European citizenship : report.
Date: 2021-06-24
Institutions: Directorate-General for Communication
Subjects: EU activity, EU programme, European Union, European citizenship, European identity, citizens' Europe, fundamental rights, image, public opinion, quality of life, report, sample survey

Standard Eurobarometer 93 
Summer 2020 

Report 

European citizenship 

Fieldwork 
July-August  2020 

Survey requested and co-ordinated by the European Commission,  
Directorate-General for Communication 

This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. 
The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. 

Standard Eurobarometer 93 – Wave EB93.1 – Kantar 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Standard Eurobarometer 93 

Summer 2020 

Report 

European citizenship 

Fieldwork: July-August 2020 

Survey conducted by Kantar on behalf of Kantar Belgium  
at the request of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication 

Survey coordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication 
(DG COMM “Media monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Project title 

Language version  
Catalogue number 
ISBN 
ISSN 

© European Union, 2020 

Standard Eurobarometer 93 
"European citizenship" 

EN 
NA-AO-20-012-EN-N 
978-92-76-25184-2 
1977-3927 
doi:10.2775/581547 

https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European citizenship 

Summer 2020 

CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION 

Standard Eurobarometer 93 

I. ATTACHMENT TO THE COUNTRY, TO THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TO EUROPE 

Report 

2 

4 

II. RESULTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION                                                                          16 

III. EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP                                                                                           23 

1  The sense of European citizenship 

  Assessment on the sense of European citizenship 

  The issues that most create a sense of community 

2  Rights as European Union citizens 

23 

23 

29 

36 

IV. SOCIAL ISSUES AND VALUES                                                                                   41 

1.  The existence of things in common in the country 

2.  The existence of things in common in the EU 

3.  Understanding of today’s world 

4.  Things were better when it comes to quality of life 

5.  Confidence in the future 

  42 

45 

50 

53 

56 

ANNEXES 

Technical specifications 

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European citizenship 

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INTRODUCTION 

Standard Eurobarometer 93 

Report 

The Standard Eurobarometer 93 (EB93) survey was conducted from 10 July to 26 August 20201 in 
the 27 EU Member States. The survey was also conducted in the United Kingdom, in five candidate 
countries  (Albania,  Montenegro,  North  Macedonia,  Serbia  and  Turkey)  and  in  the  Turkish  Cypriot 
Community in the part of the country not controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. 

The full report of the Standard Eurobarometer 93 survey consists of several volumes. The first volume 
presents the results of general questions about the state of public opinion in the European Union. 
Four other volumes present Europeans’ opinions on the following topics: the European Union and the 
coronavirus outbreak; the European Union’s priorities; European citizenship; and the European Union 
budget. 

The  present  volume  of  the  summer  2020  Standard  Eurobarometer  survey  focuses  on  European 
citizenship. Here we analyse the following issues: 

  Attachment to the European Union, particularly compared with their attachment to their 

city/town/village, to their country and to Europe; 

  Perceptions of the achievements of the European Union: what do Europeans see as the 

most positive results of the European Union ? 

  The  notion  of  European  citizenship:  do  Europeans  feel  that  they  are  European  citizens? 
Which  are  the  elements  that  create  this  sense  of  European  citizenship?  To  what  extent  do 
Europeans trust people in their country? Do Europeans know their rights as European citizens? 
Do they expect to be given information on this issue? 

  Social  issues  and  values:  do  Europeans  feel  that  people  have  a  lot  in  common  in  their 
country? And in the European Union? Do they feel they have a good understanding of what is 
going on in today's world? Do Europeans feel that their quality of life is better than before? Do 
they have confidence in the future? 

1 Please consult the technical specifications to see the exact dates of the interviews in each country. 

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Methodology used for this survey 

Exceptionally, this Standard Eurobarometer survey 93 was conducted during summer (July-August) 
instead of spring because of the difficulties of interviewing face-to-face linked to the coronavirus 
pandemic. In some countries, alternative  interview  modes were put in place as a result of the 
situation. 

When possible, the methodology used was that of the Standard Eurobarometer surveys carried out 
by  the  Directorate-General  for  Communication  (“Media  monitoring  and  Eurobarometer”  Unit) 2 . 
However, because of the coronavirus pandemic, it was difficult, and sometimes impossible to conduct 
face-to-face interviews in a number of countries of the European Union. In these countries, we have 
interviewed respondents online, mostly after recruiting them in a probabilistic way by telephone. A 
technical note concerning the interviews conducted by the member institutes of the Kantar network 
is annexed to this report. It also specifies the confidence intervals3. 

Following the EU General Data Protection Regulation4 (GDPR), respondents were asked whether or 
not they would agree to be asked questions on issues that could be considered “sensitive”. 

Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The abbreviations used in 
this report correspond to: 

Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Czechia 
Denmark  
Germany 
Estonia 
Ireland 
Greece  
Spain 
France 
Croatia 
Italy 
Republic of Cyprus 
Latvia 

Turkish Cypriot Community 

The United Kingdom 

Albania 
Montenegro 
North Macedonia 

BE 
BG 
CZ 
DK 
DE 
EE 
IE 
EL 
ES 
EN 
HR 
IT 
CY* 
LV 

AL 
ME 
MK 

Lithuania  
Luxembourg  
Hungary 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Austria 
Poland 
Portugal  
Romania 
Slovenia 
Slovakia 
Finland 
Sweden 

Turkey 
Serbia 

European Union - weighted average for the 27 Member States of the European Union 
BE, FR, IT, LU, DE, AT, ES, PT, IE, NL, FI, EL, EE, SI, CY, MT, SK, LV, LT 

BG, CZ, DK, HR, HU, PL, RO, SE 

LT 
LU 
HU 
MT 
NL 
AT 
PL 
PT 
RO 
SI 
SK 
FI 
SE 

CY (tcc) 

UK 

TR 
RS 

EU27 
Euro area 
Outside euro 
area 

* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 27 Member States of the European Union. However, the ‘Community acquis’ is suspended in the part of 
the country not controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only interviews carried out in the part of the 
country controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the category ‘CY’ and in the average of the EU27. Interviews 
carried out in the part of the country not controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the category ‘CY (tcc)’ [tcc: 
Turkish Cypriot Community] 

We wish to thank the people  
across Europe who have given their time to take part in this survey. 
Without their active participation, this study would not have been possible. 

2 https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm 
3 The results tables are annexed. It should be noted that the total of the percentages indicated in the tables in this report may exceed 
100% when the respondent was able to choose several answers to the same question. 
4 2016/679 

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I.  ATTACHMENT TO THE COUNTRY, TO THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TO EUROPE 

More than half of Europeans feel attached to the European Union  

Respondents were asked to say how attached they feel to their city/town/village, their country, the 
European Union and Europe5. As a result: 

  Nine  in  ten  Europeans  (89%,  same  as  in  autumn  2019)  feel  attached  to  their 
'city/town/village',  with  52%  (=)  who  feel  “very  attached”  to  it.  However,  just  one  in  ten 
respondents  (10%,  -1  percentage  point)  answer  that  they  do  not  feel  attached  to  their 
city/town/village; 

  More than nine in ten respondents (92%, +1 percentage point, and unchanged compared to 
EU27,  i.e.  disregarding  the  data  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  autumn  2019)  say  they  feel 
attached  to  their  'country',  including  over  half  of  them  (56%,  +2  and  +1)  who  are  “very 
attached” to it. Conversely, less than one in ten Europeans (8%, -1 and =) do not feel attached 
to their country; 

  Over half of Europeans (55%, -2 percentage points and -4) feel attached to the 'European 
Union', with 14% (-2) “very attached” to it. Meanwhile, more than four in ten (43%, +2 and +4) 
answer that they do not feel attached to the EU, and 2% (unchanged) say they do not know; 

  Close  to  two-thirds  of  respondents  (65%,  unchanged  and  -1  percentage  point)  feel  an 
attachment to 'Europe', including nearly one in five (18%, -2) who feel “very attached” to it. 
Conversely, around one third (34%, +1 and +2) answer that they do not feel attached to Europe, 
while 1% (-1) 'don't know'. 

