COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT […] Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 39th Annual Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of Trade Defence Instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2020
Date: 2021-08-30
Institutions: Directorate-General for Trade and Economic Security, European Commission
Subjects: activity report, anti-dumping measure, anti-subsidy proceeding, coronavirus disease, countervailing charge, epidemic, import (EU), import restriction, originating product, surveillance concerning imports, third country

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 30.8.2021  SWD(2021) 234 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT […] Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 39th Annual Report from the Commission to the European Parliament  and the Council on the EU’s Anti-Dumping, Anti-Subsidy and Safeguard activities and the Use of Trade Defence Instruments by Third Countries targeting the EU in 2020    {COM(2021) 496 final}  
 
 
Table of Contents 

1.  OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION ................................................................................................. 3 

1.1.  Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.1. 

The international framework ........................................................................................... 3 

1.1.2. 

The EU legislation ........................................................................................................... 3 

1.2. 

Safeguards .............................................................................................................................. 4 

1.2.1. 

The international framework ........................................................................................... 4 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation ........................................................................................................... 4 

2.  GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS AND MEASURES

5 

2.1.  Measures in place .................................................................................................................. 5 

2.2.  New investigations – recent evolution .................................................................................. 5 

2.3.  Review investigations – recent evolution ............................................................................. 6 

3.  OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2020 ............................................................................................... 7 

3.1.  New investigations ................................................................................................................. 7 

3.1.1. 

Initiations......................................................................................................................... 7 

3.1.2. 

Provisional measures ...................................................................................................... 8 

3.1.3. 

Definitive measures ......................................................................................................... 9 

3.1.5. 

New investigations terminated without measures ......................................................... 22 

3.2.  Review investigations .......................................................................................................... 23 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews ............................................................................................................... 23 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews .............................................................................................................. 26 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews .................................................................................................... 27 

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations ....................................................................................... 27 

3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations ................................................................................. 28 

3.2.6. 

“Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) ..................................................... 29 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations ..................................................................................................... 29 

4.  ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES .......................................... 33 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures ........................................................................................................ 33 

4.2.  Monitoring of undertakings ............................................................................................... 33 

5.  REFUNDS ....................................................................................................................................... 34 

6. 

7. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS .......................... 34 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT
34 

8.  ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU ........................................................... 38 

9.  ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO ........................................................................ 42 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
10. 

11. 

AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF AUDITORS .................................................................. 44 

EXPORT AUTHORISATION SCHEME FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ................... 45 

LIST OF ANNEXES ................................................................................................................... 47 

2 

 
 
 
1. 

OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATION 

1.1. 

Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy 

1.1.1. 

The international framework 

On  an  international  level,  unfair  trading  practices  such  as  dumping  and  the  granting  of  subsidies  were 
identified  as  a  threat  to  open  markets  as  early  as  1947,  when  the  first  GATT  agreement  was  signed.  The 
agreement  contained  specific  provisions  allowing  GATT  members  to  take  action  against these  practices if 
they  caused  material  injury  to  the  domestic  industry  of  a  GATT  member.  Today's  globalised  trade 
environment  is  characterized  by  quicker  and  cheaper  communication  and  transportation,  as  well  as  the 
coexistence  of  different  models  of  economic  governance.  In  such  a  world,  trade  defence  instruments  are 
more  relevant  than  ever.  Indeed,  trade  distortions  that  underlie  the  application  of  these  instruments  are 
widespread. 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  GATT  in  1947,  considerable  efforts  have  been  made  to  harmonise  the  rules 
relating to trade defence instruments. During the last GATT round (the « Uruguay Round »), which led to the 
creation  of  the  World  Trade  Organisation  (WTO)  and  the  detailed  Anti-Dumping  and  Anti-Subsidy 
Agreements,  much  of  the  attention  was  focused  on  the  procedural  and  material  conditions  to  be  fulfilled 
before measures can be adopted. The EU played an active role in the negotiation of these agreements, which 
are reflected in its own legislation. The EU applies its anti-dumping (AD) and anti-subsidy (AS) legislation 
with  rigour  and  consistency.  Unfortunately,  many  WTO  Members  lack  this  type  of  restraint,  thereby 
affecting  negatively  also  EU  operators. The role that the  EU plays as a  prudent user  has  therefore also  an 
exemplary function at WTO level. Against this backdrop, the EU also continues to play a leading active role 
in any efforts to update the WTO rulebook. 

1.1.2. 

The EU legislation 

The EU’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy legislation was first enacted in 1968 and has since been modified 
several  times.  The  current  basic  texts,  which  form  the  legal  basis  of  anti-dumping  and  anti-subsidy 
investigations in the EU, entered into force in March 1996 and October 1997 respectively. These are in line 
with the Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Agreements adopted during the GATT/WTO negotiations. These 
texts were codified in 2016 to reflect changes previously made. The basic texts are: 

– 

– 

Regulation  (EU)  2016/1036  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  dumped  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version1, 

Regulation  (EU)  2016/1037  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  protection 
against  subsidised  imports  from  countries  not  members  of  the  European  Union  –  Codified 
Version2. 

These  regulations  will  overall  be  referred  to  as  the  "basic  anti-dumping  (AD)  Regulation"  and  the  “basic 
anti-subsidy (AS) Regulation”. Both regulations were recently modified by Regulation (EU) 2017/2321 of 
12 December 20173 and Regulation (EU) 2018/825 of 30 May 20184.   

The EU's legislation contains a number of provisions aimed at ensuring a balanced application of the EU’s 
anti-dumping and anti-subsidy rules on all interested parties. These provisions include the “EU interest test” 
and the “lesser duty rule”, which go beyond the Union's WTO obligations. 

The  EU  interest  test  is  a  public  interest  clause  and  provides  that  measures  cannot  be  applied  if  it  is 
established that they are contrary to the overall economic interest of the EU. This requires an analysis of all 
the  economic  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  EU  industry  and  its  suppliers,  downstream  users, 
consumers and traders of the product concerned.  

The  lesser  duty  rule  requires  the  measures  imposed  by  the  EU  to  be  lower  than  the  dumping  or  subsidy 
margin, if such lower duty rate is sufficient to remove the injury suffered by the EU industry. Such a “no-
injury” rate is usually determined by comparing import prices with the cost of production of the EU industry 

1   
2   
3   
4   

OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.21. 
OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p.55. 
OJ L 338, 19.12.2017, p.1. 
OJ L 143, 07.06.2018, p.1. 

3 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
and a reasonable profit margin (although, as a result of the recent TDI modernisation, the latter rules have 
been  further  elaborated,  as  explained  below).  The  EU  is  one  of  the  few  investigating  authorities  on  a 
worldwide level that applies the lesser duty rule in such a coherent and comprehensive way. 

Since  the  2018  ‘TDI  modernisation’  amendments  to  the  basic  Regulations,  the  lesser  duty  rule  does  in 
principle  not  apply  in  anti-subsidy  investigations,  which  means  anti-subsidy  measures  will  fully  offset  the 
subsidies that an exporter has received. The Commission can only depart from this approach further to a duly 
substantiated  request,  and  after  finding  it  would  be  against  the  Union  interest  not  to  apply  the  lesser  duty 
rule. This new practice reflects the increased attention of the EU to tackle unfair and injurious subsidisation 
by third countries. 

1.2. 

Safeguards 

1.2.1. 

The international framework 

The  principle  of  liberalisation  of  imports  was  set  under  the  GATT  1947  and  strengthened  under  the  1994 
WTO  Agreements.  As  safeguard  measures  consist  of  the  unilateral  withdrawal  or  suspension  of  a  tariff 
concession  or  of  other  trade  liberalisation  obligations  formerly  agreed,  they  have  to  be  considered  as  an 
exception  to  this  principle.  Article XIX  GATT  1994 and  the WTO  Agreement  on  Safeguards  do  not  only 
impose strict conditions for the application of this "escape clause", but also put in place a multilateral control 
mechanism under the WTO Committee on Safeguards. 

Under  WTO  rules,  safeguard  action  has  to  be  viewed  as  a  temporary  defence  measure  that  applies  to  all 
imports  of  the  product  covered  by  a  measure,  irrespective  of  origin.  As  regards  non-WTO  members, 
safeguard  measures  may  be  selective  and  apply  to  products  originating  in  a  specific  country.  WTO 
Accession  Protocols  may  also  provide  for  such  selective  safeguard  mechanisms,  as  was  the  case  in  the 
Protocol of Accession of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), although the provision has now expired.  

Definitive  WTO  safeguards  should  only  be  adopted  after  a  comprehensive  investigation  that  provides 
evidence of the existence of a) unforeseen developments leading to b) increased imports, c) the existence of a 
serious injury or a threat of injury for EU producers and d) a causal link between the imports and the injury. 

Moreover, FTAs concluded by the Union with third countries often include a ‘bilateral safeguard clause’, i.e. 
a provision that allows for the temporary suspension of tariff concessions made under the FTA. 

1.2.2. 

The EU legislation 

The  above-mentioned  WTO  principles  are  all  reflected  in  the  relevant  EU  regulations,  except  for  the 
“unforeseen development requirement” (which is not found explicitly in the EU legislation nor in the WTO 
Agreement on Safeguards but has been confirmed as a self-standing condition by WTO jurisprudence, as per 
Article XIX  of  GATT 1994).  Additionally,  the  adoption  of  measures  in  the  EU  requires  an analysis of all 
interests  concerned,  i.e.  the  impact  of  the  measures  on  producers,  users  and  consumers.  In  other  words, 
safeguard  action  can  only  be  taken  when  it  is  in  the  EU’s  interest  to  do  so.  The  current  EU  safeguard 
instruments are covered by the following regulations: 

-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/478  of the  European  Parliament and  of the  Council  of 11  March  2015 on 
common rules for imports (codification),5  

-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/755  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  29  April  2015  on 
common rules for imports from certain third countries (recast),6 

-  Regulation  (EU)  2019/287  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  13  February  2019 
implementing  bilateral  safeguard  clauses  and  other  mechanisms  allowing  for  the  temporary 
withdrawal of preferences in certain trade agreements concluded between the European Union and 
third countries,7 

-  Regulation  (EU)  2015/936  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  9  June  2015  on 
common  rules  for  imports  of  textile  products  from  certain  third  countries  not  covered  by  bilateral 
agreements, protocols or other arrangements, or by other specific EU import rules (recast).8 

The first two regulations are referred to as the "basic safeguard Regulation(s)". 

5   
6   
7   
8   

OJ L 83, 27.3.2015, p.16. 
OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p.33. 
OJ L 53, 22.2.2019, p.1. 
OJ L 160, 25.6.2015, p.1. 

4 

 
 
 
                                                           
2. 

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY INVESTIGATIONS AND MEASURES   

The  number  of  new  investigations  initiated  in  2020  was  similar  to  the  previous  year,  with  15  initiations 
(compared to 16 in 2019). The number of measures imposed in 2020 significantly increased as compared to 
2019:  11  new  definitive  measures  and  6  provisional  measures  were  imposed,  a  total  of  17,  versus  12  in 
2019.9  At  the  same  time,  5  new  investigations  were  also  terminated  without  the  imposition  of  measures, 
which brought the total number of new investigations concluded in 2020 to 22. Moreover, during 2020, the 
Commission  initiated  as  many  as  28  review  investigations.  Among  the  latter,  there  were  21  initiations  of 
expiry reviews (two of which regarding anti-subsidy measures). 7 expiry reviews were concluded in 2020 – 
all  with  a  confirmation  of  the  duty.  In  other  words,  2020  stood  as  another  particularly  busy  year,  with  a 
further increase of new casework and reviewing activity as compared to the trend observed in 2019. Below 
are details on new investigations and review investigations.  

2.1. 

Measures in place 

At the end of 2020, the EU had in force 99 definitive anti-dumping measures (which were extended10 in 29 
cases) and 18 countervailing measures in force (extended in one case)11. 

The anti-dumping measures product coverage increased to 72 products, concerning 16 countries (see Annex 
O); the countervailing measures covered 15 products (2 more than in 2019) and 7 countries – 1 more than in 
2019 (see Annex P).  

Of all the 128 anti-dumping measures in force at the end of 2020, the countries affected were the PRC (91 
measures – i.e. 5 more than in 2019), Russia (9 measures), Korea and the US (4), India and Taiwan (3 each), 
Belarus, Indonesia, Thailand and Ukraine (2 each), Brazil, Egypt,  Iran, Japan, Malaysia, and Trinidad and 
Tobago (1 each).  

Of  the  19  anti-subsidy  measures  in  place,  8  concerned  imports  from  the  PRC,  whereas  India  remained 
subject to 4 measures; Egypt and the US are subject to 2 measures; and Argentina, Indonesia and Turkey to 1 
measure each.  

2.2. 

New investigations – recent evolution 

In the 5-year period from 2016 to 2020, 67 new investigations were initiated on imports from 21 countries.  

The sector concerned by the investigations was mainly 'iron and steel' – 30 investigations. A breakdown of 
the product sectors is available in Annex B(A). 

The  countries concerned  by  the  highest  number  of  initiations in the period  from  2016 to  2020  include the 
PRC  –  27  investigations;  Egypt  and  Russia  –  5  each;  Indonesia  and  Turkey  –  4  each;  Korea  –  3;  Brazil, 
India, Ukraine, the US – 2 each. A table showing all the investigations initiated over the last 5 years broken 
down by country of export is available at Annex B(B). 

Table  1  below  provides  statistical  information  on  the  developments  regarding  new  investigations  for  the 
years 2016 – 2020.  

Evolution of new anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard investigations 
during the period 1 January 2016 - 31 December 202012 

TABLE 1 

New investigations in progress at the beginning of 
the period 

2016 

2017 

201813 

2019 

2020 

20 

20 

17 

15 

16 

New investigations initiated during the period 

15 

11 

10 

16 

15 

9  
10  
11  
12  

13  

Not including safeguard measures. 
Measures have been extended to other third countries if circumvention in these countries had been found. 
The measures are counted per product and country concerned. 
The  simultaneous  initiation  of  a  case  concerning  several  countries  but  the  same  product  is  accounted  as 
separate investigation/proceeding per country involved. 
Updated to take into proper account the Steel safeguard investigation. 

5 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
New investigations in progress during the period 

35 

31 

27 

31 

31 

New investigations concluded : 

- 

- 

by imposition of definitive duty or 
acceptance of undertakings 
terminations14 

Total new investigations concluded during the 
period15 

New investigations in progress at the end of period 

New provisional measures imposed 

7 

8 

15 

20 

9 

12 

2 

14 

17 

2 

4 

8 

12 

15 

3 

10 

5 

15 

16 

5 

11 

5 

16 

15 

6 

2.3. 

Review investigations – recent evolution   

Anti-dumping  measures,  including  price  undertakings,  may  be  subject,  under  the  basic  AD  Regulation,  to 
five  different  types  of  reviews:  expiry  reviews  (Article  11(2)),  interim  reviews  (Article  11(3)),  newcomer 
investigations  (Article  11(4)),  absorption  investigations  (Article  12)  and  anti-circumvention  investigations 
(Article 13). The Commission also carries out “other” reviews consisting in re-opening of investigations to 
implement court rulings. 

Also  anti-subsidy  measures  may  be  subject,  under  the  basic  AS  Regulation,  to  five  different  types  of 
reviews: expiry reviews (Article 18), interim reviews (Article 19), absorption investigations (Article 19(3)), 
accelerated reviews (Article 20) and anti-circumvention investigations (Article 23). In addition, here also, the 
Commission can re-open investigations to implement court rulings. 

Reviews continue to represent a major part of the work of the Commission's TDI services. In the period from 
2016 to 2020, 141 such review investigations were initiated by the Commission. Reviews represented over 
60% of all TDI investigations initiated.  

In  2020,  specifically,  the Commission  initiated  26  reviews  of  a  broad range  of  types. These  comprised  21 
expiry reviews (compared to 8 in 2019), 2 interim reviews (of which 1 anti-subsidy), 3 anti-circumvention 
investigations, 2 ‘new exporter’ reviews. At the same time, 26 reviews were concluded by the Commission – 
in that 7 were expiry reviews (of which 1 concerning anti-subsidy measures). 

An overview of the review investigations in 2020 can be found in Annexes F to K. Table 2 below provides 
statistical information for the years 2016 – 2020. 

TABLE 2 
Reviews of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations 
during the period 1 January 2016 - 31 December 202016 

Reviews in progress at the beginning of the period 

Reviews initiated during the period 

Reviews in progress during the period 

Total reviews concluded during the period18 

2016 

2017 

201817 

2019 

2020 

33 

23 

56 

27 

29 

30 

59 

31 

28 

25 

53 

28 

25 

23 

48 

22 

26 

28 

54 

26 

14  

15  
16  

17  

Investigations might be terminated for reasons such as the withdrawal of the complaint, de minimis dumping or 
injury, lack of causal link etc. 
Excluding provisional measures. 
A case concerning several countries but the same product is accounted as separate investigation/proceeding per 
country involved. The table includes reopenings of investigations (‘other’ reviews). 
Year 2018 data was updated upwards to take into proper account all case conclusions/terminations. 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Reviews in progress at the end of the period 

29 

28 

25 

26 

28 

3. 

OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN 2020 

3.1. 

New investigations 

3.1.1. 

Initiations 

In  2020,  the  Commission  initiated  12  new  anti-dumping  and  3  new  anti-subsidy  investigations.  The 
categories  of  ‘Iron  and  steel’,  as  well  as  ‘other  metals’,  stood  out  in  terms  of  product  coverage.  The 
investigations concerned 7 different countries, with by far the highest number of initiations occurring against 
the PRC (8 cases). Details of the investigations are given in Annexes A and B.  

The list of cases initiated in 2020 can be found below, together with the names of the complainants. More 
information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex A. 

Product 
(Type of investigation: AD or AS) 

Origin 

Complainant 

Aluminium extrusions (AD) 

China 

European Aluminium 

Hot rolled flat products (HRFS) (AD) 

Turkey 

Eurofer 

Hot rolled flat steel (HRFS) (AS) 

Turkey 

Eurofer 

Aluminium flat-rolled products (AD) 

China 

European Aluminium 

Optical fibre cables (OFC)(AD) 

China 

Europacable 

Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled products 
(SSCR)(AD) 

India 
Indonesia 

European Steel Association 
(‘EUROFER’) 

Birch Plywood (AD) 

Russia 

Woodstock Consortium 

Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) (AD) 

Saudi Arabia 
USA 

Defence Committee of European 
MEG Producers 

Steel wind towers (AD) 

China 

European Wind Tower 
Association 

18  

Investigations which were conducted and concluded under the specific provisions of the regulation imposing 
the original measures are not counted as there was no publication of the initiation. 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                 
Aluminium converter foil (AD) 

China 

Aluminium converter foil (AS) 

China 

Carcano Antonio S.p.A  

Eurofoil Luxembourg S.A.  

Hydro Aluminium Rolled 
Products GmbH  

Impol d.o.o. 

 Slim Aluminium  

S.p.A. Symetal S.A. 

Carcano Antonio S.p.A  

Eurofoil Luxembourg S.A.  

Hydro Aluminium Rolled 
Products GmbH  

Impol d.o.o. 

 Slim Aluminium  

S.p.A. Symetal S.A. 

Iron or steel fasteners 

China 

European Industrial Fasteners 
Institute 

AS  Optical fibre cables 

China 

Europacable 

3.1.2. 

Provisional measures 

In  2020,  provisional  duties  were  imposed  in  5  new  anti-dumping  investigations,  and  1  new  anti-subsidy 
investigation.19  

The list of cases where provisional measures were imposed during 2020 can be found below, together with 
the  measures  imposed.  More  information  can  be  obtained  from  the  Official  Journal  publications  to  which 
reference is given in Annex C. 

Product 

Origin 

Type20 and level of measure 

Glass fibre reinforcements 
(glass fibres products) (GFR) 

Egypt 

CVD: 8.7% 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat 
products (SSHR) 

Indonesia 

China 

Taiwan 

AD: 17.3% 

AD: 9.2% - 19% 

AD: 4.1% - 7.5% 

19  

20  

It has to be noted that anti-subsidy investigations run often in parallel to anti-dumping investigations,  where 
the provisional anti-dumping duty already provides some relief to the Union industry. 
AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Thermal paper (certain 
heavyweight) 

Republic of Korea 

AD: 22.3% 

Aluminium extrusions 

China 

AD: 30.4% – 48% 

3.1.3.  Definitive measures 

During  2020,  definitive  duties  were  imposed  in  8  anti-dumping  investigations  (4  in  2019)  and  in  3  anti-
subsidy investigations (as in 2019). The list of cases where definitive measures were imposed can be found 
below, together with the measure(s) imposed. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal to 
which reference is given in Annex D. 

Product 

Origin 

Type21 and level of measure 

Steel road wheels 

Glass fibre fabrics 

Woven and/or stitched glass 
fibre fabrics, certain 

Continuous filament glass 
fibre products 

China 

China 

Egypt 

China 

Egypt 

Egypt 

AD: 50.3% - 66.4% 

AD: 37.6% - 99.7% 

AD: 20% 

CVD: 17% - 30.7%  AD: 34% - 69% 

CVD: 10.9%  AD: 20% 

CVD: 13,1% 

Polyvinyl alcohols 

China 

AD: 17.3% - 72.9% 

Hot rolled stainless steel sheets 
and coils 

China 

Taiwan 

Indonesia 

AD: 9.2% - 19% 

AD: 4.1% - 7.5% 

AD: 17.3% 

Heavyweight thermal paper 

Republic of Korea 

AD: 15.8% 

3.1.4 Details of individual cases with application of new measures 

Steel road wheels from China (Definitive AD) 

On  15  February  2019, the Commission initiated  an  anti-dumping  investigation with  regard to imports  into 
the  Union  of  mixtures  of  steel  road  wheels  originating  in  China.  The  initiation  was  based  on  a  complaint 
lodged  on  3 January  2019 by  the  Association  of  European Wheel  Manufacturers  (EUWA). The  complaint 
contained evidence of dumping and of a resulting material injury that was sufficient to justify the initiation of 
the investigation.  

The investigation of dumping and injury covered the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 (‘the 
investigation  period’).  The  examination  of  trends  relevant  for  the  assessment  of  injury  covered  the  period 
from 1 January 2015 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’) 

Sampling 

21  

AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
The  Commission  selected  the  provisional  sample  on  the  basis  of  the  reported  production  and  Union  sales 
volume by the Union producers. The sample consisted of three Union producers that accounted for over 35% 
of Union production and sales.  

Product under investigation  

The product under investigation was road wheels of steel, whether or not with their accessories and whether 
or not fitted with tyres, designed for: (i) road tractors; (ii) motor vehicles for the transport of persons and/or 
the  transport  of  goods;  (iii)  special  purpose  motor  vehicles  (for  example,  fire  fighting  vehicles,  spraying 
lorries); and (iv) trailers, semi-trailers, caravans, and similar vehicles, not mechanically propelled.  

The market for steel wheels covers a variety of product types depending mainly on the type of vehicles on 
which they are fitted. These product types mainly vary in size, with smaller sizes destined for passenger cars 
and larger diameter sizes destined for heavy trucks and special purpose motor vehicles. These product types 
are commonly classified by the industry in two categories: passenger car wheels (for vehicles with not more 
than 8 seats) and commercial wheels (all others).  

Dumping – significant distortions 

After examining all the available evidence collected during the investigation, the Commission concluded that 
it was not appropriate to rely on domestic prices or costs because of the existence of significant distortions. 
In order to arrive at this conclusion, the Commission looked at PRC’s intervention in the economy in general 
as well as in the steel sector and the automotive industry. This examination showed that prices and costs of 
the steel road wheels from China and its inputs were not the result of free market forces because they were 
affected  by  substantial  government  intervention  within  the  meaning  of  Article  2(6a)(b)  of  the  basic 
Regulation.  

Consequently, the Commission constructed the normal value based exclusively on costs of production and 
sale  reflecting  undistorted  prices  or  benchmarks.  In  this  case,  Brazil  was  used  as  an  appropriate 
representative country. 

The  government  of  China  did  not  cooperate  in  this  investigation  and,  therefore,  did  not  provide  any 
comments on the Commission’s findings.  

Out  of  the  twenty  exporting  producers  that  came  forward,  the  Commission  selected  a  sample  of  three 
companies on which the findings of dumping were to be based.  

One of the sampled companies refused to cooperate and was replaced by the next largest exporting producer. 
Following the verification visit, the Commission decided  to disregard the information provided by another 
exporting  producer  due  to  significant  shortcomings  in  its  questionnaire  replies.  In  addition,  following  the 
exclusion of certain types of products from the scope of the investigation, one of the cooperating  sampled 
exporting producers was no longer concerned by this investigation. As a result, the sample was reduced to 
only one group of companies (Xingmin Group).  

Taking  into account  the  degree  of  non-cooperation in  the  sample and the  insufficient time  to  select a  new 
sample, the Commission decided to apply best facts available with regard to the sample, pursuant to Article 
17(4) and Article 18 of the basic Regulation.  

On this basis, for the non-sampled cooperating exporting producers, the Commission exceptionally decided 
to  set  the  dumping  margin  at  the  same  level  as  the  only  remaining  sampled  exporting  producer.  This  is 
because it considered that the failure of the sample was also caused by the exclusion of certain product types. 
The Commission also took into account that the remaining company in the sample accounted for around 20% 
of imports of the product under investigation from China and exported a wide range of product types to the 
Union.  

Finally, for non-cooperating other exporting producers, the Commission based the dumping  margin on the 
level  corresponding  to  the  weighted  average  dumping  margin  for  the  eight  product  types  with  the  highest 
individual  dumping  margins  of  the  sampled  company.  The  volume  of  exports  of  these  product  types 
represented around 29% of the total volume exported to the Union by the company in question, which was 
considered representative.  

As  a  result,  the  following  dumping  margins  were  established:  a)  Xingmin  Group:  69,4%;  b)  Other 
cooperating companies: 69,4% and c) All other companies: 81,1%. 

Injury  

10 

 
 
 
The  investigation  established  that  both  China  and  the  Union  producers  were  active  in  the  passenger  car 
wheels and the commercial wheels. Based on the information provided by the complainant, around 45% of 
the Chinese imports during  the  IP were passenger car wheels, and 55% commercial wheels. In the Union, 
around 65% of the sales were for passenger car wheels and 35% commercial wheels. 

Over the period considered (2015-2018), the Union consumption increased by 2%. The imports from China 
and its market share doubled during this period. Imports increased from around 1 million to 2 million pieces, 
corresponding to an increase of market share from 2,6% to 5,3% in 2018. While Chinese imports increased 
both for passenger car and for commercial wheels, this increase was much more marked for passenger car 
wheels.  

The  Commission  found  significant  undercutting  across  the  different  product  types  for  the  cooperating 
exporter during the investigation period, on average 26,2%. 

During the period considered, sales prices increased by 21%, which however was not sufficient to cover the 
28% increase in the costs of production during the investigation period. The Union industry’s profit level of 
2,3% in 2015 turned into losses (-1,1%) in the investigation period. This trend resulted in similar falls in cash 
flow (-22%) and return on investment (-134%). Furthermore, the Union industry level of production fell by 
4%, sales volume fell also by 4%, and market share went from 84,9% to 79,8%. Very few of the indicators 
examined  showed  a  positive  development  over  the  period  considered.  Investments  increased  by  87%,  but 
concerned mainly replacements and upgrades of machinery. Stocks fell throughout the period considered, but 
most of the product is made upon demand and thus this indicator was not considered very relevant.  

Thus,  the  Commission  concluded  that  the  Union  industry  suffered  material  injury  within  the  meaning  of 
Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation. 

Causation 

The analysis of the injury indicators showed that the economic situation of the Union industry had worsened 
and that this coincided  with  an  increase  of  dumped imports  from  China,  at  prices that  undercut the  Union 
industry’s prices. The Union industry lost market shares to dumped Chinese imports. The Commission also 
found  that  carmakers  used  Chinese  offers  to  pressure  Union  producers  to  bring  their  prices  down.  This 
situation ultimately resulted in the suppression of the prices of the Union industry. Particularly in 2017 and 
2018,  when  the  unit  cost  of  production  increased  due  to  higher  steel  prices,  the  Union  industry  could  not 
fully pass on cost increases, a situation which was reflected in the Union industry’s performance indicators. 

Injury elimination level 

The  Commission  determined  the  amount  of  duty  necessary  to  eliminate  the  injury  suffered  by  the  Union 
industry.  It  calculated  a  target  price  that  would  allow  to  cover  for  all  costs  of  production  and  to  obtain  a 
reasonable profit. A target profit of 6% was used, in accordance with Article 7(2c) of the basic Regulation. 

The injury  elimination  level  was determined  on  the basis  of a comparison  of the  weighted  average import 
price of the cooperating exporting producer with the weighted average non-injurious price of the like product 
sold by the sampled Union producers in the Union market during the investigation period. The injury margin 
for the cooperating parties was established at 50,3% on the basis of the sampled exporting producer. For all 
other companies, the injury margin was set at 66,4%. 

Union interest 

The  Commission  concluded  that  the  Union  industry  would  benefit  from  measures,  as  those  would  likely 
prevent a further surge of imports from China at dumped prices; not imposing measures would allow imports 
to continue and even increase, which would cause further injury to the EU industry.  

On the other hand, the Commission found that the impact of measures on steel road wheels was limited for 
car producers. That was because a full set of steel road wheels was estimated to represent about 0,6% of the 
cost of producing a small passenger car and 0,7% of the cost of producing a truck.22 Because there was no 
cooperation from users, the Commission did not have any other information on file and no party challenged 
that estimation.  

Finally,  the  Commission  received  comments  from  two  importers  claiming  that  measures  would  have 
unreasonable  negative  effects  on  importers,  consumers  and  the  environment.  Neither  party  provided 
evidence to substantiate its claim.  

