Developments in child and family policy in the EU in 2019 : European platform for investing in children : third annual thematic report.
Date: 2020-12-09
Institutions: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
Subjects: EU Member State, Internet site, child, child care, child protection, children's rights, early childhood, family law, family policy, poverty, report

Developments in  
Child and Family Policy 
in the EU in 2019

European Platform for Investing in 
Children: Third annual thematic report

Employment,
1
Social Affairs 
and Inclusion

EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion 
Directorate C — Social Affairs  
Unit C3 — Disability & Inclusion 

Contact: Stefan Iszkowski  

Email:  Stefan.Iszkowski@ec.europa.eu 

European Commission 
B-1049 Brussels 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Developments in Child and 
Family Policy in the EU in 2019 

European Platform for Investing in Children: (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)

(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:71) annual thematic report 

October 2020  

Written by Michaela Bruckmayer (RAND Europe), Natalie Picken (RAND Europe) and Barbara Janta 
(RAND Europe) 
October 2020 

Developments in child and family policy in the EU in 2019 

LEGAL NOTICE 

Manuscript completed in October 2020 

The information and views set out in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the 
official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting 
on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. 
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). 

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 

PDF   ISBN 978-92-76-22282-8 

doi: 10.2767/10833  

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4 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary: 2019 Developments in Child and Family Policy across the EU ........................................... 7 

Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 10 
Chapter 2: EU-level Actions and Developments in Child and Family Policy ...................................................... 12 
Chapter 3: Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) Provision .................................................................... 16 
Chapter 4: Family Leave Provision and Actions to Improve Work-life Balance ................................................. 24 

Chapter 5: Social and Income Support, and Benefits for Families ....................................................................... 28 
Chapter 6: Children’s Participation ...................................................................................................................... 32 

Chapter 7: Initiatives Towards Vulnerable Children ............................................................................................ 34 
Chapter 8: Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 40 
Annex 1: Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 42 
Annex 2: Expert Country Profile Questionnaire ................................................................................................... 45 

Annex 3: List of Relevant Research Published in 2019 ........................................................................................ 48 
Endnotes ............................................................................................................................................................... 50 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of Tables 

Table 1 New minimum standards set by the Directive on Work-Life Balance .................................................... 12 

Table 2 List of Expert Contributors ...................................................................................................................... 43 

List of Figures 

Figure 1 Share of children below 18 years old at risk of poverty or social exclusion, EU28, 2018 ..................... 14 

Figure 2 Percentage of children up to age 3 in full-time or part-time formal childcare arrangements, EU28, 2010 
and 2018 ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 

Figure 3 Percentage of children from age 3 to mandatory school age in full-time and part-time formal childcare 
arrangements, EU28, 2010 and 2018 .................................................................................................................... 18 

List of Boxes 

Box 1 Three key pillars of the European Commission’s Recommendation ‘Investing in Children: Breaking the 
Cycle of Disadvantage’ ........................................................................................................................................ 10 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Executive  Summary:  2019  Developments  in  Child  and  Family  Policy 
across the EU 

The objective of this report is to provide an overview of developments in the area of child and 
family policy across the European Union, with a focus on developments that took place in the 
year of 2019. This report has been produced by the European Platform for Investing in Children 
(EPIC). i Established in 2013, EPIC monitors key and innovative developments in child and 
family  policy  across  the  European  Union  (EU).  The  project  develops  resources  to  support 
Member States in implementing the 2013 European Commission Recommendation, ‘Investing 
in children: breaking the cycle of disadvantage’. ii  

The 2013 Recommendation sets out principles  on  how  Member  States  can  support  positive 
well-being and outcomes for children and families. These principles are structured across three 
main pillars: access to adequate resources, access to affordable quality services, and children’s 
right to participation. The focus of this report is on developments relating to implementation 
of  the  Recommendation  across  the  EU.  The  report’s  focus  has  further  been  shaped  by  the 
European  Pillar  of  Social  Rights  (EPSR),  proclaimed  in  2017. iii  This  Pillar  sets  out  20  key 
principles against which Member States can benchmark their social policies. Three of those 20 
principles relate directly to children and families, including:  

• Principle 1: The right to quality and inclusive education; 
• Principle 9: The right of parents and carers to work-life balance; 
• Principle 11: The right to affordable quality early childhood education and care.  

Drawing  on  areas  identified  in  the  2013  Recommendation  and  the  EPSR,  this  report  first 
outlines actions at the EU level (Chapter 2), then provides information on developments on 
five broad issues, including: provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) (Chapter 
3),  family  leave  and  actions  to  improve  work-life  balance  (Chapter  4),  social  and  income 
support  and  benefits  for  families  (Chapter  5),  children’s  participation  (Chapter  6)  and 
developments  regarding  children  at  risk  of  poverty,  marginalisation  or  social  exclusion 
(Chapter  7).  Information  for  this  report  has  been  gathered  in  two  primary  ways:  1)  expert 
consultations; and 2) EPIC’s monthly news-monitoring bulletins, which cover developments 
in child and family policy in EU Member States. Detailed information on the methodology and 
its caveats are provided in Annex 1. The next few paragraphs will provide a brief summary of 
each chapter.  

Chapter 2 outlines progress and recent initiatives undertaken by EU institutions and agencies 
related to the well-being of children and their families in Europe. Notable examples include 
the Directive on Work-Life Balance and further developments towards a Child Guarantee. 

Quality ECEC and Work-Life Balance at the forefront 

The adoption of the Proposal for a Council Recommendation on High Quality Early Childhood 
Education and Care Systems in May 2019 has put early childhood education and care firmly 
on the national and EU policy agenda. iv Accordingly, several EU Member States are continuing 
their efforts to increase the availability and quality of formal childcare provision. This includes 
countries allocating funds towards the expansion of childcare places and increased affordability 
of  childcare  provision.  Countries  have  also  been  working  towards  ensuring  the  quality  of 
standards  and  updating  ECEC 
services  by 

reviewing  national  ECEC  quality 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
programmes/curricula.  Some  countries  have  also  moved  towards  making  at  least  some 
participation in ECEC mandatory.  

In  2019,  the  Directive  on  Work-Life  Balance  for  Parents  and  Carers  entered  into  force. v 
According  to  the  information  collected  for  this  report,  seven  countries  –  Austria,  Belgium, 
Estonia,  Italy,  Malta,  Netherlands  and  Slovenia  –  have  extended  the  length  of  available 
paternity  leave.  Four  Member  States  –  Croatia,  Czechia,  Slovenia  and  Slovakia  –  have 
increased the amount of benefits or allowance paid to some parents during family leave. Two 
Member States – Hungary and Romania – have made policy or legislative changes aimed to 
support  grandparents  who  are  providing  childcare  for  their  grandchildren.  Information 
collected for this report shows that at least two Member States – Ireland and Slovenia – have 
implemented  leave  provisions  to  better  support  adoptive  families.  Finland  has  increased  its 
leave provisions for single mothers, and Spain and Sweden have increased the flexibility of 
leave arrangements for same-sex parents.  

Changes in financial support 

While most EU Member States provide some sort of financial assistance to families, formats 
and amounts can vary greatly between countries. In 2019, two countries – Belgium and Estonia 
–  made  significant  changes  to  their  overall  benefit  systems.  There  have  also  been  multiple 
developments  regarding  changes  to  child  benefits,  tax  credits,  and  child  allowances  paid  to 
families. In 2019, Malta, Cyprus, Germany, Slovakia and Denmark increased support for low 
income  families.  Other  notable  developments  include  increased  benefits  for  larger  families. 
Italy, Lithuania and Poland introduced benefits for families with three or more children, for 
example by offering ‘family card programmes’ that enable families to gain access to certain 
services. Poland and Hungary introduced measures specifically targeting mothers who have 
many children, which applies to mothers who no longer have any dependent children. Hungary 
has abolished personal income tax for women who have raised four or more children. Poland 
has introduced the ‘Mama 4 Plus programme’, which provides financial support to all mothers 
over the age of 60 who have had four or more children and meet specific income criteria. Some 
Member States – including Belgium, Malta and Germany – also reported increases in benefits 
for single parents.  

Children’s participation and inclusion 

The year of 2019 marked the 30th Anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 
(CRC). Article 12 of the CRC addresses specifically children’s right to participation in matters 
that affect them. In at least three Member States – including Germany, Ireland and Estonia – 
children have been consulted at some point during the policy process in 2019. Most of these 
consultations were regarding the development of national youth strategies. In other Member 
States, initiatives aimed at increasing children’s participation have been created, such as the 
formation of a National Council of Children in Portugal, and the establishment of a Children’s 
Board in Romania.  

Reducing child poverty and social exclusion is the cornerstone of the 2013 Recommendations 
on Investing in Children. This EPIC annual thematic report adopts a broad definition of the 
term ‘vulnerable’; Chapter 7 provides an overview of the data collected for this report on 1) 
migrant children, 2) children from ethnic minority or/and Roma background, 3) children with 
special educational needs (SEN), 4) children living in institutions or foster care arrangements 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
and 5) children living in non-traditional families. Data collection yielded the most information 
for group number three (children with SEN).  

Methodology limitations 

Due to limitations of the methodology (see Annex 1), the amount of information available for 
all Member States differed across these five areas. However, the breadth and reach of the EPIC 
project – in terms of both thematic areas and geographical coverage – allows readers to gain a 
useful overview of some of the important developments that have taken place in 2019 in regard 
to child and family policy at the EU and Member State levels.  

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 1: Introduction 

This third annual thematic report, produced by the European Platform for Investing in Children 
(EPIC),  provides  an  overview  of  child  and  family  policy  and  practice  developments  that 
occurred at EU level and at Member State level (EU28) throughout the year of 2019. vi The 
report  covers  developments  in  areas  that  relate  to  the  2013  European  Commission 
Recommendation ‘Investing in Children: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage’. vii  

The  2013  Recommendations  set  out  principles  and  recommendations  for  Member  States 
regarding  supporting  positive  well-being  and  outcomes  for  children  and  families.  Box  1 
provides  a  more  detailed  breakdown  of  the  three  key  pillars  of  the  European  Commission 
Recommendations. 

Box 1 Three key pillars of the European Commission’s Recommendation ‘Investing in 
Children: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage’ 

1.  Access to adequate resources 

(cid:120)  Support parents’ participation in the labour market 

(cid:120)  Provide for adequate living standards through a combination of benefits 
2.  Access to affordable quality services  

(cid:120)  Reduce inequality at a young age by investing in early childhood education and care 

(cid:120) 

(cid:120) 

Improve education systems’ impact on equal opportunities 

Improve the responsiveness of health systems to address the needs of disadvantaged children 

(cid:120)  Provide children with a safe, adequate housing and living environment 

(cid:120)  Enhance family support and the quality of alternative care settings 
3.  Children’s right to participate 

(cid:120)  Support the participation of all children in play, recreation, sport and cultural activities 

(cid:120) 

Put in place mechanisms that promote children’s participation in decision-making that affects their 
lives 

Source:  European  Commission.  2013,  ‘Commission  Recommendation  of  Investing  in  children:  breaking  the  cycle  of 
disadvantage’. 

The report also aligns with three of the 20 principles of the 2017 European Pillar of Social 
Rights that are directly relevant to children and families. viii These are:  

• Principle 1: The right to quality and inclusive education 
• Principle 9: The right of parents and carers to work-life balance 
• Principle 11: The right to affordable quality early childhood education and care. 
Progress towards achieving the Pillar’s principles is recorded in the form of a social scoreboard 
of indicators. ix, x Delivering on the Pillar was reiterated in the ‘New Strategic Agenda 2019–
2024’, which was agreed by the European Council on 20 June 2019. xi  

The information gathered for this report stems from two main sources of data. First, data was 
collected by experts in each Member State in response to a questionnaire, which can be found 
in Annex 2. Second, data has been gathered via the EPIC monthly news-monitoring bulletins, 
which collate and disseminate information about developments in child and family policy and 
practice across the EU every month. A detailed overview of the data and methodology used in 
this report can be found in Annex 1.  

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The remainder of this report consists of  seven  chapters.  Chapter  2  provides  an  overview  of 
relevant EU level developments that took place in the area of child and family policy in 2019. 
Chapter 3 reviews developments in the area of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) 
at  Member  State  level.  Chapter  4  investigates  changes  and  new  initiatives  in  family  leave 
provisions, for both traditional and non-traditional families across the EU. Chapter 5 focuses 
on income support and/or benefits provided to children and families, including for vulnerable 
children  and  families  in  particular.  Chapter  6  turns  its  attention  to  policy  and  practice 
developments regarding children’s rights to participate in decisions that affect them. Chapter 7 
covers  developments  aimed  at  several  different  groups  of  vulnerable  children,  including: 
migrant  children,  children  from  ethnic  or  minority  background,  children  with  special 
educational needs (SEN), children living in institutions or foster care, and children living in 
non-traditional  families.  The  final  chapter  summarises  main  observations  and  outlines 
remaining challenges and potential next steps. 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter  2:  EU-level  Actions  and  Developments  in  Child  and  Family 
Policy  

This chapter outlines progress and recent initiatives undertaken by EU institutions and 
agencies that relate to the well-being of children and their families in Europe. The following 
sections of this chapter report on key developments related to the three principles that are 
relevant for children and families, as outlined in Chapter 1.  

Directive on Work-Life Balance  

As part of the European Pillar of Social Rights, the Directive on Work-Life Balance for Parents 
and  Carers  was  proposed  by  the  EC  in  2017. xii  The  Directive  was  passed  by  the  European 
Parliament and the Council of the European Union in April 2019 and entered into force on 1 
August 2019. xiii Member States now have until 2022 to transpose the directive into national 
laws, regulations and administrative provisions.  

The Directive aims to improve the existing EU legal and policy provisions related to flexible 
work arrangements and access to family leave by encouraging a more equal sharing of 
parental leave between men and women, and by providing support measures for working 
parents and carers. xiv  

The Directive set several minimum standards for EU Member States, as detailed in Table 1 
below. xv 

Table 1 New minimum standards set by the Directive on Work-Life Balance 

Paternity leave 

Current EU law 
(cid:120)  No  minimum 
paternity 
Member States 

for 
standard 
leave  across  EU 

Parental leave 

(cid:120)  Minimum of 4 months per 

parent, transferable between 
parents 

(cid:120)  No 

rule  on  allowance  or 

payment of leave 

Carers’ leave 

Flexible  working 
arrangements 

standard 

(cid:120)  No  minimum 

for 
carers’  leave  (except  so-called 
force  majeure,  which  allows  a 
short 
for 
time  of 
unexpected family reasons) 
(cid:120)  Parents  returning  from  parental 
leave  have  the  right  to  request 
reduced  and  flexible  working 
hours 

leave 

(cid:120)  All  workers  have  the  right  to 

request part-time work 

New Directive 
(cid:120)  Minimum of 10 days of paid paternity 

leave 

(cid:120)  Payment at sick-leave level 
(cid:120)  Minimum  of  4  months  per  parent, 
including  2  months  which  are  non-
transferable between parents 

(cid:120)  The 2 months of non-transferable leave are 
to be compensated at a level set by Member 
States  

(cid:120)  Leave can be flexible (full-time, part-time 

or in fragmented periods) 

(cid:120)  Minimum  of  5  days  of  carers’  leave  per 

employee per year 

(cid:120)  Right for all working parents of children up 
to at least eight years old and for all carers 
to  request  flexible  working  arrangements 
(reduced  or  flexible  working  hours  and 
flexibility on the place of work) 

On the 25th anniversary of implementing the United Nations Beijing Declaration and Platform 
for Action, the Council of the European Union adopted conclusions on gender-equal economies 
in  the  EU.  The  conclusions  recognise  progress  made  (e.g.  the  adoption  of  the  Directive  on 
Work-Life Balance regulating more equal share of leave provisions between both parents), but 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
also point towards policy and practice areas where gender inequality continues and requires 
further improvement (e.g. gaps in affordable and high-quality ECEC). xvi   

Childcare and support to children 

Developments towards high-quality inclusive ECEC  

Provision of high-quality ECEC services is one of the building blocks of the Commission’s 
xvii  The  adoption  of  a  Proposal  for  a 
vision  to  create  a  European  Education  Area  by  2025.
Council Recommendation on High Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Systems in 
May  2019  has  put  childcare  quality  firmly  on  the  EU-  and  national-level  agendas.
  In 
addition,  the  ET  (Education  and  Training)  2020  framework  Thematic  Working  Group  on 
ECEC – under the auspices of the Commission’s DG-EAC – continues to advance policy and 
practice on the topics of:  

xviii

1.  Professionalisation of ECEC staff as a key element of creating an attractive, sustainable 

and competent profession; 

2.  Social inclusion by promoting broad participation in ECEC. xix  

Developments towards inclusive education  

A  European  Citizens’  Initiative  called  ‘Europe  CARES:  Inclusive  Quality  Education  for 
Children with Disabilities’ is one initiative undertaken in 2019. The aim of this initiative is to 
ensure that the rights of children and adults with disabilities to be educated together with their 
peers is guaranteed across EU Member States. The registration of this initiative also began a 
process of collecting signatures and statements of support across Member States calling on the 
European Commission to consider drafting a bill on a common EU framework of inclusive 
education. xx  

Developments towards the Child Guarantee 

Fighting  child  poverty  and  social  exclusion  remains  a  high  priority  and  there  is  room  to 
improving the situation of children (see Figure 1). To ensure that every child in the EU has 
access to basic services, such as healthcare, education, ECEC, decent housing and adequate 
nutrition, xxi  the  European  Commission  President  Ursula  von  der  Leyen  proposed  the 
introduction of a European Child Guarantee in the political guidelines of 2019. xxii  

The European Commission launched a study on the Child Guarantee proposal in 2018 to assess 
the feasibility, implementation options and added value of the guarantee. As part of the study, 
an online consultation and a series of expert workshops in 2019 supported the development of 
recommendations for the implementation  of a Child Guarantee. The study concluded at the 
closing  conference  in  Brussels  on  17  February  2020,  with  a  final  report  published  in  June 
2020. xxiii The four workshops held throughout 2019 each focused on one particular group of 
vulnerable children:xxiii 

•  children living in precarious family situations; 
•  children residing in institutions; 
•  children with a migrant background (including refugee children); 
•  children with disabilities. 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1 Share of children below 18 years old at risk of poverty or social exclusion, EU28, 2018 

Source: Eurostat data [ilc_peps01]. Unit: Percentage, Less than 18 years, Sex: Total. Data extracted on 12 June 2020 

In January 2019, the European Parliament backed a draft regulation on the European Social 
Fund Plus (ESF+) for the period 2021–2017. Under this scheme, Member States will have to 
allocate  at  least  5%  of  ESF+  resources  to  help  foster  investment  areas  such  as  education, 
training and lifelong learning, equal access to employment, and social inclusion xxiv  

Youth strategy and development of youth policies 

The EU Youth Strategy for the period 2019–2027 came into force in January 2019. Focusing 
on three areas of action – Engage, Connect  and Empower – the strategy aims to strengthen 
young  people’s  participation  in  democratic  life,  connect  young  people  through  voluntary 
engagement,  learning  mobility  and  intercultural  understanding,  and  to  support  youth 
empowerment. xxv In order to enhance cross-sectoral cooperation, knowledge development and 
exchange  on  youth  issues  within  the  Commission  services,  the  strategy  includes  an 
establishment of an EU Youth Coordinator within the European Commission. xxvi  

A first step towards tackling objectives set by the EU Youth Strategy, based on the EU Youth 
Goals, was the European Union Youth Conference in March 2019 in Bucharest. Hosted as part 
of  the  Romanian  Presidency  of  the  EU,  the  conference  had  a  specific  focus  on  youth 
employment  and  the  future  of  work. xxvii
Finally,  a  Toolkit  on  Youth  Participation  aimed to 
support young people’s participation in the political life in their community, was developed 
with the support of the European Youth Foundation and the Council of Europe, and released 
by an organisation called Youth of European Nationalities. This toolkit is also intended as a 
training tool to explore the concept of youth participation, its different versions and practical 
applications.

xxviii

14 

 
 
Children’s rights and children’s participation 

The year of 2019 marked the 30th anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Rights 
xxix Article 12 of this convention relates directly to children’s right to participation 
of the Child.
in matters that affect them. Given that 1 out of 5 EU citizens is a child, children should be given 
the opportunity to participate in decision-making. xxx In May 2019, 60  children from 16 EU 
countries met with representatives from EU institutions, members of civil society organisations 
and  independent  experts  to  discuss  ways  to  ensure  that  children’s  voices  are  heard. xxxi 
Following  the  conference,  the  Bucharest  Declaration  was  adopted.  This  Declaration,  which 
was  co-drafted  by  children,  represents  political  commitment  calling  policymakers  for 
mechanisms to ensure child participation in decisions that affect their lives, such as a ‘clear 
roadmap’  for  implementing  the  UNCRC,  the  EU  Charter  of  Fundamental  Rights  and  EU 
recommendations related to child participation; for provision of training for children and adults 
about children’s right to participate, and for the use of these mechanisms and for a requirement 
 This development has put children’s 
to inform children about policies affecting their right.
rights to participate firmly on the EU policy agenda.

xxxii
xxxiii      

There  has  also  been  progress  with  the  development  and  implementation  of  the  Child 
Participation Assessment Tool. This tool was developed by the Council of Europe in 2016 to 
support  Member  States  to  meet  the  goals  set  out  in  2012  by  the  Recommendation  of 
Participation of Children and Young People under the age of 18. xxxiv
 The application of the 
tool aims to create opportunities for children’s participation, representation and empowerment, 
and to measure how well children’s right to participate is protected in Europe. xxxv Upon piloting 
and testing the tool in Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Latvia and Romania, the tool is now 
available for implementation across other EU Member States.

xxxvi

Furthermore,  ahead  of  the  European  Parliament  elections  in  May  2019,  child  rights 
organisations  from  across  Europe,  together  with  the  European  Parliament  Intergroup  of 
Children’s Rights, launched a Vote for Children campaign to encourage candidates running in 
the elections to support and defend children’s rights. xxxvii  

In summary 

The principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights guide a number of EU-level initiatives 
related to child and family policy and well-being. Current priorities for EU and Member State 
actions aim to ensure that all children and young people are provided with quality and inclusive 
education, including high-quality inclusive ECEC, and that families can achieve a work-life 
balance.  Developments  towards  assessing  the  feasibility  of  a  Child  Guarantee  also  aim  to 
provide  all  children  with  strengthened  access  to  critical  services.  Finally,  the  EU  Youth 
Strategy,  the  Bucharest  Declaration  and  developments  related  to  youth  and  children’s 
participation show the EU’s commitment to inclusion of children and young people in decision-
making processes at the EU and national level.  

15 

 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 3: Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) Provision  

The well-known benefits of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services for children, 
their parents, and society are the key drivers for EU Member States to continue investing in 
accessible, affordable and high-quality provision. xxxviii Over recent years Member States have 
made a number of efforts to increase access to and affordability of ECEC services. There has 
also been an increased policy focus to ensure that high-quality services are being implemented.  

