COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Technical information Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Speeding up European climate action towards a green, fair and prosperous future EU Climate Action Progress Report 2021
Date: 2021-10-26
Institutions: Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission
Subjects: EU Emissions Trading Scheme, EU emission allowance, EU environmental policy, adaptation to climate change, carbon neutrality, environmental cooperation, forestry policy, greenhouse gas, investment, land use

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 26.10.2021  SWD(2021) 298 final/2  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Technical information Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Speeding up European climate action towards a green, fair and prosperous future        EU Climate Action Progress Report 2021 {COM(2021) 950 final} - {COM(2021) 960 final}  
 
 
Contents 

1.  OVERVIEW OF EU CLIMATE TARGETS ........................................................................ 2 

2. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COVERED BY THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND 

THE CLIMATE AND ENERGY PACKAGE ...................................................................... 7 

3. MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE COMMISION’S PROPOSALS FOR REVISED AND NEW 
LEGISLATION UNDER THE “DELIVERING THE GREEN DEAL” PACKAGE, JULY 
2021 ....................................................................................................................................... 8 

4. COMMISSION’S ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL LONG-TERM STRATEGIES ......... 11 

5. EU GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR ....................................................... 15 

6. TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS PER MEMBER STATE ......................................................... 17 

7. GREENHOUSE GAS INTENSITY IN THE EU AND ITS MEMBER STATES ............. 18 

8. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA IN THE EU AND ITS MEMBER 

STATES............................................................................................................................... 19 

9. EU ETS EMISSIONS .......................................................................................................... 20 

10. EMISSIONS COVERED BY THE EFFORT SHARING LEGISLATION ...................... 21 

11. FIRST ASSESSMENT OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ............................................. 30 

12. USE OF REVENUES FROM AUCTIONING OF ETS ALLOWANCES ....................... 34 

13. EXAMPLES OF FUNDING OF CLIMATE RELATED PROJECTS ............................. 41 

1 

 
 
 
 
1.  OVERVIEW OF EU CLIMATE TARGETS 

Table 1: Overview of existing and proposed new climate targets (in the “Delivering the European Green Deal” package  - July 2021) 

International commitments 

EU domestic legislation  

The EU’s 
commitment 
under the Kyoto 
Protocol (KP) 

The EU’s commitment 
under the Paris 
Agreement 

2020 Climate and Energy 
Package 

2030 Climate and Energy Framework 

EU ETS 

Effort Sharing 
Decision (ESD) 

EU ETS  

Effort 
Sharing 
Regulation 
(ESR) 

LULUCF 

Target year of 
period 

Second 
commitment period 
(2013-2020) 

Already in force – covers 
the period post 2020 

2013-2020 

2013-2020 

2021-2030 

2021-2030 

2021-2030 

Emission 
reduction 
target 

-20% 

at least -55% net emissions 
in 2030 

-21% in 2020 
compared to 
2005 for ETS 
emissions 

-10% in 2020 
compared to 
2005 for non-ETS 
emissions 

Annual targets 
by MS.  

-43% in 2030 
compared to 2005 
for ETS emissions 

Annual targets 
by MS. In 2030 
-30% 
compared to 
2005 for non-
ETS emissions 

Proposed new 
target: -61% 

Proposed new 
target: -40% 

No-debit  target  based  on  accounting 
rules 
Proposed new targets: 

- 

- 

For 2030 the EU target is -310 MT 
CO2-eq 

For 2035 the EU target is a climate 
land  sector  (combining 
neutral 
from 
emission 
LULUCF 
agriculture non-CO2). 

and 

Overall target: -20% GHG emissions 
reduction vs 1990 

Overall target:  at least -55% net domestic reduction vs 1990  

2 

 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Further 
targets 

- 

targets 

• limiting global warming to 
well 
2°C.;  
below 
• every 5 years to set more 
ambitious 
as 
by 
science; 
required 
on 
• 
report 
implementation/ 
track 
progress  towards  the  long-
term  goal  through  a  robust 
transparency 
and 
accountability system. 
between 
balance 
• 
anthropogenic emissions by 
sources  and  removals  by 
sinks  of  greenhouse  gases 
in  the  second  half  of  this 
century. 



Base year 

1990, but subject to 
flexibility rules. 
1995 or 2000 may 
be used as its base 
year for Nitrogen 
trifluoride (NF3) 

2005 

2005 

2005  

2005 

Subject to accounting rules 

1990 

1990 for overall emission reduction 
target 

1990 for overall emission reduction target 

3 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LULUCF 

Included: 
afforestation, 
reforestation and 
deforestation and 
forest 
management, other 
activities if elected 
(new accounting 
rules)  

Included: Contributes to 
the commitment of 
decreasing emissions by at 
least -55%.  

Excluded from target, but reported 
in inventories. 

Included: Contributes to the commitment of decreasing emissions by at least -
55%.  

The  Climate  Law  limits  contribution  of  removals  to  the  net  target  at  the 
minimum level of 225 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 equivalents. 

Aviation1 

Domestic aviation 
included. 
International 
aviation not 
attributed.  

Civil aviation included: 
outgoing flights that start in 
the EU (emissions 
calculated on the basis of 
fuels sold in the EU). 

Use 
of 
international 
credits 

Use of KP flexible 
mechanisms subject 
to KP rules 

The EU will not use 
international credits 
(according to its NDC) 

EU ETS: 
 Domestic 
(national) and 
intra-EEA 
international 
aviation 
included.  

Upper limit for 
credit use for 
period 2008-
2020 at a 
maximum of 
50% of the 
reduction 
effort below 
2005 levels.  

ESD: 
 CO2 from 
domestic 
aviation 
excluded 

Annual use of 
carbon credits is 
limited to up to 
3% of each 
Member State's 
ESD emissions in 
2005 

EU ETS: 
Domestic and 
intra-EEA 
international 
aviation and 
departing flights 
to UK and CH 
included. 

ESR: 
CO2 from 
domestic 
aviation 
excluded. 
Aviation 
generally 
excluded. 

No2   

No 

No 

1 May be reviewed in the light of the implementation of ICAO's global measure and the EU’s enhanced target.   
2 A link with the permit system in Switzerland has been ratified. 

4 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Carry-over  of 
units 
from 
preceeding 
periods3 

Subject to KP rules 
including those 
agreed in the Doha 
Amendment 

No 

EU ETS 
allowances can 
be banked into 
subsequent 
ETS trading 
periods since 
the second 
trading period. 

No carry over 
from previous 
period. 

Indefinite validity 
of allowances not 
limited to trading 
periods, no need 
to carry over. 

Gases 
covered 

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs4, PFCs, SF6, 
NF3 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, 
SF6, NF3 

CO2, N2O, PFCs,  

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs, PFCs, SF6 

CO2, N2O, PFCs,  

Energy, 
IPPU, 
agricult-
ure, 
waste, 
LULUCF 

Energy, 
IPPU, 
agricult-
ure, 
waste, 
LULUCF 

IPCC 
SAR 

IPCC 
AR4 

Sectors 
included 

Global 
Warming 
Potentials 
used 

Energy, IPPU, agriculture, 
waste, LULUCF 

Power & heat 
generation, 
energy-
intensive 
industry 
sectors, 
aviation 

Transport 
(except 
aviation), 
buildings, non-
ETS industry, 
agriculture (non-
CO2) and waste 

Power & heat 
generation, 
energy-intensive 
industry sectors, 
aviation 

IPCC AR5 

IPCC AR4 

IPCC AR5 

No 

No 

CO2, CH4, N2O 

Land use, land use change and forestry 

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs, PFCs, 
SF6, NF3 

Transport 
(except 
aviation), 
buildings, non-
ETS industry, 
agriculture 
(non- CO2) and 
waste 

3 For the CP2 it refers to carry over from CP1. For the ETS it refers to carry-over from previous trading period under the scheme itself.  
4 HFCs are also covered by the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which entered into force on the 1st of January 2019. 

5 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Applicable  to 
number 
of 
MS 

15 
(additio-
nal  
KP 
targets 
for 
single 
MS) 

EU-27, 
UK and 
Iceland 

EU-27 

EU-275 

EU-276  

5 In addition to the 27 Member States, Northern Ireland, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are also covered under the EU-ETS. 
6 Within the Agreement on the European Economic Area, Iceland and Norway cooperate with the EU-27 towards achieving the 2030 targets in the LULUCF and Effort Sharing sectors. 

6 

 
 
                                                 
 
2.  GREENHOUSE  GAS  EMISSIONS  COVERED  BY  THE  KYOTO  PROTOCOL 
AND THE CLIMATE AND ENERGY PACKAGE  

Table  2:  Emissions  covered  by  the  EU  Climate  and  Energy  Package  and  by  the  Kyoto  Protocol,  second 
commitment period 1990, 2019 and 2020 targets (Mt CO2-eq. and % change from base year emissions) 

Table  shows  progress  towards  the  EU’s  2020  targets  as  defined  under  the  EU  Climate  and 
Energy  Package  and  under  the  Kyoto  Protocol.  The  main  differences  between  the  two 
approaches  are  the  sectoral  coverage  and  the  geographical  scope.  Notably,  emissions  from 
international  aviation  are  included  in  the  Climate  and  Energy  Package,  but  excluded  under 
the  Kyoto  Protocol.  The  geographical  scope  of  the  commitment  under  the  Kyoto  protocol 
includes  Iceland,  the  United  Kingdom  and  certain  regions  not  included  in  the  Climate  and 
Energy Package. 

Under  the  Kyoto  Protocol,  base  year  emissions  differs  from  1990  because  some  Member 
States have used a different base year. Moreover, for NF3 emissions, 1995 or 2000 may have 
been used as base year.  

Under the Kyoto Protocol, Member States also need to account for emissions and removals 
from certain activities of land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) by applying the 
accounting rules of the Kyoto Protocol. Table does not include emissions and removals from 
LULUCF. For the EU as a whole, the LULUCF sector has been a net accounted sink in 2013-
2019, thereby contributing to achieving the commitment.  