Thus, the Commission concluded that measures were not against the interest of the Union.  

22  

This estimation was submitted by a sampled Union industry producer. 

11 

 
 
 
                                                           
Definitive anti-dumping measures 

The Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping measures on imports of steel road wheels from China. As 
the injury  margin  was  lower than the  dumping  margin,  in accordance  with  the lesser  duty  rules,  measures 
were  imposed  at  the  level  of  the  injury  margin  for  all  parties:  a)  Xingmin  Group:  50,3%;  b)  Other 
cooperating companies: 50,3% and c) All other companies: 66,4% 

Certain hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils from Indonesia, the People's Republic of China and 
Taiwan (Definitive AD)  

On 12 August 2019, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports into the Union of 
certain hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils (SSHR) originating in Indonesia, the People's Republic of 
China and Taiwan. The initiation followed a complaint lodged on 28 June 2019 by Eurofer on behalf of four 
Union producers representing the entirety of Union production of SSHR.  

The  investigation  of  dumping  and  injury  covered  the  period  from  1  July  2018  to  30  June  2019  (‘the 
investigation  period’  or ‘IP’). The  examination  of trends relevant for  the  assessment  of injury  covered  the 
period from 1 January 2016 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’). 

Registration of imports and provisional measures 

The  Commission  made  imports  of  SSHR  subject  to  registration23.  A  provisional  anti-dumping  duty  was 
imposed on 9 April 2020 on imports into the Union of SSHR originating in all three countries24. 

Sampling  

The final sample of Union producers consisted of three Union producers in three different Member States, 
accounting for over 78% of production and 88% of sales in the Union of the like product.  

A  sample  of  unrelated  importers  was  not  selected  because  only  two  provided  information.  One  of  them 
turned  out  to  be  operating  from  outside  the  Union.  The  second  was  not  a  genuine  importer  but  a  service 
centre for various operations. Therefore, there was no cooperation from genuine importers.  

There  were  only  two  exporting  producers  in  Indonesia  known  to  the  Commission  at  the  initiation  of  the 
investigation. No further exporting producers came forward. Consequently, the Commission carried out the 
investigation on the two exporting producers in Indonesia. For the PRC, the Commission selected a sample 
of three exporting producers; given the shortcomings of the information provided by one of them, the sample 
was  reduced  to  two  companies,  still  covering  around  92%  of  Chinese  exports  to  the  Union  in  the 
investigation  period.  Only  two  Taiwanese  producers,  accounting  for  around  56%  of  the  total  volume  of 
exports  from  Taiwan  to  the  Union,  provided  information,  so  the  Commission  decided  not  to  carry  out 
sampling and investigated both. 

Product under investigation   

The product concerned, SSHR, was defined as “certain flat-rolled products of stainless steel, whether or not 
in coils (including products cut-to-length and narrow strip), not further worked than hot-rolled. SSHR are the 
primary material for the production of various value-added downstream steel products, starting with stainless 
steel cold-rolled flat products and stainless steel tubes. Typical applications include stainless tubes, structural 
components and fastening elements in the building industry.    

Dumping   

Two  Indonesian  companies  were  investigated.  For  one  of  them,  domestic  sales  were  found  not  to  be 
representative  and  the  Commission  constructed  the  normal  value.  For  the  second,  and  depending  on  the 
product type, normal value was based on the price paid or payable in the domestic market calculated where 
domestic sales were found to be representative or otherwise it was constructed.  

23  
24  

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/104. 
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/508. 

12 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
For the PRC, the Commission examined whether it was appropriate or not to use domestic prices and costs in 
in view of the possible existence of significant distortions in the Chinese market. The analysis covered all the 
available evidence relating to the PRC’s intervention in its economy in general as well as in the steel sector. 
The  Commission  found  that  the  prices  or  costs  of  the  product  concerned,  including  the  costs  of  raw 
materials, energy and labour, are not the result of free market forces because they are affected by substantial 
government  intervention.  On  that  basis,  and  in  the  absence  of  any  cooperation  from  the  GOC,  the 
Commission concluded that it is not appropriate to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value 
for the PRC. 

The  Commission  then  determined  the  normal  value  based  on  undistorted  prices  or  benchmarks  in  a 
representative  country.  The  Commission  first  identified  four  potential  countries:  Brazil,  Malaysia,  South 
Africa,  and  Turkey.  Neither  Malaysia  nor  Turkey  were  suitable  as  they  did  not  produce  SSHR.  The 
Commission  finally  concluded  that  Brazil  was  the  most  appropriate  representative  country  to  establish  a 
reliable normal value given the quality and detail of the available financial data and the representativeness of 
the factors of production of the domestic producer, that were better than in South Africa. 

Two Taiwanese companies were investigated. The normal value was based on the price payed or payable in 
the  domestic  market  calculated  where  domestic  sales  were  found  to  be  representative,  or  otherwise  it  was 
constructed.  

On the basis of a comparison between normal values and export prices, duly adjusted where necessary, the 
following dumping margins were calculated: 17,7% for Indonesia (as both exporters were related and part of 
the same group), from 57,1% to 106,5% for the PRC, and from 6% to 7,5% for Taiwan. 

Injury and causation  

During  the  period  considered,  Union  consumption  remained  stable.  Imports  from  the  countries  concerned 
increased by 66%; their market share increased from 18,3% in 2016 to 30,4% in the IP. Indonesia was the 
main  driver  of  such  increase.  This  increase  was  in  the  detriment  of  the  Union  Industry,  whose  sales  went 
down by 13% and whose market share decreased from 71,2% to 61,9%. Union production of SSHR fell by 
3% while production capacity increased slightly so capacity utilization fell by 4%; employment increased by 
4%. Regarding microeconomic indicators, the sales prices of the Union Industry increased by 17% over the 
period considered but the cost of production increased by over 20%; profitability fell from 7,2% in 2016 to 
3,5% in the IP. The Commission therefore concluded that the Union industry suffered material injury. 

Regarding the causation analysis, over the period considered and against a backdrop of stable consumption 
in the Union, import volumes from the countries concerned and their market shares increased significantly, 
in parallel with a similar decrease of market share for the Union industry. Import prices from the PRC and 
Taiwan increased by 21% and 25% respectively, while import prices from Indonesia fell by 25%. Despite an 
overall  average  increase  of  18%,  import  prices  from  the  three  countries  concerned  remained  lower  than 
Union industry prices over the period considered. With a market share of 30,4% in the IP and being made at 
prices  that  undercut  Union  industry  prices,  such  imports  produced  substantial  harmful  effects.  The 
Commission found that no other factor had a significant impact on the Union industry's injurious situation 
and  concluded  that  material  injury  to  the  Union  industry  was  caused  by  the  dumped  imports  from  the 
countries concerned. 

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty  necessary  to  eliminate  the injury  suffered by  the  Union industry  should  be at  a level that  would 
allow the EU industry to sell at a target price. This target price is the price at which the EU Industry is able to 
cover its costs of production, including future costs resulting from Multilateral Environmental Agreements, 
and protocols thereunder, to which the Union is a party, and of ILO Conventions listed in Annex Ia of the 
basic Regulation, and to obtain a reasonable profit (‘target profit’). The Commission set a basic target profit 
of  8,7%  based  on  the  average  profit  achieved  over  the  years  2016  and  2017  where  normal  conditions  of 
competition prevailed, then increased the target profit for projects that did not take place due to the dumped 
imports. This target profit was applied to the verified cost of production of the EU Industry in the IP. The 
resulting  price  was  increased  to  cover  for  the  EU  producers’  future  compliance  with  Multilateral 
Environmental Agreements to get to the target price 

The injury elimination level was determined comparing the weighted average import price of the cooperating 
exporting producers with the weighted average target price of the Union industry during the IP. The resulting 

13 

 
 
 
underselling margins were 17,3% for Indonesia, from 9,2% to 19% for the PRC, and from 18,4% to 24,2% 
for Taiwan. 

To  determine  the  level  of  the  measures  for  Indonesia  and  the  PRC,  the  Commission  investigated  the 
existence of raw material distortions. In Indonesia in the IP an export ban on nickel ore with a nickel content 
of 1,7% and more, an export tax of 10%, a licensing requirement and a de facto export quota on nickel ore 
with a nickel content of less than 1,7%, and a de facto licensing requirement on ferronickel and nickel pig 
iron. In the PRC in the IP, the investigation found export taxes on stainless steel scrap, ferrosilicon, nickel 
pig  iron  and  ferrochromium  and  a  licensing  requirement  on  ferrosilicon,  vanadium,  ferronickel  and 
ferrochromium.  

The  investigation  further  established  that,  in  both  countries,  the  raw  materials  subject  to  those  measures 
represented more than 17% of the total costs of production of the product under investigation and that the 
prices  paid  in  China  and  Indonesia  for  these  raw  materials  were  significantly  lower  than  the  price  in 
representative international markets. 

Following  the  positive  findings  of  raw  material  distortions,  the  Commission  analysed  whether  it  could 
clearly  conclude  that it is  in  the  Union’s  interest  to  determine  the  amount  of  the  duties at  the  level  of the 
dumping  margin  for  Indonesia  and  the  PRC.  The  investigation  established  that,  given  the  size  of  the  EU 
market, spare capacities in both countries were of an enormous magnitude. With regard to competition for 
raw  materials,  the  investigation  established  that  the  export  restrictions  in  both  countries  as  well  as  the 
distortions in the raw materials market in the PRC create a comparative disadvantage for the Union industry 
compared  to  the  exporting  producers  in  both  countries.  Regarding  the  effect  on  supply  chains  on  Union 
companies, the analysis of the Commission showed that imposing duties at the level of the dumping margin 
on imports from the PRC and Indonesia would have a very negative impact on the overall profit of users. 
Taking all this into consideration, the Commission concluded that it was not in the interest of the Union to 
set  the  measures at the  level  of the  dumping  margins  due to the  disproportionally  negative  effect  this  was 
likely to have on supply chains for Union companies. 

Union interest and definitive measures  

The Commission also analysed whether it was not in the Union interest to adopt anti-dumping measures set 
at the level of the injury margins despite the determination of injurious dumping. The Commission based the 
determination of the Union interest on an analysis of all the various interests involved, including those of the 
Union industry, importers and users.  

Regarding  the  interest  of  the  Union  industry,  the  Commission  found  that  the  imposition  of  anti-dumping 
duties  would  restore  fair  trading  conditions  on  the  Union  market,  end  the  price  depression  and  enable  the 
Union industry to recover from the consequences of injurious dumping. This would result in an improvement 
of the Union industry’s profitability towards levels considered necessary for this capital-intensive industry. 
As no unrelated importer cooperated in the investigation, the Commission found no indication that measures 
would be against the interest of importers. The investigation established that users were likely to be affected 
negatively by the imposition of duties, but that the impact of the duty at the level of the injury margin for the 
PRC and Indonesia was not disproportionate and the cooperating users were expected to remain profitable. 

The Commission concluded that definitive anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of SSHR 
originating  in  Indonesia,  the  People's  Republic  of  China  and  Taiwan  in  order  to  address  the  injury  being 
caused  to  the  Union  industry.  The  definitive  anti-dumping  measures,  based  on  the  injury  margins  for 
Indonesia  and  the  PRC  and  on  the  dumping  margins  for  Taiwan,  are  ad  valorem  duties  of  17,3%  for 
Indonesia, 9,2% to 19% for the PRC, and 4,1% to 7,5% for Taiwan. 

Certain heavyweight thermal paper originating in the Republic of Korea (Definitive AD)  

On 10 October 2019, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping investigation on imports into the Union of 
certain heavyweight thermal paper (HWTP) originating in the Republic of Korea. The initiation was based 
on  a  complaint  was  lodged  on  26  August  2019  by  the  European  Thermal  Paper  Association  on  behalf  of 
producers  representing  more  than  25%  of  the  total  Union  production  of  HWTP.  The  complaint  contained 
evidence  of  dumping  and  of  a  resulting  material  injury  that  was  sufficient  to  justify  the  initiation  of  the 
investigation. 

14 

 
 
 
The investigation of dumping and injury was from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019 (‘the investigation period’ or 
‘IP’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered from 1 January 2016 to the 
end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’).  

Provisional measures 

A  provisional  anti-dumping  duty  was  imposed  on  27  May  2020  on  imports  into  the  Union  of  HWTP 
originating in the Republic of Korea25. Imports of HWTP from Korea decreased by 81% in the four months 
following  initiation  as  compared  to  the  same  period  during  the  investigation  period.  The  Commission 
therefore did not make imports subject to registration as there was no further substantial rise in imports.  

Sampling  

The final sample of Union producers consisted of three Union producers in two different Member States that 
accounted for 58,2% of estimated total Union production and 57,5% of total Union sales. Sampling was not 
envisaged for exporting producers in Korea; indeed, the sole cooperating exporting producer, Hansol Paper, 
accounted for all exports to the Union during the investigation period. However, in the remainder of the text 
of  the  Regulation, some  figures  had  to  be  given  in  ranges  in  order to  respect confidentiality.  A  sample  of 
unrelated importers was not selected due to the low number of replies, so the Commission investigated the 
two unrelated importers that provided the sampling information, one of which was later found to be a user. 

Product under investigation   

The product concerned, HWTP, was defined as “thermal paper which weighs more than 65 g/m2; which is 
sold on rolls of a width of 20 cm or more, weighing 50 kg or more (including paper) and with a diameter of 
40 cm or more (jumbo rolls); with or without base coat on one or both sides; coated with a thermo- sensitive 
substance (i.e. a mixture of dye and a developer that reacts and forms an image when heat is applied) on one 
or both sides; and with or without top coat”. HWTP is a specialty paper with a thermal active coating, which 
reacts to form an image when heat is applied by printers with thermal printheads. HWTP is mainly used for 
self-adhesive labels for e-commerce packaging, tickets and tags.  

Dumping   

Hansol Paper was the sole known exporting producer of HWTP in Korea during the IP. The normal value 
was  based  on  the  price  payed  or  payable  in  the  domestic  market  where  domestic  sales  were  found  to  be 
representative and constructed where domestic sales were not representative.  

Hansol  Paper  exported  to  the  Union  directly  to independent  customers  and also  through  Hansol  Europe,  a 
related importer in the Union. For the direct exports, the export price was the price actually paid or payable 
for the product concerned when sold for export to the Union. For the exports through a related importer, the 
export price was based on the price at which HWTP was first resold to independent customers in the Union, 
adjusted  backwards  to  an  ex-works  price  by  deducting  the  SG&A  of  the  related  importer,  a  reasonable 
amount  of profit  based  on the findings  of a  previous investigation  in  the absence  of  any  other  appropriate 
evidence on file, and transport costs.  

A  comparison  between  normal  values  and  export  prices,  duly  adjusted  where  necessary,  resulted  in  a 
dumping margin of 15,8% for Hansol Paper.  

Injury and causation  

During  the  period  considered,  Union  consumption  slightly  increased  by  1%.  Korean  imports  increased  by 
83% in the same period, and their market share increased by 80%, from 5,5% - 6,5% in  2016 to 10% - 11% 
in the IP. In the same period, the sales volume of the Union industry decreased by 2%, and its market share 
decreased by 3%, from 85% - 90% in 2016 to 80% - 85% in the IP.  

Union  production  of  HWPT  fell  by  2%,  production  capacity  increased  by  6%  so  consequently  capacity 
utilization  fell  by  8%;  employment  increased  by  2%.  The  sales  prices  of  the  Union  Industry  increased  by 
14% over the period considered but the cost of production increased by 23% over; profitability thus fell 71%, 
from 8% - 11% in 2016 to 2% - 5% in the IP. The Commission therefore concluded that the Union industry 
suffered material injury.  

25  

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/705. 

15 

 
 
 
                                                           
Regarding causation, the investigation established a clear correlation between the rise of imports from Korea 
and the deteriorating situation of the Union industry. The imports from Korea increased by 83% during the 
period considered, at the detriment of the Union industry, whose market share went down by 3% during the 
whole  period  considered  and  by  10%  since  2017.  Moreover,  Korean  import  prices,  despite  an  increase  of 
34%  over  the  period  considered,  were  consistently  and  significantly  below  Union  prices  and  undercut  the 
Union industry’s prices during the IP. Against the price pressure exerted by the dumped imports, the Union 
industry was unable to account for the increase in cost of production in its Union sales prices. This caused 
the Union industry’s profitability to go down to very low levels during the IP. The Commission’s analysis 
found that no other factor attenuated the causal link between the Korean imports and the Union industry's 
injurious situation. Thus, the Commission concluded that material injury to the Union industry was caused 
by the dumped imports from Korea. 

Injury margin and level of measures 

The duty  necessary  to  eliminate  the injury  suffered by  the  Union industry  should  be at  a level that  would 
allow the EU industry to sell at a target price. This target price is the price at which the EU Industry is able to 
cover its costs of production, including future costs resulting from Multilateral Environmental Agreements, 
and protocols thereunder, to which the Union is a party, and of ILO Conventions listed in Annex Ia of the 
basic  Regulation,  and  to  obtain  a  reasonable  profit  (‘target  profit’).  The  investigation  established  a  basic 
target profit, based on the profitability of the Union industry in year 2016, that is, before the surge of Korean 
imports. This basic target profit was then increased to take into consideration investments that did not take 
place  during  the  period  considered  due  to  the  dumped  imports,  thus  obtaining  the  final  target  profit.  This 
target profit was applied to the verified cost of production of the EU Industry  in the IP. The resulting price 
was  finally  increased  to  cover  for  the  EU  producers’  future  compliance  with  Multilateral  Environmental 
Agreements to get to the target price. 

The injury elimination level was determined comparing the weighted average import price of the cooperating 
exporting producers with the weighted average target price of the Union industry during the IP. The resulting 
injury margin was 16,9%. 

Given that imports were not registered, the Commission analysed import volumes to establish if there had 
been  a  further  substantial  rise  during  the  period  of  pre-disclosure  and,  if  so,  reflect  the  additional  injury 
resulting from such increase in the determination of the injury margin.  

Imports from Korea during the three weeks period of pre-disclosure were 71% higher than the average three-
weeks imports in the investigation period. On that basis, the Commission concluded that there had been a 
substantial rise in imports during the period of pre-disclosure. To reflect the additional injury caused by such 
increase, the Commission calculated a multiplying factor established by dividing the sum of the volume of 
imports  during  the  three  weeks  of  the  pre-disclosure  period  of  tonnes  and  the  52  weeks  of  the  IP  by  the 
import volume in the IP extrapolated to 55 weeks. The resulting figure reflects the additional injury caused 
by the further increase of imports. This resulted in a final injury margin of 17,6%.  

Union interest and definitive measures  

The Commission analysed whether it was not in the Union interest to adopt anti-dumping measures despite 
the determination of injurious dumping. The Commission based the determination of the Union interest on 
an analysis of all the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers and users.  

Regarding the Union industry, the investigation established that the imposition of anti-dumping duties would 
restore  a  level  playing  field  and  a fair  price level  on  the  Union  market,  and  improve  the  Union industry’s 
profitability  to  levels  considered  normal  for  this  capital-intensive  industry.  Only  one  unrelated  importer 
cooperated,  and  it  did  not  express  any  view  on  whether  or  not  it  would  agree  with  the  imposition  of 
measures. The investigation established that, given its robust profit margin and its relatively modest share of 
purchases from Korea, duties should not have a disproportionate effect on the situation of this importer. On 
that  basis,  the  Commission  concluded  that  measures  would  not  be  against  the  interest  of  importers.  Five 
users  made  themselves  known  to  the  Commission.  Only  two  of  them  provided  detailed  information. 
However, no user provided sufficient verifiable information that would allow the Commission to quantify the 
possible effects of any anti- dumping duties on their performance. The investigation also established that the 
Union  Industry  had  enough  capacity  to  ensure  stable  supply  if  measures  were imposed.  On  that  basis,  the 
Commission concluded that the effects of a potential imposition of duties on users do not appear to outweigh 
the positive effects of measures on the Union industry. 

16 

 
 
 
The Commission concluded that definitive anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of HWTP 
originating in the Republic of Korea. Hansol Paper’s exports constituted 100% of the total Korean exports 
from to the Union during the investigation period so the Commission set the country-wide duty at the same 
level. The definitive anti-dumping measures, based on the dumping margin by application of the lesser duty 
rule, are ad valorem duties of 15,8%.  

Glass fibre fabrics China/Egypt (definitive CVD) 

On 16 May 2019, the Commission initiated an anti-subsidy investigation on imports into the Union of certain 
woven and/or stitched glass fibre fabrics (GFF) originating in the PRC and Egypt. The initiation was based 
on a complaint lodged on 1 April 2019 by Tech-Fab Europe on behalf of producers representing more than 
25% of the total Union production of GFF.  

The investigation of subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 
(‘the investigation period’ or ‘IP’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered 
the period from 1 January 2015 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period considered’). 

A separate anti-dumping investigation of the same product originating in the PRC and Egypt was initiated on 
21 February 2019 and on 7 April 2020, the Commission imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports 
of the product concerned originating in the PRC and Egypt. 

Product under investigation 

The product under investigation is fabrics of woven and/or stitched continuous filament glass fibre rovings 
and/or yarns with or without other elements, excluding products which are impregnated or pre-impregnated 
(pre-preg), and excluding open mesh fabrics with cells with a size of more than 1,8 mm in both length and 
width and weighing more than 35 g/m 2 (GFF), originating in the PRC and Egypt. 

Sampling 

The final sample of Union producers consisted of four Union producers, accounting for 40% of production in 
the Union of the like product.  

A sample of unrelated importers was not selected because only one importer provided information.  

Regarding  the  PRC,  eight  exporting  producers  or  groups  of  exporting  producers  in  the  PRC  provided  the 
requested  information  in  the  sampling  form  and  agreed  to  be  included  in  the  sample.  The  Commission 
selected a sample of two groups of exporting producers based on the largest representative volume of exports 
to the Union. The sampled groups of exporting producers represented more than 79% of the reported exports 
of GFF from the PRC to the Union during the investigation period.  

Regarding Egypt, two related exporting producers, representing 100% of the exports to the Union and 100% 
of the production of GFF in Egypt, came forward. Therefore, no sampling was necessary. 

Subsidisation - PRC 

The  following  subsidies  and  subsidy  programmes  were  investigated:  (i)  Preferential  financing  and 
preferential export credit insurance (iii) Government provision of goods and services for less than adequate 
remuneration  (iv)  Revenue  foregone  through  provision  of  power  at  reduced  rates  and  Tax  Exemption  and 
Reduction programmes (v) Grant Programmes.  

Given the partial non-cooperation from the Government of China and the sampled exporting producers, the 
Commission  had  to  use  facts  available  in  relation  to  Government  preferential  financing  and  export  credit 
insurance  as  well  as  the  financing  received  by  China  National  Building  Materials  (CNBM),  the  parent 
company of one of the sampled companies CNBM Group.  

The  investigation  showed  that  the  following  subsidies  and  subsidy  programmes  were  countervailable 
subsidies:  

1) Preferential financing: preferential lending, export credit insurance, credit lines, bank acceptance drafts, 
equity programmes (debt-to-equity swap and other forms of equity injections), bonds: all sampled exporting 
producers benefited from several forms of preferential financing during the investigation period.  

17 

 
 
 
2) Land provision and acquisition in China: the situation is non-transparent and the prices are arbitrarily set 
by  the  authorities.  There  is  no  functioning  market  for  land  and  the  use  of  an  external  benchmark 
demonstrates that the amount paid for land-use rights by the sampled  exporting producers was well below 
the normal market rate; with regard to electricity the Commission concluded that the legislation provides for 
a  selective  application  of  direct  transactions  on  the electricity  market  in favour of,  among  others,  building 
materials and high-tech industries.  

3)  Enterprise  Income  Tax  (EIT)  privileges:  allows  companies  to  deduct  the  income  earned  from 
manufacturing from its taxable income.  

4)  EIT  offset  for  research  and  development  expenses:  entitles  companies  to  preferential  tax  treatment  for 
their  R&D  activities  in  certain  high  technology  priority  areas  determined  by  the  State  and  when  certain 
thresholds for R&D spending are met.  

6)  Dividends  exemption  between  qualified  resident  enterprises:  the  exemption  from  tax  of  income  from 
equity investment is available for encouraged industries, including GFF.  

5) Land use tax: one of the sampled companies benefited from rebates or exemptions, even though they did 
not fall under any of the exempted categories.  

6) Grant programmes: some of the sampled companies were found to benefit from technological upgrading, 
renovation or transformation, environmental protection grants as well as some ad-hoc grants.   

Subsidisation: Egypt 

The following subsidies and subsidy programmes were investigated: (i) Preferential policy loans, credit lines, 
other  financing,  insurance  and  guarantees;  (ii)  Revenue  foregone  through  Direct  Tax  Exemption  and 
Reduction  programmes;  (iii)  Revenue  foregone  through  Indirect  Tax  and  Import  Tariff  Programmes;  (iv) 
Government provision of goods and services for less than adequate remuneration (LTAR).  

Both  exporting  producers  were  situated  in  the  China-Egypt  Suez  Economic  and  Trade  Cooperation  Zone 
(SETC-Zone) which was set up together between the Government of Egypt (GOE) and the Government of 
China (GOC).  

Given the partial non-cooperation by the two governments, the Commission had to base its findings on facts 
available  in  relation  to  the  legislative  framework  and  its  implementation  in  the  context  of  the  degree  of 
cooperation between the two governments in the SETC Zone. 

The  investigation  showed  that  the  following  subsidies  and  subsidy  programmes  were  countervailable 
subsidies: 

1)  Preferential  financing:  both  exporting  producers  which  were  related  benefited  from  several  forms  of 
preferential financing during the investigation period, both directly and via their parent company in the PRC; 
this took the form of loans, support for capital investment channelled by the ultimate shareholding company 
CNBM  based  in  the  PRC,  as  well  as  export  credit  insurance.  Based  on  the  evidence  available,  the 
Commission established that the subsidies provided by the GOC to the companies established in the SETZ 
Zone can be attributed to the GOE.   

2) Land provision and acquisition in Egypt: the two exporting producers either acquired their land or rented 
it from public bodies or entrusted or directed entities at below normal market rate.  

3)  Enterprise  Income  Tax  privileges:  allows  companies  to  deduct  foreign  exchange  differences  due  to  the 
devaluation  of  the  EGP  from  their  taxable  income  more  extensively  and  benefits  a  limited  number  of 
companies  in  Egypt,  i.e.  companies  that  are  export  oriented  and  operate  their  business  almost  entirely  in 
foreign currencies such as USD or EUR. 

4) VAT exemptions and import tariff rebates for equipment imported in order to develop domestic or foreign 
investment  projects  are  de  facto  exempted  from  payment  of  the  VAT  and/or  import  duty  for  companies 
located in the SETC- Zone. The two companies were found to benefit from these exemptions;  

5) VAT exemptions and import tariff rebates for imported materials: such materials are de facto exempted 
from  payment  of  VAT,  regardless  of  whether  the  inputs  are  later  on  incorporated  into  finished  products 
exported or sold domestically. Both companies were found to benefit from these exemptions.  

18 

 
 
 
Injury and causation 

During the period considered, Union consumption increased by 10%.  

During the period considered, the imports from both countries increased by 53% and their market share by 
39%.  In  the  same  period,  the  sales  volumes  of  the  Union  industry  decreased  by  5%  and  its  market  share 
decreased from 73,7% in 2015 to 63,4% in the IP.  

During the period considered, Union production of GFF fell by 8%, production capacity decreased by 2%, 
while the capacity utilization fell by 7%, employment slightly increased by 1%. The sales prices of the Union 
industry  decreased  by  7%,  while  the  cost  of  production  increased  by  3%  during  the  period  considered. 
Profitability thus fell by 39%, from 2,5% in 2015 to -3,4% in the IP. The Commission therefore concluded 
that Union industry suffered material injury. 

Regarding causation, the investigation established a clear correlation between the rise of imports from PRC 
and Egypt and the deteriorating situation of the Union industry.  

The prices of imports from the PRC and Egypt fell on average by nearly 14% during the period considered, 
and undercut Union industry prices, during the investigation period, by between 15,4% and 55,8%.  

Prices of the Union industry decreased by nearly 7% during the period considered and resulted in significant 
losses suffered by the Union industry. 

The Commission’s analysis found that no other factor attenuated the causal link between the imports from 
the  PRC  and  Egypt  and  the  Union  industry's  injurious  situation.  Thus,  the  Commission  concluded  that 
material injury to the Union industry was caused by the subsidised imports from the PRC and Egypt.  

Union interest and definitive duties 

The Commission analysed whether it was not in the Union interest to adopt countervailing measures despite 
the determination of injurious subsidisation. The Commission based the determination of the Union interest 
on  an  analysis  of  all  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users. 

Regarding  the  Union  industry,  the  investigation  established  that  the  imposition  of  countervailing  duties 
would restore a level playing field and a fair price level on the Union market.  

Only  one  independent  importer  cooperated  who  imported  only  negligible  quantities  from  the  PRC.  Since 
most high volume users require specific GFF made to order, it is not a product that is regularly imported in 
high volumes by independent traders. Consequently, the Commission concluded that there are no compelling 
reasons from unrelated importers not to impose measures as they only import negligible volumes of GFF.  

Various  ski  equipment  producers  and  various  kitting  companies  came  forward  in  support  of  the  potential 
measures.  

Five wind turbine producers provided a questionnaire reply. One wind turbine producer declared to source 
GFF exclusively from various Union producers.  

The  Commission established  that to  prevent supply  difficulties, the  wind turbine  producers  usually  have a 
multi-sourcing strategy, regularly purchasing the same kind of GFF from a Union producer and a Chinese or 
Egyptian producer.  

