COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT STATISTICAL ANNEX Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE Alert Mechanism Report 2021 (prepared in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances)
Date: 2020-11-18
Institutions: Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission
Subjects: coronavirus disease, economic disparity, economic growth, economic recovery, economic statistics, epidemic, euro area, macroeconomics, multilateral surveillance, national accounts, public debt

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 18.11.2020  SWD(2020) 275 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT STATISTICAL ANNEX Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE Alert Mechanism Report 2021     (prepared in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of Regulation   (EU) No 1176/2011 on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances) {COM(2020) 745 final}  
 
 
European 
Commission 

                     Statistical Annex of 
                       Alert Mechanism Report 2021 

This document was prepared by the European Commission's Directorate-General Eurostat 

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Table of Contents 

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................................ 8 

STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 10 

THE MIP QUALITY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................................... 12 

Chapter 1: Tables by year - Headline indicators ......................................................................................................... 15 

Table 1.1: MIP Scoreboard 2019 .................................................................................................................................. 15 

Table 1.2: MIP Scoreboard 2018 .................................................................................................................................. 16 

Table 1.3: MIP Scoreboard 2017 .................................................................................................................................. 17 

Table 1.4: MIP Scoreboard 2016 .................................................................................................................................. 18 

Table 1.5: MIP Scoreboard 2015 .................................................................................................................................. 19 

Table 1.6: MIP Scoreboard 2014 .................................................................................................................................. 20 

Table 1.7: MIP Scoreboard 2013 .................................................................................................................................. 21 

Table 1.8: MIP Scoreboard 2012 .................................................................................................................................. 22 

Table 1.9: MIP Scoreboard 2011 .................................................................................................................................. 23 

Table 1.10: MIP Scoreboard 2010 ................................................................................................................................ 24 

Chapter 2: Tables by year - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP scoreboard ............... 25 

Table 2.1: Auxiliary indicators, 2019 ........................................................................................................................... 25 

Table 2.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2019........................................................................................................ 26 

Table 2.2: Auxiliary indicators, 2018 ........................................................................................................................... 27 

Table 2.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2018........................................................................................................ 28 

Table 2.3: Auxiliary indicators, 2017 ........................................................................................................................... 29 

Table 2.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2017........................................................................................................ 30 

Table 2.4: Auxiliary indicators, 2016 ........................................................................................................................... 31 

Table 2.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2016........................................................................................................ 32 

Table 2.5: Auxiliary indicators, 2015 ........................................................................................................................... 33 

Table 2.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2015........................................................................................................ 34 

Table 2.6: Auxiliary indicators, 2014 ........................................................................................................................... 35 

Table 2.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2014........................................................................................................ 36 

Table 2.7: Auxiliary indicators, 2013 ........................................................................................................................... 37 

Table 2.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2013........................................................................................................ 38 

Table 2.8: Auxiliary indicators, 2012 ........................................................................................................................... 39 

Table 2.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2012........................................................................................................ 40 

Table 2.9: Auxiliary indicators, 2011 ........................................................................................................................... 41 

Table 2.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2011........................................................................................................ 42 

Table 2.10: Auxiliary indicators, 2010 ......................................................................................................................... 43 

Table 2.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2010 ...................................................................................................... 44 

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Chapter 3: Tables by indicator ...................................................................................................................................... 45 

Table 3.1: Current account balance, % of GDP (3 year average) ................................................................................. 45 

Table 3.2: Current account balance (% of GDP) .......................................................................................................... 46 

Table 3.3: Net International Investment Position (% of GDP) ..................................................................................... 47 

Table 3.4: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change) ................................ 48 

Table 3.5: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (1 year % change) ................................ 49 

Table 3.6: Export market share - % of world exports (5 year % change) ..................................................................... 50 

Table 3.7: Export market share - % of world exports (1 year % change) ..................................................................... 51 

Table 3.8: Nominal unit labour cost index, 2010=100 (3 year % change) ................................................................... 52 

Table 3.9: Nominal unit labour cost index, 2010=100 (1 year % change) ................................................................... 53 

Table 3.10: House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) ..................................................................... 54 

Table 3.11: Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP) ................................................................................ 55 

Table 3.12: Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP) ........................................................................................... 56 

Table 3.13: General government gross debt (% of GDP) ............................................................................................. 57 

Table 3.14: Unemployment rate (3 year average) ........................................................................................................ 58 

Table 3.15: Unemployment rate (%) ............................................................................................................................ 59 

Table 3.16: Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated (1 year % change) ...................................................... 60 

Table 3.17: Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated (Millions NC) ............................................................ 61 

Table 3.18: Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64 (3 year change in pp) .................................................... 62 

Table 3.19: Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64 ....................................................................................... 63 

Table 3.20: Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74 (3 year change in pp) ..................... 64 

Table 3.21: Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74 ........................................................ 65 

Table 3.22: Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24 (3 year change in pp) ............................ 66 

Table 3.23: Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24 ............................................................... 67 

Table 3.24: Real GDP (1 year % change) .................................................................................................................... 68 

Table 3.25: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) ................................................................................................ 69 

Table 3.26: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP) .................................................................................... 70 

Table 3.27: Current plus capital account - Net lending-borrowing (% of GDP) .......................................................... 71 

Table 3.28: Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) ..................... 72 

Table 3.29: Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows (% of GDP) ................................................ 73 

Table 3.30: Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks (% of GDP) ............................................... 74 

Table 3.31: Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP) .................................................................................... 75 

Table 3.32: Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change) ............................................ 76 

Table 3.33: Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change) ....................................................... 77 

Table 3.34: Terms of trade (5 year % change) ............................................................................................................. 78 

Table 3.35: Export market share, volume (1 year % change) ....................................................................................... 79 

Table 3.36: Real labour productivity (1 year % change) .............................................................................................. 80 

Table 3.37: Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans) ........................................ 81 

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Table 3.38: Unit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change) ............................................................. 82 

Table 3.39: House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change) .................................................................... 83 

Table 3.40: Residential construction (% of GDP) ........................................................................................................ 84 

Table 3.41: Household debt, consolidated (incl. Non-profit institutions serving households, % of GDP) .................. 85 

Table 3.42: Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (asset-to-equity multiple) ........................ 86 

Table 3.43: Employment (1 year % change) ................................................................................................................ 87 

Table 3.44: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24 . 88 

Table 3.45: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population ........................................................ 89 

Table 3.46: People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population ..................................................... 90 

Table 3.47: Severely materially deprived people - % of total population .................................................................... 91 

Table 3.48: People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 .................. 92 

Chapter 4: Tables by Member States and the UK - Headline indicators .................................................................. 93 

Table 4.1: The MIP scoreboard for Belgium ................................................................................................................ 93 

Table 4.2: The MIP scoreboard for Bulgaria ................................................................................................................ 94 

Table 4.3: The MIP scoreboard for Czech Republic .................................................................................................... 95 

Table 4.4: The MIP scoreboard for Denmark ............................................................................................................... 96 

Table 4.5: The MIP scoreboard for Germany ............................................................................................................... 97 

Table 4.6: The MIP scoreboard for Estonia ................................................................................................................. 98 

Table 4.7: The MIP scoreboard for Ireland .................................................................................................................. 99 

Table 4.8: The MIP scoreboard for Greece ................................................................................................................ 100 

Table 4.9: The MIP scoreboard for Spain .................................................................................................................. 101 

Table 4.10: The MIP scoreboard for France ............................................................................................................... 102 

Table 4.11: The MIP scoreboard for Croatia .............................................................................................................. 103 

Table 4.12: The MIP scoreboard for Italy .................................................................................................................. 104 

Table 4.13: The MIP scoreboard for Cyprus .............................................................................................................. 105 

Table 4.14: The MIP scoreboard for Latvia ............................................................................................................... 106 

Table 4.15: The MIP scoreboard for Lithuania .......................................................................................................... 107 

Table 4.16: The MIP scoreboard for Luxembourg ..................................................................................................... 108 

Table 4.17: The MIP scoreboard for Hungary ........................................................................................................... 109 

Table 4.18: The MIP scoreboard for Malta ................................................................................................................ 110 

Table 4.19: The MIP scoreboard for Netherlands ...................................................................................................... 111 

Table 4.20: The MIP scoreboard for Austria .............................................................................................................. 112 

Table 4.21: The MIP scoreboard for Poland .............................................................................................................. 113 

Table 4.22: The MIP scoreboard for Portugal ............................................................................................................ 114 

Table 4.23: The MIP scoreboard for Romania ........................................................................................................... 115 

Table 4.24: The MIP scoreboard for Slovenia ........................................................................................................... 116 

Table 4.25: The MIP scoreboard for Slovakia ........................................................................................................... 117 

Table 4.26: The MIP scoreboard for Finland ............................................................................................................. 118 

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Table 4.27: The MIP scoreboard for Sweden ............................................................................................................. 119 

Table 4.28: The MIP scoreboard for the United Kingdom ......................................................................................... 120 

Chapter 5: Tables by Member States and the UK - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP 
scoreboard ..................................................................................................................................................................... 121 

Table 5.1: Auxiliary indicators for Belgium .............................................................................................................. 121 

Table 5.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Belgium ........................................................................................... 122 

Table 5.2: Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria .............................................................................................................. 123 

Table 5.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria ........................................................................................... 124 

Table 5.3: Auxiliary indicators for Czech Republic ................................................................................................... 125 

Table 5.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Czech Republic ................................................................................ 126 

Table 5.4: Auxiliary indicators for Denmark ............................................................................................................. 127 

Table 5.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Denmark .......................................................................................... 128 

Table 5.5: Auxiliary indicators for Germany ............................................................................................................. 129 

Table 5.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Germany .......................................................................................... 130 

Table 5.6: Auxiliary indicators for Estonia ................................................................................................................ 131 

Table 5.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Estonia ............................................................................................. 132 

Table 5.7: Auxiliary indicators for Ireland ................................................................................................................. 133 

Table 5.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Ireland .............................................................................................. 134 

Table 5.8: Auxiliary indicators for Greece ................................................................................................................. 135 

Table 5.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Greece .............................................................................................. 136 

Table 5.9: Auxiliary indicators for Spain ................................................................................................................... 137 

Table 5.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Spain ................................................................................................ 138 

Table 5.10: Auxiliary indicators for France ............................................................................................................... 139 

Table 5.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for France ............................................................................................ 140 

Table 5.11: Auxiliary indicators for Croatia .............................................................................................................. 141 

Table 5.11 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Croatia ........................................................................................... 142 

Table 5.12: Auxiliary indicators for Italy ................................................................................................................... 143 

Table 5.12 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Italy ................................................................................................ 144 

Table 5.13: Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus ............................................................................................................... 145 

Table 5.13 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus ........................................................................................... 146 

Table 5.14: Auxiliary indicators for Latvia ................................................................................................................ 147 

Table 5.14 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Latvia ............................................................................................. 148 

Table 5.15: Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania ........................................................................................................... 149 

Table 5.15 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania ........................................................................................ 150 

Table 5.16: Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg ...................................................................................................... 151 

Table 5.16 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg .................................................................................. 152 

Table 5.17: Auxiliary indicators for Hungary ............................................................................................................ 153 

Table 5.17 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Hungary ......................................................................................... 154 

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Table 5.18: Auxiliary indicators for Malta ................................................................................................................. 155 

Table 5.18 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Malta .............................................................................................. 156 

Table 5.19: Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands ....................................................................................................... 157 

Table 5.19 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands .................................................................................... 158 

Table 5.20: Auxiliary indicators for Austria .............................................................................................................. 159 

Table 5.20 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Austria ........................................................................................... 160 

Table 5.21: Auxiliary indicators for Poland ............................................................................................................... 161 

Table 5.21 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Poland ............................................................................................ 162 

Table 5.22: Auxiliary indicators for Portugal ............................................................................................................. 163 

Table 5.22 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Portugal ......................................................................................... 164 

Table 5.23: Auxiliary indicators for Romania ............................................................................................................ 165 

Table 5.23 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Romania......................................................................................... 166 

Table 5.24: Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia ............................................................................................................ 167 

Table 5.24 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia ......................................................................................... 168 

Table 5.25: Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia ............................................................................................................ 169 

Table 5.25 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia ......................................................................................... 170 

Table 5.26: Auxiliary indicators for Finland .............................................................................................................. 171 

Table 5.26 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Finland ........................................................................................... 172 

Table 5.27: Auxiliary indicators for Sweden .............................................................................................................. 173 

Table 5.27 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Sweden .......................................................................................... 174 

Table 5.28: Auxiliary indicators for the United Kingdom.......................................................................................... 175 

Table 5.28 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for the United Kingdom ...................................................................... 176 

Chapter 6: Tables by year - MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) ............................................................................... 177 

Table 6.1: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2019 .................................................................................................... 177 

Table 6.2: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2018 .................................................................................................... 178 

Table 6.3: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2017 .................................................................................................... 179 

Table 6.4: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2016 .................................................................................................... 180 

Table 6.5: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2015 .................................................................................................... 181 

Table 6.6: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2014 .................................................................................................... 182 

Table 6.7: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2013 .................................................................................................... 183 

Table 6.8: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2012 .................................................................................................... 184 

Table 6.9: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2011 .................................................................................................... 185 

Table 6.10: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2010 .................................................................................................. 186 

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BACKGROUND INFORMATION 

This  Statistical  Annex  to  the  2021  Alert  Mechanism  Report  (AMR  2021)  presents  the 
Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) scoreboard and auxiliary indicators used in the 
economic reading of the MIP scoreboard. The Statistical annex covers the years from 2010 
to  2019,  so  indicators  are  in  principle  not  affected  by  the  COVID-19  pandemic.  As  of  1 
February 2020, the United Kingdom is no longer part of the European Union1. However, as 
Union law continues to apply to and in the United Kingdom for the duration of the transition 
period  ending  on  31  December  2020,  the  United  Kingdom  data  is  presented  in  tables  1.1, 
2.1, 4.28 and 5.28. 

Eurostat mainly compiles MIP indicators from data transmitted by Member States (and the 
UK),  following  European  legislation.  The  MIP  scoreboard  indicators  are  presented  with 
their indicative thresholds (used in the AMR), while no threshold is applied to the auxiliary 
indicators. 

The  policy  framework  of  the  MIP  relies  on  timely  and  high  quality  socio-economic  and 
financial  statistics.  Since  the  publication  of  the  first  Statistical  Annex  in  2012,  significant 
progress  has  been  achieved  towards  enhancing  the  standards  and  methods  used  for  the 
compilation  of  underlying  data  as  well  as  strengthening  the  statistical  quality  assurance 
framework. 

The  MIP  Scoreboard  consists  of  fourteen  scoreboard  indicators  measuring  internal  and 
external imbalances as well as social and labour market developments. The MIP scoreboard 
indicators for the last ten  years are displayed in  this statistical  annex by year in  chapter 1, 
and  by  country  in  chapter  4.  Table  1  lists  the  MIP  scoreboard  indicators  together  with 
detailed information on their data sources. 

The  cut-off  date  for  the  data,  that  is  the  date  on  which  the  data  were  extracted  from  the 
Eurostat  database  for  the  preparation  of  this  document,  was  23rd  October  2020.  For 
additional information about the data, please contact ESTAT-MIP@ec.europa.eu. 

Table 1. MIP scoreboard indicators (AMR 2021) 

Indicator 

Unit 

Data source 

Statistical domain 

Current account balance (% of GDP) 

3 year average 

Net international investment position  
Real effective exchange rate (42 trading 
partners, HICP deflator) 
Export market share (% of world exports) 

% of GDP 

Eurostat 

Eurostat 

3 year % change 

DG ECFIN 

5 year % change  

Eurostat, IMF 

Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100) 

3 year % change 

House price index (2015=100), deflated 
Private sector credit flow, consolidated 
Private sector debt, consolidated 
General government gross debt  
Unemployment rate 
Total financial sector liabilities, non-
consolidated 

1 year % change  
% of GDP 
% of GDP 
% of GDP 
3 year average 

1 year % change  

Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Eurostat 

BoP/NA 

BoP/NA 

BoP 

NA 

Price statistics/NA 
NA (FA) 
NA (FA) 
EDP/GFS 
EU-LFS 

NA (FA) 

1  The  United  Kingdom  left  the  European  Union  on  31  January  2020  on  the  basis  of  the  Agreement  on  the 
withdrawal  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Northern  Ireland  from  the  European  Union  and  the 
European Atomic Energy Community (‘the withdrawal Agreement’, OJ C 384 I, 12.11.2019, p. 1), Union law 
continues to apply to and in the United Kingdom for the duration of the transition period ending on 31 December 
2020. 

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Activity rate (% of total population aged 15-
64) 
Long-term unemployment rate (% of 
active population aged 15-74) 
Youth unemployment rate (% of active 
population aged 15-24) 

3 year change in pp 

Eurostat 

3 year change in pp 

Eurostat 

3 year change in pp 

Eurostat 

EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

EU-LFS 

Note: NA – National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; FA – Financial Accounts; EDP – Excessive Deficit Procedure 
Statistics  /  GFS  –  Government  Finance  Statistics;  and  LFS  –  Labour  Force  Survey/Labour  Market  Statistics;  pp  – 
percentage points 

Supplementing the MIP scoreboard indicators, a list of 28 auxiliary indicators (see Table 2) 
provides  additional  information  on  aspects  linked  to  the  general  macroeconomic  situation, 
nominal  and  real  convergence  inside  and  outside  the  European  Union  and  the  euro  area, 
detailed  data  on  external  liabilities,  including  foreign  direct  investment  and  net  external 
debt,  and  social  statistics.  The  auxiliary  indicators  enhance  the  information  base  for 
understanding potential imbalances, as well as the adjustment capacity of the economy. The 
auxiliary indicators are also presented in this Statistical Annex by year (in Chapter 2) and by 
country (in Chapter 5). 

Table 2. MIP auxiliary indicators (AMR 2021) 

Indicator 

Real GDP 
Gross fixed capital formation 
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D 

Unit 

1 year % change 
% of GDP 
% of GDP 

Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)  % of GDP 
% of GDP 
Net international investment position excluding non-
defaultable instruments 
Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy – 
net inward flows 
Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - 
stocks 
Net trade balance of energy products 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 

% of GDP 

Real effective exchange rates – euro area trading 
partners 
Export performance against advanced economies 

Terms of trade 
Export market share - in volume 

Labour productivity 
Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign 
entities 
Unit labour cost performance relative to euro area 

3 year % change 

5 year % change 

5 year % change 
1 year % change 

1 year % change 
% of gross loans 

10 year % change 

House price index (2015=100) - nominal 

3 year % change 

Residential construction 
Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH) 
Consolidated banking leverage 

Employment 
Activity rate 

Long term unemployment rate 

Youth unemployment rate 

% of GDP 
% of GDP 
Total asset/ total 
equity 
1 year % change 
% of total population 
aged 15-64 
% of active population 
aged 15-74 
% of active population 
aged 15-24 

Data 
source 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 

Statistical 
domain 

NA 
NA 
Business 
Statistics/ NA 
BoP/NA 
BoP/ NA 

Eurostat 

BoP/NA 

Eurostat 

BoP/NA 

Eurostat 

DG 
ECFIN 
Eurostat/
OECD 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
/IMF 
Eurostat 
ECB 

DG 
ECFIN 
Eurostat 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 
ECB 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 

International 
Trade/ NA 

BoP 

NA 

NA 
CBD 

Price 
statistics 
NA 
NA (FA) 
CBD 

NA 
EU-LFS 

Eurostat 

EU-LFS 

Eurostat 

EU-LFS 

Young  people  neither 

in  employment  nor 

in  %  of  total  population  Eurostat 

EU-LFS 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
education and training 
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion  
People at risk of poverty after social transfers  
Severely materially deprived people  
People  living  in  households  with  very  low  work 
intensity  

aged 15-24 
% of total population  
% of total population 
% of total population 
%  of  total  population 
aged 0-59 

Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 
Eurostat 

EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 
EU-SILC 

Note: NA – National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; CBD – Consolidated banking data; FA – Financial Accounts; 
LFS – Labour Force Survey/Labour Market Statistics; SILC – Statistics on Income and Living Condition 

In Chapter 3, the data are presented by indicator to allow easy comparison of Member States 
(and the UK), for the 10-year time series. In addition, short descriptions of the indicators and 
detailed information on sources and methods employed for their compilation are provided. 

STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS 

Since  2014,  MIP  indicators  stemming  from  the  National  Accounts  (NA)  and  Balance  of 
Payments  (BoP)  and  International  Investment  Position  (IIP)  domains  have  been  computed 
following the ESA 2010 and BPM6 statistical standards (the European System of Accounts 
2010  and  the  Balance  of  Payments  and  International  Investment  Position  Manual,  6th 
edition) that guarantee a high level of comparability across European Union Member States. 
The  successful  implementation  of  these  standards  improved  the  quality  of  the  MIP 
underlying data.  

In  particular,  concerning  indicators  from  the  Balance  of  Payments  and  International 
Investment  Position,  the  revision  of  international  standards  and  changeover  to  BPM6  was 
translated into new data requirements via the adoption of Commission Regulation (EU) No 
555/2012 and ECB Guideline (ECB/2011/23) starting in 20142.  

The  implementation  of  the  standards  ensures  conceptual  consistency  between  National 
Accounts and Balance of Payments/ International Investment Position. However, in practice, 
differences  in  the  different  components  of  the  accounts  (the  BoP/IIP  and  NA  Rest  of  the 
world data) still persist.  

Eurostat  has  further  elaborated  on  the  reconciliation  of  the  Balance  of  Payments  and  the 
Rest  of  the  World  (RoW)  account  at  national  level,  and  regularly  assesses  the  state  of 
consistency between Balance of Payments and National Accounts statistics.  

Additional changes in 2020 

The  implementation  of  the  harmonised  European  revision  policy  (HERP)  for  National 
Accounts  and  Balance  of  Payments  statistics  covering  benchmark  and  routine  revisions  is 
progressing  on  a  voluntary  basis3.  In  2020,  four  EU  Member  States,  namely  Czechia, 
Greece, Malta and Poland, officially announced that they carried out coordinated benchmark 
revisions of national accounts. Lithuania completed their benchmark revisions, which started 
in 2019 and removed a time series break in 2010. Latvia, Ireland and Romania also carried 
out major revisions in 2020. 

2  Member  States  submit  to  the  Commission  (Eurostat)  data  following  the  BPM6  requirements  from  2014 
onwards  only.  In  order  to  maintain  comparability  over  time,  either  countries  themselves  or  Eurostat  in 
cooperation with  them, have  back-calculated the  main BoP time series according to the  new standards. As a 
result,  data  coverage  for  the  ten  years  timespan  needed  for  this  year's  Statistical  Annex  (2010-2019)  is 
complete. 
3 Information on data revisions and on the publication of benchmark data is available on the Eurostat website:  
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-2010/esa-2010-implementation-and-data-quality  
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/737960/9861115/Benchmark_revisions_2019.pdf  

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All Member States except for Luxembourg have now introduced benchmark revisions since 
the implementation of ESA 2010. While the introduction of benchmark revisions is usually 
associated with more significant data updates, such revisions improve the overall quality and 
consistency of data through further improvements in the methodology, sources or estimation 
techniques applied. The revisions often relate to statistical improvements and actions agreed 
in the context of the verification of GNI and/or EDP data. The 2019 coordinated benchmark 
revisions  were  considered  successfully  implemented  and  improved  the  quality  of  the 
accounts. The good practices will be retained for the next harmonised benchmark revisions 
in 2024. 

While COVID-19 has not directly affected 2019 indicators, the benchmark revision of non-
financial  accounts  in  Luxembourg  was  delayed  and  Greece  implemented  a  staged 
benchmark revision due to the pandemic.  

In the Balance of Payments domain, progress has been made concerning the asymmetries 
in trade in  goods  and services, both between Member States (and the UK) and concerning 
the  exchanges  with  US.  To  address  the  problem  of  asymmetries  in  mirror  trade  data, 
Eurostat  organised  several  workshops  under  the  umbrella  of  its  Balance  of  Payments 
Working Group with Member States. During these workshops, experts from Member States 
and  the  US  Bureau  of  Economic  analysis  (BEA)  had  the  opportunity  to  exchange 
experiences, discuss bilaterally and decide on specific actions to resolve their corresponding 
trade  asymmetries.  Member  States  have  also  been  invited  to  present  their  experiences  and 
approaches  to  address  bilateral  asymmetries  with  partner  countries.  Furthermore,  Eurostat 
has recently launched a survey to Member States on asymmetries in services. Based on the 
outcome, Eurostat intends to draft an Inventory of identified causes for asymmetries in trade 
in goods and services, primary income and foreign direct investments. 

In  addition,  Asymmetries  Resolution  Meetings  (ARM)  are  set  up  by  ECB  and  Eurostat  in 
the context of the quarterly BOP production.  The purpose of ARM is to facilitate  bilateral 
and/or multilateral reconciliation exercises to reduce bilateral asymmetries in foreign direct 
investment. 

Concerning  benchmark  revisions  for  balance  of  payments,  four  countries  carried  out  this 
exercise in 2020, namely Czechia, Luxembourg, Poland and Malta.  

In the domain of Financial Accounts, regarding Total Financial Sector Liabilities, work is 
ongoing  to  ensure  a  comprehensive  and  timely  coverage  of  Other  financial  institutions 
(OFIs).  Other  areas  of  ongoing  or  planned  statistical  work  which  are  important  for  the 
quality  of  MIP  indicators  concern  the  recording  of  other  equity,  of  derivatives,  of  loans 
between  non-financial  corporations,  of  foreign-controlled  corporations,  and  of  the  vertical 
discrepancy  with  non-financial  sector  accounts.  On  the  latter,  Eurostat  and  the  ECB  are 
cooperating  in  order  to  cover  the  methodology  and  propose  a  solution  for  reducing  the 
discrepancies.  It  is  also  recommended  to  further  align  the  national  revision  policies  and 
practices in financial accounts to the harmonized European revision policy, up to the level 
achieved in national accounts and balance of payments statistics.  

Concerning the Labour Force Survey, no major methodological changes affected the data 
during  2019.  In  view  of  the  entry  into  force  of  the  Integrated  European  Social  Statistics 
Framework  Regulation  (IESS  FR),  expected  for  the  beginning  of  2021,  all  countries  are 
postponing methodological changes to that date, in order to introduce them together with the 

10 

 
 
new standards provided by the regulation. At Eurostat level, from 2019 the data source for 
MIP unemployment and youth unemployment rates has been changed from the harmonised 
monthly data to the quarterly LFS data, as it was already for the long term unemployment 
rate. The innovation constitutes an increase in consistency among the sources. This change 
affects the entire time series, but has a limited impact, evident only in the first four years of 
the series.  For the MIP unemployment rate, only four countries show noticeable revisions: 
Denmark, Germany, Romania and Portugal. The youth unemployment rate shows revisions 
for  seven  countries:  Bulgaria,  Germany,  Croatia,  Luxembourg,  Portugal,  Romania  and 
Slovakia. 

In the House Prices domain, the index for Finland has been slightly revised upwards for the 
years from 2015 to 2018 following an improvement in the calculation of the sub-index for 
new apartments. The index for Slovenia has also been revised in 2017 and 2018 because of 
more new dwellings taken into account in the index computation.  

General Government Gross Debt data notified for the years 2016 to 2019 were released on 
22  October  2020  within  the  EDP  notification.  For  more  information  on  main  revisions 
between the April 2020 and the October 2020 notifications please see the latest EDP news 
release. 

Timeliness  and  availability  of  general  government  gross  debt  data  remained  generally 
excellent  despite  the  COVID-19  pandemic-related  challenges,  although  Denmark  failed  to 
supply subsector data at the end of March 2020.  

Furthermore, the benchmark revisions related to general government gross debt undertaken 
in 2019 and 2020 by most Member States have resulted in improved coherence of the data.   

THE MIP QUALITY FRAMEWORK  

The  credibility  of  the  MIP  and  its  smooth  implementation  depends  critically  on  the 
availability and quality of the MIP underlying statistics. The statistics used in the procedure 
have to be fit for the purpose, reliable and comparable among Member States and in time. 
For that reason,  the scoreboard indicators are regularly reviewed;  the underlying statistical 
methodology  and  the  statistical  production  processes  are  constantly  improved.  Statistics 
underlying the MIP indicators are based on European Union legislation and compiled by the 
European  Statistical  System  (ESS)  and  in  part  by  the  European  System  of  Central  Banks 
(ESCB). 

In 2016, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN)4 recalled that the MIP must 
rely  upon  sound  and  harmonised  official  statistics  and  since  2011  it  has  emphasised  the 
importance of close cooperation between the ESS and the ESCB in assessing the reliability 
of the statistics underlying the MIP and improving their quality. Following the invitation of 
the Council to take all necessary initiatives to assure a reliable procedure for the compilation 
of  MIP  indicators,  as  well  as  a  continuous  improvement  of  the  underlying  statistical 
information, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between Eurostat and the 
Directorate  General  Statistics  of  the  European  Central  Bank  in  November  2016,  which 

4 Council conclusions of ECOFIN Council meeting on 8 November 2016 
(http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14164-2016-INIT/en/pdf)  

11 

 
 
                                                           
mutually  recognises  both  quality  assurance  frameworks  and  enables  an  even  closer 
cooperation on the respective quality reports in the field of BoP/IIP and Financial Accounts. 

The  MIP  quality  assurance  framework,  developed  jointly  by  Eurostat  and  the  Directorate 
General  Statistics  of  the  European  Central  Bank,  follows  a  three-level  structure.  A 
comprehensive  webpage5  with  information  and  links  to  all  relevant  quality  documents  is 
available  on  the  MIP  dedicated  section  of  Eurostat  website.  In  this  framework,  the  work 
performed consisted of the following actions: 

 

 

Level  1:  preparation  of  an  annual  ESS-ESCB  quality  assessment  report  on  MIP 
statistics  by Eurostat  and the ECB towards the  European Parliament  and Council, 
policy makers and the public at large, to assess the reliability and comparability of 
MIP  underlying  statistics  and  address  the  most  relevant  quality  issues.  The  sixth 
report was published on 22 July 2020 on the websites of Eurostat, the ECB, and of 
the  Committee  on  Monetary,  Financial  and  Balance  of  Payments  Statistics 
(CMFB).  The  report  relates  to  recent  developments,  with  a  clear  separation  from 
more permanent features. 

Level  2:  domain-specific  quality  reports  produced  by  Eurostat  and  the  ECB 
summarising  the  main  findings  for  the  euro  area  or  the  European  Union  Member 
States. These reports assess the underlying compilation process and its robustness, 
describe  its  legal  basis  and  evaluate  whether  the  statistics  are  in  line  with 
international  statistical  standards.  The  following  level  2  reports  are  currently 
available: 

  National  Accounts  (including  Financial  Accounts)  (Eurostat)  and  Financial 

Accounts (ECB) 

  Balance  of  Payments  and  International  Investment  Position  statistics 

(Eurostat, ECB) 

  House Price Statistics (Eurostat) 

  Labour Force Survey (Eurostat) 

In line with the legal requirements of quality reporting for national and regional accounts6, 
the third annual Eurostat quality report was published on 20 December 20197, and covered 
data transmissions in 2018 in line with the ESA 2010 transmission programme. The fourth 
quality report, based on 2019 data, is close to completion. The Eurostat quality report also 
explicitly covers data underlying the MIP indicators. The set  of quality indicators covered 
will  be  progressively  extended  by  2021.  An  overview  on  ESA  2010  implementation  and 
quality is available on the Eurostat website8. All ESA 2010 derogations expired on 1 January 
2020 and data delivery is expected with the next transmission deadline in 2020. 

The  implementation  of  the  alignment  of  the  existing  Quality  Reports  on  Balance  of 
Payments/International  Investment  Position  produced  by  the  ESS  and  the  ESCB  has  been 

5 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/macroeconomic-imbalances-procedure/quality 
6 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.345.01.0027.01.ENG 
Commission  Implementing  Regulation  (EU)  2016/2304  of  19  December  2016  on  the  modalities,  structure, 
periodicity and assessment indicators of the quality reports on data transmitted pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 
549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 345, 20.12.2016, p. 27-36. 
7 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistical-reports/-/KS-FT-19-009 
8 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-2010/esa-2010-implementation-and-data-quality  

12 

 
 
                                                           
achieved. While due to the different data coverage and legislation, it is currently not possible 
to  have  one  common  report,  its  structure,  the  indicators  and  the  findings  included  in  the 
Eurostat and the ECB reports are to a great extent harmonized.  

In addition, the Commission (DG ECFIN), in its capacity as compiler of the Real Effective 
Exchange Rate (REER) indicator, publishes quality information on real effective exchange 
rate indicators on its website9. 

 

Level 3: development of condensed country specific self-assessment reports on the 
quality and statistical processes for statistics underlying the MIP indicators that are 
easily  understandable  by  users.  They  should  provide  the  basis  for  assuring  the 
quality of the statistics and their comparability across countries. Member States are 
encouraged  to  publish  such  reports.  In  2020,  the  information  for  the  statistical 
domains Financial Accounts and House Price Statistics was updated for almost all 
countries and national reports were published on the CMFB website10.  

Moreover, in the context of the MoU, joint ECB-Eurostat visits to the Member States have 
taken place, focussing on Balance of Payments and Financial Accounts. The first two pilot 
joint visits took place in 2017 in Belgium and Greece. In 2018, Eurostat and the ECB visited 
Luxembourg  and  Poland.  In  2019,  Germany,  Malta  and  Ireland  were  visited.  In  January 
2020, France was visited.  

The  rest  of  this  document  presents  MIP  scoreboard  and  auxiliary  indicators  by  different 
perspectives: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 illustrate the headline and auxiliary indicators by year 
respectively, Chapter 3 focuses on the evolution of indicators in time, while Chapter 4 and 
Chapter 5 present the scoreboard and auxiliary indicators by Member State respectively, and 
finally Chapter 6 illustrates untransformed scoreboard indicators by year. 