7 

Base year emissions (Mt CO2-eq.)1990 emissions (Mt CO2-eq.)2019 emissions (Mt CO2-eq.)2019 emissions (% change from base year)2020 targets (Mt CO2-eq.)2020 target (% change from base year)Climate and energy package:Total GHG emissions, including international aviation (EU-27, Convention scope)492549253743-24%3940-20%Kyoto Protocol:Total GHG emissions, excluding international aviation (EU-27+IS+UK, KP scope)587656694067-31%4701-20% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE COMMISION’S  PROPOSALS FOR REVISED  AND 
NEW  LEGISLATION  UNDER  THE  “DELIVERING  THE  GREEN  DEAL” 
PACKAGE, JULY 2021  

Carbon pricing  

  Stronger  carbon  pricing  system  with  additional  revenues  generated  feeding  into  the 
revamped  Innovation  Fund  and  Modernisation  Fund.  For  the  Innovation  Fund  an 
additional  50  million  allowances  from  the  existing  ETS,  150  allowances  from  the  new 
emission  trading  sectors,  and  the  allowances  that  will  be  freed  from  the  introduction  of 
the  Carbon  Border  Adjustment  Mechanism.  The  Commission  proposes  to  increase  the 
Modernisation Fund by an additional 2.5% of allowances from the current ETS. 

  A new Social Climate Fund to support EU citizens most affected or at risk of energy or 
mobility poverty to  ensure a fair transition  leving noone behind.  The Fund will provide 
EUR  72.2  billion  between  2025-2032  in  funding  for  renovation  of  buildings,  access  to 
zero and low emission mobility as well as income support. 

  A new Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism which puts carbon price on imports of 

targeted products to avoid ‘carbon leakage'.  

Effort-sharing 

  New target of -40% at EU27 level by 2030 compared to 2005 (from current -29%) in line 
with  cost-efficient  projections  for  2030  for  sectors  currently  not  subject  to  EU  ETS 
(buildings, road and domestic maritime transport, agriculture, waste and small industries), 
with national targets ranging from -10% to -50%.  

  Current  scope  stable,  flexibilities  and  compliance  regime  maintained,  and  a  new  safety 

reserve proposed.  

Energy 

  Higher  binding  target  for  renewables  in  the  EU’s  final  energy  consumption  (40%  by 
2030), with Member States setting national contributions in the Governance process.  
  Higher and binding energy efficiency targets at EU level to achieve an overall reduction 
of  at  least  9%  by  2030  compared  to  the  2020  Reference  Scenario  projections  for  2030 
(equivalent  to  a  reduction  of  36%  for  final  and  39%  for  primary  energy  consumption 
compared  to  the  2007  Reference  Scenario  projections  for  2030),  with  Member  States 
setting their national contributions based on a new formula.  

  Revision of minimum tax rates for heating and transport fuels/energy carriers.  
  Phase out of exemptions and reduced tax rates that encourage fossil fuels use.  
  Binding increase in the use of renewable energy in heating and cooling (+1.1 percentage 

 

points annually until 2030) in the Member States. 
Indicative  target  of  2.1  percentage  points  renewable  energy  and  waste  heat  and  cold  in 
district heating and cooling. 

Industry 

  New indicative target of a 1.1 percentage point annual increase in renewable energy use 

in industry. 

  50% of renewable share in hydrogen consumption. 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings 

  From 2026 a separate new emissions trading system to be set up for fuel distribution for 

buildings that would also cover fuels in road transport. 

  Higher annual renovation rate of at least 3% of total floor area of all public buildings in 

the Member States.  

  A benchmark of 49% of renewables in buildings by 2030. 

Transport 

All transport modes: 

A GHG intensity reduction target of 13% for all transport fuels by 2030 (Renewable Energy 
Directive revision). In addition, the Member States would need to ensure that sub-targets of 
2.6% renewable fuels of non-biological origin and 2.2% advanced biofuels are achieved. 

Road 

  More ambitious targets for reducing CO2 emissions of new cars and vans: 

  New car registrations: 55% in 2030 and 100% in 2035 compared to 2021.  
  New vans: 50% by 2030 and 100% by 2035 compared to 2021. 

  From 2026 fuels in road transport to be covered by a separate emissions trading system 

which will also cover fuels in buildings.  

  Targets  for  alternative  fuels  infrastructure  on  major  highways  (every  60  km  for  electric 

charging and every 150km for hydrogen refuelling).  

Aviation 

  Phase out of free emission allowances and alignment with ICAO’s Carbon Offsetting and 

Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) as appropriate. 

  Promotion  of  sustainable  aviation  fuels  with  an  obligation  for  fuel  suppliers  to  blend 

increasing levels of sustainable fuels in jet fuels for all departures from EU airports. 

  Taxation  of  fuel  used  for  intra-EU  passenger  flights  with  reduced  rates  applicable  to 
sustainable  aviation  fuels.  Major  airports  would  be  required  to  provide  an  electricity 
supply to planes at all gates. 

Maritime 

  Carbon pricing with the extension of the EU’s Emissions Trading System to large ships 
(above 5000 gross tonnage) covering all CO2 emissions from intra-EU voyages and 50% 
of the emissions from extra-EU voyages.  

  Promotion of sustainable alternative fuels in shipping and at European ports by limiting 
the  greenhouse  gas  intensity  of  the  energy  used  on-board  large  ships  and  by  mandating 
the use of onshore power supply for certain ship types.  

  Taxation  of  fuel  used  for  intra-EU  waterborne  regular  service  navigation,  fishing  and 

freight transport (same EU minimum rates as applicable to agriculture).  

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restoring nature and biodiversity 

  A new target of -310 Mt CO2 eq. for the EU carbon sink by 2030 and national targets to 

increase absorption of CO2.  

  Aiming for climate neutrality in the land sector combining LULUCF and emissions from 

agriculture non-CO2 by 2035.  

  A roadmap to plant 3 billion trees by 2030. 
  New  strict  criteria  to  avoid  unsustainable  forest  harvesting  and  to  ensure  high-

biodiversity. 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. COMMISSION’S ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL LONG-TERM STRATEGIES  

By October 2021, 20 Member States7 had submitted their long-term strategies, as required by 
the  Governance  Regulation8.  Of  these,  13  Member  States9  clearly  expressed  their  aim  to 
achieve climate neutrality or carbon neutrality10 by 2050 or before11. Others aim to be largely 
climate neutral12 or to achieve reductions of 80-95% by 2050. Whereas most of the national 
strategies received to date reflect the ambition to be climate neutral by 2050, they do not yet 
allow to conclude that the long-term strategies are adequate for the collective achievement of 
the  objectives  and  targets  of  the  Energy  Union.  Providing  information  on  any  remaining 
collective gap would have required a more complete and detailed set of strategies, including 
on the role of land use and removals. This underlines the importance to continue developing 
policies  to  increase  and  meet  ambition  over  time.  Overall,  the  recommended  content13  on 
needs  for  research,  development  and  innovation,  estimated  long-term  investments  and  CO2 
intensity  of  GDP  is  not  covered  comprehensively  while  information  linked  to  energy 
consumption  and  certain  sector  specific  emission  reductions  is  often  missing.14  Member 
States  are  therefore  encouraged  to  consider  to  update  and,  where  possible,  to  increase  the 
ambition of their national long-term strategies. 

7 AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, HR, HU, IT, LV, LT, NL, PT, SE, SI, SK. LT and HU submitted an update of 
their  initial  strategies  in  July  and  September  2021,  respectively.   In  July  2021,  the  Luxembourgish  government  adopted  a 
draft national long-term strategy. A public consultation will be carried-out before its final adoption. 
8 Article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 stating that MS should submit their LTS by January 2020. 
9 AT, DK, ES, FI, FR, HU, IT, LT, LV, PT, SE, SI, SK. 
10 While neutrality means by definition that residual emissions are compensated by removals, not all Member States provided 
the respective share of emission reductions and removals and the level of ambition for actual reductions varies. 
11 FI by 2035 and SE by 2045. 
12 DE - it should be noted, however, that the German long-term strategy, as submitted to the Commission in January 2020, 
was  prepared  in  2016.  According  to  the  Climate  Change  Act,  as  amended  in  July  2021,  Germany  now  aims  at  achieving 
climate neutrality by 2045. 
13 See Annex IV of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999. 
14 See SWD for detailed assessment per Member State. 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Table 3: Summary table   

Country 
(date of 
submission) 

Overall LTS goal by 
2050 

Projected GHG 
emission 
reductions by 
2050 

(% change 

compared to 1990)  a

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e
s
e
s
a
g
l
l

F
C
U
L
U
L
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
n
r
e
t
n

I

.
l
c
n

i

d
n
a
e
m

i
t
i
r
a
m

  Share of renewable 
n
o
energy in gross final 
i
t
a
energy consumption by 
i
v
a
2050 

Projected final energy 
consumption by 2050 

(% change compared to 
2005) 

Austria 
(27/12/2019) 

Belgium 
(02/03/2020) 

Croatia 
(24/06/2021) 

Czechia 
(20/12/2019) 

Denmark 
(20/12/2019) 

Estonia 
(30/12/2019) 

Finland 
(22/04/2020) 

Climate neutrality 

(-74% , -84%) 

yes 

no 

yes 

(76% , 93%) 

(-52% , -38%) 

Different regional 
goals  

(-85% , -87%) 
(excluding ETS sector) 

? 

no 

no 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Unspecified 

(-57% , -73%) 

yes 

no 

? 

(53.2% , 65.6%) 

(-25% , -37%) 

Unspecified 

-80% 

? 

no 

? 

n.a. 

Climate neutrality 

n.a. 

? 

no 

? 

n.a. 

-80% 

yes 

no 

no 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Quantitative GHG 
emission reduction 
target 

Carbon neutrality by 
2035 

(-87.5% , -90%) 

yes 

no 

? 