Also, the fact that the multi-sourcing of a specific GFF includes regularly Union producers, both vertically 
integrated and non-integrated, demonstrates that non-integrated producers can equally provide the required 
GFF  for  the  wind  turbine  production.  Also,  the  Commission  found  that  the  Union  industry  does  not  face 
capacity issues for supplying users. Indeed, spare capacity is spread between 16 Union producers, rendering 
the Union a competitive market with varied internal sources of supply. Furthermore, additional capacity can 
be easily built, as only low investments would be required.  

Regarding  future  competitiveness  of  the  wind  energy  industry,  the  Commission  established  that  given  the 
only minor part of GFF in the cost of a wind park (0,1% to 2%), the impact of the definitive duties on the 
GFF in the total cost of a wind park is considered to be negligible, especially since a large part of the GFF is 
sourced in the Union.  

19 

 
 
 
Furthermore, the cooperating wind turbine producers are in healthy financial condition with profit margins 
where  the  small  impact  of  the  duties  would  be  easily  absorbed,  especially  given  the  fact  that  they  also 
provide a lucrative maintenance services.  

The Commission also found that there is no risk of relocation of the blade industry and the measures would 
not impact negatively renewable energy policy. As for ski producers and other users, they expressed strong 
support for rendering the Union industry viable again as it is their almost exclusive tailor-made supplier of 
GFF. The Commission also found that the measures are in the interest of Union GFR producers as suppliers 
for the GFF producers as well as for Union kitting and cutting service providers.  

The definitive countervailing duty was fixed at 10,9% for Egypt, while for the PRC it ranged between 17% 
and  30,7%.  As  the  anti-subsidy  investigation  was  carried  out  in  parallel  with  a  separate  anti-dumping 
investigation, the Commission amended the definitive antidumping duty in order to avoid double counting.  

Regarding  the  PRC,  the  Commission  first  imposed  the  definitive  countervailing  duty  at  the  level  of  the 
established definitive amount of subsidisation and then imposed the remaining definitive anti-dumping duty, 
which corresponds to the relevant dumping margin reduced by the amount of the countervailing duty and up 
to the relevant injury elimination level established in the separate anti-dumping investigation.  

In  the  case  of  Egypt,  since  the  Commission  did not  countervail  any  export  contingent  subsidy  schemes,  it 
imposed the definitive countervailing duty at the level of the established definitive amount of subsidisation in 
addition to the anti-dumping duty established by Regulation (EU) 2020/49226.  

Glass fibre reinforcements from Egypt (definitive CVD) 

On  7  June  2019,  the  Commission  initiated  an  anti-subsidy  investigation  on  imports  into  the  Union  of 
continuous filament glass fibre products (GFR) originating in Egypt. The initiation was based on a complaint 
on  24  April  2019  by  the  European  Glass  Fibre  Producers  Association  (APFE)  on  behalf  of  producers 
representing 71% of total Union production.  

The investigation of subsidisation and injury covered the period from 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019 (the 
‘investigation period’ or the ‘IP’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered 
the  period  from  1  January  2016  to  the  end  of  the  investigation  period  (the  ‘period  considered’).  Where 
appropriate, the Commission also examined post-IP data. 

Amendment of the Notice of initiation and provisional measures  

On  12  February  2020,  the  Commission  published  a  Notice  amending  the  Notice  of  Initiation.  The 
amendment included subsidies, which were identified in the course of the investigation  within the scope of 
the investigation. In particular, the Commission identified preferential policy loans by Chinese State-owned 
or  State-controlled  entities,  granted  directly  to Jushi Egypt  and  indirectly  via  the  parent  company  of  Jushi 
Egypt in the People’s Republic of China and which could potentially be attributed to the GOE. 

A separate anti-dumping investigation of the same product originating in Egypt and Bahrain was initiated on 
3 May 2019. On 2 June 2020, the investigation was terminated following a withdrawal of the complaint by 
the complainant27. 

Registration of imports and retroactive collection 

The  Commission  made  imports  of  GFR  subject  to  registration28  during  the  three  weeks  period  of  pre-
disclosure.  It  subsequently  found  that  it  was  justified  to  collect  retroactively  for  the  three  weeks  period 
countervailing  duties  because  during  that  period  imports  can  be  considered  as  massive  as  they  were 
significantly higher than those during the IP. Thus, they caused injury, which was difficult to repair.  

Sampling  

The  final  sample  of  Union  producers  consisted  of  three  Union  producers.  Given  that  only  two  unrelated 
importers  provided  completed  sampling  forms,  sampling  was  not  applied.  Regarding  the  exporting 

26  
27  
28  

OJ L 108, 6.4.2020, p.1. 
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/727 of 29 May 2020 (OJ L 170, 2.6.2020, p. 17). 
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/199 of 13 February 2020 (OJ L 42, 14.2.2020, p. 10). 

20 

 
 
 
                                                           
producers, the Commission did not resort to sampling as the Jushi Group is the only exporting producer of 
GFR in Egypt. 

Subsidisation 

The following subsidies and subsidy programmes were investigated: (i) Preferential policy loans, credit lines, 
other  financing,  insurance  and  guarantees;  (ii)  Revenue  foregone  through  Direct  Tax  Exemption  and 
Reduction  programmes;  (iii)  Revenue  foregone  through  Indirect  Tax  and  Import  Tariff  Programmes;  (iv) 
Government provision of goods and services for less than adequate remuneration (LTAR).  

The  exporting  producer  was  situated  in  the  China-Egypt  Suez  Economic  and  Trade  Cooperation  Zone 
(SETC-Zone) which was set up together between the Government of Egypt (GOE) and the Government of 
China (GOC).  

Given the partial non-cooperation by the two governments, the Commission had to base its findings on facts 
available  in  relation  to  the  legislative  framework  and  its  implementation  in  the  context  of  the  degree  of 
cooperation between the two governments in the SETC Zone. 

Based on the evidentiary elements available, the Commission established that the subsidies provided by the 
GOC to the company established in the SETZ Zone can be attributed to the GOE.  

The  investigation  showed  that  the  following  subsidies  and  subsidy  programmes  were  countervailable 
subsidies: 

1)  Preferential  financing:  the  exporting  producer  benefited  from  several  forms  of  preferential  financing 
during the investigation period, both directly and via its parent company in the PRC; this took the form of 
loans,  support  for  capital  investment  channelled  by  ultimate  shareholding  company  CNBM  based  in  the 
PRC, as well as export credit insurance.  

2) Land provision and acquisition in Egypt: the exporting producer acquired its land from public bodies or 
entrusted or directed entities at below normal market rate.  

3)  Enterprise  Income  Tax  privileges:  allows  companies  to  deduct  foreign  exchange  differences  due  to  the 
devaluation  of  the  EGP  from  their  taxable  income  more  extensively  and  benefits  a  limited  number  of 
companies  in  Egypt,  i.e.  companies  that  are  export  oriented  and  operate  their  business  almost  entirely  in 
foreign currencies such as USD or EUR. 

4) VAT exemptions and import tariff rebates for equipment imported in order to develop domestic or foreign 
investment  projects  are  de  facto  exempted  from  payment  of  the  VAT  and/or  import  duty  for  companies 
located in the SETC- Zone. The company was found to benefit from these exemptions.  

5) VAT exemptions and import tariff rebates for imported materials: such materials are de facto exempted 
from  payment  of  VAT,  regardless  of  whether  the  inputs  are  later  on  incorporated  into  finished  products 
exported or sold domestically. The company was found to benefit from these exemptions.  

Injury and causation 

During  the  period  considered,  Union  consumption  increased  by  5%.  During  the  period  considered,  the 
imports from Egypt increased by 185% and their market share increased from 5% to 14%.  

During the period considered, Union production of GFR fell by 1%, production capacity decreased by 1%, 
while  the  capacity  utilization  fell  by  7%,  employment  slightly  increased  by  2%.  During  the  period 
considered, the sales prices of the Union industry decreased by 3%, while the cost of production increased by 
7%. Profitability thus dropped from 12,6% in 2016 to 5,2% in the IP. The Commission therefore concluded 
that the Union industry suffered material injury. 

Regarding causation, the investigation established a clear correlation between the rise of imports from Egypt 
and the deteriorating situation of the Union industry.  

The prices of imports from Egypt fell on average by nearly 7% during the period considered, and undercut 
Union  industry  prices,  during  the  investigation  period,  by  16%.  The  Union  industry  suffered  clear  price 
depression, in view of the fact that Egyptian imports were made at low prices, which dramatically increased 
in quantity.  

21 

 
 
 
The Commission’s analysis found that no other factor attenuated the causal link between the imports from 
Egypt and the Union industry's injurious situation. Thus, the Commission concluded that material injury to 
the Union industry was caused by the subsidised imports from Egypt.  

Union interest and definitive duties 

The Commission analysed whether it was not in the Union interest to adopt countervailing measures despite 
the determination of injurious subsidisation. The Commission based the determination of the Union interest 
on  an  analysis  of  all  the  various  interests  involved,  including  those  of  the  Union  industry,  importers  and 
users. 

Regarding  the  Union  industry,  the  investigation  established  that  the  imposition  of  countervailing  duties 
would restore a level playing field and a fair price level on the Union market. Two independent importers 
cooperated with the investigation and both of them had diversified sources of imports of GFR. For one of the 
imports of GFR constituted an insignificant part of its activities. For the other importer GFR constituted a 
more important part of its activities while it had low profit margins. However, it also imported from the PRC 
and  it  has  already  experienced  the  imposition  of  much  higher  duties  on  the  PRC  imports.  The  overall 
conclusion on importers was that the measures would not be against their interests.  

Regarding users, given that GFR is the main raw material in their finished products, measures would not be 
in their interest, as the measures would increase the costs  of the users. However, measures would be in the 
interest of integrated groups using their own produced GFR.  

On  balance,  given  the  alternative  sources  of  available  supply  not  subject  to  measures,  given  that  one 
integrated user was in favour of measures and since there is no evidence clearly showing that the additional 
costs from measures imposed on imports from Egypt could not be absorbed by the users, the Commission 
concluded  the  negative  effects  on  the  users  did  not  clearly  show  that  it  was  not  in  the  Union’s  interest  to 
apply the measures. 

The rate of the definitive countervailing duty imposed was 13,1% for Jushi Group and all other companies. 
The  level  of  retroactively  collected  duties  for  the  time  of  registration  amounted  to  8,7%.  In  addition,  the 
amounts secured by way of the provisional countervailing duty were definitively collected. 

3.1.5. 

New investigations terminated without measures 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  respective  basic  Regulations,  investigations  may  be  terminated 
without  the  imposition  of  measures  if  a  complaint  is  withdrawn  or  if  measures  are  unnecessary  (i.e.  no 
dumping/no subsidies, no injury resulting from dumped or subsidised imports, measures not in the interest of 
the  Union).  In  2020,  5  new  proceedings  (3  anti-dumping  and  2  anti-subsidy)  were  terminated  without 
measures, as in 2019. 

The list of cases which were terminated without the imposition of measures during 2020 can be found in the 
following table. More information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference 
is given in Annex E. 

Product 

Origin 

Main reason for termination 

Continuous filament glass fibre 
products 

Pins and staples 

Hot rolled stainless steel sheets and 
coils 

Bahrain 

Egypt 

China 

China 

Indonesia 

Withdrawal of the complaint  

Withdrawal of the complaint  

Withdrawal of the complaint 

22 

 
 
 
3.2. 

Review investigations 

3.2.1. 

Expiry reviews 

Article 11(2) and Article 18 respectively of the basic Regulations provide for the expiry of measures after 5 
years, unless an expiry review demonstrates that they should be maintained in their original form. 

In 2020, 2 anti-dumping measures expired automatically. The references for these measures are available in 
Annex N. 

Since the expiry provision of the basic Regulations came into force in 1985, a total of 515 measures have 
expired automatically. 

3.2.1.1.  Initiations 

In 2020, the Commission initiated a significant number of 19 expiry reviews of anti-dumping measures and 2 
expiry reviews of anti-subsidy measures. The list of the expiry reviews initiated in 2020 can be found in the 
following table, together with the name of the complainant. It should be noted that some expiry reviews may 
be carried out in parallel with interim reviews. Where there are interim reviews and expiry reviews ongoing 
at  the  same  time,  these  are  indicated  by  an  asterisk  in  the  table  below.  More  information  can  be  obtained 
from the Official Journal to which reference is available in Annex F. 

Product 

(Type of investigation: AD or AS) 

Origin 

Complainant 

Citric acid (AD) 

China 

European Chemical Industry Council 
(CEFIC) 

Monosodium glutamate 

(AD) 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-
alloy steel 

(AD) 

Rainbow trout 

(AS) 

PSC wires and strands 

(AD) 

China 

Indonesia 

Belarus 

China 

Russia 

Ajinomoto Foods Europe S.A.S. 

Defence Committee of the welded steel 
tubes industry of the European Union 

Turkey 

Danish Aquaculture Association 

China 

Eurostress Information Service (ESIS) 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

China 

(AD) 

Taiwan 

Eurofer 

Biodiesel (AD) 

Biodiesel (AS) 

Wire rod 

(AD) 

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel 

(AD) 

Acesulfame Potassium (ACE-K) 

(AD) 

USA 

USA 

China 

China 

European Biodiesel Board 

European Biodiesel Board 

Eurofer 

Defence Committee of the steel butt-
welding fittings industry of the European 
Union 

China 

Celanese Sales Germany GmbH 

23 

 
 
 
Grain-oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon-electrical steel 

(AD) 

China 

Japan 

Republic of 
Korea 

Russia 

USA 

Eurofer 

Aluminium foil (certain) 

(AD) 

China 

Alcomet AD 

Eurofoil Luxembourg S.A. 

Hydro Aluminium Rolled Products GmbH 

Impol d.o.o. 

Slim Aluminium S.p.A. 

Symetal S.A. 

3.2.1.2.  Expiry reviews concluded with confirmation of duties 

In 2020, the Commission concluded 7 expiry reviews with a confirmation of the duties for a further period of 
5 years. 

The list of  the measures, which were renewed during 2020, together with the results of the investigations, 
can  be  found  below.  More  information  can  be  obtained  from  the  Official  Journal  publications  to  which 
reference is given in Annex F. 

Product 

Origin 

Type29 and level of measure 

Peroxosulphates 
(persulphates) 

Ferro-silicon 

Solar glass 

Solar glass 

Citrus fruits 

China 

China 

Russia 

China 

China 

China 

AD: 24.5% - 71.8% 

AD: 15.6% – 31.2% 

AD: 17.8% – 22.7% 

AD: 17.5% – 75.4% 

CVD: 3.2% – 17.1% 

AD: 361,4 EUR/tonne net product weight –  
531,2 EUR/tonne net product weight 

Ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

AD: 32.71 EUR/tonne 

3.2.1.3 Details of some individual cases concluded by confirmation of duty  

Solar glass from the People’s Republic of China (AD/AS)  

29  

AD: anti-dumping duty; CVD: countervailing duty; UT: undertaking. 

24 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
On 14 May 2019, the Commission initiated an expiry review of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures 
imposed on imports of solar glass originating in China, following a request lodged by EU ProSun Glass on 
behalf of producers representing more than 25% of the total Union production of solar glass.   

The review investigation period (RIP) ran from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. The examination of 
trends  relevant  for  the  assessment  of  the  likelihood  of  a  continuation  or  recurrence  of  injury  covered  the 
period from 1 January 2015 to the end of the RIP (‘the period considered’).  

Sampling  

The Commission selected a sample of two Union producers that accounted for more than 80% of the Union 
production of solar glass. No Chinese exporting producers or unrelated importers in the Union cooperated in 
the investigation.  

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping  

The Commission’s analysis showed that, due to China’s intervention in its economy in general as well as in 
the solar glass sector specifically, prices or costs, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour, are 
not the result of free market forces because they are affected by substantial government intervention. On that 
basis,  the  Commission  concluded  that  it  was  not  appropriate  to  use  domestic  prices  and  costs  to  establish 
normal value in this case.  

Therefore, normal value for China was constructed based on the corresponding costs of production and sale 
in  an  appropriate  representative  country.  Only  Turkey  met  all  the  criteria  to  be  considered  an  appropriate 
representative country: a level of economic development similar to the PRC, production of the product under 
review and a complete set of data available for all factors of production, manufacturing overheads, SG&A 
expenses and profit. 

As a consequence of non-cooperation, the Commission used the available statistical data on Chinese imports 
to the Union to determine the export price.  

The Commission compared the constructed normal value with the export price to the Union on an ex-works 
basis.  The  resulting  dumping  margin  was  33%,  showing  that  dumping  continued  during  the  review 
investigation period.  

The  Commission  also  concluded  that,  given  the  significant  production  capacity  in  the  PRC  and  the 
attractiveness of the  Union  market  for  Chinese exporting  producers, there  was  a  strong  likelihood  that  the 
expiry of the anti-dumping measures would result in an increase of dumped imports of solar glass into the 
Union.  

In  view  of  its  findings  on  the  continuation  of  dumping  during  the  RIP  and  on  the  likely  development  of 
imports  should  the  measures  lapse,  the  Commission  concluded  that  there  was  a  strong  likelihood  that  the 
expiry of the anti-dumping measures would result in the continuation of dumping. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation   

In the absence of cooperation from Chinese exporters or the Government of China, the Commission analysed 
the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of subsidisation on the basis of facts available. In particular, the 
analysis  was  based  on  information  from  the  request  for  an  expiry  review,  the  findings  of  the  original 
investigation,  the  findings  of  the  most  recent  anti-subsidy  investigations  concerning  the  PRC  and  the 
Commission Staff Working Document on significant distortions in the PRC. The countervailable subsidies 
found to continue in the RIP were preferential lending, grants and ad hoc subsidies, preferential tax policies 
for High and New Technology Enterprises, R&D tax expenses offset, and provision of land use rights.  

On  this  basis,  the  Commission  concluded  that  solar  glass  producers  in  China  continued  to  benefit  from 
countervailable  subsidies  during  the  RIP.  The  Commission  also  concluded  that,  given  the  significant 
production capacity in the PRC and the attractiveness of the Union market for Chinese exporting producers, 
there was a strong likelihood that the expiry of the countervailing measures would result in an increase of 
imports of subsidised solar glass to the Union.  

25 

 
 
 
In view of its findings on the continuation of subsidisation during the RIP and on the likely development of 
imports  should  the  measures  lapse,  the  Commission  concluded  that  there  was  a  strong  likelihood  that  the 
expiry of the measures would result in the continuation of subsidisation. 

Likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury 

Union  consumption  of  solar  glass  decreased  by  35%  between  2015  and  the  RIP.  The  market  share  of  the 
Union  industry  went  from  73%  in  2015  to  79%  in  the  RIP.  The  market  share  of  the  Chinese  imports 
remained relatively important in the RIP (at 9%). The macroeconomic indicators reflected a fragility of the 
Union industry. Production, sales volume and the number of employees declined steadily during the period 
considered, although less than Union consumption. The microeconomic indicators, on the contrary, showed 
an  improving  situation  for  the  Union  industry.  In  the  period  considered,  the  unit  cost  of  production  was 
stable while prices on the Union market increased, with the corresponding increase in the profitability of the 
Union Industry, that evolved from losses in 2015 to 5% - 15% in the RIP. The Commission thus considered 
that the Union industry largely recovered from the material injury caused by dumped imports from PRC yet, 
in  view  of  the  drop  in  Union  consumption  and  the  relatively  big  market  share  of  the  Chinese  imports,  its 
situation remained fragile.  

Since the Union industry did not suffer material injury anymore, the Commission examined whether there 
was a likelihood of recurrence of injury should the measures expire. Given the fragile situation of the Union 
industry, the high spare capacities in China, the attractiveness of the Union market and its prices – Chinese 
import prices during the RIP undercut Union prices – the Commission concluded that it was likely that injury 
would recur should the measures lapse. 

Union interest and definitive measures  

The continuation of the measures would benefit the Union industry, enabling it to maintain its sales volumes, 
market share, profitability and to further improve its economic situation. The group active in the distribution 
of  the  solar  glass  for  greenhouses  construction  expressed  its  support  for  the  measures.  No  unrelated 
importers cooperated.  

Regarding  the  interest  of  users,  and  also  taking  into  consideration  their  future  expansion  projects  due  to 
expected growth, the investigation established that the impact of the measures on their costs, estimated at 2 -
3%,  was  not  out  of  proportion  and  that  their  security  of  supply  was  not  threatened  because  of  the  spare 
capacities available in the Union and of alternative sources of non-dumped imports.  

The  Commission  also  concluded  that  maintaining  the  measures  does  not  harm  the  Union’s  environmental 
policies;  on  the  contrary,  if  the  measures  lapse,  the  viability  of  the  Union  solar  glass  industry  would  be 
threatened  and  the  users  would  become  dependent  on  imports,  most  likely  from  China.  The  lapse  of  the 
measures  would  also  have  as  consequence  that  the  solar  glass  industry  could  not  invest in  innovation  and 
research  and  development.  Therefore,  from  the  environmental  perspective,  the  Commission  considered  it 
crucial to maintain the solar glass industry viable. 

Consequently,  the  Commission  concluded  that  there  were  no  compelling  reasons  that  maintaining  the 
definitive  anti-dumping  and  countervailing  measures  would  go  against  the  Union  interest.  Therefore,  the 
anti-dumping duties and the countervailing duties on solar glass originating in the PRC, were extended for 
five years on 24 July 2020.  

3.2.1.4.  Expiry reviews concluded by termination 

In 2020, no expiry review was concluded by the termination of measures in force. 

3.2.2. 

Interim reviews 

Article 11(3) and Article 19 of the basic Regulations provide for the review of measures during their period 
of validity on the initiative of the Commission, at the request of a Member State or, provided that at least one 
year  has  lapsed  since  the  imposition  of  the  definitive  measure,  following  a  request  containing  sufficient 
evidence by an exporter, an importer or by the EU producers. In carrying out the investigations, it will be 
examined,  inter  alia,  whether  the  circumstances  with  regard  to  dumping/subsidisation  and  injury  have 
changed  significantly  and  whether  these  changes  are  of  a  lasting  nature.  Reviews  can  be  limited  to 
dumping/subsidisation or injury aspects. 

26 

 
 
 
During  2020,  the  Commission  initiated  2  interim  reviews  (1  with  regard  to  anti-dumping  measures  and  1 
concerning countervailing measures). As many as 8 interim reviews were concluded during the same period - 
3 were terminated by confirming the duties unchanged and 5 by amendment of the measures. The details of 
the cases can be found below. More  information can be obtained from the Official Journal publications to 
which reference is given in Annex G. 

Product 

Bicycles 

Peroxosulphates (Persulphates) 

Ceramic tableware and kitchenware 

Origin 

Result of investigation 

China 

China 

China 

Confirmation of duties 

Confirmation of duties 

Amendment of duty 

Trout (Rainbow) 

Turkey 

Amendment of duty 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 

Amendment of duty 

Glass fibre fabrics 

Steel road wheels 

China 

Egypt 

China 

Amendment of duty 

Confirmation of duties 

3.2.3. 

New exporter reviews 

As  far  as  anti-dumping  measures  are  concerned,  Article  11(4)  of  the  basic  AD  Regulation  allows  for  a 
review ("newcomer" review) to be carried out in order to determine individual margins of dumping for new 
exporters located in the exporting country in question, which did not export the product during the IP.  

Such  parties have  to  show  that  they  are  genuine  new  exporters, i.e. that  they  are  not related  to  any  of the 
exporters  or  producers in the  exporting  country,  which  are subject  to  the  anti-dumping  measures,  and  that 
they have actually started to export to the EU following the IP, or that they have entered into an irrevocable 
contractual obligation to export a significant quantity to the EU. 

When a review for a new exporter is initiated, the duties are repealed with regard to that exporter, though its 
imports are made subject to registration under Article 14(5) of the basic AD Regulation in order to ensure 
that,  should  the  review  result  in  a  determination  of  dumping  in  respect  of  such  an  exporter,  anti-dumping 
duties may be levied retroactively to the date of the initiation of the review. 

As  far  as  anti-subsidy  measures  are  concerned,  Article  20  of  the  basic  AS  Regulation allows for  a review 
(accelerated review) to be carried out in order to promptly establish an individual countervailing duty. Any 
exporter  whose  exports  are  subject  to  a  definitive  countervailing  duty  but  who  was  not  individually 
investigated  during  the  original  investigation  for  reasons  other  than  a  refusal  to  co-operate  with  the 
Commission can request such review. 

In  2020,  the  Commission  initiated  2  ‘new  exporter’  reviews.  Since  the  Commission  carried  out  the  first 
reviews of this type in 1990, a total of 80 such reviews were initiated so far. (Annex I) 

3.2.4. 

Anti-absorption investigations 

Where  there  is  sufficient  information  showing  that,  after  the  original  IP  and  prior  to  or  following  the 
imposition of measures, export prices have decreased or that there has been no or insufficient movement in 
the resale prices or subsequent selling prices of the imported product in the EU, an absorption review may be 
opened to  examine  whether  the  measure  has  had  effects  on  the  above-mentioned  prices. The  duty  may  be 
increased to take account of such lower export prices. The  possibility of absorption reviews is included in 
Articles 12 and 19(3) of the basic Regulations. 

In 2020, 1 anti-absorption investigation was terminated without increase of duty (Annex J). 

27 

 
 
 
3.2.5. 

Anti-circumvention investigations 

The  possibility  of  investigations  being  opened  in  circumstances  where  evidence  is  brought  to  show  that 
measures are being circumvented was introduced by Article 13 and Article 23 of the basic Regulations. 

Circumvention is defined as a change in the pattern of trade between third countries and the EU that stems 
from a practice, process or work for which there is insufficient due cause or economic justification other than 
the imposition of the duty. The duties may be extended to imports from third countries of like products, or 
parts thereof, if circumvention is taking place. Duties may also be extended to imports of a slightly modified 
like product from the country subject to current measures. 

In  2020,  The  Commission  initiated  3  anti-circumvention  investigations  (one  ex-officio  case  is  described 
below). Four such reviews were concluded with an extension of duty to other exporting countries. One anti-
circumvention  investigation  was  concluded  without  extending  the  measures.  More  information  can  be 
obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in Annex K. 

Certain corrosion resistant steels originating in the People’s Republic of China  

Ex-officio investigation  

In February 2018, the Commission imposed anti-dumping  measures ranging from 17,2% to 27,9% against 
imports of certain corrosion resistant steels (CRS) originating in China.  

During the safeguard investigation against imports of certain steel products, the Commission found a change 
in the pattern of trade, based on statistics at TARIC level, between CRS  subject to anti-dumping measures 
and CRS not subject to those measures. According to the evidence at the disposal of the Commission, this 
change seemed to stem from the importation of slightly modified CRS, for example by applying a thin oil-
coating,  by  slightly  increasing  the  content  of  carbon,  aluminium,  niobium,  titanium,  or  vanadium,  or  by 
changing the coating from simple zinc or aluminium coatings e. g. to zinc-magnesium-aluminium coating. 
The evidence suggested that there was no due cause or economic justification for such practices other than 
avoiding the anti-dumping duty, the imposition of the duty for such practice, process or work. Finally, the 
Commission had sufficient evidence that the remedial effects of the existing anti-dumping measures on CRS 
were being undermined both in terms of quantity and price and that that the prices of the slightly modified 
CRS were dumped in relation to the normal value previously established.  

On  this  basis,  the  Commission  initiated,  on  its  own  initiative,  an  anti-circumvention  investigation  on  25 
November 2019. 

The investigation period ran from 1 January 2013 to 30 September 2019 (the ‘IP’).  

Change in the pattern of trade 

The total volume of imports of CRS from China fell from 1 857 000 tonnes during the IP of the original anti-
dumping investigation (October 2015 to September 2016) to 204 tonnes during period from 1 October 2018 
to 30 September 2019 (‘the reporting period’ or ‘RP’). By contrast, imports of slightly modified CRS only 
started in 2017, i.e. after provisional measures were imposed on CRS, to reach 758 000 tonnes in the RP. The 
Commission thus concluded that the sharp decrease of imports of CRS since the imposition of anti-dumping 
measures  combined  with  a  parallel  increase  of  imports  of  the  slightly  modified  product  constituted  a 
significant change in the pattern of trade. 

Practice to avoid the duties 

Only  two  groups  of  Chinese  exporting  producers,  representing  less  than  1%  of  export  of  the  slightly 
modified CRS to the EU in the RP, came forward and requested exemptions. One group did not provide the 
necessary  information  in  its  exemption  request  and  the  Commission  therefore  disregarded  the  information 
submitted  by  this  company.  The  other  group  could  prove  that  it  had  already  been  selling  the  slightly 
modified CRS before the imposition of the original measures. The Commission concluded that an exemption 
to this group was warranted as it had not engaged in circumvention.  

Given  the  low  level  of  cooperation,  the  Commission  therefore  had  to  resort  to  facts  available  to  obtain 
positive evidence on the existence of circumvention. The Union industry provided evidence of practices used 

28 

 
 
 
 
by  Chinese  exporters  to  slightly  modify  the  product  concerned to  make  it fall under customs  codes  which 
were not subject to the measures. 

Based on this evidence the Commission established the existence of the circumvention practice, namely the 
slight  modification  of  the product  concerned  to  make  it  fall  under  customs  codes,  which are  normally  not 
subject to the measures.  

Undermining the remedial effect of the measures and dumping 

The investigation established that imports of slightly modified CRS reached a market share of 13% in the EU 
in the reporting period.  