Member States have put in place new strategies, action plans and specific policies focusing on 
the provision of ECEC and other services for children. In Cyprus, a third ‘Demographic and 
Family Policy Action Plan’ covering the years 2019–2020 was approved xxxix and a new ‘unified 
evaluation plan’ was developed and implemented. xl In Malta, two new acts were introduced 
focusing  on  education:  Arrangement  of  Education  Act  2019 xli  and  Teaching  and  Allied 
Professions Act 2019. xlii  

Bulgaria has published a National Strategy for Children 2019–2030. xliii
 A preparatory action 
towards drafting a Strategy for Children has also concluded in Finland, with the steering group 
in charge of preparing this strategy publishing a report recommending development of clear 
objectives, indicators  and tools related  to  the  strategy  implementation. xliv Romania has  also 
implemented  a  new  strategy  –  the  Sustainable  Development  Strategy  2030. xlv  In  Germany, 
preparatory  activities  have  begun  aiming  to  introduce  a  new  legal  day-care  entitlement  for 
children. xlvi Lastly, political leaders  in France have turned their attention to investing in the 
early years of children,
  while the issue of the first thousand days of the child was put firmly 
on the government's agenda.  

xlvii

Assessing progress against Barcelona targets 

At  the  Barcelona  Summit  of  the  European  Council  in  2002,  Member  States  set  childcare 
provision targets of at least 33% of children under age 3, and at least 90% of children between 
age 3 and the mandatory school starting age with access to formal ECEC services by 2010. In 
spite  of  efforts  and  progress  made,  the  extent  of  children’s  participation  in  formal  ECEC 
services varies considerably among EU Member States. 

On  average,  35.1%  of  under-3-year-olds  were  enrolled  in  childcare  in  the  EU  in  2018, 
according to Eurostat data. However, there are considerable differences in enrolment among 
Member States, varying between 63.2% in Denmark, 54.4% in Belgium and 50% in France, to 
only 11.0% in Poland, 9.0% in Czechia and less than 1.6% in Slovakia. Comparison of the 
2010  and  2018  full-time  attendance  data  shows  that  participation  rates  increased  in  most 
Member States. Yet there are still countries that need to invest more in  ECEC provision to 
reach the Barcelona targets. 

In terms of children age 3 and above, 86.9% had access to ECEC services in 2018. However, 
access to childcare for this age group is still less than the agreed Barcelona target of 90% in 18 
EU Member States.  

Figure  2  and  Figure  3  show  the  percentage  of  formal  ECEC  in  all  EU  Member  States  for 
children up to age 3 and for children age 3 up to mandatory school age, respectively. 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2 Percentage of children up to age 3 in full-time or part-time formal childcare arrangements, EU28, 2010 and 2018 

Source: Eurostat, Children in formal childcare or education by age group and duration EU-SILC survey (online data code: 
[ilc_caindformal]). 

Figure 3 Percentage of children from age 3 to mandatory school age in full-time and part-time formal childcare arrangements, 
EU28, 2010 and 2018 

Source: Eurostat, Children in formal childcare or education by age group and duration EU-SILC survey (online data code: 
[ilc_caindformal]). 

17 

 
Expanding availability of and access to ECEC provision  

A number of Member States undertook legislative changes to increase availability of and access 
to  childcare  provision.  This  included  expanding  the  number  of  places  to  increase  capacity, 
making  provision  to  cater  to  the  particular  needs  of  certain  groups  of  children,  and  sharing 
information about ECEC provision.  

For instance, in Denmark, the government announced an initiative called ‘The 1,000 days fund’ 
(1.000-dages puljen) and secured DKK 760 million (approx. €102 million) to finance it. The 
aim of this initiative is to financially support day-care institutions with a high proportion of 
children from socio-economically disadvantaged and vulnerable families. It is estimated that 
the money would facilitate recruiting extra staff in around 500 day-care institutions for children 
aged  0–2  years  old  (nurseries),  benefiting  between  12,000  and  15,000  children,  and  for 
continuing education for day-care providers and educators. xlviii 

Additional funds for the National Childcare  Scheme  have  been secured  in  Ireland  for  more 
childcare  and  ECEC  places.  The  Ministry  for  Children  and  Youth  Affairs  allocated  an 
additional €8.1 million for childcare capital grants in 2020, with the majority of this funding 
(€7.2 million) to be spent on early childhood education and care services. The funds, available 
from October 2019, are used to create new early childhood education and care places, as well 
as childcare places for children of school age. xlix This is the first statutory entitlement to provide 
financial support for childcare in Ireland and consists of a system of universal and means-tested 
subsidies  to  support  families  in  meeting  the  cost  of  childcare. l  In  Greece,  the  allocation  of 
additional  financial  resources  (€270  million  for  the  year  2019–2020  compared,  with  €234 
million in 2018) has created 3,000 places in childcare centres and 9,000 places for preschool 
children in 2019 (with another 9,000 places to be created in 2020). li In Spain, an additional €53 
million was allocated for the school year 2019–2020 in order to implement universal access to 
ECEC services free of charge. lii  

In Lithuania, additional funds have been allocated for children’s day-care centres. In total, €5.2 
million was distributed from the state budget to cover the costs of 345 centres, mainly providing 
social care and educational services for children from families at social risk and low-income 
families. liii Slovakia has continuously increased capacity in preschool facilities with the support 
of national financial resources and European Funds. liv The Polish government has created over 
27,000 new early ECEC places for children aged 3 and under. In addition, the government co-
financed another 74,000 places under the ongoing ‘Toddler+’ (‘Maluch+’) programme funds, 
which encourage local governments to establish crèches and kids’ clubs. lv 

The  Hungarian  government  also  has  a  target  to  increase  the  number  of  available  places  in 
crèches. This target, part of the Family Protection Action Plan, has set an objective of 70,000 
available places in crèches by the end of June 2022. The Plan also sets additional goals, such 
as  increasing  the  role  of  non-public  crèches,  higher  subsidies  towards  alternative  forms  of 
crèches – e.g. family crèches and workplace crèches – and better provision of human resources 
in crèches. lvi  

Similarly,  to  respond  to  the  growing  need  for  flexible  childcare,  the  Luxembourgish 
government authorised the establishment of mini-crèches, a new form of childcare. This new 
model of childcare provides care for children aged from 0 to 12 years old via smaller home-
like  environments  with  flexible  opening  hours  (05.00–23.00)  to  meet  the  needs  of  parents 
working  in  shifts  or  irregular  hours. lvii  In  Cyprus,  more  flexible  childcare  provision  was 

18 

 
 
 
 
 
 
facilitated by the establishment of child-friendly creative places operating in the afternoon and 
during holidays. lviii  

Finally, Finland had to revise its ECEC legislation to encompass all children. Changes to the 
Finnish Act on Early Childhood Education and Care entered into force into 2016, and stipulated 
that children had a right to ECEC for only 20 hours a week, with full-time ECEC provision 
granted  mainly  to  children  of  full-time  students  or  working  parents.  These  changes  were 
challenged by the Central Union for Child Welfare, which lodged a complaint to the European 
Committee on Social Rights against Finland. As a result of the Committee ruling stating that 
all children have a right to ECEC, Finland had to amend its legislation. The revised Finnish 
legislation strengthens the non-discrimination of children and families, with all children having 
an equal right to full-time ECEC from August 2020 regardless of their family socio-economic 
status or residence. lix  

Member States have also made provisions to accommodate the special needs of disadvantaged 
and vulnerable children. For instance, local authorities in the Netherlands are extending early 
education  programmes  for  children  with  a  language  disadvantage.  By  1  August  2020,  the 
ECEC provision for this group of preschoolers (2.5- to 4-year-olds) will extend from 10 hours 
lx Luxembourg is also putting more emphasis on the language 
per week to 16 hours per week.
inclusion of children by introducing a plurilingual education programme (in Luxembourgish 
and French languages) covering children aged 1 to 4 years. lxi In Denmark, increased funds to 
cater to the needs of vulnerable children allowed the numbers of staff in day-care provision to 
increase. lxii In Belgium, policy discussions related to ECEC provision were stimulated by 2019 
research  study  findings  showing  that  there  is  still  a  substantial  unmet  need  in  childcare,  in 
particular for families with low incomes and/or with a migration background.
 There has also 
been a new global individual assistant measure introduced in Belgium in 2019 aiming to better 
facilitate inclusion of  SEN  children. This  new  measure strengthens the inclusive process in 
transition  periods  between  childcare  provision,  kindergarten  and  primary  school  for  young 
children (under the age of 6 years) with signs of disabilities. lxiv  

lxiii

Other measures to facilitate access to ECEC services include information activities, such as an 
online portal launched in Germany providing parents with information about children’s early 
years and links to local support networks, lxv and a School Guide of public  pre-primary  and 
primary  schools  in  Greece  providing  parents  with  information  about  the  school  application 
process, school life and ways of communicating with schools. lxvi  

Making ECEC more affordable 

Affordability of childcare facilities remains a challenge for many parents across the EU. lxvii
 In 
order to facilitate more affordable ECEC provision, countries are funding and/or subsidising 
ECEC  places.  For  instance,  in  Malta  a  free  childcare  provision  is  available  to  children  of 
working parents, student parents and terminally ill parents.
 Governments are also funding 
childcare provision, such as in Luxembourg – where 20 hours of free childcare during 46 weeks 
per year is subsidised under the Childcare Service Voucher system (Chèque-service) lxix – and 
also in England, where 3- and 4-year-old children of working parents can access 30 hrs of free 
provision during school terms. In February 2019, a new law was proposed in Spain aiming to 
make ECEC services for children aged 0–3 free of charge.  

lxviii

In the Netherlands, almost all working parents using formal childcare services are also eligible 
for a childcare allowance, which was increased in 2019. lxx A new subsidy of childcare fees has 

19 

 
 
 
 
 
 
lxxii

been offered to working parents in  Hungary:  since 2019,  parents  who  took  up  employment 
after  taking  childcare  leave  but  were  unable  to  obtain  a  place  in  a  public  crèche  have  been 
lxxi In 
provided with a crèche subsidy of up to 40,000 HUF (approx. €113) per month per child.
Belgium (Flanders region), as part of a new child benefit system, the new maximum level of 
parents’ financial contribution has been set at €3.23 per day. This limit is not related to parental 
income levels.
 Similarly, at least two regions in Austria undertook reforms of the parents’ 
financial contribution to formal childcare institutions. Since  September 2019, the region of 
Carinthia pays 66% of the average ECEC cost (excluding the cost of lunch and the cost of arts 
and  crafts  materials)  for  children  from  the  age  of  3  until  school  entry.
  In  the  region  of 
Burgenland, since November ECEC is free of charge (again, excluding the cost of lunch and 
the cost of the arts and crafts materials) for all children before school entry.
 In Portugal, the 
government provides a fixed subsidy (€264.61 per child in 2018) to support affordability of 
childcare, in particular among parents of low socio-economic status.  

lxxiii

lxxiv

lxxvii

Other measures to make ECEC more affordable include the introduction of the Good KiTa Act 
in January 2019 across 12 German states (Länder) to ensure high-quality childcare at a low 
lxxv  Romania’s  Sustainable  Development  Strategy  2030,  a  guaranteed  social 
cost  to  parents;
package aiming to increase enrolment rates in preschools;
 and childcare payment support 
  In  the  Czech  Republic,  payment  of  a  parental  benefit  became 
for  parents  in  France.
conditional  on  children  under  2  years  old  using  92  hours  per  month  of  publicly  funded 
childcare. This increase of free hours, from 46 hours previously, was introduced to facilitate 
parents  returning  to  work  for  at  least  50%  of  full-time  hours.
  Finally,  the  Croatian 
government  has  undertaken  some  measures  to  address  the  low  affordability  of  ECEC. 
However, a long-term strategy in this area is still pending (e.g. aspects related to increasing the 
number of qualified preschool teachers and increasing enrolment rates), and questions remain 
lxxix
about the sustainability of current ECEC models once the EU funds are no longer available.

lxxviii

lxxvi

Making ECEC mandatory 

There is a general trend among Member States to extend the length of compulsory preschool 
attendance. Typically, preschool attendance is only compulsory during the final year before 
primary school. For instance, in 2019 Slovakia introduced compulsory one-year pre-primary 
education  for  children who reach the age of 5. The reason behind this step was to improve 
preparedness  for  primary  education,  especially  for  children  living  in  marginalised  Roma 
communities  or  experiencing  poor  living  conditions.  Due  to  limited  capacities  of  preschool 
facilities, this change is planned to be fully implemented in 2021. lxxx   

However,  several  countries  have  begun  extending  the  compulsory  preschool  attendance 
towards  younger  age  groups.  For  instance,  Greece  implemented  compulsory  two-year  pre-
primary  school  during  the  school  year  2019–2020, lxxxi
  and  Cyprus  lowered  the  compulsory 
school age to 5 for pre-primary school and 6 for primary school.

lxxxii

Improving ECEC quality 

ECEC Quality standards  

Evidence from research suggests there is a link between the quality of ECEC and the outcomes 
for children. lxxxiii
 Therefore, ECEC quality standards have become a priority in many Member 
States, where legislation and policies have been reviewed and/or amended.
 For instance, 
 on the quality of ECEC across France served 
recommendations from the research reports

lxxxiv

lxxxv

20 

 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
as the basis for the creation of a national quality guide for ECEC. lxxxvi
 Similarly, findings from 
research  studies  conducted  in  Cyprus  identifying  challenges  related  to  ECEC  quality  and 
funding were a cornerstone to develop  and implement a new ‘unified evaluation plan’. The 
plans  focus  on  aspects  related  to  student  assessments  to  ensure  that  children’s  needs  are 
 Other 
identified in a timely manner and that effective aid interventions are put in place.
research  results,  such  as  findings  from  a  project  conducted  in  Portugal  indicating  concerns 
related to the quality of  ECEC provision  and  the number  of  hours  young  children  spend  in 
 and a study on regional differences in ECEC provision, affordability and quality 
settings,
conducted in Croatia,

 are yet to initiate national policy change.  

lxxxviii

lxxxvii

lxxxix

National ECEC quality standards are also changing following evaluation of current policies. 
For  instance,  the  quality  audits  focusing  on  the  attainment,  quality  and  equivalency  of 
preschools  across  Sweden  conducted  between  2015  and  2017  initiated  a  series  of  ongoing 
investments  in  continuing  professional  developments,  revisions  of  the  curriculum  and  the 
teaching dimension in preschools. xc A work on new laws aiming at improving the quality of 
ECEC provision and equal participation opportunities for all children is also currently being 
undertaken in Estonia. xci Furthermore,  Ireland launched a draft Action plan in August 2019 
setting out proposals for improving access to high-quality and affordable early learning and 
care and school-age childcare through childminding. xcii  

Germany developed a new policy and a legal act – ‘The Good Daycare Facilities Act’ (‘Gute-
Kita-Gesetz’) – focusing on ECEC quality. It covers a comprehensive range of aspects related 
to structural characteristics and process quality, i.e. caregiver-child ratio, staff qualifications, 
centre leadership and governance of ECEC system, diversity and child participation. The law 
was adopted in 2019 and came into force in January 2020, with the implementation of new 
measures taking place until 2022. xciii Finally, a new parental cooperation package for ECEC 
professionals was published in Denmark aiming to increase cooperation between professionals 
and parents. xciv  

ECEC Programmes / Curricula 

Some  Member  States  have  sought  to  ensure  high-quality  ECEC  provision  by  adopting  or 
updating ECEC programmes. For instance, a new  curriculum  for  early  education,  including 
programmes for children under 3 years old, was approved in Romania. It offers more play hours 
and more focus on children’s personal development. The curriculum also stipulates that ECEC 
providers cannot charge parents for optional activities offered in nurseries, e.g. theatre or dance 
xcv A revised curriculum strengthening the 
classes, as these may not be affordable to all parents.
education/teaching dimension in preschools also came into force in Sweden in 2019. xcvi A new 
law  regulating  issues  pertaining  to  quality  assurance  across  education  levels  (including 
preschools/kindergartens)
 and a new educational guide focusing on descriptive evaluation 
  Finally,  given  the  importance  of  sleep  for 
in  kindergarten  was  introduced  in  Greece.
children’s development, a set of recommendations related to naps for children was released in 
Portugal. xcix  

xcviii

xcvii

Professionalisation of ECEC staff and improvement of working conditions 

To  ensure  the  provision  of  high-quality  services,  several  Member  States  undertook  steps 
towards professionalisation of ECEC occupations and the improvement of ECEC staffs’ work 
conduct. In this respect, France announced the ‘Ambition 600,000 plan’ – a training plan for 
professionals in the field of early childhood care. c A Draft Childminding Action Plan setting 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
 
suggestions  for  bespoke  training  and  qualifications  for  childminders  was  put  in  place  in 
Ireland. ci In addition, requirements needed to access early childhood-related professionals were 
defined in Italy cii and in Malta, where the current law stipulates that educational institutions – 
such as childcare centres – require a licence to operate ciii and that kindergarten educators are 
required to have a license or a warrant (a specific level of education) to practise. Because the 
warrant implies variance in salaries, it is projected that there would be an increased interest and 
demand in the upskilling and training of current kindergarten practitioners wanting to improve 
their remuneration.  Germany has also allocated additional resources (€22.5 million to be spent 
by  2021)  as  part  of  a  new  federal  childcare  programme  –  ‘ProKindertagespflege’.  This 
programme will focus on three areas: the qualifications of childcare workers, better working 
conditions for childcare staff, and building a coordination office for youth welfare officers. civ 
Finally, a project was run in the UK aiming to challenge stereotypes around men’s roles in 
early education professions in order to provide more diverse role models for young children. 
The project also included a recruitment drive and support on how to enter the sector, and peer 
support for men already working in ECEC. cv  

Reducing class size and changing the class set-up 

The quality of ECEC provision also depends on the class size and set-up, with smaller class 
sizes and smaller child-teacher ratios having positive impact on child development. In order to 
improve the pedagogical and teaching support for children, the maximum number of preschool 
children  has  been  reduced  from  25  to  22  in  Greek  kindergarten  classes  for  the  school  year 
cvi Similarly, the Finnish government proposed to reduce the size of class groups 
2019–2020.
in ECEC. If the proposed amendment is passed, there would be a maximum of 21 children in 
a group, with one member of staff for every seven children (instead of the present regulation 
of one member of staff for every eight children). cvii The child-staff ratio for young babies has 
changed in the Netherlands. As of 2019, one pedagogical staff member can care for a maximum 
of three (used to be four) babies below the age of 1, with quality of provision monitored on a 
regular basis.

cviii

In Luxembourg, the regulation on mini-crèches stipulates a maximum of four babies younger 
than 12 months old and a maximum of 11 children at any setting. The regulation also requires 
two qualified members of staff trained in the socio-educational field. cix Lastly, trade unions 
have  warned  the  government  in  Croatia  that  the  plan  to  improve  ECEC  availability  by 
increasing the size of the groups, and by allowing school teachers to work in ECEC without 
any additional training, would lower the quality of provision. cx  

Member States have also initiated changes related to investing into the ECEC infrastructure 
and additional provisions for children. In Ireland, the government published Universal Design 
Guidelines for ‘Early Learning and Care’, which aims to make ECEC settings accessible for 
all by providing guidance on refurbishment, renovation and building of ECEC centres. This is 
also  to  encourage  the  participation  of  children  with  disabilities  in  ECECs  as  well  as  better 
accessibility for parents, grandparents and staff. cxi 

cxii whereas the 
The government in Poland has also revised standards of ECEC accommodation,
new government regulations in Cyprus stipulate that child-friendly creative places should be 
safe, accessible and operate under surveillance.
 Croatia has also invested in ECEC services 
infrastructure by spending on reconstruction, adaptation and improvement of facilities as well 
as extending opening times, particularly in less developed areas that did not have or had weak 
ECEC infrastructure. cxiv  

cxiii

22 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
In summary 

Recent  developments  in  Member  States  indicate  that  there  are  continuous  efforts  across 
European countries to increase the availability and use of formal childcare provision. Countries 
put  additional  funds  towards  expansion  of  childcare  places  and  making  provision  more 
affordable,  providing  wider  information-sharing  about  the  types  of  childcare  offered  and 
making participation in ECEC mandatory.  There  are  also  continuous efforts  to  improve  the 
quality  of  the  services  by  reviewing  national  ECEC  quality  standards,  updating  ECEC 
programmes/curricula, undertaking steps to improve qualifications and working conditions of 
ECEC staff, and making improvements to the class size and set-ups.  

23 

 
 
 
Chapter 4: Family Leave Provision and Actions to Improve Work-Life 
Balance 

Early  infancy  is  a  formative  and  critical  period  for  child  development  and,  as  research 
demonstrates, adequate access to maternity and paternity leave following the birth of a child 
can  contribute  to  various  positive  outcomes  for  parents  and  for  children.  However,  recent 
research  has  also  demonstrated  that  prolonged  periods  of  maternity  leave  can  have  a 
detrimental impact on mothers’ career progression and labour force participation. cxv Similarly, 
while the presence of fathers in early infancy has been found to benefit children in a range of 
ways, recent research has also suggested that fathers’ uptake of available parental leave remains 
uneven. cxvi 

Expansions to family leave in 2019  

cxviii

In 2019 Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Italy,  Malta,  the  Netherlands  and Slovenia  extended the 
length of paternity leave available. In Slovenia, paternity leave became 10 days cxvii
 while in 
Estonia, paternity leave was extended to 30 days.
 Similarly, paternity leave in has been 
extended from one day to five days for employees in the public sector (in Malta cxix) and from 
five days to seven days (in Italy cxx). The Netherlands also extended paternity leave from two 
days to one week from January 2019 onwards, with a commitment that the amount of leave 
would extend to five weeks from July 2020 onwards. cxxi In Belgium, broader reforms to family 
leave have included introducing the right for all full-time employed or self-employed fathers 
or second parents to be eligible to take 10 days of leave (paid at 100% of earnings for employed 
parents and at a fixed daily rate for self-employed parents) during the first four months of a 
child’s life.
 In addition, two countries have extended paternity leave for some groups of 
parents: Austria has extended the right to take a month’s unpaid leave (the so-called ‘daddy 
month’)  after  a  child’s  birth  from  federal  sector  employees  to  all  employees  (during  which 
 while in France, paternity leave will be 
fathers receive a daily social security payment)
 It is possible that several of 
extended from 11 days to 30 days if the child is hospitalised.
these developments are in response to or pre-empting this new European Union directive.  

cxxiii

cxxiv

cxxii

Several  countries  have  introduced  reforms  to  parental  leave  and  maternity  leave,  including 
creating new types of leave, extending the eligibility to other groups of parents, and increasing 
the flexibility of the leave offered. Ireland introduced paid parental leave in November 2019 
for the first time, allowing both parents to take two weeks of parental leave during the first year 
cxxv Belgium 
of the child’s life compensated at the same rate as maternity and paternity leave.
has introduced reforms that aim to offer more flexibility to families by allowing both full-time 
and part-time parental leave that can be taken for shorter amounts of time over a longer period. 
For example, parents can now follow the ‘1/10 arrangement’, where they take a half-day off 
 In Spain, parental leave for 
work every second week in order to look after their children.
the second parent was extended from four weeks to eight weeks (with plans to extend this to 
16 weeks, the same amount as currently granted to biological mothers, by 2021). Finally, in 
France, paid maternity leave was extended from two weeks to eight weeks for women working 
 On a larger scale, family leave reforms in Spain also 
as farmers and self-employed women.
led to some changes in how maternity and paternity leave is organised. In 2019, both types of 
leave  were  merged to create a new leave entitled ‘birth and childcare leave’ (prestación de 
nacimiento y cuidado de menor), the first six weeks of which must be taken by the parent giving 
birth and which can be distributed between parents in weekly periods as they wish during the 
first year of the child’s birth.

cxxviii

cxxvii

cxxvi

24 

 
 
 
 
 
Other forms of leave designed to support families and parents with caring responsibilities were 
also introduced in Greece, Slovakia, Slovenia and Portugal. Greece introduced three months of 
paid leave that can be taken by parents with three or more children, with the aim of supporting 
 A legislative amendment in Sloveniacxxx and 
parents with larger families in child-raising. cxxix
a new programme in Portugal
 has allowed parents to take paid leave to accompany their 
child on their first day of school, while a new policy in Greece allows employees who care for 
children with disabilities to reduce their working hours by one hour each day.

cxxxii

cxxxi

Developments in how family leave is funded  

Some  countries  have  introduced  changes  in  the  level  and  length  of  payments  received  by 
parents while taking maternity, paternity, parental or other forms of family leave.  