(64% , 80%) 

(-16% , -5%) 

12 

Highlights from investment 
needs, enabling policies and 
socio-economic impact 

Key reporting gaps 

positive impact on GDP and jobs 
natural and technical sinks 
needed to reach carbon 
neutrality 

investment needs significant in 
buildings 
exposure of agricultural system 
to climate change 
address energy poverty 

overall impact on GDP uncertain 
around 40'000 new green jobs 
additional investment above 
1.5% of GDP 

investment peak with expansion 
of CCS 
strengthen energy taxation 
Increase share of nuclear in 
energy mix  
targets enshrined in law 
doubling organic farming 
increase spending in green 
research 

targets enshrined in law 
large investment needed in RES 
minor impact on GDP and jobs 

slightly positive impact on GDP 
and jobs 
employment sensitive to arable 
lands  
annual investment   ̴3% of GDP 

CO2 intensity of GDP of 
GDP 
investment needs 
socio-economic impact 
information at national 
level 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions for ETS 
and LULUCF 
reductions and removals in 
LULUCF 
socio-economic impact 
emission reductions 
industrial sectors 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions by 
sector 
socio-economic impact 
public consultation 
emission reductions power 
& buildings 
socio-economic impact 
CO2 intensity of GDP 
emission reductions in 
buildings 
RES, FEC/PEC targets 
CO2 intensity of GDP 
emission reductions in 
buildings 
strategies for related 
R&D&I 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country 
(date of 
submission) 

Overall LTS goal by 
2050 

Projected GHG 
emission 
reductions by 
2050 

(% change 

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e
s
e
s
a
g
l
l

F
C
U
L
U
L
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
n
r
e
t
n

I

.
l
c
n

i

d
n
a
e
m

i
t
i
r
a
m

  Share of renewable 
n
o
energy in gross final 
i
t
a
energy consumption by 
i
v
a
2050 

Projected final energy 
consumption by 2050 

(% change compared to 
2005) 

Highlights from investment 
needs, enabling policies and 
socio-economic impact 

Key reporting gaps 

compared to 1990)  a

France 
(12/05/2020) 

Carbon neutrality 

-83% 

yes 

no 

no 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Germany 
(02/01/2020) 

Largely climate 
neutral 

(-80% , -95%) 

yes 

no 

no 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Unspecified 

(-83% , -95%) 

? 

? 

? 

(82% , 114%) 

n.a. 

Climate neutrality 

-100% 

yes 

yes 

no 

close to 90% 

(-30% , -37.4%) 
(compared to 2017) 

Climate neutrality 

(-84% , -87%) 

yes 

no 

no 

(85% , 90%) 

-49% 

Greece 
(08/01/2020) 

Hungary 
(21/09/2021) 

Italy 
(11/02/2021) 

Latvia 
(27/12/2019) 

Climate neutrality 

-85% 
(by 2040) 

? 

yes 

? 

n.a. 

Lithuania 
(23/07/2021) 

Climate neutrality 

-100% 
(20% reduction from 
LULUCF & CCS) 

yes 

yes 

yes 

90% 

13 

targets enshrined in law 
positive impact on GDP 
annual investment   ̴3.5% of GDP 

document outdated compared to 
recent review of the country's 
target aimed at reaching climate 
neutrality by 2045 

increase use of heat pumps 
(buildings) and biofuel (transport) 
investment needs €0.1 to €1.1 bn 
per year 

positive impact on GDP and jobs 
annual investment   ̴4.8% of GDP 
avoided damage and benefits 
exceed costs 

slightly negative impact on GDP 
boost sustainable finance 
focus on adaptation strategies 

GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
reductions and removals in 
LULUCF 
share of renewable energy 
in 2050 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions by 
sector 
investment & socio-
economic impact 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions in 
agriculture and waste 
socio-economic impact 
reductions and removals in 
LULUCF 
emission reductions in 
buildings 
emission reductions in 
waste 
Investment needs 
socio-economic impact 
CO2 intensity of GDP 
emission reductions in 
buildings 
adaptation policies and 
measures 
public consultation 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions by 
sector 

-37% 
(primary energy 
consumption) 

positive impact on GDP 
annual investment   ̴1.4% of GDP 
creation of new (green) jobs 

final & primary energy 
intensity 2.4 times 
lower than 2017 

positive impact on GDP and jobs 
4% of GDP invested in R&D&I by 
2040 
focus on adaptation strategies 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country 
(date of 
submission) 

Overall LTS goal by 
2050 

Netherlands 
(18/12/2019) 

Quantitative GHG 
emission reduction 
target 

Projected GHG 
emission 
reductions by 
2050 

(% change 

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e
s
e
s
a
g
l
l

F
C
U
L
U
L
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
n
r
e
t
n

I

.
l
c
n

i

d
n
a
e
m

i
t
i
r
a
m

  Share of renewable 
n
o
energy in gross final 
i
t
a
energy consumption by 
i
v
a
2050 

Projected final energy 
consumption by 2050 

(% change compared to 
2005) 

compared to 1990)  a

-95% 

yes 

yes 

no 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Portugal 
(15/01/2020) 

Slovakia 
(11/03/2020) 

Slovenia 
(19/07/2021) 

Carbon neutrality 

(-85%, -90%) 

? 

no 

? 

(86% , 88%) 

(-36% , -35%) 

Climate neutrality 

-80% 

? 

no 

? 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Climate neutrality 

(-80%, -90%) 

? 

no 

no 

at least 60% 

at least -33% 

Highlights from investment 
needs, enabling policies and 
socio-economic impact 

Key reporting gaps 

net-zero requires large scale CO2 
capture 
by 2030, limited impact on GDP 
and jobs 
increase income disparities 

positive impact on GDP and jobs 
annual investment   ̴1.2% of GDP 
better air quality 

positive impact on GDP 
negative impact on jobs & wages 
annual investment   ̴4.2% of GDP 

positive impact on GDP and jobs 
additional investment from €66 
to €72 bn 
focus on a climate resilient 
society  

reductions and removals in 
LULUCF 
emission reductions in all 
sectors by 2050 
investment needs 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
strategies related to R&D&I 
adaptation policies and 
measures 
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions in 
buildings 
LULUCF, RES, FEC/PEC 
targets 

GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
emission reductions 
industrial sectors 

no 

yes 

yes 

97% 

-90% 

Climate neutrality 

Sweden 
(19/12/2019) 

Spain 
(11/12/2020) 

CO2 intensity of GDP 
emission reductions in 
agriculture & waste 
emission reductions for 
industrial sectors  
GHG and CO2 intensity of 
GDP 
share of renewable energy 
investment & socio-
economic impact 
Notes: (1) An "unspecified" goal refers to cases where the goal was not expressed in clear terms (e.g. “to approach”, “to move towards”, etc.). (2) In the case of DE the long-term strategy, as submitted to the 
Commission in January 2020, reflects the goal of the Climate Action Plan 2050 adopted in November 2016. According to the Climate Change Act, as amended in July 2021, Germany now aims at achieving climate 
neutrality by 2045. (3) Projected GHG emission reductions are all expressed as percentage change compared to 1990 level (except for BE, PT and SI where reduction rates refer to 2005 GHG emission levels, and FR to 
2015 level), as a target or as the extreme values of the projected range. In the case of DK, projections in the LTS refer to a scenario with existing measures, not in line with the goal, therefore they have not been 
reported in the table. (4) "?" means that the LTS does not provide enough or clear information on the exact scope of projected GHG emission reductions. In the case of ES, only international maritime emissions were 
included in the projections. (5) Where feasible, final energy consumption has been expressed as percentage change compared to 2005 consumption level. (6) Annual investment needs are generally considered 
additional to a business as usual (BAU) or with existing measures (WEM) scenarios for the period 2020-2050. (7) Key reporting gaps are meant to provide only a general view of the completeness of the LTS and do not 

positive impact on GDP and jobs 
negative impact on jobs & wages 
annual investment   ̴1% of GDP 

limited impact on GDP and jobs 
better air quality 
focus on adaptation strategies 

Climate neutrality by 
2045 and negative 
emissions thereafter 

final energy intensity 
50% lower than 2005 

-85% 
(by 2045) 

-44% 

n.a. 

yes 

no 

no 

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Country 
(date of 
submission) 

Overall LTS goal by 
2050 

Projected GHG 
emission 
reductions by 
2050 

(% change 

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e
s
e
s
a
g
l
l

F
C
U
L
U
L
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
n
r
e
t
n

I

.
l
c
n

i

d
n
a
e
m

i
t
i
r
a
m

  Share of renewable 
n
o
energy in gross final 
i
t
a
energy consumption by 
i
v
a
2050 

Projected final energy 
consumption by 2050 

(% change compared to 
2005) 

Highlights from investment 
needs, enabling policies and 
socio-economic impact 

Key reporting gaps 

compared to 1990)  a

distinguish between mandatory and non-mandatory elements. (8) For the acronyms see the glossary. 

15 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. EU GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 

Figure 1: EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions by sector, historical data (1990-2020) and projections (2021-2030).15  

15  Sources:  EU  greenhouse  gas  inventory  1990-2019.  EU  approximated  greenhouse  gas  inventory  2020  (EEA).  Member 
States projections with ‘existing measures’ reviewed by EEA (2021). 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
4%

3%

Energy supply

10%

26%

Energy use in manufacturing
industries

Industrial processes and product use

14%

Transport

Other energy use

Agriculture

Waste

12%

22%

9%

International  aviation

Figure 2: EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions by sector 2019 (in % of total emissions).16 

The sectors used in Figure 1 and 2 correspond to the following IPCC sectors17:  

- Energy supply: 1A1, 1B and 1C,  
- Energy use in manufacturing industries: 1A2,  
- Industrial processes and product use: 2,  
- Transport (includes domestic aviation) : 1A3,  
- Other energy use: 1A4, 1A5 and 6,  
- Agriculture: 3,  
- Waste: 5,  
- International aviation: 1.D.1.A 

16 EU greenhouse gas inventory 1990-2019. 
17 Source: EEA greenhouse gases - data viewer, European Environment Agency.   

17 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
 
6. TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS PER MEMBER STATE 

Table 4: Total GHG Emissions 2020, excl. LULUCF, including international aviation (Mt CO2-eq. and % change 
from 1990 and 2005). 

