies and alternative powertrains ............................................ 9 

4.2.1  Advanced CO2 technologies ................................................................................. 9 

4.2.2  Alternative fuels ................................................................................................. 10 

4.2.3  Alternative powertrains ...................................................................................... 11 

5.  Extent of the use of standard values in the reported data.................................................. 12 

6.  Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 14 

6.1  CO2 emissions  ........................................................................................................... 14 

6.2 

Fuels and powertrains ................................................................................................ 14 

Annex ....................................................................................................................................... 16 

A.1  Mission profile weights (medium lorries) ................................................................. 16 

A.2  Average payload ........................................................................................................ 16 

A.3  Average CO2 emissions per Member State ................................................................ 16 

A.4  Average CO2 emissions per manufacturer ................................................................. 17 

1. 

LEGAL BASE 

In accordance with Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2018/956 of the European Parliament and of 
the Council of 28 June 2018 on the monitoring and reporting of CO2 emissions from and fuel 

1 

 
 
 
 
consumption  of  new  heavy-duty  vehicles1,  the  Commission  shall  publish  each  year  a  report 
with its analysis of the data transmitted by Member States and manufacturers for the preceding 
reporting period. This is the first report under this Regulation, providing a data analysis for the 
reporting  period  2019  exceptionally  running  from  1  January  2019  to  30  June  20202  with  a 
reporting deadline of 30 September 2020.  

The CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles are determined via 
the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO), a simulation tool for heavy-duty 
vehicles developed by the European Commission. The principles underpinning the simulation 
of new heavy-duty vehicles using VECTO are provided by Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 on the 
determination of the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles3. 

2. 

CONTENT OF THE REPORT 

In accordance with the requirements of Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2018/956, this analysis 
covers  

1)  the performance of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of the Union 
2)  the performance of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of each Member State  
3)  the performance of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet of each manufacturer  

All three items above are estimated on the basis of the CO2 emissions for selected representative 
heavy-duty vehicle groups for different mission profile load combinations and different fuels. 
Additionally, selected values on the average fuel consumption of the heavy-duty vehicle fleet 
of the Union are included. 

The  analysis  covers  the  available  data  on  the  uptake  of  new  and  advanced  CO2  reducing 
technologies, as well as of alternative powertrains. 

Further  performance  values  can  be  found  in  the  Central  Register  for  data  on  heavy-duty 
vehicles4.  

Results of on-road verification tests could not be added to the report as they are not available 
to the Commission for the reporting period 2019. 

3. 

DATA BASIS 

This  report  is  based  on  data  including  all  vehicles  reported  by  manufacturers,  matched  by 
registrations in the Member States during the reporting period of 2019 as they were available 
to the Commission by 30 June 20215  

1 Regulation  (EU)  2018/956 of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  28  June  2018 on  the  monitoring  and 
reporting of CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles (OJ L 173, 9.7.2018, p. 1). 
2 The usual reporting periods are from 1 July of a given year to 30 June of the following year. 
3 Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 of 12 December 2017 implementing Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the 
European Parliament and of the Council as regards the determination of the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of 
heavy-duty  vehicles  and  amending  Directive  2007/46/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  and 
Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 (OJ L 349, 29.12.2017, p. 1). 
4 As provided for by Article 6 of Regulation (EU) 2018/956. The Central Register will be published by the EEA under 
https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/app/CO2HDV/. 
5 It is possible that certain corrections for individual vehicles will be reported to the Commission after this date 
and will therefore not be included in this report. 

2 

 
 
                                                           
Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 sets out a grouping of vehicles based on key technical parameters6. 
The starting date of the  CO2 emissions determination differed between the different vehicle 
groups7 (see Table 1).  

Vehicle groups 

Heavy lorries 
4, 5, 9, and 10 
Medium lorries 
1, 2, and 3 

11, 12, and 16 

Starting date of mandatory CO2 
emissions determination 

Covered by this report 

1 January 2019 

1 January 2020 

1 July 2020 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

Table 1: Starting date of mandatory CO2 emissions determination for different vehicle groups 

For vehicles in the groups 4, 5, 9, and 10 (henceforth called together heavy lorries), the CO2 
emissions determination is mandatory for vehicles registered as from 1 January 2019. The CO2 
emissions of heavy lorries are regulated under the CO2 emissions Standard Regulation (EU) 
2019/12428. It should also be noted that heavy lorries emit about 70% of all CO2 emissions of 
heavy-duty vehicles. 

In addition, the CO2 emissions determination is mandatory for vehicles in the groups 1, 2, and 
3  (henceforth  called  together  medium  lorries)  only  when  registered  since  1  January  2020. 
Therefore,  for  this  reporting  period,  the  total  number  of  medium  lorries  is  not  directly 
comparable with that of heavy lorries.  

The CO2 emissions determination is mandatory for vehicles in the groups 11, 12, and 16 only 
when registered since 1 July 2020. These vehicle groups are therefore not covered by the first 
reporting period and excluded from this report.  

4. 

ANALYSIS FOR THE FIRST REPORTING PERIOD  

4.1 

CO2 emissions and fuel consumption 

This  section  provides  an  analysis  of  the  CO2  emissions  by  Member  States,  manufacturers, 
vehicle  groups  and  different  mission  profiles.  Additionally,  selected  values  on  fuel 
consumption, as well as different fuel types used by the newly registered vehicles are presented. 
Vehicles  with  alternative  powertrains  are  separately  discussed  in  section  4.2.3,  and  hence 
excluded from all data analysed in section 4.1.  