Given the low level of cooperation, the Commission used the Chinese average import price from Eurostat, 
adjusted  using  the  sole  cooperating  exporter’s  data,  to  establish  the  export  price.  On  that  basis,  Chinese 
prices undercut the Union industry’s prices by around 4%. The Union industry also submitted data showing 
that it was still in a loss-making situation. Given the significant volume of imports of slightly modified CRS 
circumventing the measures and their low prices, the Commission concluded that the remedial effects of the 
duty were being undermined both in terms of quantities and prices.  

Finally, the aforementioned export price was compared to the weighted average normal value established in 
the original investigation. This comparison resulted in a dumping margin of around 14% during the reporting 
period. 

Extension of the measures 

Given the findings of circumvention, the definitive anti-dumping duty on CRS was extended to imports of 
slightly  modified  CRS  originating  in  the  People’s  Republic  of  China.  Two  Chinese  exporting  producers 
belonging to the sole cooperating group were found not to be circumventing and were thus exempted from 
the extended duty. 

3.2.6. 

“Other” reviews (reinvestigations, or re-openings) 

These  investigations  fall  outside  Article  11(3)  or  Article  19  of  the  basic  Regulations  and  focus  on  the 
implementation of court rulings. In 2020, the Commission concluded 4 such investigations by amending the 
measures  as  appropriate.  A  list  of  the  cases  concerned  is  given  in  Annex  H.  More  information  can  be 
obtained from the Official Journal publications to which reference is given in that Annex. 

3.3. 

Safeguard investigations 

Safeguard measures have always been and remain an instrument that the Commission would only apply in 
truly  exceptional  circumstances.  Indeed,  they  are  only  used  where  it  is  clear  that,  applying  the  highest 
standards,  such  measures  are  necessary  and  justified  because,  due  to  unforeseen  circumstances,  there  has 
been a surge in imports and this has caused or threatens to cause serious damage to the EU industry.  

The Commission expects the EU’s commercial partners to follow a similarly strict approach.  

Not  all  safeguard  measures  adopted  by  the  EU  constitute  safeguards  within  the  meaning  of  the  WTO 
Agreement on Safeguards. Some of these measures are called ‘safeguards’ under particular regimes, such as 
bilateral safeguards or the safeguard investigations under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP). 

On  14  March  2019,  an  EU  Horizontal  Bilateral  Safeguard  Regulation  entered  in  force,30  with  the  aim  to 
streamline  the  implementation  of  the  EU’s  bilateral  safeguard  measures.  The  objective  of  these  safeguard 
clauses is to temporarily suspend tariff preferences where preferential imports increase to such an extent that 
they cause or threaten to cause serious injury to a particular EU industry. This horizontal regulation provides 
standard rules for the implementation of bilateral safeguard clauses, including the conditions and decision-
making  process.  In  the  past,  the  EU  adopted  separate  regulations  for  each  individual  FTA,  which  will  no 
longer be necessary. 

In  terms  of  casework,  in  2020,  the  EU  concluded  two  review  investigations  of  its  safeguard  measure  on 
certain steel products (Annex L). 

30  

Regulation (EU) 2019/287 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 February 2019. 

29 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
On 2 February 2019, the EU imposed an  erga omnes definitive safeguard duty on certain steel products31. 
These measures were reviewed for the second time in July 202032. Moreover, at the end of 2020, the Tariff 
Rate Quota (TRQ) volumes were adapted to the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU Customs Union33, 
as per the description below.  

3.3.1.     Details on individual safeguard cases  

Safeguard measures on certain steel products – Second Review  

On  14  February  2020,  the  Commission  initiated  the  second  review  of  the  steel  safeguard  measures34. 
Definitive  safeguard  measures  had  been  in  place  since  2  February  2019.  When  imposing  definitive 
safeguard measures, the Commission had committed to review them regularly35 and to adjust the level or 
allocation  of  the  TRQs  in  case  of  changes  of  circumstances  during  the  period  of  imposition.  After 
analysing  a  large  amount  of  submissions  from  interested  parties,  the  Commission  concluded  its 
investigation and the resulting adjustments entered in force on 1 July 2020. The Commission’s findings 
and  adjustments  to  the  definitive  safeguard  measures  following  the  second  review  investigation  are 
summarised below:   

A. 

Level and allocation of the TRQ for a number of product categories 

Effects  of  the  COVID-19  pandemic  on  the  Union  steel  market  and  the  functioning  of  the  current 
safeguard measures 

The Commission found that the economic shock produced by the COVID-19 pandemic represented a 
fundamental  and  exceptional  change  in  circumstances  drastically  affecting  the  functioning  of  the 
steel  market  within  the  Union  and  worldwide.  For  this  reason,  the  Commission  considered  it 
necessary to carefully take into consideration the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic when 
shaping the adjustments under the second Review of the safeguard measures. 

The Commission considered that, whereas the economic shock of the pandemic had been relatively 
symmetric,  in  that  the  pandemic  has  affected  all  countries  in  the  world  with  sudden  and  very 
significant output and demand falls, the strength of the rebound in 2021 was likely to be asymmetric. 
This  would  depend  not  only  on  the  evolution  of  the  pandemic  in  every  country,  but  also  on  the 
structure of the national economies and their capacity to respond with recovery policies.  

In particular, the Commission expected that some exporters, notably in geographical areas resuming 
activities  comparatively  earlier  than  others,  would  frontload  sales  in  the  Union  market  more 
forcefully than in the past to first exhaust country-specific quotas as early as possible, and be ready 
to  tap  immediately  into  the  residual  quotas  when  these  became  available.  This  opportunistic 
behaviour  of  exporters  from  certain  origins  risked  more  than  ever  displacing  other  market 
participants  and  unduly  occupy  market  shares  that  in  normal  circumstances  would  correspond  to 
other traditional trade flow areas or to domestic production. This was a real risk, as exporters would 
desperately try to gain larger shares of a smaller market to make up for absolute sales losses due to 
depressed  demand.  Apart  from  endangering  the  preservation  of  traditional  trade  flows  in  terms  of 
origins, the above-mentioned opportunistic behaviour, unduly displacing traditional trade flows and 
domestic  production,  would  also  be  liable  to  causing  very  serious  imbalances  in  the  Union  steel 
market, which could ultimately compromise the remedial effects of the original safeguard measures 
in terms of protection against a new sudden surge of imports. 

In  order  to  guarantee  an  orderly  return  to  the  market  of  all  suppliers,  both  domestic  industry  and 
exporters, and to minimise undue opportunistic conducts, the Commission considered it necessary to 
introduce a number of adjustments to the TRQ administration. 

Adjustments to the TRQ administration in specific product categories 

31  
32  
33  
34  

35  

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/159 of 31 January 2019, OJ L 31, 1.2.2019, p.27. 
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/894 of 30 June 2020, OJ L 206, 30.6.2020, p.34. 
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2037 of 10 December 2020, OJ L 416, 11.12.2020, p.32. 
Notice of initiation concerning a review of the safeguard measures applicable to imports of certain 
steel products, OJ C 51, 14.2.2020, p.21. 
Recital (161) of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/159, OJ L 31, 1.2.2019, p.27. 

30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Category 1 (Hot-rolled flat products)  

The TRQ use in this category had experienced a consistent sharp decline throughout the period. This 
substantial reduction in TRQ use took place in a period that was not yet affected by the shock of the 
COVID-19 pandemic. This strongly suggested that it would be very unlikely that any future recovery 
of EU demand in the course of the third year of measures would be of such a magnitude to reach, 
eventually, a full or very high TRQ use in this product category. 

The Commission established that the risk of potential shortage of supply it tried to prevent with the 
globalization  of  the  TRQ  under  the  definitive  measures  did  no  longer  exist.  Accordingly,  the 
Commission decided to discontinue the exceptional global administration of the TRQ in this product 
category  and  apply  the  default  system  of  combined  country-specific  and  residual  quota.  A  cap  of 
30% share nevertheless continues applying to the use of the residual quota in the fourth quarter to 
prevent crowding-out effects. 

Category 8 (Stainless steel hot-rolled sheets and strips) 

The  Commission  observed  several  important  changes  affecting  this  category  since  the  first  review 
investigation.  In  the  first  place,  on  8  April  2020  the  Commission  had  imposed  provisional  anti-
dumping measures on imports of this product category originating in the People’s Republic of China, 
Indonesia  and  Taiwan.36  Second,  the  Commission  confirmed  a  consistent  very  low  use  of  the 
country-specific TRQ by the US37. 

Based on these changed circumstances, which risked producing an offer shortfall on the EU market 
for this product category, the Commission found it was in the Union interest to transfer the volumes 
of the country-specific quotas of all countries subjected to different types of trade defence measures 
into  the  residual  TRQ.  This  adjustment  would  ensure  that  EU  users  have  enough  flexibility  for 
switching  supplying  origins,  should  that  be  necessary.  Therefore,  the  Commission  decided  to 
transform the product category 8 TRQ into a global TRQ administered on a quarterly basis as from 1 
July 2020. 

Category 25 (Large welded tubes) 

Under the second Review, the Commission observed (based on a set of data not available at the time 
of  the  first  Review  investigation)  a  rather  abnormal  pattern  of  import  flows  under  this  single 
category,  which  differed  significantly  from  the  traditional  trade  flows  in  terms  of  volumes  and 
origins  and  which  risked  producing  imbalances  on  the  market.  In  fact,  the  design  of  the  TRQ 
management had created an undue crowding-out situation.  

Accordingly,  to  reflect  more  accurately  the  historical  import  flows  corresponding  to  the  two  sub-
categories  of  tubes  and  to  ensure  a  fairer  functioning  of  the  quota,  the  Commission  found  it 
necessary to split this category into two subcategories. The split would guarantee the availability of 
the  necessary  volumes  for  any  large-scale  engineering  project  in  the  EU  during  the  remaining 
duration of the measures, which otherwise would have continued to be crowded out by other product 
types.  

B. 

‘Crowding out’ of traditional trade flows 

The Commission was able to assess the typical residual quota use per quarter by the countries that 
are the incumbent beneficiaries of this section of the TRQ, based on trade flows over a much longer 
time  period. The  Commission calculated the  average residual  quota  use (overall  and  per  origin) in 
each  of  the  four  quarters  where  the  countries  benefitting  from  a  country-specific  quota  could  not 
access the residual section yet. On the other hand, the Commission checked this typical use against 
the  actual  use  (overall  and  per  origin)  in  the  fourth  quarter  when  indeed  the  bigger  exporting 
countries could tap into the residual section of the TRQ.  

Based on the above-mentioned comparison, the Commission decided that the access to the residual 
quota  in  the  last  quarter  of  a  period  should  be  based  on  the  actual  typical  use  by  the  incumbent 
beneficiaries of the residual quota. This would take place under three different access regimes to the 
residual quota. These three regimes depend on the degree of crowding out effects observed.  

36  
37  

OJ L 110, 8.4.2020, p.3. 
In  this  product  category,  the  USA  is  subject  to  a  25%  duty  resulting  from  EU’s  rebalancing  measures: 
https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/may/tradoc_156909.pdf 

31 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
a) 

Regime 1: No further access  

In  a  number  of  categories,  smaller  countries  benefiting  from  country-specific  quotas  consistently 
showed  across  the  quarters  assessed  that  they  could  fill  fully  or  to  a  large  degree  the  volumes 
available under the residual quota. In this case, with a view to preserving traditional trade flows in 
terms of origins in an effective manner, the Commission considered it necessary to no longer allow 
such countries to access the residual quota in the fourth quarter during the third year of measures. 
The prohibition of access applies to categories: 5, 16, 20, and 27. The past track of average use per 
quarter of the residual quota clearly indicated in these categories that the risk that a proportion of it 
remains unused was very low.  

b) 

Regime 2: Limited access 

In  a  series  of  other  categories,  the  average  quota  use  showed  that,  while  the  incumbent  supplying 
countries under the residual quota make reasonable use of it, they alone were not able to make full or 
high  use  of  the  available  volumes.  Therefore,  the  access  in  the  fourth  quarter  by  larger  exporting 
countries continued to be justified.  

However,  with  a  view  to  ensuring  that  the  necessary  entry  in  these  cases  did  not  produce  undue 
displacement  of  the  traditional  trade  flows  from  the  incumbent  smaller  supplying  countries,  the 
Commission  considered  it  appropriate  to  limit  the  access  to  the  residual  quotas  by  countries 
benefiting  from  exhausted  country-specific  quotas.  This  access  was  limited  to  only  those  volumes 
exceeding the average quota used by the smaller supplying countries during the four quarters. This 
adjustment applies to product categories: 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, and 28.  

c) 

Regime 3: Status quo 

For the remaining categories, the Commission concluded that it was in the Union interest to continue 
the  status  quo,  that  is  to  say,  allowing  the  access  in  the  fourth  quota  without  limitation  for  the 
beneficiaries of exhausted country-specific quotas. The reason for this conclusion was that the trends 
did not show any undue displacement of origins. This unlimited access would apply to Categories: 2, 
3A, 3B, 4A, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25B, and 26.  

d) 

Special cases: Product Categories 1,4B, 8 and 25A 

For categories 1 and 4B, a 30% cap to those countries having exhausted their country-specific TRQ 
applies.  Since  categories  8  and  25A  would  consist  as  of  1  July  2020  of  a  global  TRQ  only,  this 
system does not apply to them.  

C. 

Potential detrimental effects in achieving the integration objectives pursued with preferential trading 
partners 

The  Commission  considered  that,  following  the  review  investigation,  there  were  no  grounds  to 
propose any adjustment in this regard.  

D. 

Update  of  the  list  of  developing  WTO  member  countries  excluded  from  the  scope  of  the  measures 
based on updated import statistics 

Following  the  adoption  of  the  definitive  safeguard  measures,  the  Commission  committed  to 
reviewing, on a regular basis, the list of developing countries potentially excluded from the scope of 
the measures based on updated import statistics. 

For  updating  the  list  of  exclusions  from  the  measures  under  the  second  Review,  the  Commission 
used the more updated and representative set of consolidated statistics, i.e. the full year 2019. 

Steel  safeguard  measures  –  adaptations to the  TRQs following the  exit  of  the  United Kingdom from 
the EU Customs Union 

Pursuant to the Withdrawal Agreement between the Union and the United Kingdom (‘UK’), as of 1 January 
2021, the UK was no longer going to be part of the Union customs territory. Therefore, as of that date the 
territorial  scope  of  the  safeguard  measures  would  change.  Since  the  level  of  the  safeguard  measures  was 
based on the average imports into the Union of 28 Member States, i.e. including imports into the UK, during 

32 

 
 
 
 
 
 
the  reference  period  2015-2017,  the  Commission  found  it  appropriate  to  adapt  the  volume  of  Tariff  Rate 
Quotas  (‘TRQs’)  accordingly,  as  well  as  the  list  of  developing  countries  subject  to  the  current  safeguard 
measures. 

The  Commission  considered  that  the  most  appropriate  methodology  to  adapt  TRQ  volumes  was  the 
following:  a)  Establish  import  volumes  of  countries  subject  to  measures  in  EU27  during  the  period  2015-
2017; b) Add to the level of UK imports into EU27 in the period 2015-2017; c) Add, per product category, a 
5% increase to reflect the top-up of February 2019 and the liberalisation increases (two increases of 3% each, 
in July 2019 and 2020 respectively). 

By  means  of  an  implementing  Regulation,  the  Commission  adapted  the  TRQ  volumes  for  the  period  of 1 
January 2021 to 30 June 2021. 

3.4.   Verification activities    

Based on Articles 16 and 26 of the respective basic AD and AS Regulations, in the course of investigations, 
the Commission carries out visits to examine the records of companies or associations with the aim to verify 
the information provided during the proceedings. During 2020, EU TDI services made 26 such visits, which 
amounted  to  247  person-days  of  verification  work.  As  a  result  of  the  COVID-19  outbreak,  the  European 
Commission  decided  to  suspend  all  non-essential  travel  and  to  postpone  all  face-to-face  meetings  with 
visitors. In this regard, the EC has published a Notice38 on the consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak on 
anti-dumping  and  anti-subsidy  investigations. All  the  verification  visits  have  been  replaced  by  a  Remote 
Cross-Checking  (RCC)  process  by  videoconference,  in  order  to  gain  assurances  with  regard  to  the 
information submitted in the questionnaire responses. In 2020, EU TDI services carried out 83 verifications 
with remote cross checking, which amounted to 545 person-days of verification work. The verification work 
covered European producers, users of the subject product, foreign exporters (in six countries) and importers 
alike. 

4. 

ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-DUMPING/COUNTERVAILING MEASURES 

Globalisation of trade led to greater possibilities for circumventing or otherwise reducing the effectiveness of 
anti-dumping  and  countervailing  measures.  To  address  this  problem,  throughout  2020,  the  TDI  services 
continued  their  follow-up  activities  aimed  at  ensuring  that  measures  were  effectively  enforced.  In  the 
framework of an integrated approach measures were considered in all their forms – duties and undertakings – 
and synergy was sought between the TDI services and enforcement-oriented services (OLAF, DG Taxud and 
customs authorities in Member States).  

More  information  on  the  Commission’s  enforcement  focus  can  be  found  in  the  main  body  of  the  Report 
(hereafter the Annual Report) to which this Staff Working Document (SWD) is attached. 

4.1. 

Follow-up of measures 

The follow-up activities concerning measures in force are centred on four main areas: (1) to pre-empt fraud, 
by  defining  risk-related  areas,  alerting  customs  authorities  and  assessing  the  feedback  from  customs  and 
economic operators; (2) to monitor trade flows and market developments; (3) to improve the effectiveness 
with the appropriate instruments (new investigation, interim review, newcomer review, contact with national 
administrations)  and  (4)  to  react  to  irregular  practices  by  enhancing  the  co-operation  with  enforcement-
related  services  (OLAF  and  national  customs)  and  by  initiating  anti-absorption  or  anti-circumvention 
investigations. 

4.2. 

Monitoring of undertakings    

Monitoring of undertakings forms part of the enforcement activities, given that undertakings are a form of 
AD  or  AS  measures. The Commission  accepts  such undertakings  if it  is  satisfied  that  they  can  effectively 
eliminate the injurious effects of dumping or subsidisation. 

During 2020, there were 11 undertakings in force. No new undertakings were accepted during the year. More 
information is available in Annexes M and Q. 

38  

OJ C 86, 16.3.2020, p.6 

33 

 
 
 
                                                           
4.3.   OLAF activity   

The Commission has developed a range of activities addressing prevention and detection of fraud, and this 
includes a close cooperation with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), through annual meetings, day-to-
day  contacts,  or  exchange  of  case  information,  via  a  special  OLAF  liaison  officer  within  the  Directorate–
General for Trade. 

In  relation  to  that,  by  mutual  agreement  between  the  Commission  and  OLAF,  the  Commission  provides 
OLAF  with  any  information  and  evidence  relating  to  possible  cases  of  fraud,  or  any  other  illegal  activity 
related to TDI. Circumvention of TDI measures can occur in the form of: false declaration of product origin; 
misclassification  under  product  codes  outside  measures;  assembly  operations;  channelling  via  companies 
with no or low duty rates or undervaluation of imported products.  

The Commission and OLAF have been reacting whenever they had indications pointing to the possibility of 
the  above  situations,  such  as:  1/  when  subsequent  to the  imposition  of  measures,  a  significant  decrease  in 
imports from the country concerned into the EU could be noted, which was entirely or partially offset by an 
increase  in  imports  of:  products  from  another  third  country,  or  products  classified  under  a  product  code 
outside  measures,  or  parts  of  the  product  which  are  not  subject  to  measures;  2/  when  subsequent  to  the 
imposition of measures, imports from the country concerned into the EU were coming from a company with 
a low or a zero duty at the expense of imports from a company with a higher duty; or 3/ when a low amount 
of duties was collected by Member States’ customs authorities. 

Moreover, when the Commission received complaints from Union industry regarding the circumvention of 
measures, it has each time informed OLAF thereof. The Commission stayed also in regular contact on these 
matters with Member States’ customs authorities.  

Investigations by OLAF into the practices above are confidential. For that reason, it is not possible to give 
further information or statistics on the latter. Every year OLAF publishes a report presenting its activities of 
the previous year, as well as statistics of its investigative performance and examples of cases. 

5. 

REFUNDS    

Articles  11(8)  and  21(1)  of  the  basic  Regulations  allow  importers  to  request  the  reimbursement  of  the 
relevant  collected  duties  where it  is  shown that  the  dumping/subsidy  margin,  on  the basis  of  which  duties 
were paid, has been eliminated or reduced to a level below that of the duty in force. 

During 2020, 28 new refund requests were submitted. At the end of 2020, 5 refund investigations were on-
going, covering 82 requests. The Commission adopted in 2020 13 Implementing Decisions rejecting refund 
requests. More details on these decisions and on the status of refund investigations can be found at:  

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/refunds.cfm?sta=1&en=20&page=1&c_order=number&c_order_dir=Down  

6. 

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES / BILATERAL CONTACTS 

Explaining  the  legislation  and  practice  of  the  EU's  trade  defence  activity  and  exchanging  views  on  third 
country practices continues to be an important part of the work of the TDI services.  

Similarly  to  previous  years,  in  2020,  the  Commission  held  a  bilateral  meeting  (online)  to  exchange  best 
practices  in  the  field  of  TDI  with  officials  from  Korea.  Parties  exchanged  statistics  concerning  respective 
trade  defence  investigations  (TDIs)  and  informed  each  other  on  their  trade  remedy  laws,  policies  and 
practices, with a particular focus on transparency of Korean trade defence investigations. 

7. 

JUDICIAL REVIEW: DECISIONS GIVEN BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE GENERAL COURT    

7.1.        Overview of the judicial reviews in 2020 

In 2020, the General Court (GC) and the Court of Justice (CJ) rendered 17 judgments and orders in the areas 
of  application  of  anti-dumping  or  anti-subsidy  measures:  12  rulings  were  handed  down  by  the  GC,  out  of 
which seven orders in relation to taxation of costs, whereas the CJ issued  one judgment in appeal of a GC 
ruling and four preliminary rulings. 

34 

 
 
 
 
7.2.        Cases pending 

At the end of 2020, 60 cases were pending before the GC and 14 before the CJ. A list of the cases is given in 
Annex S. 

7.3.        New cases 

In 2020, 30 new court cases were lodged in the field of trade defence. 23 of these were lodged before the GC 
(all actions for annulment) and seven before the CJ (six appeals and one request for a preliminary ruling). 

7.4 Judgements rendered by the General Court (a selection) 

T-307/18 Zhejiang Jiuli 

On 15 October, the GC dismissed the action introduced by Zhejiang Jiuli39 for the annulment of Regulation 
2018/330 imposing definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of stainless 
steel from China as a result of an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation.  

Jiuli claimed an infringement of its rights of defence, notably a lack of disclosure of essential information 
concerning  the  calculation  of  the  dumping  margins.  Jiuli  took  issue  mainly  with  the  manner  in  which  the 
Commission calculated the dumping for those exported product types without corresponding domestic sales 
in the analogue country40.  

The  Court  rejected  this  claim  because  it  found  that  Jiuli  was  placed  in  a  position  to  understand  the 
methodology used by the Commission to calculate the dumping and obtained the information necessary for 
the defence of its rights.  

The applicant also claimed that the Commission committed a manifest error of assessment with regard to the 
determination  of  its  dumping  margin  because  the  Commission  did  not  sufficiently  identify  comparable 
products. Only a small proportion of the applicant’s total exports could be directly compared to the product 
types  of  the  analogue  country  producer.  The  applicant  considered  that  in  these  circumstances  it  was  not 
possible to establish the existence of dumping on its imports. The Court recalled that the basic Regulation 
cannot be interpreted as allowing the exclusion of some export transactions to the European Union from the 
calculation of the dumping margin. On the contrary, the EU institutions are required to take into account all 
those transactions for the purposes of that calculation. For this reason when there were types of the product 
under consideration for which there were no ‘comparable prices’, the Commission used the price of a closely 
related  product  type  as  a  basis  for  the  calculation  of  dumping.  The  Court  found  the  used  method  to  be 
reasonable. There was only one product “Casing and tubing, of a kind used in drilling for oil and gas”, not 
produced by the Indian exporting producer, for which the Commission used data from the Union producers 
to determine the normal value. 

The  Court  confirmed  that  this  method  is  in  line  with  the  provisions  of  the  basic  Regulation,  according  to 
which  where  normal  value  cannot  be  determined  on  the  basis  of  the  price  or  constructed  value  in  the 
analogue country, the Commission may use any other reasonable basis, including the price actually paid or 
payable in the European Union for the like product.  

Jiuli has also claimed that the Commission has committed a manifest error of assessment resulting from the 
application of the analogue country methodology instead of taking into account the Chinese production costs 
and  domestic  prices  to  calculate  dumping.  This  claim  was  based  on  Section  15  of  the  Protocol  on  the 
Accession  of  China  to  the  WTO.  The  Court  recalled  that,  according  to  settled  case-law,  having  regard  to 
their nature and structure, the WTO agreements are not in principle among the rules in the light of which the 
legality of measures adopted by the EU institutions may be reviewed.  

The  applicant  also  alleged  the  Commission’s  failure  to  verify  the  Indian  exporting  producer’s  data.  The 
Court considered that the applicant was aware of the producer’s lack of cooperation and recalled that in any 

39  
40  

Jiuli is a Chinese producer of steel pipes and tubes. 
Under the old  methodology (before the  modernisation of  TDI), in order to calculate dumping  for China, the 
Commission was using an analogue country. In the present case it is India. The normal value was determined 
on the basis of the reply to the questionnaire received from an Indian exporting producer. 

35 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
event, in the basic Regulation there is nothing to suggest that, on that basis, the Commission was required to 
disregard the data provided by the analogue country producer. 

The applicant submitted that the Commission committed a manifest error of assessment in the finding of the 
existence of injury and failed to verify the existence of a causal link, between the Chinese imports and the 
injury  suffered  by  the  Union  producers.  The  applicant  considered  that  given  their  small  market  share,  the 
Chinese  imports  have  not  caused  injury  to  the  EU  industry  and  were  replaced  by  imports  from  India,  at 
substantially lower prices. According to the applicant, the Commission was required to initiate anti-dumping 
investigations against all countries whose imports were dumped and which caused injury to the EU industry, 
pursuant to the principle of non-discrimination set out in Article 9(5) of the basic Regulation. 

The  Court  recalled  that  in  the  current  context  of  expiry  review,  the  Commission  might  either  maintain 
measures that are in force or allow them to expire. The Commission could not extend the application of these 
measures to imports from India. The Court confirmed that the Commission rightly applied Article 3(6) of the 
basic Regulation, by taking into account the low volume of Chinese imports and concluding that the material 
injury  caused  to  the  EU  industry  resulted  from  their  low  prices.  The  Court  did  not  accept  the  applicant’s 
claim  of  infringement  of  the  principle  of  non-discrimination.  The  Court  recalled  that  the  basic  Regulation 
prohibits discriminatory treatment between all imports on which anti-dumping duties were imposed and not 
between imports on which anti-dumping duties were imposed and imports which were not the subject of any 
investigation. In other words, the facts of the present case did not come within the scope of Article 9(5) of 
the basic regulation. 

T-835/17 The European Steel Association (Eurofer) 

On  12  March  2020,  the  GC  dismissed  the  action  brought  by  Eurofer  against  Regulation  (EU)  2017/1795 
imposing anti-dumping duties on certain hot-rolled flat steel products from Brazil, Iran, Russia and Ukraine 
and terminating the investigation for the same products from Serbia.  

Eurofer,  the  complainant  in  the  underlying  investigation,  challenged  the  termination  vis-à-vis  Serbia.  The 
company  took  issue  with  the  Commission  having  found  Serbian  imports  to  be  negligible  under  Article 
3(4)(a) of the basic Regulation and therefore unnecessary under Article 9(2), even though they represented 
1,04% of EU market share, that is, above de minimis threshold of Article 5(7). 

The  Court  clarified  that  Article  5(7)  of  the  basic  Regulation,  which  precludes  the  initiation  of  a  case  if 
imports  from  a  country  have  a  market  share  of  1%  for  the  initiation,  may  serve  as  guidance  concerning 
negligible import volumes. However, this does not mean that, in the context of deciding whether to cumulate 
imports  from  various  countries  in  accordance  with  Article  3(4)  of  the  basic  Regulation,  imports  from  the 
country at issue representing a market share exceeding 1% cannot be regarded as negligible. In other words, 
de  minimis threshold set  in  Article  5(7)  of  the  basic Regulation  is  not  binding  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
conditions for cumulation set in Article 3(4) of the basic Regulation.  

The applicant further argued that in order to comply with Article 9(2) the Commission should have examined 
whether the dumped Serbian imports on their own contributed to material injury to the EU industry. Article 
9(2) of the basic Regulation provides that investigations are to be terminated where protective measures are 
unnecessary without specifying circumstances in which such measures are to be regarded as unnecessary.  

The General Court observed that, to satisfy Article 9(2) of the basic Regulation, given the broad wording of 
that provision, the Commission has a certain margin of discretion and can rely on the same factors forming 
the basis of our decision as under Article 3(4) of the basic Regulation.  

The  Court  clarified  that  it  was  true  that,  generally,  the  decision  on  whether  or  not  an  anti-dumping  duty 
should be imposed in a particular case should be based on a detailed analysis of, inter alia, whether dumping 
has taken place (Article 2 of the basic Regulation) and whether injury has been caused (Article 3 of the basic 
Regulation).  However,  it  follows  from  the  text  of  the  basic  Regulation  that  such  detailed  analysis  is  not 
always necessary and that it might be appropriate to terminate an investigation or proceedings, inter alia, on 
the sole basis of the margin of dumping or volumes of imports.       

Lastly, Eurofer claimed that the Commission should have disclosed the undercutting calculation for Serbia 
and not only the average prices. The General Court observed that the Commission had informed the applicant 
of the ‘essential facts and considerations’ by means of the Information document. The General Court recalled 
that the Commission does not undermine the effectiveness of someone’s rights of defence when it terminates 
an investigation as long as parties have had a chance to comment on that decision. 