18 

1990200520202020/19902020/2005EU-27492546393377-31%-27%Austria799475-6%-21%Belgium149149113-24%-24%Bulgaria1016353-48%-17%Croatia323024-25%-21%Cyprus610935%-15%Czechia199150119-40%-20%Denmark736942-42%-40%Estonia411912-72%-40%Finland727149-32%-31%France553567404-27%-29%Germany12611016753-40%-26%Greece10613976-28%-45%Hungary957864-33%-18%Ireland5573596%-19%Italy523598387-26%-35%Latvia261111-59%-4%Lithuania482320-58%-12%Luxembourg131411-17%-24%Malta332-19%-30%Netherlands225224171-24%-24%Poland477406375-21%-8%Portugal608860-1%-32%Romania267150109-59%-27%Slovakia745138-49%-25%Slovenia192016-14%-22%Spain295454278-6%-39%Sweden736948-33%-30% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. GREENHOUSE GAS INTENSITY IN THE EU AND ITS MEMBER STATES 

Figure  3: Greenhouse gas emissions intensity (i.e. the ratio between emissions and GDP)  in the EU and its 
Member States 1990, 2005 and 2020 (g CO2-eq./ EUR2015).18 

18  Sources:  EU  greenhouse  gas  inventory  1990-2019,  EU  approximated  greenhouse  gas  inventory  2020  (EEA).  GDP  in 
2015-prices, data from Ameco database (European Commission, DG ECFIN) gap-filled by EEA.  

19 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
8. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA IN THE EU AND ITS MEMBER 
STATES 

Figure 4: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita in the EU and its Member States 1990, 2005 and 2020 (tonnes 
CO2-eq. per capita).19 

19  Sources:  EU  greenhouse  gas  inventory  1990-2019,  EU  approximated  greenhouse  gas  inventory  2020  (EEA).  Average 
population (total) (Eurostat).  

20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
9. EU ETS EMISSIONS 

Table 5: Verified ETS emissions from stationary installations up to 2020 (Mt CO2-eq. and percentage change 
from year X-1).20  

20 Source: EUTL (data extracted 30/06/2021). Figures for EU27, UK and EEA. The categorization into electricity and heat 
production and industry is based on the NACE classification from the 2020 submission by Member States of their National 
Implementation Measures pursuant to Article 11 of Directive 2003/87/EC.   

21 

Verified Emissions2011201220132014201520162017201820192020Stationary, total1.9041.8671.9081.8141.8031.7511.7551.6831.5301.355Change to year x-1-2,0%2,2%-4,9%-0,6%-2,9%0,2%-4,1%-9,1%-11,4%Electricity and Heat Production1.2611.2541.1911.1001.0911.0461.036964822696Change to year x-1-0,5%-5,0%-7,7%-0,8%-4,1%-1,0%-7,0%-14,7%-15,3%Industry643613717714712704719719708659Change to year x-1-4,7%17,0%-0,4%-0,3%-1,1%2,0%0,1%-1,6%-7,0% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
10. EMISSIONS COVERED BY THE EFFORT SHARING LEGISLATION 

In  2021,  Member  States  submitted  projections  in  the  context  of  the  Regulation  (EU) 
2018/1999  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  11 December  2018  on  the 
Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action.   

The original data have different metrics: Historical and projected emissions, ESD targets and 
2005 base year emissions are expressed in the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of IPCC’s 
4th Assessment Report (AR4), whereas the ESR targets and 2005 base year emissions are in 
GWP  of  the  5th  Assessment  Report.  For  comparability,  the  latter  have  been  approximately 
converted  into  GWP  AR4,  preserving  the  level  of  ambition  as  expressed  in  Commission 
Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/2126 which sets the annual emission allocations (AEAs) 
of  each  Member  State  for  each  year  in  2012-2030  under  the  ESR.  For  these  reasons,  the 
distances to targets for 2030 are provided here for illustrative purposes only. 

Due  to  UK’s  withdrawal  from  the  EU,  and  the  opt-out  from  the  ETS  of  certain  small 
installations in some Member States the aggregated targets (AEAs) for the 27 Member States, 
as  in  Commission  Implementing  Decision  (EU)  2020/2126  (which  result  in  -28.7%  for  the 
EU), do not exactly match the current EU-level effort sharing reduction targets expressed in 
percent (-30%). 

Table 6: Member States targets, historical and projected emissions under the effort-sharing legislation and 
distance to targets in percentage change from 2005 base year emissions. ESR base year emissions and targets 
have  been  approximately  converted  into  GWP  AR4  for  comparability.  Positive  values  indicate  projected 
overachievement while negative values indicate projected underachievement. WEM = with existing measures, 
WAM = with additional measures.  

Member State 
Austria 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Belgium 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Bulgaria 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Croatia 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 (proxy) 

2030 
(projections 
WEM) 

2030 
(projections 
WAM 

-36% 
-17% 
-19% 

-35% 
-14% 
-21% 

0% 
11% 
-11% 

-7% 
-14% 
7% 

-36% 
-27% 
-9% 

-35% 
-38% 
3% 

0% 
6% 
-6% 

-7% 
-19% 
12% 

-13% 
-9% 
-4% 

-10% 
-12% 
2% 

17% 
20% 
-3% 

7% 
-4% 
12% 

-14% 
-11% 
-2% 

-11% 
-8% 
-4% 

18% 
19% 
-1% 

9% 
-7% 
15% 

-16% 
-18% 
2% 

-15% 
-17% 
2% 

20% 
26% 
-6% 

11% 
-9% 
20% 

-15% 
-12% 
-3% 

-13% 
-10% 
-3% 

19% 
17% 
2% 

10% 
-8% 
18% 

22 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 
Cyprus 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Czechia 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Denmark 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Estonia 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Finland 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
France 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Germany 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Greece 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Hungary 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Ireland 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 (proxy) 

2030 
(projections 
WEM) 

2030 
(projections 
WAM 

-5% 
-3% 
-2% 

9% 
4% 
5% 

-20% 
-25% 
5% 

11% 
10% 
1% 

-16% 
-16% 
0% 

-14% 
-22% 
8% 

-14% 
-12% 
-2% 

-4% 
-33% 
29% 

10% 
-7% 
17% 

-20% 
-6% 
-14% 

0% 
2% 
-2% 

6% 
1% 
5% 

-13% 
-18% 
5% 

9% 
14% 
-5% 

-11% 
-11% 
0% 

-10% 
-11% 
1% 

-10% 
-2% 
-7% 

-5% 
-27% 
22% 

4% 
-10% 
14% 

-13% 
-7% 
-6% 

-1% 
-1% 
-1% 

7% 
-2% 
9% 

-15% 
-17% 
2% 

10% 
13% 
-3% 

-13% 
-12% 
-1% 

-11% 
-14% 
3% 

-11% 
-9% 
-2% 

-5% 
-29% 
24% 

6% 
-10% 
16% 

-15% 
-4% 
-12% 

-3% 
5% 
-8% 

8% 
-2% 
10% 

-18% 
-20% 
2% 

10% 
14% 
-4% 

-14% 
-13% 
-2% 

-13% 
-16% 
3% 

-13% 
-7% 
-5% 

-4% 
-28% 
24% 

8% 
-7% 
15% 

-18% 
-3% 
-15% 

23 

-24% 
-7% 
-17% 

-14% 
-22% 
8% 

-39% 
-36% 
-3% 

-13% 
-12% 
-1% 

-39% 
-31% 
-8% 

-37% 
-31% 
-6% 

-38% 
-29% 
-9% 

-16% 
-27% 
11% 

-7% 
-7% 
0% 

-30% 
-6% 
-24% 

-24% 
-17% 
-7% 

-14% 
-37% 
23% 

-39% 
-36% 
-3% 

-13% 
-14% 
1% 

-39% 
-34% 
-5% 

-37% 
-31% 
-6% 

-38% 
-29% 
-9% 

-16% 
-36% 
20% 

-7% 
-22% 
15% 

-30% 
-22% 
-8% 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 
Italy 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Latvia 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Lithuania 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Luxembourg 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Malta 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Netherlands 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Poland 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Portugal 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Romania 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Slovakia 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 (proxy) 

2030 
(projections 
WEM) 

2030 
(projections 
WAM 

-13% 
-24% 
11% 

17% 
-1% 
18% 

15% 
5% 
10% 

-20% 
-22% 
2% 

5% 
17% 
-12% 

-16% 
-29% 
13% 

14% 
12% 
2% 

1% 
-19% 
20% 

19% 
0% 
19% 

13% 
-15% 
28% 

-11% 
-19% 
8% 

14% 
8% 
6% 

7% 
7% 
0% 

-14% 
-14% 
0% 

5% 
28% 
-23% 

-11% 
-20% 
9% 

11% 
18% 
-6% 

-1% 
-17% 
16% 

11% 
0% 
12% 

9% 
-7% 
17% 

-12% 
-17% 
5% 

15% 
7% 
8% 

9% 
8% 
2% 

-16% 
-11% 
-5% 

5% 
24% 
-19% 

-13% 
-22% 
9% 

12% 
18% 
-6% 

-1% 
-17% 
16% 

14% 
3% 
11% 

10% 
-8% 
19% 

-12% 
-18% 
6% 

16% 
1% 
15% 

12% 
8% 
4% 

-18% 
-9% 
-9% 

5% 
28% 
-23% 

-14% 
-24% 
10% 

13% 
16% 
-3% 

0% 
-15% 
15% 

16% 
0% 
17% 

12% 
-13% 
24% 

24 

-33% 
-29% 
-4% 

-6% 
-4% 
-2% 

-9% 
-11% 
2% 

-40% 
-14% 
-26% 

-19% 
50% 
-69% 

-36% 
-31% 
-5% 

-7% 
6% 
-13% 

-17% 
-39% 
22% 

-2% 
5% 
-7% 

-12% 
9% 
-21% 

-33% 
-40% 
7% 

-6% 
-10% 
4% 

-9% 
-23% 
14% 

-40% 
-53% 
13% 

-19% 
50% 
-69% 

-36% 
-31% 
-5% 

-7% 
-12% 
5% 

-17% 
-42% 
25% 

-2% 
2% 
-4% 

-12% 
1% 
-13% 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 
Slovenia 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Spain 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Sweden 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
EU 27 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target 
(pp) 
Iceland 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
Norway 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target (pp) 
EU 27 + IS + NO 
Target 
Emissions  
Distance to target 
(pp) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 (proxy) 