9 https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/report-quality-sources-and-methods_en  
10 https://www.cmfb.org/main-topics/mip-quality 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                           
Chapter 1: Tables by year - Headline indicators  
Table 1.1: MIP Scoreboard 2019   

14 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.1 50.6 2.6 -3.1 5.3 2.5 3.8 179.1 98.1 6.2b4.6 1.4 -1.7 -5.9 BG2.5 -31.2 4.5 15.4 19.5p4.0p5.6 91.8 20.2 5.2 5.8 4.5 -2.1 -8.3 CZ0.6 -20.3 8.7 5.1 14.4 6.2 3.1 80.8 30.2 2.4 5.6 1.7 -1.1 -4.9 DK8.0 76.9 -0.2 2.6 1.4 1.5 11.4 221.2 33.3 5.3b13.1 1.6b-0.4 -2.1 DE7.4 71.7 2.1 -1.1 7.9 4.3 5.4 105.4 59.6 3.4 7.3 1.3 -0.5 -1.3 EE1.7 -21.4 6.2 2.0 19.9 4.4 3.8 97.8 8.4 5.2 12.5 1.4 -1.2 -2.3 IE-1.6 -174.0 -1.4 71.0 -4.4 0.0 -9.1 202.4 57.4 5.8 15.5 0.6 -2.6 -4.3 EL-2.1 -155.9 0.3 3.7 1.7p6.5e0.8p109.9p180.5 19.4 11.5 0.2 -4.8 -12.1 ES2.3 -73.9 1.7 2.6 4.0p4.1 1.3p129.4p95.5 15.5 0.9 -0.4 -4.2 -11.9 FR-0.7 -22.9 1.6 -0.5 1.3p2.38.0p153.3p98.1 9.0 7.5 0.3 -1.2 -4.9 HR2.6 -50.3 1.5 22.5 4.7p8.1 1.7p91.2p72.8 8.8 6.8 0.9 -4.2 -14.7 IT2.7 -1.5 0.2 -2.6 3.2 -0.6 0.2 106.6 134.7 10.6 3.8 0.8 -1.1 -8.6 CY-5.2 -122.3 -0.1 13.7 5.2p2.6 2.7p259.1p94.0 8.9 3.9 2.6 -3.7 -12.5 LV0.1 -41.7 3.7 3.6 17.0 5.8 1.5 67.1 36.9 7.5 4.6 1.0 -1.6 -4.9 LT1.4 -24.1 3.7 16.8 16.4 4.9 3.0 55.1 35.9 6.5 4.1 2.5 -1.1 -2.6 LU4.7 56.2 2.0 10.3 11.9 8.0 3.8 318.7 22.0 5.6 3.3 2.0 -0.9 -1.9 HU0.7 -43.7 0.3 5.9 10.0p12.8p3.2p66.6p65.4 3.8 17.8 2.5 -1.3 -1.5 MT5.1 54.6 1.3 18.1 8.5 4.0p8.5 123.7 42.6 3.8 4.4 5.3 -1.5 -1.4 NL10.5 90.0 2.4 0.7 5.9p4.8 0.0p234.0p48.7 4.0 6.1p1.2 -1.5 -4.1 AT1.8 12.1 2.1 1.4 5.5 3.9 4.5 120.1 70.5 5.0 4.3 0.9 -0.8 -2.7 PL-0.4 -49.4 2.8 25.1 9.2p6.7 3.3 74.0 45.7 4.0 4.2 1.8 -1.5 -7.8 PT0.5 -100.3 -0.4 8.5 7.6p8.7 2.2p149.2p117.2 7.5 0.0 1.8 -3.4 -9.7 RO-4.0 -43.5 0.2 17.9 24.5p-1.7 2.0p46.7p35.3 4.3 10.4 3.0 -1.3 -3.8 SI5.9 -15.4 1.0 16.0 8.4 4.8 0.8 68.7 65.6 5.4 9.9 3.6 -2.4 -7.1 SK-2.3 -66.3 2.6 1.9 14.5 6.2 5.0 91.6 48.5 6.8 4.9e0.8 -2.4 -6.1 FI-0.9 3.6 0.2 4.6 0.8 0.0 7.6 147.5 59.3 7.6 7.6 2.4 -1.1 -2.9 SE3.3 18.2 -8.3 -5.1 8.2 0.5 9.8 203.9 35.1 6.6b10.6 0.8 -0.4 1.2 P.M.: UK-3.9 -26.2 -2.9 -1.4 8.8 -0.3 2.8 154.7 85.4 4.0 3.3 0.8 -0.4 -1.8 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.1)TheUnitedKingdomlefttheEuropeanUnionon31January2020onthebasisoftheAgreementonthewithdrawaloftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandfromtheEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity('theWithdrawalAgreement',OJC384I,12.11.2019,p.1),UnionlawcontinuestoapplytoandintheUnitedKingdomforthedurationofthetransitionperiodendingon31December2020.2)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Privatesectordebt,Privatesectorcreditflow,Totalfinancialsectorliabilities:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.5)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions”(F.7)donotincludeEmployeestockoptions.6)Unemploymentrate,b=revisioninthesurveymethodologyforBE;b=datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique for DK.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2019External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.2: MIP Scoreboard 2018   

15 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.2 35.7 6.9 -1.1 3.9 1.0 2.3 185.7 99.8 7.0b-3.5 1.0 -1.5 -6.3 BG2.6 -37.4 3.9 13.2 18.3 4.5 3.9 95.2 22.3 6.3 6.8 2.2 -2.6 -8.9 CZ1.3 -24.4 11.0 11.2 13.2 5.9 6.8 83.0 32.1 3.0 3.4 2.6 -1.7 -5.9 DK7.6 65.7 2.6 -0.3 1.3 3.5 6.5 218.2 34.0 5.6b0.3 1.3 -0.6 -1.7 DE7.9 63.4 5.3 3.2 5.8 5.1 6.3 102.4 61.8 3.8 2.0 1.0 -0.6 -1.0 EE1.5 -29.6 7.7 -0.1 12.9 2.1 4.6 101.1 8.2 6.0 6.6 2.4 -1.1 -1.3 IE0.8 -180.9 2.3 78.4 -1.2 7.8 -8.6 231.0 63.0 7.0 4.6 0.8 -3.2 -6.4 EL-2.2 -148.0 3.6 6.5 1.4p1.4e-0.9p118.6p186.2 21.5 -4.9 0.4 -4.6 -9.9 ES2.6 -79.2 4.1 4.6 0.6p5.2 0.0p133.2p97.4 17.4 -2.5 -0.6 -5.0 -14.0 FR-0.6 -18.8 4.5 1.1 2.5p1.3 8.2p148.4p98.1 9.5 1.9b0.6 -0.8 -3.9 HR2.4 -57.7 4.2 22.6 0.0p4.6 2.3 93.5 74.3 10.9 4.5 -0.6 -6.8 -18.6 IT2.6 -4.8 3.3 0.0 2.3 -1.5 2.1 108.1 134.4 11.2 0.0 1.6 -0.7 -8.1 CY-4.5 -125.8 1.8 21.3 0.6 0.1 11.2 286.1 99.2 10.8 -2.8 1.1 -4.1 -12.6 LV0.9 -46.5 4.9 8.5 14.7 6.4 -0.2 69.8 37.1 8.6 -3.5 2.0 -1.4 -4.1 LT-0.1 -30.4 6.4 3.2 16.4 4.6 4.3 56.2 33.7 7.1 9.1 3.2 -1.9 -5.2 LU4.9 55.2 3.3 14.4 7.9 4.8 22.1 315.2 21.0 5.8 -1.5 0.2b-0.5 -3.1 HU2.3 -50.4 2.0 8.5 12.3 10.9 4.1 68.8 69.1 4.3 -9.4 3.3 -1.7 -7.1 MT3.3 57.6 4.9 16.6 11.4 4.9 6.4 123.2 45.2 4.1 1.7 5.9 -0.9 -2.5 NL9.9 71.9 3.2 1.7 3.7p7.1 5.6 244.2 52.4 4.9 -2.9 0.7 -1.6 -4.1 AT1.8 5.3 4.8 3.4 4.7 2.6 4.5 121.8 74.0 5.5 -0.5 1.3 -0.3 -1.2 PL-0.8 -55.9 0.1 26.6 8.0 4.9 3.7 76.8 48.8 5.0 3.3 2.0 -2.0 -9.1 PT1.0 -105.6 3.1 8.6 6.3 8.6 1.0 154.8 121.5 9.1 0.5 1.7 -4.1 -11.7 RO-2.9 -43.8 -0.7 23.7 29.3 1.3 1.9 47.5 34.7 5.0 3.3 1.7 -1.2 -5.5 SI5.6 -19.0 2.0 19.7 5.8 6.3 1.3 72.6 70.3 6.6 4.1 3.2 -2.5 -7.5 SK-2.3 -69.5 2.5 2.2 11.4 4.9 2.0 90.8 49.9 8.1 10.2e1.5 -3.6 -11.6 FI-1.5 -5.9 3.0 -3.7 -2.4 -0.1 4.2 144.5 59.6 8.3 20.1 2.1 -0.7 -5.4 SE3.0 8.0 -4.0 -6.0 8.0 -3.3 8.8 200.8 38.9 6.7b-2.7 1.0b-0.4b-3.0bYear2018External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Privatesectordebt,Privatesectorcreditflow,Totalfinancialsectorliabilities:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.4)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions”(F.7)donotincludeEmployeestockoptions;theincreaseforFIislargelyexplainedbyinternationalgroupchangesinthedeposit-takingcorporationssector.5)Unemploymentrate,b=revisioninthesurveymethodologyforBE;b=datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing) technique for DK.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.3: MIP Scoreboard 2017   

16 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.9 56.0 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.9 187.8 102.0 7.8b1.4 0.3b-0.8b-3.9bBG2.3 -43.3 -3.3 20.3 13.5 5.3 4.1 99.0 25.3 7.7 7.2 2.3 -3.5 -10.9 CZ1.3 -24.9 5.3 8.5 5.7 9.1 6.0 80.3 34.2 4.0 28.3 2.4 -1.7 -8.0 DK8.0 55.4 -2.1 1.7 0.9 3.2 4.2 220.1 35.9 6.0b6.4 1.3b-0.5b-1.8bDE8.3 56.4 -2.0 5.6 5.0 4.6 4.6 100.3 65.1 4.2 4.1 0.5 -0.6 -0.9 EE1.8 -33.1 3.0 1.7 11.9 1.8 4.2 106.0 9.1 6.3 12.5 3.6 -1.4 -2.9 IE0.2 -165.4 -6.3 71.1 -14.6 9.8 0.2 247.8 67.0 8.4 4.3 0.9 -3.6 -9.0 EL-1.5 -143.2 -3.0 -0.5 -3.3 -1.5e-1.2 119.9 179.2 23.3 -12.9 0.9 -3.9 -8.8 ES2.7 -84.9 -2.6 9.6 -0.6 4.6 0.6 139.8 98.6 19.6 4.0 -0.3 -5.2 -14.6 FR-0.5 -20.1 -3.0 2.6 1.7 2.3 7.1 145.0 98.3 9.9 4.3 0.5 -0.3 -2.1 HR2.9 -65.4 0.1 23.1 -3.9p2.9 1.6 97.7 77.5 13.5 3.9 0.3 -5.5 -18.1 IT2.2 -7.7 -3.1 0.7 1.2 -2.1 1.2 109.7 134.1 11.6 1.8 1.5 -1.2 -8.0 CY-3.3 -133.2 -6.4 19.7 -3.6 1.3 7.5 307.2 93.5 13.0 -0.2 -0.4 -3.2 -11.3 LV0.7 -53.1 1.7 7.4 14.2 5.6 2.7 75.7 39.0 9.4 6.2 2.4 -1.3 -2.6 LT-1.0 -36.5 2.6 3.7 16.3 5.2 4.5 56.2 39.1 8.0 12.9 2.2 -2.1 -6.0 LU5.0 70.4 -1.0 23.4 4.0 3.7 5.3 313.5 22.3 6.2b0.9 -0.6 0.5 -7.2 HU2.9 -54.5 0.0 10.4 9.2 9.3 0.7 70.2 72.2 5.4 -7.6 4.2 -2.0 -9.7 MT2.3 58.6 -2.5 21.6 7.0 4.3 3.7 125.4 48.8 4.7 8.1 4.4 -0.9 -1.1 NL8.4 59.8 -1.8 1.4 0.1 6.1 4.0 250.4 56.9 5.9 0.5 0.7 -1.0 -3.8 AT1.9 4.3 0.2 2.3 4.2 3.4 3.6 122.4 78.5 5.7 3.6 1.0 0.3 -0.5 PL-0.7 -61.2 -3.5 28.4 4.1 1.8 3.0 76.9 50.6 6.2 4.7 1.7 -2.3 -9.1 PT0.9 -110.4 -0.8 14.1 2.8 7.6 2.3 162.4 126.1 10.9 1.4 1.5 -3.9 -10.9 RO-1.6 -47.4 -5.6 38.2 16.6 3.3 1.7 50.9 35.1 5.9 8.2 1.6 -0.8 -5.7 SI4.9 -24.2 -2.0 17.9 3.6 6.4 0.9 76.2 74.1 7.9 5.3 3.3 -2.2 -9.0 SK-2.2 -68.3 -2.0 5.0 8.1 4.4 9.6 94.0 51.7 9.8 16.4e1.8 -4.2 -10.8 FI-1.2 1.2 -2.6 -5.2 -3.8 0.8 9.3 148.0 61.3 8.9 -4.1 1.3 0.2 -0.4 SE3.6 1.4 -5.5 -4.7 4.0 4.8 13.3 198.7 40.7 7.0 6.9 1.0 -0.2 -5.0 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Privatesectordebt,Privatesectorcreditflow,Totalfinancialsectorliabilities:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.4)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options. 5) Unemployment rate, Activity rate, Long-term unemployement rate and Youth unemployment rate: BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2017External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.4: MIP Scoreboard 2016   

17 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.9 54.5 -0.4 -5.1 -0.7 1.2 23.8 194.9 105.0 8.3 2.4 0.1 0.1 -3.6 BG1.5 -47.9 -4.7 9.3 8.6 6.6 3.0 104.4 29.3 9.4 9.1 0.3 -2.9 -11.2 CZ0.8 -27.2 -3.7 2.6 3.3 6.8 6.2 80.4 36.6 5.1 16.8 2.1 -1.3 -8.5 DK8.3 52.6 -1.7 -3.0 1.3 5.1 3.1 226.1 37.2 6.4b8.5 0.9b-0.6b-2.6bDE8.1 51.4 -2.1 2.0 5.2 6.7 4.5 98.9 69.3 4.6 5.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.7 EE1.2 -39.1 4.4 -0.8 8.5 3.7 6.3 110.9 9.9 6.8 8.4 2.4 -1.7 -5.3 IE0.4 -172.2 -7.1 58.4 -16.1 7.2 -15.8 285.4 74.1 10.1 1.5 0.9 -3.8 -9.9 EL-1.1 -139.3 -4.0 -9.9 -4.7 -1.7e-2.1 126.7 180.8 25.0 -10.3 0.7 -1.5 -11.0 ES2.3 -85.5 -4.3 2.8 -1.2 4.5 -0.4 147.8 99.2 22.1 2.1 -0.1 -3.5 -11.1 FR-0.6 -13.0 -3.2 1.0 1.7 0.8 6.2 143.2 98.0 10.2 4.9 0.5e0.1 -0.4 HR1.8 -72.4 0.0 9.3 -5.4p2.0 -0.2 104.2 80.8 15.5 3.5 1.9 -4.4 -18.7 IT2.0 -11.9 -3.4 -4.2 1.5 0.2 0.1 112.4 134.8 12.1 3.3 1.5 -0.2 -2.2 CY-2.9 -133.8 -7.4 7.8 -9.1 2.2 12.0 328.3 103.1 14.7 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -9.8 LV-0.2 -55.8 4.8 9.2 16.2 6.3 2.5 78.4 40.4 10.1 4.7 2.3 -1.7 -5.9 LT0.0 -42.8 5.3 -1.5 15.0 4.4 4.4 56.6 39.7 9.2 15.8 3.1 -2.1 -7.4 LU5.1 57.7 -1.5 27.0 1.2 5.7 6.5 310.6 20.1 6.3b5.4 0.1 0.4 3.4 HU2.7 -59.1 -5.2 -2.3 5.6 13.1 -3.1 76.9 74.9 6.5 19.5 5.4 -2.5 -13.7 MT2.6 47.8 -2.9 17.7 6.3 4.4 11.9 134.6 54.5 5.3 3.5 4.3 -1.1 -2.0 NL7.6 61.2 -2.3 -3.1 -0.3 4.4 3.8 260.3 61.9 6.8 7.4 0.3 0.0 -2.4 AT2.3 4.1 0.9 -3.0 5.5 7.0 3.3 123.3 82.8 5.8 -3.5 0.7 0.6 1.5 PL-1.4 -61.5 -5.1 17.7 2.5 2.3 5.3 81.9 54.2 7.6 9.2 1.8 -2.2 -9.6 PT0.5 -110.5 -1.8 5.1 -0.5 6.1 -1.8 169.3 131.5 12.6 -0.4 0.7 -3.1 -10.1 RO-0.7 -49.2 -2.6 24.6 10.0 5.2 0.6 53.8 37.4 6.5 7.0 0.7 -0.2 -3.1 SI4.6 -28.8 -0.6 3.3 1.3 3.9 -0.8 81.0 78.5 8.9 3.4 1.1 -0.9 -6.4 SK-1.2 -66.8 -1.6 7.2 4.2 7.0 9.2 88.2 52.4 11.5 8.6e2.0 -4.2 -11.5 FI-1.4 5.5 0.4 -15.9 0.3 0.6 1.3 148.1 63.2 9.0 3.8 0.7 0.6 0.2 SE4.0 -1.9 -9.2 -7.7 3.1 7.3 8.4 192.4 42.3 7.5 9.1 1.0 -0.1 -4.6 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.3)Privatesectordebt,Privatesectorcreditflow,Totalfinancialsectorliabilities:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.4)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options. 5) Labour Force Survey indicators: DK: data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Year2016External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.5: MIP Scoreboard 2015   

18 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE1.0 45.2 -1.7 -13.7 0.4 0.8 12.1 176.1 105.2 8.5 2.6 0.7 1.0 2.3 BG0.9 -61.8 -4.3 13.0 14.5 1.2b-3.5 109.3 26.0 11.2 9.5 2.2 -1.2 -6.5 CZ0.0 -32.9 -8.2 -2.0 0.6 4.0 -0.4 78.2 39.7 6.1 7.9 2.4 -0.6 -6.9 DK8.3 30.8 -1.7 -8.6 2.2 6.6 2.9 211.4 39.8 6.9 -0.9 -0.3 -0.5 -3.6 DE7.5 46.6 -1.5 -3.3 6.2 4.1 2.9 97.9 72.3 4.9 3.1 0.4 -0.4 -0.8 EE0.9 -39.9 5.8 7.1 15.3 7.3 2.7 112.8 10.0 7.4 8.6 1.9 -3.1 -7.8 IE2.3 -198.4 -6.4 37.6 -18.5 10.8 -2.3 305.1 76.7 11.9 9.6 1.0 -3.9 -10.6 EL-1.0 -136.3 -5.6 -14.1 -10.8 -3.3e-3.1 128.8 177.0 26.3 6.3 0.3 3.7 -5.5 ES1.9 -88.9 -3.2 -3.4 -1.1 3.7 -2.5 155.8 99.3 24.2 -1.9 0.0 0.4 -4.6 FR-0.6 -12.9 -2.9 -3.8 2.3 -1.7 4.6 142.8 95.6 10.3e2.2 0.9e0.4 0.3 HR0.8 -78.4 0.1 -5.9 -6.0p-2.6 -1.6 111.9 84.3 16.9 2.0 3.0 0.0 0.2 IT1.5 -19.3 -2.4 -9.8 2.0 -4.0 -1.4 116.0 135.3 12.3 1.4 0.5 1.3 5.0 CY-2.0 -154.0 -6.2 -4.9 -10.7 1.0b4.4 346.7 107.2 15.7 9.8 0.4 3.2 5.1 LV-1.7 -61.7 2.5 13.1 17.3 -2.8 -0.8 78.4 37.1 10.9 13.3 1.3 -3.3 -12.2 LT0.9 -43.8 4.2 6.3 11.8 4.7 2.6 55.2 42.5 10.5 7.1 2.3 -2.7 -10.4 LU5.2 66.5 -0.7 20.2 2.4 5.3 2.8 332.7 22.0 6.2b17.9 1.5b0.3b-1.5bHU2.3 -67.6 -7.2 -9.4 1.2 13.2 -2.5 83.8 75.8 8.2 0.4 4.9 -1.9 -10.9 MT2.8 36.1 -2.8 8.9 0.4 4.1 8.5 130.2 55.9 5.7 3.6 4.9 -1.1 -2.2 NL8.2 48.9 -0.9 -6.9 -0.4 3.4 0.2 263.9 64.7 7.2 4.0 0.6 1.1 -0.4 AT2.0 2.2 1.3 -9.3 6.4 3.4 2.1 124.0 84.9 5.6 -0.1 0.4 0.5 1.2 PL-1.8 -62.1 -1.4 8.5 0.5 2.7 3.5 79.1 51.3 8.9 2.9 1.6 -1.1 -5.7 PT0.7 -118.9 -3.1 0.7 0.2 2.2 -1.4 179.3 131.2 14.4 -1.4 0.0 -0.5 -5.9 RO-0.5 -54.7 2.7 21.3 0.8 1.9 0.2 58.1 37.8 6.9 4.1 1.3 0.0 -0.9 SI4.1 -31.2 0.3 -5.0 -0.1 1.4 -5.0 87.4 82.6 9.6 -3.8 1.4 0.4 -4.3 SK0.3 -63.9 -1.2 3.9 2.8 5.5 5.1 80.5 51.9 13.0 10.4e1.5 -1.8 -7.5 FI-1.4 4.8 2.1 -23.2 3.3 -0.5b6.9 152.1 63.6 8.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 3.4 SE4.6 -5.2 -8.3 -9.2 2.5 12.0 7.5 190.9 43.7 7.8 1.8 1.4 0.0 -3.2 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)InternationalinvestmentpositionofLUhasbeenreviseddownwardsfollowingtherevisedtreatmentofeurobanknotesinnationalBalanceofpayments/Internationalinvestmentpositionstatistics.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL;b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBGandCY;b=breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodforNewdwellings(apartments)forFI.4)Privatesectordebt,Privatesectorcreditflow,Totalfinancialsectorliabilities:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.5)Privatesectordebt:significantincreasesforIEduetore-domicilingoflargemultinationalcorporationsandmovementoflargepartsoftheirbalancesheets.6)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions”(F.7)donotincludeEmployeestockoptions.7)Activityrate,Long-termunemployementrate:LUchange in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Employment indicators¹Year2015External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.6: MIP Scoreboard 2014   

19 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.5 44.8 -0.6 -13.5 4.3 -1.3 -2.0 162.1 107.0 8.2 2.6 1.0 0.8 4.5 BG0.6 -72.2 -2.8 5.4 17.6 1.5 2.3 125.5 27.1 12.2 7.9 3.1b0.6 -1.2 CZ-0.6 -36.3 -10.0 -6.4 4.6 1.6 2.3 83.0 41.9 6.7 5.2 3.0b0.0 -2.2 DK7.7 43.3 -1.2 -16.0 2.3 3.1 -0.3 214.0 44.3 7.4 7.3 -1.2 -0.1 -2.2 DE7.0 40.8 -0.4 -9.7 7.4 2.2 -0.3 98.3 75.6 5.2 4.6 0.4b-0.6 -0.8 EE-0.3 -46.7 4.8 20.3 14.7 12.9 5.6 115.4 10.6 8.7 13.0 0.5 -3.8 -7.4 IE-0.3 -164.4 -3.6 -14.8 -2.8 15.5 2.5 277.9 104.2 13.7 19.5 0.6 -2.2 -6.2 EL-1.9 -132.9 -5.6 -19.6 -8.5 -5.1e-3.1 131.8 180.2 26.2 -8.5 0.1 10.7 7.7 ES1.3 -95.9 -1.0 -11.7 -3.6 0.2 -6.6 168.1 100.7 25.1 0.2 0.3 4.0 7.0 FR-0.8 -15.6 -1.3 -14.7 4.4 -1.7 3.2 141.5 94.9 10.1e5.6 1.1e0.6 1.5 HR-0.9 -86.8 -0.8 -19.5 -6.7p-1.3 -0.2 117.2 84.8 16.9 0.6 2.0 1.7 8.8 IT0.9 -21.0 0.2 -15.7 2.6 -4.9 -0.3 119.8 135.4 11.9 0.9 1.8 3.4 13.5 CY-3.1 -163.6 -1.7 -20.3 -6.5 -1.1 -0.7 352.4 109.1 14.6 11.6 0.8 6.1 13.6 LV-2.7 -65.5 0.4 11.5 17.0 4.6 -4.6 82.3 41.6 12.6 10.9 1.8 -4.2 -11.4 LT1.2 -46.8 1.7 19.6 8.7 6.4 0.2 54.1 40.5 12.0 16.7 2.3 -3.2 -13.3 LU5.4 43.1 0.5 11.4 7.1 3.9 25.4 329.2 22.7 5.6 36.2 2.9 0.2 5.8 HU2.1 -80.2 -6.8 -17.0 6.2 3.1 -0.2 91.6 76.7 9.6 8.7 4.6 -1.5 -5.6 MT1.8 41.8 0.1 -12.7 1.9 2.0 7.2 139.9 61.6 6.0 5.9 6.0 -1.0 -1.6 NL9.5 48.0 0.7 -11.5 3.7 -0.1 4.4 268.1 67.9 6.8 8.0 0.9 1.3 2.7 AT2.0 3.4 1.9 -15.9 7.9 1.4 0.9 124.8 84.0 5.3 -0.8 0.8 0.3 1.4 PL-2.8 -69.4 -1.0 3.4 3.4 1.1 4.8 78.7 51.1 9.8 1.7 2.2 0.2 -1.9 PT0.1 -123.8 -1.8 -7.5 -2.9 4.0 -6.8 190.1 132.9 15.4 -7.3 -0.4b2.2 4.5 RO-1.9 -57.0 -1.0 20.9 6.0 -3.2 -2.3 62.0 39.2 6.9 1.2 1.6 -0.1 0.1 SI3.2 -38.4 1.2 -13.2 0.1 -6.2 -4.7 97.9 80.3 9.6 -0.1 0.6 1.7 4.5 SK1.3 -63.4 1.2 1.7 2.5 1.5 5.0 78.9 53.6 13.8 9.4e1.6b0.1 -3.7 FI-1.7 -3.1 2.7 -27.4 7.6 -1.6 1.7 148.8 59.8 8.2 9.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 SE5.0 -2.3 -3.7 -9.8 7.4 8.3 4.5 193.1 45.0 8.0 12.6 1.6 -0.1 0.1 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)InternationalinvestmentpositionofLUhasbeenreviseddownwardsfollowingtherevisedtreatmentofeurobanknotesinnationalBalanceofpayments/Internationalinvestmentpositionstatistics.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Privatesectordebt,Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Year2014External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.7: MIP Scoreboard 2013   

20 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE-0.4 43.2 -0.2 -13.1 7.4 0.1 7.9 163.0 105.5 7.7 1.2 -0.2 -0.1 1.3 BG0.3 -73.5 -0.9 -0.3 15.3 0.4 2.6 130.5 17.1 12.2b1.1 1.7b2.7 6.5 CZ-1.4 -40.9 -3.1 -9.9 4.3 -0.7 4.3 84.8 44.4 6.9b10.1 2.7 0.0 0.7 DK6.9 37.2 -2.5 -18.0 1.5 3.1 -3.0 216.1 44.0 7.7 1.8 -1.4 0.4 -0.8 DE6.6 34.7 -1.8 -13.2 6.0 1.7 2.2 103.0 78.7 5.5b-6.3 0.9b-1.0 -2.0 EE-0.1 -49.7 3.1 9.7 11.2 7.3 4.8 115.2 10.2 10.3 10.3 1.2 -3.8 -14.2 IE-1.2 -133.5 -3.8 -10.7 -1.8 0.0 -1.4 267.5 119.9 14.9 1.9 0.2 1.1 -1.4 EL-4.6 -131.2 -4.4 -26.8 -4.2 -9.2e-4.0 133.1 178.4 23.3 -17.4 -0.3 12.8 25.3 ES-0.2 -92.8 -0.3 -10.5 -5.1 -10.0 -10.0 178.2 95.8 24.1 -10.4 0.8 5.7 14.0 FR-0.8 -16.6 -2.2 -14.4 4.6 -2.6 2.1 137.4 93.4 9.8e0.5 0.9e0.6e1.6eHR-1.6 -89.3 -3.9 -23.5 -4.7p-5.7 -0.6 117.0 81.2 15.7 2.8 -1.4 4.4 17.6 IT-0.6 -23.3 0.1 -20.6 2.9 -7.5 -2.8 122.0 132.5 10.4 -2.3 1.4 2.9 12.1 CY-2.6 -162.5 -0.8 -12.2 -0.7 -3.9 -12.0 341.2 104.0 11.9 -3.4 0.0 4.8 22.3 LV-3.3 -67.3 -1.7 5.7 7.7 6.8 -0.6 90.0 40.0 14.4 5.7 1.0 -3.1 -13.0 LT-1.2 -50.8 -0.6 10.9 6.1 0.3 -0.2 56.6 38.7 13.5 -1.3 2.2 -2.3 -13.8 LU5.6 63.6 0.8 9.4 7.6 3.3 21.7 297.2 23.7 5.3 10.2 1.7 0.5 1.3 HU1.9 -82.2 -3.8 -23.0 7.3 -4.5 -0.8 95.8 77.4 10.7 -1.3 2.8 -0.6 0.2 MT-0.8 25.9 -1.2 -0.8 8.8 -1.6 2.3 147.2 65.8 6.2 0.0 5.9 -0.6 -0.5 NL9.5 30.7 0.5 -11.5 4.8 -7.9 9.8 258.6 67.7 6.0 -1.6 1.5 1.2 2.1 AT1.7 1.3 0.7 -18.6 6.4 3.0 1.0 127.1 81.3 5.0 -3.2 1.1 0.1 0.2 PL-3.7 -69.4 -4.3 -1.5 3.8 -4.8 3.2 75.9 56.5 10.0 6.3 1.7b1.4 3.6 PT-2.0 -120.2 -0.6 -8.3 -3.8 -2.6 -2.3 201.6 131.4 15.0b-5.2 -0.7 3.6 15.3 RO-3.5 -63.3 0.5 13.9 -4.7 -2.8 -1.4 66.8 37.6 7.0 0.8 0.0b0.8 1.6 SI1.3 -39.3 -0.6 -18.5 0.1 -7.2 -3.7 107.2 70.0 9.1 -10.1 -1.0 2.0 6.9 SK-0.7 -62.1 2.1 -4.3 2.6 -0.4 4.9 75.0 54.7 13.9b1.4e1.2 0.8 0.1 FI-1.8 3.0 0.2 -32.6 9.3 -1.3 2.8 147.0 56.2 7.9 -11.5 0.7 -0.3 -1.5 SE5.4 -15.8 5.1 -17.4 8.7 4.5 4.6 193.8 40.2 8.0 9.8 2.0 -0.2 -1.3 Employment indicators¹1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)InternationalinvestmentpositionofLUhasbeenreviseddownwardsfollowingtherevisedtreatmentofeurobanknotesinnationalBalanceofpayments/Internationalinvestmentpositionstatistics.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Privatesectordebt,Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2013External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.8: MIP Scoreboard 2012   

21 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE-0.1 40.8 -4.3 -15.6 4.9 0.2 14.6 191.0 104.8 7.7 -5.1 0.0 -0.1 -2.1 BG-0.8 -77.7 -4.0 -1.1 12.2 -5.3 2.6 128.3 16.7 11.3b11.7 -0.1 3.8 11.9 CZ-2.4 -45.6 0.5 -4.6 4.3 -3.5 3.1 81.8 44.2 7.0b5.0 1.5 1.0 2.9 DK6.5 36.1 -7.8 -17.8 -0.2 -4.9 7.9 224.0 44.9 7.8 2.5 -1.5 1.5 2.3 DE6.4 28.7 -9.0 -16.8 2.5 2.1 1.4 101.6 81.1 6.1b3.3 0.9 -1.1 -3.2 EE0.4 -50.7 -3.6 6.8 0.1 3.1 7.6 117.2 9.8 13.0 10.9 0.8 1.8 -6.5 IE-2.1 -137.8 -12.2 -18.4 -10.8 -14.5 -0.5 279.1 119.9 15.2 -1.8 -1.9 5.7 6.3 EL-7.5 -117.6 -5.0 -26.3 1.6 -12.1e-4.8 134.6 161.9 18.4 -2.1 0.1b10.6 29.6 ES-2.1 -88.9 -5.3 -17.6 -5.0 -16.5 -11.2 188.5 86.3 22.0 0.7 1.2 6.7 15.2 FR-0.8 -12.8 -7.8 -18.4 4.1 -1.9 4.2 138.3 90.6 9.4e1.4 0.5e0.9e0.8eHR-2.0 -91.5 -8.4 -25.8 -1.8p-4.6 -2.9 118.3 70.1 13.8 0.9 -1.7 5.1 16.9 IT-2.1 -23.0 -6.2 -25.8 2.0 -5.0 -0.9 124.7 126.5 9.2 7.1 1.2 2.2 10.0 CY-5.6 -141.1 -5.9 -21.7e3.2 -5.5 0.8 326.0 80.3 8.7 12.2 0.5b3.0 13.9 LV-1.8 -68.0 -8.6 8.2 -6.8 -0.2 -2.4 95.8 42.2 16.9 5.4 0.9 3.3 -4.8 LT-1.7 -54.4 -6.7 23.9 -4.3 -3.3 0.4 61.0 39.7 15.5 -0.5 2.2 3.3 -2.9 LU5.8 65.2 -2.4 -4.6 5.9 2.1 26.8 293.2 22.0 4.8 14.8 0.7b0.4 1.6 HU0.8 -91.9 -0.8 -23.3 7.0 -9.4 -5.9 102.0 78.4 11.1 -5.8 2.5 0.8 1.8 MT-2.8 19.1 -7.6 12.1 7.2 0.4 0.1 158.0 65.9 6.5 8.6 4.5 0.9 -0.7 NL8.6 26.7 -6.0 -12.9 2.6 -7.9 6.2 252.9 66.3 5.3 6.0 0.9 0.8 1.5 AT2.0 -3.2 -4.7 -21.8 3.8 4.8 1.2 128.2 81.9 4.8 0.4 0.8 0.0 -1.3 PL-5.0 -65.6 1.4 0.7 5.6 -6.6 4.8 73.8 54.4 9.8b9.0 1.8 1.6 5.9 PT-5.9 -119.3 -4.0 -17.4 -6.2 -8.7 -4.3 210.6 129.0 13.2b-3.5 0.0 3.5 17.6 RO-5.0 -67.8 -2.0 12.2 6.7 -9.1 0.3 72.3 37.1 7.0b4.8 1.7 0.8 1.8 SI-0.1 -44.0 -4.5 -20.9 0.1 -8.5 -2.8 112.2 53.6 8.1 -0.7 -1.4 2.5 7.0 SK-2.9 -60.5 -3.2 -10.4 -0.4 -5.9 1.9b70.9b51.8 14.0b1.1b1.0 2.9 6.7 FI-0.7 10.6 -8.3 -32.4 5.8 -0.4 7.1 147.7 53.6 8.0 -1.3 0.2 0.2 -2.5 SE5.6 -15.5 10.3 -19.6 4.1 0.7 2.3 191.0 37.5 8.1 5.6 1.4 0.4 -1.4 Year2012External imbalances and competitivenessFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)InternationalinvestmentpositionofLUhasbeenreviseddownwardsfollowingtherevisedtreatmentofeurobanknotesinnationalBalanceofpayments/Internationalinvestmentpositionstatistics.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Privatesectordebt,Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.9: MIP Scoreboard 2011   

22 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.4 51.4 -1.5 -7.8 5.1 1.1 22.2 180.6 103.5 7.8 5.4 -0.4 0.2 0.7 BG-3.2 -82.8 1.9 11.1 17.8 -8.6 3.5 129.0 15.2 9.5b4.3 -1.9b3.4b12.3bCZ-2.6 -44.9 -0.5 7.4 3.5 -1.6 2.5 79.2 39.7 6.9b4.8 0.8b0.5b8.2bDK5.5 27.8 -2.5 -13.8 3.6 -4.0 4.4 221.0 46.1 7.3 1.6 -1.5b1.3 6.9 DE5.9 23.3 -4.9 -9.4 5.6 1.6 1.8 102.2 79.7 6.9b3.1 1.4b-1.1b-2.1bEE1.9 -54.0 -0.8 24.4 -2.2 3.1 -0.8 118.9 6.1 14.2 -0.2 0.5 5.4 10.4 IE-2.5 -139.2 -9.6 -10.3 -15.0b-17.8 16.4 274.3 111.0 14.2 -2.3 -3.6 7.1 16.1 EL-10.4 -90.4 1.8 -17.2 9.5 -7.5e-6.6 132.6 175.2 13.4b-4.0 0.6 5.1 22.8 ES-3.5 -93.8 -2.5 -8.3 -1.4 -9.8 -4.2 198.2 69.9 19.7 3.4 1.2 6.9 21.7 FR-0.7 -8.7 -4.4 -15.4 5.4 3.9 6.4 135.3 87.8 9.2e6.9 0.4e1.0e3.7eHR-3.6 -92.9 -4.7 -15.6 6.5p-2.0 -2.4 120.7 64.3 11.5 1.9 -1.7 3.1 13.0 IT-2.7 -18.2 -3.2 -19.2 4.9 -1.5 3.1 122.2 119.7 8.2 4.9 -0.8 1.3 8.0 CY-6.6 -141.9 -3.0 -11.4e9.4 -4.4 17.1 319.8 65.9 6.5b9.6 -0.1 1.1 13.4 LV2.0 -75.6 -2.4 27.4 -20.8 4.1 -2.2 110.9 43.7 17.7 -4.3 -1.4 6.9 17.4 LT-0.5 -53.6 1.7 23.0 -8.0 2.1 -2.2 64.6 37.1 15.7 1.9 3.0 6.7 19.3 LU6.0 29.3 0.1 -3.3 8.8 0.6 20.6 272.5 19.0 4.8b14.3 1.1 -0.2 -1.1 HU0.1 -103.7 -4.2 -4.3 3.2 -7.0 -4.3 114.3 80.4 10.7 6.2 1.2 1.6 6.5 MT-5.5 6.2 -5.0 17.6 9.3 -3.9 6.7 166.2 69.3 6.7 10.4 2.7 1.3 1.6 NL7.0 20.1 -2.4 -8.4 5.3 -4.0 8.1 247.9 61.7 4.8 10.3 0.3 0.4 1.4 AT2.4 -1.9 -1.8 -12.5 5.8 3.0 3.0 129.4 82.4 4.9 1.5 0.7 0.2 0.4 PL-5.0 -62.5 -11.4 14.8 4.1 -4.6 6.6 74.0 54.7 9.2b6.4 1.9 1.2 8.5 PT-8.8 -104.1 -3.0 -9.9 -0.5 -6.5 -0.8 204.6 114.4 11.2b-4.9 -0.3b2.6b13.6bRO-4.9 -66.1 -3.2 49.5 2.2 -15.5 2.8 73.7 34.0 7.0b4.5 1.2 0.5 5.3 SI-0.9 -39.8 -1.1 -5.6 7.7 0.9 0.5 112.9 46.5 7.1 -1.2 -1.5 1.7 5.3 SK-4.3 -63.8 3.4 -2.8 5.3 -5.2 4.6 68.7 43.4 13.3b0.6e-0.1b2.6b14.4bFI0.7 13.9 -2.8 -23.5 9.0 -0.1 5.3 144.6 48.3 8.1 28.7 -1.1 0.5 3.6 SE5.8 -8.3 3.2 -12.2 4.3 1.2 6.9 188.0 37.2 8.3 1.9 0.6 0.7 2.6 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)InternationalinvestmentpositionofLUhasbeenreviseddownwardsfollowingtherevisedtreatmentofeurobanknotesinnationalBalanceofpayments/Internationalinvestmentpositionstatistics.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Privatesectordebt,Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2011External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1.10: MIP Scoreboard 2010  

23 

Current account balance - % of GDP (3 year average)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)Export market share - % of world exports(5 year % change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(3 year % change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (3 year average)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(3 year change in pp)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(3 year change in pp)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(3 year change in pp)Thresholds-4%/+6%-35%±5% (EA)±11% (Non-EA)-6%9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6%14%133%60%10%16.5%-0.2 pp0.5 pp2 ppBE0.8 56.3 0.5 -11.6 7.4 1.2 -0.7 168.7 100.3 7.7 -1.2 0.6 0.2 3.6 BG-10.7 -92.4 9.7 8.0 30.2 -12.3e-0.3 137.3 15.4 7.6b4.4 0.4b0.6b6.8bCZ-2.6 -45.7 12.1 11.7 6.7 -2.2 3.5 78.5 37.1 6.1 3.3 0.3 0.2 7.6 DK4.3 12.8 0.2 -10.6 9.5 0.3 -2.9 220.6 42.6 5.9b9.7 -2.1 0.8 8.1 DE5.8 25.8 -3.8 -8.1 8.2 -0.6 0.2 106.3 82.3 7.4b-0.9 1.1b-1.6b-2.1bEE-1.4 -69.4 4.6 9.5 12.4 1.7 -3.2 136.7 6.6 11.9 -8.6 0.7 5.3 22.8 IE-4.0 -113.6 -5.4 -6.3 -4.8b-12.3 2.2 257.1 86.0 11.3 6.3 -4.0b5.5 18.9 EL-12.5 -99.8 2.9 -15.7 12.2b-8.0e2.4b129.2b147.5 10.0b8.9 1.3 1.5 10.3 ES-5.5 -91.0 -0.3 -11.7 6.3 -3.7 0.9 203.2 60.5 16.4 -2.1 1.7 5.6 23.4 FR-0.6 -9.3 -2.2 -17.2 7.4 3.7 4.6 132.0 85.3 8.6e3.5 0.6e0.8e3.9eHR-6.6 -95.2 1.8 -10.6 11.6p-7.6 4.6 123.4 57.7 9.8 4.1 -0.6 0.6 7.2 IT-2.7 -20.1 -1.9 -19.1 8.5 -0.8be4.9 123.1 119.2 7.6 4.3 -0.4 1.1 7.5 CY-10.7 -122.2 0.0 -15.8e10.4 -8.2 20.5 309.5 56.4 5.1b4.2 -0.3 0.6 6.4 LV-1.0 -84.2 6.7 21.8 -2.0 -8.7 -2.4 129.3 47.9 14.9 -0.9 0.4 7.2 25.6 LT-3.7 -60.2 7.2 13.9 0.1 -8.6 -5.9 74.5 36.2 12.5 -0.2 2.3 6.0 27.3 LU6.2 -20.4 1.2 5.2 16.0 4.2 -26.1 272.5 20.2 4.9b13.3 1.3b0.1 -1.0 HU-2.5 -106.0 -1.3 0.8 5.7 -6.0 -3.9 114.8 80.2 9.7 -0.2 0.3 2.0 8.4 MT-5.6 11.7 -0.7 37.8 5.6 -1.1 7.5 164.5 65.3 6.6 14.3 1.6 1.4 -0.3 NL5.8 11.0 -1.5 -8.2 7.7 -3.3 2.6 245.2 59.3 4.4 5.4 1.2 -0.2 1.7 AT3.3 -5.2 -2.0 -12.6 9.0 4.3be0.3 132.3 82.7 4.7 -1.9 0.9b-0.1 0.1 PL-5.5 -65.0 -1.3 24.4 11.2b-6.1e4.2 69.6 53.5 8.3b13.8 2.1b-1.9b2.0bPT-10.8 -107.2 -3.1 -7.6 4.4 -1.0 5.5 201.7 100.2 9.4 10.9 -0.2 1.9 6.1 RO-7.1 -64.0 -10.9 53.3 35.4 -12.7 0.9 74.6 29.6 6.6b4.9 1.9b-0.8b2.0bSI-2.4 -43.1 1.2 -1.4 15.5 -1.3 2.0 115.2 38.3 5.9 -3.4 0.2 1.0 4.6 SK-4.9 -61.4 11.0 3.8 8.8 -5.0 2.8 65.7 41.0 12.0 2.3e0.4 0.9 13.3 FI2.0 15.5 -1.3 -19.7 12.5 4.8 7.1 146.2 46.9 7.7 19.9 -1.1 0.5 4.9 SE6.5 -5.5 -3.3 -12.8 7.4 6.6 5.2 186.9 38.1 7.7 2.9 0.0 0.8 5.5 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Fortheemploymentindicators,seepage2oftheAMR2016.2)InternationalinvestmentpositionofLUhasbeenreviseddownwardsfollowingtherevisedtreatmentofeurobanknotesinnationalBalanceofpayments/Internationalinvestmentpositionstatistics.3)Housepriceindexe=EurostatestimatesforPL;e=NSIestimatesforBG;e=estimatebyNCBforEL,IT,andAT.4)Privatesectordebt,Privatesectorcreditflow,Totalfinancialsectorliabilities:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.5)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions”(F.7)donotincludeEmployeestockoptions.6)Activity rate for IE: change in the sampling design.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Year2010External imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 2: Tables by year - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP scoreboard   
Table 2.1: Auxiliary indicators, 2019 