5 QC1a. Please tell me how attached you feel to… 1. Your city/town/village; 2. (OUR COUNTRY); 3. The European Union; 4. Europe  

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Attachment to city/town/village and to the country  

A  national  analysis  highlights  that  over  seven  in  ten  respondents  feel  attached  to  their 
city/town/village  in all 27 EU Member States, with the highest proportions in Portugal (99%) and 
Greece (98%), and the lowest in Luxembourg and the Netherlands (74% in both countries). 

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Over half of respondents say they feel “very attached” to their city/town/village in 17 EU Member 
States (same as in autumn 2019), with at least two-thirds feeling this way in Greece (81%), Bulgaria 
(71%), Austria (68%), Latvia and Poland (67% in both countries). 

In terms of evolutions, the proportion of respondents feeling attached to their city/town/village has 
decreased in 16 EU Member States, most strikingly in Estonia (77%, -10 percentage points) and Malta 
(75%, -10). Conversely, this proportion has increased in nine countries, particularly in Lithuania (89%, 
+4). Finally, it is unchanged in Cyprus (95%) and Spain (94%). 

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At  least  eight  in  ten  respondents  answer  that  they  feel  attached  to  their  country  in  all  27  EU 
Member States, with the highest proportions in Denmark and Portugal (99% in both countries) and 
Slovakia (98%). On the other hand, fewer than nine in ten respondents feel this way in Belgium (80%), 
Luxembourg (82%), Spain and Malta (86% in both countries), and Croatia and Czechia (both 89%). 

At  least  half  of  respondents  share  the  feeling  of  being  “very  attached”  to  their  country  in  22  EU 
Member States (same as in autumn 2019), and more than seven in ten feel this way in Denmark 
(88%), Greece (84%), Bulgaria (73%) and Poland (72%). 

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In terms of evolutions since autumn 2019, the feeling of attachment to the country has fallen in 13 
EU Member States, particularly in Luxembourg (82%, -11 percentage points). However, it has risen 
slightly in eight countries, most notably in Austria (94%, +4). Finally, it is unchanged in six countries. 

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Attachment to the European Union and to Europe 

A national analysis shows that the feeling of attachment to the European Union is the majority 
view  in  18  EU  Member  States  (compared  with  22  in  autumn  2019),  with  at  least  seven  in  ten 
respondents holding this view in Latvia (74%), Poland (73%) and Hungary (70%). However, this feeling 
is less widespread in Denmark (52% versus 46%) and France (53% versus 45%). 

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On the other hand, only a minority of respondents answer that they feel attached to the EU in nine 
EU Member  States (compared  to three in  autumn 2019). This is  the case in Czechia (35%  versus 
63%), Greece (38% versus 62%), Finland (41% versus 59%), Italy (42% versus 57%), Cyprus (44% 
versus 55%), Sweden (47% versus 52%), Malta (48% versus 49%), Austria (48% versus 51%) and 
the Netherlands (49% versus 50%). 

Since  autumn  2019,  the  proportion  of  respondents  who  feel  attached  to  the  European  Union  has 
fallen in 17 EU Member States, most dramatically in Malta (48%, -20 percentage points), Spain (57%, 
-12) and Luxembourg (66%, -10). On the other hand, it has risen slightly in six countries, particularly 
in Ireland (68%, +4). Finally, it remains stable in Hungary (70%), Romania (64%), France (53%) and 
the Netherlands (49%). 

Following these evolutions, the feeling of attachment to the EU is the minority view in six additional 
countries: Finland (41% versus 59%, compared with 48% versus 48% in autumn 2019), Italy (42% 
versus 57%, compared with 50% versus 49%), Cyprus (44% versus 55%, compared with 50% versus 
50%),  Sweden  (47%  versus  52%,  compared  with  54%  versus  44%),  Malta  (48%  versus  49%, 
compared with 68% versus 30%) and Austria (48% versus 51%, compared with 56% versus 43%). 

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A majority of respondents say they feel attached to Europe in 24 EU Member States (compared 
with 25 in autumn 2019). This feeling is strongest in Hungary (82%), Denmark (81%), Poland and 
Sweden (79% in both countries). On the other hand, it is not so high in Malta (58%) and Croatia (59%). 

In three EU Member States, minorities of respondents feel attached to Europe. It is the case in Greece 
(43% versus 57%), Cyprus (44% versus 55%) and Italy (47% vs. 51%). 

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In terms of evolutions since autumn 2019, the feeling of attachment to Europe has lost ground in 14 
EU  Member  States,  most  notably  in  Malta  (58%,  -18  percentage  points)  and  Spain  (60%,  -12). 
Conversely, it has risen in 13 countries, particularly in Ireland (78%, +12).  

As a result of these evolutions, minorities of respondents feel attached to Europe in two extra EU 
Member States: Cyprus (44% versus 55%, compared with 50% versus 50% in autumn 2019) and 
Italy (47% versus 51%, compared with 54% versus 45%). 

Respondents are more attached to Europe than to the European Union in 26 EU Member 
States. The difference between the proportions of respondents attached to Europe and to the EU is 
at  least  ten  percentage  points  in  11  EU  Member  States,  with  the  largest  gaps  in  Sweden  (79% 
attached  to  Europe  and  47%  to  the  EU),  Denmark  (81%  and  52%),  Finland  (70%  and  41%),  and 
Czechia (60% and 35%). Conversely, the smallest gap is found in Portugal (60% attached to Europe 
and 59% to the EU), Romania (66% and 64%), Croatia (59% and 56%), Spain (60% and 57%), and 
Latvia (78% and 74%), where the difference between the proportions of respondents attached to 
Europe and to the EU is below 5 percentage points.  

On the other hand, respondents in Cyprus feel attached as much to the European Union as to Europe 
(44% in both cases). 

Analysis of the socio-demographic data shows that: 

  A  majority  of  respondents  in  most  socio-demographic  categories  feel  attached  to  the 
European Union, with the highest proportions among Europeans who continued education up 
to  20  years  old  or  beyond  (62%),  managers  (65%),  students  (59%),  respondents  who  have 
difficulty paying their bills never or almost never (61%) and those who consider themselves 
upper (80%), upper middle (66%) and middle class (60%). Conversely, the attachment to the 
EU is the minority feeling among Europeans who finished education aged 15 or earlier (47% 
versus 51%), unemployed people (45% versus 53%), respondents who have difficulty paying 
their bills most of the time (37% versus 62%) and from time to time (48% versus 50%), and 
those who consider themselves working and  lower middle class of the society (48% versus 
50% in both cases).  