4.1.1  Performance of the fleet of the Union 

The reported CO2 emissions strongly depend on the vehicle groups and sub-groups9. Table 2 
provides  data  on  the  composition  and  CO2  emissions  of  the  vehicle  groups.  In  particular,  it 
shows the number of vehicles as well as the average specific CO2 emissions of different sub-
groups. All vocational vehicles registered during the first reporting period  belong to vehicle 
groups 4 and 9. The very large majority of medium lorries belong to groups 2 and 3. As regards 

6 As provided for by Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2017/2400. 
7 As provided for by Article 24 of Regulation (EU) 2017/2400. 
8 Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 setting CO2 emission 
performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles and amending Regulations (EC) No 595/2009 and (EU) 2018/956 
of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 96/53/EC (OJ L 198, 25.7.2019, p. 202-240). 
9  The  vehicle  sub-groups  reflect  the  vehicles’  typical  usage  pattern  and  specific  technical  characteristics.  They  are 
defined by Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2019/1242.  

3 

 
 
                                                           
heavy lorries, the vehicles in sub-group 5-Long Haul (5-LH) represent 63% of all new heavy 
lorries. These are the most common vehicles used for long-haul freight  transportation in the 
EU.  

Vehicle group 

1 
2 
3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

EU total 

Vehicle sub-
group 
- 
- 
- 
4-UD 
4-RD 
4-LH 
vocational 
5-RD 
5-LH 
9-RD 
9-LH 
vocational 
10-RD 
10-LH 
- 

Number of 
vehicles 
953 
4647 
4676 
681 
13 099 
9506 
894 
1345 
159 004 
10 302 
27 787 
1957 
171 
27 047 
262 069 

Average specific CO2 
emissions (g/km)10 
566.84 
619.85 
704.80 
814.32 
627.00 
794.25 
1396.77 
862.69 
786.26 
697.11 
876.21 
1589.25 
858.04 
808.53 
790.31 

Average 
payload (t) 
1.46 
2.34 
3.37 
2.65 
3.18 
7.42 
- 
10.26 
13.84 
6.28 
13.40 
- 
10.26 
13.84 
- 

Table 2: Number of vehicles, average specific CO2 emissions in g/km, and average payload in t per 
vehicle sub-group (note: RD stands for vehicles used mostly for Regional Delivery, LH for Long Haul, 
and UD for Urban Delivery) 

Therein, average specific CO2 emissions of a heavy-duty vehicle from a given sub-group are 
calculated  as  a  weighted  mean  over  different  mission  profiles11  as  defined  in  Annex  I  of  
Regulation (EU) 2019/1242. For vehicle groups 1, 2, and 3, the mission profile weights used 
for all calculations in this report are not yet defined in legislation. The definitions used for this 
report can be found in Table A-1 in the Annex.  

Table 2 also provides the average payload in t for all vehicle groups. The average specific CO2 
emissions in g/tkm can be obtained through a division of the specific CO2 emissions in g/km by 
the average payload in tone can obtain12.  

Section  A.2  of  the  Annex  provides  a  description  on  how  the  average  payload  has  been 
calculated for all vehicle groups.  

4.1.2  Performance of the fleet of the Member States 

Table 3 provides information on the average specific CO2 emissions in g/km for each Member 
States. Vocational vehicles are not taken into account. For conciseness reasons, only emission 
values for vehicle group 2 and sub-group 5-Long-Haul (5-LH), as well as all heavy lorries (i.e., 
groups 4, 5, 9, and 10) are shown herein13. Groups 2 and 5-LH have been selected as the two 

10 In Regulation (EU) 2019/1242, the term of average specific CO2 emissions is used for values in g/tkm. This report 
uses the same notion for values in g/km.  
11 Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 defines a mission profile as a “combination of a target speed cycle, a payload value, a 
body or trailer configuration and other parameters, if applicable, reflecting the specific use of a vehicle”. 
12  This  is  valid  for  all  CO2  emissions  values  averaged  over  mission  profiles  presented  in  this  report.  Hence,  for 
conciseness reasons no values in g/tkm are provided. 
13 The current legislation does not yet define the mileage and payload weighting factors to calculate combined emissions 
from medium lorries. Thus, this report provides only combined emissions from heavy lorries.  

4 

 
 
                                                           
representative groups for medium lorries (groups 1, 2, and 3) and heavy lorries (groups 4, 5, 9, 
and 10) respectively14.  

Medium lorries 

Heavy lorries 

Member 
State 

Groups 1, 2, 3 
Number of 
vehicles 

Group 2 
Average 
specific CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 

Groups 4, 5, 
9, 10 
Number of 
vehicles 

Group 5-LH 
Average 
specific CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Croatia 
Cyprus 
Czechia 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxemburg 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
United 
Kingdom 
Unknown15 
EU total 

219 
458 
18 
36 
2 
384 
104 
5 
79 
2093 
3469 
24 
24 
101 
477 
4 
4 
42 
12 
400 
458 
87 
35 
80 
8 
666 
151 

833 

3 
10276 

619.41 
636.11 
600.96 
653.07 
569.51 
641.92 
611.25 
683.71 
593.44 
594.77 
616.74 
746.75 
627.44 
598.33 
666.24 
595.23 
563.61 
594.97 
681.17 
621.66 
643.44 
636.34 
628.95 
647.41 
609.04 
594.45 
607.41 

736.10 

- 
619.85 

4836 
7159 
2611 
877 
10 
6567 
3059 
764 
1480 
42 500 
43 703 
122 
4418 
1083 
16 641 
933 
7666 
1069 
10 
12 539 
25 462 
4026 
5313 
1432 
1278 
18 878 
4451 