24 

Year2019Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE1.7 24.2 na0.5 40.2 -5.3 168.1 -2.6 1.1 -4.8 1.2 -0.1 0.2 2.1p0.3 10.9 6.2 61.2 13.4pBG3.7 18.7 0.8p4.5 39.9 2.4 81.7 -2.9 1.7 13.4 8.9 2.8 3.3 6.5p42.5 22.8p2.8 23.3 8.2pCZ2.3 26.2 1.9p0.2 29.7 3.7 78.1 -2.4 7.5 3.2 0.9 0.2 2.1 1.7p9.0 32.4 4.5 31.8 12.1pDK2.8 22.0 3.0p8.9 27.2 -2.0 54.3 -0.4 -2.5 0.8 -1.3 3.9 1.6 1.9p-6.6 11.7 4.9 109.5 16.7pDE0.6 21.7 3.2e7.1 51.3 1.9 46.6 -1.8 0.3 -2.9 3.3 -0.1 -0.3 1.2p10.4 19.7 6.6 54.4 13.7pEE5.0 26.2 1.6p3.2 31.2 9.3 96.7 -1.2 4.4 0.2 0.6 5.1 3.7 1.6p22.2 19.6 4.9 37.6 7.5pIE5.6 45.6 0.8 -21.2 -285.4 -11.4 436.7 -1.2 -2.9 68.0 4.3 9.4 2.6 3.4p-35.4 25.1 2.3 37.2 7.4pEL1.9p10.1p1.2p-1.1 -135.3 2.4 23.8 -2.4p-2.0 1.8 1.9p3.7p0.6p35.5p-17.8 8.0e0.7p54.3 10.9pES2.0p19.9p1.1p2.5 -46.8 1.0 67.7 -1.9p0.0 0.8 -1.0p1.2p-0.3p3.1p-11.8 19.2 5.7p56.9 13.5pFR1.5p23.6pna-0.6 -35.6 1.9 48.0 -1.8p-0.1 -2.2 2.5p0.8p0.4p2.5p-1.4 9.76.4p61.7 15.1pHR2.9p21.0pna4.7 -5.5 2.4 49.4 -2.9p0.5 20.4 3.7p5.7p-0.2p5.2p-17.6 20.0 na34.6 7.5pIT0.3 18.1 1.5p2.9 0.0 1.6 29.0 -2.0 -1.7 -4.3 4.2 -0.1 -0.2 6.7p-2.4 -1.8 4.2 41.2 12.9pCY3.1p19.4pna-6.2 -159.5 103.5 1827.5 -4.0p-2.5 11.7 0.7p-1.5p-0.1p18.1p-11.5 7.9 7.9p89.5 12.8pLV2.1 22.2 0.6p0.8 4.5 3.1 56.0 -2.7 2.8 1.8 6.7 1.0 2.1 3.9p17.3 29.9 2.4 20.3 9.8pLT4.3 21.4 1.0p5.2 4.8 2.9 44.0 -3.6 3.4 14.7 4.5 8.4 3.9 1.7p16.8 24.9 2.9 23.0 14.5pLU2.3 16.9 na4.5 -3893.6 -446.6 6742.5 -3.2 1.0 8.3 -0.7 -0.3 -1.3 0.6p8.5 24.5 3.4 65.9 15.0pHU4.6p27.2p1.5 1.6 -2.5 19.7 169.6 -3.8p-0.6 4.0 0.0p4.7p3.3p4.1p15.3 50.0p3.2p18.4 9.6pMT4.9 21.6p0.6p5.6 246.3 27.5 1497.1 -6.4 -0.1 16.0 3.3 5.0 -0.8 3.2p4.5 18.2p4.9p49.7 11.2pNL1.7p21.0pna9.9 -0.5 3.9 581.2 -0.8p0.9 -1.1 1.9p1.6p-0.2p1.8p-1.7 26.3 5.0p100.3p16.1pAT1.4 24.7 3.2p2.8 -1.1 -1.9 59.7 -2.2 1.1 -0.4 0.7 1.8 0.3 2.2p5.5 16.6 4.7 49.5 11.2pPL4.5 18.5 1.3p2.5 -12.5 2.4 46.4 -2.4 1.6 22.9 3.7 4.0 4.8p6.1p4.1 20.3 2.0 34.4 9.7pPT2.2p18.2p1.4p0.9 -47.1 3.5 80.6 -2.5p-1.6 6.6 4.1p2.4p1.4p6.1p-7.1 32.1 3.2p63.6 10.8pRO4.2p23.6pna-3.4 -4.1 2.9 44.2 -1.7p-1.2 15.8 4.7p2.9p4.2p4.3p30.7 15.8 2.4p15.4 9.1pSI3.2 19.6 na5.2 1.6 3.1 39.7 -3.5 0.4 13.9 2.0 3.0 0.7 3.4p-1.4 25.6 2.2 26.9 8.2pSK2.3 21.4 0.8 -2.0 -14.1 2.2 69.6 -3.1 1.9 0.1 -2.0 -0.3 1.3 2.9p6.3 24.1 3.4 43.7 9.6pFI1.1 23.9 2.8p-0.1 6.3 5.9 50.9 -1.7 -1.7 2.7 2.5 6.6 -0.5 1.4p-3.1 3.7 7.2 66.0 16.6pSE1.3 24.5 3.4pe4.2 -5.0 4.6 86.1 -1.1 -9.7 -6.7 -0.5 2.2 0.7 1.1p5.8 8.3 4.6 88.6 17.9pP.M.: UK1.3 18.0 na-4.3 -15.1 0.8 80.5 -0.5 -4.4 -3.1 2.3 1.7 0.2 1.2p9.2 9.1 4.0 84.1 16.0pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.1)TheUnitedKingdomlefttheEuropeanUnionon31January2020onthebasisoftheAgreementonthewithdrawaloftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandfromtheEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity('theWithdrawalAgreement',OJC384I,12.11.2019,p.1),UnionlawcontinuestoapplytoandintheUnitedKingdomforthedurationofthetransitionperiodendingon31December2020.2)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019dataonGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&Dis31October2020whiledatawereextractedon23October2020.3)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL.4)Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolumeexports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2019 

25 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE1.6 69.0 2.3 14.2 9.3 -0.6 19.5b-1.4b14.8b-0.7b4.4b-1.1b12.4b-2.5bBG0.3 73.2 2.4 8.9 13.7 -4.5 32.5 -7.9b22.6 -0.3b19.9 -12.0b9.3 -2.6bCZ0.2 76.7 0.6 5.6 5.7 -1.3 12.5 -0.8 10.1 0.4 2.7 -2.1 4.2 -2.5 DK1.2 79.1 0.8 10.1 7.7 1.0b16.3 -0.5 12.5 0.6 2.6 0.0 9.3 -1.4 DE0.9 79.2 1.2 5.8 5.7 -1.0 17.4 -2.3 14.8 -1.7 2.6 -1.1 7.6 -2.0 EE1.3 78.9 0.9 11.1 6.9 -2.2 24.3 -0.1 21.7 0.0 3.3 -1.4 5.4 -0.4 IE2.9 73.3 1.6 12.5 10.1 -2.5 nanananananananaEL1.2p68.4 12.2 35.2 12.5 -3.3 30.0 -5.6 17.9 -3.3 16.2 -6.2 13.8 -3.4 ES2.2p73.8 5.3 32.5 12.1 -2.5 25.3 -2.6 20.7 -1.6 4.7 -1.1 10.8 -4.1 FR1.1p71.7 3.4 19.6 10.6 -1.3 17.9 -0.3 13.6 0.0 4.7 0.3 7.9 -0.5 HR3.1p66.5 2.4 16.6 11.8 -5.1 23.3 -4.6 18.3 -1.2 7.2 -5.3 9.2 -3.8 IT0.5 65.7 5.6 29.2 18.1 -1.8 nanananananananaCY3.1p76.0 2.1 16.6 13.7 -2.3 22.3 -5.4 14.7 -1.4 9.1 -4.5 6.8 -3.8 LV-0.1 77.3 2.4 12.4 7.9 -3.3 27.3 -1.2 22.9 1.1 7.8 -5.0 7.6 0.4 LT0.5 78.0 1.9 11.9 8.6 -0.8 26.3 -3.8 20.6 -1.3 9.4 -4.1 7.5 -2.7 LU3.6 72.0 1.3 17.0 5.6 0.2 20.6 1.5b17.5 1.7b1.3 -0.3b7.5 0.9bHU1.3 72.6 1.1 11.4 11.0 0.0 18.9 -7.4 12.3 -2.2 8.7 -7.5 5.0 -3.2 MT5.8 75.9 0.9 9.3 8.6 -0.2 20.1 -0.2 17.1 0.6 3.6 -0.8 4.9 -2.4 NL1.9p80.9 1.0 6.7 4.3 -0.3 16.5 -0.2b13.2 0.5b2.5 -0.1b9.2 -0.5bAT1.1 77.1 1.1 8.5 7.1 -0.6 16.9 -1.1 13.3 -0.8 2.6 -0.4 7.8 -0.3 PL-0.2p70.6 0.7 9.9 8.1 -2.4 18.2 -3.7 15.4 -1.9 3.6 -3.1 4.7 -1.7 PT0.8p75.5 2.8 18.3 8.0 -2.6 21.6 -3.5 17.2 -1.8 5.6 -2.8 6.2 -2.9 RO0.0p68.6 1.7 16.8 14.7 -2.7 31.2 -7.6 23.8 -1.5 14.5 -9.3 6.0 -2.2 SI2.5 75.2 1.9 8.1 7.0 -1.0 14.4 -4.0 12.0 -1.9 2.6 -2.8 5.2 -2.2 SK1.0 72.7 3.4 16.1 10.3 -2.0 16.4 -1.7 11.9 -0.8 7.9 -0.3 6.2 -0.3 FI1.7 78.3 1.2 17.2 8.2 -1.7 15.6 -1.0 11.6 0.0 2.4 0.2 9.7 -1.7 SE0.6 82.9 0.9 20.1 5.5 -1.0 18.8 0.5 17.1 0.9 1.8 1.0 8.6 0.1 P.M.: UK1.1 78.1 0.9 11.2 10.5 -0.4 nanananananananaActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1)TheUnitedKingdomlefttheEuropeanUnionon31January2020onthebasisoftheAgreementonthewithdrawaloftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandfromtheEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity('theWithdrawalAgreement',OJC384I,12.11.2019,p.1),UnionlawcontinuestoapplytoandintheUnitedKingdomforthedurationofthetransitionperiodendingon31December2020.2)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019datafortheIncomeandLivingConditions(EU-SILC)indicatorsis30November2020whiledatawereextractedon23October2020.3)IncomeandLivingConditionsindicators.CautionshouldbetakenintimecomparisonsforBE:anumberoffundamentalimprovementsweremadetothesurvey.Thebreakisbothsubstantiveandmethodological.Intermsofcontent,aswitchwasmadein2019totheuse of administrative data for the majority of income variables. As a result, the SILC questionnaire as a whole was fundamentally revised. At a methodological level, the whole model for the correction of non-response, attrition of panel members and calibration was revised.Source: European Commission, EurostatYear2019Employment(1 year % change) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2: Auxiliary indicators, 2018 

26 

Year2018Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE1.8 23.7 2.7e-0.8 36.5 -7.9 180.3 -3.4 2.8 -3.7 0.8 -3.1 0.3 2.3e-1.2 9.4 5.9 59.5 13.1eBG3.1 18.8 0.8 2.1 36.2 2.7 84.7 -3.4 -1.1 10.3 7.5 -2.0 3.2 7.7e48.5 24.0 2.7 23.0 7.5eCZ3.2 26.3 1.9 0.7 27.9 3.4 78.9 -2.9 7.6 8.4 1.9 0.0 1.8 2.1e4.8 30.0 4.3 31.8 12.5eDK2.2 22.0 3.0p7.0 16.0 2.3 57.3 -0.2 -1.8 -2.9 0.3 -0.5 0.6 2.3e-4.6 14.8 4.8 111.9 16.4eDE1.3 21.1 3.1 7.4 45.8 4.3 45.3 -2.0 0.4 0.6 3.7 -1.4 -0.1 1.4e11.5 21.7 6.3 53.4 13.9eEE4.4 24.6 1.4 2.2 24.8 3.9 94.1 -1.0 4.1 -2.7 2.4 0.3 3.1 1.3e17.8 17.1 4.5 38.3 6.9eIE8.5 28.4 1.1 -9.9 -256.7 17.6 473.9 -1.4 -3.0 73.9 0.3 7.4 5.2 5.5e-40.2 31.4 2.3 41.3 6.7eEL1.6p10.8p1.2 -2.7 -134.5 1.9 19.4 -2.5p-1.5 3.8 4.3p5.4p0.2p41.6e-15.2 -1.7e0.7p56.6 11.5eES2.4p19.5p1.2 2.4 -52.4 3.8 67.2 -2.1p-0.2 1.9 -1.3p-1.4p0.1p3.7e-14.9 18.6 5.4p58.9 13.6eFR1.8p22.9p2.2e-0.5 -34.8 2.6 46.1 -1.9p-0.1 -1.5 3.0p0.7p0.8p2.7e-0.1 7.2 6.4p59.8 15.3eHR2.8 20.4 1.0 3.2 -13.6 2.1 47.9 -3.2 1.2 19.4 3.2 0.0 0.2p7.3e-15.5 11.1 na33.9 7.5eIT0.9 17.8 1.4 2.5 -5.9 2.1 27.6 -2.3 -1.3 -2.5 6.2 -1.5 0.0 8.4e-1.2 -1.4 4.1 40.8 13.1eCY5.2 19.2 0.6 -3.3 -184.4 -23.7 1793.6 -4.1 -3.2 18.2 2.2 4.3 -0.1 20.2e-9.6 4.3 6.5 97.0 14.1eLV4.0 22.1 0.6 1.5 -0.5 1.3 55.6 -3.4 1.3 5.7 5.1 0.6 2.5 5.3e-2.9 29.3 2.5 21.0 7.8eLT3.9 21.0 0.9 1.9 -2.7 2.4 42.8 -4.0 3.0 0.5 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.6e8.0 23.2 2.7 22.6 10.4eLU3.1 16.8 1.2e5.7 -3545.3 -766.9 7462.7 -3.3 0.4 11.5 -0.2 -3.2 -0.6 0.8e10.6 19.9 3.8 66.2 14.6eHU5.4 24.8 1.5b2.5 -3.9 -42.7 161.2 -3.8 -1.0 5.7 0.5 1.3 3.1 5.4e7.9 45.5 3.0 17.7 9.4eMT5.2 21.1p0.6 6.6 238.7 29.4 1533.7 -9.0 0.3 13.6 4.0 -4.2 -0.8 3.1e4.1 17.5 5.1p48.7 12.1eNL2.4 20.4 2.1 10.8 -16.7 -41.0 602.6 -1.4 -0.8 -0.9 1.3 0.6 -0.2p1.9e-1.5 23.6 4.9 103.7 16.1eAT2.6 24.0 3.1p0.7 -5.6 -6.6 62.2 -2.5 1.7 0.8 1.9 1.8 0.9 2.6e5.6 19.6 4.5 49.7 11.4ePL5.4 18.2 1.2 0.8 -16.8 3.0 48.1 -2.7 -3.0 23.4 4.3 3.2 4.8 6.2e0.0 12.7 1.9 35.0 9.3ePT2.8 17.5 1.4 1.4 -55.5 3.2 79.6 -2.5 -0.3 5.9 4.5 0.4 0.5 9.4e-7.3 29.0 3.1 66.0 11.0eRO4.5 21.1 0.5 -3.2 -3.9 3.0 43.7 -1.6 -4.1 20.5 5.2 1.6 4.4 5.0e20.0 18.6 2.0 15.8 9.3eSI4.4 19.2 2.0 5.4 -1.0 2.9 39.2 -2.9 -0.4 16.6 2.6 2.6 1.1 6.0e-0.2 21.6 2.1 26.9 8.2eSK3.8 21.0 0.8 -1.2 -16.5 2.1 71.0 -4.0 -0.4 -0.4 -1.7 1.5 1.7 3.2e5.0 21.3 3.4 42.4 9.5eFI1.5 24.1 2.8 -1.7 -1.1 -3.9 46.5 -2.0 -1.4 -6.2 3.9 -2.0 -1.0 1.5e1.3 3.4 7.3 65.1 16.1eSE2.0 25.2 3.3 2.6 -11.5 -0.3 86.7 -1.3 -7.6 -8.4 -1.1 0.5 0.3 1.0e5.6 14.4 5.2 87.9 18.1e1) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2018 

27 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE1.5 68.6 2.9 15.8 9.2 -3.0 20.0 -1.1 16.4 1.5 5.0 -0.8 12.6 -2.3 BG-0.1 71.5 3.0 12.7 15.0 -4.3 32.8 -8.5 22.0 0.0 20.9 -13.3 9.0 -2.6 CZ1.3 76.6 0.7 6.7 5.6 -1.9 12.2 -1.8 9.6 -0.1 2.8 -2.8 4.5 -2.3 DK1.6 78.2 1.0 10.5 7.7 0.7 17.0 -0.7 12.7 0.5 3.4 -0.3 9.8 -1.8 DE1.4 78.6 1.4 6.2 5.9 -0.3 18.7 -1.3 16.0 -0.7 3.1 -1.3 8.1 -1.7 EE1.2 79.1 1.3 11.8 9.8 -1.0 24.4 0.2 21.9 0.3 3.8 -0.7 5.2 -1.4 IE3.2 72.9 2.1 13.8 10.1 -4.2 21.1 -5.1 14.9 -1.3 4.9 -3.6 13.0 -5.7 EL1.4p68.2 13.6 39.9 14.1 -3.1 31.8 -3.9 18.5 -2.9 16.7 -5.5 14.6 -2.2 ES2.3p73.7 6.4 34.3 12.4 -3.2 26.1 -2.5 21.5 -0.6 5.4 -1.0 10.7 -4.7 FR1.0p71.9 3.8 20.8 11.1 -0.9 17.4 -0.3 13.4 -0.2 4.7 0.2 8.0 -0.6 HR2.6p66.3 3.4 23.7 13.6 -4.5 24.8 -4.3 19.3 -0.7 8.6 -5.1 11.2 -3.2 IT0.9 65.6 6.2 32.2 19.2 -2.2 27.3 -1.4 20.3 0.4 8.5 -3.0 11.3 -0.4 CY5.3 75.0 2.7 20.2 13.2 -2.1 23.9 -5.0 15.4 -0.8 10.2 -5.2 8.6 -2.3 LV1.5 77.7 3.1 12.2 7.8 -2.7 28.4 -2.5 23.3 0.8 9.5 -6.9 7.6 -0.2 LT1.4 77.3 2.0 11.1 8.0 -1.2 28.3 -1.0 22.9 0.7 11.1 -2.8 9.0 -0.2 LU3.7 71.1 1.4 14.2 5.3 -0.9b20.7 2.2 16.7 1.4 1.3 -0.7 8.3 2.6 HU2.3 71.9 1.4 10.2 10.7 -0.9b19.6 -8.6 12.8 -2.1 10.1 -9.3 5.7 -3.7 MT6.0 74.7 1.8 9.1 7.3 -3.2 19.0 -4.0 16.8 0.2 3.0 -5.5 5.5 -3.7 NL2.6p80.3 1.4 7.2 4.2 -0.5 16.7 0.3 13.3 1.7 2.4 -0.2 8.6 -1.6 AT1.7 76.8 1.4 9.4 6.8 -0.7 17.5 -0.8 14.3 0.4 2.8 -0.8 7.3 -0.9 PL0.5 70.1 1.0 11.7 8.7b-2.3b18.9 -4.5 14.8 -2.8 4.7 -3.4 5.6 -1.3 PT2.3 75.1 3.1 20.3 8.4 -2.9 21.6 -5.0 17.3 -2.2 6.0 -3.6 7.2 -3.7 RO0.1 67.8 1.8 16.2 14.5 -3.6 32.5 -4.9 23.5 -1.9 16.8 -5.9 7.4 -0.5 SI3.2 75.0 2.2 8.8 6.6 -2.9 16.2 -3.0 13.3 -1.0 3.7 -2.1 5.4 -2.0 SK2.0 72.4 4.0 14.9 10.2 -3.5 16.3 -2.1 12.2 -0.1 7.0 -2.0 5.2 -1.9 FI2.5 77.9 1.6 17.0 8.5 -2.1 16.5 -0.3 12.0 -0.4 2.8 0.6 10.8 0.0 SE1.6 82.7b1.1b17.4b6.0b-0.7b18.0 -0.6 16.4 0.1 1.6 0.5 9.1 0.4 1) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training for PL: changes in the weighting procedure. Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Year2018Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.3: Auxiliary indicators, 2017 

28 

Year2017Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE1.6 23.3 2.7 0.8 44.7 -7.2 201.4 -2.5 2.6 -1.0 2.1 0.1 0.0 2.7e0.3 8.2 5.7 58.9 13.2eBG3.5 18.4 0.7 4.5 32.1 3.4 86.7 -3.0 -3.2 17.1 5.7 0.4 1.7 10.2e54.3 19.5 2.9 22.6 7.7eCZ5.2 24.9 1.8 2.4 26.5 5.2 77.3 -2.5 5.6 5.6 3.0 1.8 3.6 2.8e0.5 24.4 4.2 31.5 12.4eDK2.8 21.2 3.0p8.1 18.6 1.0 53.9 -0.1 -0.7 -1.0 2.8 -0.6 1.3 2.5e-1.8 17.7 4.6 113.8 16.4eDE2.6 20.4 3.1 7.7 43.0 3.2 43.7 -1.7 0.8 2.9 5.7 -0.7 1.2 1.8e8.4 19.5 6.0 53.0 14.1eEE5.5 24.9 1.3 3.2 19.6 6.5 95.3 -0.6 2.3 -0.9 3.6 -1.3 2.7 1.9e24.4 18.1 4.7 39.2 6.8eIE9.1 33.1 1.2 -8.1 -261.6 19.0 473.6 -1.2 -2.2 66.6 0.5 3.8 5.9 9.9e-34.8 32.8 2.1 46.3 6.6eEL1.3 11.7 1.1 -1.4 -128.7 1.7 18.0 -1.8 -1.9 -3.1 8.6 3.1 1.8 45.0e-13.2 -8.2e0.6 56.7 8.8eES3.0 18.7 1.2 3.0 -57.0 2.5 64.6 -1.8 -1.1 6.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 4.4e-12.2 15.1 4.8 61.2 13.5eFR2.3 22.5 2.2p-0.8 -33.7 1.4 44.4 -1.7 -0.7 -0.1 5.3 -1.0 1.1 3.1e-0.3 2.6 6.3 58.4 15.2eHR3.4 20.0 0.9 4.5 -19.4 0.9 49.7 -2.8 0.6 19.8 2.4 1.4 1.0p8.8e-14.1 1.7 na34.0 7.4eIT1.7 17.5 1.4 2.6 -6.1 0.6 26.2 -1.9 -0.8 -1.9 8.6 0.0 0.5 11.2e-1.0 -4.6 4.0 40.8 12.2eCY5.2 21.0 0.6 -4.9 -221.4 54.2 1982.8 -4.1 -3.9 16.6 3.1 4.5 -0.2 30.7e-9.3 1.0 5.1 106.0 12.1eLV3.3 20.6 0.5 2.2 -4.8 3.7 59.5 -2.9 0.7 4.6 3.8 1.0 3.3 5.6e8.0 14.0 2.1 22.3 8.9eLT4.3 20.1 0.9 1.8 -6.5 2.8 44.2 -3.0 1.4 0.9 4.9 8.1 5.0 3.2e8.8 19.0 2.7 22.4 10.7eLU1.8 18.8 1.3 4.5 -3868.7 104.2 8618.0 -2.8 0.0 20.2 -0.4 -4.7 -1.6 0.7e14.1 18.0 3.6 64.5 13.2eHU4.3 22.2 1.3 2.8 -8.7 -8.2 208.7 -3.7 0.4 7.5 2.1 1.1 2.3 8.4e7.5 43.9 2.7 18.7 9.7eMT8.0 21.8p0.6 5.5 232.3 28.4 1571.1 -6.3 1.2 18.4 4.0 2.7 -0.1 3.1e4.7 17.5 4.5p49.0 13.5eNL2.9 20.1 2.0 10.8 -18.9 27.5 642.9 -0.7 -0.7 -1.3 1.8 1.1 0.5 2.1e-1.5 17.0 4.5 107.2 16.7eAT2.4 23.6 3.1 1.3 -4.3 3.2 71.1 -2.1 1.8 -0.4 2.6 -0.5 0.7 3.5e5.6 19.9 4.5 50.4 11.6ePL4.8 17.5 1.0 0.9 -20.7 2.2 49.6 -2.0 -3.2 25.1 6.5 4.2 3.4 6.6e2.9 7.4 2.2 34.9 8.8ePT3.5 16.8 1.3 2.2 -58.6 4.8 83.0 -2.2 0.8 11.1 6.9 3.0 0.2 13.3e-9.1 20.6 2.8 69.2 10.6eRO7.3 22.4 0.5 -1.6 -5.5 2.8 44.5 -1.3 -5.1 34.5 5.1 2.4 4.8 6.6e33.4 15.6 2.7 16.1 9.6eSI4.8 18.3 1.9 5.5 -9.6 2.5 37.9 -2.6 -1.6 14.8 3.4 5.7 1.8 9.2e1.3 12.7 2.1 27.1 8.0eSK3.0 21.2 0.9 -1.8 -15.2 4.4 71.4 -2.9 -1.7 2.3 -1.6 -1.8 0.8 3.7e4.1 19.0 3.2 41.1 9.3eFI3.3 23.4 2.7 -0.7 4.8 6.9 56.9 -1.6 -1.2 -7.7 3.9 3.2 2.2 1.2e2.9 2.4 6.9 64.5 18.9eSE2.6 25.1 3.4 3.0 -7.1 4.8 88.5 -0.9 -4.0 -7.2 0.4 -1.3 0.1 1.3e5.3 30.6 5.7 87.3 16.5e1) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2017 

29 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE1.6 68.0b3.5b19.3b9.3b-2.7b20.6 -0.6 15.9 0.4 5.2 -0.7 13.9 -0.7 BG1.8 71.3 3.4 12.9 15.3 -4.9 38.9 -1.2b23.4 1.6 30.0 -3.1 11.1 -1.0 CZ1.5 75.9 1.0 7.9 6.3 -1.8 12.2 -2.6 9.1 -0.6 3.7 -3.0 5.5 -2.1 DK1.5 77.9b1.2b12.4b7.6b1.2b17.2 -0.7 12.4 0.3 3.1 -0.1 10.0 -2.2 DE1.4 78.2 1.6 6.8 6.3 -0.1 19.0 -1.6 16.1 -0.6 3.4 -1.6 8.7 -1.3 EE2.7 78.8 1.9 12.1 9.4 -2.3 23.4 -2.6b21.0 -0.8 4.1 -2.1 5.8 -1.8bIE3.0 72.7 3.0 14.4 10.9b-4.4b22.7 -5.0 15.6 -0.8 5.2 -3.2 16.2 -4.8 EL-0.5 68.3 15.6 43.6 15.3 -3.8 34.8 -1.2 20.2 -1.9 21.1 -0.4 15.6 -1.6 ES2.6 73.9 7.7 38.6 13.3 -3.8b26.6 -2.6 21.6 -0.6 5.1 -2.0 12.8 -4.3 FR1.1 71.5 4.2 22.1 11.4 0.2b17.0 -1.5 13.2 -0.1 4.1 -0.7 8.1 -1.5 HR2.4p66.4 4.6 27.4 15.4 -3.9 26.4 -2.9 20.0 0.6 10.3 -3.6 12.2 -2.5 IT1.2 65.4 6.5 34.7 20.1 -2.0 28.9 0.6 20.3 0.9 10.1 -1.5 11.8 -0.3 CY5.4 73.9 4.5 24.7 16.1 -0.9 25.2 -2.2 15.7 1.3 11.5 -3.8 9.4 -0.3 LV0.0 77.0 3.3 17.0 10.3 -1.7 28.2 -4.5 22.1 0.9 11.3 -7.9 7.8 -1.8 LT-0.7 75.9 2.7 13.3 9.1 -0.8 29.6 2.3 22.9 3.8 12.4 -1.2 9.7 0.9 LU3.4 70.2 2.1 15.4 5.9 -0.4 19.4 0.4 16.4 0.0 1.2 -0.2 6.9 0.8 HU1.9 71.2 1.7 10.7 11.0 -2.6 25.6 -6.2 13.4 -1.6 14.5 -9.5 6.6 -6.2 MT8.1 72.2 2.0 10.6 8.6b-1.7b19.3 -4.6 16.7 0.9 3.3 -7.0 7.1 -2.8 NL2.4 79.7 1.9 8.9 4.0 -1.5 17.0 0.5 13.2 1.6 2.6 -0.6 9.5 -0.7 AT1.6 76.4 1.8 9.8 6.5 -1.2 18.1 -1.1 14.4 0.3 3.7 -0.3 8.3 -0.8 PL1.3 69.6 1.5 14.8 9.5 -2.5 19.5 -5.2 15.0 -2.0 5.9 -4.5 5.7 -1.6 PT3.3 74.7 4.5 23.9 9.3 -3.0 23.3 -4.2 18.3 -1.2 6.9 -3.7 8.0 -4.2 RO2.4 67.3 2.0 18.3 15.2 -1.8 35.7 -4.6 23.6 -1.5 19.7 -6.2 6.9 -0.3 SI3.0 74.2 3.1 11.2 6.5 -2.9 17.1 -3.3 13.3 -1.2 4.6 -2.0 6.2 -2.5 SK2.2 72.1 5.1 18.9 12.1 -0.7 16.3 -2.1 12.4 -0.2 7.0 -2.9 5.4 -1.7 FI1.0 76.7 2.1 20.1 9.4 -0.8 15.7 -1.6 11.5 -1.3 2.1 -0.7 10.7 0.7 SE2.5 82.5 1.2 17.9 6.2 -1.0 17.7 -0.5 15.8 0.2 1.1 0.1 8.8 -0.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Year2017Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-241)LabourFourceSurveyindicatorsBE:revisioninthesurveymethodology;DK:improvementinthedatacollectionandintroductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique.2)Youngpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining:IE:introductionofthenewLabour Force Survey in substitution to the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS) as data source. MT: changes in the weighting procedure. Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.4: Auxiliary indicators, 2016 

30 

Year2016Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE1.3 23.3 2.5 0.7 52.2 12.2 221.9 -2.2 1.9 -8.1 2.6 4.0 0.0 3.2e-0.1 3.8 5.7 58.2 14.2eBG3.8 18.5 0.8 5.4 29.0 2.7 89.6 -2.4 -4.8 5.9 3.1 6.4 3.3 12.8e54.0 11.6 2.7 23.0 7.7eCZ2.5 24.9 1.7 2.9 27.6 5.5 78.0 -2.0 -3.8 -0.6 3.4 2.1 0.9 4.0e-0.4 14.2 3.8 31.1 10.7eDK3.2 21.0 3.1 7.8 15.5 2.5 56.3 0.0 -0.4 -6.0 3.4 1.9 1.5 3.3e1.7 16.8 4.2 116.4 16.7eDE2.2 20.3 2.9 8.6 37.9 1.8 42.9 -1.5 1.0 -1.2 6.4 0.3 1.0 2.6e4.9 16.1 6.0 53.3 18.4eEE3.2 24.2 1.2 2.3 17.9 3.8 97.7 -1.0 0.2 -3.9 3.7 2.6 2.9 1.7e37.5 27.3 4.5 39.7 7.7eIE2.0 35.8 1.2 -5.8 -248.6 34.7 516.5 -1.1 -1.1 53.4 0.1 2.0 -1.7 13.1e-30.2 39.6 1.8 52.2 7.4eEL-0.5 11.0 1.0 -1.2 -128.6 1.4 15.8 -1.6 -3.3 -12.7 7.5 -2.6 -3.8 46.3e-11.9 -14.2e0.7 60.0 10.1eES3.0 18.0 1.2 3.4 -61.7 3.6 63.8 -1.5 -2.3 -0.5 0.4 3.2 0.9 5.7e-9.8 8.7 4.4 64.5 13.2eFR1.1 21.8 2.2 -0.4 -30.4 1.3 44.7 -1.4 0.0 -2.2 6.4 -0.4 0.5 3.6e0.0 -2.1 6.0 57.1 16.0eHR3.5 20.1 0.9 3.5 -27.7 0.8 51.2 -2.7 -1.1 5.9 1.5 4.8 3.2p10.7e-11.2 -3.6 na35.1 7.2eIT1.3 17.2 1.4b2.4 -11.6 1.4 26.3 -1.5 -0.9 -7.2 8.6 -0.3 -0.1 15.0e0.9 -8.1 4.1 41.2 14.2eCY6.4 18.1 0.5 -4.1 -227.6 40.8 2069.6 -3.3 -3.5 4.5 3.7 5.0 1.7 35.4e-10.7 -2.9 4.4 116.2 10.7eLV2.4 19.3 0.4 2.8 -8.5 1.2 57.6 -2.4 -0.3 5.8 0.4 1.8 2.7 6.3e31.1 11.1 2.0 23.4 9.9eLT2.5 19.9 0.8 0.4 -12.6 2.7 44.7 -2.6 -0.9 -4.6 4.0 2.7 0.2 4.0e6.5 16.3 3.0 22.8 11.6eLU4.6 18.1 1.3 4.7 -3645.6 230.8 9354.8 -2.4 -0.4 23.0 0.2 0.4 1.5 0.8e9.0 16.6 4.0 61.9 13.4eHU2.1 19.5 1.2 4.5 -12.0 55.2 257.4 -3.1 -5.3 -5.3 1.5 1.6 -1.5 11.9e8.3 33.6 2.4 20.1 9.9eMT3.9 24.0 0.6 -0.2 213.7 23.9 1651.0 -8.1 1.8 14.1 2.9 -0.2 -0.4 4.1e5.3 14.4 3.6 51.2 15.8eNL2.2 20.0 2.0 7.9 -34.4 30.5 641.9 -0.6 -0.6 -6.1 2.0 -0.5 0.6 2.4e0.2 9.7 4.1 110.2 17.7eAT2.0 23.1 3.1e2.6 -9.4 -7.5 65.0 -1.9 2.1 -6.0 3.2 0.8 0.7 5.1e5.7 17.8 4.3 51.1 12.5ePL3.1 18.0 1.0 0.3 -22.9 3.9 50.5 -1.4 -5.7 14.0 4.9 7.1 2.3 6.4e3.7 4.4 2.4 36.6 9.4ePT2.0 15.5 1.3 2.1 -64.2 3.6 80.2 -1.6 0.3 1.8 8.4 2.2 0.4 17.2e-11.1 15.1 2.6 72.6 12.9eRO4.7 22.9 0.5 1.1 -6.4 3.3 45.4 -0.9 -2.8 20.7 3.6 14.1 5.9 9.7e22.8 6.7 2.6 16.7 9.8eSI3.2 17.4 2.0 4.0 -14.7 3.2 37.1 -2.1 -1.8 0.0 2.9 4.0 1.3 12.3e2.4 -2.8 2.1 27.3 8.0eSK2.1 21.0 0.8 -1.0 -14.8 5.3 70.9 -2.5 -2.2 3.8 -2.3 2.8 -0.2 4.6e-0.5 14.0 3.1 38.4 9.2eFI2.8 22.7 2.7 -1.9 10.2 2.1 54.5 -1.4 0.3 -18.5 3.2 1.7 2.3 1.4e5.6 0.5 6.6 64.1 17.7eSE2.1 24.2 3.3p3.5 -12.1 2.9 85.3 -0.8 -7.9 -10.6 1.3 0.2 0.2 1.2e6.9 34.0 5.3 85.7 17.6e1) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2016 

31 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE1.3 67.6 4.0 20.1 9.9 -2.8 20.9 0.1 15.5 0.4 5.5 0.4 14.9 0.9 BG0.5 68.7 4.5 17.2 18.2 -3.4 40.4b-7.6b22.9b1.9b31.9b-11.1b11.9b-1.1bCZ1.6 75.0 1.7 10.5 7.0 -2.1b13.3 -1.3 9.7 1.1 4.8 -1.8 6.7 -0.2 DK1.7 77.5b1.2b12.2b6.7b0.1b16.8 -1.5 11.9 0.0 2.6 -1.0 10.7 -1.2 DE1.2 77.9 1.7 7.1 6.7 0.4 19.7 -0.6 16.5 0.4 3.7 -1.7 9.6 -0.3 EE0.3 77.5 2.1 13.4 9.1 -2.2 24.4 0.9 21.7 3.1 4.7 -2.9 5.8 -2.6 IE3.7 72.7 4.2 16.8 12.6 -3.8 24.4 -5.5 16.8 1.1 6.7 -3.2 17.8 -6.1 EL3.4 68.2 17.0 47.3 15.8 -4.6 35.6 -0.1 21.2 -1.9 22.4 2.1 17.2 -1.0 ES2.1 74.2 9.5 44.4 14.6 -4.0 27.9 0.6 22.3 1.9 5.8 -0.4 14.9 -0.8 FR0.6 71.4 4.6 24.5 11.9 0.7b18.2 0.1 13.6 -0.1 4.4 -0.5 8.4 0.3 HR0.2p65.6 6.6 31.3 16.9 -2.7 27.9 -2.0 19.5 0.0 12.5 -2.2 13.0 -1.8 IT1.4 64.9 6.7 37.8 19.9 -2.3 30.0 1.5 20.6 1.3 12.1 -0.2 12.8 1.5 CY4.7 73.4 5.8 29.1 16.0 -2.7 27.7 -0.1 16.1 0.8 13.6 -2.5 10.6 2.7 LV-0.3 76.3 4.0 17.3 11.2 -1.8 28.5 -6.6 21.8 2.4 12.8 -11.2 7.2 -2.8 LT2.3 75.5 3.0 14.5 9.4 -1.7 30.1 -0.7 21.9 1.3 13.5 -2.5 10.2 -0.8 LU3.0 70.0 2.2 18.9 5.4 0.4 19.1b0.1b15.8b-0.1b1.6b-0.2b6.6b0.0bHU3.7 70.1 2.4 12.9 11.0 -4.5 26.3 -8.5 14.5 -0.5 16.2 -11.6 8.2 -5.4 MT4.3 70.6 2.4 10.7 8.8 -1.1 20.3 -4.3 16.5 0.7 4.4 -5.8 7.3 -1.8 NL1.5 79.7 2.5 10.8 4.6 -1.0b16.7b0.8b12.7b2.3b2.6b0.1b9.7b0.4bAT1.3 76.2 1.9 11.2 7.7 0.4 18.0 -0.8 14.1 -0.3 3.0 -1.2 8.1 0.3 PL0.8 68.8 2.2 17.7 10.5 -1.7b21.9 -3.9 17.3 0.0 6.7 -5.2 6.4 -0.8 PT1.6 73.7 6.2 28.0 10.6 -3.5 25.1 -2.4 19.0 0.3 8.4 -2.5 9.1 -3.1 RO-1.1 65.6 3.0 20.6 17.4 0.4 38.8 -3.1 25.3 2.3 23.8 -6.0 8.2 0.6 SI1.8 71.6 4.3 15.2 8.0 -1.2 18.4 -2.0 13.9 -0.6 5.4 -1.3 7.4 -0.6 SK2.4 71.9 5.8 22.2 12.3 -1.4 18.1 -1.7 12.7 -0.1 8.2 -2.0 6.5 -1.1 FI0.5 75.9 2.3 20.1 9.9 0.6 16.6 0.6 11.6 -0.2 2.2 -0.3 11.4 2.4 SE1.9 82.1 1.3 18.9 6.5 -1.0 18.3 0.0 16.2 0.2 0.8 -1.1 8.5 -0.9 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators:DK:datacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)technique.2)Youngpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining:FR,dataareimpactedfromthechangesinthequestionnaireintroducedin2013andinclusionofFrenchoverseasdepartments(DROM).3)IncomeandLivingConditionsindicators:Cautionshouldbetakenintimecomparisons.ForBG,theincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesizefrom5200(interviewedhouseholds)to7800,theaveragesamplesizeofnewrotationalgroupsisunchanged(around2500households).In2016thenumberofpensioners(fromNationalSocialSecurityInstitute)wasusedascalibrationvariableforthefirsttime.ForLU,newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimationandimputation,adjustment.BettercoverageofcertainsegmentsoftheresidentpopulationbyuseofLuxembourg'sNationalPopulationRegister.ForNL,anewweightingschemehasbeenappliedfromEU-SILC2016onwards(AROP/AROPE).In2016imputedrentandtheinterestpaidonmortgageareincludedintargetvariableHY140G.Fromthen,variableHY140Greferstotheactualtaxpaid,whichresultedinahigherdisposableincomeforhomeowners.Thereportedbreaksreducetheinformationvalueof3yearchangeinppintheyearofreportingandthe two subsequent years.Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. People living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Year2016Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total population 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5: Auxiliary indicators, 2015 