2030 
(projections 
WEM) 

2030 
(projections 
WAM 

3% 
-8% 
11% 

-8% 
-15% 
7% 

-13% 
-25% 
12% 

3% 
-7% 
10% 

-8% 
-14% 
6% 

-14% 
-28% 
13% 

4% 
-9% 
12% 

-9% 
-14% 
5% 

-16% 
-27% 
11% 

4% 
-16% 
20% 

-10% 
-23% 
13% 

-17% 
-29% 
12% 

-6% 
-9% 

-7% 
-10% 

-7% 
-11% 

-8% 
-16% 

3% 

3% 

3% 

7% 

-14% 
-9% 
-5% 

-26% 
-18% 
-8% 

-40% 
-39% 
-1% 

-29% 
-22% 

-7% 

-29% 
-28% 
-1% 

-40% 
-32% 
-8% 

-29% 
-22% 

-7% 

-14% 
-25% 
11% 

-26% 
-38% 
12% 

-40% 
-39% 
-1% 

-29% 
-30% 

1% 

-29% 
-28% 
-1% 

-40% 
-32% 
-8% 

-31% 
-30% 

-1% 

25 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table  7:  Annual emissions allocations (FN12), historical and  proxy  emissions and distance to targets  under the Effort  Sharing Decision (Mt. CO2-eq.). Positive  values 
indicate overachievement, negative values indicate underachievement.  

FN12: AEAs for the years 2017-2020 were revised in 2017 for all Member States to reflect updates in methodologies for reporting of GHG inventories. This recalculation 
ensures maintaining the originally intended effort of each Member State (in % of 2005 emissions). The values of ‘cumulative surplus of AEAs’ are the cumulative annual 
distances to target and do not take into account cancellations and transfers. 2019 ESD emissions are based on the ‘Final Review Reports’ from the 2021 annual ESD review. 
2020 emissions are based on the ‘proxy inventories’ submitted by Member States (not available for the UK). 

Member State 

Austria 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Belgium 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Bulgaria 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Croatia 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Cyprus 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 

2005 base year 
emissions 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 
(preliminary) 

2020 (proxy 
inventory) 

56,8 

80,3 

22,1 

17,4 

4,2 

52,6 
50,1 
2,5 
2,5 

78,4 
74,3 
4,1 
4,1 

26,9 
22,2 
4,7 
4,7 

19,6 
15,1 
4,5 
4,5 

5,9 
3,9 
2,0 
2,0 

52,1 
48,2 
3,9 
6,4 

76,9 
70,1 
6,8 
10,9 

27,2 
22,9 
4,3 
9,0 

19,8 
14,7 
5,1 
9,6 

5,9 
3,9 
2,0 
4,0 

51,0 
50,6 
0,4 
9,0 

73,8 
74,1 
-0,3 
13,2 

27,7 
25,6 
2,1 
13,3 

20,2 
16,0 
4,2 
18,2 

5,9 
4,1 
1,8 
7,7 

51,5 
49,3 
2,2 
8,7 

75,3 
72,7 
2,6 
13,5 

27,5 
25,4 
2,1 
11,1 

20,0 
15,6 
4,4 
14,1 

5,9 
4,1 
1,9 
5,8 

26 

49,5 
51,7 
-2,1 
6,9 

72,5 
70,8 
1,7 
14,9 

25,9 
26,5 
-0,6 
12,6 

18,7 
16,7 
2,0 
20,3 

4,2 
4,3 
-0,1 
7,6 

48,9 
50,3 
-1,4 
5,5 

71,1 
74,3 
-3,2 
11,7 

26,1 
26,3 
-0,2 
12,4 

18,9 
16,2 
2,7 
22,9 

4,1 
4,2 
0,0 
7,5 

48,3 
50,2 
-1,9 
3,6 

69,7 
72,0 
-2,4 
9,4 

26,3 
25,8 
0,5 
12,9 

19,1 
16,1 
3,0 
26,0 

4,0 
4,4 
-0,3 
7,2 

47,8 
46,6 
1,2 
4,7 

68,2 
66,6 
1,7 
11,1 

26,5 
27,9 
-1,4 
11,5 

19,3 
15,9 
3,5 
29,4 

4,0 
4,1 
-0,1 
7,1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 

Czechia 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Denmark 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Estonia 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Finland 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
France 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Germany 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Greece 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 

2005 base year 
emissions 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 
(preliminary) 

2020 (proxy 
inventory) 

61,7 

40,1 

5,4 

33,9 

398,2 

477,8 

62,6 

62,5 
61,5 
1,0 
1,0 

36,8 
33,7 
3,1 
3,1 

6,3 
5,8 
0,5 
0,5 

31,8 
31,6 
0,2 
0,2 

394,1 
366,1 
28,0 
28,0 

472,5 
460,2 
12,3 
12,3 

59,0 
44,2 
14,8 
14,8 

63,2 
57,6 
5,6 
6,6 

35,9 
32,6 
3,3 
6,4 

6,3 
6,1 
0,2 
0,8 

31,3 
30,1 
1,1 
1,3 

389,5 
353,5 
35,9 
63,9 

465,8 
436,8 
29,0 
41,4 

59,3 
44,4 
14,9 
29,6 

64,7 
62,8 
1,9 
11,2 

34,1 
33,1 
1,0 
9,9 

6,4 
6,2 
0,2 
1,1 

30,3 
31,4 
-1,0 
1,2 

379,4 
351,9 
27,5 
122,8 

452,4 
454,2 
-1,7 
54,7 

59,9 
44,9 
15,0 
58,8 

64,0 
61,3 
2,7 
9,3 

35,0 
32,5 
2,5 
8,9 

6,3 
6,1 
0,2 
1,0 

30,8 
29,9 
0,9 
2,2 

384,4 
353,0 
31,4 
95,3 

459,1 
444,1 
15,1 
56,4 

59,6 
45,4 
14,2 
43,8 

27 

65,2 
62,4 
2,8 
14,0 

34,8 
32,7 
2,1 
12,0 

5,9 
6,2 
-0,3 
0,9 

30,2 
30,1 
0,1 
1,3 

358,2 
352,8 
5,4 
128,2 

432,3 
466,9 
-34,5 
20,2 

59,1 
45,4 
13,7 
72,5 

65,9 
60,6 
5,3 
19,2 

33,9 
33,1 
0,7 
12,7 

6,0 
6,1 
-0,2 
0,7 

29,6 
29,9 
-0,3 
1,0 

352,9 
342,2 
10,7 
138,9 

425,2 
434,0 
-8,8 
11,3 

59,4 
44,7 
14,7 
87,3 

66,5 
60,5 
6,0 
25,2 

33,0 
32,1 
0,9 
13,6 

6,0 
6,2 
-0,2 
0,5 

29,1 
29,6 
-0,6 
0,4 

347,7 
336,4 
11,4 
150,3 

418,1 
444,3 
-26,2 
-14,9 

59,7 
44,7 
15,0 
102,3 

67,2 
64,3 
2,9 
28,1 

32,1 
29,9 
2,2 
15,8 

6,0 
6,0 
0,1 
0,5 

28,5 
28,6 
-0,1 
0,3 

342,5 
310,5 
31,9 
182,2 

410,9 
418,5 
-7,6 
-22,4 

60,0 
42,0 
18,1 
120,3 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 

Hungary 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Ireland 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Italy 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Latvia 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Lithuania 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Luxembourg 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Malta 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 

2005 base year 
emissions 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 
(preliminary) 

2020 (proxy 
inventory) 

48 

47,1 

334,5 

8,5 

13,3 

10,1 

1,1 

50,4 
38,4 
12,0 
12,0 

46,9 
42,2 
4,7 
4,7 

308,2 
273,3 
34,8 
34,8 

9,3 
8,8 
0,5 
0,5 

12,9 
12,4 
0,5 
0,5 

9,5 
9,4 
0,2 
0,2 

1,2 
1,3 
-0,1 
-0,1 

51,5 
38,4 
13,1 
25,1 

45,8 
41,7 
4,1 
8,8 

306,2 
265,3 
40,9 
75,7 

9,4 
9,0 
0,3 
0,8 

13,3 
12,9 
0,4 
0,9 

9,3 
8,9 
0,5 
0,7 

1,2 
1,3 
-0,1 
-0,2 

53,8 
42,1 
11,7 
47,9 

43,5 
43,8 
-0,3 
10,1 

302,3 
270,7 
31,6 
138,3 

9,5 
9,1 
0,4 
1,7 

14,0 
13,9 
0,1 
1,4 

8,9 
8,5 
0,4 
1,6 

1,2 
1,3 
-0,2 
-0,5 

52,6 
41,4 
11,2 
36,3 

44,6 
43,0 
1,6 
10,4 

304,2 
273,3 
31,0 
106,7 

9,4 
9,0 
0,4 
1,3 

13,7 
13,3 
0,4 
1,3 

9,1 
8,6 
0,5 
1,2 

1,2 
1,3 
-0,1 
-0,3 

28 

50,1 
43,1 
6,9 
54,9 

40,9 
43,8 
-2,9 
7,1 

298,3 
270,1 
28,1 
166,4 

9,7 
9,2 
0,5 
2,2 

14,1 
14,1 
0,0 
1,4 

8,7 
8,7 
0,0 
1,6 

1,2 
1,4 
-0,3 
-0,8 

51,0 
43,2 
7,7 
62,6 

39,8 
45,4 
-5,6 
1,6 

295,8 
278,7 
17,1 
183,5 

9,8 
9,1 
0,7 
2,9 

14,5 
14,3 
0,2 
1,6 

8,5 
9,1 
-0,5 
1,1 

1,2 
1,4 
-0,2 
-1,0 

51,9 
44,9 
7,0 
69,6 

38,7 
45,6 
-6,9 
-5,3 

293,4 
274,9 
18,5 
202,0 

9,9 
8,7 
1,3 
4,1 

14,9 
14,3 
0,6 
2,1 

8,3 
9,2 
-0,9 
0,1 

1,2 
1,4 
-0,3 
-1,2 

52,8 
44,6 
8,2 
77,8 

37,7 
44,3 
-6,6 
-11,9 

291,0 
255,1 
35,9 
237,9 

10,0 
8,4 
1,5 
5,7 

15,2 
13,9 
1,3 
3,5 

8,1 
7,9 
0,3 
0,4 

1,2 
1,3 
-0,1 
-1,4 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 

Netherlands 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Poland 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Portugal 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Romania 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Slovakia 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Slovenia 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
Spain 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 