Croatia, Czechia, Slovenia and Slovakia have increased the amount of benefits or allowance 
paid  to  some  parents  during  family  leave.  In  Slovenia,  benefits  received  during  maternity, 
paternity and parental leave have been increased, with the cap previously set upon maternity 
leave benefits lifted and the level of compensation for paternity leave and parental leave raised 
to 100% of previous earnings. cxxxiii
 In Croatia, the government announced plans to introduce 
full pay for the full 12 months of maternity leave, citing the aim of ensuring equal access to 
labour markets for mothers and fathers as a driving force.
 The Croatian parliament is also 
considering  an  increase  in  the  maximum  parental  allowance  that  can  be  received  by  self-
  Slovakia  increased 
employed  parents  (from  120%  to  170%  of  the  minimum  wage).
parental  allowance  for  all  parents  and  introduced  graduated  levels  of  benefit,  with  a  higher 
amount  for  those  who  were  previously  employed  and  had  paid  social  contributions.
  In 
both instances, ministries cited a desire to improve work-life balance and share care-giving 
responsibilities between the genders. Finally, in Estonia, parental allowance is now calculated 
on the basis of the 12 months before the pregnancy began.

cxxxvii

cxxxvi

cxxxiv

cxxxv

In Finland and Lithuania, eligibility to allowances and benefits taken during family leave were 
extended to particular groups. In Finland, maternity and paternity allowance is now paid during 
leave if a pregnancy is terminated after 154 days, while fathers are entitled to receive more paid 
paternity allowance in the case of multiple births. cxxxviii
 In Lithuania, amendments to the law 
regarding maternity social insurance have taken place following a constitutional court ruling, 
which will make it easier for women who lose their jobs during pregnancy to receive maternity 
benefits.

cxxxix

Leave policies affecting non-traditional families  

On a European Union scale and in individual Member States, there is increasing recognition 
that families that are considered ‘non-traditional’ (which differ in some way from the nuclear 
family  of  one  mother  and  one  father  living  together  with  biologically  related  children)  are 
increasingly prevalent. cxl  

Some  developments  in  2019  indicate  changes  at  a  Member  State  level  that  consider  and 
explicitly  support  various  types  of  non-traditional  families.  In  Sweden,  an  amendment  was 
made to the parental leave system to allow a biological parent to transfer parental leave days 
to their partner (even if the partner is not the biological or legal parent of the child or married 
to the parent). This also applies to same-sex adopting parents who have undergone artificial 
insemination, as the biological parent is able to transfer parental leave days to parents who are 

25 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
cxli The introduction of ‘birth and childcare leave’ by Spain 
awaiting confirmation of adoption.
(replacing maternity and paternity leave) also has the effect of ensuring that leave arrangements 
cxlii
are  explicitly  inclusive  of  same-sex  parents.
  Legislation  passed  in  Ireland  in  2019  also 
enabled male same-sex couples to receive adoptive leave and benefits for the first time.

cxliii

Some Member States have introduced further support in terms of leave for adoptive and foster 
parents.  In  two  Member  States,  leave  has  been  introduced  for  foster  parents  in  2019:  in 
Slovenia, foster parents looking after a child who has not yet started school can take parental 
leave of up to 30 days, cxliv while in Belgium, all foster parents who are taking care of a child 
for at least six months can take six weeks of leave every two years. cxlv Leave arrangements for 
adoptive parents have also been introduced in Belgiumcxlv (where all adoptive parents now 
receive a minimum of six weeks of adoptive leave regardless of the age of the child they are 
adopting) and in Malta, cxlvi
 where adoptive leave is now paid by the employer for the first 14 
weeks and by a state benefit for the remaining four weeks. Finland altered the eligibility criteria 
governing  adoptive  parents’  parental  allowance,  which  is  now  open  to  all  adoptive  parents 
during the first 233 days of adopting a child (regardless of whether they  work or study full 
time).

cxlvii

At  least  two  countries  increased  support  for  single  parents.  In  Belgium,  leave  allowances 
(parental, medical or palliative care leave) for single-parent employees increased by 4.5%. cxlviii
In 2019, Finnish single mothers – both birth mothers and women who are adopting a child on 
their  own  –  became  eligible  for  an  additional  54  working  days  of  parental  allowance 
payments.

cxlix

Two other Member States have also made policy or legislative changes that are designed to 
better  support  grandparents  who  are  taking  care  of  their  grandchildren.  In  Hungary, 
grandparents who are active in the labour market and take care of their grandchildren are now 
able to take unpaid leave and receive childcare benefit of up to 70% of their previous earnings 
(or  70%  of  double  the  minimum  wage). cl  In  Romania,  a  proposal  is  under  consideration 
regarding amending legislation to allow grandparents who are caring for children under the age 
of two years old to receive parental allowance. cli 

Other policies to support work-life balance 

In addition to policies that directly support parents and families upon the arrival of children 
into their family, some Member States have launched programmes, collaborations or policies 
that are designed to encourage companies to support parents and promote a work-life balance. 
In Austria, this has involved working with companies to launch a handbook of best practice for 
clii while in Germany, the ministry of family 
companies to promote a good work-life balance;
affairs launched an online tool designed to help employers embed their family-friendly policies 
 Similarly, in 
in companies, including by allowing comparison to other companies’ policies.
Estonia cliv  and  Latvia, clv  governments  launched  schemes  designed  to  reward  or  recognise 
companies  or  employers  who  are  considered  ‘family-friendly’  (for  example,  by  allowing 
remote  working,  flexible  working  hours  or  providing  support  for  childcare).  In  Italy,  the 
government has announced funding for projects that aim to support parents to balance work 
and family commitments. clvi In Romania, an ongoing legislative proposal includes a package 
that encourages companies to provide childcare for their employees.

clvii

cliii

In addition, other Member States have made commitments to encourage flexible working and 
family-friendly policies through action plans (Cyprus clviii), pilots that are designed to support 

26 

 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
women’s reintegration to the labour market (Netherlands clix), and broader government policies 
(Spain clx and Portugal clxi), meaning that further changes may be expected in coming years.  

In summary 

2019 has seen a range of developments in how family leave provision and work-life balance is 
addressed across most of the Member States. Most prominent are the extensions to paternity 
leave brought about in several Member States, with some indications from country experts that 
further developments will follow in other Member States over the next few years. Other notable 
developments include the increase in allowances or benefits paid during family leave in a few 
Member States, and various developments that extend eligibility to family leave to other types 
of non-traditional families (including foster and adoptive families, single parent families and 
families with grandparent carers). Ongoing work by Member State governments to encourage 
companies to support families in the early years of their children’s lives is also evident.  

27 

 
 
 
 
Chapter 5: Social and Income Support, and Benefits for families 

Most Member States provide financial  support  to  families  to  help  with  the  various  costs  of 
child-raising. There are, however, considerable differences between countries in terms of how 
support is offered, to whom support is offered, and why support is offered. clxii This financial 
support may take the form of direct cash transfers (e.g. child benefit, working family payments) 
or a fiscal support (e.g. tax rebates, tax credits). In addition, while elements of family financial 
support may be universal (paid to all children or families with children), other types of support 
are means-tested (paid only to or for families with income under a certain threshold or who are 
considered in a vulnerable category).  

Child benefits, and child and family tax credits and child allowance 

In 2019, changes were made in two Member States that affected the whole benefits and social 
security system. In Estonia, the social insurance board announced an electronic system that is 
designed  to  allow  families  to  complete  all  benefits  applications  online  rather  than 
physically. clxiii
 In Belgium, the Sixth-State reform (2011), entitled ‘A more  efficient  federal 
State and more autonomous entities’, meant that family allowances were transformed from the 
federal  level  to  the  regional  level  from  January  2020.  Therefore,  in  2019,  separate  newly 
clxiv
established  benefits  systems  were  announced  and  launched  in  all  regions  (Brussels,
clxvii). Specific developments in each 
Flanders, clxv German speaking territory
region are discussed in various sections below. Perhaps smaller in scale, but still a significant 
development was the approval of a new Basic Family Service Package in Lithuania. clxviii
 This 
package consists of 14 services for families, including: youth work, childcare and pre-primary 
education,  information  sharing,  developing  cultural  and  informational  competences  and 
reading  literacy,  informal  education  of  children,  development  of  parenting  skills,  primary 
health  care,  educational  assistance  and  rehabilitation  of  children  with  developmental 
disorders.

 and Wallonia

clxvi

clxix

In many Member States, families and parents may receive child benefit, family allowance or 
clxx In 2019, a number 
child allowance designed to help families support and raise their children.
of Member States increased the amount of child benefit, family allowance or child allowance 
 Germany 
received by families: including Estonia (for the first and second child in a family),
clxxv
(from July 2019),
 Malta,
and Portugal (from July 2019 onwards  for families with children under 6).
 In addition, 
Poland  extended  eligibility  for  child-raising  benefits  ((cid:286)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:3) (cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)
programme) upon the birth of a first-born child to all families (previously only received by 
families earning under  a certain amount each year).
 Furthermore, in their new benefits 
systems, all regions of Belgium included monthly child benefits.

 the Netherlands (universal child benefit)

 Lithuania,

clxxviii

clxxvii

clxxiii

clxxvi

clxxiv

clxxii

clxxi

Some Member States have tax credits or tax exemptions for families with children. In 2019, 
these increased for all dependent children in Germany and for children under six in Lithuania.  

Member States may offer childcare benefits or childcare allowance that may be paid to parents 
to  help  cover  the  cost  of  their  children  going  to  a  childcare  facility.  In  2019,  means-tested 
childcare allowance was increased in the Netherlands for almost all families. clxxix In France, 
how parents received childcare allowance and paid their childcare providers was reformed with 
the introduction of third-party payment, which pays the childcare provider in advance (payment 
is  then  taken  from  parents  to  repay  this  balance).  This  was  introduced  with  the  aim  of 
simplifying  procedures  and  to  avoid  parents  having  to  pay  for  childcare  upfront,  before 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
receiving  the  allowance. clxxx
  The  launch  of  the  new  National  Childcare  Scheme  in  Ireland 
involves  the  introduction  of  childcare  subsidies  for  families.
  However,  in  Estonia, 
childcare  allowances  were  terminated,  with  funds  instead  incorporated  into  the  parental 
benefits system from September 2019 onwards.

clxxxii

clxxxi

Other Member States saw changes in other benefits that support families with children, often 
in  their  schooling.  Germany  increased  the  amount  of  benefit  that  supports  children  starting 
school from August 2019 onwards. clxxxiii
 Similarly, in the new benefits systems launched by 
Belgian regions, all children in all regions will receive a yearly education supplement.
 In 
January  2019,  a  free  school  lunches  programme  was  launched  for  vulnerable  children  in 
Poland,
  while  the  ‘Good  Start’  (Dobry  Start)  programme,  which  is  designed  to  fund 
activities or items that children need to start a new school year, was expanded to cover children 
until the age of 20.

clxxxvi

clxxxiv

clxxxv

Some  countries  pay  one-off  funds  or  grants  to  parents  when  a  new  child  joins  the  family 
(sometimes known as ‘birth payments’). In Malta, a new one-off payment for children born or 
  All  regions  of  Belgium  also  included  a  birth 
adopted  into  families  was  introduced. clxxxvii
 A new ‘birth fund’ (fondo 
supplement in their newly launched regional benefits systems.
natalitá)  was  launched  by  the  Italian  government  in  collaboration  with  the  Italian  Banking 
Association and is designed to help families with children under the age of 3 to access bank 
loans.

clxxxviii

clxxxix

Support for lower-income families 

A number of Member States offer benefits or allowances that are means-tested to ensure that 
they provide extra support to families with income under a certain threshold. cxc  

cxcii

In  2019,  several  Member  States  increased  the  support  available  to  lower-income  families.  
cxci and Cyprus
 increased child allowances that are designed to support low-income 
Malta
the  amount  of  supplementary  child  allowance 
families  and  Germany 
(Kinderzuschlag) that accompanies child benefits for families with low income. Slovakia also 
increased the amount of support available through a minimum income protection scheme for 
families  with  dependent  children.
  In  addition,  Malta  altered  the  times  at  which  child 
allowance was paid with the aim of ensuring that all families had enough money at important 
times in the year (for example, by shifting a payment date to just before Christmas).

increased 

cxciii

cxciv

In  other  Member  States,  new  forms  of  support  were  introduced  for  lower-income  families. 
Denmark announced  a  new  temporary  child allowance  for children  aged  14 or under  in  the 
cxcv  This  was  due  to  come  into  force  in  January  2020  and  will  apply 
poorest  families.
retrospectively  with  payments  made  for  September  2019  onwards.  The  Danish  government 
cxcvi
also announced an intention to review current legislation around social assistance in 2020.
Meanwhile,  the  newly  launched  regional  family  benefits  systems  in  Belgium  include  the 
cxcvii)  and  new 
introduction  of  means-tested  social  supplements  for  children  (in  Brussels
supplements  specifically  for  low
    and  the 
German-speaking community cc).  

-income  families  (in  Wallonia

cxcviii,  Flanders cxcix

29 

 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Support for large families 

A few Member States take particular steps to support large families, including by providing 
benefits,  allowances  and  tax  credits  and  schemes  that  facilitate  their  access  to  services  and 
support. cci  

cciii

ccii  and  Lithuania

  joined  the  Member  States  who  offer  a  ‘Family  Card’  –
In  2019,  Italy
providing special benefits, services and discounts from a range of private and public companies 
– to families with at least three children. In Poland, the Large Family Card programme was 
extended to cover families who have three children, regardless of the child’s age or whether or 
not they were still dependent on their parents. cciv Lithuania also introduced a new family benefit 
to all families with three or more children aged up to 18 (or 21, if in full-time study) regardless 
of their family income. ccv Supplements for large families were also introduced in Belgium as 
part of benefits system reform (in Wallonia ccvi and the German-speaking community

).  

ccvii

In particular, the governments of Hungary and Poland have developed the support they offer 
to large families in 2019. Both have introduced measures to support mothers who have a large 
family, including those who no longer have dependent children: Hungary abolished personal 
income tax for women who have raised four or more children, ccviii while Poland introduced the 
‘Mama 4 Plus programme’ to provide financial support to mothers over the age of 60 who have 
had four or more children and who meet specific income criteria. ccix 

In addition, several separate policies in Hungary have been launched or extended that involve 
offering  interest-free  loans  to  young  couples  with  the  possibility  for  loan  repayments  to  be 
delayed  or  cancelled  upon  the  birth  of  future  children.  The  Family  Housing  Support 
Programme (CSOK), which provides loans to facilitate purchasing property, was extended to 
ccx In addition, a new programme was launched 
apply to used properties, as well as new builds.
that involved granting an interest-free loan to young married couples meeting the eligibility 
criteria who could then delay or cancel repayment if they had children in the next three years. ccxi 
Furthermore, the government in Hungary extended the policy of covering mortgage loans of 
families upon the birth of the third child, and launched a scheme to help large families purchase 
large cars.

ccxii

Support for single parents 

In  many  Member  States,  there  are  specific  supports  available  for  single-parent  families, 
including specific supplements or eligibility to receive higher rates of benefits.  

In 2019, some Member States reported increases in the support that may be received by single-
parent families. In Belgium, the regional family benefits systems established in Brussels, the 
German-speaking community and Wallonia included specific supplements for children living 
in  single-parent  families. ccxiii
  Furthermore,  Malta  announced  an  increase  in  allowances 
received by widows or widowers with children under the age of 18.
 In Germany, the Strong 
Families  Act  (Starke-Familien-Gesetz)  made  all  single-parent  families  eligible  for 
supplementary child allowance. ccxv In Luxembourg, the new social inclusion income (REVIS) 
was calculated in a way that ensured single-parent families receive more benefits.

ccxvi

ccxiv

In addition, in Sweden increases were made to the substitute maintenance allowance that is 
paid by social insurance agencies to single-parent families when the other parent does not fulfil 
a maintenance obligation. ccxvii 

30 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
Support for other groups 

A  number of Member  States announced changes  in  the  financial  support available  to foster 
families and adoptive families in 2019. Lithuania, for instance, announced a new temporary 
foster care allowance that will be paid to parents temporarily fostering a child, ccxviii
 and Latvia 
introduced benefits for adoptive parents, with different amounts depending on the age of the 
child.
  Slovakia  announced  an  increase  in  the  allowance  given  to  foster  parents  and  the 
introduction  of  graduated  amounts  depending  on  the  age  of  the  child. ccxx  Furthermore,  all 
ccxxi
Belgian regions announced allowances specifically for children who have become orphans.

ccxix

In summary 

There is a wide variety in the EU of different systems of benefits and social support that are 
intended to support families in different ways and for different purposes. Yet in 2019, it appears 
that a number of Member States increased the amount of child benefit that families receive to 
help them look after a child, while a few others changed arrangements in how they provide 
families with allowances to help with childcare for young children or schools-related expenses 
for  older  children.  Support  for  large  families,  single-parent  families  and  other  vulnerable 
families was also extended in a small number of Member States. 

31 

 
  
 
Chapter 6: Children’s Participation  

The right of children to participate in matters that affect them constitutes the third pillar of the 
2013 Recommendations. This principle is further enshrined in Article 12 of the UN Convention 
on the Rights of the Child (CRC). ccxxii The year 2019 marked the 30th anniversary of the CRC. 
As  per  the  definition  included  in  the  CRC,  a  ‘child’  is  anyone  under  the  age  of  18.  But 
mechanisms aimed at participation may target different age groups, e.g. 15–24-year-olds, or 
14–20-year-olds. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of policy and practice 
developments at the EU Member State level in 2019 regarding children’s rights to participate, 
based on the information collected for this report.  

Member State level policy developments  

Examples  in  2019  of  consultations  during  the  policy  process  included  the  development  of 
national youth strategies. In Germany, the Federal Ministry for Youth consulted young people 
in  the  development  of  the  federal  government’s  new  youth  strategy,  titled  ‘Shared 
Responsibility: politics for, with, and by youth’ (In gemeinsamer Verantwortung: Politik für, 
mit  und  von  Jugend).  The  strategy  covers  nine  areas  relevant  to  young  people,  which  each 
suggest  areas  for  improvement  and  possible  action  points.  In  May  2019,  450  young  people 
between the ages of 16 and 27 from across Germany participated in three days of discussion 
and workshops with policymakers. The aim was to develop recommendations that were to be 
incorporated  into  the  national  youth  strategy. ccxxiii
  The  strategy  has  been  approved  by  the 
Federal Cabinet, making it the first cross-departmental youth strategy to be accepted.
 The 
creation of a new youth development plan has also been ongoing throughout 2019 in Estonia, 
where  the  Ministry  of  Education  and  Research  is  preparing  a  new  strategy  for  2021–2035. 
Young people aged 13–30 have been involved and participated in the European consultations 
ccxxv
regarding  topics  such  as  health  promotion,  safe  environment  and  nature  preservation.
Similarly, Ireland introduced its Child and Youth participation strategy for 2019–2023, which 
recognises the importance of children and young people participating in decisions that affect 
their lives.

ccxxvi

ccxxiv

Member State level practice development  

ccxxviii

Some  Member  States  launched  initiatives  aimed  at  facilitating  children’s  participation  in 
decision-making  processes.  A  common  mechanism  seemed  to  be  the  creation  of  platforms, 
such as youth councils. In Portugal, the National Committee for the Protection of Children and 
Young People (CNPCJR) developed a National Council of Children. ccxxvii
 This platform aims 
to  help  facilitate  structures  for  children’s  participation  and  encourage  dialogue  between 
children and policymakers.
 Similarly, Romania established a Children’s  Board, which 
brings together children with different backgrounds to actively involve them in the promotion 
 In Malta, the focus 
of children’s right to participate in decision-making and policymaking.
seemed to have been more on creating networks where groups can work together to facilitate 
children’s  participation.  Examples  include  setting  up  the  Malta  Children’s  Associations 
Network (Malta CAN) in June 2019. This association connects 17 non-profit organisations and 
aims to ‘promote, foster and support children’s rights and child participatory mechanisms in 
Malta’.
  Another  noteworthy 
nationwide  consultation  occurred  in  Spain,  where  UNICEF  launched  the  Barometer  for  the 
Opinion  of  Children  and  Youth  as  part  of  the  Child-friendly  Cities  Initiatives.  This  survey 
consults the views and opinions of 8,500 children between the ages of 11 and 18.

  The  network  is  the  national  partner  of  Eurochild.

ccxxxii

ccxxxi

ccxxix

ccxxx

32 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
Other examples of child participation mechanisms introduced in 2019 related to either health 
or  education.  Driven  by  the  Convention  of  the  Rights  of  the  Child,  the  Irish  Ministry  for 
Children and Youth Affairs launched an online toolkit, titled ‘Our Voices Our Schools’.ccxxxiii
This  toolkit  includes  resources  –  such  as  worksheets,  exercises,  research  articles  and  other 
resources  –  for  educators  to  help  them  encourage  children’s  participation  in  school 
decisions.

ccxxxiv

The  Maltese  Children  and  Young  Persons’  council  was  further  consulted  in  creating  a 
campaign designed by children for children, in collaboration with adults, on the issue of teen 
obesity.  Consultations  took  the  form  of  a  workshop  where  children  were  able  to  lead 
discussions and collaborate in the creation of a tool to promote healthy eating habits in young 
people. Children further participated in the 4th National Conference on Wellbeing, which also 
focused on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Malta in 2019. ccxxxv
 Furthermore, 
one of the entities of the Malta Foundation for the Well-being of Society (MFWS), the National 
Institute  for  Childhood  (NIC),  conducted  a  project  entitled  Fil-Berah  (‘Open  Spaces’).  The 
study focused on children’s use, interactions, and relationships with and through open, public 
spaces. While children provided data for this project, they were also given the opportunity to 
conduct research and analysis themselves. The report is due to be published in the foreseeable 
future.

ccxxxvi

Children’s  consultations  around  healthy  eating  were  also  conducted  in  the  UK.  An  inquiry 
carried out in 2019 represented the first effort to consult children on their experiences of food 
poverty.  An  estimated  2.5  million  children  live  in  households  where  family  income  is  not 
enough to provide healthy diets, which means that these children may experience symptoms of 
food insecurity. The results were published in a report, which included a Right2Food charter 
for children as well as views from experts and other stakeholders. It is expected that decision-
makers will incorporate the report’s findings into any future policy decisions on the issue.ccxxxvii 

In summary 

The data collected for this report reveals promising examples of how children can participate 
in matters that affect their lives. This includes examples of children’s participation in policy 
developments, such as the consultations that took place to help shape countries’ national youth 
strategies. This also includes examples of a range of issues, including education and health. 
These  examples  illustrate  that  it  is  possible  for  children  to  be  active  participants  in  the 
policymaking process.  