32 

Year2015Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE2.0 23.0 2.4 1.4 51.7 -4.3 225.3 -2.7 0.1 -13.6 0.2 0.7 1.2 3.8e2.0 2.3 5.7 57.9 14.7eBG4.0 20.9 1.0 3.2 20.6 4.3 92.7 -3.8 -4.1 13.1 3.6 3.4 3.6 14.5e54.7 2.0b1.4 23.6 7.7eCZ5.4 26.5 1.9 2.6 20.3 0.9 75.3 -2.4 -8.2 -1.9 0.8 3.0 3.9 na-2.2 6.5 3.8 30.2 10.1eDK2.3 19.9 3.1 7.9 9.6 0.6 50.0 0.0 -1.5 -8.5 1.6 0.6 1.0 3.9e4.1 15.3 4.0 128.9 16.7eDE1.5 20.0 2.9 8.6 34.5 1.9 42.2 -2.0 1.0 -3.2 1.9 2.4 0.5 3.0e0.2 11.4 5.8 53.6 18.6eEE1.8 24.3 1.5 3.8 16.6 -3.1 97.3 -1.5 1.5 7.2 2.9 -4.5 -1.0 2.2e44.8 34.5 4.0 39.5 7.7eIE25.2 24.1 1.2 3.9 -243.2 82.0 497.6 -1.5 -1.5 37.8 1.9 36.2 20.8 14.9e-28.9 31.5 1.5 56.5 7.8eEL-0.4 10.8 1.0 0.3 -128.6 0.7 14.8 -2.2 -5.3 -14.0 4.7 2.0 2.6 46.8e-12.4 -21.6e0.8 61.9 11.0eES3.8 18.0 1.2 2.7 -64.8 1.9 61.2 -2.0 -1.4 -3.3 -3.6 1.3 1.0 6.3e-5.6 -5.6 4.0 68.0 13.7eFR1.1 21.5 2.3p-0.4 -29.7 1.8 43.9 -1.8 -0.6 -3.7 2.8 1.6 0.9 4.0e1.2 -4.9 5.9 56.1 17.3eHR2.4 19.5 0.8 3.9 -38.2 0.1 51.0 -3.4 -1.2 -5.8 0.5 7.3 1.2p13.0e-7.6 -8.2 na38.4 8.0eIT0.8 16.9 1.3 1.8 -17.5 0.7 25.5 -2.0 -0.7 -9.7 2.5 1.3 0.1 16.5e3.6 -14.3 4.1 41.8 13.1eCY3.2 12.9 0.5 -0.4 -258.2 146.0 2131.8 -4.0 -2.6 -4.8 1.5 6.9 1.6 36.3e-6.7 -7.1b3.6 126.8 10.7eLV4.0 21.9 0.6 2.2 -12.5 3.0 59.1 -3.5 -2.2 13.2 0.5 0.0 2.6 6.5e43.9 9.5 2.4 24.3 9.5eLT2.0 19.6 1.0 0.6 -13.5 2.5 42.9 -3.6 -1.6 6.4 1.4 -0.6 0.6 5.6e11.7 11.7 2.8 22.3 9.0eLU4.3 18.2 1.3 4.8 -3750.5 1326.2 9561.6 -3.1 0.1 20.3 0.2 1.7 1.7 1.1e13.0 15.5 4.0 61.3 13.4eHU3.8 22.2 1.3 6.9 -18.3 -4.3 220.1 -4.1 -7.3 -9.4 -0.5 4.4 1.6 15.2e7.0 14.8 2.2 21.1 11.2eMT9.6 24.2 0.7 5.4 191.3 32.8 1662.6 -8.5 0.8 9.0 2.0 12.4 5.3 5.1e8.3 8.1 2.9 51.1 14.1eNL2.0 22.1 2.0 5.8 -54.1 42.2 615.5 -1.1 0.8 -6.8 -0.1 4.4 1.0 2.7e-0.3 -1.8 3.5 111.9 18.0eAT1.0 22.7 3.1 1.2 -11.3 -2.1 75.4 -2.3 2.0 -9.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 6.5e6.2 14.2 4.3 50.8 13.5ePL4.2 20.1 1.0 1.4 -26.0 3.2 48.1 -1.6 -2.1 8.6 2.8 5.0 2.7 6.6e0.9 -2.0 2.5 36.0 9.2ePT1.8 15.5 1.2 1.5 -72.3 0.6 81.0 -2.3 -1.1 0.8 4.7 3.3 0.4 17.5e-12.0 5.4 2.4 77.0 12.4eRO3.0 24.8 0.5 1.8 -12.9 2.4 44.4 -0.9 2.2 21.4 5.7 1.6 4.3 13.4e20.4 0.5 2.4 17.4 9.8eSI2.2 18.7 2.2 4.9 -19.0 4.0 34.4 -3.1 -0.9 -4.9 0.6 1.7 0.9 17.9e2.2 -10.8 2.1 27.6 8.6eSK4.8 23.7 1.2 1.2 -14.0 1.7 62.8 -3.0 -1.5 4.0 -3.2 3.6 2.8 4.4e-0.8 7.8 2.5 34.5 9.0eFI0.5 21.2 2.9 -0.9 15.2 7.4 57.3 -1.8 0.9 -23.1 1.9 -2.6 0.6 1.5e8.5 0.8b6.0 63.3 19.1eSE4.5 23.8 3.2 3.9 -13.7 2.0 83.9 -0.8 -7.9 -9.1 0.3 2.8 3.0 1.3e5.1 30.2 4.7 82.4 18.8eFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)Housepriceindexe=estimatebyNCBforEL;b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBGandCY;b=breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodforNewdwellings(apartments)forFI.2)Householddebt:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2015 

33 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE0.9 67.6 4.4 22.1 12.2 -0.1 21.1 -0.5 14.9 -0.4 5.8 -0.5 14.9 1.0 BG0.4 69.3 5.6 21.6 19.3 -2.2 41.3 -8.0 22.0 0.8 34.2 -9.9 11.6 -0.9 CZ1.4 74.0 2.4 12.6 7.5 -1.4 14.0 -1.4 9.7 0.1 5.6 -1.0 6.8 0.0 DK1.4 76.9 1.6 12.2 7.0 -0.3 17.7 0.2 12.2 0.2 3.7 1.0 11.6 1.4 DE0.9 77.6 2.0 7.2 6.2 -0.9 20.0 0.4 16.7 0.6 4.4 -0.5 9.8 -0.1 EE2.9 76.7 2.4 13.1 10.8 -1.4 24.2 0.8 21.6 4.1 4.5 -4.9 6.6 -2.5 IE3.6 72.1 5.3 20.2 14.3 -4.9 26.2 -3.9 16.2 -0.1 8.5 -1.4 18.7 -4.7 EL-2.9 67.8 18.2 49.8 17.2 -3.0 35.7 1.1 21.4 -1.7 22.2 2.7 16.8 2.6 ES2.8 74.3 11.4 48.3 15.6 -3.0 28.6 1.4 22.1 1.3 6.4 0.6 15.4 1.1 FR0.2 71.3 4.6 24.7 12.0 -0.5 17.7 -1.4 13.6 -0.5 4.5 -0.8 8.6 0.2 HR1.3p66.9 10.2 42.3 18.1 1.5 29.1 -3.5 20.0 -0.4 13.7 -2.2 14.4 -2.4 IT0.7 64.0 6.9 40.3 21.4 0.4 28.7 -1.2 19.9 0.4 11.5 -3.0 11.7 1.1 CY1.6 73.9 6.8 32.8 15.3 -0.7 28.9 1.8 16.2 1.5 15.4 0.4 10.9 4.4 LV1.4 75.7 4.5 16.3 10.5 -4.4 30.9 -5.3 22.5 3.3 16.4 -9.2 7.8 -3.9 LT1.4 74.1 3.9 16.3 9.2 -2.0 29.3 -3.2 22.2 3.6 13.9 -5.9 9.2 -2.2 LU2.6 70.9b1.9b17.3b6.2b0.3b18.5 0.1 15.3 0.2 2.0 0.7 5.7 -0.4 HU2.2 68.6 3.1 17.3 11.6b-3.2b28.2 -5.3 14.9 0.6 19.4 -6.9 9.4 -4.1 MT4.1 68.8 2.7 11.6 10.5 -0.3 23.0 -0.1 16.6 1.5 8.5 -0.7 9.2 0.2 NL1.0 79.6 3.0 11.3 4.7 -0.2 16.4 1.4 11.6 1.5 2.6 0.3 10.2 1.3 AT0.6 75.5 1.7 10.6 7.5 0.7 18.3 -0.2 13.9 -0.5 3.6 -0.4 8.2 0.5 PL1.5 68.1 3.0 20.8 11.0 -0.8 23.4 -3.3 17.6 0.5 8.1 -5.4 6.9 0.0 PT1.4 73.4 7.2 32.0 11.3 -2.6 26.6 1.3 19.5 1.6 9.6 1.0 10.9 0.8 RO-1.3 66.1 3.0 21.7 18.1 1.3 37.4 -5.8 25.4 2.5 22.7 -8.4 7.9 0.0 SI1.3 71.8 4.7 16.3 9.5 0.2 19.2 -0.4 14.3 0.8 5.8 -0.8 7.4 -0.1 SK2.0 70.9 7.6 26.5 13.7 -0.1 18.4 -2.1 12.3 -0.9 9.0 -1.5 7.1 -0.1 FI-0.1 75.8 2.3 22.4 10.6 2.0 16.8 -0.4 12.4 -0.8 2.2 -0.7 10.8 1.5 SE1.5 81.7 1.5 20.4 6.7 -1.1 18.6 0.9 16.3 1.1 1.1 -0.7 8.7 0.6 1) Labour Force Survey indicators for LU: change in the sampling strategy and data collection tehnique.Source: European Commission, EurostatYouth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Year2015Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Employment(1 year % change) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6: Auxiliary indicators, 2014 

34 

Year2014Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE1.6 22.8 2.4 0.6 51.8 -2.7 226.9 -3.8 -0.1 -9.0 -2.5 1.5 1.2 4.3e3.4 2.9 5.9 57.5 15.1eBG1.9 21.1 0.8 3.5 10.8 1.9 93.1 -5.6 -3.0 10.9 3.0 -0.6 1.5 16.0e56.8 -2.7 1.6 25.2 7.9eCZ2.3 25.4 2.0 0.9 19.0 3.9 76.7 -3.9 -10.1 -1.5 -1.6 5.0 1.7 na-2.0 0.9 3.8 30.2 10.0eDK1.6 19.2 2.9 8.7 11.4 2.0 49.8 0.0 -1.4 -11.6 3.7 -0.6 0.7 5.1e5.2 4.9 3.9 131.5 18.4eDE2.2 20.0 2.9 7.3 31.7 0.5 41.3 -2.8 0.0 -4.9 -2.6 1.1 1.3 3.9e-4.5 10.0 5.9 54.2 19.2eEE3.0 25.6 1.4 1.8 12.7 6.6 103.1 -2.1 3.1 26.6 0.4 -1.1 2.2 3.2e41.1 35.0 3.8 38.7 6.6eIE8.6 20.6 1.5 -2.4 -351.5 38.4 387.8 -2.7 -1.8 -10.3 -5.3 10.9 5.8 21.6e-12.6 2.1 1.8 80.9 9.1eEL0.7 10.8 0.8 0.7 -129.6 1.1 11.9 -3.4 -5.6 -15.3 3.9 4.5 -2.8 39.7e-4.2 -27.1e1.1 63.4 12.8eES1.4 17.8 1.2 2.1 -70.1 2.3 60.0 -2.9 -0.6 -7.0 -6.7 0.8 0.3 8.1e-3.6 -22.3 4.2 73.4 14.0eFR1.0 21.8 2.2 -1.0 -31.0 0.2 42.1 -2.5 -0.7 -10.2 -1.7 -0.4 0.4 4.2e2.2 -4.0 6.0 55.6 18.9eHR-0.3 19.3 0.8 0.7 -45.1 5.3 57.0 -4.0 -1.4 -15.3 0.7 3.7 -2.9p13.6e-5.8 -6.9 na40.1 7.2eIT0.0 16.7 1.3e2.1 -21.2 0.8 25.0 -2.6 0.4 -11.3 -3.8 -1.1 -0.1 16.5e4.0 -13.1 4.3 42.6 14.0eCY-1.8 13.3 0.5 -3.3 -197.6 222.8 1941.5 -5.9 -0.1 -16.1 -0.8 2.5 0.2 38.6e-0.4 -8.7 3.9 131.4 10.3eLV1.1 22.8 0.7 1.4 -18.6 3.3 56.6 -4.7 -1.3 17.4 0.1 2.5 2.5 9.7e55.9 16.6 2.5 26.4 10.2eLT3.5 18.9 1.0 6.2 -16.9 0.8 41.4 -4.7 -0.1 25.9 -0.5 -5.5 1.5 6.8e11.7 7.5 2.5 21.5 9.7eLU4.3 20.0 1.3 4.1 -3300.3 283.7 8084.2 -4.4 0.8 17.2 2.0 12.7 1.7 1.4e15.8 14.2 3.8 60.8 13.4eHU4.2 22.1 1.4 4.9 -29.6 9.5 216.9 -6.1 -7.0 -12.6 -1.2 5.5 -0.3 19.4e9.8 -2.2 1.9 25.7 10.9eMT7.6 16.7 0.7 7.3 205.7 2.7 1789.7 -14.4 0.7 -8.1 1.2 -0.2 2.1 6.0e7.2 5.2 2.5 55.2 11.9eNL1.4 17.6 2.0 8.4 -45.8 13.0 558.1 -1.6 1.3 -6.9 -3.0 0.8 1.5 3.4e-0.1 -11.6 3.1 113.8 18.5eAT0.7 22.7 3.1e2.4 -11.3 0.4 77.8 -3.0 1.6 -11.5 -2.7 -0.8 -0.3 7.5e5.4 16.8 4.3 51.0 14.2ePL3.4 19.8 0.9 -0.1 -26.4 3.6 51.7 -2.6 -1.5 8.8 -1.4 3.0 1.6 7.2e1.9 -6.8 3.1 35.8 9.3ePT0.8 15.0 1.3 1.5 -77.7 5.3 81.5 -3.6 -1.2 -2.6 0.1 0.6 -0.6 16.6e-10.1 -4.9 2.5 81.9 13.7eRO3.6 24.4 0.4 2.5 -14.5 1.9 44.9 -1.4 -1.3 27.2 3.7 4.8 2.8 20.7e48.9 -7.3 2.4 18.0 10.5eSI2.8 19.1 2.4 5.3 -28.5 2.0 31.5 -4.1 0.4 -8.6 -4.6 2.3 2.3 22.8e2.9 -17.6 2.2 28.3 9.3eSK2.6 20.4 0.9 2.1 -13.0 -0.4 62.0 -4.0 0.5 7.0 -3.7 0.0 1.2 5.2e1.8 -0.4 2.7 32.4 8.4eFI-0.4 21.5 3.2 -1.2 0.1 6.4 52.0 -2.4 2.0 -23.6 -3.2 -5.7 0.1 1.6e9.2 3.2 6.0 62.5 24.3eSE2.7 23.2 3.1e4.3 -21.4 -1.7 83.4 -1.3 -3.8 -5.1 -0.8 0.7 1.2 1.3e5.1 16.5 4.2 82.1 20.6e1) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2014 

35 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE0.4 67.7 4.3 23.2 12.0 0.2b21.2 0.2 15.5 0.2 5.9 0.2 14.6 0.8 BG0.4 69.0 6.9 23.8 20.2 -1.6 40.1b-9.0b21.8 -0.4 33.1 -10.5 12.1 1.1 CZ0.6 73.5 2.7 15.9 8.1 -0.2b14.8 -0.5 9.7 -0.1 6.7 0.6 7.6 1.0 DK0.9 76.6 1.7 14.2 6.4 -0.8 17.9 0.3b12.1 0.0 3.2 0.9 12.2 1.7 DE0.9 77.7 2.2 7.7 6.4 -1.1b20.6 0.7 16.7 0.9 5.0 -0.3 10.0 -1.2 EE0.8 75.2 3.3 15.0 11.7 0.1 26.0b2.9b21.8 4.3 6.2 -2.5 7.6b-2.4bIE2.7 71.8 6.6 23.4 15.3 -3.8 27.7 -1.7 16.4 1.2 8.4 0.6 21.0 -3.2 EL3.6 67.4 19.5 52.4 19.1 1.7 36.0 5.0 22.1 0.7 21.5 6.3 17.2 5.2 ES1.0 74.2 12.9 53.2 17.1b-1.1b29.2 2.5 22.2 1.6 7.1 2.6 17.1 3.7 FR0.5 71.0 4.5 24.2 11.2b-1.1b18.5 -0.8 13.3 -0.7 4.8 -0.4 9.6 0.2 HR2.6p66.1 10.1 45.5 19.3 3.1 29.3 -3.3 19.4 -1.5 13.9 -1.3 14.7 -1.2 IT0.1 63.9 7.7 42.7 22.1 2.4 28.3 0.2 19.4 -0.4 11.6 0.5 12.1 1.6 CY-2.0 74.3 7.7 36.0 17.0 2.4 27.4 2.8 14.4 -0.4 15.3 3.6 9.7 4.8 LV-1.3 74.6 4.6 19.6 12.0 -4.0 32.7 -7.4 21.2 2.2 19.2 -11.8 9.6 -3.0 LT2.0 73.7 4.8 19.3 9.9 -1.9 27.3 -5.8 19.1 -0.1 13.6 -5.4 8.8 -3.9 LU2.6 70.8 1.6 22.6 6.3 1.6 19.0 2.2 16.4 2.8 1.4 0.2 6.1 0.3 HU4.6 67.0 3.7 20.4 13.6 0.4 31.8 0.3 15.0 0.9 24.0 0.6 12.8 0.0 MT5.4 67.8 2.9 11.7 10.3 0.1 23.9 1.8 15.8 0.2 10.3 3.7 9.9 1.0 NL-0.1 79.0 2.9 12.7 5.5 1.2 16.5 0.8 11.6 0.6 3.2 0.7 10.2 1.3 AT1.0 75.4 1.5 10.3 7.7 0.4 19.2 0.0 14.1 -0.4 4.0 0.0 9.1 0.5 PL1.7 67.9 3.8 23.9 12.0 0.5 24.7 -2.5 17.0 -0.7 10.4 -2.6 7.3 0.4 PT1.4 73.2 8.4 34.8 12.3 -0.3b27.5 3.1 19.5 1.5 10.6 2.3 12.2 3.9 RO0.8 65.7 2.8 24.0 17.0 -0.5 40.3 -0.6 25.1 2.8 25.9 -3.6 7.2 -0.1 SI0.4 70.9 5.3 20.2 9.4 2.3 20.4 1.1 14.5 0.9 6.6 0.5 8.7 1.1 SK1.4 70.3 9.3 29.7 12.8 -1.0b18.4 -2.2 12.6 -0.4 9.9 -0.7 7.1 -0.6 FI-0.4 75.4 1.9 20.5 10.2 1.8 17.3 -0.6 12.8 -0.9 2.8 -0.4 10.0 0.0 SE1.4 81.5 1.4 22.9 7.2 -0.3 18.2 -0.3 15.6 0.2 1.0 -0.7 9.0 -0.4 1) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training: for ES, change in the classification of non-formal education activities; for FR, data are impacted from the changes in the questionnaire introduced in 2013 and inclusion of French overseas departments (DROM). Source: European Commission, EurostatSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Year2014Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total population 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.7: Auxiliary indicators, 2013 

36 

Year2013Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE0.5 22.2 2.3 0.9 58.5 -5.6 231.9 -4.5 0.6 -8.1 0.2 -3.3 0.8 na2.9 7.6 5.7 55.7 15.7eBG0.3 21.3 0.6 2.4 7.4 3.6 89.5 -6.2 -0.4 5.5 4.2 5.9 0.8 na53.7 -9.3 1.7 25.6 7.8eCZ0.0 25.4 1.9 1.5 14.8 3.5 76.6 -4.7 -2.4 -4.7 -1.0 -3.4 -0.4 na0.6 -1.4 3.8 31.4 10.8eDK0.9 19.1 3.0 7.7 -3.6 0.2 41.8 0.3 -1.3 -13.2 2.4 -2.1 0.9 na4.5 -0.6 3.7 133.3 18.4eDE0.4 19.9 2.8 6.5 29.5 1.8 41.3 -3.4 -0.7 -8.1 0.4 -2.7 -0.3 na-7.3 10.4 5.9 55.7 20.3eEE1.3 27.7 1.7 2.9 7.4 4.4 98.3 -2.2 5.3 16.1 -0.7 -0.9 0.1 na42.2 28.8 3.4 39.8 6.8eIE1.2 18.6 1.6e1.0 -310.3 29.6 347.9 -3.2 -3.1 -5.6 -4.8 -0.8 -1.7 na-6.0 -27.3 1.6 93.2 15.0eEL-2.7 11.2 0.8 0.3 -130.5 1.2 12.1 -3.7 -3.5 -22.5 1.4 -1.9 -2.2 na-1.1 -25.5e2.3 65.5 14.0eES-1.4 17.4 1.3 2.6 -69.7 3.5 57.7 -3.4 0.4 -5.2 -1.6 0.7 1.0 na-0.4 -28.5 3.9 77.8 14.9eFR0.6 22.0 2.2 -0.5 -26.9 1.1 41.3 -3.1 -1.4 -9.4 -0.4 -1.6 0.4 na2.1 3.2 6.1 55.6 18.1eHR-0.4 19.7 0.8 -0.9 -49.8 1.7 51.2 -5.1 -2.9 -19.0 1.4 -1.2 2.5pna-2.3 -5.3 na40.2 7.5eIT-1.8 17.2 1.3 1.1 -23.9 0.9 23.7 -3.3 1.0 -15.9 -0.8 -3.3 -0.1 na6.7 -7.6 4.7 43.3 15.0eCY-6.6 14.1 0.5 -1.0 -141.5 108.8 1650.4 -6.4 1.0 -7.1 -0.6 -2.5 -1.0 na4.1 -8.5 4.1 129.6 16.2eLV2.3 23.0 0.6 -0.3 -22.2 3.2 53.6 -5.5 0.2 11.8 1.2 -3.0 0.0 na58.3 21.5 2.2 29.0 9.9eLT3.6 18.4 1.0 4.9 -18.6 1.7 42.9 -6.1 1.4 17.3 -5.2 3.6 2.2 na12.7 7.7 2.2 22.3 9.6eLU3.7 19.5 1.3 4.7 -2690.6 1030.0 6465.3 -5.4 1.7 15.8 2.8 1.6 1.8 na16.9 13.4 3.6 60.2 13.9eHU1.9 20.8 1.4 7.2 -35.2 -2.7 211.5 -6.3 -3.0 -18.5 -1.1 0.4 0.6 na15.3 -9.4 1.8 28.3 10.7eMT5.5 16.5 0.7 1.8 216.5 5.4 1898.1 -8.7 0.1 5.0 0.3 -2.8 1.6 na12.2 1.2 2.6 57.5 6.6eNL-0.1 18.4 1.9 9.9 -66.9 37.5 534.5 -1.4 1.3 -6.4 -2.0 -1.2 1.1 na0.0 -14.0 3.0 115.6 20.8eAT0.0 23.0 3.0 1.8 -11.7 0.1 75.2 -3.5 1.6 -13.8 -1.9 -3.1 -0.3 na3.3 19.9 4.3 51.2 13.4ePL1.1 18.9 0.9 0.5 -27.2 0.2 50.4 -2.7 -3.3 4.3 -0.1 1.8 1.2 na0.1 -7.6 3.0 35.3 9.0ePT-0.9 14.8 1.3 3.3 -78.1 6.9 77.4 -3.7 0.1 -2.9 3.9 3.5 2.0 na-8.8 -13.3 2.5 86.1 14.8eRO3.8 24.7 0.4 1.3 -20.4 2.0 45.1 -1.9 0.7 20.6 2.7 16.9 4.7 na45.7 -17.0 2.4 19.2 9.7eSI-1.0 19.6 2.6 3.7 -32.8 0.2 28.9 -5.5 0.0 -13.7 -2.3 -0.6 0.1 na7.9 -9.4 2.4 29.6 11.3eSK0.7 20.4 0.8 3.3 -10.5 1.0 64.5 -5.9 2.5 1.3 -4.8 2.3 1.5 na4.0 -3.3 3.2 29.6 8.2eFI-0.9 22.0 3.3 -1.7 -4.6 -1.9 46.6 -2.6 1.9 -28.7 -2.7 -3.1 -0.1 na8.4 6.9 6.4 61.5 21.7eSE1.2 22.4 3.3e4.9 -24.3 0.2 89.5 -1.5 5.9 -12.5 0.2 -4.8 0.2 na3.3 9.2 3.6 81.2 21.3e1) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2013 

37 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE-0.3 67.5 3.9 23.7 12.7 1.8 20.8 0.0 15.1 0.5 5.1 -0.8 14.0 1.3 BG-0.4 68.4 7.4 28.4 21.6 0.6b48.0 -1.2 21.0 0.3 43.0 -2.7 13.0 5.0 CZ0.3 72.9 3.0 19.0 9.1b0.3b14.6 0.2 8.6 -0.4 6.6 0.4 6.9 0.5 DK0.0 76.6 1.8 14.8 6.6 -0.3 18.3 0.0 11.9 -1.4 3.6 0.9 11.9 1.3 DE0.8 77.6 2.3 7.8 6.3 -2.0b20.3 0.6 16.1 0.5 5.4 0.9 9.9 -1.3 EE1.2 75.1 3.8 18.7 11.3 -2.7 23.5 1.8 18.6 2.8 7.6 -1.4 8.4 -0.6 IE2.9 71.8 8.0 26.7 16.4 -3.0 29.9 2.6 15.7 0.5 9.9 4.2 23.9 1.0 EL-0.6 67.5 18.5 58.3 20.4 5.6 35.7 8.0 23.1 3.0 20.3 8.7 18.2 10.6 ES-2.4 74.3 13.0 55.5 18.6 0.8 27.3 1.2 20.4 -0.3 6.2 1.3 15.7 4.9 FR0.2 70.9e4.5e24.9e11.2b-1.5b18.1 -1.1 13.7 0.4 4.9 -0.9 8.1 -1.8 HR-2.8p63.7 11.0 50.0 19.6 3.9 29.9 -1.2 19.5 -1.1 14.7 0.4 14.8 0.9 IT-1.8 63.4 6.9 40.0 22.2 3.2 28.5 3.5 19.3 0.6 12.3 4.9 11.3 0.7 CY-5.6 73.6 6.1 38.9 18.7 7.0 27.8 3.2 15.3 -0.3 16.1 4.9 7.9 3.0 LV2.3 74.0 5.7 23.2 13.0 -4.8 35.1 -3.1 19.4 -1.5 24.0 -3.6 10.0 -2.6 LT1.4 72.4 5.1 21.9 11.1 -2.1 30.8 -3.2 20.6 0.1 16.0 -3.9 11.0 1.5 LU1.8 69.9 1.8 15.5 5.0 -0.1 19.0 1.9 15.9 1.4 1.8 1.3 6.6 1.1 HU1.3 64.7 4.9 26.6 15.5 2.9 34.8 4.9 15.0 2.7 27.8 6.2 13.6 1.7 MT3.8 66.3 3.5 12.7 9.9 0.4 24.6 3.4 15.8 0.3 10.2 3.7 9.1 -0.1 NL-1.2 79.4 2.5 13.2 5.6b0.8b15.9 0.8 10.4 0.1 2.5 0.3 9.3 0.9 AT0.3 75.5 1.3 9.7 7.3 -0.1 18.8 -0.1 14.4 -0.3 4.2 -0.1 7.8 0.0 PL-0.1 67.0 4.4 27.3 12.2b1.4b25.8 -2.0 17.3 -0.3 11.9 -2.3 7.2 -0.1 PT-2.9 73.0 9.3 38.1 14.1 2.7 27.5 2.2 18.7 0.8 10.9 1.9 12.2 3.6 RO-0.9 64.9 3.2 23.7 17.0 0.4b41.9 0.4 23.0 1.4 29.8 -0.7 7.6 -0.1 SI-1.1 70.5 5.2 21.6 9.2 2.1 20.4 2.1 14.5 1.8 6.7 0.8 8.0 1.0 SK-0.8 69.9 10.0 33.7 13.7 -0.4 19.8 -0.8 12.8 0.8 10.2 -1.2 7.6 -0.3 FI-0.8 75.2 1.7 19.9 9.3 0.3 16.0 -0.9 11.8 -1.3 2.5 -0.3 9.0 -0.3 SE1.0 81.1 1.4 23.5 7.5 -0.2 18.3 0.6 16.0 1.2 1.9 0.0 9.4 0.9 Source: European Commission, EurostatPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2013Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.8: Auxiliary indicators, 2012 

38 

Year2012Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE0.7 23.0 2.3 0.6 58.6 2.4 244.0 -5.0 1.9 -8.7 -2.8 -3.6 0.3 na1.1 9.7 5.9 55.1 17.4eBG0.4 21.2 0.6 0.4 4.2 3.3 89.9 -6.9 1.9 7.0 5.9 -1.1 2.9 na42.5 -16.7e1.7 25.5 7.6eCZ-0.8 26.2 1.8 -0.3 9.3 4.5 74.2 -4.6 5.6 3.3 -3.3 1.2 -1.2 na2.7 -3.1 4.1 30.7 10.4eDK0.2 18.8 3.0 6.3 -2.7 -4.9 43.6 0.8 0.7 -11.0 3.1 -1.9 0.9 na5.4 -1.7 4.1 136.3 20.3eDE0.4 20.3 2.9 7.1 22.1 1.8 40.0 -3.6 -1.3 -10.0 -2.3 -0.2 -0.7 na-9.7 8.2 5.9 56.6 23.5eEE3.1 28.5 2.1 1.5 3.2 7.7 93.6 -1.3 5.2 15.6 -1.5 1.7 1.5 na41.9 23.0 2.9 41.6 7.1eIE0.1 19.6 1.6e-3.3 -256.8 25.9 337.9 -3.0 -5.1 -11.7 -3.6 -4.0 0.7 na-2.9 -37.9 1.5 98.5 15.8eEL-7.1 11.5 0.7 -2.3 -124.1 0.7 11.7 -4.1 2.0 -20.3 -1.6 -1.1 -3.2 na8.0 -20.4e3.3 64.8 26.6eES-3.0 18.5 1.3 0.6 -73.7 1.6 55.4 -3.8 0.8 -10.8 -4.6 -2.2 1.1 na1.5 -22.7 4.6 81.6 17.9eFR0.3 22.5 2.2 -1.1 -27.0 1.2 40.5 -3.3 -0.5 -11.7 -2.1 -0.3 0.0 na1.7 10.3 6.2 55.1 20.1eHR-2.4 19.6 0.8 -1.8 -50.6 2.3 52.4 -5.6 -2.6 -19.7 2.9 -4.6 1.3pna4.0 -7.6 na41.1 naIT-3.0 18.3 1.3 -0.1 -24.6 0.0 23.0 -3.8 1.4 -19.7 -4.8 -1.1 -2.7 na10.4 -0.5e4.9 43.7 14.4eCY-3.4 15.5 0.4 -3.7 -104.1 276.8 1436.8 -7.6 2.0 -12.8e-2.1 -3.6 0.1 na15.1 -10.1 4.9 127.9 26.0eLV4.3 25.2 0.7 -0.7 -25.9 3.8 49.1 -6.0 -0.7 17.1 -1.1 6.4 2.8 na55.6 1.2 2.2 32.5 10.2eLT3.8 17.3 0.9 1.4 -22.9 1.6 42.2 -7.5 1.7 34.1 -1.5 7.7 1.9 na9.4 -1.5 1.9 23.6 10.2eLU-0.4 20.2 1.3b5.1 -2457.2 980.0 5978.7 -6.3 2.8 3.2 4.2 -0.3 -2.7 na17.2 13.9 3.2 61.0 15.1eHU-1.4 19.2 1.3 4.1 -41.9 8.2 226.3 -6.3 4.6 -16.9 -2.4 -4.8 -2.3 na24.5 -9.2 2.0 31.8 11.5eMT4.1 17.6 0.8 1.5 260.8 35.2 1996.3 -11.9 1.1 21.3 -0.2 2.4 1.3 na13.3 2.7 2.8 59.4 5.0eNL-1.0 18.8 1.9b8.9 -69.6 29.4 503.2 -2.6 -0.4 -5.7 -2.6 0.2 -0.8 na1.2 -10.1 3.5 118.3 22.3eAT0.7 22.6 2.9e1.3 -16.0 1.3 74.7 -3.9 1.3 -15.4 -3.2 -1.7 -0.4 na1.3 21.1e4.3 52.0 13.5ePL1.3 19.9 0.9 -1.8 -26.5 1.5 47.9 -3.4 7.3 9.0 -2.6 1.2 1.2 na-3.7 -7.0e3.2 34.2 9.1ePT-4.1 15.8 1.4 0.5 -82.1 9.9 70.8 -4.7 0.9 -10.6 -0.2 0.0 0.0 na-8.5 -11.0 3.0 90.5 15.5eRO2.0 27.5 0.5 -3.4 -25.1 1.8 43.5 -3.1 3.2 21.4 4.6 -2.0 0.6 na79.3 -23.0 3.1 20.7 9.7eSI-2.6 19.0 2.6 1.4 -37.6 0.1 29.6 -6.7 0.2 -14.4 -4.3 -2.6 -1.7 na11.4 -4.2 2.5 30.7 12.9eSK1.9 20.3 0.8 2.9 -8.6 1.8 63.9 -5.7 1.9 -3.0 -6.0 6.0 1.8 na5.6 -8.0 2.8 28.1b8.5eFI-1.4 23.1 3.4 -2.0 -2.2 1.9 51.7 -2.6 1.6 -26.9 -5.3 -2.9 -2.2 na6.2 12.3 6.7 61.0 26.3eSE-0.6 22.7 3.2e5.3 -20.5 0.8 90.1 -1.7 19.3 -13.0 -0.3 -2.0 -1.3 na1.5 12.0 3.5 79.3 22.1e1) House price index e = Eurostat estimate for PL; e = NSI estimates for BG; e = estimate by NCB for EL, IT and AT. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2012 

39 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE0.4 66.9 3.4 19.8 12.3 1.2 21.6 1.4 15.3 0.7 6.3 1.1 13.9 1.6 BG-2.5 67.1 6.8 28.1 21.5 2.0 49.3 3.1 21.2 -0.6 44.1 2.2 12.5 5.6 CZ0.4 71.6 3.0 19.5 8.9 0.4 15.4 1.4 9.6 1.0 6.6 0.5 6.8 0.8 DK-0.7 77.2 2.1 15.8 7.3 0.8 17.5 -0.1 12.0 -1.1 2.7 0.4 10.2 1.4 DE1.1 77.2 2.4 8.0 7.1 -1.7 19.6 -0.4 16.1 0.6 4.9 -0.5 9.9 -1.0 EE1.6 74.8 5.5 20.9 12.2 -2.3b23.4 0.0 17.5 -2.2 9.4 3.2 9.1 3.5 IE-0.5 71.1 9.2 30.8 19.2 0.9 30.1 4.4 16.3 1.3 9.9 3.8 23.4 3.4 EL-4.0 67.5 14.5 55.3 20.2 7.8b34.6 7.0 23.1 3.4 19.5 8.5 14.2 7.6 ES-4.0 74.3 11.0 52.9 18.6 0.5 27.2 2.5 20.8 0.4 5.8 1.3 14.3 6.7 FR0.3 70.4e4.2e24.4e12.5 -0.2 19.1 0.6 14.1 1.2 5.3 -0.3 8.4 0.0 HR-3.6p63.9 10.2 42.1 16.6 3.2 32.6 na20.4 na15.9 na16.8 naIT-0.3 63.5 5.6 35.3 21.0 3.4 29.9 5.0 19.5 1.1 14.5 7.2 10.6 1.4 CY-3.5 73.5 3.6 27.7 16.0 6.1b27.1 3.6 14.7 -1.1 15.0 5.5 6.5 2.5 LV1.4 74.4 7.8 28.5 14.9 -2.6 36.2 -1.7 19.2 -7.2 25.6 3.5 11.7 4.3 LT1.9 71.8 6.6 26.7 11.2 -0.9 32.5 2.9 18.6 -1.7 19.8 4.2 11.4 4.2 LU2.4 69.4 1.6 18.8 5.9 0.1b18.4 0.6 15.1 0.2 1.3 0.2 6.1 -0.2 HU0.9 63.7 5.0 28.2 14.8 1.2 33.5 3.9 14.3 1.9 26.3 6.0 13.5 2.2 MT2.8 63.9 3.8 13.8 10.8 0.9 23.1 2.8 15.1 0.2 9.2 4.2 9.0 -0.2 NL-0.2 79.0 1.9 11.7 4.9 -0.1 15.0 -0.1 10.1 -1.0 2.3 0.9 8.9 0.4 AT1.0 75.1 1.2 9.4 6.8 -1.4 18.5 -0.6 14.4 -0.1 4.0 -0.6 7.7 0.6 PL0.1 66.5 4.1 26.5 11.8 1.7 26.7 -1.1 17.1 0.0 13.5 -1.5 6.9 0.0 PT-4.1 73.4 7.7 37.9 13.9 2.7 25.3 0.4 17.9 0.0 8.6 -0.5 10.1 3.1 RO1.4 64.8 3.0 22.6 16.8 2.9 43.2 0.2 22.9 0.8 31.1 -1.0 7.9 -0.2 SI-0.9 70.4 4.3 20.6 9.3 1.8 19.6 2.5 13.5 2.2 6.6 0.5 7.5 1.9 SK0.1 69.4 9.4 34.0 13.8 1.3 20.5 0.9 13.2 2.2 10.5 -0.6 7.2 1.6 FI0.9 75.2 1.6 19.0 8.6 -1.3 17.2 0.3 13.2 -0.6 2.9 0.1 9.3 0.9 SE0.7 80.3 1.5 23.6 7.8 -1.8 17.7 -0.1 15.2 0.8 1.8 -0.2 8.1 -0.4 Source: European Commission, EurostatPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. People living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Year2012Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total population 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.9: Auxiliary indicators, 2011 