  A majority of Europeans feel attached to  Europe in all socio-demographic categories but 
two, with the highest levels of attachment among respondents who continued education up to 
20  years  old  or  beyond  (72%),  managers  (77%),  students  (70%),  respondents  who  have 
difficulty paying their bills never or almost never (71%) and those who consider themselves 
upper (83%) and upper middle class (77%). Conversely, only a minority of Europeans who have 
difficulty  paying  their  bills  most  of  the  time  (42%  versus  57%)  and  of  those  who  have  a 
negative image of the EU (39%) answer that they feel attached to Europe.  

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II. 

RESULTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 

Nearly six in ten Europeans think that the free movement of people, goods and services 
within the EU is the most positive result of the EU, just ahead peace among the EU 
Member States 

When asked to identify the most positive results of the European Union by choosing up to three items 
from a list of eight6, Europeans place the free movement and peace at the top of the ranking: 

  Close  to  six  in  ten  respondents  (59%,  +2  percentage  points  since  autumn  2019,  and  +1 
compared  to  EU27,  i.e.  disregarding  the  data  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  autumn  2019) 
mention 'the free movement of people, goods and services within the EU' as one of the 
most positive results of the European Union; 

  A similar proportion cite 'peace among the Member States of the EU' (55%, unchanged 

and -1 percentage point); 

  At  least  a  quarter  of  Europeans  think  that  'the  euro'  (28%,  +3  percentage  points  and 
unchanged), 'student  exchange programmes such as  ERASMUS' (25%, unchanged) and 
'the  economic  power  of  the  EU'  (25%,  +1)  are  among  the  most  positive  results  of  the 
European Union; 

  Over one in five respondents also mention 'the political and diplomatic influence of the 
EU in the rest of the world' (22%, +2 percentage points) and 'the level of social welfare 
(healthcare, education, pensions) in the EU' (22%, +2 and +1); 

 

'The Common Agricultural Policy' comes in eighth and final position, still cited by more than 
one in ten respondents (12%, unchanged). 

6 QC3T. Which of the following do you think is the most positive result of the EU? Firstly? And then? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS) 

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A national analysis highlights that a majority of respondents in 20 EU Member States think that 
'the free movement of people, goods and services within the EU' is one of the most positive 
results  of  the  European  Union,  with  over  three-quarters  of  respondents  sharing  this  opinion  in 
Lithuania (79%), Estonia (78%) and Bulgaria (77%). Conversely, less than one in two respondents 
hold this view in France (41%), and slightly more than one in two do so in Austria (51%) and Belgium 
(53%). 

Since autumn 2019, the proportion of respondents who think that 'the free movement of people, 
goods and services within the EU' is one of the most positive results of the European Union has 
increased in 14 EU Member States, most notably in Ireland (73%, +14 percentage points), Romania 
(59%, +8) and Estonia (78%, +7). However, it has decreased slightly in ten countries, particularly in 
Latvia (67%, -3), Slovenia (57%, -3) and France (41%, -3). Finally, it is unchanged in Bulgaria (77%), 
Germany (63%) and Denmark (59%). 

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In six EU Member States, respondents place 'peace among the Member States of the EU' in first 
position of the most positive results of the EU: Sweden, Germany and Luxembourg (74% in the three 
countries), Denmark (67%), France (62%), and Belgium (57%). At the other end of the scale, less than 
four in ten respondents cite peace in Romania (32%), Malta (36%) and Portugal (37%). 

The free movement and peace are mentioned in equal first position by respondents in Slovenia (57% 
for both items). 

In terms of evolutions since autumn 2019, the share of respondents who cite peace among the most 
positive results of the European Union has fallen in 13 EU Member States, most notably in Spain 
(40%, -10 percentage points). Conversely, it has risen in 12 countries, most dramatically in Ireland 
(63%, +19). Finally, it is unchanged in Germany (74%) and Malta (36%). 

None of the six other items comes in first position of the ranking of the most positive results of the 
European Union in any EU Member State. 

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III. 

EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP 

1  The sense of European citizenship  

  Assessment on the sense of European citizenship 

More than seven in ten Europeans feel they are citizens of the European Union 

Slightly over seven in ten Europeans (71%, +1 percentage point since autumn 2019, and -1 compared 
to  EU27,  i.e.  disregarding  the  data  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  autumn  2019)  agree  with  the 
statement 'you  feel  you  are  a  citizen  of  the  EU'7, with three in ten (30%, unchanged  and -1) 
answering 'yes, definitely'. However, nearly three in ten respondents (28%, -1 and +1) don’t feel they 
are citizens of the European Union. Finally, just 1% (=) answer “don’t know”. 

7 QC2.1. For each of the following statements, please tell me to what extent it corresponds or not to your own opinion. You feel you are a 
citizen of the EU 

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The  proportion  of  respondents  who  say  that  the  statement  'you  feel  you  are  a  citizen  of  the  EU' 
corresponds to their own opinion remains unchanged since autumn 2019 (70%).  

The feeling of being a citizen of the European Union is stronger in countries outside the euro area 
(74% versus 24%) than in euro area countries (69% against 30%). 

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A national analysis highlights that the feeling of being a citizen of the European Union is 
the majority view in 26 EU Member States (compared to all of them in autumn 2019). Over eight 
in ten respondents say that the statement 'you feel you are a citizen of the EU' corresponds to their 
own opinion in Ireland and Luxembourg (89% in both countries), Poland (83%), Germany and Slovakia 
(82% in both countries) and Lithuania (81%). This feeling is less widespread in Bulgaria (52%), Greece 
(54%) and France (59%). 

Moreover, at least three in ten respondents say they “definitely” feel EU citizens in 14 EU Member 
States, with the highest proportions in Ireland (53%), Luxembourg (50%) and Germany (46%). 

Italy is the only EU Member State where a majority of respondents do not feel they are 
citizens of the European Union (51% total 'no' versus 48% total ‘yes’). Over a third of respondents 
also hold this view in Greece (46% versus 54%), Bulgaria (45% versus 52%), France (39% versus 
59%) and Czechia (39% versus 60%). 

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Since autumn 2019, the feeling of being a citizen of the European Union has lost ground in 14 EU 
Member  States,  most  notably  in  Finland  (71%,  -10  percentage  points)  and  Malta  (72%,  -9). 
Meanwhile,  it  has  gained  ground  in  11  countries,  particularly  in  Ireland  (89%,  +9).  Finally,  it  is 
unchanged in Lithuania (81%) and Hungary (80%). 

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Analysis  of  the  socio-demographic  data  shows  that  a  majority  of  respondents  in  all  
socio-demographic categories but one say that the statement 'you feel you are a citizen of the EU' 
corresponds to their own opinion: 

  The  feeling  of  being  a  citizen  of  the  European  Union  is  strongest  among  Europeans  aged  
15-24  years  (80%),  managers  (80%),  students  (81%)  and  respondents  who  consider 
themselves upper (88%) and upper middle class (83%); 

  Conversely, just a minority of respondents who have difficulty paying their bills most of the 
time (45% versus 54%) feel citizens of the EU. This is the only category where a minority hold 
this view, although the majority is smaller among Europeans who are 55 years old or older 
(65%), those who finished education aged 15 or earlier (57%), respondents who have difficulty 
paying their bills from time to time (60%) and those who consider themselves working class 
of the society (60%). 