33 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 7: Initiatives Towards Vulnerable Children  

Despite  increased  commitment  to  improve  the  situation  of  particularly  vulnerable  children 
across the EU, progress has been slow. ccxxxviii
 In 2018, about 23 million children were at risk 
ccxxxix
of poverty or social exclusion across the EU.
 Some groups of children are more likely to 
be  affected  than  others.  This  report  uses  a  broad  definition  of  the  term  ‘vulnerable’,  which 
makes  it  possible  to  show  the  diversity  of  initiatives  and  policies  that  Member  States  have 
undertaken in the year of 2019 to reach children who might be most in need of support. The 
expert country profile questionnaire through which information for this report was gathered 
(see Annex 2) asked for information on a wide range of different groups, but this chapter only 
presents  information  on  the  groups  for  which  sufficient  information  has  been  gathered. ccxl 
Accordingly,  this  chapter  presents  examples  of  developments  regarding  migrant  children, 
children  with  ethnic  minority  background  (including  Roma  children),  children  with  special 
educational needs (SEN), and children living in non-traditional families.  

Developments regarding migrant children and children from ethnic minority 
background 

Migrant Children 

Migrant children are one of the target groups of the Child Guarantee. Members of this group 
are defined as ‘any child below the age of 18 with at least one parent born outside the EU, 
whatever  the  country  of  birth  of  the  child.’ ccxli
  As  noted  in  the  inception  report  for  the 
Feasibility Study for the Child Guarantee, the issue of defining who counts as a ‘migrant child’ 
can pose challenges in terms of children being able to access services.
 An example of this 
includes the Bulgarian National Strategy for Migration, Asylum and Integration 2015–2020, 
which aims to ensure equal access to education for foreign citizens under the age of 18 who 
are seeking or have been granted international protection in the Republic of Bulgaria.
 In 
this  case,    migrant  children  are  only  included  in  educational  statistics  once  they  have  been 
granted refugee status.

ccxliii

ccxliv

ccxlii

Initiatives  related to the  education of migrant  children  have also taken place in Greece  and 
Cyprus. Both countries have developed resources for educators on teaching refugee children 
(Greece)  ccxlv
 The Pedagogical Institute 
of  Cyprus  has  further  undertaken  to  provide  seminars  and  training  for  educators  and  other 
professionals in schools to strengthen their ability to work with children who have a migrant 
background.

 or children with immigrant background (Cyprus).

ccxlvii

ccxlvi

Two  further  2019  developments  regarding  migrant  children  concern  the  reception  of  new 
arrivals. In Luxembourg, the agency responsible for the reception of minors has changed. The 
former  Luxembourg  Reception  and  Integration  Agency  (OLAI)  has  been  replaced  by  the 
National Reception Office (ONA – Office national de l'accueil), which will be responsible for 
the  reception,  processing  and  accommodation  of  minors. ccxlviii
  Ireland  has  entered  into  an 
agreement with the United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR) and the EU to 
provide sanctuary to 2,900 people fleeing persecution over the next 4 years.

ccxlix

Children with Ethnic Minority/Roma Background 

The information revealed developments towards increasing inclusion of Roma children in five 
EU  member  states  in  2019,  including  Bulgaria,  Slovakia,  Romania,  Portugal  and  Estonia. 

34 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
 
Driven by the National Action Plan for 2015–2020 – which aids implementation of National 
Strategy for Integration of Roma (2012–2020) and also the Strategy for Educational Integration 
of Children and School-children from Ethnic Minorities – Bulgaria undertook several activities 
to increase the enrolment of Roma children in crèches and kindergartens and to prevent the 
ccl  Similar  efforts  have  been  ongoing  in  Slovakia, 
drop-out  of  Roma  children  from  schools.
which  introduced  compulsory  pre-primary  education  for  children  aged  5  for  one  year. 
However, these developments might not come into force until 2021 due to limited capacities 
of  preschool  facilities. ccli  Albeit  not  exclusively  focused  on  children,  Portugal  approved  a 
resolution  that  extended  the  National  Strategy  for  the  Integration  of  Roma  Communities 
(Estratégia Nacional para a Integração das comunidades ciganas) until 2022. It is hoped that 
the Strategy will help improve the communities’ well-being indicators.

cclii

Further  developments  regarding  children  with  ethnic  minority  background  include  the 
publication of a new action plan for the prevention of violence against children in Finland. The 
action plan focuses on children with vulnerable backgrounds, including preventing violence 
against  children  from  ethnic  or  minority  backgrounds. ccliii
  The  aim  of  the  action  plan  is  to 
improve  the  support  provided  to  children  who  are  victims  of  violence  by  ensuring  better 
coordination  and  cooperation  between  various  specialists.  The  plan  is  to  be  implemented 
between  2020  and  2025.  The  UK’s  announcement  of  funding  for  mental  health  support  of 
young people also targets children from black or minority ethnic backgrounds.

ccliv

Children with special educational needs (SEN) 

This report applies a broad definition of the concept of ‘special educational needs’ (SEN) to 
include physical, mental, cognitive and educational impairments. cclv Developments regarding 
children with SEN took place in at least nine countries, including: Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, 
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Poland. This section uses the 
terms  SEN  and  ‘disability’  interchangeably,  applies  them  very  broadly.  They  can  include 
policies and approaches towards children with mild learning disabilities, to severe physical and 
mental disabilities, to autism.  

Legal and Policy Developments 

In Bulgaria, three new laws that directly concern children with disabilities were in the process 
of preparation and discussion in 2019. This includes the Law for People with Disabilities, the 
Law for Social Services and the Law for Personal Assistance. The objective of these laws is to 
incorporate a human-rights-based approach and the principles of the UN Convention on the 
Rights of People with Disabilities. The main proposed measures include individual assessment 
of the needs of disabled people/children, provision of personal assistance and changes in the 
financial  support  schemes. cclvi
  Belgium  passed  an  initiative  aimed  at  facilitating  greater 
inclusion of children with SEN by focusing on encouraging participation of young children (5 
years old or younger) with possible signs of disabilities in childcare provisions, kindergarten 
or primary school.

cclvii

On World Autism Awareness Day on 2 April 2019, the French government revealed its action 
plan to realise its autism strategy for 2018–2022. The plan covers all stages of life from early 
childhood  to  adulthood,  with  a  focus  on  science  and  research  as  drivers  of  new  initiatives. 
Measures favour early diagnosis and support for children under seven years old and new special 
autism units to favour inclusion in schools and address children’s specific needs. cclviii 

35 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increasing accessibility and support in schools  

Some Member States have introduced legislation, undertaken policy developments or pledged 
funding to help increase accessibility and support in schools for children with disabilities. This 
includes  both  changes  to  physical  infrastructure,  as  well  as  learning  support.  Through  its 
initiative  ‘Accessibility+’  (Dostepnosc+),  Poland  promised  funds  to  help  schools  make 
changes  to  the  building  infrastructure  to  improve  access  for  children  with  disabilities.cclix
Romania  amended  its  National  Education  Law  1/2011,  which  requires  schools  to  either  be 
equipped  with  elevators  or  organise  a  class  on  the  ground  floor  to  ensure  accessibility.cclx 
Estonia allocated 15.6 million euro to improve the infrastructure in schools for children with 
disabilities, with the support of the European Regional Development Fund.

cclxi

cclxiii

Belgium piloted two experiments in the personalised support of learning. The results of the 
initiatives will be used to inform the development of an approach to personalised support to 
learning in all schools to be implemented in the new school year. cclxii
 Denmark has taken steps 
towards  improving  conditions  for  children  with  dyslexia,  with  a  focus  on  facilitating  early 
detection and identifying appropriate support.
 This includes sharing learning about what 
works best in narrowing any achievement gaps between children with dyslexia and children 
who  do  not  have  dyslexia.  The  Romanian  Ministry  of  National  Education  and  Research 
developed support for children with special educational needs during exams, specifically the 
final 8th grade exam (secondary school) and baccalaureate (end of high school) for children 
cclxiv
with seeing/hearing impairments, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or learning disorders.
Support is to be tailored to each child’s unique needs. An example includes allowing children 
with ASD to take exams in separate classrooms and under the  supervision of staff who are 
trained in working with children with special needs, and specifically ASD. Another example 
includes helping ease students’ anxiety by making sure that they know the assistant teacher 
who is supervising the exam, and providing additional time (e.g. 1–2 hours) for exams.
 In 
addition, the Romanian government will award a daily food allowance to children with special 
educational needs who are boarded, including for weekends and public holidays.

cclxvi

cclxv

Funding  

As discussed in Chapters 4 and 5, several countries have made adjustments to their leave or 
benefit schemes in 2019. Some of these changes also affect children with disabilities. Poland 
created  a  Solidarity  Fund  in  Support  of  People  with  Disabilities  ((cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:286)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:3)
(cid:58)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:50)(cid:86)(cid:121)(cid:69)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:225)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)).  This  act  includes  four  main  pillars:  1)  funds  for  care 
services; 2) respite services for adults caring for family members with disabilities; 3) funds for 
live-in institutions where adults with disabilities could reside permanently; and 4) funds for 
assistants  to  people  with  disabilities. cclxvii  Although  the  act  aims  to  support  all  people  with 
disabilities, the act specifically supports children with disabilities and their families by offering 
relevant respite services and improving access and availability of educational services.cclxvii 
The  increase  in  child  benefits  in  Lithuania  from  30  euro  in  2018  to  50  euro  per  child  also 
included a benefit of 70 euro per child with disabilities. cclxviii
 Additional funds were pledged to 
municipalities  to  distribute  funding  to  support  adapting  housing  or  living  environments  for 
children  with  severe  disabilities  where  needed.
  Lithuania’s  new  ‘Basic  Family  Service 
Package’ also provides for some new services for children with disabilities and their families, 
including rehabilitation for children with developmental disorders.

cclxix

cclxx

Estonia,  Finland  and  Bulgaria  introduced  benefits  for  children  with  disabilities  where  the 
amount  is  dependent  on  the  severity  of  the  condition.  In  2019,  Estonia  pledged  to  increase 

36 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
benefits for children with disabilities and their families starting 2020.cclxxi
 The amount will vary 
depending on a child’s level of impairment. In Finland, as of 2019 disabled or chronically ill 
children  under  16  are  granted  an  allowance  dependent  on  the  level  of  care  they  need.  In 
Portugal, 2019 saw the third phase of the implementation of Social Allowance for Inclusion, 
during  which  the  measure  was  extended  to  children  and  young  people  with  disabilities  to 
provide disability allowance for children up to the age of 10.
 Children with disabilities 
receive  further  support  through  the  newly  established  Flemish  benefit  system  Groeipakket. 
This  package  provides  for  monthly  ‘care’  supplements  for  families  with  children  with 
disabilities.  

cclxxii

Finland further provides  that parents  of  severely  disabled  or  chronically  ill  children receive 
part-time childcare leave until the child has reached the age of 18. cclxxiii
 A similar development 
took place in Belgium, where the definition of ‘disability’ was adjusted so that more families 
with  children  with  disabilities  will  be  able  to  apply  for  parental  allowance  under  the  ‘time 
 While beneficial for families with disabled children, it is also hoped that 
credit’ system.
this measure can further support work-life balance.

cclxxiv

cclxxv

Awareness-raising, training and other initiatives to help foster inclusion 

Focusing on fostering inclusion through sport, the government of Luxembourg worked together 
with the national Paralympic Committee to launch the ‘I’mPOSSIBLE’ initiative focused on 
children age 6 to 12. The initiative was to be shared by teachers in interactive classrooms, once 
teacher training was completed. cclxxvi
 In Cyprus, the Pedagogical Institute planned to conduct 
a number of seminars and training sessions for educators and other professionals working in 
school to support their capacity to work with children with special needs.

cclxxvii

In 2019, Finland established a working group to support the founding of ‘Centres of expertise 
and support to respond to special needs of children and young people’, to be opened in May 
2020.  The  announcement  included  plans  to  establish  five  centres  of  expertise. cclxxviii  This 
development was driven by the realisation that children and young people with special needs 
often require access to a variety of services, including medical care, social care and education. 
It  is  hoped  that  the  establishment  of  these  centres  can  help  strengthen  cooperation  and 
coordination amongst agencies in a sustainable way.cclxxviii  Better coordinated services are 
also at the heart of Finland’s ‘Action Plan for the Prevention of Violence against Children’, 
which was published in 2019 and is to be implemented from 2020–2025. The plan pays special 
attention  to  providing  better  coordinated  and  timely  support  for  children  who  have  been 
subjected  to  violence  and  who  are  particularly  vulnerable,  including  children  with 
disabilities. cclxxix  

Children living in institutions or foster care 

Increasing emotional support 

Recognising how challenging it can be for children placed in foster care to adapt to their new 
surroundings, the ‘Mockingbird Family’ model has been implemented in England and Wales. 
This project aims to support foster families by building a local network for peer support and 
practical learning. Each network has a mentor, who is an experienced foster carer, and runs 
projects that include offering short respite breaks for parents, practical advice and emotional 
support, and social activities to foster families. cclxxx Similarly, the Social Insurance Board in 
Estonia – which is funded by the European Social Fund – increased its free services for foster 

37 

 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
families, including mentoring, psychological counselling and group support. cclxxxi
 The Finnish 
new action plan also includes measures aimed at preventing violence against children in care. 
It  is  hoped  that  this  act  will  encourage  better  coordination  between  specialist  services 
commonly needed to effectively support children who have experienced violence.

cclxxxii

Reducing institutionalisation  

is  continuing 

The Maltese government has taken steps towards decreasing institutionalisation of children. In 
July 2019, Malta launched the new Child Protection Act. Beginning early 2020, the act replaces 
the Children and Young Persons (Care Orders)  Act, the Foster Care Act and the Placing of 
Minors Regulations. The new Child Protection Act includes additional protection orders for 
children needing care or who are at risk of being placed into care arrangements. cclxxxiii
 In similar 
fashion,  Croatia 
the  2018–2020  Action  Plan  on 
implementation  of 
Deinstitutionalisation.  Throughout  2019,  various  meetings  were  organised  to  discuss  the 
implementation  of  the  new  act  as  well  as  the  importance  of  effective  coordination  between 
foster parents, providers of social services and support centres.
 In 2019, Lithuania made 
further  progress  on  implementing  its  Strategic  Guidelines  2014–2020  and  accompanying 
Action Plan, which aim to prevent children entering institutional care and instead transition to 
 This  is to  be  implemented  by  2020.  Although  it  is  unclear 
community-based services.
from  our  data  whether  this  development  can  also  be  categorised  as  a  development  around 
deinstitutionalisation,  Portugal  passed  a  new  regulation  recommending  that  the  government 
changes the policy for the protection of children and young people at risk to encourage and 
 Finally, the proposed Child Protection 
privilege foster care amongst placement measures.
Act in Malta includes a proposal that foster parents who have had a child in their custody for 
more than five years will be able to file a court request to adopt the child.

cclxxxvii

cclxxxvi

cclxxxiv

cclxxxv

Increasing financial support  

At least five EU member states issued provisions that stipulated increased financial support for 
children in care arrangements or their care takers, or in the case of the UK, children who are 
leaving care and transitioning into adulthood. The UK increased its support for young people 
who are transitioning out of foster care by committing roughly GBP 19 million (€22.3 million) 
in  funding  to  assist  with  access  to  housing,  independent  living  support  and  further 
education. cclxxxviii
 Lithuania has passed a temporary foster care allowance for persons who have 
been approved for temporarily fostering children. The temporary foster care allowance equals 
six basic social benefits (basic social benefit in 2019 was €38).
 The  newly established 
benefits system of Flanders, Belgium, named Groeipakket, also provides for monthly ‘care’ 
supplements for orphans or children in foster care. ccxc  
Developments around contact and information   

cclxxxix

In July 2019, Malta passed a law that includes provisions to ensure that contact with biological 
families  can  be  maintained  and  to  facilitate  adoption  by  foster  families. ccxci
  In  Romania,  a 
National  Information  System  for  Adoption  was  established  with  the  aim  to  help  simplify 
processes  and  the  sharing  of  information  about  children  in  child  protection  and  adoption 
proceedings. This includes keeping all records of a child in a single file for each child, which 
can be edited and shared between agents involved in the adoption process.

ccxcii

38 

 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Children living in non-traditional families  

Adoptive families 

Based  on  the  information  gathered  for  this  report,  developments  for  adoptive  families  took 
place in at least four countries, including Germany, Slovenia, Belgium and the UK. The federal 
cabinet (Bundeskabinett) of the German Federal Government adopted two draft bills aimed at 
facilitating  adoption  and  providing  support  to  adoptive  families.  One  bill  (Entwurf  des 
Adoptionshilfe-Gesetzes)  proposes  measures  that  expand  the  support  offered  to  all  parties 
1,  and  strengthens  regulations  around 
involved  in  an  adoption,  encourage  open  adoption
adoption  agencies.  The  second  bill  proposes  enabling  the  partners  of  parents  to  adopt  their 
partners’ children without the need to get married first, as is currently the case (Gesetzentwurf 
zur Stiefkindadoption).

ccxciii

The UK government has announced additional funding of GBP 45 million (approximately €53 
million) to  support the Adoption Support Fund,  which supports  families  at  all  stages  of the 
adoption journey. The UK government has also committed to provide more funding to regional 
adoption agencies, which focus on finding adoptive families for children from minority ethnic 
backgrounds. ccxciv   

Rainbow families 

Recognition of same-sex families varies from Member State to Member State. This means that 
parents’ rights can be affected when exercising the right to free movement and/or relocating 
from  one  Member  State  to  another. ccxcv
  This  has  been  the  case  for  one  rainbow  family  in 
Poland. In December 2019, the court refused the registration of two mothers as ‘parents of a 
ccxcvi
child’, consequently upholding the decision not to recognise same-sex parents as a family.
In the UK, the High Court of England and Wales ruled that a transgender man who gave birth 
is not allowed to be registered as the child’s father – but must be registered on the child’s birth 
certificate as ‘mother’, despite being legally male. This ruling had the effect that motherhood 
is now defined in English law as the state of being pregnant and giving birth, regardless of the 
person’s gender at the time. The ruling includes a statement that highlights the ‘pressing need’ 
for the government and parliament of the United Kingdom to address the question of the status 
ccxcvii
of transgender parents who have given birth.

In summary 

This section illustrates the diverse needs of vulnerable children. Accordingly, there is a wide 
range of policy and practice developments for different groups, ranging from increasing funds 
for additional support, increasing access to learning and education, and better coordinated care 
and support services. There have also been developments around providing increased mental 
health  support  and  fostering 
leisure  activities. 
Implementation of the Child Guarantee might further enable Member States to continue their 
efforts towards ensuring support for the most vulnerable children. 

through  sport  and  other 

inclusion 

1 Open adoption refers to a form of adoption that allows birth parents to know and have contact with the adoptive 
parents  and  the  adopted  child  (for  more  information,  see  for  example:  MacDonald  M,  McSherry  D.  Open 
Adoption:  Adoptive  Parents’  Experiences  of  Birth  Family  Contact  and  Talking  to  Their  Child  about 
Adoption. Adoption & Fostering. 2011;35(3):4-16).  

39 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 8: Summary  

The objective of this report was to outline developments in child and family policy across the 
EU in 2019. It has focused on policies and practices that relate to the three pillars of the 2013 
European  Commission  Recommendation  for  Investing  in  Children,  as  well  as  the  2017 
European Pillar on Social Rights. To that end, after providing a brief overview of developments 
at the EU level, chapters in this report have reviewed developments in Member States in the 
following areas:  

•  Early childhood education and care (ECEC);  
•  Family leave provisions; 
•  Social and income support and benefits; and  
•  Children’s right to participation.  

In addition, Chapter 7 provided information on different groups of ‘vulnerable’ children, with 
a broad definition applied to the term vulnerable. The methods used for gathering information 
for this report yielded sufficient information to offer an overview on developments regarding 
four  groups  of  vulnerable  children,  including  children  with  migrant  and/or  ethnic  minority 
background  (including  Roma  children),  children  with  special  educational  needs  (SEN),  and 
children living in non-traditional families. This chapter provides a brief summary of the main 
takeaway points of developments reviewed in this report, as well as some observations on how 
they relate to the 2013 Recommendations for Investing In Children and/or the 2017 European 
Pillar on Social Rights. As explained in Annex 1, the available information varies by Member 
State and by issue area. This means that the picture presented in this report and the summaries 
below  might  not  be  exhaustive  and  the  conclusions  are  rather  tentative.  The  following 
paragraphs should be read with this caveat in mind.  

In 2019, several Member States put in place new strategies and actions that focused on Early 
Childhood Education and Care (ECEC). The Barcelona targets stipulate that at least 33% of 
children under age 3 and at least 90% of children between age 3 and the mandatory school 
starting  age  should  have  access  to  formal  ECEC.  Based  on  the  most  recent  Eurostat  data 
available (2018), an average of 35.1% of under-3-year-olds were enrolled in childcare across 
the  EU.  However,  enrolment  rates  differed  considerably  between  Member  states,  with 
Denmark recording one of the highest rates (63.2%) compared to one of the lowest rates (1.5%) 
in Slovakia. Accordingly, while there has been progress, there are still countries that need to 
invest more in ECEC provision to reach the Barcelona targets. In addition, it is important to 
look  beyond  enrolment  rates.  Providing  quality  ECEC  is  also  an  important  prerequisite  for 
improving  outcomes  for  children.  In  that  regard,  this  report  has  presented  some  interesting 
examples of initiatives from Member States, such as paying attention to staff-to-child ratios in 
care centres, staff quantifications, and updating ECEC curricula to focus more on children’s 
personal  development.  These  developments  could  be  seen  in  support  of  one  of  the  aspects 
covered by pillar 2 of the 2013 Recommendations, which suggest that investing in ECEC can 
help reduce inequality at a young age.  

The year of 2019 saw the implementation of the Directive on Work-Life Balance, which sets 
out  minimum  standards  for  parental  leave  provisions.  Previously,  there  was  no  minimum 
number of days for paternity leave set at EU level; the directive now stipulates at least 10 days. 
In 2019, at least seven Member States extended the length of available paternity leave, ranging 
from  up  to  30  days  in  Estonia  to  five  days  in  Malta.  Member  States  are  asked  to  meet  the 
minimum standards of the Directive on Work-Life Balance by 2023. It will be interesting to 

40 

 
 
 
 
 
 
see the progress made in the future regarding the directive, as well as towards Principle 9 of 
the 2017 European Pillar, which refers to improved work-life balance.  

With approximately 23 million children living in poverty across the EU, this report has also 
examined changes in financial and benefit support for children and families. It appears that in 
2019, a few Member States raised the amount of child benefits awarded to families. In several 
cases,  Member  States  also  increased  their  support  for  single  parent  families.  These 
developments  could  possibly  be  seen  as  steps  towards  supporting  children  who  live  in 
precarious  family  situations,  which  constitutes  one  of  the  four  target  groups  of  the  Child 
Guarantee initiative.  

The year 2019 was also a year of children’s rights, marked by the 30th anniversary of the UN 
Convention on the Rights of the Child. The development of the EU Youth Strategy and the 
Bucharest Declaration show the EU’s commitment to inclusion of children and young people 
in  decision-making  processes  at  the  EU  and  national  level.  This  report  has  provided  some 
commendable  examples  of  children’s  consultations  that  took  place  in  2019  on  the  Member 
State level. But in comparison to the other issue areas covered in this report, the information 
gathered on national initiatives aimed towards ensuring child participation was more limited.  