36 

 
 
 
7.5 Judgements rendered by the Court of Justice (a selection)  

C-104/19 Donex (preliminary ruling)  

On 9 July 2020, the CJ issued a preliminary ruling related to the validity of regulation 91/2009 of 26 January 
2009  imposing  a  definitive  anti-dumping  duty  on  imports  of  certain  iron  or  steel  fasteners  originating  in 
China (Fasteners regulation).  

In 2011, Donex (EU importer) lodged declarations for the release into free circulation of fasteners. Donex 
mentioned Thailand as the country of origin. Following an investigation carried out by OLAF, it was found 
that those goods were originating in China  and therefore, subject to the anti-dumping duty imposed by the 
regulation at issue.  

Consequently,  invitations  to  pay  anti-dumping  duties  were  sent  to  Donex.  The  importer  challenged  those 
invitations.  In  this  context,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Netherlands  referred  two  questions  related  to  the 
validity of the regulation 91/2009 to the Court of Justice.  

The  first  question  was  about  the  validity  of  the  regulation  in  respect  of  an  EU  importer  due  to  the 
infringement of Article 2(11) of the basic Regulation in so far as the Union institutions, in determining the 
dumping margin for non-cooperating Chinese exporting producers, excluded from the comparison the export 
transactions of certain types of the product for which there was no corresponding product type produced and 
sold by the analogue country41 producer. 

The  Court  recalled  that  Article  2(11)  of  the  basic  Regulation  provides  for  two  methods  of  comparing  the 
normal value and the export price for the purpose of calculating the dumping margin. According to the case 
law of the Court, whatever the method of comparison chosen, the EU institutions are required to take into 
account all the export transactions to the EU. The Court found that in the present case, it is not apparent from 
the contested regulation or any element in the file before the Court that, the EU institutions excluded export 
transactions relating to certain types of the product concerned.  

The second question was about a possible infringement of Article 2(10) of the basic Regulation in so far as 
the Union institutions refused to take into account, when comparing the normal value of the products of an 
Indian producer with the export prices of similar Chinese products, adjustments relating to import duties on 
raw  materials  and  indirect  taxes  and  to  differences  in  production  costs.  Donex  also  claimed  that  the 
institutions did not provide cooperating Chinese exporting producers (in a timely manner) with all the data of 
the Indian producer with regard to the determination of the normal value. 

The Court found that the EU institutions made certain adjustments in order to make a fair comparison. On 
the other hand, it does not appear that the EU institutions received claims for adjustments relating to import 
duties and indirect taxes and to differences in production costs. In these circumstances, the Court of Justice 
decided that in the absence of any request for adjustments, and evidence to establish that such adjustments 
are well founded, the EU institutions cannot be criticised for failing to make such adjustments.  

With  regard  to  Donex’  claim  regarding  the  belated  transmission  of  the  dumping  determinations  data,  the 
Court  recalled  that  a  company,  which  did  not  participate  in  an  investigation  and  is  not  related  to  any 
exporting producer cannot itself claim the benefit of rights of defence.  

In  the  present case, it  is  apparent  from  the file  before  the  Court,  first,  that  neither  Donex nor  its  suppliers 
participated  in  the  investigation  procedure  and,  second,  that  Donex  does  not  appear  to  be  related  to  any 
Chinese exporting producers that participated in it. In other words, rights of defence are personal and cannot 
be relied upon by others. 

C-543/19 Jebsen and Jessen (preliminary ruling) 

41  

Pursuant to the methodology applicable at the time of the fasteners investigation, the Commission established 
the normal value in an analogue country, here India. 

37 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
On 15 October, the CJ issued a preliminary ruling related to the conditions to submit an undertaking invoice 
and to the consequence of the failure to respect these conditions.  

The request has been made in proceedings between Jebsen & Jessen (GmbH & Co.) KG and Hauptzollamt 
Hamburg  (Principal  Customs  Office,  Hamburg,  Germany).  By  Implementing  Decision  2015/87,  the 
Commission accepted undertakings offered by different Chinese exporting producers (among them Weifang) 
in connection with the anti-dumping proceeding concerning imports of citric acid from China.  

When  clearing  imports  from  Weifang,  Jebsen  &  Jessen  presented  the  invoices,  which  did  not  refer  to 
Implementing Decision 2015/87. As a result, the customs office refused to grant Jebsen & Jessen the benefit 
of the undertaking and instead imposed the general anti-dumping duty of 42,7% on the imports. Jensen & 
Jessen challenged that decision before the Finance Court of Hamburg that referred two questions to the Court 
of Justice.  

By  its  first  question,  the  referring  Court  asked  whether  Implementing  Regulation  2015/82  must  be 
interpreted  as  meaning  that  imports  of  goods  can  be  exempted  from  the  anti-dumping  duty  imposed  by 
Article 1 of that regulation when the undertaking invoice necessary for obtaining such exemption does not 
refer not to the relevant decision accepting the undertaking. 

In its reply, the Court of Justice recalled that exemptions from anti-dumping and countervailing duties may 
be made only under certain conditions, in cases specifically provided for, and thus constitute exceptions to 
the  normal  regime  for  anti-dumping  and  countervailing  duties.  Therefore,  such  exemptions  must  be 
interpreted  strictly.  The  Court  highlighted  that  the  reference  to  the  Implementing  Decision  by  which  the 
Commission  accepted  an  undertaking  is  of  particular  importance  in  the  context  of  an  implementing 
regulation permitting an exemption from the anti-dumping duty on account of such undertaking, as it permits 
the customs authorities to verify, that all the requirements regarding the exemption from anti-dumping and 
countervailing duties at issue have been satisfied. 

The Court recalled that the exemption regime laid down in Article 2(1) of Implementing Regulation 2015/82 
and  the  conditions  it  sets  out  are  intended  to:  1)  eliminate  the  injurious  effects  of  dumping  by  exempting 
from the anti-dumping duty certain exporting companies where they have undertaken to sell the product at a 
minimum  price  within  the  European  Union,  and  2)  limit  the  risk  of  circumvention  of  that  implementing 
regulation by imposing a number of obligations on those companies, so that both the importer of that product 
and the customs authorities of the Member States are able to determine that a given import is indeed related 
to  an  undertaking  of  one  of  those  companies.  Therefore,  the  purpose  of  the  exemption  regime  and  its 
conditions is not to protect the interests of a given importer, but to ensure that the interests of EU businesses 
are protected against the injurious effects of dumped imports. 

The  second  question  of  the  referring  Court  related  to  the  reimbursement  of  the  duties  once  the  proper 
invoices  are  presented.  The  Court  clarified  that  the  commercial  undertaking  invoice  were  to  be  presented 
when the goods were declared to the customs authorities and not afterwards.  

8. 

ACTIVITIES BY THIRD COUNTRIES TARGETING THE EU 

This section describes the main developments and trends in the area of third country actions in 2020 (see 
also the Annual Report, as well as annex U (A - F) below for detailed figures). 

In  2020,  the  main  users  of  the  trade  defence  instruments  against  EU  exports  were  the  US  with  38 
measures in force, China with 19, Turkey with 16, India with 15 and Brazil with 13. Besides these main 
users,  other  important  cases  in  countries  that  use  the  instruments  less  frequently  are  also  described 
below.                                          

United States 

Overall trends 

In  2020,  the  US  were the country  that launched the highest number  (8)  of  trade  defence  investigations 
affecting  EU  exports.  They  launched  6  new  AD  investigations,  four  more  than  in  2019,  and  2 

38 

 
 
 
 
 
countervailing duty investigations.   

At the end of 2020, the US had 38 measures in force affecting EU imports, i.e. 3 more than in 2019.  

Main case 

Common alloy aluminum sheet AD 

On  6  October  2020,  the  US  DoC  announced  affirmative  preliminary  determinations  concerning  18 
countries,  including  seven  EU  Member  States  (DE,  EL,  ES,  HR,  IT,  RO,  SI).  The  EU  export  value 
concerned is almost EUR 600 million. Dumping margins range from 3% to 350%.  The highest margins 
are due to the application of adverse facts available. The Commission intervened as appropriate both in 
the framework of the investigation as well as at high political level.  

China 

Overall trends 

In 2020, China's Trade defence activity continued to be rather limited. The total number of measures in 
force against the EU at the end of 2020 was 19, as compared to 17 in 2019. China did not initiate any new 
investigations in 2020. 

Turkey 

Overall trends 

At the end of 2020, Turkey had 16 measures in force that affected the EU, 12 AD and 4 safeguards (SFG) 
- 2 of which were renewed in 2020 (see below main cases). There were 4 new investigations initiated (2 
AD  –  cereals  and  oven  fabrics  and  2  SFG  –  PET  and  PVC),  which  is  a  considerable  increase  in 
comparison to 2019, when no new investigation was initiated. 

There was 1 new safeguard measure imposed by Turkey in 2020 (PET) for a duration of 5 years (1 SFG 
measure imposed in 2019). 

Main cases 

Wallpaper SFG:  

Review  of  the  original  SFG  measure  from  2015.  This  measure  was  already  extended  for  3  years  in 
August  2018,  including  a  TRQ  that  the  EU  successfully  negotiated  during  consultations.  Economic 
interest  around  €  13  million.  The  Commission  will  continue  to  intervene  in  order  avoid  a  second 
extension of the measures. 

India  

Overall trends  

The  total  number  of  trade  defence  measures  in  force  in  2020  has  decreased  as  compared  to  2019  (15 
against 18), even though India remains the third main user of the instruments against the EU, after the US 
and China.  

India has not initiated any safeguard (SFG) investigations last year (3 new investigations in 2019). India 
has launched 4 new AD investigations in 2020 (7 in 2019) against the EU and remains a country, which 
has one of the highest number of new initiations amongst all third countries. The 4 new cases concern 
imports of caprolactam, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), newsprint and toluene di-isocyanate. 

With regard to actions taken, India imposed provisional AD duties in 1 case (toluene di-isocyanate) and 
temporarily suspended definitive AD duties imposed in 2019 (high-speed steel from Germany).  

Main cases 

Newsprint  

The AD investigation was initiated in January 2020, targeting imports originating in or exported from 7 
countries, among which the EU (EU economic interest of around €60 million). The product concerned is 
newsprint, in rolls or sheets, excluding glazed newsprint. The Commission intervened as appropriate. The 
Indian  authorities  recommended  the  imposition  of  an  AD  duty  for  five  years;  however,  at  the  time  of 

39 

 
 
 
 
 
 
writing this report, definitive measures have not yet been introduced.   

Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) 

This  AD  investigation  was  initiated  in  May  2020.   The  product  concerned  is  acrylonitrile  butadiene 
rubber  (NBR),  excluding  latex  NBR,  powder  NBR  and  carboxylated  NBR.  The  Commission  has  filed 
written comments and is following the case closely in  order to intervene further if necessary (economic 
interest € 2,3 million). 

Ukraine  

Overall trends 

At  the  end  of  2020,  Ukraine  had  4  measures  in  force  (1  AD  –  rubber  plugs  and  3  SFG  –  polymeric 
materials, polyurethane foam and sulphuric acid).  

There  was  a  considerable  increase  in the  number  of  ongoing  investigations  by  Ukraine,  especially  two 
new safeguard investigations in 2020 (fresh cut roses and cables). Furthermore, the SFG investigations on 
syringes  and  caustic  soda  were  terminated  without  measures.  The  Commission  intervened  in  all  these 
investigations.  Moreover,  the  Commission  intervened  on  several  occasions  at  political  level  with  the 
Ukrainian authorities in order to make them reconsider their extensive use of the SFG instrument. 

There was 1 new safeguard measure imposed in Ukraine in 2020 (polymeric materials) for a duration of 3 
years and 2 safeguard investigations were terminated (certain nitrogen fertilisers and complex fertilisers).  

Main cases 

Certain nitrogen fertilizers and Complex fertilizers SFG:  

Ukraine  terminated  the  safeguard  investigations  on  imports  of  certain  nitrogen  fertilizers  and  complex 
fertilizers on 30 June 2020. It concerned two parallel investigations into nitrogen fertilizers and mineral 
fertilizers containing N, P and K. (Please see also under ‘successful interventions’ below).  

Fresh cut roses SFG:  

Initiated in July 2020, 95% of EU exports come from the Netherlands. The Commission made a written 
submission and held several rounds of consultations in order to avoid the very high duty of 139,7% or at 
least to reduce it. At the time of writing this report, the Ukrainian authorities have decided to continue the 
investigation. Economic interest € 3 million.  

Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 

Overall trends 

The EAEU did not initiate any new investigations against the EU nor did it impose any new measures. 
Moreover, one measure in force lapsed in 2020 (certain hot rolled steel products, SFG). There currently is 
one EAEU measure in force (herbicides, AD). 

Canada 

Overall trends 

In  2020,  Canada  has  increased  the  number  of  measures  imposed  against  the  EU.  At  the  end  of  2020, 
Canada  had  10  measures  in  force  against  the  EU,  2  more  than  2019.  In  terms  of  new  investigations, 
Canada  initiated  3  AD  investigations  (hot-rolled  carbon  steel  heavy  plate  from  Germany,  concrete 
reinforcing bar from Italy and wheat gluten from Germany, France, Belgium, Austria and Lithuania). In 
two  cases,  Canada  imposed  provisional  measures.  Canada  also  initiated  a  combined  AD/AS  review 
investigation  

Main cases 

AD (DE, NL, UK, BE) and AS (all EU) review investigation on refined sugar  

On 2 October 2020, Canada initiated a combined AD and AS review investigation to determine whether 
to  extend  or  terminate  the  existing  AS  and  AD  measures  on  imports  of  refined  sugar  from  the  EU. 
Measures  are  in  place  since  1995.  EU  exports  since  the  imposition  of  measures  were  very  low  and  in 
2019 amounted to € 3 million.  

40 

 
 
 
 
 
 
The Commission has cooperated in the investigations. Regarding the AS investigation, the Commission 
has submitted evidence showing that there have been significant changes in the EU sugar market in the 
recent past, in particular, the sugar regime ended in 2017.  

AD investigation regarding imports of wheat gluten from FR, BE, DE, LT, AT 

The investigation was initiated in August 2020, with a value of exports: € 11,5 million.   

The  Canadian  industry  links  the  increase  of  imports  to  the  provisional  entry  into  force  of  the  CETA 
agreement  on  21  September  2017,  which  is  an  element  not  linked  to  dumping.  Canada  is  also  looking 
whether there is a particular market situation in the EU market of wheat gluten. The Commission made a 
submission  at  initiation  of  the  investigation  and  provided  additional  information  to  Canada  in  a 
questionnaire. On 23 December, Canada imposed provisional AD duties and had not found a particular 
market situation so far. 

Morocco 

Morocco  showed  a  more  cautious  activity  in  2020  if  compared  with  the  intense  TDI  activity  in  2019, 
nevertheless a total of 7 measures are still in force against EU exports.  

During  2020,  Morocco  initiated  2  new  SFG  investigations  (hot-rolled  steel  sheets  and  tubes  &  pipes), 
imposed  1  new  SFG  measure  (wooden  panels),  reviewed  3  SFG  measures  in  force  (cold-rolled  steel 
sheets, bars and wire rods, and paper reels) and  initiated an expiry review on one AD measure (insulin 
from Denmark),  

The  SFG  investigation  on  steel  tubes  and  pipes,  initiated  in  October  2019  was  finalised  in  September 
2020  with the imposition of definitive measures of 25% for 3 years (with a 1% reduction each year).  

The insulin AD review targeting imports from Denmark, initiated also in October 2019, resulted in the 
application,  starting  from  October  2020,  of  an  AD  duty  of  26,09%  for  5  years.  Nevertheless,  an 
agreement  was  reached  between  the  Ministry  and  the  company to  restore  the  level  of  the  duty  at  the 
previous price undertaking.  

The SFG measure on paper reels and reams expired at the end of December 2020.  

South Africa (SA) 

Overall trends 

There are currently 8 measures in force - 3 AD (frozen chicken, potato chips and ropes and cables) and 5 
SFG (bolts, certain flat rolled iron, frozen chicken BSG, screws and threaded fasteners). 

2 new SFG investigations were initiated in 2020 (structural steel and bolts), as opposed to 1 investigation 
initiated in 2019. Moreover, South  Africa imposed 2 new SFG  measures (on the aforementioned bolts, 
and on threaded fasteners), as opposed to 1 SFG measure imposed in 2019.  

Main cases 

Structural Steel SFG:  

The  investigation  was  initiated  in  June  2020  and  the  Commission  intervened  through  submissions  and 
comments. The investigative authority recommended terminating this investigation in January 2021. This 
recommendation is still subject to comments by the interested parties. Economic interest € 9 million.  

Frozen Chicken (AD & SFG):  

The  expiry  review,  initiated  in  March  2020,  was  requested  by  the  South  African  Poultry  Association 
(SAPA) representing the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) industry. Member States  concerned 
are  the  Netherlands  and  Germany.  In  April  2020  the  Commission  submitted  comments  on  initiation, 
heavily contesting the circumstances of the review, but also of the original investigation.  

In  parallel,  the  bilateral  dispute  settlement  proceeding  on  frozen  chicken  is  still  ongoing.  Bilateral 
safeguard  measures  were  originally  imposed  in  2018  for  duration  of  3,5  years,  with  a  decreasing  ad 
valorem  duty  (from  35%  to  15%).  Following  several  attempts  to  find  an  amicable  solution,  dispute 
settlement was requested by the EU, which has been advancing very slowly due to unresponsiveness of 

41 

 
 
 
 
 
 
the SA side. The EU economic interest is valued at € 100 million. 

Other important cases 

AD cases on EU exports of frozen fries 

In 2020, there were 4 on-going investigations against exports of frozen fries from different EU countries. 
These investigations are conducted by Colombia, New Zealand, South Africa and Brazil. The combined 
value of EU exports to these countries was close to € 150 million. Colombia and South Africa conducted 
expiry reviews of their measures imposed in 2018 and 2016 respectively. New Zealand initiated a new 
AD  investigation  and  Brazil  reviewed  the  product  scope  of  the  measures  imposed  in  2017.  The 
Commission  intervened  strongly  in  all  the  above  cases  in  close  cooperation  with  the  EU  industry  and 
Member States affected. The scope review by Brazil was terminated without the extension of measures to 
other frozen fried potato products, which is to the benefit of EU exporters who can continue to export. 
Finally,  the  dispute  settlement  proceeding  brought  by  the  EU  to  the  WTO  against  Colombia  is  still 
ongoing.  The  EU  requested  the  establishment  of  a  panel  in  2020  and  will  soon  make  the  first  written 
submission in the case proceedings.  

Commission’s successful interventions 

Examples of successful Commission interventions are listed below. 

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) initiated an AD investigation on ceramic tiles against Spain as well 
as  China  and  India  in  November  2018.  The  Commission,  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Spanish 
authorities and the Spanish Ceramic Tile Manufacturers’ Association (ASCER) submitted comments in 
the framework of this investigation in December 2018, March 2019, July 2019 and October 2019, when a 
public  hearing  took  place.  In  October  2019,  the  GCC  Technical  Secretariat  issued  the  Essential  facts’ 
report  concluding  that  the  domestic  industry  was  not  suffering  any  injury  caused  by  Spanish  imports. 
Consequently,  Spanish  imports  were  excluded from the  scope of  the investigation  (economic  interest  € 
200 million).  

Moreover,  the  Commission  successfully  intervened  in  2  SFG  investigations  also  targeting  the  ceramic 
tiles  producers.  These  investigations  were  conducted  by  the  Philippines  and  Malaysia.  Both  countries 
terminated their SFG investigations without the imposition of measures. The Commission intervened in 
both cases  in  close  cooperation  with  the  EU industry  and  Member  States  concerned,  arguing  inter alia 
that there was no increase of imports during the IP, which is one of the conditions for the imposition of a 
SFG measure, or that the imported product concerned was not comparable to the locally produced one.  

The Commission persuasively intervened in the 2 parallel SFG investigations conducted by Ukraine on 
imports of complex fertilisers and certain nitrogen fertilisers. These actions led to the termination of both 
investigations by the Ukrainian authorities without imposition of any SFG measure allowing for a market 
of €190 million total export value not to be closed. 

The Commission, together with the industry and Member States, also successfully intervened to obtain a 
lower level of SFG duty on exports of polymeric materials to Ukraine (from initially 18% to 12,5%) after 
consultations held with the Ukrainian authorities. Economic interest is €66 million.  

The  Commission  successfully  intervened  in  the  two  safeguard  investigations  conducted  by  Ukraine  on 
imports of caustic soda and syringes. The Commission has repeatedly insisted that measures would not be 
compatible  with  WTO  rules.  In  both  investigations,  Ukrainian  authorities  decided  to  terminate  the 
investigations without imposing any measures.  

9. 

ACTIVITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WTO 

Dispute settlement in the field of trade defence  

The  WTO  provides  for  a  rigorous  procedure  for  the  settlement  of  disputes  between  WTO  Members 
concerning the application of the WTO agreements. The procedure is divided into two main stages.  

42 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The first stage, at the level of the WTO Members concerned, consists of a bilateral consultation. Upon failure 
of  the  consultation  to  settle  the  dispute,  the  second  stage  can  be  opened  by  requesting  the  WTO  Dispute 
Settlement Body to establish a panel.  

WTO  Members,  other  than  the  complaining  and  defending  party,  with  an  interest  in  a  given  case,  can 
intervene as 'third parties' before the panel.  

The panel issues a report, which can be appealed before the WTO Appellate Body (AB) (each appeal being 
heard by three members of a permanent seven-member body set up by the Dispute Settlement Understanding 
(DSU)).  

Both the panel report and the report by the AB are adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) unless the 
latter  rejects  the  report  by  unanimity.  The  findings  of  a  panel  or  Appellate  Body  report  have  to  be 
implemented  by  the  WTO  Member  whose  measures  have  been  found  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  relevant 
WTO Agreements.  

If the complaining WTO Member is not satisfied with the way the reports are implemented, it can ask for the 
establishment of a so-called 'implementation panel'. Here too, an appeal against the findings of the panel is 
possible.  

It should be noted that the anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguards measures are among the most common 
subject matters in WTO dispute settlement.     

The EU has been participating actively in WTO dispute settlement proceedings as a third party in relation to 
TDI.  

It has to be noted, with regard to the above process that, since 11 December 2019, due to the blockage of 
new appointments to the AB, the WTO is no longer able to deliver binding resolutions of trade disputes and 
guarantee the right to appellate review.  

The EU has been engaged in efforts to resolve this situation. Pending such a resolution, the EU, together with 
other  WTO  Members,  has  prepared  a  contingency  measure  to  apply  as  long  as  the  appointments  remain 
blocked – known as the Multiparty Interim Appeals Arbitration (MPIA). The MPIA allows its participants to 
bring  appeals  and  solve  disputes  despite  the  current  paralysis  of  the  AB.  It  provides  a  functioning  and 
independent two-tier dispute settlement system in disputes between them. It mirrors the usual WTO appeal 
rules  and  can  be  used  between  any  members  of  the  WTO  willing  to  join,  as  long  as  the  AB  is  not  fully 
functional.   

The  MPIA  shows  that  participating  WTO  members  are  willing  to  take  concrete  action  to  preserve  an 
independent dispute settlement system with an appeal function. It will apply until the AB is once again able 
to  function.  The  EU’s  priority  remains  resolving  the  current  AB  impasse.  The  world  needs  a  properly 
functioning, multilateral, rules-based global trading system, with a functioning dispute settlement system at 
its core.  

Regarding the current dispute settlement cases against the EU, the main developments in 2020 occurred in 
the following cases: 

DS494: European Union  – Cost Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on 
Imports from Russia  

On 24 July 2020, the panel circulated to all WTO Members its final report in DS494 European Union – Cost 
Adjustment Methodologies and Certain Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports from Russia.  

The  panel rejected  Russia’s  claim  that  the  specific  provisions of the  basic  AD Regulation  are inconsistent 
with WTO law.  

Specifically, the Panel disagreed with Russia's reading that Article 2(3) requires only “representative” prices 
be used in the construction of normal value of the like product. 

43 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The  Panel  also  disagreed  with  Russia  that  the  second  subparagraph  of  Article  2(3)  of  the  Basic  AD 
Regulation  introduces  an  additional  circumstance,  not  provided  for  by  Article  2.2  of  the  Anti-Dumping 
Agreement, allowing authorities to use alternative methods in the determination of the normal value (namely 
that “a particular market situation for the product concerned” exists “when prices are artificially low”).  

Finally, the Panel considered that although the second subparagraph of Article 2(5) does not require adapting 
out country information to arrive at the cost of production in the country of origin, this was not sufficient to 
render the challenged provision inconsistent “as such” with Article 2.2. 

However, the panel upheld Russia’s claim that the EU would have a Cost Adjustment Methodology, which is 
inconsistent with Article 2.2 of the Anti‑Dumping Agreement. 

The panel disagreed with the EU practice of cost adjustment in general and with its application in particular 
in the third expiry review of the welded tubes and pipes anti-dumping measures.  

The panel also disagreed with a few procedural aspects of the third expiry review on the ammonium nitrate 
anti-dumping  measures, in particular the initiation of the review, the access to the initiation request by the 
Union industry, and instances of access to file and confidential treatment. The panel upheld the EU defence 
in the majority of the other claims as regards the ammonium nitrate measures, notably product scope matters, 
the  likelihood  of  recurrence  of  injury  and  dumping  determinations  confidential  treatment,  use  of  facts 
available, definitive disclosure, statement of reasons and others.  

Both parties appealed the report. 

DS521: European Union — Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Cold-Rolled Flat Steel Products from 
Russia 

On  27 January  2017,  the Russian  Federation  requested  consultations  with  the European  Union  concerning 
anti-dumping measures imposed by the European Union on imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products 
from the Russian Federation. In its request, Russia challenges several aspects of the investigation such as the 
injury  determination,  recourse  to  facts  available  dumping  findings,  retroactive  collection  of  the  duties  and 
various procedural aspects. Consultations with Russia took place on 8 June 2017. Almost two years later, on 
13 March 2019, the Russian Federation requested the establishment of a panel. The panel was established on 
16 March 2020. Written procedure took place during the summer 2020 whereas the first substantive meeting 
planned for the autumn was postponed due to COVID-19 related travel restrictions.     

10. 

AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF AUDITORS 

In  July  2020,  the  European  Court  of  Auditors  (ECA)  published  its  report  of  an  audit  of  the  EU’s  Trade 
defence  policy.  The  report  concluded  that  the  Commission  successfully  enforces  the  EU’s  trade  defence 
policy. The audit, which started in 2018, examined whether the Commission successfully enforced the EU’s 
trade defence policy.  

The ECA examination included an examination of whether the Commission followed procedures properly, 
whether the analyses performed justified the decisions taken, the monitoring of measures in place as well as 
the Commission’s involvement in the World Trade Organization forum and in third countries’ trade defence 
investigations.  

The  audit  covered  the  Commission’s  actions  between  2016  and  2019,  and  the  evidence  came  from  a 
documentary  review  (including  a  sample  of  10  investigations),  as  well  as  interviews  with  relevant 
Commission staff, Member State authorities, and stakeholders.  

In  July  2020,  the  ECA  published  its  final  report  where  it  concluded  that  the  Commission  successfully 
enforces the EU’s trade defence policy.  

In  summary,  the  ECA  found  that  trade  defence  investigations  led  to  timely  measures  being  imposed  to 
protect a number of European industries from unfair trade behaviour by third countries. The ECA also found 
that  the  Commission  followed  procedures  properly  during  its  trade  defence  investigations  and  treated  all 
parties  equally.  It  also  found  that  the  analyses  underlying  the  Commission’s  decisions  were  sound  and 
comprehensive. 

The ECA proposed six recommendation on certain aspects of the trade defence investigation.  

44 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(i) 

(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv) 

(v) 

(vi) 

better document how review of confidentiality issues was carried-out; 

 to seek  additional  communication channels  with stakeholders to raise  awareness  of trade  defence 
instruments;  

to provide further guidance to in questionnaires to interested parties, as well as to investigators on 
how to analyse relevant competition issues raised by parties;   

 to stipulate criteria for identifying trade defence measures with the highest risk of circumvention, as 
well as to carry regular evaluations to estimate the overall effectiveness of trade defence measures;  

to  use  its  powers  of  initiating  ex-officio  investigations  more  fully,  including  by  specifying  the 
criteria  to  initiate  an  investigation  for  new  products  ex-officio  and  by  acting  swiftly  where 
conditions are met for an ex-officio initiation and  

to  prioritise  its  response  to  third-country  measures  more  effectively,  in  particularly  by  defining 
specific criteria for its response. 

The  Commission  accepted  all  the  recommendations,  except  for  recommendation  (v)  relating  to  ex-officio 
investigations  which the  Commission  accepts  only  partially. This  is  because the  Commission considers its 
current practice with respect to ex-officio investigation to be fully in line with the applicable legislation. The 
Commission therefore intends to continue its current practice.  

The Commission is already taking steps to implement the recommendations within the timeframe proposed 
by  the  ECA,  i.e.  end  of  2021  for  all  recommendations  expect  that  concerning  regular  evaluation  of  the 
effectiveness of trade defence instruments, for which the implementation period was set to end 2023. 

11. 

EXPORT AUTHORISATION SCHEME FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 

Due  to  the  outbreak  of  the  COVID-19  pandemic,  the  demand  for  personal  protective  equipment  (PPE) 
increased significantly in the first months of 2020.  

To ensure an adequate supply of PPE within the EU, a temporary export authorisation scheme for PPE was 
introduced by an urgency procedure on 15 March 2020, pursuant to Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2015/47942.  