2005 base year 
emissions 

127,8 

180 

48,6 

75,5 

23 

11,8 

236 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 
(preliminary) 

2020 (proxy 
inventory) 

122,9 
108,3 
14,7 
14,7 

193,6 
186,1 
7,5 
7,5 

49,3 
38,6 
10,7 
10,7 

75,6 
72,7 
2,9 
2,9 

24,0 
21,1 
2,9 
2,9 

12,3 
10,9 
1,4 
1,4 

227,6 
200,3 
27,3 
27,3 

120,7 
97,9 
22,8 
37,5 

194,9 
181,5 
13,3 
20,9 

49,6 
38,8 
10,8 
21,5 

77,5 
72,5 
4,9 
7,8 

24,4 
19,8 
4,6 
7,5 

12,4 
10,5 
1,9 
3,3 

225,6 
199,8 
25,9 
53,2 

116,1 
101,3 
14,8 
69,6 

197,4 
198,7 
-1,3 
29,0 

50,1 
41,6 
8,6 
39,3 

81,1 
73,1 
8,0 
20,5 

25,1 
19,8 
5,3 
17,5 

12,4 
11,2 
1,2 
6,1 

221,8 
198,5 
23,3 
104,1 

118,4 
101,1 
17,3 
54,8 

196,1 
186,8 
9,4 
30,2 

49,9 
40,6 
9,2 
30,7 

79,3 
74,6 
4,7 
12,5 

24,7 
20,1 
4,7 
12,2 

12,4 
10,7 
1,7 
4,9 

223,7 
196,2 
27,6 
80,8 

29 

114,1 
102,3 
11,7 
81,3 

200,0 
211,5 
-11,5 
17,4 

47,9 
40,2 
7,7 
47,0 

84,1 
75,4 
8,7 
29,2 

25,0 
21,2 
3,8 
21,3 

12,2 
10,9 
1,3 
7,4 

218,3 
201,1 
17,2 
121,3 

111,8 
99,7 
12,1 
93,4 

201,7 
213,0 
-11,3 
6,1 

48,3 
40,6 
7,7 
54,7 

86,0 
77,6 
8,3 
37,5 

25,3 
21,1 
4,3 
25,6 

12,2 
11,0 
1,2 
8,6 

216,3 
203,0 
13,3 
134,5 

109,6 
97,1 
12,5 
105,9 

203,4 
209,1 
-5,6 
0,5 

48,7 
41,5 
7,2 
61,9 

87,9 
75,2 
12,7 
50,2 

25,6 
20,1 
5,6 
31,2 

12,3 
10,8 
1,5 
10,1 

214,3 
201,9 
12,5 
147,0 

107,4 
90,4 
17,0 
122,9 

205,2 
201,9 
3,3 
3,8 

49,1 
39,3 
9,8 
71,7 

89,8 
75,8 
14,0 
64,3 

25,9 
19,5 
6,4 
37,6 

12,3 
9,9 
2,4 
12,5 

212,4 
181,0 
31,4 
178,4 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Member State 

Sweden 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 
United Kingdom 
AEA 
Emissions 
Distance to target 
Cumulative surplus of AEAs 

2005 base year 
emissions 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 
(preliminary) 

2020 (proxy 
inventory) 

43,5 

417,8 

41,7 
35,3 
6,4 
6,4 

358,7 
339,5 
19,3 
19,3 

41,0 
34,5 
6,5 
12,9 

354,2 
324,4 
29,8 
49,1 

40,4 
33,9 
6,5 
19,4 

349,7 
326,0 
23,7 
72,7 

39,8 
32,6 
7,2 
26,6 

345,2 
333,9 
11,3 
84,0 

37,8 
32,5 
5,3 
31,9 

360,4 
332,1 
28,4 
112,4 

37,2 
31,4 
5,8 
37,7 

357,2 
329,9 
27,4 
139,7 

36,7 
31,7 
5,0 
42,7 

354,1 
329,1 
25,0 
164,7 

36,1 
30,8 
5,3 
47,9 

350,9 
305,5 
45,4 
210,2 

30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. FIRST ASSESSMENT OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 

Member States reported on their national adaptation policies by 15 March 2021 on the basis of 
Article 19 of the Governance Regulation. The content of the reporting is set out in Annex VIII 
of the Regulation and further detailed in an implementing act of the Commission. By the end of 
September  2021,  all  Member  States  submitted  the  required  reporting  through  the  EEA’s 
Reportnet interface. 

Countries  were  grouped  into  climatic  zones  according  to  a  frequently  used  nomenclature  in 
climate-related  assessments  of  the  European  Environment  Agency  and  of  the  Commission: 
northern (DK, EE, FI, IE, LT, LV, SE), eastern (BG, CZ, HU, PL, RO, SK), southern (CY, EL, 
ES, HR, IT, MT, PT, SI) and western (AT, BE, FR, DE, LU, NL). 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 5: Key observed climate hazards in the different climatic zones

32 

 
 
 
 
 
Figures 6 and 7: Key sectors at risk of future climate impacts 

33 

 
 
 
34 

 
 
 
 
 
 
12. USE OF REVENUES FROM AUCTIONING OF ETS ALLOWANCES  

Auctions of phase 3 emission allowances for both stationary installations and aircraft operators 
have  provided  the  EU-27  countries  with  revenues  listed  in  the  Table.21  Member  States  report 
annually  on  the  use  of  auctioning  revenues  for  climate  change  and  energy  purposes,  under 
Article  17  of  Regulation  (EU)  No  525/2013.  These  are  used  in  the  Chapter  6  in  the  Climate 
Action  Progress  Report  to  estimate  the  share  of  revenues  used  for  climate  change  and  energy 
purposes.  It  should  be  noted  that  annual  reporting  does  not  necessarily  cover  on  how  the 
revenues of that year are spent, but the spending of revenues during that year, i.e. it can include 
revenues  from  earlier  years.  Member  States  only  report  on  spending  for  the  purposes  of 
addressing climate change and energy, but this does not mean that the amount not covered in the 
report is necessarily spent for other purposes: it is also possible that revenues are spent later, or 
used  to  fund  many  projects/activities,  only  part  of  which  are  linked  to  climate  change  and 
energy, or that a certain amount has been set aside for climate and energy but not all of it has yet 
been formally attributed to specific projects.  

In the latter case, and when Member States have reported having a national minimum set aside 
for climate  and  energy, this  has been reflected in  the “% spent  on  climate and  energy” row22. 
Additionally,  multiple  Member  States  do  not  earmark  their  auction  revenues  for  a  specific 
purpose, but instead attribute part or all of their revenues to a broad budget such as the general 
budget, that is funded by more than just auctioning revenues, and can be spent on both climate 
change  and  energy  and  other  purposes.  Often,  in  such  cases  example  projects  funded  by  the 
broad budget are reported, but a direct link to auctioning revenues cannot be made. Such country 
specific contexts are described below. Reported spending can also be higher than the revenues 
of that year, if either it includes spending of previous years’ revenues or if the reported projects 
were co-funded with other funds.23  

Table 8: Member States' revenues from auctioning of ETS allowances (EUR million), amounts spent on climate 
and energy purposes (EUR million) and share of the revenues spent on climate and energy purposes (%), 2013-
2020.24   

53.6 

55.8 

2014 

2013 

2017 

2018 

2016 

2015 

Member State 
Austria 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate and 
energy 
Revenues are not earmarked. National spending on climate and energy is >100% of auctioning revenues. In several years, 
climate  and  energy  projects  financed  from  the  national  budget  were  reported,  even  though  their  funding  cannot  be 
directly linked to the auctioning revenues. 

2020 

2019 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

184.2 

986.4 

183.8 

210.4 

78.6 

79.8 

79.4 

59.9 

79.2 

36.9 

59.5 

54.8 

0 

0 

21 The table lists annual total revenues of the auctioned phase 3 allowances on the EEX platform. Some phase 3 allowances were 
auctioned in 2012 and some phase 2 allowances were auctioned in 2013, these are not included here. 
22 Where relevant, the amount resulting from the “% spent on climate and energy” row that is not covered in the row “Reported 
as spent on climate etc.” has been included in Figure 9 of the Climate Action Progress Report as “Used for climate change and 
energy, (unspecified)”.  
23 For the purposes of Figure 9 of the Climate Action Progress Report and the estimated shares spent on climate and energy, the 
annual shares have been capped at 100% in order to avoid distortion of the figures. 
24 Data in this table is based on the annual reporting by the Member States with some modifications made to ensure consistency 
across  all  Member  States  and  over  the  reporting  period.  In  2020/2021  the  harmonisation,  methodology  and  analysis  were 
conducted  by  SQ  Consult  in  a  study  for  the  European  Commission.  Proposed  modifications  have  been  discussed  with  the 
Member States as part of the quality checks.   
N/A  =  Not  available,  *  =  Member  States  that  do  not  earmark  auction  revenues,  (*)  =  Member  States  that  partially  earmarks 
auction revenues. 