The 2013 Recommendation aims to ‘break the cycle of disadvantage’. The Final Report for the 
Child  Guarantee  acknowledges  that  some  groups  of  children  are  more  disadvantaged  than 
others.  Taking  a  very  broad  approach  to  the  term  ‘vulnerable’,  this  report  covered  2019 
developments regarding migrant children, children with ethnic background (including Roma 
children), children with  special educational needs (SEN), children living  in foster care, and 
children  living  in  non-traditional  families.  Member  States  undertook  a  diverse  range  of 
initiatives  to  provide  additional  support  to  vulnerable  children.  Relatively  little  information 
was presented in regard to migrant children and children with ethnic minority background, but 
the information was more abundant for children with SEN. This included information on legal 
and policy developments, funding support, increasing accessibility and support in schools – 
both in terms of changes to the infrastructure, and providing more educational and awareness-
raising support. The report has also covered a wide range of initiatives aimed at children living 
in  institutions  and  foster  care.  This  included  increasing  emotional  support,  reducing 
institutionalisation, increasing financial support, and some legal or policy developments around 
contact  and  information.  Lastly,  the  report  has  provided  information  on  two  types  of  ‘non-
traditional families’, including adoptive families and rainbow families.  

Meeting the needs of diverse populations is challenging. But it is important that Member States 
continue their efforts to ensure progress towards the 2013 Recommendations, and consequently 
promote equal opportunities for all children in the EU.  

41 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex 1: Methodology  

The information collected for this report stems from two main sources.  First, data has been 
gathered from questionnaires sent to experts in each EU member state (EU-28). A copy of the 
questionnaire  can  be  found  in  Appendix  2.  Experts  were  chosen  based  on  their  relevant 
expertise in child and family policy in the respective member state, as well as their language 
skills.  The  questionnaire  was  structured  in  accordance  with  a  common  reporting  template, 
requiring experts to provide information on current policy objectives, legislation, programmes, 
initiatives and other measures that took place in 2019 in relation to the three pillars of the 2013 
Recommendation  for  Investing  in  Children.  It  should  be  noted  that  national  experts  were 
afforded  some  flexibility  in  reporting  information.  Thus,  there  was  some  variation  in  the 
content, length and breadth of information included in each questionnaire. This variability is 
also  reflected  in  our  report  when  we  outline  the  policy  changes  across  European  countries. 
Some  topics  are  covered  in  more  depth  for  some  Member  States  than  for  others.  In  some 
instances, information might also not have been available for some countries at all. The report 
should  be  read  with  this  caveat  in  mind.  We  would  like  to  thank  all  experts  for  their 
contributions. A list of their names and positions is presented in Table 2.  

The second main data source for this report was the monthly EPIC news-monitoring bulletins. 
Every  month,  the  EPIC  team  publishes  a  news  item  on  the  EPIC  website  that  covers 
developments in child and family policy in all Member States and (occasionally) at the EU or 
international level. To put together this news item, the EPIC team checks a number of relevant 
ministries’ websites for updates on new developments in each Member States (typically those 
that cover children, families, social policy and education). Using internal language skills and 
internet translation software, the EPIC team identifies from these websites any relevant news 
items  and  announcements  from  the  past  month  that  indicate  a  change  in  policy  or  relevant 
development that speaks to at least one of the three pillars of the 2013 Recommendation for 
Investing in Children. For each relevant development, the EPIC team then writes a short news 
summary that clearly summarises the development, context and key actors, with hyperlinks to 
the relevant ministry website page that contains more information. The resulting news item is 
checked by two members of the core EPIC team (paying attention to both English language 
and the quality of the work) and approved by the European Commission, DG Employment, 
Social  Affairs,  and  Inclusion  (DG-EMPL)  before  being  uploaded  to  the EPIC  website.  The 
information  used  for  this  report  builds  on  the  monthly  EPIC  news  monitoring  bulletins 
produced throughout 2019. 

Data from both sources were collated with the use of a data extraction template. The authors 
then  reviewed  the  data  and  included  the  most  relevant  information  in  this  report.  Some 
information was excluded, because it represented an ongoing debate and discussion, rather than 
a concrete development such as an initiative, a legislative proposal or a policy or legal change. 
For the background sections, a small number of additional references was included for added 
context.  

42 

 
 
 
 
 
 
We would like to acknowledge the following experts for their contributions to this report: 

Table 2 List of Expert Contributors 

Country 

Name 

Affiliation 

Austria 

Dr Isabella Hranek 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Asst Prof. Wim Van Lancker 

Ass. Prof. Elitsa Dimitrova 

(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:252) 

Czech Republic 

(cid:39)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:85)(cid:116)(cid:229)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:105) 

Cyprus 

Denmark 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

Dr Konstantina Rentzou  

Ass. Prof. Peter Abrahamson 

Dr Asta Põldma 

Dr Pihla Maria Siim  

Dr Anne Solaz  

Germany 

Prof. Bernhard Kalicki 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Dr Konstantina Rentzou 

Dr Zsuzsanna Makay  

Asst Prof. Dorota Szelewa 

Dr Angela Paparusso  

Dr Marina Zannella 

Latvia 

Dr Liga Abolina 

Lithuania 

Ass. Prof. Ruta Braziene  

Luxemburg 

Dr Aigul Alieva 

Malta 

Prof. Valerie Sollars  

Netherlands 

Dr Chantal Remery 

Poland 

Dr Anna Rybi(cid:276)ska 

Portugal 

Prof. Maria Filomena Gaspar 

Managing Director and Commercial manager, 
Austrian Institute for Family Studies, University 
of Vienna 
Assistant Professor in Social Work and Social 
Policy, KU Leuven 
Associate Professor and sector leader, Institute for 
Population and Human Studies 
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Department 
of Social Work, Social Policy, University of 
Zagreb 
Head of department, Gender & Sociology 
Department, Institute of Sociology of the Czech 
Academy of Sciences 
Senior Programme Manager, International Step 
by Step Association 
Associate Professor, University of Copenhagen 

Researcher, Estonian Institute for Population 
Studies, Tallinn University  
Junior Research Fellow, University of Tartu 

Senior Researcher, National institute for 
demographic studies (INED) 
German Youth Institute 

Senior Programme Manager, International Step 
by Step Association 
Research Fellow, Hungarian Demographic 
Research Institute 
Lecturer and assistant professor at the School of 
Social Policy, University of Dublin 
National Research Council Institute for Research 
on Population and Social Policies  

University of Rome, Department of Methods and 
Models for Economics, Territory and Finance 
Researcher at Department of Public 
Administration, Demography and Socio-
Economic Statistics, University of Latvia 
Chief Researcher, Lithuanian Social Research 
Centre, Institute of Labour and Social Research 
Research Fellow, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-
Economic Research 
Professor on Early Childhood and Primary 
Education, University of Malta 
Utrecht University School of Economics  

Research Scientist, Duke University Sanford 
School of Public Policy, Center for Child and 
Family Policy   
Professor at ProChild CoLab Against Poverty and 
Social Exclusion Association 

43 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Country 

Name 

Affiliation 

Romania 

Asst Prof. Costina Pasarelu 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Dr Daniel Gerbery  

Dr Nada Stropnik 

(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:1800)-Bolyai University 
(UBB) 

Lecturer in Department of Sociology, Comenius 
University 
Senior researcher, Institute for Economic 
Research 

(cid:40)(cid:79)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:93)(cid:105)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:82) 

Independent expert 

Dr Maelis Karlsson 
Lohmander 

Senior lecturer at University of Gothenburg 

United Kingdom 

Dr Michaela Bruckmayer 

Analyst, RAND Europe  

44 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
Annex 2: Expert Country Profile Questionnaire 

Family life, work-life balance and child and family funding schemes  

(cid:120)  Please summarise any new developments in policies and laws related to promoting 
family life and work-life balance and child and family funding schemes, during 2019.  

This might include (but is not limited to): 

(cid:120)  changes or developments to family leave arrangements 

(cid:120)  changes  or  developments  in  policies  around  promoting  family-friendly 

workplaces or enabling parents’ participation in the labour force 

(cid:120)  changes or developments to social assistance available to some or all families 
(e.g.  child  benefit,  childcare  allowances,  leave  benefits,  grants  relating  to 
families)  

a)  Please also indicate any drivers behind these changes and developments, if 

possible.  

b)  If there have been no developments or changes, please also indicate this. 

Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) 

(cid:120)  Please summarise any new developments in policies or laws related to early childhood 

education and care during 2019.  

This might include (but is not limited to):  

(cid:120)  changes in the formal childcare provision available to all or some families 

(cid:120)  changes to the informal childcare provision available to all or some families 

a)  Please also indicate the drivers behind these changes and developments, if possible. 

b)  If there have been no developments or changes, please also indicate this.  

(cid:120)  Are there any developing or emerging issues relating to access to or quality of early 
childhood  education  and  care  (ECEC)?  Have  there  been  any  national  reports, 
evaluations or strategies around this issue?  

This might include (but is not limited to):  

(cid:120) 

(cid:120) 

Issues of governance (for example, the regulation, evaluation and monitoring 
of ECEC settings and standards)  

Issues  of  access  (for  example,  measures  to  increase  participation  in  ECEC, 
financing arrangement) 

45 

 
 
(cid:120)  Quality of ECEC (for example, minimum qualification requirements for ECEC 

staff, provision of educational guidelines and requirements) 

Children and families at risk of poverty, social exclusion or marginalisation  

(cid:120)  Please summarise any new developments in policies or new laws relating to support 
or assistance for children and families who are at risk of poverty, social exclusion and 
marginalisation.  

In your response, please consider children:  

-  From migrant or asylum-seeking backgrounds  

-  From ethnic minority and Roma backgrounds  

-  From non-traditional families (including: single parent families, blended families with 
step-parents and -children, families with same-sex parents, families with children left 
behind)  

-  Living in poor housing or at risk of homelessness 

-  With special educational needs  

-  Living in institutions or foster care  

-  Vulnerable in another way  

a)  Please also indicate the drivers behind these changes and developments, if possible. 

b)  If there have been  no developments or changes during 2019, please also indicate 

this.  

Child participation and rights of the child  

(cid:120)  Please describe any new developments or changes during 2019 in mechanisms and 

practices that promote the participation of children.  

This might include (but is not limited to) the participation of children in cultural, social and 
political life (as well as in their education and other institutions).  

a)  If there have been no developments or changes during 2019, please also indicate this.  

b)  Please describe any developments or changes or new practices that aim to promote 

any other aspect of child well-being.  

Summary  

(cid:120)  Of all the developments discussed above, which do you believe are the most important 

and why?  

(cid:120) 

Is there anything else that has affected child and family policy during 2019 that we 
have not asked about?  

46 

 
(cid:120)  Are  there  any  overarching  concerns  or  directions  within  your  country  that  have 
contributed to or driven the changes and developments in child and family policy during 
2019? 

47 

 
 
 
Annex 3: List of Relevant Research Published in 2019  

The  EPIC  monthly  news-monitoring  bulletins,  which  constitute  one  of  the  two  main  data 
sources for this report, occasionally includes  announcements of  publications  of  new reports 
and research studies. The list below includes such studies and has been presented here as a 
potential resource for readers: 

Reports published in 2019 related to work-life balance issues: 

(cid:120)  Eurofound released a report analysing the uptake of parental leave by fathers across the 
EU. Analysing national statistical data, the study found that despite increased paternity 
leave entitlements in most Member States, the uptake of paternity and parental leave by 
fathers has not increased to the same extent, with marked differences in the update of 
leave across EU Member States. ccxcviii  

(cid:120)  The European Equality Law Network, a European network of legal experts on gender 
equality and non-discrimination, also released a report on family leave. Focusing on 
enforcement  of  the  protection  against  dismissal  and  unfavourable  treatment  in  the 
context  of  family  leave,  the  study  highlighted  how  discrimination  still  affects  many 
people in practice. One of the recommendations to remedy this situation is to facilitate 
access to childcare and to challenge gender stereotypes. ccxcix  

(cid:120)  Finally, UNICEF published a new report examining family-friendly policies across 41 
high-  and  middle-income  EU  and  OECD  countries.  The  study  found  significant 
disparities  between  countries  in  terms  of  the  availability  of  paid  parental  leave 
provisions and affordability of ECEC. ECEC affordability often acted as a barrier for 
parents  to  access  services,  thus  the  study  recommended  that  countries  should  take 
actions to remove this financial barrier to allow all children access to high-quality and 
affordable childcare. In the context of work-life balance, the study recommended that 
all countries provide statutory paid leave to both parents. ccc  

Reports published in 2019 related to the ECEC provision:  

(cid:120)  Eurydice report ‘Key data on early childhood education and care in Europe providing 

indicators on ECEC in EU Member States’. ccci 

(cid:120)  UNICEF ‘Family-Friendly Policies Report’ examining ECEC for preschool children 

across 41 high- and middle-income EU and OECD countries. cccii 

(cid:120)  OECD  ‘Education  at  a  Glance’  report  providing  data  on  the  structure,  finances  and 
performance of education systems across OECD economies and other partner countries, 
including many EU Member States. ccciii  

(cid:120)  Eurofound  study  ‘Challenges  and  prospects  in  the  EU:  Quality  of  life  and  public 
services’ reporting on young people’s inequalities in access to health and social services 
and highlighting the relevance of continuous professional development for the quality 
of interactions of staff and the outcomes for children in ECEC settings. ccciv  

Reports published in 2019 related to family leave and other policies to support working parents 
and carers: 

(cid:120) 

The European Equality Law Network produced the report ‘Family leave: enforcement 
of the protection against dismissal and unfavourable treatment’. This report examines 
the problems of discriminatory treatment in the context of family leave (including, for 
example,  the  dismissal  of  pregnant  workers)  and  concludes  that  in  practice,  such 

48 

 
 
 
 
 
(cid:120) 

discrimination  affects  many  people.  The  report  recommends  that  EU  and  Member 
State authorities give greater focus to policies and programmes that involve facilitating 
access to childcare and challenging gender stereotypes. 
Eurofound produced a report analysing the uptake of parental leave by fathers, drawing 
upon national statistics about parental leave uptake across EU. The report finds that 
while paternity leave entitlements have increased in most Member States over the last 
decade,  uptake  of  paternity  and  parental  leave  by  fathers  has  not  risen  to  the  same 
extent. While  some countries  have made  progress  in  increasing  the  share  of  fathers 
taking parental leave, other countries lag further behind. 

(cid:120)  UNICEF produced a report examining family-friendly policies in 41 high- and middle-
income EU and OECD countries, including by examining the level of childcare leave 
available for parents. It found that there were significant disparities between countries 
in terms of the paid parental leave available and made a number of recommendations, 
including that all countries provide statutory paid leave to both parents, so that barriers 
to taking up such leave are removed. 

49 

 
 
 
 
 
Endnotes 

i For more information about the European Platform for Investing in Children, please see: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1246&langId=en 
ii European Commission, 2013, ‘Commission Recommendation of 20.2.2013. Investing in children: breaking the 
cycle of disadvantage’, C(2013) 778 final. As of 10 June 2019: 
http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=9762&langId=en 
iii European Commission, n.d., ‘European Pillar of Social Rights, Building a More Inclusive and Fairer 
European Union’. As of 6 September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/info/priorities/economy-works-people/deeper-
and-fairer-economic-and-monetary-union/european-pillar-social-rights_en 
iv European Commission, 2018, ‘Proposal for a Council Recommendation on High Quality Early Childhood 
Education and Care Systems’, COM(2018) 271 final 2018/0127 (NLE). As of 10 June 2019: https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:05aa1e50-5dc7-11e8-ab9c-
01aa75ed71a1.0003.02/DOC_1&format=PDF  
v European Commission, 2017, ‘Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on 
work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU’, COM/2017/0253 final—
2017/0085 (COD). As of 10 June 2019: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:84205176-2b39-
11e7-9412-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF 
vi The UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020. Because this report focuses on 2019 developments, the 
United Kingdom is still included as a Member State.  
vii European Commission, 2013, ‘Commission Recommendation of 20.2.2013 Investing in children: breaking the 
cycle of disadvantage’, C(2013) 778 final. As of 10 June 2019: 
http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=9762&langId=en  
viii European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Parliament, 2018, ‘European Pillar of 
Social Rights’, DOI:10.2792/95934. As of 10 June 2019: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-
political/files/social-summit-european-pillar-social-rights-booklet_en.pdf 
ix Eurostat, n.d., ‘Social Scoreboard of Indicators’, European Pillar of Social Rights. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/european-pillar-of-social-rights/indicators/social-scoreboard-indicators  
x Eurostat, n.d., ‘European Pillar of Social Rights – Overview’. As of 6 September  2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/european-pillar-of-social-rights/overview  
xi European Council – Council of the European Union, n.d., ‘EU Strategic Agenda for 2019-2024’. As of 6 
September  2020: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/eu-strategic-agenda-2019-2024/  
xii European Commission, 2017, ‘Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on 
work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU’, COM/2017/0253 final—
2017/0085 (COD). As of 10 June 2019: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:84205176-2b39-
11e7-9412-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF 
xiii Eur-Lex (European Union Law), 2019, ‘Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of the European Parliament and of the 
Council of 20 June 2019 on work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 
2010/18/EU’. As of 6 September 2020: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32019L1158 
xiv European Commission, 2019, ‘A new start to support work-life balance for parents and carers, 2019’, 
Factsheet. As of 6 September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=17583&langId=en; European 
Commission, 2019, ‘EU Work-life Balance Directive enters into force’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&furtherNews=yes&newsId=9438&langId=en  
xv This table was originally presented in Janta, Barbara; Davies, Lynn M.; Jordan, Victoria; Stewart, Katherine, 
2019, ‘Recent Trends in Child and Family Policy in the EU. European Platform for Investing in Children: 
Annual Thematic Report’, European Commission, Brussels. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8240&furtherPubs=yes 
xvi European Council – Council of the European Union, 2019, ‘Gender-Equal Economies in the EU: The Way 
Forward - draft Council Conclusions’, 14254/19, Note from Presidency to Permanent Representatives 
Committee/Council. As of 6 September 2020: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14254-2019-
INIT/en/pdf 
xvii European Commission, 2017, ‘Towards a European Education Area by 2025’, Weekly Meeting. As of 6 
September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/news/towards-european-education-area-2025-2017-nov-
14_en   
xviii European Commission, 2018, ‘Proposal for a Council Recommendation on High Quality Early Childhood 
Education and Care Systems’, COM/2018/271 final - 2018/0127 (NLE). As of 6 September 2020:  

50 

 
 
 
https://ec.europa.eu/education/education-in-the-eu/proposal-for-council-recommendation-on-early-childhood-
education-and-care_en; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0271 
xix European Commission, n.d., ‘ET 2020 Working Groups’. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/european-policy-cooperation/et2020-working-groups_en  
xx European Commission, 2019, ‘European Citizens' Initiative: Commission registers “Europe CARES - 
Inclusive Quality Education for Children with Disabilities” initiative’, Press release. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_1417  
xxi European Commission, n.d., ‘Child guarantee for vulnerable children’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1428&langId=en  
xxii Von der Leyen, Ursula, n.d., A Union that strives for more: My agenda for Europe. As of 23 November 
2020: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/political-guidelines-next-commission_en.pdf. 
xxiii European Commission, n.d., ‘Child guarantee for vulnerable children’. As of 6 September 2020: 
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for a Child Guarantee (FSCG): Final Report’. As of 6 September 2020:  
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xxiv European Parliament (EPRS), 2019, ‘European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) 2021-2027’, Briefing, 2019. EU 
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xxvi European Commission, n.d., ‘EU Youth Coordinator’., As of 6 September 2020: 
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xxvii www.youthconf.ro, n.d., ‘About – #YouthConf’. As of 17 June 2020:  https://www.youthconf.ro/about/  
xxviii Youth of European Nationalities (YEN), 2019, ‘Our Toolkit on Youth Participation is there!’. As of 6 
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xxix UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty 
Series, vol. 1577, p. 3. As of 17 June 2020: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html 
xxx ‘Exploring What the EU Can Do To Promote and Support the Participation of Children in Decision-Making. 
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e%20%22Bucharest%20EU%20Children's%20Declaration%22.pdf 
xxxi Bucharest EU Children’s Declaration, Child Participation. As of 11 June 2020:  
https://childparticipation.typeform.com/to/h8dSPt 
xxxii European Commission, 2019, ‘Bucharest Declaration highlights the role of children in decision-making 
processes’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=1246&newsId=9380&furtherNews=yes;  
Romanian Children’s Board, 2019, ‘Bucharest EU Children’s Declaration on Child Participation in Decision-
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xxxiii Romanian Children’s Board, 2019, ‘Bucharest EU Children’s Declaration on Child Participation in 
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xxxiv Committee of Ministers, Council of Europe Portal, 2012, ‘Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)2 of the 
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xxxv Council of Europe, 2016, ‘Child Participation Assessment Tool’, Children’s Rights 
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xxxvii Vote for Children, n.d., ‘Putting Child rights at the heart of EU action’, Child rights manifesto. As of 6 
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xxxviii Vandenbroek, Michel, Lenaerts, Karolien, Beblavý, Miroslav, 2018 ‘Benefits of Early Childhood 
Education and Care and the Conditions for Obtaining Them’. European Commission, Brussels. As of 6 
September 2020:  https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/14194adc-fc04-11e7-b8f5-
01aa75ed71a1# 
xxxix (cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:512)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:305)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:540)(cid:531)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:15)(cid:3)n.d., ‘‘ (cid:520)(cid:548)(cid:529)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:545)(cid:528)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:307)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)
(cid:517)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:542)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:538)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)-2020’. As of 6 September 2020:  