Under  this  scheme,  export  authorisations  had  to  be  requested  for  exports  to  third  countries  of  protective 
spectacles and visors, face shields, mouth-nose-protection equipment, protective garments, and gloves during 
a period of six weeks. 

Supplies to the EFTA states were excluded as well as the EU’s overseas countries and territories, and some 
small states in Europe with a particular dependency on the metropolitan supply chains of the Member States 
to  which  they  are  attached  or  on  the  supply  chains  of  neighbouring  Member  States.  Under  specific 
conditions, supplies for humanitarian aid could be authorised.  

Public health needs of PPE on the Union market remained high. With Regulation (EU) 2020/568, a revised 
scheme entered into force on 26 April 2020. This Regulation was valid until 25 May 2020. 

The revised scheme reduced the list of products that required export authorisation to masks, spectacles and 
protective garments, further extended the geographical exception to partners with closely integrated supply 
chains with the EU and required Member States to swiftly grant authorisations for exports for humanitarian 
purposes. 

 It  also  required  Member  States  to  report  to  the  European  Commission  on  the  authorisations  granted  and 
rejected, to make sure the exports can reach places where they are most needed and to increase the level of 
transparency of the measures.  

In the period of 26 April to 25 May 2020, export authorisations were granted to over 15 million pieces of 
PPE and were rejected on 4,35 million pieces. 

42  

Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2020/402 making the exportation of certain products subject to the 
production  of  an  export  authorisation,  OJ  L  771,  15.3.2020,  p.1,  as  amended  by  Commission  implementing 
regulation (EU) 2020/426, OJ L 84 I, 20.3.2020, p.1.  

45 

 
 
 
 
                                                           
46 

 
 
 
 
ANNEX 

ANNEX A 

LIST OF ANNEXES 

SUMMARY 

New investigations, including re-openings, initiated during the period 1 January 
– 31 December 2020 

ANNEX B 

New investigations initiated  

ANNEX C 

ANNEX D 

ANNEX E 

ANNEX F 

ANNEX G 

Imposition of provisional duties in the course of new investigations during the 
period 1 January – 31 December 2020 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties during the 
period 1 January – 31 December 2020 

New investigations terminated without imposition of measures during the 
period 1 January – 31 December 2020 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January – 31 
December 2020 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January – 31 
December 2020 

ANNEX H 

Other reviews concluded during the period 1 January – 31 December 2020 

ANNEX I 

ANNEX J 

ANNEX K 

ANNEX L 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded during the period 1 January – 31 
December 2020 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 
January – 31 December 2020 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 
January – 31 December 2020 

Safeguard investigations initiated or concluded during the period 1 January – 
31 December 2020 

ANNEX M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed during the period 1 January – 31 December 
2020 

ANNEX N 

Measures which expired during the period 1 January – 31 December 2020 

ANNEX O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2020 

ANNEX P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2020 

ANNEX Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2020 

ANNEX R 

Anti-dumping & anti-subsidy investigations pending on 31 December 2020 
(including cases were provisional measures were imposed) 

ANNEX S 

Court cases 

ANNEX T 

Safeguard measures in force on 31 December 2020 

ANNEX U 

Third countries’ measures targeting the EU 

47 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  A 

New investigations initiated 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Aluminium extrusions 

Product 

Country of 
origin 
People’s Republic 
of China 

Hot rolled flat products (HRFS) 

Turkey 

Aluminium flat-rolled products 

Optical fibre cables (OFC) 

Stainless Steel Cold-Rolled products (SSCR) 

Birch Plywood 

Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) 

Steel wind towers 

Aluminium converter foil 

Iron or steel fasteners 

People’s Republic 
of China 

People’s Republic 
of China 

India 
Indonesia 

Russian 
Federation 

Saudi Arabia 
United States of 
America 
People’s Republic 
of China 

People’s Republic 
of China 

People’s Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

14.02.2020 
OJ C 51, p. 26 
[AD664] 
14.05.2020 
OJ C166, p. 9 
[AD665] 
14.08.2020 
OJ C 268, p.5 
[AD668] 
24.09.2020 
OJ C 316/10, p.10 
[AD669] 
30.09.2020 
OJ C 322, p.17  
[AD670] 
14.10.2020 
OJ C 342, p.2  
[AD672] 
14.10.2020 
OJ C 342, p.12  
[AD671] 
21.10.2020 
OJ C 351, p.8   
[AD674] 
22.10.2020 
OJ C 352 I, p.1  
[AD673] 
C 442; 
21.12.2020, p.6 
(AD676) 

  B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Hot rolled flat steel (HRFS) 

Product 

Aluminium converter foil 

Optical fibre cables 

Country of 
origin 

Turkey 

People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

OJ Reference 

12.06.2020 
OJ C 197, p. 4 
[AS667] 
04.12.2020 
OJ C 419, p.33  
[AS675] 
C 442; 
21.12.2020, p.18 
(AS677) 

48 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     A) New investigations initiated by product sector during the period 2016 - 2020  

ANNEX  B 

Product sector 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

Chemical and allied 

Wood and paper 

Electronics 

Iron and Steel 

Other metals 

Other 

Total 

1 

1 

13 

5 

4 

1 

1 

1 

7 

7 

2 

1 

2 

6 

4 

7 

4 

15 

11 

10 

16 

15 

Of which 

anti-dumping 

anti-subsidy 

14 

1 

9 

2 

8 

2 

11 

5 

12 

3 

49 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B) New investigations initiated by country of export during the period 2016 - 2020 
(31 December) 

Country of origin 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

Argentina 

Bahrain 

Belarus 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Brazil 

Egypt 

India 

Indonesia 

Iran 

Malaysia 

North Macedonia 

People’s Republic of China 

Republic of Korea 

Russian Federation 

Saudi Arabia 

Serbia 

Taiwan 

Trinidad,Tob 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

United States of America 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

6 

2 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

1 

1 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

4 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

7 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

8 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

1 

15 

11 

10 

16 

15 

50 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  C 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of provisional duties 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products 
(SSHR) 

Thermal paper (certain heavyweight) 

Country of 
origin 

Indonesia 
People’s Republic 
of China 
Taiwan 
Republic of Korea 

Aluminium extrusions 

People’s Republic 
of China 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

2020/508 

08.04.2020 

[AD658] 

27.05.2020 
OJ L 164, p. 28 
[AD659] 

13.10.2020 
OJ L 336, p.8 
[AD664] 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/705 
26.05.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1428  
12.10.2020 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Glass fibre reinforcements (glass fibres 
products) (GFR) 

Egypt 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/379 
05.03.2020 

06.03.2020 
OJ L69, p. 14 
[AS657] 

51 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  D 

New investigations concluded by the imposition of definitive duties 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Steel road wheels 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Polyvinyl alcohol (certain) (PVA) 

Stainless steel hot-rolled flat products 
(SSHR) 

Country of 
origin 
People’s Republic 
of China 

Egypt 
People’s Republic 
of China 

People’s Republic 
of China 

Indonesia 
People’s Republic 
of China 
Taiwan 

Thermal paper (certain heavyweight) 

Republic of Korea 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/353 
03.03.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/492  
01.04.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1336  
25.09.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1408  
06.10.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1524 
19.10.2020 

04.03.2020 
OJ L65, p.9 
[AD652] 

06.04.2020 
L 108/1  
[AD653] 

29.09.2020 
OJ L 315, p.1  
[AD654] 

07.10.2020 
OJ L 325, p.26 
[AD658] 

20.10.2020 
OJ L 346, p.19  
[AD659] 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Glass fibre fabrics (certain woven 
and/or stitched) 

Glass fibre reinforcements (glass fibres 
products) (GFR) 

Country of 
origin 

Egypt 
People’s Republic 
of China 
Egypt 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

15.06.2020 
L 189/1  
[AS656] 
25.06.2020 
OJ L 201, p. 10 
[AS657] 

2020/776  
12.06.2020 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/870 of 24 
June 2020 
24.06.2020 

52 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  E 

New investigations terminated without the imposition of measures 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Decision NO 

Continuous filament glass fibre 
products 

Bahrain 

Continuous filament glass fibre 
products 

Egypt 

Pins and staples 

China 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/727 Of 29 May 
2020  
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/727 Of 29 May 
2020  

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/1202 Of 14 
August 2020 

OJ 
Reference 

L 170; 
02.06.2020, 
p.17 

L 170; 
02.06.2020, 
p.17 

L 269; 
17.08.2020, 
p.40 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Hot rolled stainless steel sheets and 
coils 

Country of 
origin 

China 

Hot rolled stainless steel sheets and 
coils 

Indonesia 

OJ 
Reference 

L 372; 
09.11.2020, 
p.50 

L 372; 
09.11.2020, 
p.50 

Decision NO 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/1653 of 6 
November 2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/1653 of 6 
November 2020 

53 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  F 

Expiry reviews initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

Citric acid 

Product 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Welded pipes and tubes (WPT) 

Initiated 

Country of origin 
People’s Republic of China 

People’s Republic of China 
Indonesia (ext) 

Belarus 
People’s Republic of China 
Russian Federation 

Trout (Rainbow) 

Turkey 

PSC wires and strands 

People’s Republic of China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Wire rods 

People’s Republic of China 
Taiwan 

United States of America 

United States of America 

People’s Republic of China 

Tube and pipe fittings of iron or steel 

People’s Republic of China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon 
electrical steel (GOES) 

Acesulfame Potassium (ACE-K) 

Japan 
People’s Republic of China 
Republic of Korea 
Russian Federation 
United States of America 
People’s Republic of China 

Aluminium foil 

People’s Republic of China 

OJ Reference 

20.01.2020 
OJ C 18, p. 3 
[R717] 

21.01.2020 
21/01/2020 
[R712] 

24.01.2020 
24/01/2020 
[R713] 

27.02.2020 
OJ C64, p. 22 
[R720] 

04.06.2020 
OJ C 185, p. 5 
[R721] 

25.08.2020 
 OJ C 280, p.6 
[R722] 

14.09.2020 
OJ C 303, p. 18 
[R723] 

14.09.2020 
OJ C 303, p.7 
[R724] 

14.10.2020 
OJ C 342, p.23  
[R725] 

27.10.2020 
OJ C 361, p.6 
[R726] 

30.10.2020 
OJ C 366, p.25 
[R728] 

30.10.2020 
OJ C 366, p.13 
[R727] 

C 436; 
17.12.2020, p.10 
(R730) 

54 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concluded: confirmation of duty 

Product 

Peroxosulphates (persulphates) 

Ferro-silicon 

Solar glass 

Solar glass 

Country of 
origin 
People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 
Russian 
Federation 
People's Republic 
of China 

People's Republic 
of China 

Citrus fruits (namely mandarins, 
etc.) 

People's Republic 
of China 

Ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 2020/39 
16.01.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 2020/909  
30.06.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1080 
22.07.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1081 
22.07.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1534 
21.10.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/2100 of 15.12.2020 

OJ 
Reference 

17.01.2020 
OJ L 13, p. 18 
[R697] 

01.07.2020 
OJ L 208, p. 2 
[R698] 

23.07.2020 
OJ L 238, p. 1 
[R701] 

23.07.2020 
OJ L 238, p. 
43 
[R702] 

22.10.2020 
OJ L 351, p.2 
[R709] 

L 425; 
16.12.2020, 
p.21 (R706) 

Concluded: termination and repeal of the measures 

Product 

None 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

55 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  G 

Interim reviews initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Graphite electrode systems (certain)(GES) – AD and AS 

India 

Product 

Concluded: amendment of duty 
Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

Trout (Rainbow) 

Turkey 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 

Glass fibre fabrics 

China 
Egypt 

Steel road wheels 

China 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/658  
15.05.2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/738 of 2 
June 2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/776 of 12 
June 2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1165 of 6 
August 2020 

OJ Reference 

02.03.2020 
OJ C 67, p. 11 
[R718] 

OJ Reference 

18.05.2020 
L 155/3 
[R703] 

04.06.2020 L 
175/1 

15.06.2020 L 
189/1 

07.08.2020 L 
258/9 

Concluded by termination without amendment of duty 
Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

Product 

OJ Reference 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

India 

Graphite electrode systems – AD and 
AS 

India 

L 61; 02.03.2020, 
p.6 

L 363; 03.11.2020, 
p.1 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/290 of 28 
February 2020 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/1605 of 30 
October 2020 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 
Regulation / 
Country of 
Decision NO 
origin 

Product 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

56 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  H 

Other reviews initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

None 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

- 

OJ 
Reference 
- 

Concluded: confirmation/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

Fasteners of iron or steel 

People's Republic of China  

2020/611 

Malaysia 

Bicycles 

Sri Lanka 

Malleable tube fittings 

People's Republic of China 

OJ 
Reference 
05.05.20
20 L 
141/1 

30.04.2020 

2020/1140 

30.07.2020 

2020/1210  
19.08.2020 

31.07.20
20 L 
248/5 

21.08.20
20 
L 274/20 

Concluded: termination and repeal of measures 

Product 

None 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

- 

- 

- 

57 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  I 

New exporter reviews initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

A. Anti-dumping investigations 

Product 

Biodiesel 

Initiated 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Canada 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/2098 of 15 
December 2020  

L 425; 
16.12.2020, 
p.13  

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Concluded: termination 

Product 

Bicycles 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

China 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/966 of 1 
July 2020  

L213; 
06.07.2020, 
p.1 

58 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B. Anti-subsidy investigations ("accelerated" investigations) 

Product 

Biodiesel 

Initiated 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Canada 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/2098 of 15 
December 2020  

L 425; 
16.12.2020, 
p.13  

Concluded: imposition/amendment of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Product 

Concluded: termination 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

59 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  J 

Anti-absorption investigations initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

Initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ 
Reference 

- 

- 

Concluded with increase of duty 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

- 

- 

- 

None 

None 

OJ 
Reference 

L230; 
17.07.2020, 
p.24 

Concluded without increase of duty / termination 
Regulation / 
Decision No 

Country of 
origin 

Product 

Cast iron articles 

China 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2020/1051 of 16 
July 2020  

60 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  K 

Anti-circumvention investigations initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 

Product 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Initiated 
Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 
People's Republic 
of China 

Aluminium foil in rolls 

Thailand 

Aluminium foil 

Thailand 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/230 of 
19.02.2020  

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/2161 of 
18.12.2020 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/2162 of 
18.12.2020 

L 47,  
20.02.2020 
p. 9 (R719) 

L 431; 
21.12.2020, 
p.42 (R733) 

L 431; 
21.12.2020, 
p.48 (R732) 

Concluded with extension of duty 

Product 

Corrosion resistant steels 

Tungsten electrodes 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

People’s Republic 
of China 

Lao People's 
Democratic 
Republic (ext) 
Thailand (ext) 

People's Republic 
of China 

Regulation NO 

OJ 
Reference 

2020.1156 

05.08.2020 

04.08.2020 
2020/1249  
02.09.2020 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1427 
12.10.2020 

L 255/36 
04.09.2020 
L 290/1  
[R710] 

13.10.2020 
OJ L 336, p.1  
[R719] 

Concluded without extension of duty / termination 

Product 

Country of 
origin  
(consigned 
from) 

Tungsten electrodes 

India 

Regulation NO 

OJ 
Reference 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION (EU) 
2020/1249 of 2 
September 202 

L 290; 
04.09.2020, 
p.1 

61 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  L 

Safeguard investigations initiated or concluded 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

New investigations initiated 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

OJ 
Reference 

None 

Review investigations initiated / concluded 

Steel products 

Product 

Country of 
origin 
Erga Omnes 

Steel products 

Erga Omnes 

OJ 
Reference 

C 51; 
14.02.2020, 
p.21 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, 
p.36 

New investigations terminated without imposition of measures 

Product 

None 

Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ 
Reference 

Safeguard investigations concluded with measures 
Regulation / 
Decision NO 

Country of 
origin 

Product 

None 

- 

- 

OJ 
Reference 

- 

Safeguard measures which expired 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Date of 
expiry 

None 

62 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  M 

Undertakings accepted or repealed 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Undertakings accepted 
Country of 
origin 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Product 

Undertakings withdrawn or repealed 
Country of 
origin 

Regulation NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

Undertakings which expired/lapsed 

Product 

Country of 
origin 

Original 
measure(s) & 
OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

63 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  N 

Measures which expired / lapsed 
during the period 1 January - 31 December 2020 
(chronological by date of publication) 

A. Anti-dumping investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Seamless pipes and tubes of 
iron or steel 

Country of 
origin 

Original measure  
& OJ Reference 

People’s 
Republic of 
China 

Commission Implementing 
Regulation (EU) 2015/2272 of 7 
December 2015  

OJ Reference 

NoE C 424; 
08.12.2020, p.32 

Aluminium foil 

Russia 

Commission Implementing 
Regulation (EU) 2015/2385 of 17 
December 2015  

NoE C 436; 
17.12.2020, p.22 

B. Anti-subsidy investigations (chronological by date of publication) 

Product 

Country of origin 

Original 
measure  
& OJ Reference 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

64 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  O 

Definitive anti-dumping measures in force on 31 December 2020 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Cases 

Country 

Extension  Regulation 

Acesulfame potassium 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

P.R. China 

Aluminium radiators 
Aluminium road wheels 

Ammonium nitrate 

Aspartame 

Barium carbonate 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Russia 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles 

Bicycles (parts) 

Biodiesel 
Biodiesel 

Cast iron articles 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Indonesia 

P.R. China 

Malaysia 

P.R. China 

Sri Lanka 

P.R. China 

Tunisia 

P.R. China 

Cambodia 

P.R. China 

Pakistan 

P.R. China 

Philippines 

China 
(bicycle 
parts) 

Canada 

P.R. China 

USA 
USA 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tableware and kitchenware 

P.R. China 

65 

L 125, 21.05.2015, p. 15 
L 287, 31.10.2015, p. 52 
L332;18.12.2015, p.63 
Extension (circum.) 
L 40; 17.02.2017, p.51 
L 251, 18.09.2012, p. 29 
L 69, 13.03.2013, p. 11 
L 146; 05.06.2019, p. 63 
L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 17 
L 310, 09.11.2012, p. 1 
L 12; 15.01.2019, p.22 
L 18; 24.01.2017, p.1 
L 280, 24.09.2014, p. 19 
L41; 18.02.2016, p.13 
L 425; 16.12.2020, p.21 
L 50; 26.02.2016, p.4 
L 204; 29.07.2016, p.92 
L 27; 28.01.2005, p.4 
L189; 18.07.2005. p.15 
L 250; 28.09.2017, p.34 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 17 
Amendment 
L 47; 24.02.2017, p.13 
L 225; 29.08.2019, p.1 
Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 
Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 
Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 
L 248; 31.07.2020, p.5 
Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 
Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 
Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 
Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 
C 299, 05.09.2014, p. 7 
L 132, 29.05.2015, p. 32 
Amendment 
L 331, 17.12.2015, p.30 
L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 69 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, p.31 
L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 
L 211; 17.08.2017, p.14 
L 25; 30.01.2018, p.6 
L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 28 
L 131, 15.05.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Malaysia 

Ceramic tiles 

P.R. China 

certain corrosion resistant steels 
certain polyvinyl alcohols 

Chamois leather 
Citric acid 
Citric acid 

Citrus fruits 

Coated fine paper 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

E-bicycles 

Ferro-silicon 

Ferro-silicon 

Filament glass fibre products 
Glass fibre fabrics 
Glass fibre fabrics 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Russia 

P.R. China 

Russia 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 
Egypt 
P.R. China 

USA 

Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 

Japan 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 
Graphite electrode systems 
Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 

P.R. China 
India 
P.R. China 

Thailand 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 
heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

heavyweight thermal paper 

Korea (Rep. of) 

66 

L 314; 30.11.2017, p.31 
L 189; 15.07.2019, p.8 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 67, 12.03.2015, p. 23 
L 307; 23.11.2017, p.25 
L 207; 10.08.2017, p.1 
L 34; 08.02.2018, p.16 
Extension (circum.) 
L 255; 05.08.2020, p.36 
L 315; 29.09.2020, p.1 
L 334, 06.12.2012, p. 31 
L 50; 21.02.2019, p.5 
L 10; 15.01.2016, p.3 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 15 
Reopening 
L 49, 22.02.2013, p. 29 
L 354, 11.12.2014, p. 17 
L 351; 22.10.2020, p.2 
L 299; 16.11.2010, p.7 
L 128; 06.05.2011, p.1 
L 171; 04.07.2017, p.168 
L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 
L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 
L 181; 18.07.2018, p.7 
L 16; 18.01.2019, p.108 
L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 
L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 
L 243; 16.09.2010, p.40 
L 67; 15.03.2011, p.1 
L 107; 25.04.2017, p.4 
L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 
L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 
L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
109 
L 64; 10.03.2017, p.46 
L 151; 11.06.2009, p.1 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 112, 24.04.2013, p. 1 
Amendment (newcomer) 
L 265, 05.09.2014, p. 7 
Extension (circum.) 
L 214; 09.08.2016, p.1 
L 50; 28.02.2017, p.18 
L 164; 27.05.2020, p.28 
L 346; 20.10.2020, p.19 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High fatigue performance steel concrete 
reinforcement bars 

P.R. China 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

Taiwan 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other 
alloy steel 

Ironing boards 

Ironing boards 

Lever arch mechanisms 

Melamine 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

P.R. China 

Ukraine 

Russia 

Iran 

Brazil 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

USA 
Trinidad and 
Tobago 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

Russia 

Molybdenum wires 

P.R. China 

Malaysia 

Molybdenum wires  

Monosodium glutamate 

Monosodium glutamate 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Indonesia 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

P.R. China 

Okoumé plywood 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  
Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

India 
Indonesia 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

Thailand 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

Taiwan 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

Malaysia 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

67 

L 23; 29.01.2016, p.16 
L 204; 29.07.2016, p.70 
L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, p.26 
L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, p.26 

L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 

L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 

L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 

L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 
L 272; 07.10.2016, p.33 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.68 
L 338; 20.12.2010, p.22 
L 252; 02.10.2019, p.1 
Reopening 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p. 5 
L 198, 23.07.2013, p. 1 
L 238, 04.09.2012, p.5 
L 279; 09.11.2018, p.17 
L 298; 15.11.2010, p.10 
L 124; 10.05.2011, p.2 
L 170; 01.07.2017, p.62 
L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, p.21 
L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, p.21 
L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, p.21 
Extension (circum.) 
L8, 12.01.2012, p. 22 
Extension (circum.) 
L 243, 12.09.2013, P. 2 
Extension (circum.) 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 
100 
L 170; 29.06.2016, p.19 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 31 
Anti-circ 
L 336; 13.10.2020, p.8 
L 246, 21.08.2014, p. 1 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 54 
L 116; 07.05.2018, p.8 
L 263; 22.10.2018, p.3 
L 181; 17.05.2004, p.5 
L 336; 02.11.2004, p.4 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.48 
Extension (circum.) 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 20 
Extension (circum.) 
L 236, 10.09.2015, p. 1 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 20 
Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 
Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 
Extension (circum.) 
L 196, 24.07.2012, p. 1 
L 204; 09.08.2011, p.1 
Expiry review 
L 288; 07.11.2017, p.4 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Organic coated steel 

Oxalic acid 

Oxalic acid 

Peroxosulphates  
Polyester high tenacity filament yarn 

PSC wires and strands 

Rebars 
Ringbinder mechanisms 
Ringbinder mechanisms 
Ringbinder mechanisms 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

India 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Belarus 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Ukraine 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

Russia 

Seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel 
Seamless pipes, of iron or steel, external 
diameter exceeding 406.4 mm 

Silicon metal (silicon) 

Silicon metal (silicon) 
Silicon metal (silicon) 
Sodium cyclamate 

Sodium cyclamate 
Sodium cyclamate 
Sodium gluconate 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

P.R. China 
Indonesia 
P.R. China 

Laos 
Vietnam 

Taiwan 
Korea (Rep. 
of) 

Solar glass 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

Taiwan 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings  Taiwan 
Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings  P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Steel road wheels 

P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 

P.R. China 

Korea (Rep. 
of) 

68 

L 252, 19.09.2012, p. 33 
L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 1 
L 116; 03.05.2019, p. 5 
L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 321; 29.11.2016, p.48 
L 165; 02.07.2018, p.13 
L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 165; 02.07.2018, p.13 
L 338, 17.12.2013, p. 11 
L 13; 17.01.2020, p.18 
L 49; 25.02.2017, p.6 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p.1 
L 139, 05.06.2015, p. 12 
L 345; 20.12.2016; p.4 
L 155; 17.06.2017, p.6 
L 7; 12.01.2006, p.1 
L 232; 28.06.2004, p.1 
L 122; 12.05.2016, p.1 
L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 5 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 238, 04.09.2012, p. 1 
L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 5 
L 357, 28.12.2012, p. 1 
L 169; 27.06.2011, p.1 
L 336; 14.12.2011, p.6 
L 63, 06.03.2018, p. 15 
L 305; 12.11.2016, p.1 
L 121; 12.05.2017, p.3 
Extension (circum.) 
L 95, 05.04.2013, p. 1 

L 13; 15.01.2007, p.1 
L 179; 05.07.2016, p.1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, p.23 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, p.49 
L 192; 16.07.2016, p.49 
L 16; 20.01.2017, p.3 
L 316, 27.11.2013, p. 8 
L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 98, 15.04.2015, p. 6 
Amendment (absorption 
reinvestigation) 
L 215, 14.08.2015, p. 42 
L 238; 23.07.2020, p.1 
L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 10 
L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 10 
L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 
L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 
L 259; 10.10.2019, p.15 
L 65; 04.03.2020, p.9 
L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
Amendment (newcomer) 
L 138, 13.05.2014, p. 80 
Amendment 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Steel ropes and cables 

P.R. China 

Morocco 

Steel ropes and cables 
Sulphanilic acid 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) 

Thailand 

Tartaric Acid 

Thermal paper 

P.R. China 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of malleable 
cast iron 

Thailand 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of malleable 
cast iron 

P.R. China 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Russia 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Philippines 
Sri Lanka 
Indonesia 
Taiwan 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Malaysia 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Korea (Rep. of) 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

India 

Tungsten carbide and fused tungsten carbide 
Tungsten electrodes 
Tungsten electrodes 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Thailand 
Laos 

Tungsten electrodes 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel   Russia 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel   P.R. China 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel   Belarus 
Wire rod 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

L 139, 14.05.2014, p.7 
L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
L 101; 20.04.2018, p.40 
L 363, 18.02.2014, p. 82 
L 244, 13.09.2013, p. 1 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 91, 27.03.2014, p. 1 
L 310; 02.12.2019, p.6 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 108, 20.04.2012, p. 1 
L 110, 24.04.2012, p. 3 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 182, 13.07.2012, p. 1 
L 164; 29.06.2018, p.14 
L 310; 17.11.2016, p.1 
L 114; 03.05.2017, p.3 
L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, p.2 
L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, p.2 
Amendment (newcomer) 
L 157, 27.05.2014, p. 80 
L 319; 05.12.2017, p.10 
L 203, 31.07.2012, p. 37 
L 27, 29.01.2013, p. 1 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 
L 116; 27.04.2006, p.1 
L 355; 22.11.2004, p.9 
L 335; 22.11.2004, p.4 
L 94; 14.04.2000, p.1 
L 282, 28.10.2015, p. 14 
L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 
L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 
L 244, 19.09.2015, p. 25 
L 73; 18.03.2016, p.53 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.14 
Initiation 
C 322; 15.12.1988, p.7 
L 395; 31.12.2004, p.56 
L 78; 24.03.2011, p.1 
L 142; 02.06.2017, p.53 
L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 
L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 
L 150, 04.06.2013, p. 1 
L 200; 29.07.2019, p. 4 
L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 268, 15.10.2015, p. 9 

69 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country 

Cases 

Extension 

Regulation 

Belarus 
Belarus 
Brazil 
Egypt 
India 

Rebars 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel  
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 
Glass fibre fabrics 
Graphite electrode systems 

L 345; 20.12.2016; p.4 
L 155; 17.06.2017, p.6 
L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 
L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 
L 64; 10.03.2017, p.46 

India 

Oxalic acid 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 165; 02.07.2018, p.13 

India 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

L 244, 19.09.2015, p. 25 
L 73; 18.03.2016, p.53 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.14 

Indonesia 
Indonesia 
Iran 

Monosodium glutamate 
Sodium cyclamate 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

L 246, 21.08.2014, p. 1 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 54 
L 192; 16.07.2016, p.49 
L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 

Japan 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 109 

Korea (Rep. of)  Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 109 

Korea (Rep. of)  heavyweight thermal paper 

L 164; 27.05.2020, p.28 
L 346; 20.10.2020, p.19 

70 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Korea (Rep. of)  Thermal paper 

L 310; 17.11.2016, p.1 
L 114; 03.05.2017, p.3 

Korea (Rep. of)  Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Malaysia 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

L 347, 03.12.2014, p. 17 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L58; 04.03.2016, p.38 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 

P.R. China 

Acesulfame potassium 

L 125, 21.05.2015, p. 15 
L 287, 31.10.2015, p. 52 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

L332;18.12.2015, p.63 
Extension (circum.) 
L 40; 17.02.2017, p.51 

L 251, 18.09.2012, p. 29 
L 69, 13.03.2013, p. 11 
L 146; 05.06.2019, p. 63 

71 

 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Aluminium radiators 
Aluminium road wheels 

P.R. China 

Aspartame 

P.R. China 

Barium carbonate 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Indonesia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Malaysia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Sri Lanka 

72 

L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 17 
L 310, 09.11.2012, p. 1 
L 12; 15.01.2019, p.22 
L 18; 24.01.2017, p.1 