29 508 

547 
248 942 

804.26 
795.12 
772.63 
777.48 
752.88 
777.68 
775.19 
765.57 
776.98 
795.17 
791.84 
807.34 
779.23 
774.59 
787.17 
780.60 
784.17 
801.07 
790.63 
776.98 
777.11 
770.12 
783.45 
772.17 
775.38 
782.72 
787.31 

793.91 

781.71 
786.26 

Groups 4, 5, 9, 
10 
Combined 
average specific 
CO2 emissions 
(g/km) 
799.01 
780.23 
773.13 
778.79 
802.88 
783.79 
798.63 
780.54 
805.17 
789.68 
794.94 
740.52 
782.54 
775.04 
789.91 
781.84 
784.48 
797.38 
801.98 
779.00 
779.19 
768.37 
783.60 
768.83 
771.94 
778.83 
827.08 

789.57 

787.17 
787.50 

Table 3: Average specific CO2 emissions in g/km of vehicle groups 2 and 5-LH, as well as all heavy 
lorries in each Member State 

Section A.3 of the Annex provides a description on how the average specific CO2 emissions, 
as well as the combined average specific CO2 emissions from Table 3 are calculated. 

14 For the medium lorries, groups 2 and 3 contain a comparable number of vehicles. Regarding the average specific CO2 
emissions and average payload, group 2 is “in between” groups 1 and 3 (see Table 2), and hence best represents the 
medium  lorries.  Sub-group  5-LH  is  chosen  as  a  representative  group  as  it  accounts for  more than  60%  of  all newly 
registered heavy lorries.  
15 3 medium lorries, as well as 547 heavy lorries are classified as Unknown. These are vehicles registered in more than 
one Member State, hence could not be attributed to one precise Member State. 

5 

 
 
 
                                                           
4.1.3  Performance of the fleet of the manufacturers 

Table  4  presents  average  specific  CO2  emissions  in  g/km  for  all  manufacturers.  Vocational 
vehicles are not taken into account. 

Medium lorries 

Heavy lorries 

Manufacturer 

Groups 1, 2, 3 
Number of 
vehicles 

DAF NV 
DAIMLER 
TRUCK AG 
FORD 
OTOMOTIV 
SANAYI AS 
IVECO SPA 
IVECO 
MAGIRUS-AG 
MAN TRUCK 
AND BUS SE 
RENAULT 
TRUCK SA 
SCANIA CV AB 
VOLVO 
TRUCK 
CORPORATION 

1968 

2253 

- 

407 

- 

2884 

1960 

- 

804 

Group 2 
Average 
specific CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 

Groups 4, 
5, 9, 10 
Number of 
vehicles 

Group 5-LH 
Average 
specific CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 

709.58 

626.13 

48 247 

40 462 

784.34 

793.61 

Groups 4, 5, 9, 
10 
Combined 
average 
specific CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
783.95 

801.21 

- 

789 

830.36 

824.81 

693.41 

1281 

- 

- 

11 432 

802.80 

695.13 

803.60 

601.14 

34 728 

803.19 

788.93 

564.44 

- 

22 196 

49 207 

807.96 

743.16 

801.09 

755.71 

597.01 

40 600 

798.19 

805.58 

Table 4: Average specific CO2 emissions in g/km of vehicle groups 2 and 5-LH, as well as all heavy 
lorries for each manufacturer 

It should be noted that the combined average specific CO2 emissions strongly depend on the 
distribution of vehicles between the different sub-groups16. The sub-groups reflect the different 
technical  parameters  and  driving  patterns  of  the  vehicles,  and  hence  show  significant 
differences in terms of their average specific CO2 emissions (see Table 2).  

Therefore,  for  a  holistic  analysis  of  the  variations  between  manufacturers  regarding  the 
combined average specific CO2 emissions, the composition of their fleets needs to be taken into 
account (see Table 5 with the number of vehicles per sub-group for each manufacturer). As an 
example,  Iveco  SPA  has  by  far  most  of  its  vehicles  in  the  4-RD  sub-group,  which  has  a 
relatively low mileage*payload weighting factor (which reflects the lifetime transport utility of 
the  vehicle  sub-group).  As  a  result,  the  combined  average  specific  CO2  emissions  of  this 
manufacturer are significantly lower than those of the other manufacturers. 

Vehicle sub-group 

Manufacturer 

4-UD 

4-RD 

4-LH 

5-RD 

5-LH 

9-RD 

9-LH 

10-RD  10-LH 

DAF NV 
DAIMLER 
TRUCK AG 

620 

2332 

1676 

94 

33 640 

377 

3320 

0 

1765 

2304 

302 

26 226 

1812 

5693 

5 

5 

6183 

2355 

16 This applies to the combined average specific CO2 emissions shown in both Table 3 and Table 4.  

6 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
Manufacturer 

4-UD 

4-RD 

4-LH 

5-RD 

5-LH 

9-RD 

9-LH 

10-RD  10-LH 

Vehicle sub-group 

FORD 
OTOMOTIV 
SANAYI AS 
IVECO SPA 
IVECO 
MAGIRUS-
AG 
MAN TRUCK 
AND BUS SE 
RENAULT 
TRUCK SA 
SCANIA CV 
AB 
VOLVO 
TRUCK 
CORPO-
RATION 

0 

5 

0 

0 

3 

117 

147 

1187 

89 

0 

0 

495 

0 

18 

0 

12 

0 

317 

156 

135 

7978 

1511 

1107 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

228 

2415 

1337 

279 

20 896 

2457 

4296 

98 

2950 

2032 

1159 

163 

14 339 

1320 

1766 

0 

1414 

53 

1514 

1642 

285 

29 218 

1528 

6571 

51 

8345 

0 

1420 

996 

87 

26 212 

1279 

5022 

12 

5572 

Table 5: Number of vehicles per vehicle sub-group for each manufacturer 

Section A.4 of the Annex provides a description on how the average specific CO2 emissions, 
as well as the combined average specific CO2 emissions from Table 4 are calculated. 