  A majority of respondents feel they are a citizen of the EU irrespective of the whether they feel 
their voice counts in the EU or in their country. However, this is much more the case for those 
who think their voice counts, both in the EU (89% versus 56% of those who think it does not 
count) and in their country (82% versus 54% of those who think it does not count).  

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  The issues that most create a sense of community 

At least a quarter of Europeans believe that culture and economy are the subjects that 
most create a feeling of community among EU citizens 

When asked to identify the subjects that most create a feeling of community among EU citizens by 
choosing up to three items from a list of 148, Europeans place culture and economy at the top of the 
ranking, slightly ahead of history and values: 

  Only two subjects are cited by at least a quarter of Europeans: 'culture' (27%, +3 percentage 
points since autumn 2019, and +4 compared to EU27, i.e. disregarding the data from the United 
Kingdom in autumn 2019), just before 'economy' (25%, +4); 

  More than one in five respondents also mention 'history' (23%, +2 and +1) and 'values' (21%, 

-1); 

  These  are  followed  by  'geography'  (19%,  +2  percentage  points),  'the  rule  of  law'  (18%, 
unchanged), 'care for the environment' (17%, -2) and 'sports' (17%, unchanged, +1), all 
mentioned by nearly one in five Europeans; 

  The next subjects that most create a feeling of community among EU citizens according to over 
one  in  ten  respondents  are  'education'  (14%,  -3  percentage  points  and  -2),  'inventions, 
science and technology' (13%, +1), 'healthcare and pensions' (12%, +1) and 'solidarity 
with poorer regions' (12%, =); 

  Finally, less than one in ten Europeans consider that 'languages' (9%, -1 percentage point) 
and 'religion' (9%, +1) are the subjects that most create a feeling of community among EU 
citizens. 

8 QC4. In your opinion, among the following subjects, which are those that most create a feeling of community among EU citizens? (MAX. 
3 ANSWERS) 

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A national analysis reveals that culture is the item most identified as likely to create a feeling of 
community between European citizens in 13 EU Member States. This is the case in Greece (43%), 
Cyprus  (39%),  Ireland  (38%),  Portugal  (34%),  Latvia  (31%),  Belgium  (30%),  Czechia  and  Hungary 
(29% in both countries) and Germany (27%). This subject comes in equal first position with history in 
France (27%), with values in Luxembourg (32%) and Malta (31%), and with sports in Lithuania (29%). 

Economy is the most mentioned item in five countries: Slovenia (39%), Estonia (37%), Croatia (31%), 
Spain and Poland (30% in both countries). 

History tops the ranking of subjects that most create a feeling of community among EU citizens in 
three EU Member States: in first place in Italy (27%) and Denmark (26%), and in joint first place along 
with culture in France (27%). 

Values are the most mentioned subject in five countries: in Sweden (29%) and Austria (27%), and 
sharing first place with culture in Luxembourg (32%) and Malta (31%), and with the rule of law in 
Finland (32%). 

Geography  comes  top  in  three  EU  Member  States:  the  Netherlands  (35%),  Slovakia  (34%)  and 
Bulgaria (29%). 

The rule of law shares first place with values in Finland (32%), as sports do with culture in Lithuania 
(29%). 

Education is the most mentioned item in Romania (25%). 

The six other items do not top the ranking of subjects that most create a feeling of community among 
EU citizens in any of the 27 EU Member States. However: 

  At least one in five respondents mention care for the environment in ten countries, with the 
highest proportions in Estonia (27%), Denmark and the Netherlands (24% in both countries); 

  Over one in five respondents cite inventions, science and technology in Czechia (21%); 

  Close to one in five respondents mention healthcare and pensions in Belgium and Romania 

(19% in both countries); 

  Solidarity  with  poorer  regions obtains its highest levels in  Croatia and  Portugal (17% in 

both countries); 

  At least one in five respondents cite languages in Malta (24%) and Luxembourg (20%); 

  Finally, religion is frequently mentioned as a subject that most creates a feeling of community 
among  EU  citizens  in  Slovakia  (18%),  Romania,  Greece  and  Bulgaria  (17%  in  the  three 
countries). 

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In terms of evolutions since autumn 2019, changes at national level of more than five percentage 
points have been observed for all subjects but inventions, science and technology: 

  The opinion that culture is one of the subjects that most create a feeling of community among 
EU citizens has gained more than five percentage points in seven EU Member States: Ireland 
(38%,  +10  percentage  points),  Portugal  (34%,  +9),  Estonia  (28%,  +8),  Greece  (43%,  +7), 
Hungary (29%, +7), Germany (27%, +6) and Spain (29%, +6); 

  The share of respondents citing the economy has risen by at least six percentage points in six 
countries: Estonia (37%, +9 percentage points), Portugal (24%, +9), Slovenia (39%, +8), Ireland 
(34%, +8), Luxembourg (24%, +7) and Latvia (28%, +6); 

  History has decreased in Austria (21%, -6 percentage points); 

  Values  are  mentioned  more  in  Estonia  and  Malta  (31%,  +10  percentage  points  in  both 

countries), as well as in Ireland (33%, +9); 

  Geography has gained ground in Estonia (27%, +9 percentage points) and Finland (28%, +8). 

On the contrary, it has lost ground in Latvia (26%, -6) and Malta (14%, -6); 

  The  rule  of  law  has  risen  in  Estonia  (22%,  +10  percentage  points),  Ireland  (21%,  +7)  and 

Greece (15%, +6). Conversely, it has fallen in Cyprus (13%, -7); 

  Care  for  the  environment  has  increased  in  Ireland  (20%,  +7  percentage  points),  but 

decreased in Belgium (15%, -6) and Cyprus (9%, -6); 

  Sports are cited less in Cyprus (19%, -10 percentage points), Finland (8%, -8), Estonia (11%, 
-7), Luxembourg (10%, -7) and Ireland (23%, -6), and more in Latvia (25%, +6) and Slovakia 
(18%, +6); 

  Education has lost ground in Finland (17%, -8 percentage points), Luxembourg (14%, -8) and 

Denmark (20%, -6); 

  Healthcare and pensions have fallen in Slovakia (10%, -6 percentage points); 

  Solidarity with poorer regions has decreased in Portugal (17%, -6 percentage points) and 

Malta (5%, -6); 

  Languages are mentioned more in Malta (24%, +8 percentage points), and less in Luxembourg 

(20%, -6); 

  Finally, religion has gained ground in Slovakia (18%, +6 percentage points). 

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  Trust in people from the same country 

Nearly three-quarters of Europeans trust the people in their country 

For the first time in this Eurobarometer survey of summer 2020, respondents were asked whether 
they trusted the people in their country or not9. Over seven in ten Europeans (71%) answer that 
they trust the people in their country, including just 7% who “totally trust” them. Conversely, over a 
quarter of respondents (28%) say they do not trust the people in their country, with 4% answering 
“do not trust at all”. 