L 50; 26.02.2016, p.4 
L 204; 29.07.2016, p.92 

L 27; 28.01.2005, p.4 
L189; 18.07.2005. p.15 
L 250; 28.09.2017, p.34 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 17 
Amendment 
L 47; 24.02.2017, p.13 
L 225; 29.08.2019, p.1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 
L 248; 31.07.2020, p.5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Tunisia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Cambodia 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Pakistan 

P.R. China 

Bicycles 

Philippines 

Extension (circum.) 
L 153, 05.06.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 

Extension (circum.) 
L 122, 19.05.2015, p. 4 

P.R. China 

Bicycles (parts) 

China (bicycle 
parts) 

C 299, 05.09.2014, p. 7 
L 132, 29.05.2015, p. 32 
Amendment 
L 331, 17.12.2015, p.30 

P.R. China 

Cast iron articles 

L 211; 17.08.2017, p.14 
L 25; 30.01.2018, p.6 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tableware and kitchenware 

P.R. China 

Ceramic tiles 

73 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 28 
L 131, 15.05.2013, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 314; 30.11.2017, p.31 
L 189; 15.07.2019, p.8 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 67, 12.03.2015, p. 23 
L 307; 23.11.2017, p.25 

 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

certain corrosion resistant steels 
certain polyvinyl alcohols 

L 207; 10.08.2017, p.1 
L 34; 08.02.2018, p.16 
Extension (circum.) 
L 255; 05.08.2020, p.36 
L 315; 29.09.2020, p.1 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Chamois leather 
Citric acid 
Citric acid 

Malaysia 

L 334, 06.12.2012, p. 31 
L 50; 21.02.2019, p.5 
L 10; 15.01.2016, p.3 
L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 15 

P.R. China 

Citrus fruits 

P.R. China 

Coated fine paper 

Reopening 
L 49, 22.02.2013, p. 29 
L 354, 11.12.2014, p. 17 
L 351; 22.10.2020, p.2 

L 299; 16.11.2010, p.7 
L 128; 06.05.2011, p.1 
L 171; 04.07.2017, p.168 

P.R. China 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 

P.R. China 

E-bicycles 

P.R. China 

Ferro-silicon 

L 181; 18.07.2018, p.7 
L 16; 18.01.2019, p.108 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 

74 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Filament glass fibre products 
Glass fibre fabrics 

L 243; 16.09.2010, p.40 
L 67; 15.03.2011, p.1 
L 107; 25.04.2017, p.4 
L 108; 06.04.2020, p.1 

P.R. China 

P.R. China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 
Hand pallet trucks and their essential 
parts 

Thailand 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 109 

L 151; 11.06.2009, p.1 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Hand pallet trucks and their essential parts 
heavy plate of non-alloy or other alloy steel 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 112, 24.04.2013, p. 1 
Amendment (newcomer) 
L 265, 05.09.2014, p. 7 
Extension (circum.) 
L 214; 09.08.2016, p.1 
L 50; 28.02.2017, p.18 

P.R. China 

High fatigue performance steel concrete reinforcement bars 

L 23; 29.01.2016, p.16 
L 204; 29.07.2016, p.70 

P.R. China 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, p.26 

P.R. China 

hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

L 272; 07.10.2016, p.33 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.68 

P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

L 338; 20.12.2010, p.22 
L 252; 02.10.2019, p.1 

75 

 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Ironing boards 

Reopening 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p. 5 
L 198, 23.07.2013, p. 1 

P.R. China 

Lever arch mechanisms 

L 238, 04.09.2012, p.5 
L 279; 09.11.2018, p.17 

P.R. China 

Melamine 

L 298; 15.11.2010, p.10 
L 124; 10.05.2011, p.2 
L 170; 01.07.2017, p.62 

P.R. China 

Molybdenum wires 

Malaysia 

Extension (circum.) 
L8, 12.01.2012, p. 22 

P.R. China 

Molybdenum wires  

P.R. China 

Monosodium glutamate 

Extension (circum.) 
L 243, 12.09.2013, P. 2 
Extension (circum.) 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 100 
L 170; 29.06.2016, p.19 

L 15, 22.01.2015, p. 31 
Anti-circ 
L 336; 13.10.2020, p.8 

P.R. China 

New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

L 116; 07.05.2018, p.8 
L 263; 22.10.2018, p.3 

76 

 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Okoumé plywood 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  
Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

India 
Indonesia 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

Thailand 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

Taiwan 

L 181; 17.05.2004, p.5 
L 336; 02.11.2004, p.4 
L 92; 06.04.2017, p.48 

Extension (circum.) 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 20 
Extension (circum.) 
L 236, 10.09.2015, p. 1 
L 346, 20.12.2013, p. 20 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

Extension (circum.) 
L 11, 16.01.2013, p. 1 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

Malaysia 

Extension (circum.) 
L 196, 24.07.2012, p. 1 

P.R. China 

Open mesh fabrics of glass fibres  

P.R. China 

Organic coated steel 

L 204; 09.08.2011, p.1 
Expiry review 
L 288; 07.11.2017, p.4 

L 252, 19.09.2012, p. 33 
L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 1 
L 116; 03.05.2019, p. 5 

77 

 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 

Oxalic acid 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Peroxosulphates  
Polyester high tenacity filament yarn 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

PSC wires and strands 
Ringbinder mechanisms 
Ringbinder mechanisms 
Ringbinder mechanisms 

Laos 
Vietnam 

L 106, 18.04.2012, p. 1 
L 321; 29.11.2016, p.48 
L 165; 02.07.2018, p.13 

L 338, 17.12.2013, p. 11 
L 13; 17.01.2020, p.18 
L 49; 25.02.2017, p.6 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 297, 26.10.2012, p.1 
L 139, 05.06.2015, p. 12 
L 7; 12.01.2006, p.1 
L 232; 28.06.2004, p.1 
L 122; 12.05.2016, p.1 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes and tubes of stainless steel 

L 169; 27.06.2011, p.1 
L 336; 14.12.2011, p.6 
L 63, 06.03.2018, p. 15 

P.R. China 

Seamless pipes, of iron or steel, external diameter 
exceeding 406.4 mm 

L 305; 12.11.2016, p.1 
L 121; 12.05.2017, p.3 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Silicon metal (silicon) 
Silicon metal (silicon) 
Silicon metal (silicon) 
Sodium cyclamate 

Taiwan 
Korea (Rep. of) 

Extension (circum.) 
L 95, 05.04.2013, p. 1 
L 13; 15.01.2007, p.1 
L 179; 05.07.2016, p.1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, p.23 

78 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Sodium cyclamate 
Sodium gluconate 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 124, 11.05.2012, p. 1 
L 192; 16.07.2016, p.49 
L 16; 20.01.2017, p.3 

P.R. China 

Solar glass 

L 316, 27.11.2013, p. 8 
L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 1 
Amendment 
L 98, 15.04.2015, p. 6 
Amendment (absorption 
reinvestigation) 
L 215, 14.08.2015, p. 42 
L 238; 23.07.2020, p.1 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 10 
L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 

P.R. China 

Steel road wheels 

L 259; 10.10.2019, p.15 
L 65; 04.03.2020, p.9 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 
Steel ropes and cables 

Korea (Rep. of) 
Morocco 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
Amendment (newcomer) 
L 138, 13.05.2014, p. 80 
Amendment 
L 139, 14.05.2014, p.7 
L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 

79 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Steel ropes and cables 
Sulphanilic acid 

L36, 09.02.2012; p. 1 
L 101; 20.04.2018, p.40 
L 363, 18.02.2014, p. 82 

P.R. China 

Tartaric Acid 

P.R. China 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of malleable cast iron 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)  
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

Philippines 
Sri Lanka 
Indonesia 
Taiwan 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 108, 20.04.2012, p. 1 
L 110, 24.04.2012, p. 3 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 182, 13.07.2012, p. 1 
L 164; 29.06.2018, p.14 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, p.2 

Amendment (newcomer) 
L 157, 27.05.2014, p. 80 
L 319; 05.12.2017, p.10 
L 116; 27.04.2006, p.1 
L 355; 22.11.2004, p.9 
L 335; 22.11.2004, p.4 
L 94; 14.04.2000, p.1 
L 282, 28.10.2015, p. 14 

80 

 
 
 
 
 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Tungsten carbide and fused tungsten carbide 
Tungsten electrodes 
Tungsten electrodes 

Thailand 
Laos 

P.R. China 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 

Tungsten electrodes 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel  
Wire rod 

Russia 

Ammonium nitrate 

Initiation 
C 322; 15.12.1988, p.7 
L 395; 31.12.2004, p.56 
L 78; 24.03.2011, p.1 
L 142; 02.06.2017, p.53 
L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 
L 290; 04.09.2020, p.1 

L 150, 04.06.2013, p. 1 
L 200; 29.07.2019, p. 4 
L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 
L 268, 15.10.2015, p. 9 

L 280, 24.09.2014, p. 19 
L41; 18.02.2016, p.13 
L 425; 16.12.2020, p.21 

Russia 

cold-rolled flat steel products 

L 37;  12.02.2016, p.1 
L 210; 04.08.2016, p.1 

Russia 

Ferro-silicon 

L 107, 10.04.2014, p. 13 
L 208; 01.07.2020, p.2 

Russia 
Russia 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 109 
L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 

Russia 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, p.21 

81 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Russia 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 5 
L 357, 28.12.2012, p. 1 

Russia 
Russia 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy steel  

L 203, 31.07.2012, p. 37 
L 27, 29.01.2013, p. 1 
L 99; 10.04.2019, p.9 
L 20, 27.01.2015, p. 6 

Taiwan 

hot rolled stainless steel sheets and coils 

L 110; 08.04.2020, p.3 
L 325; 07.10.2020, p.26 

Taiwan 
Taiwan 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
Stainless steel tube and pipe butt-welding fittings 

L 79, 25.3.15, p. 23 
L 224, 27.08.2015, p. 10 
L 22; 27.01.2017, p.14 

Thailand 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels) 

L 244, 13.09.2013, p. 1 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 91, 27.03.2014, p. 1 
L 310; 02.12.2019, p.6 

Thailand 

Threaded tube or pipe cast fittings of malleable cast iron 

L 318, 15.11.2012, p. 10 
L 129, 14.05.2013, p. 1 
L 197;  25.07.2019, p.2 

Trinidad and 
Tobago 
Ukraine 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, p.21 
L 258; 06.10.2017, p.24 

82 

 
 
 
Ukraine 

Seamless pipes and tubes of iron or steel 

USA 
USA 

Biodiesel 
Biodiesel 

Canada 

L 174, 04.07.2012, p. 5 
Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 238, 04.09.2012, p. 1 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 69 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, p.31 
L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

USA 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-electrical steel 

L 120, 13.05.2015, p. 10 
L 284, 30.10.2015, p. 109 

USA 

Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate 

L 100; 11.04.2019, p.7 
L 258; 09.10.2019, p.21 

83 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  P 

Definitive anti-subsidy measures in force on 31 December 2020 

A. Ranked by product (alphabetical) 

Country 
USA 

Extension  Regulation 
Canada 

L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

Cases 
Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 
Biodiesel 

Coated fine paper 

USA 

Indonesia 
Argentina 

P.R. China 

continuous filament glass fibre products 
E-bicycles 
Filament glass fibre products 
Graphite electrode systems 
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel  P.R. China 
P.R. China 
New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

Egypt 
P.R. China 
P.R. China 
India 

Organic coated steel  

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

Rainbow trout 

Solar glass 

Stainless steel bars 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 
Woven and/or stiched glass fibre fabrics 
Woven and/or stiched glass fibre fabrics 

B. Ranked by country (alphabetical) 

Country 
Argentina  Biodiesel 

Cases 

P.R. China 

India 

Turkey 

P.R. China 

India 

India 
Egypt 
P.R. China 

Egypt 
Egypt 
India 

continuous filament glass fibre products 
Woven and/or stiched glass fibre fabrics 
Graphite electrode systems 

84 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 99 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, p.27 
L 212; 13.08.2019, p.1 
L 317; 09.12.2019, p.42 
L 40; 12.02.2019, p.71 

L 128; 06.05.2011, p.18 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.134 
L 69; 06.03.2020, p. 14 
L 201; 25.06.2020, p.10 
L 16; 18.01.2019, p.5 
L 367, 23.12.2014, p. 22 
L 64; 10.03.2017, p.10 
L 146; 09.06.2017, p.17 
L 283; 12.11.2018, p.1 
L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 16 
L 116; 03.05.2019, p.39 
L 208, 05.08.2015, p. 10 
L 202; 31.07.2019, p. 81 
L 319, 06.11.2014, p. 1 
L 56, 27.02.2015, p. 12 
L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 23 
L 238; 23.07.2020, p.43 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 202, 27.07.2013, p. 2 
L 165; 28.06.2017, p.2 
L 73; 18.03.2016, p.1 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.1 
L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 
L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

Extension  Regulation 

L 40; 12.02.2019, p.71 

L 69; 06.03.2020, p. 
14 
L 201; 25.06.2020, 
p.10 
L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 
L 64; 10.03.2017, p.10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
India 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

India 

Stainless steel bars 

India 

Tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron 

Indonesia  Biodiesel 

P.R. China  Coated fine paper 
P.R. China  E-bicycles 

P.R. China  Filament glass fibre products 

P.R. China  hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel 
P.R. China  New and retreaded tyres for buses or lorries 

P.R. China  Organic coated steel  

P.R. China  Solar glass 
P.R. China  Woven and/or stiched glass fibre fabrics 

Turkey 
USA 

Rainbow trout 
Biodiesel 

Canada 

85 

L 208, 05.08.2015, p. 
10 
L 202; 31.07.2019, p. 
81 

Amendment ((partial) 
interim review) 
L 202, 27.07.2013, p. 
2 
L 165; 28.06.2017, p.2 

L 73; 18.03.2016, p.1 
L 118; 16.04.2020, p.1 

L 212; 13.08.2019, p.1 
L 317; 09.12.2019, 
p.42 

L 128; 06.05.2011, 
p.18 
L 171; 04.07.2017, 
p.134 
L 16; 18.01.2019, p.5 
L 367, 23.12.2014, p. 
22 
L 146; 09.06.2017, 
p.17 
L 283; 12.11.2018, p.1 

L 73, 15.03.2013, p. 
16 
L 116; 03.05.2019, 
p.39 

L 142, 14.05.2014, p. 
23 
L 238; 23.07.2020, 
p.43 
L 189; 15.06.2020, p.1 

L 319, 06.11.2014, p. 
1 
L 56, 27.02.2015, p. 
12 
L 122; 05.05.2011, p.1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
USA 

Biodiesel 

L 239, 15.09.2015, p. 
99 
Amendment 
L 116; 30.04.2016, 
p.27 

86 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  Q 

Undertakings in force on 31 December 2020 

Product 

Origin 

Measure 

Regulation 
NO 

Citric acid 

People's Republic 
of China 

Undertakings  COMMISSION 

DECISION 
2008/899/EC  
02.12.2008 

Biodiesel 

Argentina 

Undertakings  COMMISSION 

IMPLEMENTING 
DECISION (EU) 
2019/245 
11.02.2019 

OJ Reference 

03.12.2008 
OJ L 323, p.62 
[AD522] 

12.02.2019 
OJ L 40, p.71 
[AS644] 

87 

 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  R 

Anti-dumping & anti-subsidy investigations pending 
on 31 December 2020 

A. New investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order) 

Case No  Country 
Cases 
AD673 
Aluminium converter foil 
AS675 
Aluminium converter foil 
AD664 
Aluminium extrusions 
AD668 
Aluminium flat-rolled products 
AD672 
Birch plywood 
Fasteners, iron or steel 
AD676 
Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel  AS667 
Hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or other alloy steel   AD665 

Mono ethylene glycol 
Mono ethylene glycol 
Optical fibre cables 
Optical fibre cables 
Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 
Steel wind towers 

AD671 
AD671 
AD669 
AS677 
AD670 
AD670 
AD674 

NoI 

P.R. China  C 352 I; 22.10.2020, p.1 
P.R. China  C 419; 04.12.2020, p.32 
P.R. China  C 51; 14.02.2020, p.26 
P.R. China  C 268; 14.08.2020, p.5 
C 342; 14.10.2020, p.2 
Russia 
P.R. China  C 442; 21.12.2020, p.6 
C 197; 12.06.2020, p.4 
Turkey 
Turkey 
C 166; 14.05.2020, p.9 
Saudi 
C 342; 14.10.2020, p.12 
Arabia 
USA 
C 342; 14.10.2020, p.12 
P.R. China  C 316; 24.09.2020, p.10 
P.R. China  C 442; 21.12.2020, p.18 
C 322; 30.09.2020, p.17 
Indonesia 
India 
C 322; 30.09.2020, p.17 
P.R. China  C 351; 21.10.2020, p.8 

B. Review investigations (ranked by product - in alphabetical order) 

Cases 

Acesulfame potassium 

Aluminium foil 

Aluminium foil 

Type 

expiry 

expiry 

CaseNo
2 

Country 

R727 

P.R. China 

R730 

P.R. China 

circumvention 

R732 

P.R. China 

Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

circumvention 

R733 

P.R. China 

expiry 

R723 

USA 

expiry 
new exporter / 
accelerated 

R724 

USA 

R731 

Canada 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

Citric acid 

continuous filament glass fibre products 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-
electrical steel 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of silicon-

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 
expiry 

88 

NoI 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.13 
C 436; 
17.12.2020, p.10 
L 431; 
21.12.2020, p.48 
L 431; 
21.12.2020, p.42 
C 303; 
14.09.2020, p.18 
C 303; 
14.09.2020, p.7 
L 425; 
16.12.2020, p.13 
C 18; 20.01.2020, 
p.3 
C 424; 
17.12.2019, p.5 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 

R717 

P.R. China 

R708 

P.R. China 

R728 

USA 

R728 

R728 

R728 
R728 

Russia 
Korea 
(Rep. of) 

Japan 
P.R. China  C 366; 

 
 
 
 
electrical steel 

Monosodium glutamate 

Monosodium glutamate 

PSC wires and strands 

Rainbow trout 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

R712 

Indonesia 

R712 

P.R. China 

R721 

P.R. China 

R720 

Turkey 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

expiry 

R722 

P.R. China 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

expiry 

R722 

Taiwan 

Sulphanilic acid 

expiry 

R716 

P.R. China 

Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in kernels)   reopening 

R567a 

Thailand 

Tartaric Acid 

reopening 

R529a 

P.R. China 

Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel  
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel  
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-alloy 
steel  

Wire rod 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

R726 

P.R. China 

R713 

Russia 

R713 

P.R. China 

R713 

Belarus 

R725 

P.R. China 

C. Ranked by country (new and review investigations) (alphabetical) 

Country 

Belarus 

Cases 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-
alloy steel  

Canada 

Biodiesel 

Canada 

Biodiesel 

expiry 
new exporter / 
accelerated 
new exporter / 
accelerated 

Type 

CaseNo2 

India 

Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

new 

Indonesia  Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

new 

Indonesia  Monosodium glutamate 

Japan 
Korea 
(Rep. of) 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon-electrical steel 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon-electrical steel 

P.R. China  Fasteners, iron or steel 

P.R. China  Aluminium converter foil 

P.R. China  Steel wind towers 

P.R. China  Optical fibre cables 

P.R. China  aluminium flat-rolled products 

P.R. China  aluminium extrusions 

expiry 

expiry 

expiry 

new 

new 

new 

new 

new 

new 

89 

30.10.2020, p.25 
C 20; 21.01.2020, 
p.18 
C 20; 21.01.2020, 
p.18 
C 185; 
04.06.2020, p.5 
C 64; 27.02.2020, 
p.22 
C 280; 
25.08.2020, p.6 
C 280; 
25.08.2020, p.6 
C 425; 
18.12.2019, p.39 
C 291; 
29.08.2019, p.3 
C 296; 
07.09.2017, p.16 
C 361; 
27.10.2020, p.6 
C 24; 24.01.2020, 
p.17 
C 24; 24.01.2020, 
p.17 
C 24; 24.01.2020, 
p.17 
C 342; 
14.10.2020, p.23 

NoI 
C 24; 24.01.2020, 
p.17 
L 425; 
16.12.2020, p.13 
L 425; 
16.12.2020, p.13 
C 322; 
30.09.2020, p.17 
C 322; 
30.09.2020, p.17 
C 20; 21.01.2020, 
p.18 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 442; 
21.12.2020, p.6 
C 352 I; 
22.10.2020, p.1 
C 351; 
21.10.2020, p.8 
C 316; 
24.09.2020, p.10 
C 268; 
14.08.2020, p.5 
C 51; 14.02.2020, 
p.26 

R713 

R731 

R731 

AD670 

AD670 

R712 

R728 

R728 

AD676 

AD673 

AD674 

AD669 

AD668 

AD664 

 
 
 
 
P.R. China  Optical fibre cables 

P.R. China  Aluminium converter foil 

P.R. China  Acesulfame potassium 

P.R. China  Aluminium foil 

new 

new 

expiry 

expiry 

AS677 

AS675 

R727 

R730 

P.R. China  Aluminium foil 

circumvention 

R732 

P.R. China  Aluminium foil (rolls of less than 10 kg) 

circumvention 

R733 

P.R. China  Ceramic tableware and kitchenware 

circumvention 

R700 

P.R. China  Citric acid 

expiry 

P.R. China  continuous filament glass fibre products 

expiry 

P.R. China 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon-electrical steel 

P.R. China  Monosodium glutamate 

expiry 

expiry 

R717 

R708 

R728 

R712 

P.R. China  Peroxosulphates  

circumvention 

R707 

P.R. China  PSC wires and strands 

expiry 

P.R. China  Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

expiry 

P.R. China  Stainless steel cold-rolled flat products 

expiry 

P.R. China  Sulphanilic acid 

expiry 

R721 

R722 

R722 

R716 

P.R. China  Tartaric Acid 

reopening 

R529a 

P.R. China  Tube and pipe fitting, of iron or steel 

expiry 

P.R. China 

Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-
alloy steel  

P.R. China  Wire rod 

Russia 

Russia 

Russia 
Saudi 
Arabia 

Thailand 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Birch plywood 
Grain oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon-electrical steel 
Welded tubes and pipes of iron or non-
alloy steel  

Mono ethylene glycol 
Sweet corn (prepared or preserved in 
kernels)  
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel  
hot-rolled flat products of iron, non-alloy or 
other alloy steel 

Turkey 

Rainbow trout 

Turkey 

Rainbow trout 

USA 

USA 

USA 

Mono ethylene glycol 

Biodiesel 

Biodiesel 

90 

expiry 

expiry 

new 

expiry 

expiry 

new 

R726 

R713 

R725 

AD672 

R728 

R713 

AD671 

reopening 

R567a 

new 

new 

expiry 

interim 

new 

expiry 

expiry 

AD665 

AS667 

R720 

R703 

AD671 

R723 

R724 

C 442; 
21.12.2020, p.18 
C 419; 
04.12.2020, p.32 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.13 
C 436; 
17.12.2020, p.10 
L 431; 
21.12.2020, p.48 
L 431; 
21.12.2020, p.42 
L 80; 22.03.2019, 
p.18 
C 18; 20.01.2020, 
p.3 
C 424; 
17.12.2019, p.5 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 20; 21.01.2020, 
p.18 
L 246; 
26.09.2019, p.19 
C 185; 
04.06.2020, p.5 
C 280; 
25.08.2020, p.6 
C 280; 
25.08.2020, p.6 
C 425; 
18.12.2019, p.39 
C 296; 
07.09.2017, p.16 
C 361; 
27.10.2020, p.6 
C 24; 24.01.2020, 
p.17 
C 342; 
14.10.2020, p.23 
C 342; 
14.10.2020, p.2 
C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 
C 24; 24.01.2020, 
p.17 
C 342; 
14.10.2020, p.12 
C 291; 
29.08.2019, p.3 
C 166; 
14.05.2020, p.9 
C 197; 
12.06.2020, p.4 
C 64; 27.02.2020, 
p.22 
C 176; 
22.05.2019, p.24 
C 342; 
14.10.2020, p.12 
C 303; 
14.09.2020, p.18 
C 303; 
14.09.2020, p.7 

 
 
 
USA 

Grain oriented flat-rolled products of 
silicon-electrical steel 

expiry 

R728 

C 366; 
30.10.2020, p.25 

91 

 
 
 
ANNEX S 

Court cases  

A. 

Court cases pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the General Court in 
December 2020: 

C-56/19P 

C-324/19  

C-666/19 P 

C-708/19 

C-884/19 P  

C-888/19 P  

C-891/19 P 

C-79/20 P 

C-226/20 P 

C-260/20P 

C-362/20 

C-439/20 P 

C-441/20 P 

C-718/20 P 

Court of Justice 

RFA International v Commission (appeal against T-113/15) 

Eurocylinder systems (preliminary ruling) 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Commission (appeal against 
T-741/16) 

Von Aschenbach & Voss (preliminary ruling) 

Commission v Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) (appeal against T-586/14 
RENV) 

GMB Glasmanufaktur Brandenburg v Xinyi PV Products (Anhui) 
(appeal against T-586/14 RENV) 

Commission v Hubei Xinyegang Special Tube (appeal against T-
500/17) 

Yieh United Steel Corporation Ltd (Yusco) (appeal against T-
607/15) 

The European Steel Association (Eurofer) v European Commission 
(appeal against T-835/17) 

European Commission v Hansol paper (appeal against T-383/17)  

Profit Europe (preliminary ruling) 

Commission v Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System (appeal against T-
110/17) 

Council v Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System and Commission (appeal 
against T-110/17) 

Zhejiang Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals v Commission  

(appeal against T-307/18) 

General Court 

T-752/16 

T-753/16 

T-781/16 

T-782/16 

T-861/16  

NLMK v Commission 

Severstal v Commission 

Puma v Commission 

Timberland v Commission 

C & J Clark International Ltd v Commission 

92 

 
 
 
T-790/16 

T-154/17 

T-155/17 

T-347/17 

T-351/17 

C & J Clark International Ltd v Commission 

Deichmann v Commission 

Van Haren Schoenen v Commission 

FLA Europe v Commission 

Nike European Operations Netherlands and Others v Commission 

T-360/17 

Jana shoes and Others v Commission 

T-781/17 

T-782/17 

T-254/18 

T-307/18 

T-24/18 

T-124/18  

T-126/18 

T-127/18  

T-130/18  

T-131/18  

T-132/18 

T-141/18  

T-142/18  

T-157/18 

T-30/19  

T-45/19 

T-72/19 

T-242/19 

T-243/19 

T-245/19 

T-246/19 

Kraftpojkarna v Commission 

Wuxi Saijing Solar v Commission 

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery 
and Electronic Products and Others v Commission 

Zhejiang Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals v Commission 

Adidas International Trading and Others v Commission 

Wendel and Others v Commission 

van Haren Schoenen v Commission 

Cortina and FLA Europe v Commission 

adidas International Trading and Others v Commission 

Deichmann v Commission 

Roland v Commission 

Deichmann-Shoes UK v Commission 

Buffalo - Boots v Commission 

Caprice Schuhproduktion v Commission 

CRIA and CCCMC v Commission 

Acron and Others v Commission 

CRIA and CCCMC v Commission 

Giant Electric Vehicle Kunshan v Commission 

Giant Electric Vehicle Kunshan v Commission 

Uzina Metalurgica Moldoveneasca v Commission 

Cambodge and CRF v Commission 

93 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
T-716/19 

T-733/19  

T-744/19 

T-790-19   

T-865/19  

T-111/20 

Interpipe Niko Tube and Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube Rolling 
Plant v Commission 

 Zhejiang Sunflower Light Energy Science & Technology LTD and 
Sunowe Solar GmbH c/ Commission  

Methanol Holdings (Trinidad) v Commission 

Novolipetsk Steel v Commission 

Nevinnomysskiy Azot and NAK "Azot" v Commission  

PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia, PT Wilmar Nabati Indonesia e.a. v 
Commission 

T-138/20 

  PT Ciliandra Perkasa v Commission 

T-144/20 

T-278/20 

T-301/20 

T-403/20 

T-440/20 

T-441/20 

T-479/20 

T-480/20 

T-540/20 

T-604/20  

T-611/20  

T-693/20 

T-722/20 

T-725/20  

T-726/20 

T-744/20 

T-746/20 

T-747/20 

T-762/20 

Guangxi Xin Fu Yuan Co., Ltd. v Commission 

Zhejiang Hangtong Machinery Manufacture and Ningbo Hi-Tech 
Zone Tongcheng Auto Parts v Commission 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass 
Industry v Commission 

Wuxi Suntech Power v Commission 

Jindal Saw v Commission 

Jindal Saw v Commission 

Eurobolt v Commission 

Hengshi Egypt Fiberglass Fabrics and Jushi Egypt for Fiberglass 
Industry v Commission 

Jushi Egypt v Commission 

Guangdong Haomei New Materials et Guangdong King Metal Light 
Alloy Technology / Commission  

Airoldi Metalli / Commission 

Hansol Paper v Commission 

Far Polymers and Others v Commission 

Guangdong Haomei New Materials and Guangdong King Metal 
Light Alloy Technology v Commission 

Grupa Azoty and Others v Commission 

Airoldi Metalli v Commission 

Grünig v Commission 

EOC Belgium v Commission 

Sinopec Chongqing SVW Chemical and Others v Commission 

94 

 
 
 
 
 
T-763/20 

T-764/20 

Inner Mongolia Shuangxin Environment-Friendly Material v 
Commission 

Anhui Wanwei Updated High-Tech Material Industry and Inner 
Mongolia Mengwei Technology v Commission 

B. 