40 

Year2011Real GDP* (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation* (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products*(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade*(5 year % change)Export market share in volume*(1 year % change)Labour productivity*(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction* (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE1.7 23.0 2.2 -2.0 63.9 31.5 242.2 -4.7 1.3 -0.6 -2.7 -2.3 0.4 na0.7 6.8 5.8 54.8 21.7eBG2.4 20.9 0.5 1.6 -1.9 3.7 87.8 -6.3 3.9 19.8 11.5 5.7 4.7 na35.1 -32.4e2.2 26.5 7.4eCZ1.8 26.8 1.5 -1.8 7.7 1.9 69.1 -4.3 0.8 15.8 -1.7 2.3 2.0 na6.8 -5.5 4.2 29.8 11.8eDK1.3 18.2 2.9 6.9 -12.0 3.8 43.9 0.7 1.5 -7.1 2.0 0.3 1.4 na8.1 -11.0 4.3 138.4 21.1eDE3.9 20.4 2.8 6.2 15.5 2.6 35.9 -3.6 -1.0 -2.3 -1.7 1.4 2.7 na-12.9 5.5 5.6 57.1 25.7eEE7.4 26.2 2.3 5.3 -1.7 4.9 89.1 -0.4 2.8 34.1 1.0 17.3 0.8 na41.6 -28.0 2.7 45.2 8.1eIE0.6 16.8 1.6e-1.5 -239.1 15.3 314.1 -3.3 -6.5 -3.3 -1.4 -3.7 2.8 na-2.5 -42.0 2.0 104.6 17.7eEL-10.1 13.7 0.7 -7.5 -99.2 0.4 12.4 -3.6 4.5 -10.7 0.6 -6.3 -6.1 na20.0 -13.2e4.9 63.8 naES-0.8 20.0 1.3 -2.8 -76.9 1.9 55.3 -3.8 0.4 -1.2 -2.7 1.3 1.8 na6.9 -15.3 5.4 82.5 17.4eFR2.2 22.4 2.2 -0.9 -23.1 1.5 40.2 -3.0 -0.4 -8.9 -0.7 -0.5 1.4 na2.0 4.0 6.4 54.8 21.1eHR-0.2 20.2 0.8 -1.7 -52.9 2.0 50.9 -5.3 -2.2 -9.1 4.8 -4.6 3.9pna11.4 -10.9 na41.3 naIT0.7 19.7 1.2 -2.8 -22.3 1.5 21.4 -3.6 0.9 -12.9 -2.3 -1.5 0.4 na12.6 1.6e5.2 43.5 14.9eCY0.4 19.0 0.5 -1.9 -100.8 146.0 1156.6 -6.7 0.7 -3.5e-1.7 0.1 0.1 na14.7 -13.3 6.2 121.9 19.9eLV6.5 22.0 0.7 -1.2 -32.9 5.4 49.6 -5.5 0.3 37.3 6.5 5.7 4.9 na47.4 -38.4 1.9 38.8 10.7eLT6.0 18.5 0.9 -0.3 -21.4 4.3 42.5 -7.6 4.8 32.6 0.2 7.6 5.5 na9.9 -30.8 2.0 25.8 11.3eLU2.5 19.2 1.5 5.8 -1942.7 683.1 4665.6 -5.9 2.0 4.3 3.0 -2.9 -0.4 na15.3 8.0 3.0 57.7 17.7eHU1.9 19.6 1.2 3.0 -47.3 10.0 234.9 -6.0 -2.5 3.1 -1.1 -0.5 2.0 na25.7 -10.7 2.2 37.5 13.5eMT0.5 18.2 0.7 -0.8 215.4 81.0 1999.1 -2.8 1.9 26.8 0.6 -1.6 -2.4 na9.6 -4.6 3.7 59.5 5.1eNL1.6 20.1 1.9b8.7 -74.1 37.1 472.5 -1.9 0.0 -1.2 -2.9 -1.7 0.7 na3.3 -8.0 4.2 118.2 24.2eAT2.9 22.5 2.7 1.5 -14.2 5.4 72.8 -3.7 1.2 -5.7 -3.1 -1.0 1.3 na-1.2 17.3e4.4 53.2 14.7ePL4.8 20.7 0.8 -3.4 -25.6 3.4 47.3 -3.3 -9.5 23.8 0.3 0.8 4.2 na-7.8 -6.4e3.0 35.2 9.9ePT-1.7 18.4 1.5 -4.5 -71.6 4.0 58.1 -4.2 -0.5 -2.9 -0.4 0.0 0.3 na-3.7 -5.1 3.3 90.5 19.6eRO1.9 27.2 0.5b-4.4 -25.1 1.3 41.8 -2.7 -1.6 61.1 17.6 5.2 4.3 na72.0 -38.2e2.7 21.8 10.0eSI0.9 19.9 2.4b-1.1 -35.4 1.7 28.5 -6.2 0.4 1.7 -2.4 0.0 2.6 na17.8 -6.9 2.8 29.9 13.3eSK2.8 23.3 0.7 -3.7 -12.4 5.6 65.2 -6.8 4.9 4.8 -5.9 3.7 1.1 na9.7 -17.5 2.8 26.1 9.4eFI2.5 22.6 3.6 -1.3 2.9 -2.2 50.4 -3.7 2.2 -17.6 -4.3 -4.9 0.9 na2.2 11.3 6.6 59.0 26.1eSE3.2 22.9 3.2 5.2 -18.6 1.1 90.0 -1.8 7.4 -5.4 1.1 -0.2 0.9 na-1.8 14.1 4.0 76.5 24.1e1) House price index e = Eurostat estimate for PL; e = NSI estimates for BG and RO; e = estimate by NCB for EL, IT, and AT. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2011 

41 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE1.3 66.7 3.5 18.7 11.8b1.7b21.0 0.2 15.3 0.6 5.7 0.1 13.8 2.1 BG-2.2 65.9b6.3b25.0b21.8 4.4b49.1 4.3b22.2 0.8 43.6 2.4 11.0 2.9bCZ-0.3 70.5b2.7b18.1b8.3b1.6b15.3 0.0 9.8 0.8 6.1 -0.7 6.6 -0.6 DK0.0 77.8 1.8 16.4 7.2 2.0b17.6b1.3b12.1 0.3 2.3 0.3 10.5 2.0 DE1.2 77.3b2.8b8.5b7.5b-0.9b19.9 -0.2 15.8 0.6 5.3 -0.2 11.2 -0.5 EE6.5 74.7 7.1 22.4 11.6 2.9 23.1 1.3 17.5 -2.0 8.7 3.8 10.0 4.7 IE-2.2 71.2 8.8 29.6 19.1 5.2 29.4 5.7 15.2 -0.3 7.8 2.3 24.2 10.5 EL-4.3 67.3 8.8 44.7 17.4 6.0b31.0 2.9 21.4 1.3 15.2 4.0 12.0 4.5 ES-2.5 73.9 8.9 46.2 18.2 3.9 26.7 2.9b20.6 0.8 4.5 0.9 13.4 6.8 FR0.8 69.9e3.9e22.7e12.3 1.8 19.3 0.8b14.0 1.5 5.2 -0.2 9.4 0.6 HR-4.0p64.1 8.4 36.7 16.2 4.6 32.6 na20.9 na15.2 na15.9 naIT0.3 62.1 4.3 29.2 19.7 3.1 28.1 2.6 19.8 0.9 11.1 3.6 10.5 0.1 CY0.3 73.5 1.6 22.4 14.6 4.9 24.6 1.3b14.8 -1.1 11.7 2.6 4.9 0.4bLV1.5 72.8 8.8 31.0 16.0 4.2 40.1 5.9b19.0 -6.9 31.0 11.7 12.6 7.2 LT0.6 71.4 8.0 32.6 11.8 3.0 33.1 4.8 19.2 -1.7 19.0 6.5 12.7 6.6 LU3.0 67.9 1.4 16.8 4.7 -1.5 16.8 1.3 13.6 0.2 1.2 0.5 5.8 1.1 HU0.0 62.4 5.2 26.0 13.2 1.7 31.5 3.3 14.1 1.7 23.4 5.5 12.8 0.8 MT2.9 61.8 3.9 13.3 10.2 1.9 22.1 2.0 15.6 0.3 6.6 2.3 8.9 0.3 NL0.9 78.1 1.6 10.0 4.3 0.4 15.7 0.8 11.0 0.5 2.5 1.0 8.9 0.7 AT1.6 74.6 1.2 8.9 7.3 -0.1 19.2 -1.4b14.5 -0.7 4.0 -1.9 8.6 1.2bPL0.6 65.7 3.6 25.8 11.5 2.5b27.2 -3.3b17.7 0.8 13.0 -4.7b6.9 -1.1 PT-1.9 73.6b6.2b30.3b12.6b2.4b24.4 -1.6 18.0 -0.5 8.3 -1.4 8.3 2.0 RO-2.3 64.1 2.9 23.9 17.5 5.9 40.9 -3.3 22.3 -1.3 29.5 -3.2 7.3 -1.2 SI-1.7 70.3 3.6 15.7 7.1 0.6 19.3 0.8 13.6 1.3 6.1 -0.6 7.6 0.9 SK1.8 68.7b9.2b33.4b13.8b2.7b20.6 0.0 13.0 2.1 10.6 -1.2 7.7 2.5 FI1.6 74.9 1.7 20.1 8.4 0.6 17.9 0.5 13.7 0.1 3.2 -0.3 10.0 2.5 SE2.3 79.9 1.5 22.8 7.5 -0.3b18.5 1.8b15.4 1.9b1.7 -0.1b9.4 2.4bSource: European Commission, EurostatActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2011Employment(1 year % change) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.10: Auxiliary indicators, 2010 

42 

Year2010Real GDP (1 year % change) Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)Current plus capital account (Net lending-borrowing)(% of GDP)Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows(% of GDP) Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks(% of GDP)Net trade balance of energy products(% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners(3 year % change)Export performance against advanced economies(5 year % change)Terms of trade(5 year % change)Export market share in volume(1 year % change)Labour productivity(1 year % change)Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)Unit labour cost performance relative to EA(10 year % change)House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)Residential construction (% of GDP)Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)BE2.9 22.1 2.1 1.6 61.6 26.0 230.4 -3.7 1.9 -4.3 -2.0 -2.5 2.2 na0.6 7.2 6.1 53.0 20.1eBG0.6 22.3 0.6 -1.0 -8.7 3.6 90.7 -5.7 11.7 16.8 14.0 -1.9 4.6 na41.4 -10.6e2.7 28.8 7.4eCZ2.4 27.1 1.3 -2.6 7.5 4.9 69.6 -3.4 12.7 20.9 -2.1 1.8 3.5 na10.6 6.6e4.5 28.7 11.9eDK1.9 18.1 2.9 6.6 -21.3 -3.6 43.5 0.9 1.7 -3.3 3.3 -10.0 4.3 na11.3 -14.2 3.7 138.3 21.8eDE4.2 19.5 2.7 5.8 20.9 2.5 35.3 -2.9 -1.5 -0.6 -0.8 1.5 3.8 na-14.8 3.3 5.2 59.4 25.8eEE2.7 21.1 1.6 5.2 -17.1 13.0 94.0 -1.5 6.4 18.5 3.0 11.3 8.0 na44.9 -40.0 2.6 52.5 12.4eIE1.8 17.5 1.6e-1.1 -237.4 16.8 302.6 -2.8 -5.3 1.4 -4.2 -6.9 6.1bna4.2 -34.9 3.0 110.3 21.1eEL-5.5b16.6b0.6e-9.2 -100.7 0.2 14.0 -3.1b5.0 -8.8 2.0b-8.0b-3.0bna22.4 -6.7e5.2b61.2 15.4eES0.2 21.8 1.4 -3.5 -72.3 2.5 54.9 -2.9 0.9 -4.5 1.4 -3.8 1.9 na9.4 -9.6 6.6 84.4 17.2eFR1.9 22.1 2.2b-0.6 -24.5 1.5 38.1 -2.4 -0.2 -10.4 0.2 -4.2 1.8 na1.8 -0.9 6.3 53.7 20.1eHR-1.3 21.2 0.7 -2.1 -50.8 2.5 55.0 -3.8 4.3 -3.3 5.8 -5.1 2.6pna7.4 -8.4ena41.8 naIT1.7 20.0 1.2 -3.3 -22.3 0.4 20.2 -3.2 0.7 -12.4 -2.7 -1.1 2.4 na13.5 2.9be5.5 43.5 12.7eCY2.0 22.5 0.4 -10.4 -57.2 120.7 1041.1 -5.9 0.4 -9.0e-1.9 -6.8 1.4 na12.3 -6.9 8.0 118.4 15.2eLV-4.4 19.1 0.6 3.7 -43.1 2.0 49.1 -4.9 8.3 31.8 2.7 0.5 2.4 na49.0 -43.6 1.7 47.9 12.7eLT1.7 16.9 0.8 4.0 -25.2 2.9 44.1 -7.1 9.9 23.2 -1.9 3.5 7.4 na4.5 -29.3 2.1 29.6 14.2eLU4.9 17.6 1.5 5.8 -1850.5 429.1 3640.8 -4.8 1.7 13.8 4.6 -2.5 3.0 na18.7 7.7 2.9 57.9 16.8eHU1.1 20.1 1.1 2.1 -49.0 -15.8 212.8 -5.1 0.0 9.1 -1.0 -1.8 1.8 na36.1 -5.3 3.1 39.5 12.3eMT5.5 21.0 0.6 -4.2 217.5 102.9 1800.2 1.0 3.5 49.1 1.1 -4.7 3.7 na9.5 7.4 3.5 57.7 5.0eNL1.3 19.7 1.7 6.5 -78.9 14.5 431.3 -1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.2 -3.2 2.0 na3.3 -4.0 4.7 118.9 23.2eAT1.8 21.6 2.7e2.9 -10.3 -5.4 74.8 -2.9 0.2 -5.5 -2.5 0.2 1.1 na-2.0 11.5be4.3 54.6 13.8ePL3.7 20.3 0.7 -3.8 -24.5 3.7 48.4 -2.6 -0.1 34.6 1.7 -0.1 6.6bna-3.7 -7.2e3.2 34.1 10.0ePT1.7 20.6 1.5 -8.9 -67.7 3.7 59.2 -3.4 -2.1 -0.1 2.1 -3.7 3.2 na0.7 3.6e3.6 90.9 16.2eRO-3.9 26.1 0.5 -5.0 -23.1 2.0 41.8 -2.2 -9.2 65.9 24.8 2.6 -0.7 na166.1 na2.9 22.7 10.1eSI1.3 21.1 2.1 -0.6 -42.0 0.6 26.9 -5.0 3.1 6.7 -1.6 -2.7 3.5 na28.3 -3.0 3.1 30.3 13.2eSK5.9 21.1 0.6 -3.2 -10.9 2.3 62.0 -5.7 12.7 12.4 -5.9 4.4 7.5 na10.8 -1.2 2.8 24.6 10.4eFI3.2 22.3 3.7 1.6 8.0 4.8 54.4 -2.8 1.9 -13.1 -5.8 -6.7 3.8 na1.1 8.7 6.3 58.9 19.6eSE6.0 22.5 3.2e5.7 -16.8 0.2 91.5 -1.6 -1.1 -5.6 1.9 -2.3 5.3 na-0.5 12.5 3.7 75.9 22.4e1) House price index e = Eurostat estimate for PL; e = NSI estimates for BG and CZ; e = estimate by NCB for EL, HR, IT, PT, and AT. 2) Household debt: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFunddata,WEO(forworldvolume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators, 2010 

43 

%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in pp%3 year change in ppBE0.6 67.7 4.0 22.4 10.9 -0.3 20.8 -0.8 14.6 -0.6 5.9 0.2 12.7 -1.1 BG-3.9 66.7b4.7b21.9b21.0b1.9b49.2 -11.5 20.7 -1.3 45.7 -11.9 8.0 -8.0 CZ-1.0 70.2 3.0 18.3 8.8 1.9 14.4 -1.4 9.0 -0.6 6.2 -1.2 6.4 -2.2 DK-2.3 78.0 1.4 15.6 6.9 2.6b18.3 1.5 13.3 1.6 2.7 -0.6 10.6 0.5 DE0.4 76.7b3.3b9.8b8.3b-0.6b19.7 -0.9 15.6 0.4 4.5 -0.3 11.2 -0.3 EE-4.9 73.9 7.6 32.9 14.0 5.1 21.7 -0.3 15.8 -3.6 9.0 3.4 9.0 2.8 IE-4.1b71.6 6.9 28.1 19.4 9.9b27.3 4.2 15.2 -2.0 5.7 1.2 22.9 8.6 EL-2.5b67.8 5.7 33.0 14.8 3.5 27.7 -0.6 20.1 -0.2 11.6 0.1 7.6 -0.5 ES-1.7 73.5 7.3 41.5 17.8 5.8 26.1 2.8 20.7 1.0 4.9 1.4 10.8 4.0 FR0.1 70.0e3.9e23.3e12.7 2.0 19.2 0.2 13.3 0.2 5.8 1.1 9.9 0.3 HR-3.8p65.1 6.6 32.4 15.7 2.8 31.1 na20.6 na14.3 na13.9 naIT-0.6 62.0 4.0 27.9 19.0 2.9 25.0 -1.0 18.7 -0.8 7.4 0.4 10.6 0.4 CY0.6 73.6 1.3 16.6 11.7 2.7 24.6 -0.6 15.6 0.1 11.2 -2.1 4.9 1.2 LV-6.7 73.0 8.8 36.2 17.8 5.9 38.2 3.1 20.9 -0.3 27.6 3.6 12.6 6.4 LT-5.3 70.2 7.4 35.7 13.2 6.1 34.0 5.3 20.5 1.4 19.9 3.3 9.5 3.1 LU1.8 68.2 1.3 14.2 5.1 -0.6b17.1 1.2 14.5 1.0 0.5 -0.3 5.5 0.5 HU-0.7 61.9 5.5 26.4 12.6 1.1 29.9 0.5 12.3 0.0 21.6 1.7 11.9 0.6 MT1.7 60.4 4.1 13.2 9.5 -2.0 21.2 1.5 15.5 0.4 6.5 2.1 9.2 -0.4 NL-0.7 77.9 1.3 11.1 4.8 0.5 15.1 -0.6 10.3 0.1 2.2 0.5 8.4 -1.3 AT0.8 74.4 1.2 9.5 7.4 0.0b18.9 2.2 14.7 2.7 4.3 1.0 7.8 -0.4 PL-2.7b65.3b3.0b23.7b10.8b0.2b27.8 -6.6 17.6 0.3 14.2 -8.1 7.3 -2.8 PT-1.4 73.7 5.7 22.8 11.4 0.2 25.3 0.3 17.9 -0.2 9.0 -0.6 8.6 1.4 RO-3.2 64.9b2.4b22.1b16.6b3.3b41.5 -5.5 21.6 -3.0b30.5 -7.5 7.7 -2.2 SI-2.1 71.5 3.2 14.7 7.1 0.4 18.3 1.2 12.7 1.2 5.9 0.8 7.0 -0.3 SK-1.5 68.7 9.2 33.6 14.1 1.6 20.6 -0.8 12.0 1.4 11.4 -2.3 7.9 1.5 FI-0.6 74.5 2.0 21.4 9.0 2.0 16.9 -0.5 13.1 0.1 2.8 -0.8 9.3 0.5 SE0.6 79.1 1.6 24.8 7.7 0.2b17.7 3.8 14.8 4.3 1.9 -0.3 8.5 2.5 Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2010Employment(1 year % change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(%)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(%) Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(%)Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty or social exclusion -% of total populationPeople at risk of poverty after social transfers -% of total populationSeverely materially deprived people -% of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity -% of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chapter 3: Tables by indicator 
Table 3.1: Current account balance, % of GDP (3 year average) 

44 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE0.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.4 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.1 BG-10.7 -3.2 -0.8 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.5 2.3 2.6 2.5 CZ-2.6 -2.6 -2.4 -1.4 -0.6 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.3 0.6 DK4.3 5.5 6.5 6.9 7.7 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.6 8.0 DE5.8 5.9 6.4 6.6 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.3 7.9 7.4 EE-1.4 1.9 0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.9 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.7 IE-4.0 -2.5 -2.1 -1.2 -0.3 2.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 -1.6 EL-12.5 -10.4 -7.5 -4.6 -1.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 ES-5.5 -3.5 -2.1 -0.2 1.3 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.3 FR-0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 HR-6.6 -3.6 -2.0 -1.6 -0.9 0.8 1.8 2.9 2.4 2.6 IT-2.7 -2.7 -2.1 -0.6 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.7 CY-10.7 -6.6 -5.6 -2.6 -3.1 -2.0 -2.9 -3.3 -4.5 -5.2 LV-1.0 2.0 -1.8 -3.3 -2.7 -1.7 -0.2 0.7 0.9 0.1 LT-3.7 -0.5 -1.7 -1.2 1.2 0.9 0.0 -1.0 -0.1 1.4 LU6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.7 HU-2.5 0.1 0.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.3 0.7 MT-5.6 -5.5 -2.8 -0.8 1.8 2.8 2.6 2.3 3.3 5.1 NL5.8 7.0 8.6 9.5 9.5 8.2 7.6 8.4 9.9 10.5 AT3.3 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.8 PL-5.5 -5.0 -5.0 -3.7 -2.8 -1.8 -1.4 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 PT-10.8 -8.8 -5.9 -2.0 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.5 RO-7.1 -4.9 -5.0 -3.5 -1.9 -0.5 -0.7 -1.6 -2.9 -4.0 SI-2.4 -0.9 -0.1 1.3 3.2 4.1 4.6 4.9 5.6 5.9 SK-4.9 -4.3 -2.9 -0.7 1.3 0.3 -1.2 -2.2 -2.3 -2.3 FI2.0 0.7 -0.7 -1.8 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.5 -0.9 SE6.5 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.3 TheCurrentaccountprovidesinformationaboutthetransactionsofacountrywiththerestoftheworld.Itcoversalltransactions(otherthanthoseinfinancialitems)ingoods,services,primaryincomeandsecondaryincome,whichoccurbetweenresidentandnon-residentunits.TheMIPscoreboardindicatoristhethree-yearbackwardmovingaverageofthecurrentaccountbalanceexpressedinpercentageofGDP.TheindicatorisbasedonBalanceof Payments (BoP) data. Starting from October 2014 definitions are based on the Sixth Edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.2: Current account balance (% of GDP)  

45 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE1.6 -1.9 -0.1 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 -0.8 0.3 BG-1.7 0.3 -0.9 1.3 1.2 0.1 3.2 3.5 1.0 3.0 CZ-3.6 -2.1 -1.5 -0.5 0.2 0.4 1.8 1.5 0.4 -0.3 DK6.6 6.6 6.3 7.8 8.9 8.2 7.8 8.0 7.0 8.9 DE5.7 6.2 7.1 6.6 7.2 8.6 8.5 7.8 7.4 7.1 EE1.8 1.3 -1.9 0.3 0.7 1.8 1.2 2.3 0.9 2.0 IE-1.2 -1.6 -3.4 1.6 1.1 4.4 -4.2 0.5 6.0 -11.3 EL-10.1 -8.8 -3.5 -1.4 -0.7 -0.8 -1.7 -1.9 -2.9 -1.5 ES-3.7 -2.7 0.1 2.0 1.7 2.0 3.2 2.8 1.9 2.1 FR-0.6 -0.9 -1.0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.4 -0.5 -0.8 -0.6 -0.7 HR-2.3 -1.8 -1.9 -1.1 0.2 3.2 2.0 3.4 1.8 2.7 IT-3.3 -2.8 -0.2 1.1 1.9 1.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.0 CY-10.7 -2.3 -3.9 -1.5 -4.1 -0.4 -4.2 -5.3 -3.9 -6.3 LV1.7 -3.3 -3.7 -2.8 -1.6 -0.6 1.6 1.3 -0.3 -0.6 LT0.2 -3.7 -1.6 1.7 3.5 -2.4 -1.1 0.5 0.3 3.3 LU6.1 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 HU0.3 0.6 1.6 3.5 1.2 2.3 4.5 2.0 0.3 -0.2 MT-6.1 -2.0 -0.4 0.1 5.6 2.7 -0.6 4.9 5.7 4.8 NL7.0 8.6 10.2 9.8 8.5 6.3 8.1 10.8 10.8 9.9 AT2.9 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.5 1.7 2.7 1.4 1.3 2.8 PL-5.5 -5.4 -4.0 -1.8 -2.6 -0.9 -0.8 -0.3 -1.3 0.5 PT-10.3 -6.0 -1.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.3 0.4 -0.1 RO-5.1 -5.0 -4.8 -0.8 -0.2 -0.6 -1.4 -2.8 -4.4 -4.7 SI-0.8 -0.8 1.3 3.3 5.1 3.8 4.8 6.2 5.8 5.6 SK-4.7 -4.9 0.9 1.9 1.1 -2.1 -2.7 -1.9 -2.2 -2.7 FI1.5 -1.4 -2.1 -1.8 -1.3 -0.9 -2.0 -0.8 -1.7 -0.2 SE5.9 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.5 3.1 2.5 4.2 TheCurrentaccountprovidesinformationaboutthetransactionsofacountrywiththerestoftheworld.Itcoversalltransactions(otherthanthoseinfinancialitems)ingoods,services,primaryincomeandsecondaryincome,whichoccurbetweenresidentandnon-residentunits.TheindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDPandbasedonBalanceofPayments(BoP)data.StartingfromOctober2014definitionsarebasedontheSixthEditionoftheIMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.3: Net International Investment Position (% of GDP)   

46 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE56.3 51.4 40.8 43.2 44.8 45.2 54.5 56.0 35.7 50.6 BG-92.4 -82.8 -77.7 -73.5 -72.2 -61.8 -47.9 -43.3 -37.4 -31.2 CZ-45.7 -44.9 -45.6 -40.9 -36.3 -32.9 -27.2 -24.9 -24.4 -20.3 DK12.8 27.8 36.1 37.2 43.3 30.8 52.6 55.4 65.7 76.9 DE25.8 23.3 28.7 34.7 40.8 46.6 51.4 56.4 63.4 71.7 EE-69.4 -54.0 -50.7 -49.7 -46.7 -39.9 -39.1 -33.1 -29.6 -21.4 IE-113.6 -139.2 -137.8 -133.5 -164.4 -198.4 -172.2 -165.4 -180.9 -174.0 EL-99.8 -90.4 -117.6 -131.2 -132.9 -136.3 -139.3 -143.2 -148.0 -155.9 ES-91.0 -93.8 -88.9 -92.8 -95.9 -88.9 -85.5 -84.9 -79.2 -73.9 FR-9.3 -8.7 -12.8 -16.6 -15.6 -12.9 -13.0 -20.1 -18.8 -22.9 HR-95.2 -92.9 -91.5 -89.3 -86.8 -78.4 -72.4 -65.4 -57.7 -50.3 IT-20.1 -18.2 -23.0 -23.3 -21.0 -19.3 -11.9 -7.7 -4.8 -1.5 CY-122.2 -141.9 -141.1 -162.5 -163.6 -154.0 -133.8 -133.2 -125.8 -122.3 LV-84.2 -75.6 -68.0 -67.3 -65.5 -61.7 -55.8 -53.1 -46.5 -41.7 LT-60.2 -53.6 -54.4 -50.8 -46.8 -43.8 -42.8 -36.5 -30.4 -24.1 LU-20.4 29.3 65.2 63.6 43.1 66.5 57.7 70.4 55.2 56.2 HU-106.0 -103.7 -91.9 -82.2 -80.2 -67.6 -59.1 -54.5 -50.4 -43.7 MT11.7 6.2 19.1 25.9 41.8 36.1 47.8 58.6 57.6 54.6 NL11.0 20.1 26.7 30.7 48.0 48.9 61.2 59.8 71.9 90.0 AT-5.2 -1.9 -3.2 1.3 3.4 2.2 4.1 4.3 5.3 12.1 PL-65.0 -62.5 -65.6 -69.4 -69.4 -62.1 -61.5 -61.2 -55.9 -49.4 PT-107.2 -104.1 -119.3 -120.2 -123.8 -118.9 -110.5 -110.4 -105.6 -100.3 RO-64.0 -66.1 -67.8 -63.3 -57.0 -54.7 -49.2 -47.4 -43.8 -43.5 SI-43.1 -39.8 -44.0 -39.3 -38.4 -31.2 -28.8 -24.2 -19.0 -15.4 SK-61.4 -63.8 -60.5 -62.1 -63.4 -63.9 -66.8 -68.3 -69.5 -66.3 FI15.5 13.9 10.6 3.0 -3.1 4.8 5.5 1.2 -5.9 3.6 SE-5.5 -8.3 -15.5 -15.8 -2.3 -5.2 -1.9 1.4 8.0 18.2 Theinternationalinvestmentposition(IIP)isastatisticalstatementthatshowsatapointintimethevalueandcompositionoffinancialassetsofresidentsofaneconomythatareclaimsonnon-residentsandgoldbullionheldasreserveassets,andliabilitiesofresidentsofaneconomytonon-residents.Thedifferencebetweenaneconomy’sexternalfinancialassetsandliabilitiesistheeconomy’snetIIP(NIIP),whichmaybepositiveornegative.TheNIIPprovidesanaggregateviewofthenetfinancialposition(assetsminusliabilities)ofacountryvis-à-vistherestoftheworld.TheMIPscoreboardindicatorisexpressedinpercentageofGDPandbasedonBalanceofPayments (BoP) statistics. Starting from October 2014 definitions are based on the Sixth Edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6). 1) LU 2010-2015: international investment position has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics.Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.4: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change) 

47 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE0.5 -1.5 -4.3 -0.2 -0.6 -1.7 -0.4 0.9 6.9 2.6 BG9.7 1.9 -4.0 -0.9 -2.8 -4.3 -4.7 -3.3 3.9 4.5 CZ12.1 -0.5 0.5 -3.1 -10.0 -8.2 -3.7 5.3 11.0 8.7 DK0.2 -2.5 -7.8 -2.5 -1.2 -1.7 -1.7 -2.1 2.6 -0.2 DE-3.8 -4.9 -9.0 -1.8 -0.4 -1.5 -2.1 -2.0 5.3 2.1 EE4.6 -0.8 -3.6 3.1 4.8 5.8 4.4 3.0 7.7 6.2 IE-5.4 -9.6 -12.2 -3.8 -3.6 -6.4 -7.1 -6.3 2.3 -1.4 EL2.9 1.8 -5.0 -4.4 -5.6 -5.6 -4.0 -3.0 3.6 0.3 ES-0.3 -2.5 -5.3 -0.3 -1.0 -3.2 -4.3 -2.6 4.1 1.7 FR-2.2 -4.4 -7.8 -2.2 -1.3 -2.9 -3.2 -3.0 4.5 1.6 HR1.8 -4.7 -8.4 -3.9 -0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 4.2 1.5 IT-1.9 -3.2 -6.2 0.1 0.2 -2.4 -3.4 -3.1 3.3 0.2 CY0.0 -3.0 -5.9 -0.8 -1.7 -6.2 -7.4 -6.4 1.8 -0.1 LV6.7 -2.4 -8.6 -1.7 0.4 2.5 4.8 1.7 4.9 3.7 LT7.2 1.7 -6.7 -0.6 1.7 4.2 5.3 2.6 6.4 3.7 LU1.2 0.1 -2.4 0.8 0.5 -0.7 -1.5 -1.0 3.3 2.0 HU-1.3 -4.2 -0.8 -3.8 -6.8 -7.2 -5.2 0.0 2.0 0.3 MT-0.7 -5.0 -7.6 -1.2 0.1 -2.8 -2.9 -2.5 4.9 1.3 NL-1.5 -2.4 -6.0 0.5 0.7 -0.9 -2.3 -1.8 3.2 2.4 AT-2.0 -1.8 -4.7 0.7 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.2 4.8 2.1 PL-1.3 -11.4 1.4 -4.3 -1.0 -1.4 -5.1 -3.5 0.1 2.8 PT-3.1 -3.0 -4.0 -0.6 -1.8 -3.1 -1.8 -0.8 3.1 -0.4 RO-10.9 -3.2 -2.0 0.5 -1.0 2.7 -2.6 -5.6 -0.7 0.2 SI1.2 -1.1 -4.5 -0.6 1.2 0.3 -0.6 -2.0 2.0 1.0 SK11.0 3.4 -3.2 2.1 1.2 -1.2 -1.6 -2.0 2.5 2.6 FI-1.3 -2.8 -8.3 0.2 2.7 2.1 0.4 -2.6 3.0 0.2 SE-3.3 3.2 10.3 5.1 -3.7 -8.3 -9.2 -5.5 -4.0 -8.3 Realeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMacroeconomicImbalanceProcedureisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetoapanelof42countries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflectingnotonlycompetitioninthehomemarketsofthevariouscompetitors,butalsocompetitioninexportmarketselsewhere).Apositivevaluemeansrealappreciation.Thedataarepresentedas 3-year % change. The MIP scoreboard indicator is the percentage change over three years of the real effective exchange rate based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners.Source: European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.5: Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (1 year % change) 

48 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-2.6 0.6 -2.3 1.5 0.2 -3.4 2.9 1.5 2.4 -1.3 BG-3.0 1.0 -2.1 0.1 -0.8 -3.6 -0.4 0.6 3.7 0.1 CZ1.3 2.0 -2.8 -2.2 -5.2 -0.9 2.5 3.7 4.4 0.3 DK-4.4 -0.6 -2.9 1.0 0.8 -3.4 1.0 0.4 1.2 -1.8 DE-5.3 -0.6 -3.3 2.2 0.8 -4.4 1.6 1.0 2.7 -1.5 EE-3.8 1.1 -0.9 2.9 2.8 0.1 1.5 1.5 4.6 0.1 IE-7.3 -1.0 -4.4 1.6 -0.8 -7.2 0.9 0.0 1.4 -2.7 EL-1.2 0.6 -4.5 -0.6 -0.6 -4.5 1.1 0.5 1.9 -2.0 ES-3.2 0.3 -2.4 1.9 -0.5 -4.5 0.7 1.4 2.0 -1.7 FR-4.2 -0.6 -3.2 1.6 0.3 -4.7 1.3 0.5 2.6 -1.4 HR-3.4 -2.7 -2.5 1.2 0.5 -1.5 1.1 0.5 2.6 -1.6 IT-4.6 0.1 -1.9 1.9 0.3 -4.5 0.8 0.6 1.9 -2.2 CY-4.1 0.2 -2.1 1.1 -0.8 -6.5 -0.2 0.4 1.6 -2.0 LV-8.0 0.8 -1.5 -1.0 2.9 0.6 1.2 -0.1 3.7 0.1 LT-5.4 0.6 -2.0 0.9 3.0 0.3 1.9 0.3 4.1 -0.7 LU-1.7 0.8 -1.6 1.6 0.5 -2.7 0.7 1.0 1.6 -0.6 HU1.6 -0.5 -1.9 -1.4 -3.6 -2.4 0.8 1.7 -0.5 -0.8 MT-5.0 -0.7 -2.0 1.5 0.6 -4.8 1.4 1.0 2.4 -2.2 NL-3.9 -0.3 -1.8 2.7 -0.1 -3.4 1.2 0.5 1.5 0.4 AT-3.4 0.5 -1.8 2.1 1.7 -2.4 1.7 1.0 2.1 -1.0 PL6.1 -2.3 -2.2 0.2 1.0 -2.6 -3.5 2.7 1.0 -0.9 PT-3.1 0.7 -1.6 0.3 -0.5 -2.9 1.6 0.6 0.9 -1.8 RO1.5 2.9 -6.1 4.0 1.4 -2.6 -1.3 -1.8 2.3 -0.3 SI-2.6 -0.7 -1.2 1.4 1.1 -2.1 0.5 -0.3 1.9 -0.5 SK-4.3 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.2 -2.4 0.5 -0.1 2.1 0.6 FI-5.8 0.0 -2.6 2.9 2.5 -3.2 1.2 -0.6 2.3 -1.5 SE6.7 4.1 -0.7 1.7 -4.6 -5.5 0.8 -0.8 -4.0 -3.8 Source: European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial AffairsRealeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMIPisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetoapanelof42countries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). The indicator is the 1-year percentage change of REER. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.6: Export market share - % of world exports (5 year % change) 

49 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-11.6 -7.8 -15.6 -13.1 -13.5 -13.7 -5.1 1.7 -1.1 -3.1 BG8.0 11.1 -1.1 -0.3 5.4 13.0 9.3 20.3 13.2 15.4 CZ11.7 7.4 -4.6 -9.9 -6.4 -2.0 2.6 8.5 11.2 5.1 DK-10.6 -13.8 -17.8 -18.0 -16.0 -8.6 -3.0 1.7 -0.3 2.6 DE-8.1 -9.4 -16.8 -13.2 -9.7 -3.3 2.0 5.6 3.2 -1.1 EE9.5 24.4 6.8 9.7 20.3 7.1 -0.8 1.7 -0.1 2.0 IE-6.3 -10.3 -18.4 -10.7 -14.8 37.6 58.4 71.1 78.4 71.0 EL-15.7 -17.2 -26.3 -26.8 -19.6 -14.1 -9.9 -0.5 6.5 3.7 ES-11.7 -8.3 -17.6 -10.5 -11.7 -3.4 2.8 9.6 4.6 2.6 FR-17.2 -15.4 -18.4 -14.4 -14.7 -3.8 1.0 2.6 1.1 -0.5 HR-10.6 -15.6 -25.8 -23.5 -19.5 -5.9 9.3 23.1 22.6 22.5 IT-19.1 -19.2 -25.8 -20.6 -15.7 -9.8 -4.2 0.7 0.0 -2.6 CY-15.8e-11.4e-21.7e-12.2 -20.3 -4.9 7.8 19.7 21.3 13.7 LV21.8 27.4 8.2 5.7 11.5 13.1 9.2 7.4 8.5 3.6 LT13.9 23.0 23.9 10.9 19.6 6.3 -1.5 3.7 3.2 16.8 LU5.2 -3.3 -4.6 9.4 11.4 20.2 27.0 23.4 14.4 10.3 HU0.8 -4.3 -23.3 -23.0 -17.0 -9.4 -2.3 10.4 8.5 5.9 MT37.8 17.6 12.1 -0.8 -12.7 8.9 17.7 21.6 16.6 18.1 NL-8.2 -8.4 -12.9 -11.5 -11.5 -6.9 -3.1 1.4 1.7 0.7 AT-12.6 -12.5 -21.8 -18.6 -15.9 -9.3 -3.0 2.3 3.4 1.4 PL24.4 14.8 0.7 -1.5 3.4 8.5 17.7 28.4 26.6 25.1 PT-7.6 -9.9 -17.4 -8.3 -7.5 0.7 5.1 14.1 8.6 8.5 RO53.3 49.5 12.2 13.9 20.9 21.3 24.6 38.2 23.7 17.9 SI-1.4 -5.6 -20.9 -18.5 -13.2 -5.0 3.3 17.9 19.7 16.0 SK3.8 -2.8 -10.4 -4.3 1.7 3.9 7.2 5.0 2.2 1.9 FI-19.7 -23.5 -32.4 -32.6 -27.4 -23.2 -15.9 -5.2 -3.7 4.6 SE-12.8 -12.2 -19.6 -17.4 -9.8 -9.2 -7.7 -4.7 -6.0 -5.1 Source: European Commission, Eurostat, and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) Theexportmarketshareiscalculatedbydividingtheexports(goodsandservices)ofthecountrybythetotalexportsoftheregion/world.TheMIPindicatorisexpressedasthepercentagechangeoverfiveyears.Thetotalworldexport data are based on International Monetary Fund (IMF) data.Flags:e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.7: Export market share - % of world exports (1 year % change) 