4.1.4  CO2 emissions at different mission profiles/payload combinations 

In VECTO, all vehicles  are simulated over different mission profiles and with two different 
payloads (low or representative). Each vehicle  group is  simulated over a defined  number of 
corresponding mission profiles.  

Table 6 presents average specific emissions in g/km and g/tkm from vehicle groups 2, and 5, as 
well as from all vocational vehicles in group 9.  

Medium lorries 
Vehicle group 2 

Heavy lorries 
Vehicle group 5 

Vocational vehicles 
Vehicle group 9v 

Mission 
profile / 
payload17 

RDL 
RDR 
LHL 
LHR 
UDL 
UDR 
REL 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
506.95 
546.14 
671.07 
775.28 
633.01 
733.52 
- 

Average  CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 

845.48 
182.15 
516.21 
79.02 
1055.76 
244.65 
- 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
674.46 
839.13 
647.22 
846.45 
1056.16 
1449.55 
852.18 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
259.41 
65.05 
248.93 
43.86 
406.21 
112.37 
243.48 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 

17 Mission profiles are: regional delivery payload low (RDL), regional delivery payload representative (RDR), long haul 
payload low (LHL), long haul payload representative (LHR), urban delivery payload low (UDL), urban delivery payload 
representative (UDR), regional delivery EMS payload low (REL), regional delivery EMS payload representative (RER), 
long  haul  EMS  payload  low  (LEL),  municipal  utility  payload  low  (MUL),  municipal  utility  payload  representative 
(MUR), construction payload low (COL), and construction payload representative (COR). Herein, MUL, MUR, COL, 
and COR are designed specifically for vocational vehicles, which include, e.g., vehicles used for garbage collection or 
construction works.  

7 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Medium lorries 
Vehicle group 2 

Heavy lorries 
Vehicle group 5 

Vocational vehicles 
Vehicle group 9v 

Mission 
profile / 
payload17 

RER 
LEL 
MUL 
MUR 
COL 
COR 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 

Average  CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 

- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
1080.30 
813.22 
- 
- 
- 
- 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
61.73 
232.35 
- 
- 
- 
- 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 
- 
- 
2239.60 
2414.47 
784.72 
918.22 

Average  
CO2 
emissions 
(g/tkm) 
- 
- 
1866.34 
402.41 
560.52 
129.33 

Table 6: Average specific CO2 emissions in g/km and g/tkm of vehicle groups 2, 5, and 9 for each 
mission profile 

4.1.5  CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by fuel type 

Table 7 provides  the average specific CO2 emissions  by fuel  type.  Similarly to  Table 3  and 
Table 4, it presents values for vehicle groups 2 and 5-LH, excluding vocational vehicles. None 
of the vehicles registered during the reporting period of 2019 used Petrol (PI), Ethanol (PI), or 
LPG (PI)18. A more detailed analysis of the different fuels used by newly registered vehicles is 
given in section 4.2.2. 

Medium lorries 
Vehicle group 2 

Heavy lorries 
Vehicle sub-group 5-LH 

Fuel type 
(engine) 

Number 
of 
vehicles 

Average 
specific CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 

Average fuel 
consumption 

Number 
of 
vehicles 

Average 
specific 
CO2 
emissions 
(g/km) 

Average fuel 
consumption 

620 

- 

23.69  
l/100km 

155 180 

787.10 

30.08  l/100km 

- 

15 

696.22 

46.90  l/100km 

- 
227.15  g/km 
- 
Table  7:  Number  of  vehicles,  average  specific  CO2  emissions  in  g/km  and  average  fuel 
consumption of vehicle groups 2 and 5-LH by fuel type 

272.42  g/km 
279.79  g/km 
292.78  g/km 

754.62 
752.63 
743.66 

2015 
1350 
444 

- 
611 
- 

- 
15 
- 

For 444 natural gas vehicles from sub-group 5-LH simulated with early VECTO versions, no 
specification on the type of natural gas, whether liquefied natural gas (LNG), or compressed 
natural gas (CNG) is used, is available. These vehicles are classified here as NG. 

4.2 

Advanced CO2 technologies and alternative powertrains 

This section focuses on the use of advanced and alternative technologies within the vehicles 
registered during the first reporting period. In particular, it lists the total number of vehicles and 
the  share  of  the  fleet  equipped  with  a  given  technology.  It  compares  the  fleets  of  different 
manufacturers and Member States.  

18 PI stands for a Positive Ignition engine and CI for Compressed Ignition engine.  

8 

Diesel (CI) 

4632 

- 

Ethanol 
(CI) 
LNG (PI) 
CNG (PI) 
NG (PI) 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
4.2.1  Advanced CO2 technologies 

During the reporting period of 2019,  manufacturers  could,  but  were not  obliged to,  indicate 
additional  “advanced  CO2  technologies”19.  This  information  had  no  influence  on  VECTO 
simulation results. Only one manufacturer consistently indicated whether a vehicle registered 
presents advanced CO2 technologies. As a result, this analysis concerns only the fleet of this 
single manufacturer.  

Out of all new vehicles of its fleet, 67% were equipped with an active front grille, classified as 
an  advanced  aerodynamic  measure.  Furthermore,  around  80%  of  its  new  vehicles  were 
equipped with a pulse and glide technology, leading to more energy-efficient driving. 

No conclusions about advanced CO2 technologies within the whole fleet of the Union can be 
made. 