9 QA6c. Please tell me to what extent do you trust or not the people in (OUR COUNTRY)? 

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A national analysis shows that a majority of respondents in 26 EU Member States answer that 
they trust the people in their country. This trust is strongest in Denmark (95%), Finland, Sweden, the 
Netherlands and Ireland (89% in the four countries). It is less widespread in Italy (58%), France (61%), 
Bulgaria and Slovakia (63% in both countries). 

Conversely, Malta is the only EU Member State where only a minority of respondents express trust in 
the people of their country (45% versus 46%). 

Analysis  of  the  socio-demographic  data  shows  that  a  majority  of  respondents  in  all  
socio-demographic categories but one say they trust the people in their country: 

  The share  of respondents who say they trust the people in their country is stronger among 
Europeans  who  continued  education  up  to  20  years  old  or  beyond  (76%),  managers  (79%), 
students  and  self-employed  people  (75%  for  both),  respondents  who  have  difficulty  paying 
their bills never or almost never (76%), and respondents who consider themselves belonging 
to the upper middle (82%), upper (80%) and middle class (75%) of the society; 

  On the other hand, respondents who have difficulty paying their bills most of the time (50% 
versus  50%)  are  divided  on  this  matter.  However,  the  level  of  trust  is  smaller  among 
respondents who finished education aged 15 or earlier (65%) or between 16 and 19 years old 
(68%), unemployed people (57%), house persons (67%), manual workers (69%), respondents 
who  have  difficulty  paying  their  bills  from  time  to  time  (64%),  and  those  who  consider 
themselves belonging to the working class (63%) and lower middle class (66%) of the society. 

  Respondents holding a positive image of the EU are also more likely to trust the people in their 
country. Notably, 85% of those who see the EU positively also trust the people in their country, 
while only 49% do so among respondents who see the EU negatively. 

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2  Rights as European Union citizens 

Nearly six in ten Europeans think that they know what their rights are as citizens of the 
EU; meanwhile, more than two-thirds would like to know more about these rights 

Close to six in ten Europeans (57%, +3 percentage points since autumn 2019 and +2 compared to 
EU27, i.e. disregarding the data from the United Kingdom in autumn 2019) say that the statement 
'you  know  what  your  rights  are  as  a  citizen  of  the  EU'  corresponds  to  their  own  opinion10, 
including 15% (+1) who answer ”yes, definitely”. Conversely, over four in ten Europeans (42%, -3 and 
-2) consider that this statement does not correspond to their own opinion, with just over one in ten 
(11%, -2) answering ‘no, definitely not’. Finally, 1% (unchanged) say they “don't know”. 

10 QC2.2. For each of the following statements, please tell me to what extent it corresponds or not to your own opinion. You know what 
your rights are as a citizen of the EU 

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However, nearly seven in ten Europeans (68%, +1 percentage point and -2 compared to EU27) would 
like to know more about their rights as citizens of the European Union11, with more than a 
quarter (26%, -2 and -3) answering 'yes, definitely'. Meanwhile, three in ten respondents (30%, -1 
and +2) say this statement does not correspond to their own opinion, including less than one in ten 
(9%, = and +1) who answer ‘no, definitely not’. Finally, 2% (=) do not know. 

11 QC2.3. For each of the following statements, please tell me to what extent it corresponds or not to your own opinion. You would like to 
know more about your rights as a citizen of the EU 

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A national analysis shows that a majority of respondents say that the statement ‘you know what 
your rights are as a citizen of the EU’ corresponds to their own opinion in 22 EU Member States, 
with the highest proportions in Ireland (81%), Luxembourg (78%), Estonia and Finland (75% in both 
countries). This majority is smaller in Malta (50% versus 42%), Belgium (53%), Spain and Croatia 
(56% in both countries). 

More than one in five respondents answer ‘yes, definitely’ in five countries: Poland (25%), Germany 
(22%) and Lithuania, Luxembourg and Ireland (21% in the three countries). 

Conversely, a minority of respondents feel they know their rights as EU citizens in five EU Member 
States: Italy (35% versus 63%), France (40% versus 59%), Bulgaria (44% versus 54%), Greece (46% 
versus 54%) and Czechia (48% versus 51%). 

France is the only country where over one in five respondents (22%) answer “no, definitely not”. 

Since autumn 2019, the feeling of knowing one’s rights as a European citizen has gained ground in 
20 EU Member States, most dramatically in Ireland (81%, +20 percentage points) and Denmark (70%, 
+9 percentage points). On the other hand, it has lost ground in five countries, particularly in Malta 
(50%, -9). Finally, it is unchanged in Sweden and Bulgaria. 

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A national analysis reveals that the desire to know more about one’s rights as a European citizen 
is the majority view in all 27 EU Member States. This desire is strongest in Cyprus (90%), Ireland 
(88%), Luxembourg (85%) and Estonia (81%). It is less widespread in Denmark (58%), Austria (60%) 
and Czechia (62%). 

In 25 EU Member States, more than one in five respondents answer ‘yes, definitely’, with the highest 
proportions in Cyprus (75%), largely ahead of Luxembourg (54%), Ireland (46%), Estonia (41%) and 
Greece (40%). 

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Since autumn 2019, the share of respondents who consider that the statement ‘you would like to 
know more about your rights as a citizen of the EU’ corresponds to their own opinion has decreased 
in 15 EU Member States, particularly in Portugal (66%, -10 percentage points) and Malta (73%, -9). 
On the contrary, it has increased in eight countries, most notably in Estonia (81%, +14), Ireland (88%, 
+10),  Luxembourg  (85%,  +10)  and  Finland  (69%,  +9).  Finally,  it  is  unchanged  in  Bulgaria  (76%), 
Romania (73%), Croatia (70%) and Latvia (68%). 

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IV. 

SOCIAL ISSUES AND VALUES 

Eight in ten Europeans agree that people in their country have a lot of things in common, 
and more than half think the same about people across the EU 

Respondents were asked to indicate whether they agree or disagree with two statements concerning 
the feeling that people have a lot of things in common within a given country and across the European 
Union12: 

  Eight  in  ten  Europeans  (80%,  unchanged  since  autumn  2019)  agree  that  people  in  their 
country have a lot of things in common, with nearly a quarter (24%, =) who “totally agree”. 
Conversely, less than one in five respondents (18%, =) consider that people in their country do 
not  have  a  lot  of  things  in  common,  including  just  3%  (unchanged)  who  answer  “totally 
disagree”. Finally, 2% (=) say they “don't know”; 

  A narrower majority of respondents (55%, -4 percentage points since autumn 2019, and -5 
compared to EU27, i.e. disregarding the data from the United Kingdom in autumn 2019) believe 
that 'people in the EU have a lot of things in common', including just one in ten (10%, -2) 
who say they “totally agree” with this statement. Meanwhile, four in ten respondents (40%, +5) 
disagree with this statement, with close to one in ten (9%, +2) who “totally disagree”. Finally, 
5% (-1 and unchanged) do not know. 