50 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-6.9 -2.6 -6.4 1.5 0.4 -7.1 7.1 0.4 -1.4 -1.5 BG-7.8 12.0 -4.9 6.5 0.8 -1.1 8.3 4.7 0.2 2.8 CZ-5.1 -0.3 -4.2 -1.5 4.7 -0.7 4.4 1.3 1.1 -1.0 DK-9.9 -4.3 -5.1 2.1 0.5 -2.0 1.6 -0.6 0.2 3.5 DE-6.6 -2.0 -4.7 1.0 2.5 0.0 3.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.8 EE2.8 15.0 -2.7 3.7 0.8 -8.4 6.5 -0.2 1.8 2.9 IE-12.9 -9.6 -6.1 1.9 13.0 40.7 4.0 1.5 6.2 8.4 EL-13.0 -6.6 -4.9 0.6 3.6 -7.2 -2.1 5.1 7.7 0.8 ES-9.8 -0.6 -6.1 3.8 0.9 -1.4 5.8 0.3 -1.0 -0.9 FR-10.5 -2.7 -4.6 2.4 0.2 1.0 2.2 -3.0 0.8 -1.3 HR-11.3 -6.1 -9.0 1.8 4.4 3.7 9.1 2.4 1.4 4.4 IT-8.7 -3.3 -5.4 0.2 0.7 -2.3 2.8 -0.6 -0.5 -2.0 CY-14.1 -4.5 -7.6 2.8 2.4 2.5 8.2 2.6 4.2 -4.1 LV-4.9 7.5 3.4 2.0 3.5 -3.6 3.8 1.8 2.9 -1.2 LT2.9 12.2 4.2 5.6 -5.8 -8.6 4.0 9.7 5.1 6.6 LU-3.2 -2.3 1.7 7.8 7.5 4.5 3.2 -1.2 -0.1 3.6 HU-8.0 -4.2 -10.9 1.6 4.1 0.3 3.4 0.6 -0.2 1.6 MT-11.0 -4.3 -1.6 1.2 3.0 11.0 3.5 1.6 -3.0 4.3 NL-6.9 -3.6 -3.3 1.4 0.4 -2.0 0.4 1.2 1.7 -0.6 AT-10.5 -2.6 -6.4 1.7 1.3 -3.5 4.2 -1.2 2.7 -0.6 PL-1.9 -1.7 -3.0 5.2 5.1 3.0 6.6 5.9 3.7 3.8 PT-9.3 -0.2 -5.1 6.8 0.9 -1.3 4.2 3.1 1.6 0.8 RO-0.5 6.0 -7.3 15.8 6.6 -0.2 8.9 2.9 3.7 1.6 SI-10.0 -1.8 -7.6 2.5 3.8 -1.6 6.7 5.5 4.0 0.6 SK-4.7 2.8 0.6 4.9 -1.7 -2.6 6.0 -1.4 2.2 -2.0 FI-11.9 -6.1 -7.8 -0.3 -4.6 -6.7 2.8 4.0 1.2 3.7 SE-1.6 -0.2 -6.3 -1.7 -0.4 -0.9 1.5 -3.2 -3.0 0.7 Theexportmarketshareiscalculatedbydividingtheexports(goodsandservices)ofthecountrybythetotalexportsoftheregion/world.Theindicatorisexpressedasthepercentagechangeoveroneyear.Thetotalworldexportdata are based on International Monetary Fund (IMF) data.Source: European Commission, Eurostat, and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.8: Nominal unit labour cost index, 2010=100 (3 year % change) 

51 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE7.4 5.1 4.9 7.4 4.3 0.4 -0.7 1.4 3.9 5.3 BG30.2 17.8 12.2 15.3 17.6 14.5 8.6 13.5 18.3 19.5pCZ6.7 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.6 0.6 3.3 5.7 13.2 14.4 DK9.5 3.6 -0.2 1.5 2.3 2.2 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.4 DE8.2 5.6 2.5 6.0 7.4 6.2 5.2 5.0 5.8 7.9 EE12.4 -2.2 0.1 11.2 14.7 15.3 8.5 11.9 12.9 19.9 IE-4.8b-15.0b-10.8 -1.8 -2.8 -18.5 -16.1 -14.6 -1.2 -4.4 EL12.2b9.5 1.6 -4.2 -8.5 -10.8 -4.7 -3.3 1.4p1.7pES6.3 -1.4 -5.0 -5.1 -3.6 -1.1 -1.2 -0.6 0.6p4.0pFR7.4 5.4 4.1 4.6 4.4 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.5p1.3pHR11.6p6.5p-1.8p-4.7p-6.7p-6.0p-5.4p-3.9p0.0p4.7pIT8.5 4.9 2.0 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.2 2.3 3.2 CY10.4 9.4 3.2 -0.7 -6.5 -10.7 -9.1 -3.6 0.6 5.2pLV-2.0 -20.8 -6.8 7.7 17.0 17.3 16.2 14.2 14.7 17.0 LT0.1 -8.0 -4.3 6.1 8.7 11.8 15.0 16.3 16.4 16.4 LU16.0 8.8 5.9 7.6 7.1 2.4 1.2 4.0 7.9 11.9 HU5.7 3.2 7.0 7.3 6.2 1.2 5.6 9.2 12.3 10.0pMT5.6 9.3 7.2 8.8 1.9 0.4 6.3 7.0 11.4 8.5 NL7.7 5.3 2.6 4.8 3.7 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 3.7p5.9pAT9.0 5.8 3.8 6.4 7.9 6.4 5.5 4.2 4.7 5.5 PL11.2b4.1 5.6 3.8 3.4 0.5 2.5 4.1 8.0 9.2pPT4.4 -0.5 -6.2 -3.8 -2.9 0.2 -0.5 2.8 6.3 7.6pRO35.4 2.2 6.7 -4.7 6.0 0.8 10.0 16.6 29.3 24.5pSI15.5 7.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 1.3 3.6 5.8 8.4 SK8.8 5.3 -0.4 2.6 2.5 2.8 4.2 8.1 11.4 14.5 FI12.5 9.0 5.8 9.3 7.6 3.3 0.3 -3.8 -2.4 0.8 SE7.4 4.3 4.1 8.7 7.4 2.5 3.1 4.0 8.0 8.2 Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. TheNominalunitlabourcost(NULC)indexisdefinedastheratiooflabourcosttolabourproductivity,wherelabourcostistheratioofCompensationofemployees(currentprices)tothenumberofEmployees,andlabourproductivityistheratioofGrossdomesticproduct(atmarketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2010)tototalEmployment.Dataonemployeesandemploymentarepresentedaccordingtothedomesticconcept used in National accounts. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the percentage change over three years. Input data are obtained from the official National accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme.Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.9: Nominal unit labour cost index, 2010=100 (1 year % change) 

52 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-0.7 2.8 2.8 1.7 -0.2 -1.0 0.6 1.9 1.4 1.9 BG5.1 2.0 4.7 8.0 4.0 1.9 2.4 8.7 6.3 3.5pCZ0.3 0.8 3.2 0.3 1.1 -0.8 3.0 3.5 6.2 4.1 DK-1.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 -0.2 0.3 1.2 -0.1 DE-1.2 0.3 3.4 2.3 1.5 2.2 1.3 1.4 3.0 3.3 EE-5.0 1.0 4.2 5.6 4.3 4.8 -0.7 7.6 5.7 5.4 IE-8.1b-3.6b0.6 1.2 -4.6 -15.6 4.2 -2.8 -2.4 0.9 EL-0.6b2.9 -0.6 -6.3 -1.7 -3.1 0.1 -0.3 1.6p0.4pES-0.9 -1.7 -2.5 -0.9 -0.2 0.0 -0.9 0.4 1.1p2.4pFR1.0 0.9 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.8 1.0p-0.5pHR-0.4p-0.2p-1.2p-3.4p-2.3p-0.5p-2.8p-0.7p3.6p1.7pIT0.0 0.5 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.4 -0.1 2.0 1.3 CY-0.6 2.2 1.6 -4.3 -3.8 -2.9 -2.6 1.9 1.4 1.9pLV-8.8 -2.4 4.6 5.5 6.0 4.9 4.5 4.2 5.4 6.5 LT-7.0 0.6 2.2 3.2 3.1 5.1 6.1 4.3 5.2 6.1 LU-1.0 2.3 4.6 0.5 1.8 0.1 -0.7 4.6 3.9 3.0 HU-0.6 2.2 5.4 -0.3 1.1 0.4 4.0 4.5 3.3 1.9pMT-1.1 6.2 2.0 0.5 -0.5 0.5 6.4 0.1 4.5 3.7 NL-1.3 1.2 2.8 0.8 0.1 -1.3 0.9 0.5 2.2p3.1pAT0.0 0.7 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.7 0.9 2.0 2.5 PL2.2b1.0 2.3 0.4 0.6 -0.5 2.4 2.3 3.2 3.5pPT-1.1 -2.1 -3.1 1.5 -1.2 -0.1 0.8 2.1 3.4 2.0pRO11.9 -7.1 2.6 -0.1 3.3 -2.4 9.1 9.6 8.2 5.1pSI0.4 -1.0 0.7 0.4 -1.1 0.6 1.8 1.2 2.7 4.2 SK-1.9 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.9 2.5 4.5 4.0 5.3 FI-1.7 2.5 5.1 1.6 0.9 0.8 -1.4 -3.2 2.3 1.9 SE-2.5 2.2 4.5 1.8 1.0 -0.3 2.4 1.9 3.5 2.5 TheNominalunitlabourcost(NULC)indexisdefinedastheratiooflabourcosttolabourproductivity,wherelabourcostistheratioofCompensationofemployees(currentprices)tothenumberofEmployees,andlabourproductivityistheratioofGrossdomesticproduct(atmarketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2010)tototalEmployment.Dataonemployeesandemploymentarepresentedaccordingtothedomesticconcept used in National accounts. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the percentage change over one year. Input data are obtained from the official National accounts' country data, through ESA 2010 transmission programme.Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.10: House price index (2015=100), deflated (1 year % change) 

53 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE1.2 1.1 0.2 0.1 -1.3 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.0 2.5 BG-12.3e-8.6 -5.3 0.4 1.5 1.2b6.6 5.3 4.5 4.0pCZ-2.2 -1.6 -3.5 -0.7 1.6 4.0 6.8 9.1 5.9 6.2 DK0.3 -4.0 -4.9 3.1 3.1 6.6 5.1 3.2 3.5 1.5 DE-0.6 1.6 2.1 1.7 2.2 4.1 6.7 4.6 5.1 4.3 EE1.7 3.1 3.1 7.3 12.9 7.3 3.7 1.8 2.1 4.4 IE-12.3 -17.8 -14.5 0.0 15.5 10.8 7.2 9.8 7.8 0.0 EL-8.0e-7.5e-12.1e-9.2e-5.1e-3.3e-1.7e-1.5e1.4e6.5eES-3.7 -9.8 -16.5 -10.0 0.2 3.7 4.5 4.6 5.2 4.1 FR3.7 3.9 -1.9 -2.6 -1.7 -1.7 0.8 2.3 1.3 2.3HR-7.6 -2.0 -4.6 -5.7 -1.3 -2.6 2.0 2.9 4.6 8.1 IT-0.8be-1.5 -5.0 -7.5 -4.9 -4.0 0.2 -2.1 -1.5 -0.6 CY-8.2 -4.4 -5.5 -3.9 -1.1 1.0b2.2 1.3 0.1 2.6 LV-8.7 4.1 -0.2 6.8 4.6 -2.8 6.3 5.6 6.4 5.8 LT-8.6 2.1 -3.3 0.3 6.4 4.7 4.4 5.2 4.6 4.9 LU4.2 0.6 2.1 3.3 3.9 5.3 5.7 3.7 4.8 8.0 HU-6.0 -7.0 -9.4 -4.5 3.1 13.2 13.1 9.3 10.9 12.8pMT-1.1 -3.9 0.4 -1.6 2.0 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.0pNL-3.3 -4.0 -7.9 -7.9 -0.1 3.4 4.4 6.1 7.1 4.8 AT4.3be3.0 4.8 3.0 1.4 3.4 7.0 3.4 2.6 3.9 PL-6.1e-4.6 -6.6 -4.8 1.1 2.7 2.3 1.8 4.9 6.7 PT-1.0 -6.5 -8.7 -2.6 4.0 2.2 6.1 7.6 8.6 8.7 RO-12.7 -15.5 -9.1 -2.8 -3.2 1.9 5.2 3.3 1.3 -1.7 SI-1.3 0.9 -8.5 -7.2 -6.2 1.4 3.9 6.4 6.3 4.8 SK-5.0 -5.2 -5.9 -0.4 1.5 5.5 7.0 4.4 4.9 6.2 FI4.8 -0.1 -0.4 -1.3 -1.6 -0.5b0.6 0.8 -0.1 0.0 SE6.6 1.2 0.7 4.5 8.3 12.0 7.3 4.8 -3.3 0.5 Thedeflatedhousepriceindex(HPI),orrealhousepriceindex,istheratiobetweenHPIandthenationalaccountsdeflatorforprivatefinalconsumptionexpenditure(householdsandnon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholds(NPISHs)).TheindicatormeasuresinflationinthehousemarketrelativetoinflationinthefinalconsumptionexpenditureofhouseholdsandNPISHs.Eurostat'sHPIcapturespricechangesofallresidentialpropertiespurchasedby households (flats, detached houses, terraced houses, etc.), both new and existing, independently of their final use and their previous owners. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component is included. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the 1-year percentage change of the deflated HPI. The indicator is based on Price statistics and National accounts data.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.1)e=EurostatestimatesforPL;e=NSIestimatesforBG;e=sourceNCBforEL,ITandAT;b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBGandCY;b=breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethodforNewdwellings (apartments) for FI.Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.11: Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP) 

54 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-0.7 22.2 14.6 7.9 -2.0 12.1 23.8 1.9 2.3 3.8 BG-0.3 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 -3.5 3.0 4.1 3.9 5.6 CZ3.5 2.5 3.1 4.3 2.3 -0.4 6.2 6.0 6.8 3.1 DK-2.9 4.4 7.9 -3.0 -0.3 2.9 3.1 4.2 6.5 11.4 DE0.2 1.8 1.4 2.2 -0.3 2.9 4.5 4.6 6.3 5.4 EE-3.2 -0.8 7.6 4.8 5.6 2.7 6.3 4.2 4.6 3.8 IE2.2 16.4 -0.5 -1.4 2.5 -2.3 -15.8 0.2 -8.6 -9.1 EL2.4b-6.6 -4.8 -4.0 -3.1 -3.1 -2.1 -1.2 -0.9p0.8pES0.9 -4.2 -11.2 -10.0 -6.6 -2.5 -0.4 0.6 0.0p1.3pFR4.6 6.4 4.2 2.1 3.2 4.6 6.2 7.1 8.2p8.0pHR4.6 -2.4 -2.9 -0.6 -0.2 -1.6 -0.2 1.6 2.3 1.7pIT4.9 3.1 -0.9 -2.8 -0.3 -1.4 0.1 1.2 2.1 0.2 CY20.5 17.1 0.8 -12.0 -0.7 4.4 12.0 7.5 11.2 2.7pLV-2.4 -2.2 -2.4 -0.6 -4.6 -0.8 2.5 2.7 -0.2 1.5 LT-5.9 -2.2 0.4 -0.2 0.2 2.6 4.4 4.5 4.3 3.0 LU-26.1 20.6 26.8 21.7 25.4 2.8 6.5 5.3 22.1 3.8 HU-3.9 -4.3 -5.9 -0.8 -0.2 -2.5 -3.1 0.7 4.1 3.2pMT7.5 6.7 0.1 2.3 7.2 8.5 11.9 3.7 6.4 8.5 NL2.6 8.1 6.2 9.8 4.4 0.2 3.8 4.0 5.6 0.0pAT0.3 3.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.1 3.3 3.6 4.5 4.5 PL4.2 6.6 4.8 3.2 4.8 3.5 5.3 3.0 3.7 3.3 PT5.5 -0.8 -4.3 -2.3 -6.8 -1.4 -1.8 2.3 1.0 2.2pRO0.9 2.8 0.3 -1.4 -2.3 0.2 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.0pSI2.0 0.5 -2.8 -3.7 -4.7 -5.0 -0.8 0.9 1.3 0.8 SK2.8 4.6 1.9b4.9 5.0 5.1 9.2 9.6 2.0 5.0 FI7.1 5.3 7.1 2.8 1.7 6.9 1.3 9.3 4.2 7.6 SE5.2 6.9 2.3 4.6 4.5 7.5 8.4 13.3 8.8 9.8 1) 2010-2019: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 2) 2016: the decline for IE relative to 2015 predominantly reflects restructuring and re-domiciling activities of large multinational companies.Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. TheprivatesectorcreditflowrepresentsthenetamountofliabilitiesinwhichthesectorsNon-financialcorporations(S.11),HouseholdsandNon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholds(S.14_S.15)haveincurredalongtheyear.TheinstrumentstakenintoaccountareDebtsecurities(F.3)andLoans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.datadonottakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandareexpressedinpercentageofGDP. The indicator is based on National accounts data. Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010 transmission programme. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.12: Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP) 

55 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE168.7 180.6 191.0 163.0 162.1 176.1 194.9 187.8 185.7 179.1 BG137.3 129.0 128.3 130.5 125.5 109.3 104.4 99.0 95.2 91.8 CZ78.5 79.2 81.8 84.8 83.0 78.2 80.4 80.3 83.0 80.8 DK220.6 221.0 224.0 216.1 214.0 211.4 226.1 220.1 218.2 221.2 DE106.3 102.2 101.6 103.0 98.3 97.9 98.9 100.3 102.4 105.4 EE136.7 118.9 117.2 115.2 115.4 112.8 110.9 106.0 101.1 97.8 IE257.1 274.3 279.1 267.5 277.9 305.1 285.4 247.8 231.0 202.4 EL129.2b132.6 134.6 133.1 131.8 128.8 126.7 119.9 118.6p109.9pES203.2 198.2 188.5 178.2 168.1 155.8 147.8 139.8 133.2p129.4pFR132.0 135.3 138.3 137.4 141.5 142.8 143.2 145.0 148.4p153.3pHR123.4 120.7 118.3 117.0 117.2 111.9 104.2 97.7 93.5 91.2pIT123.1 122.2 124.7 122.0 119.8 116.0 112.4 109.7 108.1 106.6 CY309.5 319.8 326.0 341.2 352.4 346.7 328.3 307.2 286.1 259.1pLV129.3 110.9 95.8 90.0 82.3 78.4 78.4 75.7 69.8 67.1 LT74.5 64.6 61.0 56.6 54.1 55.2 56.6 56.2 56.2 55.1 LU272.5 272.5 293.2 297.2 329.2 332.7 310.6 313.5 315.2 318.7 HU114.8 114.3 102.0 95.8 91.6 83.8 76.9 70.2 68.8 66.6pMT164.5 166.2 158.0 147.2 139.9 130.2 134.6 125.4 123.2 123.7 NL245.2 247.9 252.9 258.6 268.1 263.9 260.3 250.4 244.2 234.0pAT132.3 129.4 128.2 127.1 124.8 124.0 123.3 122.4 121.8 120.1 PL69.6 74.0 73.8 75.9 78.7 79.1 81.9 76.9 76.8 74.0 PT201.7 204.6 210.6 201.6 190.1 179.3 169.3 162.4 154.8 149.2pRO74.6 73.7 72.3 66.8 62.0 58.1 53.8 50.9 47.5 46.7pSI115.2 112.9 112.2 107.2 97.9 87.4 81.0 76.2 72.6 68.7 SK65.7 68.7 70.9b75.0 78.9 80.5 88.2 94.0 90.8 91.6 FI146.2 144.6 147.7 147.0 148.8 152.1 148.1 148.0 144.5 147.5 SE186.9 188.0 191.0 193.8 193.1 190.9 192.4 198.7 200.8 203.9 1)2010-2019:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.2)2015:significantincreasesforIEduetore-domicilingoflargemultinationalcorporationsandmovementoflargepartsoftheirbalancesheets;2016:thedeclineforIErelativeto2015 predominantly reflects restructuring and re-domiciling activities of large multinational companies.Source: European Commission, EurostatTheprivatesectordebtisthestockofliabilitiesheldbythesectorsNon-financialcorporations(S.11),HouseholdsandNon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholds(S.14_S.15).TheinstrumentstakenintoaccountareDebtsecurities(F.3)andLoans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.donottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandareexpressedinpercentageofGDP.TheindicatorisbasedonNationalaccounts data. Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.13: General government gross debt (% of GDP) 

56 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE100.3 103.5 104.8 105.5 107.0 105.2 105.0 102.0 99.8 98.1 BG15.4 15.2 16.7 17.1 27.1 26.0 29.3 25.3 22.3 20.2 CZ37.1 39.7 44.2 44.4 41.9 39.7 36.6 34.2 32.1 30.2 DK42.6 46.1 44.9 44.0 44.3 39.8 37.2 35.9 34.0 33.3 DE82.3 79.7 81.1 78.7 75.6 72.3 69.3 65.1 61.8 59.6 EE6.6 6.1 9.8 10.2 10.6 10.0 9.9 9.1 8.2 8.4 IE86.0 111.0 119.9 119.9 104.2 76.7 74.1 67.0 63.0 57.4 EL147.5 175.2 161.9 178.4 180.2 177.0 180.8 179.2 186.2 180.5 ES60.5 69.9 86.3 95.8 100.7 99.3 99.2 98.6 97.4 95.5 FR85.3 87.8 90.6 93.4 94.9 95.6 98.0 98.3 98.1 98.1 HR57.7 64.3 70.1 81.2 84.8 84.3 80.8 77.5 74.3 72.8 IT119.2 119.7 126.5 132.5 135.4 135.3 134.8 134.1 134.4 134.7 CY56.4 65.9 80.3 104.0 109.1 107.2 103.1 93.5 99.2 94.0 LV47.9 43.7 42.2 40.0 41.6 37.1 40.4 39.0 37.1 36.9 LT36.2 37.1 39.7 38.7 40.5 42.5 39.7 39.1 33.7 35.9 LU20.2 19.0 22.0 23.7 22.7 22.0 20.1 22.3 21.0 22.0 HU80.2 80.4 78.4 77.4 76.7 75.8 74.9 72.2 69.1 65.4 MT65.3 69.3 65.9 65.8 61.6 55.9 54.5 48.8 45.2 42.6 NL59.3 61.7 66.3 67.7 67.9 64.7 61.9 56.9 52.4 48.7 AT82.7 82.4 81.9 81.3 84.0 84.9 82.8 78.5 74.0 70.5 PL53.5 54.7 54.4 56.5 51.1 51.3 54.2 50.6 48.8 45.7 PT100.2 114.4 129.0 131.4 132.9 131.2 131.5 126.1 121.5 117.2 RO29.6 34.0 37.1 37.6 39.2 37.8 37.4 35.1 34.7 35.3 SI38.3 46.5 53.6 70.0 80.3 82.6 78.5 74.1 70.3 65.6 SK41.0 43.4 51.8 54.7 53.6 51.9 52.4 51.7 49.9 48.5 FI46.9 48.3 53.6 56.2 59.8 63.6 63.2 61.3 59.6 59.3 SE38.1 37.2 37.5 40.2 45.0 43.7 42.3 40.7 38.9 35.1 Source: European Commission, EurostatDebtmeanstotalgrossdebtatnominal(face)valueoutstandingattheendoftheyearandconsolidatedbetweenandwithinthegeneralgovernment(asdefinedinthecurrentProtocol12,annexedtothe2012consolidatedversionoftheTreatyontheFunctioningoftheEuropeanUnion).ThisdefinitionissupplementedbyCouncilRegulation(EC)No479/2009,asamendedbytheCommissionRegulation(EU)No220/2014.ThestockofgovernmentdebtintheExcessiveDeficitProcedure(EDPdebt)isequaltothesumofliabilities,attheendofyear,ofallunitsclassifiedwithinthegeneralgovernment(S.13)intheinstruments:currencyanddeposits(F.2),debtsecurities (F.3) and loans (F.4). The MIP indicator is expressed in % of GDP. Data source from Government finance statistics. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.14: Unemployment rate (3 year average) 

57 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.3 7.8b7.0b6.2bBG7.6b9.5b11.3b12.2b12.2 11.2 9.4 7.7 6.3 5.2 CZ6.1 6.9b7.0b6.9b6.7 6.1 5.1 4.0 3.0 2.4 DK5.9b7.3 7.8 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.4b6.0b5.6b5.3bDE7.4b6.9b6.1b5.5b5.2 4.9 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.4 EE11.9 14.2 13.0 10.3 8.7 7.4 6.8 6.3 6.0 5.2 IE11.3 14.2 15.2 14.9 13.7 11.9 10.1 8.4 7.0 5.8 EL10.0b13.4b18.4 23.3 26.2 26.3 25.0 23.3 21.5 19.4 ES16.4 19.7 22.0 24.1 25.1 24.2 22.1 19.6 17.4 15.5 FR8.6e9.2e9.4e9.8e10.1e10.3e10.2 9.9 9.5 9.0 HR9.8 11.5 13.8 15.7 16.9 16.9 15.5 13.5 10.9 8.8 IT7.6 8.2 9.2 10.4 11.9 12.3 12.1 11.6 11.2 10.6 CY5.1b6.5b8.7 11.9 14.6 15.7 14.7 13.0 10.8 8.9 LV14.9 17.7 16.9 14.4 12.6 10.9 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.5 LT12.5 15.7 15.5 13.5 12.0 10.5 9.2 8.0 7.1 6.5 LU4.9b4.8b4.8 5.3 5.6 6.2b6.3b6.2b5.8 5.6 HU9.7 10.7 11.1 10.7 9.6 8.2 6.5 5.4 4.3 3.8 MT6.6 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.8 NL4.4 4.8 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.2 6.8 5.9 4.9 4.0 AT4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.0 PL8.3b9.2b9.8b10.0 9.8 8.9 7.6 6.2 5.0 4.0 PT9.4 11.2b13.2b15.0b15.4 14.4 12.6 10.9 9.1 7.5 RO6.6b7.0b7.0b7.0 6.9 6.9 6.5 5.9 5.0 4.3 SI5.9 7.1 8.1 9.1 9.6 9.6 8.9 7.9 6.6 5.4 SK12.0 13.3b14.0b13.9b13.8 13.0 11.5 9.8 8.1 6.8 FI7.7 8.1 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.3 7.6 SE7.7 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.5 7.0 6.7b6.6b1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, EurostatTheunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsexpressedasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed),basedontheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO)definition.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werewithoutworkduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhe3-yearbackwardmovingaverage. The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.15: Unemployment rate (%) 

58 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE8.3 7.2 7.6 8.4 8.5 8.5 7.8 7.1b6.0 5.4 BG10.3b11.3b12.3 13.0 11.4 9.2 7.6 6.2 5.2 4.2 CZ7.3 6.7b7.0 7.0 6.1 5.1 4.0 2.9 2.2 2.0 DK7.7 7.8 7.8 7.4 6.9 6.3 6.0b5.8b5.1 5.0 DE7.0b5.8b5.4 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 EE16.7 12.3 10.0 8.6 7.4 6.2 6.8 5.8 5.4 4.4 IE14.6 15.4 15.5 13.8 11.9 10.0 8.4 6.7 5.8 5.0 EL12.7 17.9 24.5 27.5 26.5 24.9 23.6 21.5 19.3 17.3 ES19.9 21.4 24.8 26.1 24.5 22.1 19.6 17.2 15.3 14.1 FR9.3e9.2e9.8e10.3e10.3 10.4 10.0 9.4 9.0 8.5 HR11.7 13.7 16.0 17.3 17.3 16.2 13.1 11.2 8.5 6.6 IT8.4 8.4 10.7 12.2 12.7 11.9 11.7 11.2 10.6 10.0 CY6.3 7.9 11.9 15.9 16.1 15.0 13.0 11.1 8.4 7.1 LV19.5 16.2 15.0 11.9 10.8 9.9 9.6 8.7 7.4 6.3 LT17.8 15.4 13.4 11.8 10.7 9.1 7.9 7.1 6.2 6.3 LU4.4 4.9 5.1 5.9 5.9 6.7b6.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 HU11.2 11.0 11.0 10.2 7.7 6.8 5.1 4.2 3.7 3.4 MT6.9 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.4 4.7 4.0 3.7 3.6 NL5.0 5.0 5.8 7.3 7.4 6.9 6.0 4.9 3.8 3.4 AT4.8 4.6 4.9 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.5 4.9 4.5 PL9.7b9.7 10.1 10.3 9.0 7.5 6.2 4.9 3.9 3.3 PT11.0 12.9b15.8 16.4 14.1 12.6 11.2 9.0 7.1 6.5 RO7.0b7.2 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.9 4.9 4.2 3.9 SI7.3 8.2 8.9 10.1 9.7 9.0 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 SK14.4 13.6b14.0 14.2 13.2 11.5 9.7 8.1 6.5 5.8 FI8.4 7.8 7.7 8.2 8.7 9.4 8.8 8.6 7.4 6.7 SE8.6 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.4b6.8 Theunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsexpressedasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed),basedontheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO)definition.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werewithoutworkduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS),which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.16: Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated (1 year % change) 

59 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-1.2 5.4 -5.1 1.2 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.4 -3.5 4.6 BG4.4 4.3 11.7 1.1 7.9 9.5 9.1 7.2 6.8 5.8 CZ3.3 4.8 5.0 10.1 5.2 7.9 16.8 28.3 3.4 5.6 DK9.7 1.6 2.5 1.8 7.3 -0.9 8.5 6.4 0.3 13.1 DE-0.9 3.1 3.3 -6.3 4.6 3.1 5.3 4.1 2.0 7.3 EE-8.6 -0.2 10.9 10.3 13.0 8.6 8.4 12.5 6.6 12.5 IE6.3 -2.3 -1.8 1.9 19.5 9.6 1.5 4.3 4.6 15.5 EL8.9 -4.0 -2.1 -17.4 -8.5 6.3 -10.3 -12.9 -4.9 11.5 ES-2.1 3.4 0.7 -10.4 0.2 -1.9 2.1 4.0 -2.5 0.9 FR3.5 6.9 1.4 0.5 5.6 2.2 4.9 4.3 1.9b7.5 HR4.1 1.9 0.9 2.8 0.6 2.0 3.5 3.9 4.5 6.8 IT4.3 4.9 7.1 -2.3 0.9 1.4 3.3 1.8 0.0 3.8 CY4.2 9.6 12.2 -3.4 11.6 9.8 -0.2 -0.2 -2.8 3.9 LV-0.9 -4.3 5.4 5.7 10.9 13.3 4.7 6.2 -3.5 4.6 LT-0.2 1.9 -0.5 -1.3 16.7 7.1 15.8 12.9 9.1 4.1 LU13.3 14.3 14.8 10.2 36.2 17.9 5.4 0.9 -1.5 3.3 HU-0.2 6.2 -5.8 -1.3 8.7 0.4 19.5 -7.6 -9.4 17.8 MT14.3 10.4 8.6 0.0 5.9 3.6 3.5 8.1 1.7 4.4 NL5.4 10.3 6.0 -1.6 8.0 4.0 7.4 0.5 -2.9 6.1pAT-1.9 1.5 0.4 -3.2 -0.8 -0.1 -3.5 3.6 -0.5 4.3 PL13.8 6.4 9.0 6.3 1.7 2.9 9.2 4.7 3.3 4.2 PT10.9 -4.9 -3.5 -5.2 -7.3 -1.4 -0.4 1.4 0.5 0.0 RO4.9 4.5 4.8 0.8 1.2 4.1 7.0 8.2 3.3 10.4 SI-3.4 -1.2 -0.7 -10.1 -0.1 -3.8 3.4 5.3 4.1 9.9 SK2.3e0.6e1.1b1.4e9.4e10.4e8.6e16.4e10.2e4.9eFI19.9 28.7 -1.3 -11.5 9.4 1.4 3.8 -4.1 20.1 7.6 SE2.9 1.9 5.6 9.8 12.6 1.8 9.1 6.9 -2.7 10.6 1)2010-2019:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.2)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions”(F.7)donotincludeEmployeestockoptions.3)2018:theincreaseforFIislargelyexplained by international group changes in the deposit-taking corporations sector.Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. ThetotalFinancialcorporationssectorliabilitiesmeasurestheevolutionofthesumofliabilities,whichincludesCurrencyanddeposits(F.2),Debtsecurities(F.3),Loans(F.4),Equityandinvestmentfundshares(F.5),Insurance,pensionsandstandardisedguarantees(F.6),Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions(F.7)andOtheraccountspayable(F.8)oftheFinancialcorporationssector(S.12).Dataarepresentedinnon-consolidatedterms,i.e.datatakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandareexpressedas1-yearpercentagechange.TheindicatorisbasedonNationalaccountsdata.DefinitionsregardingsectorsandinstrumentsarebasedontheESA 2010 transmission programme. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.17: Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated (Millions NC) 

60 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE2181323.9 2298244.0 2180844.0 2207836.0 2264524.0 2324498.9 2380145.5 2413053.3 2329619.7 2435627.0 BG115675.1 120650.6 134825.7 136284.0 147052.8 161091.2 175824.7 188512.9 201309.7 213057.3 CZ6640303.0 6956711.0 7305355.0 8040729.0 8458862.0 9126720.0 10657615.0 13670621.0 14137163.0 14922710.0 DK14166254.0 14396781.0 14763194.0 15027912.0 16127830.0 15986470.0 17343814.0 18447169.0 18493885.0 20915467.0 DE12712958.0 13101197.0 13529361.0 12673272.0 13251481.0 13658206.0 14384499.0 14979358.0 15277573.0 16390455.0 EE27966.2 27900.6 30935.2 34133.0 38580.5 41915.5 45448.2 51133.6 54510.0 61330.3 IE3691722.0 3607447.0 3542735.0 3611739.0 4317763.0 4733772.0 4805403.0 5009926.0 5237966.0 6048088.0 EL660033.1 633789.9 620440.9 512478.3 468940.9 498596.8 447443.2 389548.9 370603.5 413149.7 ES4832191.0 4996326.0 5029181.0 4505869.0 4515709.0 4429755.0 4521611.0 4701410.0 4585547.0 4625712.0 FR11376850.0 12167107.0 12341703.0 12402374.0 13091478.0 13376008.0 14035900.0 14634292.0 14919250.0b16034307.0 HR613129.5 625054.7 630823.2 648239.1 652019.0 664881.4 688092.6 715109.5 747463.9 798090.4 IT5264357.0 5522172.0 5911641.0 5775528.0 5828752.0 5909683.0 6103386.0 6214485.0 6214110.0 6449482.0 CY369425.3 405041.8 454290.2 438728.4 489588.4 537606.8 536464.5 535559.5 520478.8 540989.3 LV39105.0 37417.0 39456.0 41706.0 46241.0 52402.0 54875.0 58268.0 56253.0 58833.0 LT35826.6 36505.8 36308.3 35823.1 41792.9 44779.4 51838.7 58510.4 63860.7 66480.6 LU6264793.8 7160941.6 8222457.8 9060565.4 12336551.0 14541659.8 15329336.9 15463610.2 15232064.2 15741413.1 HU90897281.0 96518471.0 90885340.0 89745281.0 97536442.0 97941841.0 117026612.0 108083574.0 97953292.0 115380844.0 MT196162.1 216579.1 235103.9 235179.5 249133.1 258191.6 267340.4 288909.8 293744.2 306546.6 NL7865717.0 8672750.0 9189962.0 9045803.0 9773610.0 10165764.0 10917133.0 10977158.0 10655927.0 11305971.0pAT1512656.1 1534950.2 1541091.1 1491604.4 1479310.2 1477350.5 1426002.1 1477637.3 1469973.3 1533904.1 PL2170744.0 2309656.0 2517982.0 2675880.0 2721249.0 2799185.0 3057639.0 3201226.0 3307347.0 3445087.0 PT1005916.0 956187.6 922468.2 874227.2 810817.1 799708.3 796549.5 807829.5 812108.6 811830.1 RO574460.0 600205.0 629203.6 634054.3 641823.0 667914.3 714758.4 773557.9 799456.8 882404.4 SI75862.0 74916.0 74385.0 66869.0 66769.0 64263.0 66455.0 69978.0 72823.0 80015.0 SK94883.5e95434.2e96488.1b97880.9e107034.9e118179.9e128315.0e149402.5e164680.5e172810.7eFI679848.0 875092.0 863871.0 764312.0 836122.0 847431.0 879688.0 843518.0 1012716.0 1089618.0 SE17165723.0 17484957.0 18460396.0 20271440.0 22829100.0 23244445.0 25358800.0 27110507.0 26384115.0 29192357.0 1)2010-2019:LUconductedabenchmarkrevisionofcountry’sfinancialaccounts.2)InTotalfinancialsectorliabilitiesforSK,“Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions”(F.7)donotincludeEmployeestockoptions.3)2018:theincreaseforFIislargelyexplained by international group changes in the deposit-taking corporations sector.Source: European Commission, EurostatThetotalFinancialcorporationssectorliabilitiesmeasurestheevolutionofthesumofliabilities,whichincludesCurrencyanddeposits(F.2),Debtsecurities(F.3),Loans(F.4),Equityandinvestmentfundshares(F.5),Insurance,pensionsandstandardisedguarantees(F.6),Financialderivativesandemployeestockoptions(F.7)andOtheraccountspayable(F.8)oftheFinancialcorporationssector(S.12).Dataarepresentedinnon-consolidatedterms,i.e.datatakeintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesectorandareexpressedinmillionsofnationalcurrency.TheindicatorisbasedonNationalaccountsdata.DefinitionsregardingsectorsandinstrumentsarebasedontheESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.18: Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64 (3 year change in pp)   

61 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE0.6 -0.4 0.0 -0.2 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.3b1.0 1.4 BG0.4b-1.9b-0.1 1.7b3.1b2.2 0.3 2.3 2.2 4.5 CZ0.3 0.8b1.5 2.7 3.0b2.4 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.7 DK-2.1 -1.5b-1.5 -1.4 -1.2 -0.3 0.9b1.3b1.3 1.6bDE1.1b1.4b0.9 0.9b0.4b0.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.3 EE0.7 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.5 1.9 2.4 3.6 2.4 1.4 IE-4.0b-3.6 -1.9 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 EL1.3 0.6 0.1b-0.3 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.2 ES1.7 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.4 FR0.6e0.4e0.5e0.9e1.1e0.9e0.5e0.5 0.6 0.3 HR-0.6 -1.7 -1.7 -1.4 2.0 3.0 1.9 0.3 -0.6 0.9 IT-0.4 -0.8 1.2 1.4 1.8 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.8 CY-0.3 -0.1 0.5b0.0 0.8 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 1.1 2.6 LV0.4 -1.4 0.9 1.0 1.8 1.3 2.3 2.4 2.0 1.0 LT2.3 3.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 LU1.3b1.1 0.7b1.7 2.9 1.5b0.1 -0.6 0.2b2.0 HU0.3 1.2 2.5 2.8 4.6 4.9 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.5 MT1.6 2.7 4.5 5.9 6.0 4.9 4.3 4.4 5.9 5.3 NL1.2 0.3 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 AT0.9b0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 0.9 PL2.1b1.9 1.8 1.7b2.2 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 PT-0.2 -0.3b0.0 -0.7 -0.4b0.0 0.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 RO1.9b1.2 1.7 0.0b1.6 1.3 0.7 1.6 1.7 3.0 SI0.2 -1.5 -1.4 -1.0 0.6 1.4 1.1 3.3 3.2 3.6 SK0.4 -0.1b1.0 1.2 1.6b1.5 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.8 FI-1.1 -1.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.3 2.1 2.4 SE0.0 0.6 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0b0.8 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique. 3) 2010 IE: change in the sampling design. Source: European Commission, EurostatTheactivityrateisthepercentageofeconomicallyactivepopulationaged15-64onthetotalpopulationofthesameage.AccordingtothedefinitionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)forthepurposesofthelabourmarketstatisticspeopleareclassifiedasemployed,unemployedoroutsidethelabourforce.Theeconomicallyactivepopulation(alsocalledlabourforce)isthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Personsoutsidethelabourforcearethosewho,duringthereferenceweek,wereneitheremployednorunemployed.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhe3-yearchangeinpercentagepoints.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EU LFS). The survey covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
Table 3.19: Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64 