35 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
 
0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

N/A 

N/A 

N/A 

N/A 

N/A 

99% 

97% 

99% 

56% 

92% 

35% 

85% 

46% 

36.2 

51.3 

36.4 

52.6 

97.1 

94.1 

85.3 

37.5 

86.9 

2014 

2013 

2019 

2018 

2017 

2016 

2020 

2015 

100% 

100% 

100% 

440.3 

368.2 

138.2 

440.3 

368.2 

130.4 

357.8 

213.7 

133.1 

356.8 

381.5 

144.3 

107.9 

115.0 

448.6 

103.5 

448.6 

121.8 

162.6 

356.1 

141.6 

>100% 

>100% 

Member State 
Belgium 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Between 2013-2015 auctioning revenues were not spent pending a legal decision. The auctioning revenues from 
2013  to  2015  have  been  earmarked  and  were  partly  committed  and  disbursed  over  the  following  years.  In 
addition, the general budget is used to finance many climate and energy projects (data not included here). 
Bulgaria 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Unspent revenues are carried over to later years, therefore in some years spending is higher than the revenues. 
Croatia 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
According  to  the  law,  100%  of  the  auctioning  revenues  are  spent  on  climate  and  energy.  This  table  lists  the 
amount spent during the same year as the revenue earnt. The remainder is carried over to the next years. 
Cyprus(*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
The auctioning revenues go to a fund, which different ministries can use for climate and energy projects. This fund 
also receives money from the general budget, so in practice a  higher amount than 100% of revenues is spent on 
climate and energy overall. 
Czechia * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are not earmarked. Reported spending represents the amounts allocated for climate change and energy 
projects  in  the  national  budget  of  each  year  (if  this  allocation  is  higher  than  100%,  it  is  reported  as  100%  of 
revenues). 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

309.7 

111.5 

719.4 

111.5 

199.8 

367.3 

408.4 

118.0 

199.8 

584.4 

630.4 

118.0 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

72.2 

77.5 

44.0 

40.1 

57.6 

80.7 

55.7 

73.2 

26.9 

20.3 

27.2 

71.5 

72.7 

46.1 

18.9 

29.0 

13.4 

26.0 

26.1 

57.5 

43% 

91% 

63% 

65% 

48% 

N/A 

N/A 

N/A 

N/A 

1.4 

2.8 

0.4 

6.6 

0.3 

0.8 

6.4 

0.7 

0.7 

0.3 

1.9 

36 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9.0 

3.6 

7.4 

9.5 

49% 

45% 

38% 

40% 

52% 

50% 

44% 

56.0 

48.1 

56.1 

48.1 

63.5 

18.1 

67.0 

71.7 

53.7 

71.7 

53.7 

64.5 

53.3 

15.9 

12.2 

39.4 

23.6 

71.3 

71.3 

21.3 

2014 

2013 

2019 

2018 

2017 

2016 

2020 

2015 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

166.1 

189.8 

142.8 

140.0 

166.1 

189.8 

166.5 

142.4 

142.4 

166.5 

Member State 
Denmark * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are not earmarked, example projects have been reported up to 100% of revenues each year. 
Estonia (*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
50%  of  the  auctioning  revenues  are  earmarked  and  directed  through  the  four-year  State  Budget  Strategy  and 
spent on climate and energy projects and measures, which may take multiple years. Unspent revenues are carried 
over  to  later  years  and  always  used  for  climate  and  energy  projects.  The  remaining  50%  goes  to  the  general 
budget, which, among others, covers climate and energy investment (not included here). 
Finland * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are not earmarked. National spending on climate and energy is >100% of auctioning revenues. Only a 
part of actual spending has been reported, in some years covering specific projects, in other years up to 100% of 
revenues, even though this funding cannot be directly linked to the auctioning revenues. 
France (*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
The auctioning revenues co-fund energy efficiency improvements of low-income housing, up to a ceiling of EUR 
420  million  per  year.  The  remainder  is  not  earmarked  but  goes  to  the  general  budget,  which,  among  others, 
covers climate and energy investments (not included here). 
Germany 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
100%  of  revenues  is  spent  on  energy  and  climate  projects.  All  revenues  go  to  a  fund  for  climate  and  energy 
projects, which is additionally co-funded from the general budget. 

1110.2 

2662.4 

1110.2 

2662.4 

2581.7 

2563.0 

1146.8 

3164.0 

1130.8 

3147.2 

220.6 

220.6 

312.1 

728.1 

312.1 

728.1 

791.3 

850.4 

790.9 

845.6 

750.0 

750.0 

251.8 

219.9 

251.8 

219.9 

219.2 

234.7 

313.4 

829.6 

726.5 

219.2 

234.7 

313.4 

550.0 

420.0 

215.3 

215.3 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

93.8 

93.8 

71.2 

95.3 

71.2 

31.1 

98% 

99% 

99% 

99% 

10% 

49% 

9.5 

2.0 

3% 

37 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50% 

50% 

50% 

81% 

29% 

50% 

50% 

39% 

41.7 

36.0 

41.7 

13.1 

17.3 

56.5 

34.6 

53.6 

40.1 

74.0 

65.9 

68.7 

18.5 

85.2 

63.7 

53.5 

71.8 

32.8 

83.3 

2014 

2013 

2019 

2018 

2017 

2016 

2020 

2015 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

131.1 

131.1 

148.1 

147.6 

509.5 

523.5 

198.0 

148.1 

147.6 

228.0 

225.4 

509.5 

523.5 

198.0 

195.2 

506.7 

195.2 

226.3 

506.7 

Member State 
Greece 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are earmarked and fully spent on domestic climate change and energy projects. 
Hungary (*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate and 
energy 
50% of the revenues are spent on climate and energy  (any revenues not spent are carried over to future years) 
and the remainder goes to the national general budget. Amounts included in the latter  can be spent on climate 
change and energy are not covered here. 
Ireland * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
While ETS auction revenues  are not  earmarked for  specific purposes, amounts  spent  are equivalent  to 100% of 
these  revenue  (less  ETS  administration  costs  for  the  Environmental  Protection  Agency)  and  are  attributed  to 
emission reduction activities in line with the purposes specified in the ETS Directive. 
Italy (*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Italian  law  guarantees  that,  50%  of  the  revenues  are  used  for  climate  and  energy  but  only  after  the  year  has 
ended, which  can cause underreported spending. . The remaining 50% was initially  used to compensate for the 
depleted  phase  2  of  the  New  Entrants  Reserve,  and  later  it  was  allocated  to  the  general  budget,  which  funds, 
among others, climate and energy projects (not included here). 
Latvia 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
100% of revenues go to the EAAI, a national green investment scheme aimed at tackling global climate 
change. Reported spending shows actually disbursed amounts per year, all leftovers are carried over to 
future years. 

1290.5 

1453.3 

1289.0 

124.5 

124.5 

542.4 

237.7 

506.6 

142.1 

124.3 

142.1 

124.3 

386.0 

411.2 

549.7 

118.1 

383.7 

148.4 

148.1 

366.5 

192.8 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

15.3 

42.3 

53.5 

11.5 

15.4 

40.7 

42.6 

12.3 

11.4 

10.8 

10.2 

40.1 

53.6 

36.0 

44% 

50% 

50% 

29% 

70% 

50% 

50% 

53% 

N/A 

0.1 

5.8 

7.4 

3.8 

0.1 

0.0 

38 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.5 

2.5 

5.0 

3.9 

2.9 

5.2 

9.2 

3.5 

2.6 

6.9 

5.1 

3.5 

6.8 

56% 

51% 

50% 

51% 

50% 

52% 

20.0 

17.3 

20.0 

17.3 

83.7 

80.4 

31.5 

20.8 

84.0 

80.4 

31.5 

20.8 

17.1 

17.1 

18.3 

86.6 

28.4 

86.6 

28.4 

17.0 

17.0 

2014 

2013 

2019 

2018 

2017 

2016 

2020 

2015 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

Member State 
Lithuania 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are put in a Climate Change fund that is only for climate action and only funded by auctioning revenues, 
and spent on climate and energy projects  
Luxembourg * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are not earmarked, example projects have been reported up to 100% of revenues each year. 
Malta * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
All  revenues  go  to  a  fund  for  climate  and  energy  projects,  which  is  additionally  co-funded  from  the  general 
budget. 
Netherlands * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Auctioning  revenues  go  to  the  national  general  budget  which  is  used  to  finance  climate  and  energy  projects. 
Amounts  spent  are  higher  than  100%  of  revenues,  but  it  is  not  possible  to  link  auctioning  revenues  to  specific 
projects funded. 
Poland* 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are not earmarked, example projects have been reported for around 50% of revenues each year. 