Besides this optional information on “advanced CO2 technologies”, the manufacturers had to 
indicate, whether the registered vehicle is equipped with an advanced driver-assistance systems 
(ADAS) technology20. These parameters were taken into account during VECTO simulations, 
and hence it can be assumed that the data reported are accurate for all manufacturers. Table 8 
presents the total number of vehicles equipped with an ADAS technology.  

ADAS technology 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

Vehicle group 

Total 

Eco-roll without engine 
stop-start 
Predictive cruise 
control 
Total number of 
vehicles in group 
Share of vehicles 
equipped with ADAS 
(%) 

17 

184 

154 

2121 

58 180 

7251 

6461 

74 368 

0 

0 

0 

488 

41 039 

2668 

3472 

47 667 

953 

4647 

4676 

24 180 

160 349 

40 046  27 218  262 069 

1.8 

3.9 

3.3 

10.8 

61.9 

24.8 

36.5 

6.6 

Table 8: Number of vehicles per vehicle group equipped with an ADAS technology 

No vehicles registered during the reporting period of 2019 were equipped with the ADAS 
technologies “engine stop-start during vehicle stop” or “eco-roll with engine stop-start”. 

4.2.2  Alternative fuels 

The  fuel  and  engine  type  of  a  registered  vehicle  were  mandatory  specifications  during  the 
reporting  period  as  they  have  an  impact  on  the  emissions  determination  via  VECTO.  Even 
though  almost  98%  of  vehicles  registered  use  Diesel,  a  small  amount  of  newly  registered 
vehicles use ethanol, LNG, or CNG. Table 9 gives an overview of the different fuel and engines 
within the vehicle groups. 

Fuel type 
(engine) 
Diesel 
(CI) 

Conventional 
fuels 

Vehicle group 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

Total 

953 

4632  4662  23 694  156 445  39 039  27 176  256 601 

19 Field 74 of Table 2 in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2018/956. 
20 Fields 97-100 of Table 2 in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2018/956. 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Alternative 
fuels 

Ethanol 
(CI) 
LNG (PI) 
CNG (PI) 
NG (PI) 
Total number of vehicles 
in group 
Share of vehicles using 
alternative fuels (%) 

0 

0 
0 
0 

0 

0 
15 
0 

0 

0 
14 
0 

0 

28 
389 
69 

16 

2024 
1420 
444 

15 

110 
768 
114 

0 

14 
25 
3 

31 

2176 
2631 
630 

953 

4647  4676  24 180  160 349  40 046  27 218  262 069 

0.0 

0.3 

0.3 

2.0 

2.4 

2.5 

0.2 

2.1 

Table 9: Number of vehicles per vehicle group by fuel type 

For 630 natural gas vehicles simulated with early VECTO versions, no specification on the type 
of natural gas (LNG or CNG) is available. In Table 9 these vehicles are classified as NG. 

Table 10 shows data per Member State in terms of the number of vehicles using alternative 
fuels. The data are summed up within the two most important categories: medium lorries (i.e. 
groups 1, 2, and 3), as well as heavy lorries (i.e. groups 4, 5, 9, and 10).  

Medium lorries 
Vehicle group 
1, 2, and 3 

Heavy lorries 
Vehicle groups 4, 5, 9, and 10 

Diesel 
(CI) 
219 
458 
18 
36 
2 
384 
104 
5 
79 
2087 
3469 
24 
24 
101 
457 
4 
4 
42 
12 
400 
458 
87 
35 
80 
8 
663 
151 

CNG 
(PI) 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 
0 
0 
0 
0 
20 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
0 

Diesel 
(CI) 
4822 
7091 
2417 
873 
10 
6522 
3163 
725 
1448 
41 452 
43 421 
122 
4416 
1081 
15 736 
921 
7630 
1077 
14 
12 610 
25 163 
3997 
5145 
1415 
1273 
18 355 
4396 

Ethanol 
(CI) 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
14 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
16 

LNG 
(PI) 
7 
93 
1 
1 
0 
6 
0 
1 
5 
323 
431 
0 
1 
0 
459 
10 
30 
1 
0 
80 
212 
19 
84 
17 
2 
366 
24 

CNG 
(PI) 
22 
75 
171 
1 
0 
44 
13 
28 
45 
805 
295 
0 
1 
10 
355 
2 
6 
2 
0 
50 
103 
24 
86 
3 
3 
177 
99 

NG 
(PI) 
8 
22 
29 
4 
0 
15 
10 
11 
5 
144 
34 
0 
0 
0 
230 
0 
0 
0 
0 
30 
36 
6 
3 
0 
0 
37 
3 

Total 
number 
of 
vehicles 

5078 
7739 
2636 
915 
12 
6971 
3290 
770 
1583 
44 831 
47 650 
146 
4442 
1192 
17 257 
937 
7670 
1122 
26 
13 170 
25 972 
4133 
5353 
1515 
1286 
19 601 
4689 

Share of 
vehicles 
using 
alternative 
fuels (%) 
0.73 
2.46 
7.63 
0.66 
0.0 
0.93 
0.70 
5.19 
3.54 
2.88 
1.59 
0.0 
0.05 
0.84 
6.17 
1.28 
0.47 
0.27 
0.0 
1.21 
1.35 
1.19 
3.23 
1.32 
0.39 
2.97 
3.02 

833 

0 

30 516 

0 

1 

182 

1 

31 533 

0.58 

Member 
State 
Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Croatia 
Cyprus 
Czechia 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxemburg 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
United 
Kingdom 

10 

 
 
 
 
Medium lorries 
Vehicle group 
1, 2, and 3 

Heavy lorries 
Vehicle groups 4, 5, 9, and 10 

Member 
State 
Unknown21 
EU total 

Diesel 
(CI) 
3 
10 247 

CNG 
(PI) 
0 
29 

Diesel 
(CI) 
543 
246 354 

Ethanol 
(CI) 
0 
31 

LNG 
(PI) 
2 

CNG 
(PI) 
0 

NG 
(PI) 
2 

2176  2602  630  262 069 

Total 
number 
of 
vehicles 

550 

Share of 
vehicles 
using 
alternative 
fuels (%) 
0.73 
2.09 

Table 10: Number of vehicles per Member State by fuel type 

Differences  between  Member  States  might  result  from  differently  developed  re-filling 
infrastructures  for  alternative  fuels,  e.g.  CNG/LNG.  Nonetheless,  the  number  of  registered 
vehicles using alternative fuels is low throughout the whole EU. 