Judgments, orders or other decisions rendered in 2020 

Court of Justice 

C-104/19 

C-632/19 and C-633/19 

Donex Shipping and Forwarding BV (preliminary ruling) 

Federale Overheidsdienst Financiën and Openbaar Ministerie 
(preliminary ruling) 

C-117/19 

C-543/19 

C-461/18 P 

T-835/17  

T-383/17 

T-110/17  

T-111/14 DEP  

T-120/14 DEP  

T-121/14 DEP  

T-139/14 DEP 

T-112/14 DEP  

T-117/14 DEP  

T-118/14 DEP  

T-307/18  

T-541/18 

Linas Agro (preliminary ruling) 

Jebsen & Jessen (GmbH & Co.) KG (preliminary ruling) 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Distillerie Bonollo and Others 
et Conseil  (appeal against T-431/12) 

General Court 

The European Steel Association (Eurofer) v European Commission 

Hansol paper v Commission 

Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System v Commission 

Unitec Bio v Council 

PT Ciliandra Perkasa v Council 

PT Pelita Agung Agrindustri v Council 

PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia and PT Wilmar Nabati Indonesia v 
Council 

Molinos Río de la Plata v Council 

Cargill v Council 

LDC Argentina v Council 

Zhejiang Jiuli 

Changmao Biochemical Engineering v Commission 

95 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX  T 

Safeguard and surveillance measures in force on 31 December 2020 

A. Safeguard measures 

Product 

List of safeguard measures in force 
Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

Indica rice 

Cambodia 

Indica rice 

Myanmar 

Steel products 

Erga Omnes 

COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION 
(EU) 2019/67 of 
16.02.2019 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION 
(EU) 2019/67 of 
16.02.2019 
COMMISSION 
IMPLEMENTING 
REGULATION 
(EU) 2019/159 
of 31.01.2019 

OJ Reference 

L 15; 
17.01.2019, p.5 

L 15; 
17.01.2019, p.5 

L 31; 
01.02.2019, 
p.27 

B. Surveillance measures 

Product 

List of surveillance measures in force 
Country of 
origin 

Regulation / 
Decision NO 

OJ Reference 

None 

- 

- 

- 

96 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX U 

Third countries’ measures targeting the EU 

A. New investigations initiated by third countries in 2020 

cresCountry 

Product 

Instrument 

Initiation 
Date 

Exporting 
MS 

Canada 

Certain hot-rolled carbon steel heavy plate 
and high-strength low-alloy steel heavy 
plate 

AD 

27-05-2020  Germany 

Canada 

Concrete reinforcing bar 

AD 

22-09-2020 

Italy 

Canada 

Wheat gluten 

AD 

14-08-2020 

Belgium, 
Germany, 
France, 
Lithuania, 
Austria 

Egypt 

Egypt 

Edam and Gouda Cheese 

Raw aluminium (Ingots, Billets & Wire 
Rod) 

AD 

SG 

29-12-2020  Netherlands 

16-04-2020 

India 

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) 

AD 

26-05-2020 

India 

Caprolactam 

AD 

30-09-2020 

India 

Newsprint in rolls or sheets, excluding 
glazed newsprint 

AD 

20-01-2020 

India 

Toluene Di-Isocyanate 

AD 

31-01-2020 

97 

Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Sweden, 
United 
Kingdom, 
Romania 

Belgium, 
Germany, 
Netherlands, 
Poland 

Belgium, 
Denmark, 
Germany, 
Spain, France, 
Italy, 
Netherlands, 
Austria, 
Poland, 
Slovenia, 
Finland, 
Sweden, 
United 
Kingdom 

Belgium, 
Czech 
Republic, 
Germany, 
Greece, Spain, 
Italy, Latvia, 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Poland, 
Portugal, 
United 
Kingdom 

Indonesia 

Articles of Apparel 

Indonesia 

Carpets 

Indonesia 

Cigarette Paper 

Malaysia 

ceramic tiles 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

01-10-2020 

10-06-2020 

26-10-2020 

13-09-2020 

New Zealand 

Frozen fries and wedges 

AD 

30-10-2020 

Belgium, 
Netherlands 

Peru 

Clothing 

Philippines 

Aluminum Zinc 

Philippines 

Galvanized Iron Sheets 

Philippines 

High-Density Polyethylene and Linear 
Low-Density Polyethylene pellets and 
granules 

Philippines 

Passenger cars and LCVs 

Philippines 

Prepainted Galv. Iron 

SACU 

Serbia 

South Africa 

South Africa 

Pasta 

Rebars 

bolts with hexagon heads of iron or steel 
7318.15.43 (different product from SFG 
Threaded fasteners 2019) 

U, I, H, L and T sections of iron or non-
alloy steel 

Thailand 

Aluminium foil 

Thailand 

tin free steel 

Thailand 

Tinplate 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Cereal spoon food 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET 

Synthetic staple fibres of polyesters 

Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn; 
Woven fabrics of synthetic or artificial 
staple fibres 

98 

SG 

SG 

SG 

01-11-2020 

17-06-2020 

17-06-2020 

SG 

04-09-2020 

SG 

SG 

AD 

SG 

17-01-2020 

17-06-2020 

18-09-2020 

Latvia, 
Lithuania 

29-06-2020 

SG 

15-05-2020 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

19-06-2020 

18-09-2020 

18-05-2020 

07-04-2020 

14-04-2020 

11-06-2020 

30-05-2020 

AD 

26-06-2020 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Ukraine 

SG 

11-02-2020 

Ukraine 

Fresh Cut Roses 

SG 

28-05-2020 

Ukraine 

Polymeric materials 

SG 

25-02-2020 

Belgium, 
Netherlands, 
Poland, 
Romania 

Czech 
Republic, 
Germany, 
France, 
Hungary, 
Netherlands, 
Poland 

Ukraine 

Wires and cables 

United States 

Wind Towers 

United States 

Blueberries 

SG 

AD 

SG 

28-07-2020 

09-11-2020  Spain 

07-10-2020 

United States 

common alloy aluminum sheet 

AD 

30-03-2020 

Germany, 
Greece, Spain, 
Italy, Slovenia, 
Romania, 
Croatia 

United States 

Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 

AD 

09-01-2020  Germany, Italy 

United States 

Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 

CVD 

09-01-2020  Germany, Italy 

United States 

Methionine 

United States 

Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand 

United States 

Thermal paper 

AD 

AD 

AD 

25-08-2020 

16-04-2020 

07-10-2020 

99 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
B. Number of new investigations initiated by third countries in years 2017 – 2020 

Country 

Argentina 

Australia 

Belarus 

Brazil 

Canada 

Chile 

China 

Colombia 

Costa Rica 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

EAEU 

Guatemala 

GCC 

India 

Indonesia 

Israel 

Jordan 

Korea 

Lebanon 

Madagascar 

Malaysia 

Mexico 

Morocco 

New Zealand 

Pakistan 

Panama 

Peru 

Phillippines 

SACU 

Serbia 

South Africa 

Thailand 

Tunisia 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

USA 

Vietnam 

Zambia 

TOTAL 

New investigations initiated in  2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 
AD 

CVD 

SFG 

TOTAL 

2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

2 

1 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

4 

0 

1 

0 

1 

4 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

5 

0 

1 

2 

1 

0 

2 

4 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

4 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1 

10 

1 

0 

3 

3 

0 

1 

2 

1 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

4 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

3 

1 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

7 

4 

0 

1 

2 

1 

4 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

4 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

5 

1 

1 

2 

3 

0 

4 

4 

8 

0 

0 

15 

30 

22 

31 

37 

37 

43 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

3 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

6 

0 

0 

3 

3 

0 

1 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

4 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

3 

0 

0 

22 

22 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

6 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

100 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
C. Measures imposed by third countries in 2020 

Country 

Product 

Instru
ment 

Type Of 
Measure 

Date Of 
Imposition 

Exporting MS 

Argentina 

Certain boilers 

AD 

Definitive 

26-03-2020  Italy, Slovakia 

Canada 

Canada 

China 

Certain hot-rolled carbon steel 
heavy plate and high-strength 
low-alloy steel heavy plate 

AD 

Provisional 

09-10-2020  Germany 

Wheat gluten 

AD 

Provisional 

23-12-2020 

meta-Cresol 

AD 

Provisional 

03-11-2020 

Belgium, Germany, 
France, Lithuania, 
Austria 

Costa Rica 

White sugar 

SG 

Definitive 

09-08-2020 

GCC 

India 

ceramic flags and paving, 
hearth, floor or wall tiles, 
finishing ceramics 

AD 

Definitive 

30-04-2020 

Toluene Di-Isocyanate 

AD 

Provisional 

03-12-2020 

Indonesia 

Evaporators 

SG 

Definitive 

11-01-2020 

Indonesia 

Cotton; Man-Made Filaments; 
Man-Made Staple Fibres; 
Special Woven Fabrics; Knitted 
or Crocheted Fabrics 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

Indonesia 

Fructose syrup 

SG 

Provisional 

15-06-2020 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Lebanon 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Curtains (Including Drapes), 
Interior Blinds, Bed Valances, 
and Other Furnishing Articles 
Yarn (other than sewing thread) 
of synthethic and artificial 
staple fibres) 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

SG 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

White refined sugar 

SG 

Provisional 

02-03-2020 

Hot rolled steel sheets  

SG 

Definitive 

19-06-2020 

Tubes and pipes iron or steel 
(Tubes et tuyaux en fer ou en 
acier) 

SG 

Definitive 

01-09-2020 

Philippines 

Cement 

SG 

Definitive 

26-10-2020 

South Africa 

South Africa 

Turkey 

threaded fasteners, bolds and 
screws 
bolts with hexagon heads of 
iron or steel 7318.15.43 
(different product from SFG 
Threaded fasteners 2019) 
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - 
PET 

SG 

Definitive 

24-07-2020 

SG 

Provisional 

13-11-2020 

SG 

Definitive 

13-12-2020 

Ukraine 

Polymeric materials 

SG 

Definitive 

20-11-2020 

Czech Republic, 
Germany, France, 
Hungary, Netherlands, 
Poland 

United States 

Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 

AD 

Provisional 

16-07-2020  Germany, Italy 

United States 

Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks  CVD 

Provisional 

18-05-2020  Germany, Italy 

101 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
D. Number of measures imposed by third countries in years 2017 – 2020 

Country 

AD 

CVD 

SFG 

TOTAL 

2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020  2016  2017  2018  2020 

Argentina 

Australia 

Brazil 

Canada 

Chile 

China 

Colombia 

Costa Rica 

Dominican republic 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

EAEU 

GCC 

India 

Indonesia 

Israel 

Jordan 

Korea 

Lebanon 

Malaysia 

Mexico 

Morocco 

Pakistan 

Philippines 

South Africa 

Thailand 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

United States 

Vietnam 

Zambia 

TOTAL 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

6 

0 

0 

1 

3 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

15 

20 

15 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

9 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

2 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

6 

2 

0 

0 

4 

1 

2 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

3 

1 

10 

0 

0 

1 

3 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

4 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

5 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

1 

2 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

0 

10 

10 

14 

26 

32 

25 

22 

102 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
E. Third countries’ measures in force at the end of 2020 

Country 

Product 

Instrument 

Argentina 
Argentina 

Argentina 

Argentina 

Australia 

Australia 

Australia 

Australia 

Australia 

Australia 

Australia 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Brazil 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

Canada 

China 

China 

Certain boilers 
Electrical terminals 

Radiators 

Straight handsaw blades 

A4 Copy paper 

Ammonium nitrate 

Chrome bars 

Q&T Steel Plate 

Railway wheels 

Steel reinforcing bar 

Steel Reinforcing Bar 

Adipic Acid 

Elastomeric rubber pipes 

Ethanolamines and triethanolamines 

Frozen fries 

Laminated steel 

Lightweight paper 

Monobutyl ethers of ethylene glycol  

Nitrile Rubber 

Offset printing plates 

Phenol 

Plastic Tubes for Blood Collection 

Seamless steel pipes  

Silicon electrical steel 
Certain fabricated industrial steel 
components 
Certain hot-rolled carbon steel heavy plate 
and high-strength low-alloy steel heavy 
plate 
Certain steel products 

Concrete reinforcing bar 

Copper tubes 
Hot-rolled carbon steel plate and high-
strength low-alloy steel plate 

Refined sugar 

Refined sugar 

Steel plate 

Wheat gluten 

Alloy Seamless Tubes 

Caprolactam 

AD 
AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

CVD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

02-04-2019 

Type Of 
Measure 
Definitive 
Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Date Of 
Imposition 
26-03-2020 
02-04-2009 

Exporting MS 

Italy, Slovakia 
Germany 

22-11-2019 

Spain, Italy 

21-02-2008 

29-05-2019 

Sweden 
Austria, Slovakia, 
Finland 
Sweden 

06-09-2016 

Romania 

05-11-2014 

Finland, Sweden 

12-07-2019 

France 

06-03-2018 

Greece, Spain 

19-11-2015 

Spain 

01-04-2015 

Germany, France, Italy 

22-06-2015 

Germany, Italy 

04-11-2013 

Definitive 

17-02-2017 

Definitive 

04-10-2013 

Definitive 

23-04-2012 

Definitive 

Definitive 

22-04-2016 

13-08-2018 

Definitive 

05-03-2015 

Definitive 

16-10-2002 

Definitive 

30-04-2015 

Germany 
Belgium, Germany, 
France, Netherlands 
Germany, Finland 
Belgium, Germany, 
Finland, Sweden 
Germany 

France 
Belgium, Germany, 
United Kingdom 
Belgium, Germany 
Germany, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

Definitive 

07-10-2005 

12-07-2019 

Germany 

Definitive 

25-05-2017 

Spain, United Kingdom 

Provisional 

09-10-2020 

Germany 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

13-05-2019 

04-05-2017 

Spain, Portugal 

02-01-2014 

Definitive 

09-01-2004 

Definitive 

06-11-1995 

Definitive 

Definitive 

06-11-1995 

04-06-2014 

Provisional 

23-12-2020 

Definitive 

10-05-2014 

Definitive 

22-09-2011 

Greece 
Czech Republic, 
Bulgaria, Romania 
Denmark, Germany, 
Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
European Union 

Denmark, Italy 
Belgium, Germany, 
France, Lithuania, 
Austria 
Germany, France, Italy 
Czech Republic, 
Germany, Spain, 
Netherlands, Poland 
Germany, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 
Germany, France, 
European Union 

China 

Certain iron or steel fasteners 

AD 

Definitive 

29-06-2010 

China 

Chloroprene Rubber 

AD 

Definitive 

10-05-2005 

103 

 
 
 
 
  
  
China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

China 

Colombia 

Costa Rica 

Egypt 

Eurasian Economic 
Union 
Gulf Cooperation 
Council 
Gulf Cooperation 
Council 
Gulf Cooperation 
Council 
Gulf Cooperation 
Council 
India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

India 

Germany, France, 
Sweden 
Germany, Poland, 
United Kingdom 
Belgium, United 
Kingdom 

Denmark, Germany, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands 
Germany, France 

Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
Belgium, Germany, 
Italy, Netherlands, 
Poland 
France, Italy, United 
Kingdom 
Germany, France, 
Netherlands 
Germany, France, 
Netherlands 

Germany 
Austria, Finland, 
Sweden, Bulgaria 
Belgium, Germany, 
Netherlands 

Belgium, Germany, 
France 

Belgium, Germany, 
Italy 

Belgium, Spain, Italy 
Belgium, Germany, 
Italy 
Belgium, Spain, 
France, Italy, 
Netherlands, Finland, 
Sweden, United 
Kingdom 
Belgium, Germany, 
France, Netherlands, 
Austria, Portugal 

Germany 
Belgium, Spain, 
Netherlands 

Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 

Grain oriented flat-rolled steel (GOES) 

halogenated butyl rubber 

meta-Cresol 

Optical fiber 

Perchlorethylene 

Phenol 

Photographic paper 

Polyamide-6 (PA6) 

Polyamide-6,6 

Potato Starch 

Potato Starch 

Stainless Steel Billet and Hot-rolled 
Stainless Steel Plate (Coil) 
Toluidine 

Unbleached sack paper 

Frozen fries 

White sugar 
iron/steel bars and rods (steel rebar) and 
on imports of semi-finished products of 
iron/non-alloy steel (steel billets), 

Herbicides 

ceramic flags and paving, hearth, floor or 
wall tiles, finishing ceramics 
Chemical plasticizer (prepared additives 
for cement, mortars or concretes 
Flat rolled products of iron or non-alloy 
steel 
Uncoated paper or paperboard in rols or 
sheets (other than Containerboard) 
2-Ethyl Hexanol 

Acetone 

Certain Rubber Chemicals 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Definitive 

25-01-2013 

Definitive 

23-07-2016 

Definitive 

20-08-2018 

Provisional 

03-11-2020 

Definitive 

22-04-2011 

Definitive 

Definitive 

30-05-2014 

06-09-2019 

Definitive 

23-03-2012 

Definitive 

22-04-2010 

Definitive 

12-10-2009 

CVD 

Definitive 

17-09-2011 

Definitive 

06-02-2007 

Definitive 

23-07-2019 

Definitive 

13-03-2013 

Definitive 

09-04-2016 

Definitive 

09-11-2018 

Definitive 

09-08-2020 

Definitive 

12-10-2019 

Definitive 

18-06-2019 

Definitive 

30-04-2020 

Definitive 

21-06-2019 

Definitive 

15-05-2018 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Cold-Rolled Flat Products of Stainless 
Steel 

AD 

Definitive 

20-02-2010 

Colour coated/pre-painted flat products of 
alloy or non-alloy steel 

Methylene Chloride 

Normal Butanol or N-Butyl Alcohol 

Phenol 

Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Paste-
Emulsion Resin 
SBR - Styrene Butadiene Rubber of 1500 
series and 1700 series 
Sodium Chlorate 
Solar Cells whether or not assembled in 
modules or panels 
Synthetic Filament Yarn of Nylon 

Toluene Di-Isocyanate 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

104 

Definitive 

01-05-2019 

Spain, Italy, Poland 

Definitive 

Definitive 

29-03-2016 

Germany 

11-03-2008 

Definitive 

20-11-2005 

Definitive 

17-10-2017 

Definitive 

Definitive 

21-05-2014 

19-02-2016 

Definitive 

08-03-2016 

Definitive 

07-10-2004 

Spain, Italy 

Definitive 

30-08-2017 

Definitive 

02-11-2017 

Definitive 

30-07-2018 

Germany, France 

Definitive 

Provisional 

06-10-2018 

03-12-2020 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
India 

Wooden flooring 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Indonesia 

Israel 

Korea/South 

Korea/South 

Korea/South 

Lebanon 

Lebanon 

Madagascar 

Madagascar 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

Morocco 

New Zealand 

New Zealand 

Pakistan 

Pakistan 

Philippines 

South Africa 

aluminium foil 

Aluminum foil 

Ceramic tiles and mosaic 
Cotton; Man-Made Filaments; Man-Made 
Staple Fibres; Special Woven Fabrics; 
Knitted or Crocheted Fabrics 
Curtains (Including Drapes), Interior 
Blinds, Bed Valances, and Other 
Furnishing Articles 
Evaporators 

Fructose syrup 

H and I sections of other alloy steel 
Yarn (other than sewing thread) of 
synthethic and artificial staple fibres) 
Portland Cement 

Butyl Glycol Ether 

Coated printing paper 

Stainless steel bar 

corn flakes, rice and roasted wheat 

White refined sugar 

pasta 

Pasta 

Carbon steel tubes 

Hot rolled steel coils 

Seamless carbon steel pipes 

Steel plate 

Steel plate produced in Romania 

Stranded wire ropes & cables 
Cold rolled steel sheets and plated or 
coated sheets 
Hot rolled steel sheets (tôles d'acier 
laminées à chaud enroulées ou non 
enroulées) 
Insulin 

PVC 

Tubes and pipes iron or steel (Tubes et 
tuyaux en fer ou en acier) 
wire rods and reinforcing bars 
Wooden panels (Panneaux de bois revetus 
(PBR)) 
Canned peaches 

Preserved peaches 

Hydrogen Peroxide 
Tinplate of a width of 600 mm or more 
and of a thickness of less than 0.5 mm 
Cement 
bolts with hexagon heads of iron or steel 
7318.15.43 (different product from SFG 
Threaded fasteners 2019) 

South Africa 

Certain flat rolled iron/steel products 

South Africa 

Frozen chicken 

South Africa 

Frozen chicken BSG 

South Africa 

Potato chips 

AD 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

SG 

AD 

SG 

AD 

105 

Denmark, Germany, 
Spain, Italy, Lithuania, 
Poland 

Definitive 

27-03-2018 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

07-11-2019 

24-10-2019 

12-10-2018 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

Definitive 

Provisional 

Definitive 

11-01-2020 

15-06-2020 

21-01-2015 

Definitive 

27-05-2020 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Provisional 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

07-04-2019 

Greece 

06-12-2016 

22-07-2018 

Finland 

22-02-2019 

Italy 

26-09-2019 

02-03-2020 

01-08-2019 

01-08-2019 

21-04-2016 

Spain 

23-12-2015 

Germany, France 

04-04-2018 

01-05-2019 

22-09-2005 

Spain 

Italy 

27-02-2016 

Spain, Portugal 

Definitive 

07-09-2015 

Definitive 

19-06-2020 

Definitive 

28-10-2014 

Definitive 

29-12-2016 

Denmark 
Belgium, Germany, 
Spain, France, Portugal 

Definitive 

01-09-2020 

Definitive 

27-03-2014 

Definitive 

20-09-2019 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

09-03-1998 

Greece 

04-08-2011 

Spain 

15-07-2011 

Belgium 

Definitive 

31-05-2019 

Definitive 

26-10-2020 

Provisional 

13-11-2020 

Definitive 

11-08-2017 

Definitive 

27-02-2015 

Definitive 

28-09-2018 

Definitive 

21-10-2016 

Belgium, Germany, 
Sweden 
Germany, Netherlands, 
United Kingdom 
Belgium, Denmark, 
Germany, Ireland, 
Netherlands, Poland, 
United Kingdom 
Belgium, Netherlands 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
South Africa 

Ropes & cables of iron or steel 

South Africa 

South Africa 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

screws made of steel with hexagon heads 

threaded fasteners, bolds and screws 

AC plywood 
AC woven fabriccs of synthetic filament 
yarn 
Electrical water heaters 

Fittings 

Hinges. Anti-circumvention case. 

Laminated flooring 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET 

Turkey 

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

Sodium Percarbonate 

Toothbrushes 

Tubes and pipes of refined copper 

Unbleached kraft liner paper 

Wall paper 

woven fabrics of synthetic and artificial 
staple fibres 
Woven fabrics of yarn and fibres. Anti 
circumvention investigation. 

yarn of polyamides and other nylon 

Flexible porous plates, blocks and sheets 
of polyurethane foam 

Ukraine 

Polymeric materials 

Ukraine 

Ukraine 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

Rubber plugs 

Sulphuric acid and oleum 

acetone 

Brass sheet & strip 

Brass sheet & strip 

Brass sheet & strip 

United States 

Carbon & alloy steel cut to lenght plate 

AD 

SG 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

SG 

SG 

SG 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

United States 

Certain carbon and alloy steel wire rod 

United States 

United States 

United States 

Certain Cold-Drawn Mechanical Tubing 
of Carbon and Alloy Steel 
Chlorinated isocyanurates 
citric acid, sodium citrate, and potassium 
citrate (also in blends under HS 382499) 

United States 

cold rolled steel flat products 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

Corrosion-resistant steel 

Corrosion-resistant steel 
crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) 
cells (whether or not partially or fully 
assembled into other products) 
Emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESB 
rubber) 
Finished Carbon Steel Flanges 

Forged steel fittings 

Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

CVD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

Forged Steel Fluid End Blocks 

CVD 

106 

Definitive 

28-08-2002 

Germany, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

03-02-2019 

24-07-2020 

28-10-2016 

Bulgaria 

Definitive 

22-08-2015 

Bulgaria 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

19-09-2013 

Italy 

07-09-2006 

20-10-2017 

Greece, Spain, Italy 

13-06-2015 

Germany 

13-12-2020 

Definitive 

06-02-2003 

Definitive 

02-03-2018 

Definitive 

03-02-2018 

Definitive 

Definitive 

17-10-2017 

19-04-2018 

Definitive 

06-08-2015 

Belgium, Germany, 
Greece, Italy, Hungary, 
Netherlands, Finland, 
Romania 
Germany, Sweden 
Germany, Netherlands, 
Sweden 
Greece 

Poland, Finland 
Belgium, Germany, 
Italy, United Kingdom 

Definitive 

22-08-2015 

Poland, Bulgaria 

Definitive 

07-05-2019 

Greece 

Definitive 

21-11-2019 

Definitive 

07-07-2016 

Definitive 

20-11-2020 

Germany, Italy, 
Poland, Slovakia 
Hungary, Poland, 
Romania 
Czech Republic, 
Germany, France, 
Hungary, Netherlands, 
Poland 
Poland 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

20-05-2019 

01-09-2018 

20-12-2019 

Belgium, Spain 

06-03-1987 

Italy 

06-03-1987 

Germany 

06-03-1987 

Definitive 

05-05-2017 

France 
Belgium, Germany, 
France, Italy, Austria 
Italy 
Spain, Italy, United 
Kingdom 

Definitive 

20-03-2018 

Definitive 

10-04-2018 

Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

24-06-2005 

Spain 

Definitive 

25-07-2018 

Belgium 

Definitive 

10-09-2016 

Definitive 

Definitive 

15-09-2016 

15-07-2016 

Italy 

Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
Italy 

Definitive 

07-02-2018 

Germany, Italy 

Definitive 

12-09-2017 

Poland 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Provisional 

Provisional 

29-07-2017 

Spain, Italy 

26-11-2018 

Italy 

16-07-2020 

Germany, Italy 

18-05-2020 

Germany, Italy 

United States 

Certain carbon and alloy steel wire rod 

CVD 

Definitive 

19-03-2018 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
Definitive 

12-09-2016 

Definitive 

15-04-2019 

Definitive 

07-02-2018 

Netherlands, United 
Kingdom 
Greece 
Germany, Spain, Italy, 
Sweden 
France 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

Definitive 

13-02-2002 

18-11-2014 

Germany, Sweden 

24-07-1996 

24-07-1996 

21-10-1977 

Italy 

Italy 

Italy 

24-10-2019 

Germany 

01-08-2018 

25-07-2018 

Spain 

Spain 

04-03-1997 

Germany 

11-10-2011 

Romania 

27-08-2008 

Germany 

02-03-1995 

23-02-2001 

Spain 

Italy 

21-05-1999 

Belgium 

15-09-1998 

Spain, Italy 

15-09-1998 

Italy 

07-09-2001 

Latvia 

07-09-2001 

Poland 

08-10-2019 

France, Austria 

20-01-2016 

Portugal 

07-03-2018 

United States 

Hot rolled steel 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

United States 

Viet Nam 

Large Diameter Welded Pipes 
Large residential washers (LRWs) and 
certain parts thereof 
Low enriched uranium 

Non-oriented electrical steel 

Pasta 

Pasta 

Pressure sensitive plastic tape x673 

Refillable Stainless Steel Kegs 

Ripe Olives 

Ripe olives 

Seamless pipe 

Seamless pipe small diameter 

Sodium Nitrite 

Stainless steel bar x709 

Stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings 

Stainless steel plates in coils 

Stainless steel wire rod x743  

Stainless steel wire rod x745  

Steel concrete reinforcing bars 

Steel concrete reinforcing bars x752 

Strontium Chromate 

Uncoated paper 

Certain mineral or chemical fertilizers 

AD 

AD 

SG 

AD 

AD 

CVD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

CVD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

AD 

SG 

107 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
F. Number of third countries’ measures in force at the end of 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 

Country 

AD 

CVD 

SFG 

TOTAL 

2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020  2017  2018  2019  2020 

Argentina 

Australia 

Brazil 

Canada 

Chile 

China 

Colombia 

Costa Rica 

Dominican Republic 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

Eurasian Economic Union 

GCC 

India 

Indonesia 

Israel 

Japan 

Jordan 

Korea 

Lebanon 

Madagascar 

Malaysia 

Mexico 

Morocco 

New Zealand 

Pakistan 

Philippines 

South Africa 

Thailand 

Turkey 

Ukraine 

USA 

Vietnam 

Zambia 

TOTAL 

5 

7 

16 

6 

0 

5 

10 

16 

7 

0 

4 

7 

4 

7 

15 

13 

6 

0 

8 

0 

17 

16 

18 

18 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

19 

19 

17 

14 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

7 

4 

1 

2 

0 

3 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

6 

4 

1 

2 

0 

3 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

4 

1 

0 

0 

7 

2 

1 

2 

0 

3 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

3 

1 

0 

0 

6 

2 

2 

2 

0 

3 

0 

10 

10 

11 

12 

0 

0 

0 

1 

22 

27 

30 

31 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

125 

133 

132 

132 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

7 

108 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

4 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

3 

0 

3 

0 

0 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

3 

0 

0 

2 

3 

3 

4 

2 

2 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

6 

1 

0 

2 

3 

1 

4 

2 

2 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

2 

1 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

1 

5 

0 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

5 

7 

16 

7 

0 

5 

10 

16 

9 

0 

4 

7 

15 

8 

0 

4 

7 

13 

10 

0 

20 

18 

20 

19 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

1 

4 

21 

21 

18 

15 

4 

0 

1 

1 

2 

1 

0 

3 

7 

7 

1 

2 

3 

4 

4 

2 

0 

1 

1 

3 

1 

0 

2 

6 

7 

1 

2 

2 

6 

4 

2 

1 

0 

0 

4 

2 

0 

2 

7 

8 

2 

2 

2 

6 

2 

9 

1 

0 

0 

3 

2 

2 

0 

6 

7 

2 

2 

1 

8 

0 

12 

14 

15 

16 

1 

2 

2 

4 

26 

33 

36 

38 

4 

0 

4 

0 

4 

0 

1 

0 

30 

35 

37 

39 

162 

174 

175 

178