51 

 
 
http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/mlsi.nsf/All/95230D13E53F3EB9C22583DF004540FF/$file/01%20%CE%A0%C
E%91%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91.pdf  
xl (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:60)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:303)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:538)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:305)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:72)d 
Evaluation Plan', “(cid:508)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:531)(cid:544) (cid:520)(cid:554)(cid:305)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:302) (cid:505)(cid:543)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:553)(cid:534)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546) (cid:514)(cid:302)(cid:537)(cid:536)(cid:306)(cid:530) / (cid:514)(cid:302)(cid:537)(cid:530)(cid:306)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546) 
((cid:508)(cid:520)(cid:505))”. As of 6 September 2020: http://enimerosi.moec.gov.cy/archeia/1/ypp8560b  
xli (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:420)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:93)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Edukazzjoni u x-(cid:59)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:82)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)
‘ATT TAL-2019 DWAR L-EDUKAZZJONITAQSIM TAL-ATT’, Suppliment tal-Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta’ 
Malta, Nru. 20,226, 5 ta’ Lulju, 2019, Nro 92. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://legislation.mt/eli/bill/2019/92/mlt/pdf   
xlii (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:420)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:93)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Edukazzjoni u x-(cid:59)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)
(cid:181)(cid:36)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:421)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:427)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)-professjonijiet fl-Edukazzjoni’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://legislation.mt/eli/bill/2019/92/mlt/pdf  
xliii (cid:583)(cid:602)(cid:624)(cid:610)(cid:616)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:613)(cid:615)(cid:610)(cid:633)(cid:3)(cid:619)(cid:628)(cid:604)(cid:607)(cid:620) (cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:612)(cid:618)(cid:610)(cid:613)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:606)(cid:607)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:620)(cid:616)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:583)(cid:602)(cid:624)(cid:610)(cid:616)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:613)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:619)(cid:620)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:605)(cid:610)(cid:633)(cid:3)(cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:606)(cid:607)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:620)(cid:616)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:583)(cid:587)(cid:574)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)-2030 
(cid:605)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: http://www.strategy.bg/PublicConsultations/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=4012  
xliv Ministry of Education and Culture, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2019, ‘Child’s Time(cid:3)(cid:2163) Towards the 
National Strategy for Children 2040’. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://stm.fi/documents/1410845/12685437/Summary+Child%E2%80%99s+Time+-
+Towards+a+National+Strategy+for+Children+2040/ed4e7691-0ba5-f390-01ff-
1c77a2db08e4/Summary+Child%E2%80%99s+Time+-
+Towards+a+National+Strategy+for+Children+2040.pdf  
xlv Department of Sustainable development, 2018, ‘Romania’s Sustainable Development Strategy 2030’, ISBN 
978-606-748-262-1. As of 6 September 2020: http://dezvoltaredurabila.gov.ro/web/wp-
content/uploads/2019/03/Romanias-Sustainable-Development-Strategy-2030.pdf  
xlvi Koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU, CSU und SPD, 'Ein neuer Aufbruch für Europa, Eine neue Dynamik für 
Deutschland, Ein neuer Zusammenhalt für unser Land'. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975226/847984/5b8bc23590d4cb2892b31c987ad672b7/2018-
03-14-koalitionsvertrag-data.pdf?download=1  
xlvii Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé, 18 October 2019, ‘Les 1000 premiers jours, qu’est-ce que c’est ?’. 
As of 6 September 2020: https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/affaires-sociales/familles-enfance/pacte-pour-l-
enfance/1000jours/article/les-1000-premiers-jours-qu-est-ce-que-c-est  
xlviii Pressemeddelse Børne- og Undervisningsministeriet, 4 May 2019, ’Op til 15.000 børn vil få gavn af 1.000-
dages puljen’, Nyhed. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.uvm.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/uvm/2019/maj/190504-op-
til-15000-boern-vil-faa-gavn-af-1000-dages-puljen; Børne-og undervisningsministeriet, 15 January 2020, '1000 
dages programmet – en bedre start på livet’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.uvm.dk/dagtilbud/love-og-
regler--formaal-og-aftaler/1000-dages-
programmet#:~:text=Kort%20om%20aftalen&text=Med%201.000%2Ddages%2Dprogrammet%20afs%C3%A
6ttes,%2D2%2D%C3%A5rs%2Dalderen  
xlix An Roinn Leanai agus Gnothai Oige, 2019, ‘Minister Zappone secures €8.1 million for childcare capital 
grants across 2020’, Press release. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/179045-
minister-zappone-secures-81m-for-childcare-capital-grants-across-202/ 
l An Roinn Leanai agus Gnothai Oige. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/department-
of-children-and-youth-affairs/?referrer=/*  
li European Commission, 2020, ‘Eurydice – Greece: National Reforms in Early Childhood Education and Care’, 
EACEA. As of 6 September 2020: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-
reforms-early-childhood-education-and-care-27_en  
lii Comunidad Madrid, 2019, ‘La Comunidad valida el decreto para la gratuidad en las Escuelas Infantiles 
públicas 0-3’, Actualidad. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.comunidad.madrid/noticias/2019/04/09/comunidad-valida-decreto-gratuidad-escuelas-infantiles-
publicas-0-3  
liii (cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:57)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)
(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:69)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:229)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:261)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:227)(cid:68)i)’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/vaiku-dienos-centrai-kuriems-konkurso-tvarka-skirtas-valstybes-biudzeto-
finansavimas-patikslinti-sarasai  
liv (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:227)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:126)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:93)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:105)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:234)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:116)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:234)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:227)(cid:78)(cid:123)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:254)(cid:81)(cid:112)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)
kindergartens’ capacities for five-year old children)’, Bratislava.  
lv Ministerstwo (cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:225)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:92)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:298)(cid:225)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 
6 September 2020: https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/przybywa-zlobkow-i-klubow-dla-maluchow  
lvi (cid:42)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:105)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=213266.365779  

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lvii Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, 2018, ‘Règlement grand-ducal du 19 octobre 2018 concernant l’agrément à 
accorder aux gestionnaires de mini-crèches’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2018/10/19/a984/jo  
lviii (cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:512)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:305)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:540)(cid:531)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181) (cid:520)(cid:548)(cid:529)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:545)(cid:528)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:307)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)
(cid:517)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:542)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:538)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)-2020’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/mlsi.nsf/All/95230D13E53F3EB9C22583DF004540FF/$file/01%20%CE%A0%C
E%91%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91.pdf  
lix Ministry of Education and Culture, 2020, ‘The European Committee on Social Rights made a ruling against 
Finland on restricting the right to early childhood education and care’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://minedu.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/euroopan-sosiaalisten-oikeuksien-komitea-antoi-suomelle-
langettavan-paatoksen-lasten-varhaiskasvatusoikeuden-rajoittamisesta; Ministry of Education and Culture, 
Finland, ‘Act on Early Childhood Education and Care (540/2018)’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2018/en20180540.pdf  
lx Rijksoverheid, 2019, ‘Kamerbrief uitstel urenuitbreiding voorschoolse educatie’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/voorschoolse-en-vroegschoolse-
educatie/documenten/kamerstukken/2019/05/21/kamerbrief-uitstel-urenuitbreiding-voorschoolse-educatie  
lxi Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, 2018, ‘Règlement grand-ducal du 19 octobre 2018 concernant l’agrément à 
accorder aux gestionnaires de mini-crèches’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2018/10/19/a984/jo  
lxii Pressemeddelse Børne- og Undervisningsministeriet, 4 May 2019, ’Op til 15.000 børn vil få gavn af 1.000-
dages puljen’, Nyhed. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.uvm.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/uvm/2019/maj/190504-op-
til-15000-boern-vil-faa-gavn-af-1000-dages-puljen  
lxiii Steunpunt Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Gezin, 2019, ‘Het gebruik van en de behoefte aan kinderopvang 
voor baby’s en peuters jonger dan 3 jaar in het Vlaamse Gewest’, Rapport 25. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://steunpuntwvg.be/images/swvg-3-rapporten/copy_of_ef24-gebruik-en-behoefte-aan-kinderopvang;  
Team Sociaal Werk en Sociaal Beleid - Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek, 2019, ‘De verdeling van de 
kinderopvang in vlaanderen en in de centrumsteden: Spanning tussen de economische en sociale functie van 
kinderopvang’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/spsw/de-verdeling-van-de-kinderopvang-in-vlaanderen-en-in-de-centrumsteden-
spanning-tussen-de-economische-en-sociale-functie-van-kinderopvang  
lxiv Vlaams Agentschap Voor Personen Met een Handicap, 2019, ‘Globale individuele ondersteuning voor 
minderjarigen’, INF/19/55. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.vaph.be/sites/default/files/documents/13912/11.05_gio.pdf  
lxv Nationales Zentrum Frühe Hilfen, ‘Suche frühe hilfen in ihrer nähe‘. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.elternsein.info/fruehe-hilfen/suche-fruehe-hilfen  
lxvi European Commission, 2020, ‘Eurydice – Greece: National Reforms in Early Childhood Education and 
Care’, EACEA. As of 6 September 2020: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-
reforms-early-childhood-education-and-care-27_en  
lxvii OECD, 2020, ‘Is Child Care Affordable? Policy Brief on Employment, Labour and Social Affairs’,. As of 6 
September 2020: http://www.oecd.org/els/family/OECD-Is-Childcare-Affordable.pdf 
lxviii European Commission, n.d., ‘Peer Review on “Furthering quality and flexibility of Early Childhood 
Education and Care” Copenhagen, Denmark, 13-14 December 2018; Peer Country Comments Paper – Malta’s 
developments to improve Early Childhood, Education and Care’.  
lxix Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, 2018, ‘Règlement grand-ducal du 19 octobre 2018 concernant l’agrément à 
accorder aux gestionnaires de mini-crèches’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2018/10/19/a984/jo  
lxx Rijksoverheid, “Bedragen kinderopvangtoeslag 2019” . As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/kinderopvangtoeslag/bedragen-kinderopvangtoeslag-2019  
lxxi Family Protection Action Plan, Governmental Decree 187/2019, (VII. 30.). As of 6 September 2020:  
http://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=215399.384756 
lxxii Kind en Gezin, ‘Kinderopvangtoeslag – Groeipakket’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.kindengezin.be/kinderopvang/ouder/kinderopvangtoeslag-groeipakket  
lxxiii Land Burgenland, 2019, “Land Burgenland führt Gratis-Kindergarten ein”. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.burgenland.at/news-detail/news/land-burgenland-fuehrt-gratis-kindergarten-ein/,  
lxxiv Land Karnten, 2019, ‚Kärntner Kinderstipendium: Pilotprojekt wird verlängert‘, News. As of 6 September 
2020: https://www.ktn.gv.at/Service/News?nid=29915  
lxxv Bayerische Staatsregierung, 23 Sept 2019. “, 'Gute-KiTa-Vertrag unterzeichnet – Familien”'. As of 6 
September 2020: .  https://www.bayern.de/gute-kita-vertrag-unterzeichnet-familien/  
lxxvi Department of Sustainable developmentDevelopment, 2018, “‘Romania’s Sustainable Development 
Strategy 2030”, ’, ISBN 978-606-748-262-1. As of 6 September 2020: , 

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http://dezvoltaredurabila.gov.ro/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Romanias-Sustainable-Development-
Strategy-2030.pdf  
lxxvii Farge, L., 2020, ‘CMG 2020 : conditions, montant, plafonds simulation et versement’, Tout sur mes 
finances. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.toutsurmesfinances.com/argent/a/cmg-conditions-montant-
plafonds-simulation-et-versement#Le_principe_du_CMG  
lxxviii (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:105)(cid:87)(cid:81)(cid:116)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:116)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.mpsv.cz/web/cz/statni-socialni-podpora#dsp  
lxxix Agencija za placanja u poljoprivredi, ribarstvu i ruralnom razvoju, ‘Podmjera 7.4. – Ulaganja u pokretanje, 
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kulturne aktivnosti te povezanu infrastrukturu’, APPRRR. As of 6 September 2020: 
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za-ruralno-stanovnistvo-ukljucujuci-slobodno-vrijeme-i-kulturne-aktivnosti-te-povezanu-infrastrukturu/; 
Europski Strukturni Investicijksi Fondovi, 2019. ‘(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:254)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:76) (cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:255)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)
(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:227)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:10). As of 6 September 2020: 
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(cid:89)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:252)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: https://mdomsp.gov.hr/vijesti-8/rezultati-poziva-za-prijavu-projekata-
usmjerenih-na-poboljsanje-materijalnih-uvjeta-u-predskolskim-ustanovama-djecjim-vrticima/10186  
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kindergartens’ capacities for five-year old children).' Bratislava.  
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reforms-early-childhood-education-and-care-27_en 
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engrafis.html  
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Edward;  Sammons,  Pam;  Siraj,  Iram;  Taggart,  Brenda;  Smees,  Rebecca;  Toth,  Katalin;  Welcomme,  Wesley; 
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des-modes-daccueil 
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'(cid:508)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:531)(cid:544) (cid:520)(cid:554)(cid:305)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:302) (cid:505)(cid:543)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:553)(cid:534)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546) (cid:514)(cid:302)(cid:537)(cid:536)(cid:306)(cid:530) / (cid:514)(cid:302)(cid:537)(cid:530)(cid:306)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546) ((cid:508)(cid:520)(cid:505)) (Unified Evaluation Plan)'. As of 6 September 
2020:  http://enimerosi.moec.gov.cy/arch#eia/1/ypp8560b  
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54 

 
 
 
  
slobodno vrijeme i kulturne aktivnosti te povezanu infrastrukturu’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.apprrr.hr/podmjera-7-4-ulaganja-u-pokretanje-poboljsanje-ili-prosirenje-lokalnih-temeljnih-usluga-
za-ruralno-stanovnistvo-ukljucujuci-slobodno-vrijeme-i-kulturne-aktivnosti-te-povezanu-infrastrukturu/; 
(cid:40)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:255)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:227)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:3)
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(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:227)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:18)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:254)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:252)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: https://mdomsp.gov.hr/vijesti-
8/rezultati-poziva-za-prijavu-projekata-usmjerenih-na-poboljsanje-materijalnih-uvjeta-u-predskolskim-
ustanovama-djecjim-vrticima/10186  
xc Skolinspektionen, 2019, ’Förskolan’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.skolinspektionen.se/sv/Rad-och-
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xciii Das Bundesgesetzblatt, 2018, ‘Gesetz zur Weiterentwicklung der Qualität und zur Teilhabe in der 
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xciv Styrelsen for Undervisning og Kvalitet, 6 July 2020. ’Samarbejdet med forældrene står centralt i den 
styrkede pædagogiske læreplan. I dette materiale kan I finde viden om og inspiration til forældresamarbejdet i 
jeres dagtilbud’. As of 6 September 2020: https://emu.dk/dagtilbud/forskning-og-viden/det-paedagogiske-
grundlag/foraeldresamarbejde  
xcv Ministry of Education, Order no. 4, 694 of August 2, 2019. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/217237; Ministry of Education, Annex of August 2, 2019 on the 
approval of the curriculum for early education. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/217614  
xcvi Skolverket, 2019, ‘Curriculum for the Preschool, Lpfö 18’, Preschool, ISBN : 978-913832747-0. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.skolverket.se/publikationsserier/styrdokument/2019/curriculum-for-the-
preschool-lpfo-18?id=4049 
xcvii (cid:508)(cid:307)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:545)(cid:531)(cid:303)(cid:302)(cid:3)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:547)(cid:533)(cid:529)(cid:545)(cid:542)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:540)(cid:540)(cid:536)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:306)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:537)(cid:541)(cid:553)(cid:546)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)
2020: http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wG3UHk-
ZeQumndtvSoClrL8sN_CI5tJ5zV5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8Nx
dnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--
td6SIufwsuG5x2FZp4dRmpsuHroxzyOwkWo8OopyrDmjZYcMW  
xcviii European Commission, 2020, ‘Eurydice – Greece: National Reforms in Early Childhood Education and 
Care’, EACEA. As of 6 September 2020: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-
reforms-early-childhood-education-and-care-27_en  
xcix Resolução da Assembleia da República, nº 178/2019. ‘Recomenda ao Governo que estude a possibilidade de 
introdução da sesta na Educação Pré-(cid:40)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:126)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:158)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:112)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)-09-12.  
c Villac M., 2019, ‘Propositions sur le développement de solutions ponctuelles et durables de garde d’enfants 
pour les demandeurs d’emploi et nouveaux embauchés’, Rapport de mission, Mobilisation nationale pour 
l'emploi et la transition écologique et numérique. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.hcfea.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_de_la_mission__solutions_de_garde_d_enfants.pdf  
ci Childcare Committee, County Kildare, 30 August 2019, ‘DCYA launches Draft Childminding Action Plan’. 
As of 6 September 2020: https://www.kccc.ie/News/ID/1194/DCYA-launches-Draft-Childminding-Action-Plan 
cii Ministro dell'Istruzione, dell'università e della Ricerca (MIUR), 2018, AOOUFGAB – Ufficio del Gabinetto 
del MIUR, Prot n.0000378. As of 6 September 2020: http://2.flcgil.stgy.it/files/pdf/20180810/decreto-
ministeriale-378-del-9-maggio-2018-titoli-di-accesso-educatore-servizi-infanzia-art-14-dlgs-65-17.pdf  
ciii (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:420)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:93)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:182)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Edukazzjoni u x-(cid:59)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:82)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181) 
Att tal-2019 dwar l-edukazzioni: taqsim tal-att’, Suppliment tal-Gazzetta tal-Gvern ta’ Malta, Nru. 20,226, 5 ta’ 
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civ Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2019, ‘Start des Bundesprogramms 
ProKindertagespflege', Presse-mitteilung. As of 6 September 2020: 

55 

 
 
https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/aktuelles/presse/pressemitteilungen/start-des-bundesprogramms-
prokindertagespflege/133576  
cv Department for Education (UK), 2019, ‘Calls for more men to work in the early years - New project to 
challenge stereotypes around men's role in early education’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/calls-for-more-men-to-work-in-the-early-years  
cvi European Commission, 2020, ‘Eurydice – Greece: National Reforms in Early Childhood Education and 
Care’, EACEA. As of 6 September 2020: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-
reforms-early-childhood-education-and-care-27_en  
cvii Mannerheimin lastensuojeluliitto, 2019, 'MLL kannattaa varhaiskasvatuksen ryhmäkoon pienentämistä’, 
Ajankohtaista. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.mll.fi/kannanotot-ja-lausunnot/mll-kannattaa-
varhaiskasvatuksen-ryhmakoon-pienentamista/  
cviii Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Wergelegenheid, 2018, ‘Overzicht maatregelen IKK 2019 en 2023’,  
Rijksoverheid. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/publicaties/2018/06/15/overzicht-maatregelen-
wet-innovatie-en-kwaliteit-kinderopvang-ikk-2019-en-2023/Overzicht_maatregelen_IKK_2019_2023.pdf; 
Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Wergelegenheid, 2019, ‘Kamerbrief uitkomsten Landelijke Kwaliteitsmonitor 
Kinderopvang 2018’, Kamerstuk: Kamerbrief, Onze referentie 2019-0000001161. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2019/02/25/kamerbrief-
uitkomsten-landelijke-kwaliteitsmonitor-kinderopvang-
2018/Kamerbrief+Uitkomsten+Landelijke+Kwaliteitsmonitor+Kinderopvang+2018+%282%29.pdf  
cix Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, 2018, ‘Règlement grand-ducal du 19 octobre 2018 concernant l’agrément à 
accorder aux gestionnaires de mini-crèches’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2018/10/19/a984/jo  
cx (cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:18)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:227)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:252)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:34)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3)
Vijesti. As of 6 September 2020: https://vijesti.hrt.hr/556299/sindikat-tko-ce-brinuti-o-nasoj-djeci-u-vrticima  
cxi Department of Children and Youth Affairs, ‘Universal Design Guidelines for Early Learning and Care 
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guidelines-for-elc-settings/  
cxii (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:225)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:69)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)
spolecznej z dnia 7 grudnia 2(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:225)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)
(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:225)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:276)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:225)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:252)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:252)(cid:3)
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cxiii (cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:512)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:305)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:540)(cid:531)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:181) (cid:520)(cid:548)(cid:529)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:545)(cid:528)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:307)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)
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vrijeme i kulturne aktivnosti te povezanu infrastrukturu’. As of 6 September 2020: 
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za-ruralno-stanovnistvo-ukljucujuci-slobodno-vrijeme-i-kulturne-aktivnosti-te-povezanu-infrastrukturu/; 
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odgoja i obrazovanja’. As of 6 September 2020: https://strukturnifondovi.hr/natjecaji/unaprjedenje-usluga-za-
djecu-u-sustavu-ranog-predskolskog-odgoja-obrazovanja/; Ministarstvo za demografiju obitelj, mlade I 
(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:88)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:227)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)
(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:227)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:18)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:254)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:252)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)https://mdomsp.gov.hr/vijesti-
8/rezultati-poziva-za-prijavu-projekata-usmjerenih-na-poboljsanje-materijalnih-uvjeta-u-predskolskim-
ustanovama-djecjim-vrticima/10186  
cxv Strang, L., Broeks, M., ‘Maternity leave policies: trade-offs between labour market demands and health 
benefits for children’, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2016. As of 10 June 2019: 
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1734/RAND_RR1734.pdf; Orloff, 
A.S., 2009, ‘Gendering the comparative analysis of welfare states: An unfinished agenda.’ Sociological Theory 
27 (3): 317–343; Ruhm, C.J., 1998. ‘The Economic Consequences of Parental Leave Mandates: Lessons from 
Europe.’ The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 113 (1): 285–317; Thévenon, O. & A. Solaz, 2013. ‘Labour 
Market Effects of Parental Leave Policies in OECD Countries.’ OECD Social, Employment and Migration 
Working Papers 141: 1–67. 

56 

 
 
cxvi Janta, B., Stewart, K., 2018, ‘Paternity and parental leave policies across the European Union, Policy memo 
for the European Platform for Investing in Children’. As of 10 June 2019: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8120&furtherPubs=yes; see also O’Brien, 
M. & Wall, K. (eds.), ‘Comparative Perspectives on Work-life Balance and Gender Equality. Fathers on leave 
alone’, Springer Open, 2017; Schulze, E. & Gergoric, M., ‘Maternity, Paternity and Parental Leave: Data related 
to duration and compensation rates in the European Union’, European Parliament, Brussels; OECD, ‘Parental 
Leave: Where are the fathers?’, policy brief, March 2016; Eurofound, ‘Promoting Uptake of Parental and 
Paternity Leave Among Fathers in the European Union’, Publications Office of the European Union, 
Luxembourg, 2015. 
cxvii (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:229)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:229)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:57)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:254)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)
(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:227)(cid:88)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:229)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:229)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
https://www.gov.si/novice/vlada-potrdila-vec-sprememb-ki-izboljsujejo-polozaj-druzin/  
cxviii Sotsiaalkindlustusamet, ‘Changes to the system of parental leave and benefits’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/et/lapsed-pered/vanemapuhkuste-ja-huvitiste-susteemi-muudatused 
cxix  Office of the Principal Permanent Secretary: Office of the Prime Minister, 2020, ‘Manual on Work-Life 
Balance Measures’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://publicservice.gov.mt/en/Documents/Public%20Service%20Management%20Code/PSMC%20Manuals/
Manual_on_Work-Life_Balance_Measures.pdf 
cxx INPS.it, 9 January 2020, ‘Congedo papà (nascita, adozione o affidamento bambino)’. As of 6 September 
2020: https://www.inps.it/nuovoportaleinps/default.aspx?itemdir=50584 
cxxi Rijksoverheid. 2019/2020. ‘Geboorteverlof voor partners’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/geboorteverlof-en-partnerverlof/geboorteverlof-voor-partners 
cxxii Fusulier B., Mortelmans D., 2019, ‘Belgium’, Annual Review, Leavenetwork. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2019/Belgium_2019_08
24.pdf; European Commission, 2015, ‘Service Vouchers – Belgium’. As of 7 July 2020: 
https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=15232&langId=en 
cxxiii  Federal Chancellery Republic of Austria, n.d., ‘Childcare allowance (only applicable for births from March 
2017)’, Women Family Youth. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.women-families-
youth.bka.gv.at/families/family-benefits/childcare-allowance-.html; Bundesministerium Arbeitm Familie und 
Jugend, 2019, ‘Papamonat'. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.sozialministerium.at/Themen/Arbeit/Arbeitsrecht/Karenz-und-Teilzeit/Papamonat.html  
cxxiv  Ministere des solidarites et de la sante, 2019, ‘Allongement de la durée du congé de paternité en cas 
d’hospitalisation immédiate d’un enfant’, Communique de presse. As of 6 September 2020: https://solidarites-
sante.gouv.fr/actualites/presse/communiques-de-presse/article/communique-de-presse-madame-agnes-buzyn-
conge-paternite-enfants-hospitalises  
cxxv Citizens Information Board, 23 January 2020, ‘Parent’s leave’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/par
ents_leave.html#:~:text=Each%20parent%20is%20entitled%20to,people%20who%20are%20self%2Demployed   
cxxvi Federale Overheidsdienst Wekgelegenheid, Arbeid en Sociaal Overleg, ‘Ouderschapsverlof’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://werk.belgie.be/nl/themas/feestdagen-en-
verloven/ouderschapsverlof?id=547#toc_heading_2; Rijksdienst voor Arbeidsvoorziening, 2020, 
‘Ouderschapsverlof’, Infoblad T19. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.rva.be/nl/documentatie/infoblad/t19 
cxxvii Ministeres des solidarites et de la sante, 2019, ‘Conge maternite pour les exploitantes agricoles’, 
Communique de press. As of 6 September 2020: https://solidarites-
sante.gouv.fr/actualites/presse/communiques-de-presse/article/conge-maternite-pour-les-exploitantes-agricoles   
cxxviii Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado, 2019, ‘Real Decreto-ley 6/2019, de 1 de marzo, de medidas 
urgentes para garantía de la igualdad de trato y de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres en el empleo y la 
(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:121)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:169)(cid:37)(cid:50)(cid:40)(cid:170)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:126)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:105)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)BOE-A-2019-3244. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rdl/2019/03/01/6  
cxxix (cid:508)(cid:540)(cid:540)(cid:536)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:306)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:3)(cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:536)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:547)(cid:534)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:300)(cid:508)(cid:514)(cid:505)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:530)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:305)(cid:548)(cid:304)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:528)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:3)
(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:548)(cid:544)(cid:545)(cid:530)(cid:534)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:302)(cid:303)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:304)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:550)(cid:541)(cid:529)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:550)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:299)(cid:304)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:554)(cid:537)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:537)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:3)
(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:554)(cid:537)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:537)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:554)(cid:537)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:548)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:537)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:537)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:548)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:547)(cid:537)(cid:554)(cid:542)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)
(cid:507)(cid:304)(cid:544)(cid:542)(cid:306)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: https://www.karagilanis.gr/files/eggr_10431_19_yp_dioik_ana.pdf 
cxxx Pravno-informacijski system (PIS), 2013, ‘Zakon o delovnih razmerjih (ZDR-(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:54)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:227)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3)
78/13 – popr., 47/15 – ZZSDT, 33/16 – PZ-F, 52/16, 15/17 – odl. US, 22/19 – ZPosS in 81/19. As of 6 
September 2020: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO5944  