4.2.3  Alternative powertrains 

Vehicles with alternative powertrains, i.e. zero emission vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and 
dual-fuel  vehicles,  are  exempt  from  VECTO  simulations  according  to  Article  9(1)  of 
Regulation (EU) 2017/2400.  

Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 defines a zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle as a vehicle without an 
internal  combustion  engine,  or  with  an  internal  combustion  engine  that  emits  less  than                    
1 g CO2/kWh, or less than 1 g CO2/km.  

A hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle combining an internal combustion engine with an electric 
motor22. A dual-fuel vehicle is a vehicle with an internal combustion engine that is designed to 
operate on two different fuels at the same time23. 

Based on the data provided during the reporting period of 2019, it is only possible to provide 
data on the total number of vehicles with alternative powertrains per manufacturer and Member 
State. Additional information on these vehicles, as e.g., their vehicle groups and sub-groups, 
are not available yet. Table 11 shows that the number of vehicles with alternative powertrains 
registered during the reporting period was very limited.  

Alternative powertrain 

Zero 
emission 
vehicle 
1 

Hybrid 
electric 
vehicle 
0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Dual-fuel 
vehicle 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Total number 
of vehicles by 
manufacturer 
51 765 

Share of vehicles 
with an alternative 
powertrain (%) 
0.00 

43 942 

789 

1688 

11 432 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

Manufacturer 

DAF NV 
DAIMLER 
TRUCK AG 
FORD 
OTOMOTIV 
SANAYI AS 

IVECO SPA 

IVECO 
MAGIRUS-
AG 

21 3 medium lorries, as well as 547 heavy lorries are classified as Unknown. These are vehicles registered in more than 
one Member State, hence could not be attributed to one precise Member State. 
22 For the entire definition, see Article 3(15) of Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
5  September  2007  establishing  a  framework  for  the  approval  of  motor  vehicles  and  their  trailers,  and  of  systems, 
components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles (OJ L 263, 9.10.2007, p. 1-160). 
23 For the entire definition, see Article 2(48) of Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 (OJ L 47, 18.2.2014, p.1-57) 
as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) No 133/2014 of 31 January 2014.. 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Alternative powertrain 

Zero 
emission 
vehicle 

Hybrid 
electric 
vehicle 

Dual-fuel 
vehicle 

Total number 
of vehicles by 
manufacturer 

Share of vehicles 
with an alternative 
powertrain (%) 

1 

0 

0 

1 

3 

0 

0 

20 

0 

20 

0 

0 

0 

37 613 

24 156 

49 227 

1006 

42 486 

0.00 

0.00 

0.04 

2.37 

1006 

263 098 

0.39 

Manufacturer 

MAN 
TRUCK 
AND BUS SE 
RENAULT 
TRUCK SA 
SCANIA CV 
AB 
VOLVO 
TRUCK 
CORPO-
RATION 
Total 
number of 
vehicles 

Table 11: Number of vehicles with alternative powertrains by manufacturers 

5. 

EXTENT OF THE USE OF STANDARD VALUES IN THE REPORTED DATA 

For  CO2  emissions  determination  in  accordance  with  Regulation  (EU)  2017/2400,  standard 
values, instead of certified values determined on the basis of testing, are set in that Regulation 
and  can  be  used  for  certain  components  upon  the  choice  of  the  manufacturer.  The  use  of 
standard values reduces testing costs. These standard values are set in a way that encourages 
manufacturers to apply for component certification and testing. This means that standard values 
have  to  reflect  the  performance  of  the  less  efficient  components  available  on  the  market. 
Therefore, their application results typically in a certain overestimation of the fuel consumption 
and CO2 emissions of the vehicles simulated.  

This section provides an overview on the extent of the use of standard values in the reported 
data. A more  exhaustive analysis of the quantitative influence of the use  of standard versus 
certified values on the reported CO2 emissions is beyond the scope of this report. An evaluation 
will  be  carried  out  by  the  Commission  in  the  context  of  the  assessment  of  reference  CO2 
emissions24. 

Table 12 shows the percentage of vehicles from groups 1, 2, and 3 using at least one standard 
value  during  simulation25.  Additionally,  it  provides  the  total  number  of  vehicles  in  the 
respective groups. 

Vehicle group 

1 
2 
3 

Share of vehicles within group using a standard 
value for at least one component (%) 
82.7 
61 
48.3 

Fleet composition: total 
number of vehicles 
1890 
4660 
3557 

24 As provided for by Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2019/1242. 
25 Results are based on data containing simulation results of vehicles registered between 1 October 2019 and 30 June 
2020, hence a different period than used for the rest of this report. Thus, the fleet composition presented in Tables 12 
and 13 slightly differs from the fleet composition presented in all other tables of this analysis. Although the data source 
used in Tables 12 and 13 is different, it remains representative also for the first reporting period, and hence does not 
impact the general conclusions drawn in regards with the use of standard value in reported data. In Tables 12 and 13 
vocational vehicles are not taken into account.   