62 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE67.7 66.7 66.9 67.5 67.7 67.6 67.6 68.0b68.6 69.0 BG66.7b65.9b67.1 68.4 69.0 69.3 68.7 71.3 71.5 73.2 CZ70.2 70.5b71.6 72.9 73.5 74.0 75.0 75.9 76.6 76.7 DK78.0 77.8 77.2 76.6 76.6 76.9 77.5b77.9b78.2 79.1 DE76.7b77.3b77.2 77.6 77.7 77.6 77.9 78.2 78.6 79.2 EE73.9 74.7 74.8 75.1 75.2 76.7 77.5 78.8 79.1 78.9 IE71.6 71.2 71.1 71.8 71.8 72.1 72.7 72.7 72.9 73.3 EL67.8 67.3 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.8 68.2 68.3 68.2 68.4 ES73.5 73.9 74.3 74.3 74.2 74.3 74.2 73.9 73.7 73.8 FR70.0e69.9e70.4e70.9e71.0 71.3 71.4 71.5 71.9 71.7 HR65.1 64.1 63.9 63.7 66.1 66.9 65.6 66.4 66.3 66.5 IT62.0 62.1 63.5 63.4 63.9 64.0 64.9 65.4 65.6 65.7 CY73.6 73.5 73.5 73.6 74.3 73.9 73.4 73.9 75.0 76.0 LV73.0 72.8 74.4 74.0 74.6 75.7 76.3 77.0 77.7 77.3 LT70.2 71.4 71.8 72.4 73.7 74.1 75.5 75.9 77.3 78.0 LU68.2 67.9 69.4 69.9 70.8 70.9b70.0 70.2 71.1 72.0 HU61.9 62.4 63.7 64.7 67.0 68.6 70.1 71.2 71.9 72.6 MT60.4 61.8 63.9 66.3 67.8 68.8 70.6 72.2 74.7 75.9 NL77.9 78.1 79.0 79.4 79.0 79.6 79.7 79.7 80.3 80.9 AT74.4 74.6 75.1 75.5 75.4 75.5 76.2 76.4 76.8 77.1 PL65.3b65.7 66.5 67.0 67.9 68.1 68.8 69.6 70.1 70.6 PT73.7 73.6b73.4 73.0 73.2 73.4 73.7 74.7 75.1 75.5 RO64.9b64.1 64.8 64.9 65.7 66.1 65.6 67.3 67.8 68.6 SI71.5 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.9 71.8 71.6 74.2 75.0 75.2 SK68.7 68.7b69.4 69.9 70.3 70.9 71.9 72.1 72.4 72.7 FI74.5 74.9 75.2 75.2 75.4 75.8 75.9 76.7 77.9 78.3 SE79.1 79.9 80.3 81.1 81.5 81.7 82.1 82.5 82.7b82.9 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, EurostatFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. Theactivityrateisthepercentageofeconomicallyactivepopulationaged15-64onthetotalpopulationofthesameage.AccordingtothedefinitionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)forthepurposesofthelabourmarketstatisticspeopleareclassifiedasemployed,unemployedoroutsidethelabourforce.Theeconomicallyactivepopulation(alsocalledlabourforce)isthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Personsoutsidethelabour force are those who, during the reference week, were neither employed nor unemployed. The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), which covers the resident population in private households. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.20: Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74 (3 year change in pp) 

63 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.8 1.0 0.1 -0.8b-1.5 -1.7 BG0.6b3.4b3.8 2.7 0.6 -1.2 -2.9 -3.5 -2.6 -2.1 CZ0.2 0.5b1.0 0.0 0.0 -0.6 -1.3 -1.7 -1.7 -1.1 DK0.8 1.3 1.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 -0.6b-0.5b-0.6 -0.4 DE-1.6b-1.1b-1.1 -1.0 -0.6 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 EE5.3 5.4 1.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.1 -1.7 -1.4 -1.1 -1.2 IE5.5 7.1 5.7 1.1 -2.2 -3.9 -3.8 -3.6 -3.2 -2.6 EL1.5 5.1 10.6 12.8 10.7 3.7 -1.5 -3.9 -4.6 -4.8 ES5.6 6.9 6.7 5.7 4.0 0.4 -3.5 -5.2 -5.0 -4.2 FR0.8e1.0e0.9e0.6e0.6 0.4 0.1 -0.3 -0.8 -1.2 HR0.6 3.1 5.1 4.4 1.7 0.0 -4.4 -5.5 -6.8 -4.2 IT1.1 1.3 2.2 2.9 3.4 1.3 -0.2 -1.2 -0.7 -1.1 CY0.6 1.1 3.0 4.8 6.1 3.2 -0.3 -3.2 -4.1 -3.7 LV7.2 6.9 3.3 -3.1 -4.2 -3.3 -1.7 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 LT6.0 6.7 3.3 -2.3 -3.2 -2.7 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9 -1.1 LU0.1 -0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3b0.4 0.5 -0.5 -0.9 HU2.0 1.6 0.8 -0.6 -1.5 -1.9 -2.5 -2.0 -1.7 -1.3 MT1.4 1.3 0.9 -0.6 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.5 NL-0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 -1.0 -1.6 -1.5 AT-0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 -0.3 -0.8 PL-1.9b1.2 1.6 1.4 0.2 -1.1 -2.2 -2.3 -2.0 -1.5 PT1.9 2.6b3.5 3.6 2.2 -0.5 -3.1 -3.9 -4.1 -3.4 RO-0.8b0.5 0.8 0.8 -0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.8 -1.2 -1.3 SI1.0 1.7 2.5 2.0 1.7 0.4 -0.9 -2.2 -2.5 -2.4 SK0.9 2.6b2.9 0.8 0.1 -1.8 -4.2 -4.2 -3.6 -2.4 FI0.5 0.5 0.2 -0.3 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.2 -0.7 -1.1 SE0.8 0.7 0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4b-0.4 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, EurostatThelong-termunemploymentrateisthenumberofpersonsunemployedfor12monthsorlongerasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed).TheunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsasapercentageofthelabourforcebasedontheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO)definition.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werewithoutworkduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhe3-yearchangeinpercentagepoints.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS),whichcoverstheresidentpopulation in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.21: Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74 

64 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE4.0 3.5 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.0 3.5b2.9 2.3 BG4.7b6.3b6.8 7.4 6.9 5.6 4.5 3.4 3.0 2.4 CZ3.0 2.7b3.0 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 DK1.4 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.2b1.2b1.0 0.8 DE3.3b2.8b2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 EE7.6 7.1 5.5 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.3 0.9 IE6.9 8.8 9.2 8.0 6.6 5.3 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 EL5.7 8.8 14.5 18.5 19.5 18.2 17.0 15.6 13.6 12.2 ES7.3 8.9 11.0 13.0 12.9 11.4 9.5 7.7 6.4 5.3 FR3.9e3.9e4.2e4.5e4.5 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.4 HR6.6 8.4 10.2 11.0 10.1 10.2 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.4 IT4.0 4.3 5.6 6.9 7.7 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.2 5.6 CY1.3 1.6 3.6 6.1 7.7 6.8 5.8 4.5 2.7 2.1 LV8.8 8.8 7.8 5.7 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.1 2.4 LT7.4 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.9 LU1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.9b2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 HU5.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 3.7 3.1 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.1 MT4.1 3.9 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.8 0.9 NL1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.0 AT1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.1 PL3.0b3.6 4.1 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.7 PT5.7 6.2b7.7 9.3 8.4 7.2 6.2 4.5 3.1 2.8 RO2.4b2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 SI3.2 3.6 4.3 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 SK9.2 9.2b9.4 10.0 9.3 7.6 5.8 5.1 4.0 3.4 FI2.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.2 SE1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1b0.9 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, EurostatThelong-termunemploymentrateisthenumberofpersonsunemployedfor12monthsorlongerasapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed).TheunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsasapercentageofthelabourforcebasedontheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO)definition.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werewithoutworkduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealready found a job to start within the next three months. The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), which covers the resident population in private households. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.22: Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24 (3 year change in pp)  

65 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE3.6 0.7 -2.1 1.3 4.5 2.3 -3.6 -3.9b-6.3 -5.9 BG6.8b12.3b11.9 6.5 -1.2 -6.5 -11.2 -10.9 -8.9 -8.3 CZ7.6 8.2b2.9 0.7 -2.2 -6.9 -8.5 -8.0 -5.9 -4.9 DK8.1 6.9 2.3 -0.8 -2.2 -3.6 -2.6b-1.8b-1.7 -2.1 DE-2.1b-2.1b-3.2 -2.0 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.9 -1.0 -1.3 EE22.8 10.4 -6.5 -14.2 -7.4 -7.8 -5.3 -2.9 -1.3 -2.3 IE18.9 16.1 6.3 -1.4 -6.2 -10.6 -9.9 -9.0 -6.4 -4.3 EL10.3 22.8 29.6 25.3 7.7 -5.5 -11.0 -8.8 -9.9 -12.1 ES23.4 21.7 15.2 14.0 7.0 -4.6 -11.1 -14.6 -14.0 -11.9 FR3.9e3.7e0.8e1.6e1.5 0.3 -0.4 -2.1 -3.9 -4.9 HR7.2 13.0 16.9 17.6 8.8 0.2 -18.7 -18.1 -18.6 -14.7 IT7.5 8.0 10.0 12.1 13.5 5.0 -2.2 -8.0 -8.1 -8.6 CY6.4 13.4 13.9 22.3 13.6 5.1 -9.8 -11.3 -12.6 -12.5 LV25.6 17.4 -4.8 -13.0 -11.4 -12.2 -5.9 -2.6 -4.1 -4.9 LT27.3 19.3 -2.9 -13.8 -13.3 -10.4 -7.4 -6.0 -5.2 -2.6 LU-1.0 -1.1 1.6 1.3 5.8 -1.5b3.4 -7.2 -3.1 -1.9 HU8.4 6.5 1.8 0.2 -5.6 -10.9 -13.7 -9.7 -7.1 -1.5 MT-0.3 1.6 -0.7 -0.5 -1.6 -2.2 -2.0 -1.1 -2.5 -1.4 NL1.7 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.7 -0.4 -2.4 -3.8 -4.1 -4.1 AT0.1 0.4 -1.3 0.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 -0.5 -1.2 -2.7 PL2.0b8.5 5.9 3.6 -1.9 -5.7 -9.6 -9.1 -9.1 -7.8 PT6.1 13.6b17.6 15.3 4.5 -5.9 -10.1 -10.9 -11.7 -9.7 RO2.0b5.3 1.8 1.6 0.1 -0.9 -3.1 -5.7 -5.5 -3.8 SI4.6 5.3 7.0 6.9 4.5 -4.3 -6.4 -9.0 -7.5 -7.1 SK13.3 14.4b6.7 0.1 -3.7 -7.5 -11.5 -10.8 -11.6 -6.1 FI4.9 3.6 -2.5 -1.5 0.4 3.4 0.2 -0.4 -5.4 -2.9 SE5.5 2.6 -1.4 -1.3 0.1 -3.2 -4.6 -5.0 -3.0b1.2 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, EurostatTheyouthunemploymentrateistheunemploymentrateofpeopleaged15-24asapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed)ofthesameage.TheunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsasapercentageofthelabourforcebasedontheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO)definition.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werewithoutworkduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweek;orhavealreadyfoundajobtostartwithinthenextthreemonths.TheMIPScoreboardindicatoristhe3-yearchangeinpercentagepoints.ThedatasourceisthequarterlyEULabourForceSurvey(EULFS),whichcoverstheresidentpopulationin private households.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
Table 3.23: Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24   

66 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE22.4 18.7 19.8 23.7 23.2 22.1 20.1 19.3b15.8 14.2 BG21.9b25.0b28.1 28.4 23.8 21.6 17.2 12.9 12.7 8.9 CZ18.3 18.1b19.5 19.0 15.9 12.6 10.5 7.9 6.7 5.6 DK15.6 16.4 15.8 14.8 14.2 12.2 12.2b12.4b10.5 10.1 DE9.8b8.5b8.0 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.2 5.8 EE32.9 22.4 20.9 18.7 15.0 13.1 13.4 12.1 11.8 11.1 IE28.1 29.6 30.8 26.7 23.4 20.2 16.8 14.4 13.8 12.5 EL33.0 44.7 55.3 58.3 52.4 49.8 47.3 43.6 39.9 35.2 ES41.5 46.2 52.9 55.5 53.2 48.3 44.4 38.6 34.3 32.5 FR23.3e22.7e24.4e24.9e24.2 24.7 24.5 22.1 20.8 19.6 HR32.4 36.7 42.1 50.0 45.5 42.3 31.3 27.4 23.7 16.6 IT27.9 29.2 35.3 40.0 42.7 40.3 37.8 34.7 32.2 29.2 CY16.6 22.4 27.7 38.9 36.0 32.8 29.1 24.7 20.2 16.6 LV36.2 31.0 28.5 23.2 19.6 16.3 17.3 17.0 12.2 12.4 LT35.7 32.6 26.7 21.9 19.3 16.3 14.5 13.3 11.1 11.9 LU14.2 16.8 18.8 15.5 22.6 17.3b18.9 15.4 14.2 17.0 HU26.4 26.0 28.2 26.6 20.4 17.3 12.9 10.7 10.2 11.4 MT13.2 13.3 13.8 12.7 11.7 11.6 10.7 10.6 9.1 9.3 NL11.1 10.0 11.7 13.2 12.7 11.3 10.8 8.9 7.2 6.7 AT9.5 8.9 9.4 9.7 10.3 10.6 11.2 9.8 9.4 8.5 PL23.7b25.8 26.5 27.3 23.9 20.8 17.7 14.8 11.7 9.9 PT22.8 30.3b37.9 38.1 34.8 32.0 28.0 23.9 20.3 18.3 RO22.1b23.9 22.6 23.7 24.0 21.7 20.6 18.3 16.2 16.8 SI14.7 15.7 20.6 21.6 20.2 16.3 15.2 11.2 8.8 8.1 SK33.6 33.4b34.0 33.7 29.7 26.5 22.2 18.9 14.9 16.1 FI21.4 20.1 19.0 19.9 20.5 22.4 20.1 20.1 17.0 17.2 SE24.8 22.8 23.6 23.5 22.9 20.4 18.9 17.9 17.4b20.1 Theyouthunemploymentrateistheunemploymentrateofpeopleaged15-24asapercentageofthelabourforce(thetotalnumberofpeopleemployedandunemployed)ofthesameage.TheunemploymentrateisthenumberofunemployedpersonsasapercentageofthelabourforcebasedontheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO)definition.Unemployedpersonscomprisepersonsaged15to74whofulfilallthreeofthefollowingconditions:werewithoutworkduringthereferenceweek;wereavailabletostartworkingwithinthetwoweeksfollowingthereferenceweek;andhavebeenactivelyseekingworkinthefourweeksprecedingthereferenceweekorhavealreadyfound a job to start within the next three months. The data source is the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), which covers the resident population in private households.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. 1) 2017 BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: Labour Force Survey data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (starting with 2016). 2) 2015 LU: change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.24: Real GDP (1 year % change)  

67 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE2.9 1.7 0.7 0.5 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.7 BG0.6 2.4 0.4 0.3 1.9 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.7 CZ2.4 1.8 -0.8 0.0 2.3 5.4 2.5 5.2 3.2 2.3 DK1.9 1.3 0.2 0.9 1.6 2.3 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.8 DE4.2 3.9 0.4 0.4 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.6 1.3 0.6 EE2.7 7.4 3.1 1.3 3.0 1.8 3.2 5.5 4.4 5.0 IE1.8 0.6 0.1 1.2 8.6 25.2 2.0 9.1 8.5 5.6 EL-5.5b-10.1 -7.1 -2.7 0.7 -0.4 -0.5 1.3 1.6p1.9pES0.2 -0.8 -3.0 -1.4 1.4 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.4p2.0pFR1.9 2.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.8p1.5pHR-1.3 -0.2 -2.4 -0.4 -0.3 2.4 3.5 3.4 2.8 2.9pIT1.7 0.7 -3.0 -1.8 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.3 CY2.0 0.4 -3.4 -6.6 -1.8 3.2 6.4 5.2 5.2 3.1pLV-4.4 6.5 4.3 2.3 1.1 4.0 2.4 3.3 4.0 2.1 LT1.7 6.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 2.0 2.5 4.3 3.9 4.3 LU4.9 2.5 -0.4 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.6 1.8 3.1 2.3 HU1.1 1.9 -1.4 1.9 4.2 3.8 2.1 4.3 5.4 4.6pMT5.5 0.5 4.1 5.5 7.6 9.6 3.9 8.0 5.2 4.9 NL1.3 1.6 -1.0 -0.1 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.4 1.7pAT1.8 2.9 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4 2.6 1.4 PL3.7 4.8 1.3 1.1 3.4 4.2 3.1 4.8 5.4 4.5 PT1.7 -1.7 -4.1 -0.9 0.8 1.8 2.0 3.5 2.8 2.2pRO-3.9 1.9 2.0 3.8 3.6 3.0 4.7 7.3 4.5 4.2pSI1.3 0.9 -2.6 -1.0 2.8 2.2 3.2 4.8 4.4 3.2 SK5.9 2.8 1.9 0.7 2.6 4.8 2.1 3.0 3.8 2.3 FI3.2 2.5 -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 0.5 2.8 3.3 1.5 1.1 SE6.0 3.2 -0.6 1.2 2.7 4.5 2.1 2.6 2.0 1.3 Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)atmarketpricesisthefinalresultoftheproductionactivityofresidentproducerunits.Itisdefinedasthevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedlessthevalueofanygoodsorservicesusedintheir creation. The ESA 2010 (European System of Accounts) regulation may be referred to for more specific explanations on methodology. Data are expressed as 1-year percentage change.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.25: Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)   

68 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE22.1 23.0 23.0 22.2 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.7 24.2 BG22.3 20.9 21.2 21.3 21.1 20.9 18.5 18.4 18.8 18.7 CZ27.1 26.8 26.2 25.4 25.4 26.5 24.9 24.9 26.3 26.2 DK18.1 18.2 18.8 19.1 19.2 19.9 21.0 21.2 22.0 22.0 DE19.5 20.4 20.3 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.3 20.4 21.1 21.7 EE21.1 26.2 28.5 27.7 25.6 24.3 24.2 24.9 24.6 26.2 IE17.5 16.8 19.6 18.6 20.6 24.1 35.8 33.1 28.4 45.6 EL16.6b13.7 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.8 11.0 11.7 10.8p10.1pES21.8 20.0 18.5 17.4 17.8 18.0 18.0 18.7 19.5p19.9pFR22.1 22.4 22.5 22.0 21.8 21.5 21.8 22.5 22.9p23.6pHR21.2 20.2 19.6 19.7 19.3 19.5 20.1 20.0 20.4 21.0pIT20.0 19.7 18.3 17.2 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 CY22.5 19.0 15.5 14.1 13.3 12.9 18.1 21.0 19.2 19.4pLV19.1 22.0 25.2 23.0 22.8 21.9 19.3 20.6 22.1 22.2 LT16.9 18.5 17.3 18.4 18.9 19.6 19.9 20.1 21.0 21.4 LU17.6 19.2 20.2 19.5 20.0 18.2 18.1 18.8 16.8 16.9 HU20.1 19.6 19.2 20.8 22.1 22.2 19.5 22.2 24.8 27.2pMT21.0 18.2 17.6 16.5 16.7 24.2 24.0 21.8p21.1p21.6pNL19.7 20.1 18.8 18.4 17.6 22.1 20.0 20.1 20.4 21.0pAT21.6 22.5 22.6 23.0 22.7 22.7 23.1 23.6 24.0 24.7 PL20.3 20.7 19.9 18.9 19.8 20.1 18.0 17.5 18.2 18.5 PT20.6 18.4 15.8 14.8 15.0 15.5 15.5 16.8 17.5 18.2pRO26.1 27.2 27.5 24.7 24.4 24.8 22.9 22.4 21.1 23.6pSI21.1 19.9 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.7 17.4 18.3 19.2 19.6 SK21.1 23.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 23.7 21.0 21.2 21.0 21.4 FI22.3 22.6 23.1 22.0 21.5 21.2 22.7 23.4 24.1 23.9 SE22.5 22.9 22.7 22.4 23.2 23.8 24.2 25.1 25.2 24.5 Grossfixedcapitalformation(GFCF)consistsofresidentproducers'acquisitions,lessdisposals,offixedassetsduringagivenperiodpluscertainadditionstothevalueofnon-producedassetsrealisedbytheproductiveactivityofproducerorinstitutionalunits.GFCFincludesacquisitionlessdisposalsof,e.g.buildings,structures,machineryandequipment,mineralexploration,computersoftware,literaryorartisticoriginalsandmajorimprovementstoland such as the clearance of forests. The input data are obtained through official National accounts' country data in the ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
Table 3.26: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)  

69 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.7enaBG0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8pCZ1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9pDK2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0p3.0p3.0pDE2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2eEE1.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6pIE1.6e1.6e1.6e1.6e1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 EL0.6e0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2pES1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1pFR2.2b2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3p2.2 2.2p2.2enaHR0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 naIT1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3e1.3 1.4b1.4 1.4 1.5pCY0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 naLV0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6pLT0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0pLU1.5 1.5 1.3b1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2enaHU1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5b1.5 MT0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6pNL1.7 1.9b1.9b1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 naAT2.7e2.7 2.9e3.0 3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.1p3.2pPL0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3pPT1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4pRO0.5 0.5b0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 naSI2.1 2.4b2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 naSK0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 FI3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8pSE3.2e3.2 3.2e3.3e3.1e3.2 3.3p3.4 3.3 3.4pe1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020.Source: European Commission, EurostatResearchandexperimentaldevelopment(R&D)comprisecreativeandsystematicworkundertakeninordertoincreasethestockofknowledge–includingknowledgeofhumankind,cultureandsociety–andtodevisenewapplications of available knowledge (Frascati Manual, 2015 edition, § 2.5 ). The GDP used in denominator of the MIP indicator comes from the ESA 2010 transmission programme.Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.27: Current plus capital account - Net lending-borrowing (% of GDP) 

70 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE1.6 -2.0 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.8 -0.8 0.5 BG-1.0 1.6 0.4 2.4 3.5 3.2 5.4 4.5 2.1 4.5 CZ-2.6 -1.8 -0.3 1.5 0.9 2.6 2.9 2.4 0.7 0.2 DK6.6 6.9 6.3 7.7 8.7 7.9 7.8 8.1 7.0 8.9 DE5.8 6.2 7.1 6.5 7.3 8.6 8.6 7.7 7.4 7.1 EE5.2 5.3 1.5 2.9 1.8 3.8 2.3 3.2 2.2 3.2 IE-1.1 -1.5 -3.3 1.0 -2.4 3.9 -5.8 -8.1 -9.9 -21.2 EL-9.2 -7.5 -2.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 ES-3.5 -2.8 0.6 2.6 2.1 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 FR-0.6 -0.9 -1.1 -0.5 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -0.5 -0.6 HR-2.1 -1.7 -1.8 -0.9 0.7 3.9 3.5 4.5 3.2 4.7 IT-3.3 -2.8 -0.1 1.1 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.9 CY-10.4 -1.9 -3.7 -1.0 -3.3 -0.4 -4.1 -4.9 -3.3 -6.2 LV3.7 -1.2 -0.7 -0.3 1.4 2.2 2.8 2.2 1.5 0.8 LT4.0 -0.3 1.4 4.9 6.2 0.6 0.4 1.8 1.9 5.2 LU5.8 5.8 5.1 4.7 4.1 4.8 4.7 4.5 5.7 4.5 HU2.1 3.0 4.1 7.2 4.9 6.9 4.5 2.8 2.5 1.6 MT-4.2 -0.8 1.5 1.8 7.3 5.4 -0.2 5.5 6.6 5.6 NL6.5 8.7 8.9 9.9 8.4 5.8 7.9 10.8 10.8 9.9 AT2.9 1.5 1.3 1.8 2.4 1.2 2.6 1.3 0.7 2.8 PL-3.8 -3.4 -1.8 0.5 -0.1 1.4 0.3 0.9 0.8 2.5 PT-8.9 -4.5 0.5 3.3 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.2 1.4 0.9 RO-5.0 -4.4 -3.4 1.3 2.5 1.8 1.1 -1.6 -3.2 -3.4 SI-0.6 -1.1 1.4 3.7 5.3 4.9 4.0 5.5 5.4 5.2 SK-3.2 -3.7 2.9 3.3 2.1 1.2 -1.0 -1.8 -1.2 -2.0 FI1.6 -1.3 -2.0 -1.7 -1.2 -0.9 -1.9 -0.7 -1.7 -0.1 SE5.7 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.6 4.2 Netlending/borrowingofacountrycorrespondstothesumoftotalcurrentandcapitalaccounts’balancesinbalanceofpayments.Itrepresentsthenetresourcesthatthetotaleconomymakesavailabletotherestoftheworld(ifit is positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative). The indicator is based on the Balance of Payments data. Definitions are based on the IMF's Sixth Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6). Source: European Commission, Eurostat 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.28: Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP)  

71 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE61.6 63.9 58.6 58.5 51.8 51.7 52.2 44.7 36.5 40.2 BG-8.7 -1.9 4.2 7.4 10.8 20.6 29.0 32.1 36.2 39.9 CZ7.5 7.7 9.3 14.8 19.0 20.3 27.6 26.5 27.9 29.7 DK-21.3 -12.0 -2.7 -3.6 11.4 9.6 15.5 18.6 16.0 27.2 DE20.9 15.5 22.1 29.5 31.7 34.5 37.9 43.0 45.8 51.3 EE-17.1 -1.7 3.2 7.4 12.7 16.6 17.9 19.6 24.8 31.2 IE-237.4 -239.1 -256.8 -310.3 -351.5 -243.2 -248.6 -261.6 -256.7 -285.4 EL-100.7 -99.2 -124.1 -130.5 -129.6 -128.6 -128.6 -128.7 -134.5 -135.3 ES-72.3 -76.9 -73.7 -69.7 -70.1 -64.8 -61.7 -57.0 -52.4 -46.8 FR-24.5 -23.1 -27.0 -26.9 -31.0 -29.7 -30.4 -33.7 -34.8 -35.6 HR-50.8 -52.9 -50.6 -49.8 -45.1 -38.2 -27.7 -19.4 -13.6 -5.5 IT-22.3 -22.3 -24.6 -23.9 -21.2 -17.5 -11.6 -6.1 -5.9 0.0 CY-57.2 -100.8 -104.1 -141.5 -197.6 -258.2 -227.6 -221.4 -184.4 -159.5 LV-43.1 -32.9 -25.9 -22.2 -18.6 -12.5 -8.5 -4.8 -0.5 4.5 LT-25.2 -21.4 -22.9 -18.6 -16.9 -13.5 -12.6 -6.5 -2.7 4.8 LU-1850.5 -1942.7 -2457.2 -2690.6 -3300.3 -3750.5 -3645.6 -3868.7 -3545.3 -3893.6 HU-49.0 -47.3 -41.9 -35.2 -29.6 -18.3 -12.0 -8.7 -3.9 -2.5 MT217.5 215.4 260.8 216.5 205.7 191.3 213.7 232.3 238.7 246.3 NL-78.9 -74.1 -69.6 -66.9 -45.8 -54.1 -34.4 -18.9 -16.7 -0.5 AT-10.3 -14.2 -16.0 -11.7 -11.3 -11.3 -9.4 -4.3 -5.6 -1.1 PL-24.5 -25.6 -26.5 -27.2 -26.4 -26.0 -22.9 -20.7 -16.8 -12.5 PT-67.7 -71.6 -82.1 -78.1 -77.7 -72.3 -64.2 -58.6 -55.5 -47.1 RO-23.1 -25.1 -25.1 -20.4 -14.5 -12.9 -6.4 -5.5 -3.9 -4.1 SI-42.0 -35.4 -37.6 -32.8 -28.5 -19.0 -14.7 -9.6 -1.0 1.6 SK-10.9 -12.4 -8.6 -10.5 -13.0 -14.0 -14.8 -15.2 -16.5 -14.1 FI8.0 2.9 -2.2 -4.6 0.1 15.2 10.2 4.8 -1.1 6.3 SE-16.8 -18.6 -20.5 -24.3 -21.4 -13.7 -12.1 -7.1 -11.5 -5.0 Source: European Commission, EurostatTheindicatorisasubsetoftheNetinternationalinvestmentposition(NIIP)thatsubstractsfromitspureequity-relatedcomponents,i.e.foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)equityandequityshares,andfromintra-companycross-borderFDIdebt,andrepresentstheNIIPexcludinginstrumentsthatcannotbesubjecttodefault.TheindicatorisbasedonannualfiguresfromtheEurostatBalanceofPaymentsandisdefinedastheNIIPminusnetdirectinvestment minus net portfolio equity. The indicator is calculated as a percentage of GDP. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.29: Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - flows (% of GDP) 

72 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE26.0 31.5 2.4 -5.6 -2.7 -4.3 12.2 -7.2 -7.9 -5.3 BG3.6 3.7 3.3 3.6 1.9 4.3 2.7 3.4 2.7 2.4 CZ4.9 1.9 4.5 3.5 3.9 0.9 5.5 5.2 3.4 3.7 DK-3.6 3.8 -4.9 0.2 2.0 0.6 2.5 1.0 2.3 -2.0 DE2.5 2.6 1.8 1.8 0.5 1.9 1.8 3.2 4.3 1.9 EE13.0 4.9 7.7 4.4 6.6 -3.1 3.8 6.5 3.9 9.3 IE16.8 15.3 25.9 29.6 38.4 82.0 34.7 19.0 17.6 -11.4 EL0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.4 ES2.5 1.9 1.6 3.5 2.3 1.9 3.6 2.5 3.8 1.0 FR1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.6 1.9 HR2.5 2.0 2.3 1.7 5.3 0.1 0.8 0.9 2.1 2.4 IT0.4 1.5 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.4 0.6 2.1 1.6 CY120.7 146.0 276.8 108.8 222.8 146.0 40.8 54.2 -23.7 103.5 LV2.0 5.4 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.0 1.2 3.7 1.3 3.1 LT2.9 4.3 1.6 1.7 0.8 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.9 LU429.1 683.1 980.0 1030.0 283.7 1326.2 230.8 104.2 -766.9 -446.6 HU-15.8 10.0 8.2 -2.7 9.5 -4.3 55.2 -8.2 -42.7 19.7 MT102.9 81.0 35.2 5.4 2.7 32.8 23.9 28.4 29.4 27.5 NL14.5 37.1 29.4 37.5 13.0 42.2 30.5 27.5 -41.0 3.9 AT-5.4 5.4 1.3 0.1 0.4 -2.1 -7.5 3.2 -6.6 -1.9 PL3.7 3.4 1.5 0.2 3.6 3.2 3.9 2.2 3.0 2.4 PT3.7 4.0 9.9 6.9 5.3 0.6 3.6 4.8 3.2 3.5 RO2.0 1.3 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.9 SI0.6 1.7 0.1 0.2 2.0 4.0 3.2 2.5 2.9 3.1 SK2.3 5.6 1.8 1.0 -0.4 1.7 5.3 4.4 2.1 2.2 FI4.8 -2.2 1.9 -1.9 6.4 7.4 2.1 6.9 -3.9 5.9 SE0.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 -1.7 2.0 2.9 4.8 -0.3 4.6 Source: European Commission, EurostatForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)isacategoryofinvestmentthatreflectstheobjectiveofestablishingalastinginterestbyaresidententerpriseinoneeconomy(directinvestor)inanenterprise(directinvestmententerprise)thatisresidentinaneconomyotherthanthatofthedirectinvestor.Thelastinginterestisdeemedtoexistiftheinvestoracquiresatleast10%ofthevotingpowerofthedirectinvestmententerprise.Dataarepresentedaccordingtotheasset/liabilityprinciple,compiledintheframeworkofBalanceofpaymentsandareconsistentwiththecomponentsofNationalaccountsstatistics.InwardFDIflowsrepresentthevalueofFDIliabilitiesfromallcountriesoftheworldinthereportingeconomyinthereferenceperiod.DataareexpressedaspercentageofGDPtoremovetheeffectofdifferencesinthesizeoftheeconomiesofthereportingcountries.DefinitionsarebasedontheIMF'sSixth Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6).  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.30: Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy - stocks (% of GDP) 

73 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE230.4 242.2 244.0 231.9 226.9 225.3 221.9 201.4 180.3 168.1 BG90.7 87.8 89.9 89.5 93.1 92.7 89.6 86.7 84.7 81.7 CZ69.6 69.1 74.2 76.6 76.7 75.3 78.0 77.3 78.9 78.1 DK43.5 43.9 43.6 41.8 49.8 50.0 56.3 53.9 57.3 54.3 DE35.3 35.9 40.0 41.3 41.3 42.2 42.9 43.7 45.3 46.6 EE94.0 89.1 93.6 98.3 103.1 97.3 97.7 95.3 94.1 96.7 IE302.6 314.1 337.9 347.9 387.8 497.6 516.5 473.6 473.9 436.7 EL14.0 12.4 11.7 12.1 11.9 14.8 15.8 18.0 19.4 23.8 ES54.9 55.3 55.4 57.7 60.0 61.2 63.8 64.6 67.2 67.7 FR38.1 40.2 40.5 41.3 42.1 43.9 44.7 44.4 46.1 48.0 HR55.0 50.9 52.4 51.2 57.0 51.0 51.2 49.7 47.9 49.4 IT20.2 21.4 23.0 23.7 25.0 25.5 26.3 26.2 27.6 29.0 CY1041.1 1156.6 1436.8 1650.4 1941.5 2131.8 2069.6 1982.8 1793.6 1827.5 LV49.1 49.6 49.1 53.6 56.6 59.1 57.6 59.5 55.6 56.0 LT44.1 42.5 42.2 42.9 41.4 42.9 44.7 44.2 42.8 44.0 LU3640.8 4665.6 5978.7 6465.3 8084.2 9561.6 9354.8 8618.0 7462.7 6742.5 HU212.8 234.9 226.3 211.5 216.9 220.1 257.4 208.7 161.2 169.6 MT1800.2 1999.1 1996.3 1898.1 1789.7 1662.6 1651.0 1571.1 1533.7 1497.1 NL431.3 472.5 503.2 534.5 558.1 615.5 641.9 642.9 602.6 581.2 AT74.8 72.8 74.7 75.2 77.8 75.4 65.0 71.1 62.2 59.7 PL48.4 47.3 47.9 50.4 51.7 48.1 50.5 49.6 48.1 46.4 PT59.2 58.1 70.8 77.4 81.5 81.0 80.2 83.0 79.6 80.6 RO41.8 41.8 43.5 45.1 44.9 44.4 45.4 44.5 43.7 44.2 SI26.9 28.5 29.6 28.9 31.5 34.4 37.1 37.9 39.2 39.7 SK62.0 65.2 63.9 64.5 62.0 62.8 70.9 71.4 71.0 69.6 FI54.4 50.4 51.7 46.6 52.0 57.3 54.5 56.9 46.5 50.9 SE91.5 90.0 90.1 89.5 83.4 83.9 85.3 88.5 86.7 86.1 Source: European Commission, EurostatForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)isthecategoryofinvestmentmadebyanentityresidentinaneconomy(directinvestor)toacquirealastinginterestinanentityoperatinginaneconomyotherthanthatoftheinvestor(directinvestmententerprise).Thelastinginterestisdeemedtoexistiftheinvestoracquiresatleast10%ofthevotingpowerofthedirectinvestmententerprise.Dataarepresentedaccordingtotheasset/liabilityprinciple,compiledintheframeworkofInternationalinvestmentpositionandareconsistentwiththecomponentsofNationalaccountsstatistics.InwardFDIstocksarethevalueofFDIliabilitiesfromallcountriesoftheworldinthereportingeconomyattheendofthereferenceperiod.DataareexpressedaspercentageofGDPtoremovetheeffectofdifferencesinthesizeoftheeconomiesofthereportingcountries.DefinitionsarebasedontheIMF'sSixthBalanceofPayments Manual (BPM6).  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.31: Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)  

74 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-3.7 -4.7 -5.0 -4.5 -3.8 -2.7 -2.2 -2.5 -3.4 -2.6 BG-5.7 -6.3 -6.9 -6.2 -5.6 -3.8 -2.4 -3.0 -3.4 -2.9 CZ-3.4 -4.3 -4.6 -4.7 -3.9 -2.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 DK0.9 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4 DE-2.9 -3.6 -3.6 -3.4 -2.8 -2.0 -1.5 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 EE-1.5 -0.4 -1.3 -2.2 -2.1 -1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.2 IE-2.8 -3.3 -3.0 -3.2 -2.7 -1.5 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.2 EL-3.1b-3.6 -4.1 -3.7 -3.4 -2.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.5p-2.4pES-2.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.4 -2.9 -2.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1p-1.9pFR-2.4 -3.0 -3.3 -3.1 -2.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9p-1.8pHR-3.8 -5.3 -5.6 -5.1 -4.0 -3.4 -2.7 -2.8 -3.2 -2.9pIT-3.2 -3.6 -3.8 -3.3 -2.6 -2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.3 -2.0 CY-5.9 -6.7 -7.6 -6.4 -5.9 -4.0 -3.3 -4.1 -4.1 -4.0pLV-4.9 -5.5 -6.0 -5.5 -4.7 -3.5 -2.4 -2.9 -3.4 -2.7 LT-7.1 -7.6 -7.5 -6.1 -4.7 -3.6 -2.6 -3.0 -4.0 -3.6 LU-4.8 -5.9 -6.3 -5.4 -4.4 -3.1 -2.4 -2.8 -3.3 -3.2 HU-5.1 -6.0 -6.3 -6.3 -6.1 -4.1 -3.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.8pMT1.0 -2.8 -11.9 -8.7 -14.4 -8.5 -8.1 -6.3 -9.0 -6.4 NL-1.5 -1.9 -2.6 -1.4 -1.6 -1.1 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -0.8pAT-2.9 -3.7 -3.9 -3.5 -3.0 -2.3 -1.9 -2.1 -2.5 -2.2 PL-2.6 -3.3 -3.4 -2.7 -2.6 -1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.7 -2.4 PT-3.4 -4.2 -4.7 -3.7 -3.6 -2.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.5 -2.5pRO-2.2 -2.7 -3.1 -1.9 -1.4 -0.9 -0.9 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7pSI-5.0 -6.2 -6.7 -5.5 -4.1 -3.1 -2.1 -2.6 -2.9 -3.5 SK-5.7 -6.8 -5.7 -5.9 -4.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.9 -4.0 -3.1 FI-2.8 -3.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.4 -1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.0 -1.7 SE-1.6 -1.8 -1.7 -1.5 -1.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 Source: European Commission, EurostatThetradebalanceofenergyproductsiscalculated,foreachMemberState,asthedifferencebetweenexportstoandimportsfromtherestoftheworld(intra-EUandextra-EUtrade)ofgoodsincludedintheSITCsection3-Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials.The data source from International trade statistics and is expressed as percentage of GDP (according to ESA 2010 transmission programme).Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.32: Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change) 