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cxxxi Republica Portuguesa, XXI Governo Constitutional, n.d., ‘3 EM LINHA - Programa para a conciliacao da 
vida professional, pessoal e familial 2018-2019’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.portugal.gov.pt/download-ficheiros/ficheiro.aspx?v=2b472cb7-980b-4d69-b744-366020d7e873   
cxxxii  (cid:508)(cid:540)(cid:540)(cid:536)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:306)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:3)(cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:536)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:547)(cid:534)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:300)(cid:508)(cid:514)(cid:505)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:530)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:305)(cid:548)(cid:304)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:528)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:3)
(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:548)(cid:544)(cid:545)(cid:530)(cid:534)(cid:536)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:302)(cid:303)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:306)(cid:536)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:304)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:550)(cid:541)(cid:529)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:550)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:299)(cid:304)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:554)(cid:537)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:537)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:3)
(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:554)(cid:537)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:537)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:554)(cid:537)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:548)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:542)(cid:537)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:537)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:548)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:547)(cid:537)(cid:554)(cid:542)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)
(cid:507)(cid:304)(cid:544)(cid:542)(cid:306)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: https://www.karagilanis.gr/files/eggr_10431_19_yp_dioik_ana.pdf 
cxxxiii European Commission, 2019, ‘Slovenia abandons cuts to family benefits’, ESPN Flash Report. As of 6 
September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=20697&langId=en   
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5.654 kune korak prema potpunom delimitiranju’, Vijesti. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://mdomsp.gov.hr/vijesti-8/povecanje-roditeljskih-naknada-na-5-654-kune-korak-prema-potpunom-
delimitiranju/12461   
cxxxvi Slovak Spectator, 2019, ‘Parents will receive higher allowance’, The Slovak Spectator. As of 6 September 
2020: https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22230799/parents-will-receive-higher-allowance.html  
cxxxvii Republic of Estonia, Social Insurance Board, ‘Changes in the Family Benefits Act’, 
Sotsiaalkindlustusamet. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/en/family-child-
protection/changes-family-benefits-act#child_care_allowance_will_no_longer_be_paid  
cxxxviii Kela, 2019, ‘Changes to Kela Benefits in 2019’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020: 
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cxxxix (cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:48)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:227)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:3)
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Naujienos. As of 6 September 2020: https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/motinystes-ismokos-geresnes-salygos-
darbo-netekusioms-nestumo-metu-grieztesnes-per-visa-nestuma-nedirbusioms  
cxl For a summary of data and evidence around non-traditional families, see Picken, N., & Janta, B., 2019, 
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https://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP67938.html; EPIC Policy Memo and OECD, 2020, 
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cxli Swedish Code of Statutes: 2018:1628 
cxliiAgencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado, 2019, ‘Real Decreto-ley 6/2019, de 1 de marzo, de medidas 
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cxliii Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection, 2019, ‘Up to 60,000 Parents a Year to Gain as 
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cxlv Legardien C., 2018, ‘Adoptieverlof en pleegouderverlof: nieuwigheden vanaf 1 januari 2019’, Partena 
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cxlvi  Social Security, 2019, ‘Adoption Benefit’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://socialsecurity.gov.mt/en/Documents/INF%20-%20AdoptionBenefitEN.pdf  
cxlvii Kela, 2019, ‘Family benefits for adoptive parents’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.kela.fi/web/en/family-benefits-for-adoptive-parents  
cxlviii FOD Kanselarij van de Eerste Minister - algemene directie Externe Communicatie, 2019, ‘Maatregelen ter 
verzoening van werk en levenskwaliteit in het kader van de vermindering van de arbeidsprestaties’, News 
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cxlix Kela, 2019, ‘Changes to Kela benefits in 2019’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.kela.fi/web/en/-
/changes-to-kela-benefits-in-2019 

58 

 
 
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clvii Parlamentul Romaniei – Camera Deputatilor, ‘LEGE privind modificarea si completarea Legii nr.227/2017 
privind Codul Fiscal’. As of 6 September 2020: https://senat.ro/Legis/PDF/2019/19L430FG.pdf 
clviii (cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:512)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:505)(cid:305)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:540)(cid:531)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:179)(cid:3)(cid:520)(cid:548)(cid:529)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:545)(cid:528)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:307)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)
(cid:517)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:542)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:538)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)-2020’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/mlsi.nsf/All/95230D13E53F3EB9C22583DF004540FF/$file/01%20%CE%A0%C
E%91%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91.pdf  
clix Rijksoverheid, 2019, ‘Kamerbrief over stand van zaken aanpak economische zelfstandigheid van vrouwen’, 
Kamerstuk: Kamerbrief. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/vrouwenemancipatie/documenten/kamerstukken/2019/11/28/econom
ische-zelfstandigheid-van-vrouwen  
clx PSOE, Unidas Podemos, n.d., ‘Coalicion Progresista: Un nuevo acuerdo para Espana’, PSOE. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.psoe.es/media-content/2019/12/30122019-Coalici%C3%B3n-progresista.pdf  
clxi Republica Portuguesa, XXI Governo Constitutional, n.d., ‘3 EM LINHA - Programa para a conciliacao da 
vida professional, pessoal e familial 2018-2019’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.portugal.gov.pt/download-ficheiros/ficheiro.aspx?v=2b472cb7-980b-4d69-b744-366020d7e873  
clxii For more information for each European Union Member State, see ‘Family Benefits’ on the ‘Your Europe’ 
page of the European Commission. As of 4 June 2020: 
https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/work/unemployment-and-benefits/family-benefits/ 
clxiii Sotsiaalkindlustusamet Iseteenindus, ’Sotsiaalkindlustusameti iseteenindus on Sinu toetuste kodu’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://iseteenindus.sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/dashboard/portal 
clxiv Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/ 
clxv Information on the new system in Flanders can be found at: Groeipakket (homepage), n.d. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/ 
clxvi Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/ 
clxvii FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiwal.be/ 
clxviii  
(cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:69)(cid:417)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:49)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:3)seimai paketo patvirtinimo’, Nr. 618, 
Vilnius. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/a3519af098ce11e9ae2e9d61b1f977b3  
clxix Lietuvos Respublikos (cid:57)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:69)(cid:417)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:49)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)
618, Vilnius. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.e-
tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/a3519af098ce11e9ae2e9d61b1f977b3 
clxx Caisse Nationale d’ allocations familiales, 2018. ‘Family Policy in the 28 EU Member States’. As of 6 
September 2020:  
https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/Documents/international/fiches%20pays/Compil%20fiches%20pays%
20pays%20UE_01%202018_English.pdf; see also: ‘Family Benefits’ on the ‘Your Europe’ page of the 

59 

 
 
European Commission. As of 4 June 2020: https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/work/unemployment-and-
benefits/family-benefits/ 
clxxi Republic of Estonia, Social Insurance Board, n.d., ‘Changes in the Family Benefits Act’. As of 7 July 2020: 
https://www.sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/en/family-child-protection/changes-family-benefits-act 
clxxii Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2019, ‘Gesetz zur zielgenauen Starkung von 
Familien und ihren Kindern durch die Neugestaltung des Kinderzuschlags und die Verbesserung der Leistungen 
fur Bildung und Teilhabe (Starke-Familien-Gesetz - StaFamG)'. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/135830/2f3f815d1417524d81a5c07da04c0815/bgbl-starke-familien-gesetz-data.pdf  
clxxiii Lietuvos Respublikos sociali(cid:81)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:261)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:39)(cid:417)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:254)(cid:76)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:3)
(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:227)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/del-2019-
metais-didesianciu-vaiko-pinigu-atskiro-prasymo-teikti-nereikia 
clxxiv (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-
Familja, Drittijiet tat-Tfal u (cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:188)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:182)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:411)-“children’s allowance”’. As of 6 
September 2020: 
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR182655.aspx 
clxxv Rijksoverheid, 2018, ‘Kabinet geeft gezinnen met middeninkomens extra steun in de rug’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/kindgebonden-budget/nieuws/2018/06/22/kabinet-
geeft-gezinnen-met-middeninkomens-extra-steun-in-de-rug 
clxxvi (cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:126)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:158)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:112)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)-08-28, 2019, ‘Portaria nº 276/2019 (“Portaria que 
atualiza os montantes do abono de família para crianças e jovens, do abono de família pré-natal e do subsídio de 
funeral”)’. As of 6 September 2020: https://dre.pt/home/-/dre/124256710/details/maximized 
clxxvii (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:56)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3)
(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:276)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20190000924; Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i 
(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:225)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:298)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/500-na-kazde-dziecko-od-1-lipca  
clxxviii Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/; Groeipakket (homepage), n.d. 
As of 6 September 2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/; Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/; FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.famiwal.be/ 
clxxix Rijksoverheid, 2019, ‘Bedragen kinderopvangtoeslag 2019’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/kinderopvangtoeslag/bedragen-kinderopvangtoeslag-2019 
clxxx Toutsurmes Finances. 2020. ‘CMG 2020 : conditions, montant, plafonds simulation et versement’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.toutsurmesfinances.com/argent/a/cmg-conditions-montant-plafonds-simulation-
et-versement#Le_principe_du_CMG 
clxxxi Department of Children and Youth Affairs, 2019, ‘Minister Zappone announces a €94 million budget 
package’ (news item). As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/44fc52-minister-zappone-
announces-a-94-million-budget-package/  
clxxxii Sotsiaalkindlustusamet, n.d., ‘Child care allowance will no longer be granted as of 1 September 2019’. As 
of 7 September 2020: https://www.sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/en/family-child-protection/changes-family-
benefits-act#child_care_allowance_will_no_longer_be_paid  
clxxxiii Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2019, 'Gesetz zur zielgenauen Starkung von 
Familien und ihren Kindern durch die Neugestaltung des Kinderzuschlags und die Verbesserung der Leistungen 
fur Bildung und Teilhabe (Starke-Familien-Gesetz - StaFamG)'. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/135830/2f3f815d1417524d81a5c07da04c0815/bgbl-starke-familien-gesetz-data.pdf  
clxxxiv Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/; Groeipakket (homepage), n.d. 
As of 6 September 2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/; Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/; FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.famiwal.be/ 
clxxxv Ministry of Family, Labour, and Social Policy. (cid:181)(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:225)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:180)(cid:3)– program skierowany do 
(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/posilek-w-szkole-i-w-
domu-program-skierowany-do-dzieci-uczniow-i-seniorow  
clxxxvi(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)
z  dnia  (cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:93)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:261)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:121)(cid:225)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:3)
programu "Dobry start"’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20190001343  
clxxxvii  (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3) (cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja,  Drittijiet  tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:88)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3) (cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-
Familja, Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:427)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:86)-(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:427)(cid:427)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:298)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25) September 

60 

 
 
 
2020:  
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR200016.aspx; 
(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3) (cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja,  Drittijiet  tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:88)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3) (cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, 
Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:427)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:86)-(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:427)(cid:427)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:79)-(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:298)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)-(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:421)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)
2020:  
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR192711.aspx  
clxxxviii Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/; Groeipakket (homepage), 
n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/; Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 
2020: https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/; FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.famiwal.be/ 
clxxxix  (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3) (cid:36)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:181)(cid:53)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:29)(cid:3) (cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:53)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:92)(cid:3)
(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:93)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:93)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:261)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:121)(cid:225)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:3)
(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:39)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:5)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020:  
http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20190001343  
cxc Caisse Nationale d’ allocations familiales, 2018, ‘Family Policy in the 28 EU Member States’. As of 6 
September 2020:  
https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/Documents/international/fiches%20pays/Compil%20fiches%20pays%
20pays%20UE_01%202018_English.pdf  
cxci (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, 
Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:82)(cid:427)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:421)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:79)-(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:411)-children’s allowance u l-(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)
supplimentari’. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR191900.aspx 
cxcii Information taken from (cid:512)(cid:547)(cid:652)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:507)(cid:536)(cid:541)(cid:544)(cid:539)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:306)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:304)(cid:531)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:545)(cid:534)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:545)(cid:553)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:539)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:3)(cid:512)(cid:544)(cid:538)(cid:542)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)
(cid:505)(cid:305)(cid:307)(cid:302)(cid:540)(cid:531)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:23). As of 7 July 2020: 
http://www.mlsi.gov.cy/mlsi/sws/sws.nsf/dmlnews_gr/dmlnews_gr?OpenDocument 
cxciii Gerbery,  D.,  2019,    ‘New  reform  of  the  minimum  income  scheme  in  Slovakia:  slight  improvements,  but 
further  steps  needed’.  ESPN  Flash  Report  2019/59,  European  Social  Policy  Network,  Brussels:  European 
Commission.  
cxciv (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, 
Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:82)(cid:427)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:421)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:79)-(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:411)-children’s allowance u l-(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)
As of 6 September 2020: 
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR191900.aspx 
cxcv Social og Indenrigsministeriet, 2019, ’Regeringen fremsætter lovforslag om midlertidigt børnetilskud’. As of 
6 September 2020: https://sim.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2019/nov/regeringen-fremsaetter-lovforslag-om-
midlertidigt-boernetilskud/  
cxcvi Beskæftigelsesministeriet, 2019, ’Politisk aftale: Fattige familier får midlertidigt tilskud’. As of 6 September 
2020: https://bm.dk/nyheder-presse/pressemeddelelser/2019/09/politisk-aftale-fattige-familier-faar-midlertidigt-
tilskud/ 
cxcvii Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/ 
cxcviii FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiwal.be/ 
cxcix  Groeipakket (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/ 
cc Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/   
cci Caisse Nationale d’ allocations familiales, 2018, ‘Family Policy in the 28 EU Member States’. As of 6 
September 2020:  
https://www.caf.fr/sites/default/files/cnaf/Documents/international/fiches%20pays/Compil%20fiches%20pays%
20pays%20UE_01%202018_English.pdf 
ccii Dipartimento per le politiche della famiglia, 2019, ‘Pubblicato il decreto per Carta famiglia. Convenzioni per 
beni e servizi per nuclei numerosi’. As of 6 September 2020:  
http://famiglia.governo.it/it/notizie/notizie/notizie/pubblicato-il-decreto-per-carta-famiglia-convenzioni-per-
beni-e-servizi-per-nuclei-numerosi/  
cciii Lietuvos Respublikos socialines apsaugos ir darbo (cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:226)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:417)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 7 July 2020: 
https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/seima-ir-vaikai/seimos-kortele(cid:30)(cid:3)(cid:226)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:417)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:75)omepage), n.d., as of 7 
July 2020: https://seimos-kortele.lt 
cciv (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:39)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:69)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:225)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:3)
Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 5 lipca 2019 r. w (cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:225)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)
(cid:39)(cid:88)(cid:298)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20190001390; Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy I 

61 

 
 
  
(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:39)(cid:88)(cid:298)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:261)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:266)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/duze-rodziny-zyskaja-jeszcze-wiecej  
ccv (cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:39)(cid:417)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:254)(cid:76)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:227)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)
nereikia’. As of 6 September 2020: https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/del-2019-metais-didesianciu-vaiko-pinigu-
atskiro-prasymo-teikti-nereikia   
ccvi FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiwal.be/ 
ccvii Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/   
ccviii Hungary, Act LXXVIII of 2019, Paragraph 5. See also: Zsuzsanna Makay, 2019, ‘The Family Support 
System and Female Employment’, in Monostori, J. - (cid:279)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)- Spéder, Zs. (eds.)(2019): Demographic Portrait of 
Hungary. 2018. HDRI, Budapest: 85–105. 
ccix (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:39)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:93)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:76)a 31 stycznia 2019 r. 
(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:286)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:93)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:225)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:261)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:286)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:3)
(cid:88)(cid:93)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:225)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:261)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20190000303; Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy I 
(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:196)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:14)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:92)(cid:77)(cid:266)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:261)(cid:71)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.gov.pl/web/rodzina/program-mama-4-przyjety-przez-rzad  
ccx Hungary, Governmental decree 109/2019. (V. 13.). See also: Zsuzsanna Makay, 2019, ‘The Family Support 
System and Female Employment’, in Monostori, J. - (cid:279)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)- Spéder, Zs. (eds.)(2019): Demographic Portrait of 
Hungary. 2018. HDRI, Budapest: 85–105. 
ccxi Hungary, Governmental decree 46/2019. (III. 12.). See also: Zsuzsanna Makay, 2019, ‘The Family Support 
System and Female Employment’, in Monostori, J. - (cid:279)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)- Spéder, Zs. (eds.)(2019): Demographic Portrait of 
Hungary. 2018. HDRI, Budapest: 85–105. 
ccxii (cid:58)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:46)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:105)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:3)
személygépkocsi-(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:93)(cid:112)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:105)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:105)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:85)(cid:121)(cid:79)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=A1900045.KOR&searchUrl=/gyorskereso%3Fkeyword%3D45/2019; 
See also: Zsuzsanna Makay, 2019, ‘The Family Support System and Female Employment’, in Monostori, J. - 
(cid:279)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)- Spéder, Zs. (eds.)(2019): Demographic Portrait of Hungary. 2018. HDRI, Budapest: 85–105. 
ccxiii Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/; Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As 
of 6 September 2020: https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/; FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.famiwal.be/ 
ccxiv (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, Drittijiet tat-Tfal u Solidarjetà (cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-
Familja, Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:427)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:86)-(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:427)(cid:427)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:79)-(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:298)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)-(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:421)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)
September 2020: 
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR192711.aspx 
ccxv Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2019, ‘Gesetz zur zielgenauen Starkung von 
Familien und ihren Kindern durch die Neugestaltung des Kinderzuschlags und die Verbesserung der Leistungen 
fur Bildung und Teilhabe (Starke-Familien-Gesetz - StaFamG)'. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/135830/2f3f815d1417524d81a5c07da04c0815/bgbl-starke-familien-gesetz-data.pdf  
ccxvi Inspection générale de la sécurité sociale, 2019, ‘Retour sur le revenu minimum garanti (RMG), ancêtre du 
revenu d'inclusion sociale (REVIS)’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://igss.gouvernement.lu/fr/publications/apercus-et-cahiers/cahiers-statistiques/201902.html 
ccxvii Svensk författningssamling, 2018, ’Lag om ändring i socialförsäkringsbalken’, SFS-nummer 
2018:743. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.svenskforfattningssamling.se/doc/2018743.html 
ccxviii (cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:44)(cid:227)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:434)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:44)-(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:464)(cid:15)(cid:3)
(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:254)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:78)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:434)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:72)-
seimas.lrs.lt. As of 6 September 2020: https://e-
seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/0fb4eab16cc611e99684a7f33a9827ac?positionInSearchResults=1&searchM
odelUUID=f2f27bd0-62a8-418d-ad20-144e0d2cc6de  
ccxix (cid:57)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:407)(cid:79)(cid:407)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:83)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:227)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:407)(cid:227)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:423)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:460)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72) Agency), 2019 ‘Child adoption benefit’. 
As of 9 July 2020: https://www.vsaa.gov.lv/en/services/for-parents/adoption/child-adoption-benefit/ 
ccxx Ministry of Labo(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:262)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:227)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:105)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:234)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:105)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)
6 September 2020: https://www.employment.gov.sk/sk/informacie-media/aktuality/dalsie-peniaze-deti-
nahradnych-rodinach.html 
ccxxi Famiris (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.famiris.be/; Groeipakket (homepage), n.d. 
As of 6 September 2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/; Ostbelgien (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.ostbelgienfamilie.be/; FAMIWAL (homepage), n.d. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.famiwal.be/  
ccxxii Katrien Herbots, Johan Put, ‘The Participation Disc’, International Journal of Children's Rights 23, no. 1 
(2015): 154–188. 