12 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Table  12:  Fleet  composition  and  share  of  vehicles  using  standard  values  in  groups  1,  2,  and  3 
(medium lorries) 

Vehicles belonging to the heavy lorries’ groups are further separated into sub-groups that reflect 
the vehicles’ typical usage pattern and specific technical characteristics26. Table 13 shows the 
percentage of vehicles from the different sub-groups using at least one standard value during 
simulation. It also presents the composition of the heavy lorries’ fleet.  

Vehicle sub-group 

Share of vehicles within sub-group using a 
standard value for at least one component (%) 
0.2 
43.5 
10.7 
35.5 
1.3 
30.8 
10.6 
12 
1.4 
Table 13: Fleet composition and share of vehicles using standard values in groups 4, 5, 9, and 10 
(heavy lorries) 

Fleet composition: total 
number of vehicles 
413 
10 324 
2419 
1151 
76 504 
9822 
11 445 
150 
11 751 

4-UD 
4-RD 
4-LH 
5-RD 
5-LH 
9-RD 
9-LH 
10-RD 
10-LH 

The reported data also covers vocational vehicles, i.e. vehicles used for special purposes such 
as garbage collection or construction works. Vocational vehicles are, however, excluded from 
the data in Table 12 and 13.   

Overall, within sub-group 5-LH, which has the largest share of the fleet, 98.7% of all vehicles 
are simulated using certified values. In total, 93.6% of the heavy lorries are simulated using 
certified values.  

However, a significant use of at least one standard value can be observed in some of the vehicle 
sub-groups  of  the  heavy  lorries  (i.e.  43.5%  in  4-RD,  35.5%  in  5-RD  or  30.8%  in  9-RD). 
Furthermore, more than 57% of all medium lorries were simulated using at least one standard 
value.   

This observation confirms the expectations that standard values would be mainly used for 
vehicle types that are registered in lower numbers. 

6. 

CONCLUSION 

This first report aims foremost to present the status quo of the EU’s heavy-duty vehicle fleet. 
More in-depth analyses of the monitoring data are planned for the upcoming reports, as it will 
only then be possible to examine developments and trends over time.  

The report compares the performance of the fleets of different Member States, manufacturers, 
and vehicle groups. It provides selected values on CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, as well as 
the share of alternative technologies in heavy-duty vehicles registered during the first reporting 
period. This section summarizes the key observations from the reported data. 

26 As provided for by Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2019/1242. Therein, RD stands for vehicles used mostly for regional 
delivery, LH for long haul, and UD for urban delivery.  

13 

 
 
                                                           
6.1 

CO2 emissions  

A fair comparison of the performance of different Member States and manufacturers in terms 
of the average specific CO2 emissions of their fleets is only possible within a given group (for 
medium lorries) or sub-groups (for heavy lorries). 

Within the representative group for medium lorries, i.e. group 2, significant differences among 
the  fleets  of  different  Member  States  and  manufacturers  can  be  observed.  The  relative 
difference between the best- and the worst-performing Member State’s fleet is of more than 
30% (see Table 3). For the manufacturers, the relative difference accounts to 25% (see Table 
4).  

As for the heavy lorries, the performances of the 5-Long Haul fleets of different Member States 
and manufacturers are more aligned. The relative difference in the performance of fleets is of 
around 7% amongst Member States (see Table 3), and around 12% amongst manufacturers (see 
Table 4).  

The higher variation of average specific CO2 emissions of medium lorries as compared to heavy 
lorries can be explained by two elements. Firstly, medium lorries are simulated with slightly 
different payloads depending on their technically permissible maximum laden mass, while the 
payload used at the simulations of heavy lorries does not depend on the technical characteristics 
of the individual vehicle. Secondly, there are more than one order of magnitude more heavy 
than medium lorries. As a result, coincidental fluctuations of CO2 emissions, in particular in 
smaller Member States, are more likely to occur for medium lorries. 

Furthermore, the data on the uptake of advanced technologies indicates that almost half of the 
newly registered vehicles are equipped with an advanced driver-assistance systems. The data 
on additional advanced CO2 technologies is limited, but suggests that a high share of vehicles 
is also equipped with advanced aerodynamic measures or a pulse and glide technology.  

6.2 

Fuels and powertrains 

At present, diesel vehicles still account for more than 97% of all EU’s newly registered heavy-
duty vehicles. Only a limited number of vehicles use alternative fuels or alternative powertrains.  

The share of vehicles using alternative fuels, i.e. ethanol, CNG, or LNG, significantly varies 
between the Member States. While it is very low (below 0.5%) in Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, 
Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, and Slovenia, it reaches more than 7% and 6% in Bulgaria and 
Italy, respectively (see Table 10). This is mainly due to a relatively high share of natural gas 
(LNG, CNG, NG) vehicles, reflecting a quite well-developed gas refilling infrastructure in these 
countries.  

Currently, the number of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles across the EU is negligibly small, 
with only three vehicles registered during the first reporting period (see Table 11). However, 
due to the entry in force of Regulation 2019/1242 setting CO2 emission performance standards 
for new heavy-duty vehicles, the uptake of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles is expected to 
increase in the coming years.  

14 

 
 
 
 
ANNEX 

A.1  Mission profile weights (medium lorries) 

The values provided in Table A-1 are not yet defined in legislation but used in VECTO for the 
determination of specific CO2 emissions of individual vehicles indicated in the Certificate of 
Conformity (CoC). 