3157.6 

1564.0 

1211.6 

2548.8 

1274.4 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

132.8 

187.3 

441.4 

187.3 

441.4 

244.0 

136.1 

506.0 

128.7 

290.4 

609.9 

134.2 

142.6 

190.7 

504.2 

440.1 

134.2 

142.6 

190.7 

504.2 

440.1 

131.1 

131.1 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

68.5 

15.8 

12.0 

47.2 

68.1 

78.0 

39.0 

15.7 

15.9 

50% 

52% 

53% 

50% 

57% 

50% 

50% 

50% 

6.2 

4.5 

6.0 

9.7 

6.9 

4.9 

9.1 

5.7 

2.9 

39 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6% 

0% 

0.0 

98% 

97% 

98% 

22% 

74% 

76% 

97% 

84% 

92% 

95% 

17% 

71.4 

67.1 

72.8 

64.8 

61.7 

97.9 

91.2 

97.9 

72.8 

75.1 

42.7 

95.1 

83.7 

99.2 

2014 

2013 

2019 

2018 

2017 

2016 

2020 

2015 

100% 

100% 

100% 

257.1 

265.6 

100.3 

160.0 

194.0 

749.8 

719.1 

260.8 

194.0 

122.7 

235.3 

201.2 

255.8 

165.9 

195.2 

803.1 

195.2 

251.3 

Member State 
Portugal 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
All  revenues  from  auctioning  are  channelled  to  the  Environment  Fund  (alongside  other  revenues)  which  is 
financing  environmental  projects  that  may  or  may  not  be  directly  related  to  climate  objectives.  The  amounts 
reported as spent represent climate change and energy projects paid by the Environmental Fund. 
Romania (*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
50%  of  revenues  is  earmarked  for  climate  change  and  energy  purposes  and  an  additional  6%  is  earmarked  for 
GHG reduction projects (and 15% goes to indirect carbon cost compensation and 29% to the general budget). Part 
of unspent revenues are carried over to later years. 
Slovakia 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
All auctioning revenues are earmarked and go to the Environmental Fund, which also receives money from other 
sources. The values reported as spent represent the funding of climate change and energy projects known at the 
time of reporting. Part of unspent revenues are carried over to later years. 
Slovenia 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
100% of the auctioning revenues are used for  climate and energy projects.  Some projects receive  funding later 
than in the year in which the auctioning revenues were generated. 
Spain (*) 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Estimated revenues are earmarked for energy and climate project ahead of each year (up to a cap, which was EUR 
500 million up to 2018 and EUR 1100 million after). The remainder goes to the general budget, part of which also 
funds climate projects, but are not included here (2013 spending includes phase 3 allowances auctioned in 2012). 

1240.3 

1081.5 

1306.0 

1245.2 

1054.1 

>100% 

>100% 

>100% 

489.5 

387.8 

242.1 

346.1 

369.5 

493.6 

346.1 

390.8 

445.5 

788.6 

330.1 

370.2 

229.9 

244.7 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

84.5 

30.0 

27.4 

24.4 

65.0 

24.4 

90.2 

65.0 

87.1 

35.6 

40.9 

55.6 

44.6 

18.7 

25.1 

66.3 

65.3 

18.7 

25.1 

66.3 

65.3 

57.6 

15.1 

17.7 

16.6 

79% 

87% 

36% 

11% 

90% 

60% 

85% 

55% 

47% 

24% 

18% 

26% 

8.3 

0.1 

8.9 

0% 

40 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
35.7 

2014 

2013 

2017 

2016 

2018 

2015 

Member State 
Sweden * 
Revenues from 
auctioning 
Reported as spent on 
climate etc. 
% spent on climate 
and energy 
Revenues are not earmarked, example projects have been reported for at least  the minimum required spending 
on energy and climate. 

127.9 

136.3 

128.5 

100% 

100% 

2020 

2019 

52.4 

52.4 

65.0 

21.7 

28.8 

51.5 

73.9 

76.5 

38.6 

35.7 

34.4 

18.9 

51% 

56% 

56% 

56% 

58% 

55% 

41 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13.  EXAMPLES OF FUNDING OF CLIMATE RELATED PROJECTS  

Example 1: Adapting to climate change in urban areas 

The  HARMONIA  project  financed  by  Horizon  2020  (2021-2025)  aims  to  help  urban  areas 
cope with climate change and extreme events using GEOSS and Advanced Modelling Tools. 
The project will deliver an Integrated Resilience Assessment Platform (IRAP), a system that 
allows stakeholders to model a range of planning options against a number of climate change 
scenarios, in order to mitigate climate change effects in urban areas. 

Example 2: Just Transition Platform - offering technical assistance and space for open 
dialogue and exchanges for regions relying on coal and carbon-intensive industries 

The  Platform  provides  a  single  access  point  for  stakeholders,  comprehensive  technical  and 
advisory  support,  and  offers  dedicated  project  and  expert  databases.  High-level  events  take 
place  twice  a  year  and  there  are  dedicated  stakeholders  working  groups  (steel,  cement, 
chemicals and horizontal stakeholders strategy). 

Latest  event  with  Member  States,  local  and  regional  authorities,  non-governmental 
organisations,  social  partners,  and  EU  institutions  covered  both  declining  and  transforming 
sectors  by  integrating  the  Coal  Regions  Virtual  Week  and  the  Carbon-intensive  Regions 
Seminar.  Stakeholders  discussed  challenges  and  opportunities  and  exchanged  best  practices 
regarding  the  development  of  territorial  just  transition  plans  (TJTP)  and  programmes,  for 
instance,  in  Wielkopolska  region  (lignite)  in  Poland  and  in  Norrbotten  (iron  and  steel)  in 
Sweden.  

Example 3: Co-Creating Positive and Sustainable Lifestyle Tool  

The PSLifestyle project (2021-2025) financed under the Horizon 2020 Green Deal call aims 
to help close the gap between climate awareness and individual action, and to increase citizen 
participation in sustainability topics. It aims to build a data-driven momentum for sustainable 
behaviour  change  across  eight  European  countries.  This  by  engaging  citizens  through  a 
digital  application  to  co-research,  co-develop  and  to  take  up  everyday  life  solutions  for 
climate change by providing them with tools for collection, monitoring and analysis of their 
environmental and consumption data. 

Example 4: Reducing GHG emissions in commercial refrigeration sector  

The LIFE C4R project (2018-2021) demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of innovative 
technological  solutions  for  reducing  GHG  emissions  and  particularly  HFCs  in  the 
commercial refrigeration sector.  

The project covered five pilots (three in Italy, one in Spain and one in Romania), all using the 
two innovative technologies developed to increase the efficiency of the refrigeration systems 
with CO2. The monitoring results confirmed that the combination of high efficiency and use 
of low global warming potential (GWP) natural refrigerant (i.e. CO2 has GWP=1) guarantees 
the lowest possible impact on climate change. The energy saving - compared to conventional 
CO2  systems  -  is  13%  for  Full  Transcritical  Efficiency  (active  in  all  seasons)  and  16%  for 
Extreme  Temperature  Efficiency  (active  in  summer  above  30°C  outdoor  temperature). 

42 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Without taking into account the direct benefits linked to the use of low GWP refrigerant (both 
in terms of gas leakage and end of life management), the energy savings were evident in all 
cases ranging from 34.2% to 11.8%.  

Example 5. Forest management practices 

The Haut Languedoc forest (France) is located at the intersection of different climatic regions 
and  has  suffered  by  high  dieback  of  trees.  The  LIFE  FORECCAST  project  (2016-2020) 
provided  forest  owners  and  managers  with  tools  to  help  build  their  forest  management 
strategy  in  view  of  climate  change.  A  mobile  phone  application  was  developed  to  help 
evaluate and manage the risk of forest dieback, and was used to diagnose 4 300 ha of forests. 
New  climate  change  management  practices  were  carried  out,  including  reforesting  over  30 
000 trees belonging to 32 species. 

Example 6: Emission reduction in the livestock sector with co-benefits in grasslands 

The  LIFE  BEEF  CARBON  project  develops  innovative  livestock  farming  systems  and 
associated  practices.  Project  partners  are  raising  climate  awareness,  testing  and  promoting 
innovative  practices  for  emission  reduction  and  carbon  sequestration  at  the  farm  level, 
providing advisory approaches and creating BEEF CARBON action plans in France, Ireland, 
Italy and Spain.  

Example 7: Natural Water Retention Measures in the Altovicentino area (Italy)25  

The communities of Santorso and Marano Vicentino implemented several measures (e.g. bio 
retention, detention  basins, porous paving, rain  gardens) to  cope with  the increasing risk of 
floods, landslides and erosion due to increasing precipitation and land use as part of the LIFE 
BEWARE project. They deployed Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRMs) to increase 
the  resilience  of  their  territory  to  flooding  in  five  locations  in  Santorso  and  two  in  Marano 
Vicentino  (Italy).  The  interventions  aim  at  solving  existing  hydraulic  problems  and 
preventing future ones. They are also used as best practice examples. 

Example 8: Supported projects from  NER300 unspent funds under the InnovFin EDP 
and CEF DI (October 2020 - September 2021)  

CH New Charging and Energy Storage Solutions (InnovFin EDP) 

To  provide  power  system  services,  the  project  aims  to  develop  a  technology  platform  that 
enables  integration  of  electric  vehicles  (“EVs”)  into  the  power  grid  by  aggregating  and 
leveraging  the  energy  storage  potential  of  end-user  EVs  batteries  as  stationary  storage 
devices. The project demonstration sites are located in Germany, France and the Netherlands 
and the NER 300 contribution amounts to EUR 2.1 million. 

DK EVERFUEL GREEN HYDROGEN PROJECT (CEF DI) 

The  project  covers  deployment  of  hydrogen  distribution  infrastructure  and  setting  up  of 
hydrogen  production  plant  as  to  supply  green  hydrogen  to  a  large-scale  fleet  of  Fuel  Cell 

25 https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/natural-water-retention-measures-in-the-altovicentino-area-italy 

43 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
electric buses (FC buses) in Denmark. The financing of EUR 20.7 million is provided under 
the  Future  Mobility  product,  backed  by  the  Connecting  Europe  Facility  (CEF),  and  the 
NER300 Programme. 

ES EVEREST (CEF DI) 

The  project  aims  to  roll  out  an  Electric  Vehicle  (EV)  charging  network  consisting  of  476 
Charging  Points  (CP)  in  200  sites  over  a  3-year  period  in  Spain.  Charging  points  will  sell 
only electricity sourced from renewable sources backed by relevant certificates. This project 
requested the EIB loan of EUR 50 million, fully covered from NER300 unspent funds. 

Example 9: Capacity building in African Regional Climate Centres 

Funded  by  the  11th  European  Development  Fund  (EUR  85  million),  the  ongoing  Climate 
Services  and  Related  Applications  (ClimSA)  Programme  is  strengthening  the  capacity  of 
African Regional Climate Centres to convert data into user-friendly information for decision-
makers  at  all  levels,  eventually  informing  the  design  and  implementation  of  NDCs  and 
National  Adaptation  Plans  (NAPs)  and  other  cross-cutting  and  sectoral  planning,  including 
poverty reduction, nature conservation and disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. 

44