62 

 
 
ccxxiii Bundesministerium fur Familie, Seniorenm Frauen und Jugend, 2019, 'JugendPolitikTage 2019: Mitreden 
auf Augenhöhe', Presse-mitteilung. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/aktuelles/presse/pressemitteilungen/jugendpolitiktage-2019--mitreden-auf-
augenhoehe-/135984  
ccxxiv Bundesministerium fur Familie, Seniorenm Frauen und Jugend, 2019, ‘Bundeskabinett beschließt 
Jugendstrategie der Bundesregierung', Aktuelle Meldung. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/aktuelles/alle-meldungen/bundeskabinett-beschliesst-jugendstrategie-der-
bundesregierung/141990  
ccxxv Vabariigi Velitsus, ’”NOORTEVALDKONNA ARENGUKAVA 2021–2035” KOOSTAMISE 
ETTEPANEK’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.valitsus.ee/sites/default/files/content-
editors/arengukavad/noortevaldkonna_arengukava_ettepanek_27.11.19.pdf  
ccxxvi TUSLA – Child and Family Agency, 2019, ‘Child and Youth Participation Strategy 2019-2023’, Report. 
As of 6 September 2020:   
https://www.tusla.ie/uploads/content/tusla_child_and_youth_participation_strategy-2019-2023.pdf  
ccxxvii Comissão Nacional de Promoção dos Direitos e Proteção das Crianças e Jovens (CNPDPCJ), 2020, 
(cid:181)(cid:36)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:51)(cid:38)(cid:45)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.cnpdpcj.gov.pt/documents/10182/16406/Relat%C3%B3rio+Anual+de+avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o
+da+atividade+das+CPCJ+do+ano+de+2019/e168c7fb-ddc8-4524-ba20-9511d8a5ae27  
ccxxviii Comissão Nacional de Promoção dos Direitos e Proteção das Crianças e Jovens (CNPDPCJ), 2020, 
(cid:181)(cid:36)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:51)(cid:38)(cid:45)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)2019’. As of 6 September 2020:   
https://www.cnpdpcj.gov.pt/documents/10182/16406/Relat%C3%B3rio+Anual+de+avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o
+da+atividade+das+CPCJ+do+ano+de+2019/e168c7fb-ddc8-4524-ba20-9511d8a5ae27 
ccxxix UNICEF, n.d., ‘Romanian Children's Board’. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.unicef.org/romania/romanian-childrens-board  
ccxxx Malta CAN, n.d., ‘Malta Children’s Associations Network’, Facebook. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.facebook.com/maltachildrensnetwork  
ccxxxi Eurochild, 2019, ‘Children’s voice to resonate louder through The Malta Children’s Associations 
Network’, News. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.eurochild.org/news/news-details/article/childrens-voice-
to-resonate-louder-through-the-malta-childrens-associations-network/?no_cache=1  
ccxxxii UNICEF, ‘¿Qué opinan los niños y las niñas?’, Publicacion. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.unicef.es/publicacion/que-opinan-los-ninos-y-las-ninas  
ccxxxiii For more information on the tool itself, please see: https://www.ourvoicesourschools.ie/ 
ccxxxiv Gov.ie., 2019, ‘Minister Zappone launches Our Voices Our Schools online resource to improve 
participation of young people in decision-making in the school system’. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/35b4c5-minister-zappone-launches-our-voices-our-schools-online-resource/ 
ccxxxv Comissão Nacional de Promoção dos Direitos e Proteção das Crianças e Jovens (CNPDPCJ), Avaliação da 
(cid:36)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:51)(cid:38)(cid:45)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:36)nual 2019, Junho de 2020. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.cnpdpcj.gov.pt/documents/10182/16406/Relat%C3%B3rio+Anual+de+avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o
+da+atividade+das+CPCJ+do+ano+de+2019/e168c7fb-ddc8-4524-ba20-9511d8a5ae27. 
ccxxxvi Comissão Nacional de Promoção dos Direitos e Proteção das Crianças e Jovens (CNPDPCJ), 2020, 
(cid:181)(cid:36)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:51)(cid:38)(cid:45)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:121)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.cnpdpcj.gov.pt/documents/10182/16406/Relat%C3%B3rio+Anual+de+avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o
+da+atividade+das+CPCJ+do+ano+de+2019/e168c7fb-ddc8-4524-ba20-9511d8a5ae27  
ccxxxvii The Food Foundation, 2019, ‘Children's Future Food Inquiry’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://foodfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Childrens-Future-Food-Inquiry-report.pdf  
ccxxxviii European Commission, 2020, ‘Feasibility Study for a Child Guarantee (FSCG): Final Report’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=22869&langId=en 
ccxxxix European Commission, 2020, ‘Feasibility Study for a Child Guarantee (FSCG): Final Report’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=22869&langId=en 
ccxl Experts were given the opportunity to provide information on children from migrant or asylum-seeking 
backgrounds, from ethnic minority and Roma backgrounds, from non-traditional families (including: single 
parent families, blended families with step-parents and -children, families with same-sex parents, families with 
children left behind), living in poor housing or at risk of homelessness, with special educational needs, living in 
institutions or foster care, or vulnerable in another way.  
ccxli European Commission, 2020, ‘Feasibility Study for a Child Guarantee (FSCG): Final Report’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=22869&langId=en 
ccxlii European Commission, 2018, ‘Feasibility Study for a Child Guarantee (FSCG)’, Inception Report. As of 6 
September 2020: 
https://www.eurochild.org/fileadmin/public/05_Library/Thematic_priorities/01_Childrens_Rights/European_Un
ion/Child_guarantee_-_Inception_Report_web.pdf 

63 

 
 
ccxliii (cid:583)(cid:602)(cid:624)(cid:610)(cid:616)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:613)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:619)(cid:620)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:605)(cid:610)(cid:633)(cid:3)(cid:604)(cid:3)(cid:616)(cid:603)(cid:613)(cid:602)(cid:619)(cid:620)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:614)(cid:610)(cid:605)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:624)(cid:610)(cid:633)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:621)(cid:603)(cid:607)(cid:608)(cid:610)(cid:627)(cid:607)(cid:620)(cid:616)(cid:3)(cid:610)(cid:3)(cid:610)(cid:615)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:605)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:624)(cid:610)(cid:633)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:24)-(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:605)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(National 
Strategy of Republic of Bulgaria for Migration, Asylum and Integration 2015-2020). As of 6 September 2020:  
http://www.strategy.bg/StrategicDocuments/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=963  
ccxliv UNICED, UNHCR, IOM, 2019, ‘Access to education for refugee and migrant children in Europe’, 
Factsheet. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/press_release/file/access-to-
education-for-refugee-children.pdf 
ccxlv (cid:511)(cid:542)(cid:305)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:306)(cid:544)(cid:554)(cid:306)(cid:544)(cid:3)(cid:508)(cid:539)(cid:652)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:303)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:538)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:546)(cid:15)(cid:3)n.d., ‘ (cid:508)(cid:539)(cid:652)(cid:302)(cid:531)(cid:303)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:545)(cid:544)(cid:305)(cid:307)(cid:554)(cid:534)(cid:550)(cid:542) - REFUGEE EDUCATION’. As of 6 
September 2020: http://www.iep.edu.gr/el/component/k2/content/50-ekpaidefsi-prosfygon  
ccxlvi Pedagogical Institute of Cyprus, n.d(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:508)(cid:539)(cid:652)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:303)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:498)(cid:542)(cid:306)(cid:302)(cid:543)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:3)(cid:514)(cid:304)(cid:306)(cid:302)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:306)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:506)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:307)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:3)- 
(cid:517)(cid:303)(cid:536)(cid:534)(cid:544)(cid:531)(cid:3)(cid:518)(cid:17)(cid:511)(cid:17)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020:  
http://www.pi.ac.cy/pi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2465&Itemid=463&lang=en   
ccxlvii Pedagogical Institute of Cyprus, n.d(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:518)(cid:302)(cid:545)(cid:544)(cid:548)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:547)(cid:652)(cid:536)(cid:545)(cid:304)(cid:305)(cid:538)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:534)(cid:544)(cid:542)(cid:529)(cid:550)(cid:542)-(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:302)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:305)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:302)(cid:533)(cid:536)(cid:306)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:305)(cid:304)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:302)(cid:537)(cid:536)(cid:306)(cid:529)(cid:546)(cid:18)(cid:306)(cid:545)(cid:538)(cid:304)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:3)
(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:306)(cid:302)(cid:542)(cid:302)(cid:305)(cid:306)(cid:304)(cid:547)(cid:306)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:530)(cid:3)(cid:533)(cid:538)(cid:544)(cid:534)(cid:545)(cid:302)(cid:307)(cid:531)(cid:302)(cid:3)- (cid:522)(cid:652)(cid:536)(cid:539)(cid:553)(cid:544)(cid:547)(cid:546)(cid:3)(cid:521)(cid:545)(cid:531)(cid:306)(cid:550)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:523)(cid:550)(cid:545)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:182)(cid:17)(cid:3)As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.pi.ac.cy/pi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2739%3A2020-01-17-08-34-
05&catid=34%3A2010-06-02-08-27-34&Itemid=65&lang=el  
ccxlviii Le Gouvernement du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg, 2020, ‘Creation of the National Reception Office 
(ONA) and the Integration Department’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://guichet.public.lu/en/actualites/2020/janvier/22-creation-
ona.html#:~:text=Since%201%20January%2C%20the%20OLAI,of%20applicants%20for%20international%20
protection 
ccxlix An Roinn Dli agus Cirt agus Comhionannais – Department of Justice and Equality, 2019, ‘Ireland commits 
to a new Refugee Protection Programme’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR19000319  
ccl (cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:92)(cid:17)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:585)(cid:618)(cid:616)(cid:607)(cid:612)(cid:620)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:586)(cid:607)(cid:626)(cid:607)(cid:615)(cid:610)(cid:607)(cid:3)(cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:617)(cid:618)(cid:610)(cid:607)(cid:614)(cid:602)(cid:615)(cid:607)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:585)(cid:613)(cid:602)(cid:615)(cid:3)(cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)– (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:605)(cid:616)(cid:606)(cid:610)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:610)(cid:609)(cid:617)(cid:628)(cid:613)(cid:615)(cid:607)(cid:615)(cid:610)(cid:607)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)
(cid:587)(cid:620)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:605)(cid:610)(cid:633)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:609)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:614)(cid:602)(cid:613)(cid:633)(cid:604)(cid:602)(cid:615)(cid:607)(cid:3)(cid:606)(cid:607)(cid:613)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:617)(cid:618)(cid:607)(cid:608)(cid:606)(cid:607)(cid:604)(cid:618)(cid:607)(cid:614)(cid:607)(cid:615)(cid:615)(cid:616)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:617)(cid:621)(cid:619)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:613)(cid:610)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:3)(cid:616)(cid:603)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:609)(cid:616)(cid:604)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:613)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:619)(cid:610)(cid:619)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:614)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3)- 2020) / 
Draft Decision on Adoption of the Plan for 2018 - 2020 for the Implementation of the Strategy for the 
Remaining Actions of the Prior Development of the Education System (2013 - 2020)’. As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.strategy.bg/PublicConsultations/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=3319; REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA 
(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:56)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:585)(cid:618)(cid:616)(cid:607)(cid:612)(cid:620)(cid:3)(cid:196)(cid:570)(cid:612)(cid:620)(cid:610)(cid:604)(cid:615)(cid:616)(cid:3)(cid:617)(cid:618)(cid:610)(cid:616)(cid:603)(cid:627)(cid:602)(cid:604)(cid:602)(cid:615)(cid:607)(cid:3)(cid:604)(cid:3)(cid:619)(cid:610)(cid:619)(cid:620)(cid:607)(cid:614)(cid:602)(cid:620)(cid:602)(cid:3)(cid:615)(cid:602)(cid:3)
(cid:617)(cid:618)(cid:607)(cid:606)(cid:621)(cid:625)(cid:610)(cid:613)(cid:610)(cid:627)(cid:615)(cid:616)(cid:620)(cid:616)(cid:3)(cid:616)(cid:603)(cid:618)(cid:602)(cid:609)(cid:616)(cid:604)(cid:602)(cid:615)(cid:610)(cid:607)(cid:179)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)e Inclusion in the system of preschool education”’. As of 6 
September 2020:  http://sf.mon.bg/?go=news&p=detail&newsId=637  
ccli (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:227)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:126)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:93)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:105)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:234)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:116)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:234)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:227)(cid:78)(cid:123)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:254)(cid:81)(cid:112)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)
kindergartens’ capacities for five-year old children)’. Bratislava. 
cclii (cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:111)(cid:109)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:158)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:126)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:158)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:112)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)-11-29 
Estratégia Nacional para a Integração das comunidades ciganas’. 
ccliii Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 2019, ‘New action plan 
provides means to prevent violence against children’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://stm.fi/en/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/uusi-toimintasuunnitelma-antaa-keinoja-ehkaista-lapsiin-
kohdistuvaa-vakivaltaa  
ccliv Department of Health and Social Care, 2019, ‘Millions in local investment to support children and young 
people's mental health’, News. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/millions-in-
local-investment-to-support-children-and-young-people-s-mental-health  
cclv Cera, R. 2015. ‘National Legislations on Inclusive Education and Special Educational Needs of People with 
Autism in the Perspective of Article 24 of the CRPD’. In Della Fina, V. & Cera, R. (eds), Protecting the Rights 
of People with Autism in the Fields of Education and Employment. Cham: Springer; UNESCO, 2012, 
‘International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 2011’. p. 83. As of 25 November 2018: 
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en.pdf 
cclvi Lex.bg, n.d., ‘(cid:577)(cid:602)(cid:612)(cid:616)(cid:615) (cid:609)(cid:602) (cid:619)(cid:616)(cid:624)(cid:610)(cid:602)(cid:613)(cid:615)(cid:610)(cid:620)(cid:607) (cid:621)(cid:619)(cid:613)(cid:621)(cid:605)(cid:610) (Law for Social Services)’. As of 6 September 2020:  
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cclvii VAPH – Vlaams Agentschap Voor Personen Met Een Handicap, 2019, ‘Globale individuele ondersteuning 
voor minderjarigen’, INF/19/55, Infonota. As of 6 September 2020:  
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cclviii Secretariat d’Etat charge des personnes handicapees, 2019, ‘La mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale pour 
l’autisme au sein des troubles du neuro-développement’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://handicap.gouv.fr/actualites/article/la-mise-en-oeuvre-de-la-strategie-nationale-pour-l-autisme-au-sein-
des-troubles   

64 

 
 
cclix (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:121)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:93)(cid:225)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:93)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:225)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:93)(cid:3)
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cclxiv Ministerul Educatiei Nationale, 2019, ‘Law 38 from 17.01.2019 to amend the National Education Law 
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cclxv Ministerul Educatiei Nationale, 2019, ‘Law 38 from 17.01.2019 to amend the National Education Law 
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2020: 
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cclxviii Lietuvos Respublikos socialines apsaugos ir darbo (cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:39)(cid:417)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:417)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:254)(cid:76)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:3)
(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:227)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:29)(cid:3)
https://socmin.lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/del-2019-metais-didesianciu-vaiko-pinigu-atskiro-prasymo-teikti-nereikia 
cclxix Neigaliuju Reikalu Departamentas prie socialines apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos, n.d., (cid:181)(cid:37)(cid:459)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:50)(cid:3)
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neigaliems-vaikams/  
cclxx (cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:69)(cid:417)(cid:15)(cid:3)2019, ‘ 
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cclxxi Sotsiaalministeerium, 2019, ‘Sotsiaalminister Tanel Kiik: 2020. aasta riigieelarvega ehitame sotsiaalselt 
õiglast riiki’, Uudised. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.sm.ee/et/uudised/sotsiaalminister-tanel-kiik-2020-
aasta-riigieelarvega-ehitame-sotsiaalselt-oiglast-riiki 
cclxxii Diario da Republica Eletronico, 2019, ‘Decreto-Lei 136/2109. Procede à terceira fase de implementação da 
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da República nº 171/2019, Série I de 2019-09-06’. As of 6 September 2020: https://dre.pt/home/-
/dre/124500726/details/maximized 
cclxxiii Kela, 2017, ‘Disability allowance for persons under 16 years’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.kela.fi/web/en/disability-allowance-for-children  
cclxxiv  FOD Kanselarij van de Eerste Minister - algemene directie Externe Communicatie, 2019, ‘Measures to 
reconcile work and quality of life in the context of the reduction of work performance’. As of 6 September 
2020: 
https://news.belgium.be/nl/maatregelen-ter-verzoening-van-werk-en-levenskwaliteit-het-kader-van-de-
vermindering-van-de   
cclxxv FOD Kanselarij van de Eerste Minister - algemene directie Externe Communicatie, 2019, ‘Maatregelen ter 
verzoening van werk en levenskwaliteit in het kader van de vermindering van de arbeidsprestaties’, 
news.belgium.be. As of 6 September 2020: https://news.belgium.be/nl/maatregelen-ter-verzoening-van-werk-
en-levenskwaliteit-het-kader-van-de-vermindering-van-de   

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cclxxvi Gouvernement Luxembourgeois – Ministere de la Famille, de l’Integration et a la Grande Region, 2019, 
‘Lancement du projet pilote "I'mPOSSIBLE" pour la promotion de l'inclusion à travers le sport’. As of 6 
September 2020: 
https://mfamigr.gouvernement.lu/fr/actualites.gouvernement%2Bfr%2Bactualites%2Btoutes_actualites%2Bcom
muniques%2B2019%2B04-avril%2B03-impossible.html   
cclxxvii Pedagogical Institute of Cyprus, n.d(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:508)(cid:652)(cid:538)(cid:541)(cid:553)(cid:545)(cid:307)(cid:550)(cid:305)(cid:536)(cid:3)(cid:305)(cid:548)(cid:544)(cid:540)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:533)(cid:544)(cid:536)(cid:537)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:18)(cid:305)(cid:547)(cid:542)(cid:544)(cid:303)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:652)(cid:302)(cid:538)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:555)(cid:542)(cid:3)(cid:541)(cid:304)(cid:3)(cid:304)(cid:538)(cid:303)(cid:538)(cid:539)(cid:529)(cid:546)(cid:3)
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44&catid=34%3A2010-06-02-08-27-34&Itemid=65&lang=el  
cclxxviii Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2019, ‘Centres of expertise and support to respond to special needs 
of children and young people’, Press Release, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland. As of 6 
September 2020: https://mmm.fi/en/article/-/asset_publisher/1271139/osaamis-ja-tukikeskukset-vastaamaan-
lasten-ja-nuorten-vaativimpiin-palveluihin  
cclxxix Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 2019, ‘New action plan 
provides means to prevent violence against children’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://stm.fi/en/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/uusi-toimintasuunnitelma-antaa-keinoja-ehkaista-lapsiin-
kohdistuvaa-vakivaltaa  
cclxxx Department for Education and The Rt Hon Gavin Williamson, 2019, ‘New support- for- foster- families- 
to- overcome- trauma’. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-support-for-foster-families-to-overcome-trauma  
cclxxxi Sotsiaalkindlustusamet, 2019, ‘Lapsendaja-, hooldus- ja eestkosteperedele toetavaid teenuseid pakkuvate 
partnerite ring on laienenud’, Uudised. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.sotsiaalkindlustusamet.ee/et/uudised/lapsendaja-hooldus-ja-eestkosteperedele-toetavaid-teenuseid-
pakkuvate-partnerite-ring  
cclxxxii Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare 2019, ‘New action plan 
provides means to prevent violence against children’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://stm.fi/en/artikkeli/-/asset_publisher/uusi-toimintasuunnitelma-antaa-keinoja-ehkaista-lapsiin-
kohdistuvaa-vakivaltaa 
cclxxxiii Legizlazzjoni Malta, 2017, Att dwar il-protezzjioni tat-tefal (harsien alternative)’, Kapitolu 569. As of 6 
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Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:421)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-protezzjoni tat-tfal’, Press Release, Reference 
Number: PR192618. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR192618.aspx  
cclxxxiv Opening Doors for Europe’s Children, ‘New Action Plan for Deinstitutionalisation in Croatia’. As of 6 
September 2020: https://www.openingdoors.eu/new-action-plan-for-deinstitutionalisation-in-
croatia/?utm_source=email&utm_campaign=Jan_eNB&utm_medium=email  
cclxxxv ‘Strategic Guidelines 2014-2020 and an Action Plan’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.e-
tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/c90d41f097de11e3bdd0a9c9ad8ce1bf  
cclxxxvi Decreto-Lei n.º 164/2019. ‘Estabelece o regime de execução do acolhimento residencial, medida de 
promoção dos direitos e de proteção das crianças e jovens em perigo’. (cid:40)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:126)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:158)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)
Série I de 2019-10-25.  
cclxxxvii Ministry for the Family, Children’s Rights and Social Solidarity, 2019, ‘Press Release by the Ministry for 
the Family, Children’s Rights and Social Solidarity: Child Protection Act published – children’s rights given 
absolute importance’, Press Release, Reference Number: PR190145en. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://family.gov.mt/en/Press%20Releases/Pages/The%20Minister%20Press%20Releases/PR190145en.aspx  
cclxxxviii Department for Education and The Rt Hon Gavin Williamson, 2019, ‘Vital new support for young 
people leaving care’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vital-new-
support-for-young-people-leaving-care  
cclxxxix (cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:76)(cid:227)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:464)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:435)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:85)(cid:17) I-621 3, 16, 17, 19, 21 straipsniu, treciojo 
(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:92)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:435)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:86)(cid:87)atymas As of 6 September 2020: 
https://e-
seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/0fb4eab16cc611e99684a7f33a9827ac?positionInSearchResults=1&searchM
odelUUID=f2f27bd0-62a8-418d-ad20-144e0d2cc6de  
ccxc Vlaanderen, Groeipakket, n.d., ‘Geboren voor- 1- januari- 2019 (OLD SYSTEM))’. As of 6 September 
2020: https://www.groeipakket.be/nl/bedragen/geboren-voor-1-januari-2019   
ccxci (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Familja, Drittijiet tat-(cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)-(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-
Familja, Drittijiet tat-Tfal u Solida(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:106)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:411)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:427)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:86)-(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:427)(cid:427)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:79)-(cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:421)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:427)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)-Protezzjoni tal-Minuri’, Press 
Release, Reference Number: PR191596. As of 6 September 2020: https://family.gov.mt/en/Press 
Releases/Pages/The Minister Press Releases/PR191596.aspx  

66 

 
 
ccxcii (cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:118)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:1802)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:259)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:1802)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:1802)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:3)
septembrie 2019’, (cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:259). As of 6 September 2020: 
http://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/index.php/ro/comunicare/comunicate-de-presa/5604-cp-infiintare-sina-20190917  
ccxciii Bundesministerium fuer Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, 2019, 'Kabinett beschließt Gesetzentwürfe 
zur Adoptionshilfe und Stiefkindadoption'. As of 6 September 2020:  
https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/aktuelles/presse/pressemitteilungen/kabinett-beschliesst-gesetzentwuerfe-zur-
adoptionshilfe-und-stiefkindadoption/140710 
ccxciv Department for Education and The Rt Hon Gavin Williamson, 2019, ‘More funding to boost adoption 
support’, Press Release. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-funding-to-boost-
adoption-support  
ccxcv Picken, N. and Janta, B., 2019, ‘Leave Policies and Practice for Non-Traditional Families’, European 
Commission. As of 6 September 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8239 
ccxcvi Equal Eyes, 2019, ‘Poland: The Court ruled that the child has two mothers’. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://equal-eyes.org/database/2019/6/7/poland-the-court-ruled-that-the-child-has-two-mothers 
ccxcvii BBC news, 2019. ‘“Seahorse” transgender man loses challenge to be named father’. As of 6 September 
2020: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49828705; Royal Courts of Justice, 2019, ‘High Court ruling on case no. 
FD18F00035’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/TT-and-YY-
APPROVED-Substantive-Judgment-McF-23.9.19.pdf 
ccxcviii Eurofound, 2019, ‘Parental and paternity leave – Uptake by fathers’, Publications Office of the European 
Union, Luxembourg, DOI:10.2806/753240. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef18087en.pdf  
ccxcix Masselot A., 2018, ‘Family leave: enforcement of the protection against dismissal and unfavourable 
treatment’, DOI:10.2838/39810. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.equalitylaw.eu/downloads/4808-family-
leave-enforcement-of-the-protection-against-dismissal-and-unfavourable-treatment-pdf-962-kb  
ccc UNICEF, n.d., ‘Family-friendly policies’. As of 6 September 2020: https://www.unicef-irc.org/family-
friendly  
ccci European Commission, 2019, ‘Key Data on Early Childhood Education and Care in Europe – 2019 Edition’, 
Eurydice, Report. As of 6 September 2020: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/key-
data-early-childhood-education-and-care-europe-%E2%80%93-2019-edition_en  
cccii UNICEF, “n.d., ‘Family-friendly policies”’. As of 6 September 2020:, https://www.unicef-irc.org/family-
friendly  
ccciii OECD, 2019, “‘Education at a Glance 2019 : OECD Indicators”, ’, OECD Publishing, Paris. As of 6 
September 2020:, https://doi.org/10.1787/f8d7880d-en , https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/  
ccciv Eurofound, 2019, ‘Challenges and prospects in the EU: Quality of life and public services’, Publications 
Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. As of 6 September 2020: 
https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef19039en.pdf 

67 

 
 
  
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