12 QC5. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree. 
1. People in (OUR COUNTRY) have a lot of things in common; 2. People in the EU have a lot of things in common 

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1  The existence of things in common in the country  

A national analysis shows that more than two-thirds of respondents in all 27 EU Member States 
agree with the statement 'people in (OUR COUNTRY) have a lot of things in common'. At least 
nine in ten respondents agree with this statement in nine countries: Ireland (95%), Sweden, Cyprus 
and  Denmark  (93%  in  the  three  countries),  Greece  (92%),  Poland  and  Slovakia  (91%  in  both 
countries),  Finland  and  Portugal  (both  90%).  This  opinion  is  less  widespread  in  France  (68%), 
Luxembourg (69%) and Slovenia (71%). 

More than one in five respondents “totally agree” with this statement in 20 EU Member States, with 
the highest proportions in Cyprus (49%), Malta (48%) and Denmark (46%). 

Sorted by “Total ‘Agree’” 

Sorted by “Totally agree” 

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Since autumn 2019, the opinion that 'people in (OUR COUNTRY) have a lot of things in common' has 
gained  ground  in  12  EU  Member  States,  most  notably  in  Spain  (87%,  +7  percentage  points)  and 
Croatia (87%, +6). On the other hand, it has lost ground in 11 countries, particularly in Germany (79%, 
-4) and Bulgaria (86%, -4). Finally, it is unchanged in Ireland (95%), the Netherlands (85%), Hungary 
(81%) and Latvia (80%). 

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2  The existence of things in common in the EU 

A national analysis highlights that a majority of respondents in 21 EU Member States agree with 
the statement 'people in the EU have a lot of things in common', with the highest proportions 
in Slovakia (75%), Sweden and Poland (74% in both countries). This majority is smaller in Malta (46% 
versus 38%) and Czechia (49% versus 46%). 

At least one in five respondents “totally agree” with this statement in five countries: Austria (22%), 
Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Poland (20% in the four countries). 

Conversely, a minority of respondents agree that people in the European Union have a lot of things 
in common in five EU Member States: Italy (40% versus 55%), France (44% versus 49%), Estonia 
(45% versus 55%), Luxembourg (44% versus 56%) and the Netherlands (47% versus 51%) 

Finally, respondents in Slovenia are divided on this matter (48% versus 48%). 

Sorted by “Total ‘Agree’” 

Sorted by “Totally agree” 

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In terms of evolutions since autumn 2019, the share of respondent who agree with the statement 
‘people  in  the  EU  have  a  lot  of  things  in  common’  has  decreased  in  24  EU  Member  States,  most 
dramatically in Cyprus (49%, -19 percentage points), Malta (46%, -17), Portugal (56%, -15), Czechia 
(49%, -12) and Luxembourg (44%, -11). Meanwhile, it has increased slightly in Poland (74%, +4) and 
Slovakia (75%, +2). Finally, it is unchanged in France (44%). 

As a result of these evolutions, respondents who agree that people in the European Union have a lot 
of things in common are a minority in four countries in addition to France. This is the case in Italy 
(40% versus 55%, compared with 49% versus 45% in autumn 2019), Luxembourg (44% versus 56%, 
compared with 55% versus 41%), Estonia (45% versus 55%, compared with 52% versus 40%) and 
the Netherlands (47% versus 51%, compared with 53% versus 44%). 

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Around two-thirds of Europeans say they have confidence in the future; slightly over half 
of them also believe that their quality of life was better before 

When  asked  to  say  whether  they  agree  or  disagree  with  three  statements  addressing  Europeans’ 
feelings about their understanding of the world, their predictions for the future and their quality of 
life13, respondents provide the following answers: 

  Nearly three-quarters of  Europeans (73%, +1 percentage  point since autumn  2019, and +3 
compared to EU27, i.e. disregarding the data from the United Kingdom in autumn 2019) say 
they agree with the statement 'you understand well what is going on in today's world', 
with over one in five (22%, +1 and +2) who “totally agree”. Conversely, a quarter (25%, -2 and 
-3) disagree with this statement, including 5% (-1) who answer “totally disagree”. Finally, 2% 
(+1 and unchanged) say they “don't know”; 

  Close  to  two-thirds  of  respondents  (64%,  -2  percentage  points,  and  -4  compared  to  EU27) 
agree with the statement 'you have confidence in the future', with close to one in five (18%, 
-1 and -2) totally agreeing. Meanwhile, one third (33%, +2 and +3) have the opposite opinion, 
including nearly one in ten (9%, +2) who “totally disagree”. Finally, 3% (= and +1) do not know; 

  A  majority  of  Europeans  (51%,  +1  percentage  point  and  unchanged)  believe  that  'overall, 
regarding your quality of life, it was better before', including one in five (20%, +1 and =) 
totally agreeing with this statement. However, a similar proportion (45%, +1) do not share this 
opinion, with over one in ten (14%, +2 and +1) who “totally disagree”. Finally, 4% (-2 and -1) 
answer that they do not know. 

13 QC6. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you totally agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree or totally disagree. 
1.  Overall,  regarding  your  quality  of  life,  it  was  better  before;  2.  You  understand  well  what  is  going  on  in  today's  world;  3.  You  have 
confidence in the future 

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3  Understanding of today’s world 

A national analysis shows that the feeling of understanding well what is going on in today’s 
world is the majority view in 26 EU Member States. This feeling is stronger in the Netherlands (94%), 
Cyprus (93%), Ireland (92%) and Sweden (90%). The majority is narrower in Italy (57%), Hungary and 
Portugal (61% in both countries). 

At least one in five respondents “totally agree” with the statement ‘you understand well what is going 
on in today's world’ in 20 EU Member States, with the highest scores in Cyprus (51%), largely before 
Denmark and Sweden (35% in both countries), the Netherlands (33%) and Ireland (31%). 

Czechia  is  the  only  EU  Member  State  where  only  a  minority  of  respondents  consider  that  they 
understand well what is going on in today’s world (47% versus 51%). 

Since autumn 2019, the share of respondents who agree with the statement ‘you understand well 
what is going on in today’s world’ has increased in 20 EU Member States, particularly in Ireland (92%, 
+12 percentage points) and Estonia (86%, +10). Meanwhile, it has decreased slightly in five countries, 
most notably in Malta (62%, -3) and Czechia (47%, -3). Finally, it is unchanged in Bulgaria (74%) and 
Spain (63%). 

Following these evolutions, respondents in Czechia are a minority to agree with the statement (47% 
versus 51%, compared with 50% versus 48% in autumn 2019). 

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4  Things were better when it comes to quality of life 

A national analysis highlights that a majority of respondents agree with the statement 'overall, 
regarding  your  quality  of  life,  it  was  better  before'  in  15  EU  Member  States.  Within  these 
countries, the share of respondents agreeing with this statement is highest in Greece (83%), Cyprus 
(73%)  and  Croatia  (72%),  and  lowest  in  Poland  and  Slovenia  (51%  in  both  countries)  and  France 
(52%). 

At least one in five respondents answer that they “totally agree” with this statement in 13 countries, 
with the highest proportions in Greece (47%), Cyprus (41%) and Croatia (37%). 

Conversely, minorities consider that their quality of life was better before in 12 EU Member States, 
with less than three in ten respondents sharing this opinion in the Netherlands (20% versus 76%), 
Denmark (25% versus 65%) and Estonia (28% versus 72%). 

At least a quarter of respondents 'totally disagree' that their quality of life was better before in four 
countries: Denmark (35%), Germany (31%), Sweden (28%) and the Netherlands (25%). 