Vehicle group 
1 
2 
3 

RDL 
0.1 
0.125 
0.125 

RDR 
0.3 
0.375 
0.375 

UDL 
0.18 
0.15 
0.15 

UDR 
0.42 
0.35 
0.35 

Table A-1:  Mission profile weights for vehicle groups 1, 2, and 3 (medium lorries) 

A.2  Average payload 

For groups 4, 5, 9, and 10, the average payload is fixed within each sub-group.  

For groups 1, 2, and 3, the payload values are not fixed but vary according to the technically 
permissible maximum laden mass (TPMLM) of the individual vehicle. Hence, to calculate the 
average payload within a group, one has to take into account vehicle-specific payloads27. The 
average payload 𝑃𝑙𝑔 for groups 1, 2, and 3 is calculated as follows: 

𝑃𝑙𝑔 =

𝑣𝑔

𝑚𝑝

∑ ∑ 𝑊𝑔,𝑚𝑝×𝑃𝑙𝑣𝑔,𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑔

. 

Therein, ∑𝑣𝑔 is the sum over all vehicles from group 𝑔, ∑𝑚𝑝 the sum over all mission profiles, 
𝑃𝑙𝑣𝑔,𝑚𝑝  the  payload  value  attributed  to  vehicle  𝑣𝑔  for  mission  profile  𝑚𝑝,  and  𝑉𝑔  the  total 
number of vehicles from vehicle group 𝑔. 

𝑊𝑔,𝑚𝑝 are the same mission profile weights that are used for the calculation of the specific 
CO2 emissions of groups 1, 2, 3 (see Table A-1). 

A.3  Average CO2 emissions per Member State 

The average specific CO2 emissions 𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑔,𝑀𝑆 in g/km of a vehicle (sub-)group28 per 
Member State are calculated as follows: 

𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑔,𝑀𝑆 =  

∑

𝑣𝑔,𝑀𝑆

CO2𝑣𝑔,𝑀𝑆

𝑉𝑔,𝑀𝑆

. 

Therein, ∑𝑣𝑔,𝑀𝑆 is the sum over all vehicles from a given (sub-)group 𝑔 and Member State 𝑀𝑆 
and CO2𝑣𝑔,𝑀𝑆 are the average specific CO2 emissions of a new heavy-duty vehicle 𝑣 from group 

27 European Commission. (2017). VECTO tool development: Completion of methodology to simulate Heavy Duty 
Vehicles' fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Upgrades to the existing version of VECTO and completion of 
certification methodology to be incorporated into a Commission legislative proposal (pp. 71-73).  
28 Vehicle groups as defined in point 1 of Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10. Vehicle sub-
groups as defined in point 1 of Annex I of Regulation 2019/1242 are: 4-UD, 4-RD, 4-LH, 5-RD, 5-LH, 9-RD, 9-LH, 
10-RD, 10-LH. The first digit of a vehicle sub-group indicates the vehicle group to which it belongs.   

15 

 
 
                                                           
𝑔 and Member State 𝑀𝑆, as defined by point 2.1. in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2019/124229.  
𝑉𝑔,𝑀𝑆 is the total number of vehicles from group 𝑔 registered in Member State 𝑀𝑆. 

The combined average specific CO2 emissions 𝑎𝑣𝑔𝐶𝑂24,5,9,10,𝑀𝑆 from groups 4, 5, 9, and 10 
are  calculated  analogously  to  the  formula  given  in  2.7.  in  Annex  I  of  Regulation  (EU) 
2019/1242: 

𝑎𝑣𝑔CO24,5,9,10,𝑀𝑆 =   ∑ 𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑠𝑔,𝑀𝑆 × 𝑀𝑃𝑊𝑠𝑔 × 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑔,𝑀𝑆

𝑠𝑔

. 

Therein, ∑𝑠𝑔 is the sum over all sub-groups within groups 4, 5, 9, and 10, 𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑠𝑔,𝑀𝑆 are the 
average specific emissions of all new heavy-duty vehiclesin the Member State MS and in the 
vehicle sub-group 𝑠𝑔, as defined above and presented in Table 3. 𝑀𝑃𝑊𝑠𝑔 is the mileage and 
payload weighting factor as determined in point 2.6. in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2019/1242,  
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑔,𝑀𝑆 is the share of new heavy-duty vehicles from a given Member State 𝑀𝑆 in a given 
sub-group 𝑠𝑔.  

A.4  Average CO2 emissions per manufacturer 

All values are calculated using the same methodology as in section A.3. Vocational vehicles 
are not taken into account.  

The average specific emissions 𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑔,𝑀 in g/km of a vehicle (sub-)group per manufacturer 
are calculated as follows: 

𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑔,𝑀 =  

∑

𝑣𝑔,𝑀

CO2𝑣𝑔,𝑀
𝑉𝑔,𝑀

.  

Herein the specific CO2 emissions are averaged over all vehicles from a given (sub-)group g 
and a given manufacturer 𝑀(instead of a given Member State 𝑀𝑆, as above). 

Similarly, the combined average specific CO2 emissions 𝑎𝑣𝑔𝐶𝑂24,5,9,10,𝑀 from groups 4, 5, 9, 
and 10 are given by:  

𝑎𝑣𝑔CO24,5,9,10,𝑀 =   ∑ 𝑎𝑣𝑔CO2𝑠𝑔,𝑀 × 𝑀𝑃𝑊𝑠𝑔 × 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑔,𝑀

𝑠𝑔

. 

Herein, 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑔,𝑀 is the share of new heavy-duty vehicles from a given manufacturer 𝑀 in a 
given sub-group 𝑠𝑔. 

29 The average specific CO2 emissions CO2𝑣 for vehicles from groups 1, 2, 3 are calculated using mission profile weights 
defined in Table A-1.  

16