In terms of evolutions since autumn 2019, the feeling that the quality of life was better before has 
lost ground in 14 EU Member States, most notably in Ireland (40%, -13 percentage points). On the 
other  hand,  it  has  gained  ground  in  11  countries,  particularly  in  Slovakia  (65%,  +11).  Finally,  it  is 
unchanged in Croatia (72%) and Poland (51%). 

With these evolutions, respondents who agree that their quality of life was better before are now a 
minority in Malta (37% versus 51%, compared with 45% versus 44% in autumn 2019) and Ireland 
(40% versus 60%, compared with 53% versus 41%). 

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A  national  analysis shows that  a  majority  of respondents  agree with the statement  'you  have 
confidence in the future' in 25 EU Member States. This majority is stronger in Denmark (90%), the 
Netherlands (80%), Sweden and Hungary (79% in both countries), and narrower in Italy (49% versus 
47%), Lithuania (50% versus 47%) and France (51% versus 46%). 

More than one in five respondents say they “totally agree” with the statement in 11 countries, with 
the highest proportions in Denmark (48%), Latvia (40%) and the Netherlands (30%). 

Meanwhile, a minority of respondents say they have confidence in the future in only two EU Member 
States: Greece (24% versus 74%) and Cyprus (30% versus 67%). 

Greece (36%) and Cyprus (30%) are also the only two countries where at least one in five respondents 
“totally disagree” with the statement. 

Since autumn 2019, the share of respondents who agree with the statement 'you have confidence 
in the future' has fallen in 19 EU Member States, most dramatically in Czechia (53%, -15 percentage 
points), Luxembourg (60%, -14) and Finland (76%, -10). Conversely, it has risen in six countries, most 
notably in Malta (77%, +11). Finally, it is unchanged in Latvia (76%) and Slovakia (68%). 

These evolutions mean that a majority of respondents has now confidence in the future in France 
(51%  versus  46%,  compared  with  48%  versus  49%  in  autumn  2019)  and  Lithuania  (50%  versus 
47%, compared with 44% versus 53%). 

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Technical  
specifications 

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 

Between the 9th July and the 26th August 2020, Kantar on behalf of Kantar Belgium carried out the 
wave 93.1 of the Eurobarometer survey, on request of the European Commission, Directorate-General 
for Communication, “Media monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit.  

The wave 93.1 includes the Standard Eurobarometer 93 and covers the population of the respective 
nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the 27 Member States and 
aged 15 years and over.  

The  Standard  Eurobarometer  93  survey  has  also  been  conducted  in  the  United  Kingdom,  in  five 
candidate countries (Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey) and in the Turkish 
Cypriot Community. In these countries and in the Turkish Cypriot Community, the survey covers the 
national population of citizens and the population of citizens of all the European Union Member States 
that are residents in these countries and territories and have a sufficient command of the national 
languages to answer the questionnaire.  

The  basic  sample  design  applied  in  all  States  is  a  multi-stage,  random  (probability)  one.  In  each 
country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for 
a total coverage of the country) and to population density. 

In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative 
regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole 
territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according 
to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, 
urban and rural areas.  

In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses 
(every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. 
In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). If no 
one answered the interviewer in a household, or if the respondent selected was not available (not 
present  or  busy),  the  interviewer  revisited  the  same  household  up  to  three  additional  times  (four 
contact attempts in total). Interviewers never indicate that the survey is conducted on behalf of the 
European Commission beforehand; they may give this information once the survey is completed, upon 
request. 

The  recruitment  phase  was  slightly  different  in  the  Netherlands,  Sweden  and  Denmark.  In  these 
countries, a sample of addresses within each areal sampling point (1km2 grid) were selected from 
the  address  or  population  register.  The  selection  of  addresses  was  done  in  a  random  manner. 
Households were then contacted by telephone and recruited to take part in the survey.  

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P O P ULAT IO N P R O P O R T IO N

C O UNT R IE S

INS T IT UT E S

N°
INT E R VIE W S

F IE LD W O R K
D AT E S

15+

1,008

1,057

1,009

990

1,514

1,006

1,005

10/07/2020 30/07/2020

9,188,369

09/07/2020 27/07/2020

5,995,194

10/07/2020 30/07/2020

8,956,740

10/07/2020 06/08/2020

4,848,611

13/07/2020 06/08/2020

71,728,398

19.10%

22/07/2020 04/08/2020

1,073,224

15/07/2020 26/08/2020

3,896,482

1,016

10/07/2020 22/07/2020

9,187,524

E U27

2.45%

1.60%

2.39%

1.29%

0.29%

1.04%

2.45%

1,012

13/07/2020 25/07/2020

40,006,943

10.65%

1,006

1,030

1,027

505

996

1,005

550

1,059

502

1,004
1,010

1,031

10/07/2020 30/07/2020

52,732,499

11/07/2020 02/08/2020

3,488,460

11/07/2020 27/07/2020

52,397,331

10/07/2020 29/07/2020

734,695

10/07/2020 05/08/2020

1,568,124

10/07/2020 06/08/2020

2,300,257

15/07/2020 19/08/2020

503,275

17/07/2020 31/07/2020

8,351,017

10/07/2020 30/07/2020

426,055

10/07/2020 29/07/2020
13/07/2020 26/07/2020

14,165,638
7,580,083

10/07/2020 29/07/2020

32,139,021

14.04%

0.93%

13.95%

0.20%

0.42%

0.61%

0.13%

2.22%

0.11%

3.77%
2.02%

8.56%

1,056

10/07/2020 29/07/2020

8,869,051

2.36%

1,112

10/07/2020 06/08/2020

16,372,216

4.36%

B E

B G

C Z

D K

D E

E E

IE

E L

E S

F R

HR

IT

C Y

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL
AT

P L

P T

R O

S I

S K

F I

S E

B elgium

B ulgaria

C zechia

D enmark

G ermany

E stonia

Ireland

G reece

S pain

F rance

C roatia

Italy

K antar B elgium (K antar T NS )

K antar T NS  B B S S

K antar C Z

K antar G allup

K antar D eutschland

K antar E mor

K antar B elgium

T aylor Nelson S ofres Market 
R esearch

T NS  Investigación de Mercados y 
O pinión 
K antar P ublic F rance

Hendal

K antar Italia

R ep. O f C yprus

C YMAR  Market R esearch

K antar T NS  Latvia

T NS  LT

K antar B elgium

K antar Hoffmann

MIS C O  International

T NS  NIP O
D as Ö sterreichische G allup Institut

K antar P olska

Marktest – Marketing, O rganização 
e F ormação

C entrul P entru S tudierea O piniei si 
P ietei (C S O P )

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Hungary

Malta

Netherlands
Austria

P oland

P ortugal

R omania

S lovenia

S lovakia

F inland

S weden

Mediana D O O

1,012

10/07/2020 30/07/2020

1,767,202

K antar S lovakia

K antar T NS  O y

K antar S ifo

1,077

1,028

1,054

11/07/2020 04/08/2020

4,592,379

17/07/2020 04/08/2020

4,488,064

13/07/2020 06/08/2020

8,149,850

0.47%

1.22%

1.20%

1.90%

T O T AL E U27

26,681

09/07/2020 26/08/2020 375,506,702

100%*

* It should be noted that the total percentage shown in this table may exceed 100% due to rounding
** R ecruitments in Luxembourg and Ireland are carried out by R onin International and K antar B elgium. Non-probabilistic sample in 
Luxembourg was randomly drawn from K antar’s LifeP oints panel.

UK

United K ingdom

K antar UK  Limited

1,154

22/07/2020 10/08/2020

53,082,345

C Y(tcc)

TR
MK
ME
R S
A L

T urkish C ypriot 
C ommunity
T urkey
North Macedonia
Montenegro
S erbia
Albania

Lipa C onsultancy

500

21/07/2020 05/08/2020

143,226

T NS  P iar
T NS  B R IMA
T NS  Medium G allup
T NS  Medium G allup
T NS  B B S S

1,015
1,052
541
1,073
1,043

15/07/2020 06/08/2020
10/07/2020 29/07/2020
14/07/2020 06/08/2020
15/07/2020 06/08/2020
12/07/2020 24/07/2020

50,555,679
1,721,528
501,030
6,161,584
2,221,572

T O T AL

33,059

09/07/2020 26/08/2020 489,893,666

TS2 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
Standard Eurobarometer 93 

Technical  
specifications 

N° O F  C AP I N° O F  C AW I
INT E R VIE W S INT E R VIE W S INT E R VIE W S

T O T AL N°

European citizenship 

Summer 2020 

B E
B G
C Z
D K
D E
E E
IE
E L
E S
F R
HR
IT
C Y
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
P L
P T
R O
S I
S K
F I
S E

UK

C Y(tcc)

TR
MK
ME
R S
A L

C O UNT R IE S

B elgium
B ulgaria
C z ec hia
D enmark
G ermany
E stonia
Ireland
G reec e
S pain
F ranc e
C roatia
Italy
R ep. O f C yprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
P oland
P ortugal
R omania
S lovenia
S lovakia
F inland
S weden

1,008
1,057
1,009
990
1,514

1,016
1,012
1,006
1,030
1,027
505
996
1,005

1,059
502
1,004
1,010
1,031
1,056
1,112
1,012
1,077

355

T O T AL E U27

22,393

United K ingdom
T urkish C ypriot 
C ommunity
T urkey
North Mac edonia
Montenegro
S erbia
Albania

T O T AL

500

1,015
1,052
541
1,073
1,043

5,224

C AP I : C omputer-Assisted P ersonal interviewing
C AW I : C omputer-Assisted W eb interviewing

TS3 

1,008
1,057
1,009
990
1,514
1,006
1,005
1,016
1,012
1,006
1,030
1,027
505
996
1,005
550
1,059
502
1,004
1,010
1,031
1,056
1,112
1,012
1,077
1,028
1,054

26,681

1,154

500

1,015
1,052
541
1,073
1,043

6,378

1,006
1,005

550

1,028
699

4,288

1,154

1,154

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European citizenship 

Summer 2020 

Standard Eurobarometer 93 

Technical  
specifications 

Consequences of the coronavirus pandemic on fieldwork 

Where feasible, interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes or on their door step and 
in the appropriate national language. In all countries where face-to-face interviewing was feasible 
CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing) was used. At the start of the fieldwork it was intended 
to have interviewers to offer respondents the possibility to answer the question online, if they were 
reluctant  to  do  it  face-to-face.  Eventually  this  option  was  not  needed  (except  in  Sweden),  as  the 
number  of  required  interviews  could  be  reached  through  regular  face-to-face  interviewing.  For  all 
interviews conducted face to face, hygiene and physical distancing measures have been respected at 
all  times  in  line  with  government  regulations,  and  whenever  possible,  interviews  were  conducted 
outside homes, on doorsteps, to remain in open air and maintain social distance.  

In Sweden, face-to-face interviewing was feasible but it was not possible to reach the target number 
of interviews within the fieldwork period. Therefore to hit the target number of interviews within the 
fieldwork period an online survey was offered to those who refused the face-to-face option at the 
telephone recruitment stage. As a result, data collection was made through interviews via CAPI and 
CAWI modes.  

Due  to  the  coronavirus  pandemic,  face-to-face  interviews  were  not  possible  in  Estonia, 
Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg and the UK14. In these countries, interviews were conducted online 
with Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) technique.  

The online design in each country differed based on what was feasible within the fieldwork period. In 
all but Luxembourg the online sample was based on a probabilistic sample design: in other terms, 
respondents  were  recruited  in  a  probabilistic  random  manner,  ensuring  that  all  individuals  in  this 
country have an equal chance to be interviewed.  

In  Ireland,  respondents  were  recruited  by  telephone  via  a  probabilistic  dual  frame  sample  of 
telephone numbers, drawn from national telephone numbering plan.  

In Luxembourg, the same approach was initiated. However, the response rates were not sufficiently 
large to achieve the target sample size in the fieldwork period, so this sample was supplemented with 
a non-probabilistic sample randomly drawn from Kantar’s LifePoints panel.  In total 150 interviews 
were conducted via the probabilistic sample and 400 via the LifePoints panel in Luxembourg.  

In Estonia, Finland and UK, only people randomly selected through a probabilistic sample randomly 
drawn were interviewed online.  

In Estonia and Finland the respondents are recruited through a telephone survey. In Estonia a dual 
frame  random  sample  is  drawn  from  the  national  telephone  numbering  plan  whilst  in  Finland  a 
random sample is drawn from the telephone register.  

In UK, recruitment of respondents was made either via a face-to-face CAPI mode of data collection 
based on a clustered multistage random sample of addresses or via a postal invite to an online survey 
using a completely unclustered random sample of addresses. 

14 See also the case of Sweden detailed above. 

TS4 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European citizenship 

Summer 2020 

Response rates 

Standard Eurobarometer 93 

Technical  
specifications 

For  each  country  a  comparison  between  the  responding  sample  and  the  universe  is  carried  out. 
Weights  are  used  to  match  the  responding  sample  to  the  universe  on  gender  by  age,  region  and 
degree  of  urbanisation.  For  European  estimates  (i.e.  EU  average),  an  adjustment  is  made  to  the 
individual country weights, weighting them up or down to reflect their 15+ population as a proportion 
of the EU 15+ population.  

The  response  rates  are  calculated  by  dividing  the  total  number  of  complete  interviews  with  the 
number of all the addresses visited, apart from ones that are not eligible but including those where 
eligibility is unknown. For  Standard  Eurobarometer  93, the response rates for the  EU27  countries, 
calculated by Kantar, are: 

B E
B G
C Z
D K
D E
E E *
IE *

51.1%
44.6%
46.8%
43.6%
18.1%
28.6%
35.6%

37.3%
61.9%
48.3%
61.4%
12.5%
54.1%
65.9%
*C AW I only (LU  for probabilis tic s am ple) and without taking into account recruitm ent phas e   
** C AP I *** C AW I 

43.6%
33.7%
55.8%
48.5%
39.5%
43.2%
40.4%

27.8%
31.7%
29.3%
56.1%
21.8%
44.3%
41.1%

P T
R O
S I
S K
F I*
S E **
S E ***

LT
LU*
HU
MT
NL
AT
P L

E L
E S
F R
HR
IT
C Y
LV

Margins of error 

Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being 
equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 
interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits: 

TS5