75 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE1.9 1.3 1.9 0.6 -0.1 0.1 1.9 2.6 2.8 1.1 BG11.7 3.9 1.9 -0.4 -3.0 -4.1 -4.8 -3.2 -1.1 1.7 CZ12.7 0.8 5.6 -2.4 -10.1 -8.2 -3.8 5.6 7.6 7.5 DK1.7 1.5 0.7 -1.3 -1.4 -1.5 -0.4 -0.7 -1.8 -2.5 DE-1.5 -1.0 -1.3 -0.7 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 EE6.4 2.8 5.2 5.3 3.1 1.5 0.2 2.3 4.1 4.4 IE-5.3 -6.5 -5.1 -3.1 -1.8 -1.5 -1.1 -2.2 -3.0 -2.9 EL5.0 4.5 2.0 -3.5 -5.6 -5.3 -3.3 -1.9 -1.5 -2.0 ES0.9 0.4 0.8 0.4 -0.6 -1.4 -2.3 -1.1 -0.2 0.0 FR-0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -1.4 -0.7 -0.6 0.0 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 HR4.3 -2.2 -2.6 -2.9 -1.4 -1.2 -1.1 0.6 1.2 0.5 IT0.7 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.4 -0.7 -0.9 -0.8 -1.3 -1.7 CY0.4 0.7 2.0 1.0 -0.1 -2.6 -3.5 -3.9 -3.2 -2.5 LV8.3 0.3 -0.7 0.2 -1.3 -2.2 -0.3 0.7 1.3 2.8 LT9.9 4.8 1.7 1.4 -0.1 -1.6 -0.9 1.4 3.0 3.4 LU1.7 2.0 2.8 1.7 0.8 0.1 -0.4 0.0 0.4 1.0 HU0.0 -2.5 4.6 -3.0 -7.0 -7.3 -5.3 0.4 -1.0 -0.6 MT3.5 1.9 1.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.3 -0.1 NL-1.0 0.0 -0.4 1.3 1.3 0.8 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 0.9 AT0.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.1 PL-0.1 -9.5 7.3 -3.3 -1.5 -2.1 -5.7 -3.2 -3.0 1.6 PT-2.1 -0.5 0.9 0.1 -1.2 -1.1 0.3 0.8 -0.3 -1.6 RO-9.2 -1.6 3.2 0.7 -1.3 2.2 -2.8 -5.1 -4.1 -1.2 SI3.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.4 -0.9 -1.8 -1.6 -0.4 0.4 SK12.7 4.9 1.9 2.5 0.5 -1.5 -2.2 -1.7 -0.4 1.9 FI1.9 2.2 1.6 1.9 2.0 0.9 0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -1.7 SE-1.1 7.4 19.3 5.9 -3.8 -7.9 -7.9 -4.0 -7.6 -9.7 Source: European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial AffairsRealeffectiveexchangerate(REER)aimstoassessacountry'spriceorcostcompetitivenessrelativetoitsprincipalcompetitorsininternationalmarkets.Changesincostandpricecompetitivenessdependnotonlyonexchangeratemovementsbutalsooncostandpricetrends.ThespecificREERfortheMIPisdeflatedbytheconsumerpriceindicesrelativetotheeuroareacountries(doubleexportweightsareusedtocalculateREERs,reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). The MIP scoreboard indicator is the percentage change over three years of REER.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.33: Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change) 

76 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-4.3 -0.6 -8.7 -8.1 -9.0 -13.6 -8.1 -1.0 -3.7 -4.8 BG16.8 19.8 7.0 5.5 10.9 13.1 5.9 17.1 10.3 13.4 CZ20.9 15.8 3.3 -4.7 -1.5 -1.9 -0.6 5.6 8.4 3.2 DK-3.3 -7.1 -11.0 -13.2 -11.6 -8.5 -6.0 -1.0 -2.9 0.8 DE-0.6 -2.3 -10.0 -8.1 -4.9 -3.2 -1.2 2.9 0.6 -2.9 EE18.5 34.1 15.6 16.1 26.6 7.2 -3.9 -0.9 -2.7 0.2 IE1.4 -3.3 -11.7 -5.6 -10.3 37.8 53.4 66.6 73.9 68.0 EL-8.8 -10.7 -20.3 -22.5 -15.3 -14.0 -12.7 -3.1 3.8 1.8 ES-4.5 -1.2 -10.8 -5.2 -7.0 -3.3 -0.5 6.8 1.9 0.8 FR-10.4 -8.9 -11.7 -9.4 -10.2 -3.7 -2.2 -0.1 -1.5 -2.2 HR-3.3 -9.1 -19.7 -19.0 -15.3 -5.8 5.9 19.8 19.4 20.4 IT-12.4 -12.9 -19.7 -15.9 -11.3 -9.7 -7.2 -1.9 -2.5 -4.3 CY-9.0e-3.5e-12.8e-7.1 -16.1 -4.8 4.5 16.6 18.2 11.7 LV31.8 37.3 17.1 11.8 17.4 13.2 5.8 4.6 5.7 1.8 LT23.2 32.6 34.1 17.3 25.9 6.4 -4.6 0.9 0.5 14.7 LU13.8 4.3 3.2 15.8 17.2 20.3 23.0 20.2 11.5 8.3 HU9.1 3.1 -16.9 -18.5 -12.6 -9.4 -5.3 7.5 5.7 4.0 MT49.1 26.8 21.3 5.0 -8.1 9.0 14.1 18.4 13.6 16.0 NL-0.6 -1.2 -5.7 -6.4 -6.9 -6.8 -6.1 -1.3 -0.9 -1.1 AT-5.5 -5.7 -15.4 -13.8 -11.5 -9.2 -6.0 -0.4 0.8 -0.4 PL34.6 23.8 9.0 4.3 8.8 8.6 14.0 25.1 23.4 22.9 PT-0.1 -2.9 -10.6 -2.9 -2.6 0.8 1.8 11.1 5.9 6.6 RO65.9 61.1 21.4 20.6 27.2 21.4 20.7 34.5 20.5 15.8 SI6.7 1.7 -14.4 -13.7 -8.6 -4.9 0.0 14.8 16.6 13.9 SK12.4 4.8 -3.0 1.3 7.0 4.0 3.8 2.3 -0.4 0.1 FI-13.1 -17.6 -26.9 -28.7 -23.6 -23.1 -18.5 -7.7 -6.2 2.7 SE-5.6 -5.4 -13.0 -12.5 -5.1 -9.1 -10.6 -7.2 -8.4 -6.7 Source: European Commission, Eurostat and OECDFlags:e:Estimated. TheindicatorshowsdevelopmentsinsharesofexportsofgoodsandservicesofEUMemberStatesinrelationtototalexportsofgoodsandservicesofOECDcountries.Tocapturethestructurallossesincompetitivenessthatcan accumulate over longer time periods, the indicator is calculated as the 5-year percentage change (comparing year Y with year Y-5). 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.34: Terms of trade (5 year % change) 

77 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-2.0 -2.7 -2.8 0.2 -2.5 0.2 2.6 2.1 0.8 1.2 BG14.0 11.5 5.9 4.2 3.0 3.6 3.1 5.7 7.5 8.9 CZ-2.1 -1.7 -3.3 -1.0 -1.6 0.8 3.4 3.0 1.9 0.9 DK3.3 2.0 3.1 2.4 3.7 1.6 3.4 2.8 0.3 -1.3 DE-0.8 -1.7 -2.3 0.4 -2.6 1.9 6.4 5.7 3.7 3.3 EE3.0 1.0 -1.5 -0.7 0.4 2.9 3.7 3.6 2.4 0.6 IE-4.2 -1.4 -3.6 -4.8 -5.3 1.9 0.1 0.5 0.3 4.3 EL2.0b0.6 -1.6 1.4 3.9 4.7 7.5 8.6 4.3p1.9pES1.4 -2.7 -4.6 -1.6 -6.7 -3.6 0.4 1.0 -1.3p-1.0pFR0.2 -0.7 -2.1 -0.4 -1.7 2.8 6.4 5.3 3.0p2.5pHR5.8 4.8 2.9 1.4 0.7 0.5 1.5 2.4 3.2 3.7pIT-2.7 -2.3 -4.8 -0.8 -3.8 2.5 8.6 8.6 6.2 4.2 CY-1.9 -1.7 -2.1 -0.6 -0.8 1.5 3.7 3.1 2.2 0.7pLV2.7 6.5 -1.1 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.8 5.1 6.7 LT-1.9 0.2 -1.5 -5.2 -0.5 1.4 4.0 4.9 3.7 4.5 LU4.6 3.0 4.2 2.8 2.0 0.2 0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.7 HU-1.0 -1.1 -2.4 -1.1 -1.2 -0.5 1.5 2.1 0.5 0.0pMT1.1 0.6 -0.2 0.3 1.2 2.0 2.9 4.0 4.0 3.3 NL-1.2 -2.9 -2.6 -2.0 -3.0 -0.1 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.9pAT-2.5 -3.1 -3.2 -1.9 -2.7 0.4 3.2 2.6 1.9 0.7 PL1.7 0.3 -2.6 -0.1 -1.4 2.8 4.9 6.5 4.3 3.7 PT2.1 -0.4 -0.2 3.9 0.1 4.7 8.4 6.9 4.5 4.1pRO24.8 17.6 4.6 2.7 3.7 5.7 3.6 5.1 5.2 4.7pSI-1.6 -2.4 -4.3 -2.3 -4.6 0.6 2.9 3.4 2.6 2.0 SK-5.9 -5.9 -6.0 -4.8 -3.7 -3.2 -2.3 -1.6 -1.7 -2.0 FI-5.8 -4.3 -5.3 -2.7 -3.2 1.9 3.2 3.9 3.9 2.5 SE1.9 1.1 -0.3 0.2 -0.8 0.3 1.3 0.4 -1.1 -0.5 Source: European Commission, EurostatAcountry’stermsoftrademeasuresacountry'sexportpricesinrelationtoitsimportprices.Theindicatormeasuresthecountry'stradecompetitiveness,asitindicateshowmuchimportsaneconomycangetforaunitofexportgoodsandservices.Itiscalculatedastheratioofthepriceindexforexportsofgoodsandservicestothepriceindexforimportsofgoodsandservices.Theseareobtainedbydividingcurrentpricesbychain-linkedvolumesusing the standard reference year 2010. Data are expressed as 5-year percentage change comparing year Y with the year Y–5. Data source: National accounts statistics.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.35: Export market share, volume (1 year % change) 

78 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE-2.5 -2.3 -3.6 -3.3 1.5 0.7 4.0 0.1 -3.1 -0.1 BG-1.9 5.7 -1.1 5.9 -0.6 3.4 6.4 0.4 -2.0 2.8 CZ1.8 2.3 1.2 -3.4 5.0 3.0 2.1 1.8 0.0 0.2 DK-10.0 0.3 -1.9 -2.1 -0.6 0.6 1.9 -0.6 -0.5 3.9 DE1.5 1.4 -0.2 -2.7 1.1 2.4 0.3 -0.7 -1.4 -0.1 EE11.3 17.3 1.7 -0.9 -1.1 -4.5 2.6 -1.3 0.3 5.1 IE-6.9 -3.7 -4.0 -0.8 10.9 36.2 2.0 3.8 7.4 9.4 EL-8.0b-6.3 -1.1 -1.9 4.5 2.0 -2.6 3.1 5.4p3.7pES-3.8 1.3 -2.2 0.7 0.8 1.3 3.2 0.1 -1.4p1.2pFR-4.2 -0.5 -0.3 -1.6 -0.4 1.6 -0.4 -1.0 0.7p0.8pHR-5.1 -4.6 -4.6 -1.2 3.7 7.3 4.8 1.4 0.0 5.7pIT-1.1 -1.5 -1.1 -3.3 -1.1 1.3 -0.3 0.0 -1.5 -0.1 CY-6.8 0.1 -3.6 -2.5 2.5 6.9 5.0 4.5 4.3 -1.5pLV0.5 5.7 6.4 -3.0 2.5 0.0 1.8 1.0 0.6 1.0 LT3.5 7.6 7.7 3.6 -5.5 -0.6 2.7 8.1 3.1 8.4 LU-2.5 -2.9 -0.3 1.6 12.7 1.7 0.4 -4.7 -3.2 -0.3 HU-1.8 -0.5 -4.8 0.4 5.5 4.4 1.6 1.1 1.3 4.7pMT-4.7 -1.6 2.4 -2.8 -0.2 12.4 -0.2 2.7 -4.2 5.0 NL-3.2 -1.7 0.2 -1.2 0.8 4.4 -0.5 1.1 0.6 1.6pAT0.2 -1.0 -1.7 -3.1 -0.8 0.0 0.8 -0.5 1.8 1.8 PL-0.1 0.8 1.2 1.8 3.0 5.0 7.1 4.2 3.2 4.0 PT-3.7 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.6 3.3 2.2 3.0 0.4 2.4pRO2.6 5.2 -2.0 16.9 4.8 1.6 14.1 2.4 1.6 2.9pSI-2.7 0.0 -2.6 -0.6 2.3 1.7 4.0 5.7 2.6 3.0 SK4.4 3.7 6.0 2.3 0.0 3.6 2.8 -1.8 1.5 -0.3 FI-6.7 -4.9 -2.9 -3.1 -5.7 -2.6 1.7 3.2 -2.0 6.6 SE-2.3 -0.2 -2.0 -4.8 0.7 2.8 0.2 -1.3 0.5 2.2 Source: European Commission, Eurostat, and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) Theindicatoriscalculatedbysubtractingtheworldexportsvolumegrowthratefromthecountryexportsvolumegrowthrate.Eurostat'sNationalaccountsvolumesforexports(asforalltransactionsconcerninggoodsandservices)areestimatedinpreviousyearpricestoeliminatetheinfluenceofinflation.ThevolumegrowthrateisalwayscalculatedbycomparingtheyearYvolumeinpreviousyearpriceswiththeyearY-1figureincurrentprices.TheMIPindicatorisexpressedaspercentagechangecomparingyearYwithyearY-1.Country'sexportsofgoodsandservicesseriesarebasedonEurostatdata,whileworldexportsofgoodsandservicesonIMFdata,WorldEconomic Outlook (WEO).Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.36: Real labour productivity (1 year % change)  

79 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE2.2 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 BG4.6 4.7 2.9 0.8 1.5 3.6 3.3 1.7 3.2 3.3 CZ3.5 2.0 -1.2 -0.4 1.7 3.9 0.9 3.6 1.8 2.1 DK4.3 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.6 DE3.8 2.7 -0.7 -0.3 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.2 -0.1 -0.3 EE8.0 0.8 1.5 0.1 2.2 -1.0 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.7 IE6.1b2.8 0.7 -1.7 5.8 20.8 -1.7 5.9 5.2 2.6 EL-3.0b-6.1 -3.2 -2.2 -2.8 2.6 -3.8 1.8 0.2p0.6pES1.9 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.1p-0.3pFR1.8 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.8p0.4pHR2.6p3.9p1.3p2.5p-2.9p1.2p3.2p1.0p0.2p-0.2pIT2.4 0.4 -2.7 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.0 -0.2 CY1.4 0.1 0.1 -1.0 0.2 1.6 1.7 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1pLV2.4 4.9 2.8 0.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.3 2.5 2.1 LT7.4 5.5 1.9 2.2 1.5 0.6 0.2 5.0 2.5 3.9 LU3.0 -0.4 -2.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 -1.6 -0.6 -1.3 HU1.8 2.0 -2.3 0.6 -0.3 1.6 -1.5 2.3 3.1 3.3pMT3.7 -2.4 1.3 1.6 2.1 5.3 -0.4 -0.1 -0.8 -0.8 NL2.0 0.7 -0.8 1.1 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 -0.2p-0.2pAT1.1 1.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.3 PL6.6b4.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.7 2.3 3.4 4.8 4.8pPT3.2 0.3 0.0 2.0 -0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.4pRO-0.7 4.3 0.6 4.7 2.8 4.3 5.9 4.8 4.4 4.2pSI3.5 2.6 -1.7 0.1 2.3 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.7 SK7.5 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 2.8 -0.2 0.8 1.7 1.3 FI3.8 0.9 -2.2 -0.1 0.1 0.6 2.3 2.2 -1.0 -0.5 SE5.3 0.9 -1.3 0.2 1.2 3.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 Source: European Commission, EurostatThelabourproductivityistheratioofGrossdomesticproduct(marketpricesinmillions,chain-linkedvolumesreferenceyear2010)tothetotalEmployment(domesticconcept).The'personsemployed'doesnotdistinguishbetweenfull-timeandpart-timeemployment.TheGDPperpersonemployedisintendedtogiveanoverallimpressionoftheproductivityofnationaleconomies.TheinputdataareobtainedthroughofficialNationalaccounts'country data in the ESA 2010 transmission programme. The MIP indicator is expressed as 1-year percentage change. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.37: Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans)  

80 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BEnananana4.3e3.8e3.2e2.7e2.3e2.1pBGnananana16.0e14.5e12.8e10.2e7.7e6.5pCZnananananana4.0e2.8e2.1e1.7pDKnananana5.1e3.9e3.3e2.5e2.3e1.9pDEnananana3.9e3.0e2.6e1.8e1.4e1.2pEEnananana3.2e2.2e1.7e1.9e1.3e1.6pIEnananana21.6e14.9e13.1e9.9e5.5e3.4pELnananana39.7e46.8e46.3e45.0e41.6e35.5pESnananana8.1e6.3e5.7e4.4e3.7e3.1pFRnananana4.2e4.0e3.6e3.1e2.7e2.5pHRnananana13.6e13.0e10.7e8.8e7.3e5.2pITnananana16.5e16.5e15.0e11.2e8.4e6.7pCYnananana38.6e36.3e35.4e30.7e20.2e18.1pLVnananana9.7e6.5e6.3e5.6e5.3e3.9pLTnananana6.8e5.6e4.0e3.2e2.6e1.7pLUnananana1.4e1.1e0.8e0.7e0.8e0.6pHUnananana19.4e15.2e11.9e8.4e5.4e4.1pMTnananana6.0e5.1e4.1e3.1e3.1e3.2pNLnananana3.4e2.7e2.4e2.1e1.9e1.8pATnananana7.5e6.5e5.1e3.5e2.6e2.2pPLnananana7.2e6.6e6.4e6.6e6.2e6.1pPTnananana16.6e17.5e17.2e13.3e9.4e6.1pROnananana20.7e13.4e9.7e6.6e5.0e4.3pSInananana22.8e17.9e12.3e9.2e6.0e3.4pSKnananana5.2e4.4e4.6e3.7e3.2e2.9pFInananana1.6e1.5e1.4e1.2e1.5e1.4pSEnananana1.3e1.3e1.2e1.3e1.0e1.1pSource: European Central BankA loan, other than held for trading, is considered as non-performing if it satisfies either or both of the following criteria: (a) It is a material loan which is more than 90 days past-due;  (b) The debtor is assessed as unlikely to pay its creditobligationsinfullwithoutrealisationofcollateral,regardlessoftheexistenceofanypast-dueamountorofthenumberofdayspast-due.Non-performingloansincludedefaultedandimpairedloans.TheMIPindicatorisdefinedastotalgrossnon-performingloansandadvancesaspercentageoftotalgrossloansandadvances(grosscarryingamount),forthereportingsector"domesticbankinggroupsandstand-alonebanks,foreigncontrolledsubsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors.  Data source: European Central Bank (ECB). Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.38: Unit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change) 

81 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE0.6 0.7 1.1 2.9 3.4 2.0 -0.1 0.3 -1.2 0.3 BG41.4 35.1 42.5 53.7 56.8 54.7 54.0 54.3 48.5 42.5 CZ10.6 6.8 2.7 0.6 -2.0 -2.2 -0.4 0.5 4.8 9.0 DK11.3 8.1 5.4 4.5 5.2 4.1 1.7 -1.8 -4.6 -6.6 DE-14.8 -12.9 -9.7 -7.3 -4.5 0.2 4.9 8.4 11.5 10.4 EE44.9 41.6 41.9 42.2 41.1 44.8 37.5 24.4 17.8 22.2 IE4.2 -2.5 -2.9 -6.0 -12.6 -28.9 -30.2 -34.8 -40.2 -35.4 EL22.4 20.0 8.0 -1.1 -4.2 -12.4 -11.9 -13.2 -15.2 -17.8 ES9.4 6.9 1.5 -0.4 -3.6 -5.6 -9.8 -12.2 -14.9 -11.8 FR1.8 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.2 0.0 -0.3 -0.1 -1.4 HR7.4 11.4 4.0 -2.3 -5.8 -7.6 -11.2 -14.1 -15.5 -17.6 IT13.5 12.6 10.4 6.7 4.0 3.6 0.9 -1.0 -1.2 -2.4 CY12.3 14.7 15.1 4.1 -0.4 -6.7 -10.7 -9.3 -9.6 -11.5 LV49.0 47.4 55.6 58.3 55.9 43.9 31.1 8.0 -2.9 17.3 LT4.5 9.9 9.4 12.7 11.7 11.7 6.5 8.8 8.0 16.8 LU18.7 15.3 17.2 16.9 15.8 13.0 9.0 14.1 10.6 8.5 HU36.1 25.7 24.5 15.3 9.8 7.0 8.3 7.5 7.9 15.3 MT9.5 9.6 13.3 12.2 7.2 8.3 5.3 4.7 4.1 4.5 NL3.3 3.3 1.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 0.2 -1.5 -1.5 -1.7 AT-2.0 -1.2 1.3 3.3 5.4 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 PL-3.7 -7.8 -3.7 0.1 1.9 0.9 3.7 2.9 0.0 4.1 PT0.7 -3.7 -8.5 -8.8 -10.1 -12.0 -11.1 -9.1 -7.3 -7.1 RO166.1 72.0 79.3 45.7 48.9 20.4 22.8 33.4 20.0 30.7 SI28.3 17.8 11.4 7.9 2.9 2.2 2.4 1.3 -0.2 -1.4 SK10.8 9.7 5.6 4.0 1.8 -0.8 -0.5 4.1 5.0 6.3 FI1.1 2.2 6.2 8.4 9.2 8.5 5.6 2.9 1.3 -3.1 SE-0.5 -1.8 1.5 3.3 5.1 5.1 6.9 5.3 5.6 5.8 Source: European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial AffairsTherelativeunitlabourcost(ULC)seriesmeasuresthetradingpositionofanindividualcountryrelativetoitspartnersintheeuroareaandassuchoffersanindicationaboutchangesinitscompetitiveposition.Themeasuretakesintoaccountnotonlychangesinmarketexchangerates,butalsovariationsinrelativepricelevelsbasedontheunitlabourcostandthereforecanbeusedasindicatorsofcompetitiveness.Thedataareexpressedas10year % change. 
 
 
 
Table 3.39: House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change) 

82 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE7.2 6.8 9.7 7.6 2.9 2.3 3.8 8.2 9.4 10.9 BG-10.6e-32.4e-16.7e-9.3 -2.7 2.0b11.6 19.5 24.0 22.8pCZ6.6e-5.5 -3.1 -1.4 0.9 6.5 14.2 24.4 30.0 32.4 DK-14.2 -11.0 -1.7 -0.6 4.9 15.3 16.8 17.7 14.8 11.7 DE3.3 5.5 8.2 10.4 10.0 11.4 16.1 19.5 21.7 19.7 EE-40.0 -28.0 23.0 28.8 35.0 34.5 27.3 18.1 17.1 19.6 IE-34.9 -42.0 -37.9 -27.3 2.1 31.5 39.6 32.8 31.4 25.1 EL-6.7e-13.2e-20.4e-25.5e-27.1e-21.6e-14.2e-8.2e-1.7e8.0eES-9.6 -15.3 -22.7 -28.5 -22.3 -5.6 8.7 15.1 18.6 19.2 FR-0.9 4.0 10.3 3.2 -4.0 -4.9 -2.1 2.6 7.2 9.7HR-8.4e-10.9 -7.6 -5.3 -6.9 -8.2 -3.6 1.7 11.1 20.0 IT2.9be1.6e-0.5e-7.6 -13.1 -14.3 -8.1 -4.6 -1.4 -1.8 CY-6.9 -13.3 -10.1 -8.5 -8.7 -7.1b-2.9 1.0 4.3 7.9 LV-43.6 -38.4 1.2 21.5 16.6 9.5 11.1 14.0 29.3 29.9 LT-29.3 -30.8 -1.5 7.7 7.5 11.7 16.3 19.0 23.2 24.9 LU7.7 8.0 13.9 13.4 14.2 15.5 16.6 18.0 19.9 24.5 HU-5.3 -10.7 -9.2 -9.4 -2.2 14.8 33.6 43.9 45.5 50.0pMT7.4 -4.6 2.7 1.2 5.2 8.1 14.4 17.5 17.5 18.2pNL-4.0 -8.0 -10.1 -14.0 -11.6 -1.8 9.7 17.0 23.6 26.3 AT11.5be17.3e21.1e19.9 16.8 14.2 17.8 19.9 19.6 16.6 PL-7.2e-6.4e-7.0e-7.6 -6.8 -2.0 4.4 7.4 12.7 20.3 PT3.6e-5.1 -11.0 -13.3 -4.9 5.4 15.1 20.6 29.0 32.1 ROna-38.2e-23.0 -17.0 -7.3 0.5 6.7 15.6 18.6 15.8 SI-3.0 -6.9 -4.2 -9.4 -17.6 -10.8 -2.8 12.7 21.6 25.6 SK-1.2 -17.5 -8.0 -3.3 -0.4 7.8 14.0 19.0 21.3 24.1 FI8.7 11.3 12.3 6.9 3.2 0.8b0.5 2.4 3.4 3.7 SE12.5 14.1 12.0 9.2 16.5 30.2 34.0 30.6 14.4 8.3 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.1)e=EurostatestimatesforPL;e=NSIestimatesforBG,CZandRO;e=sourceNCBforEL,HR,IT,PTandAT;b=breakintimeseriesduetofullimplementationofharmonisedEUmethodologyforBGandCY;b=breakintimeseriesduetonewcalculationmethod for New dwellings (apartments) for FI.Source: European Commission, EurostatTheHousepriceindex(HPI)capturespricechangesofallresidentialpropertiespurchasedbyhouseholds(flats,detachedhouses,terracedhouses,etc.),bothnewandexisting,independentlyoftheirfinaluseandtheirpreviousowners. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component is included. The data are expressed as 3 years % change of the HPI. The indicator is based on Price statistics. 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.40: Residential construction (% of GDP) 

83 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE6.1 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.2 BG2.7 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 CZ4.5 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.5 DK3.7 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.9 DE5.2 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.6 EE2.6 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.9 IE3.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.3 EL5.2b4.9 3.3 2.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7p0.7pES6.6 5.4 4.6 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.4p5.7pFR6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.4p6.4pHRnanananananananananaIT5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 CY8.0 6.2 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.6 4.4 5.1 6.5 7.9pLV1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.4 LT2.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.9 LU2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.4 HU3.1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2pMT3.5 3.7 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.6 4.5p5.1p4.9pNL4.7 4.2 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.0pAT4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.7 PL3.2 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.0 PT3.6 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.2pRO2.9 2.7 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.4pSI3.1 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 SK2.8 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 FI6.3 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.2 SE3.7 4.0 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.3 5.7 5.2 4.6 Source: European Commission, EurostatResidentialConstructiontrackstheactualconstruction(notsales)ofhousingandispartofGrossfixedcapitalformation.GFCFconsistsofresidentproducers'acquisitions,lessdisposals,offixedassetsduringagivenperiodpluscertainadditionstothevalueofnon-producedassetsrealisedbytheproductiveactivityofproducerorinstitutionalunits.DatasourcefromNationalaccountsstatistics,usingasadenominatorGDPfromtheESA2010transmission programme. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.41: Household debt, consolidated (incl. Non-profit institutions serving households, % of GDP)   

84 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE53.0 54.8 55.1 55.7 57.5 57.9 58.2 58.9 59.5 61.2 BG28.8 26.5 25.5 25.6 25.2 23.6 23.0 22.6 23.0 23.3 CZ28.7 29.8 30.7 31.4 30.2 30.2 31.1 31.5 31.8 31.8 DK138.3 138.4 136.3 133.3 131.5 128.9 116.4 113.8 111.9 109.5 DE59.4 57.1 56.6 55.7 54.2 53.6 53.3 53.0 53.4 54.4 EE52.5 45.2 41.6 39.8 38.7 39.5 39.7 39.2 38.3 37.6 IE110.3 104.6 98.5 93.2 80.9 56.5 52.2 46.3 41.3 37.2 EL61.2 63.8 64.8 65.5 63.4 61.9 60.0 56.7 56.6 54.3 ES84.4 82.5 81.6 77.8 73.4 68.0 64.5 61.2 58.9 56.9 FR53.7 54.8 55.1 55.6 55.6 56.1 57.1 58.4 59.8 61.7 HR41.8 41.3 41.1 40.2 40.1 38.4 35.1 34.0 33.9 34.6 IT43.5 43.5 43.7 43.3 42.6 41.8 41.2 40.8 40.8 41.2 CY118.4 121.9 127.9 129.6 131.4 126.8 116.2 106.0 97.0 89.5 LV47.9 38.8 32.5 29.0 26.4 24.3 23.4 22.3 21.0 20.3 LT29.6 25.8 23.6 22.3 21.5 22.3 22.8 22.4 22.6 23.0 LU57.9 57.7 61.0 60.2 60.8 61.3 61.9 64.5 66.2 65.9 HU39.5 37.5 31.8 28.3 25.7 21.1 20.1 18.7 17.7 18.4 MT57.7 59.5 59.4 57.5 55.2 51.1 51.2 49.0 48.7 49.7 NL118.9 118.2 118.3 115.6 113.8 111.9 110.2 107.2 103.7 100.3pAT54.6 53.2 52.0 51.2 51.0 50.8 51.1 50.4 49.7 49.5 PL34.1 35.2 34.2 35.3 35.8 36.0 36.6 34.9 35.0 34.4 PT90.9 90.5 90.5 86.1 81.9 77.0 72.6 69.2 66.0 63.6 RO22.7 21.8 20.7 19.2 18.0 17.4 16.7 16.1 15.8 15.4 SI30.3 29.9 30.7 29.6 28.3 27.6 27.3 27.1 26.9 26.9 SK24.6 26.1 28.1b29.6 32.4 34.5 38.4 41.1 42.4 43.7 FI58.9 59.0 61.0 61.5 62.5 63.3 64.1 64.5 65.1 66.0 SE75.9 76.5 79.3 81.2 82.1 82.4 85.7 87.3 87.9 88.6 1) 2010-2019: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts.Source: European Commission, EurostatTheHouseholddebtisthestockofliabilitiesheldbythesectorHouseholdsandNon-profitinstitutionsservinghouseholds(S.14_S.15).TheinstrumentsthataretakenintoaccounttocompilesuchindicatorareDebtsecurities(F.3)andLoans(F.4).Dataarepresentedinconsolidatedterms,i.e.nottakingintoaccounttransactionswithinthesamesector,andareexpressedinpercentageofGDPandmillionsofnationalcurrency.Definitionsregardingsector and instruments are based on ESA 2010. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
Table 3.42: Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (asset-to-equity multiple) 

85 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE20.1e21.7e17.4e15.7e15.1e14.7e14.2e13.2e13.1e13.4pBG7.4e7.4e7.6e7.8e7.9e7.7e7.7e7.7e7.5e8.2pCZ11.9e11.8e10.4e10.8e10.0e10.1e10.7e12.4e12.5e12.1pDK21.8e21.1e20.3e18.4e18.4e16.7e16.7e16.4e16.4e16.7pDE25.8e25.7e23.5e20.3e19.2e18.6e18.4e14.1e13.9e13.7pEE12.4e8.1e7.1e6.8e6.6e7.7e7.7e6.8e6.9e7.5pIE21.1e17.7e15.8e15.0e9.1e7.8e7.4e6.6e6.7e7.4pEL15.4ena26.6e14.0e12.8e11.0e10.1e8.8e11.5e10.9pES17.2e17.4e17.9e14.9e14.0e13.7e13.2e13.5e13.6e13.5pFR20.1e21.1e20.1e18.1e18.9e17.3e16.0e15.2e15.3e15.1pHRnanana7.5e7.2e8.0e7.2e7.4e7.5e7.5pIT12.7e14.9e14.4e15.0e14.0e13.1e14.2e12.2e13.1e12.9pCY15.2e19.9e26.0e16.2e10.3e10.7e10.7e12.1e14.1e12.8pLV12.7e10.7e10.2e9.9e10.2e9.5e9.9e8.9e7.8e9.8pLT14.2e11.3e10.2e9.6e9.7e9.0e11.6e10.7e10.4e14.5pLU16.8e17.7e15.1e13.9e13.4e13.4e13.4e13.2e14.6e15.0pHU12.3e13.5e11.5e10.7e10.9e11.2e9.9e9.7e9.4e9.6pMT5.0e5.1e5.0e6.6e11.9e14.1e15.8e13.5e12.1e11.2pNL23.2e24.2e22.3e20.8e18.5e18.0e17.7e16.7e16.1e16.1pAT13.8e14.7e13.5e13.4e14.2e13.5e12.5e11.6e11.4e11.2pPL10.0e9.9e9.1e9.0e9.3e9.2e9.4e8.8e9.3e9.7pPT16.2e19.6e15.5e14.8e13.7e12.4e12.9e10.6e11.0e10.8pRO10.1e10.0e9.7e9.7e10.5e9.8e9.8e9.6e9.3e9.1pSI13.2e13.3e12.9e11.3e9.3e8.6e8.0e8.0e8.2e8.2pSK10.4e9.4e8.5e8.2e8.4e9.0e9.2e9.3e9.5e9.6pFI19.6e26.1e26.3e21.7e24.3e19.1e17.7e18.9e16.1e16.6pSE22.4e24.1e22.1e21.3e20.6e18.8e17.6e16.5e18.1e17.9pSource: European Central BankTheindicator,coveringthebankingsectoronly,isdefinedastotalassetsdividedbytotalequity,forthereportingsector"domesticbankinggroupsandstand-alonebanks,foreigncontrolledsubsidiariesandforeigncontrolledbranches, all institutions, full sample (all banking groups / stand-alone banks irrespective of their accounting /supervisory framework)". Data source: European Central Bank (ECB).Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.43: Employment (1 year % change) 

86 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE0.6 1.3 0.4 -0.3 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 BG-3.9 -2.2 -2.5 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.8 -0.1 0.3 CZ-1.0 -0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 0.2 DK-2.3 0.0 -0.7 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.2 DE0.4 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 0.9 EE-4.9 6.5 1.6 1.2 0.8 2.9 0.3 2.7 1.2 1.3 IE-4.1b-2.2 -0.5 2.9 2.7 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.2 2.9 EL-2.5b-4.3 -4.0 -0.6 3.6 -2.9 3.4 -0.5 1.4p1.2pES-1.7 -2.5 -4.0 -2.4 1.0 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.3p2.2pFR0.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.0p1.1pHR-3.8p-4.0p-3.6p-2.8p2.6p1.3p0.2p2.4p2.6p3.1pIT-0.6 0.3 -0.3 -1.8 0.1 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.5 CY0.6 0.3 -3.5 -5.6 -2.0 1.6 4.7 5.4 5.3 3.1pLV-6.7 1.5 1.4 2.3 -1.3 1.4 -0.3 0.0 1.5 -0.1 LT-5.3 0.6 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.4 2.3 -0.7 1.4 0.5 LU1.8 3.0 2.4 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.7 3.6 HU-0.7 0.0 0.9 1.3 4.6 2.2 3.7 1.9 2.3 1.3 MT1.7 2.9 2.8 3.8 5.4 4.1 4.3 8.1 6.0 5.8 NL-0.7 0.9 -0.2 -1.2 -0.1 1.0 1.5 2.4 2.6p1.9pAT0.8 1.6 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.1 PL-2.7b0.6 0.1 -0.1 1.7 1.5 0.8 1.3 0.5 -0.2pPT-1.4 -1.9 -4.1 -2.9 1.4 1.4 1.6 3.3 2.3 0.8pRO-3.2 -2.3 1.4 -0.9 0.8 -1.3 -1.1 2.4 0.1 0.0pSI-2.1 -1.7 -0.9 -1.1 0.4 1.3 1.8 3.0 3.2 2.5 SK-1.5 1.8 0.1 -0.8 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.0 FI-0.6 1.6 0.9 -0.8 -0.4 -0.1 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.7 SE0.6 2.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.5 1.6 0.6 Source: European Commission, EurostatPersonsinemploymentarethosewho,duringthereferenceweek,didanyworkforpayorprofit,orwerenotworkingbuthadajobfromwhichtheyweretemporarilyabsent.Anyonewhoreceivesawageforon-the-jobtrainingthatinvolvestheproductionofgoodsorservicesisalsoconsideredasbeinginemployment.Self-employedandfamilyworkersarealsoincluded.Datapresentemploymentinresidentproductionunitsirrespectiveoftheplaceofresidence of the employed person (i.e. domestic scope). Employment growth rates are based on number of persons without distinction according to full-time or part-time work. Data are sourced from National accounts statistics.Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.44: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24 

87 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE10.9 11.8b12.3 12.7 12.0 12.2 9.9 9.3b9.2 9.3 BG21.0b21.8 21.5 21.6 20.2 19.3 18.2 15.3 15.0 13.7 CZ8.8 8.3b8.9 9.1b8.1 7.5 7.0 6.3 5.6 5.7 DK6.9 7.2 7.3 6.6 6.4 7.0 6.7b7.6b7.7 7.7 DE8.3b7.5b7.1 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.7 6.3 5.9 5.7 EE14.0 11.6 12.2 11.3 11.7 10.8 9.1 9.4 9.8 6.9 IE19.4 19.1 19.2 16.4 15.3 14.3 12.6 10.9b10.1 10.1 EL14.8 17.4 20.2 20.4 19.1 17.2 15.8 15.3 14.1 12.5 ES17.8 18.2 18.6 18.6 17.1b15.6 14.6 13.3 12.4 12.1 FR12.7 12.3 12.5 11.2b11.2b12.0 11.9 11.4 11.1 10.6 HR15.7 16.2 16.6 19.6 19.3 18.1 16.9 15.4 13.6 11.8 IT19.0 19.7 21.0 22.2 22.1 21.4 19.9 20.1 19.2 18.1 CY11.7 14.6 16.0 18.7 17.0 15.3 16.0 16.1 13.2 13.7 LV17.8 16.0 14.9 13.0 12.0 10.5 11.2 10.3 7.8 7.9 LT13.2 11.8 11.2 11.1 9.9 9.2 9.4 9.1 8.0 8.6 LU5.1 4.7 5.9 5.0 6.3 6.2b5.4 5.9 5.3 5.6 HU12.6 13.2 14.8 15.5 13.6 11.6b11.0 11.0 10.7 11.0 MT9.5 10.2 10.8 9.9 10.3 10.5 8.8 8.6b7.3 8.6 NL4.8 4.3 4.9 5.6b5.5 4.7 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.3 AT7.4 7.3 6.8 7.3 7.7 7.5 7.7 6.5 6.8 7.1 PL10.8b11.5 11.8 12.2b12.0 11.0 10.5 9.5 8.7b8.1 PT11.4 12.6b13.9 14.1 12.3 11.3 10.6 9.3 8.4 8.0 RO16.6b17.5 16.8 17.0 17.0 18.1 17.4 15.2 14.5 14.7 SI7.1 7.1 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.5 8.0 6.5 6.6 7.0 SK14.1 13.8b13.8 13.7 12.8 13.7 12.3 12.1 10.2 10.3 FI9.0 8.4 8.6 9.3 10.2 10.6 9.9 9.4 8.5 8.2 SE7.7 7.5 7.8 7.5 7.2 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.0b5.5 1)2018PL:changesintheweightingprocedure.2)2017BE:revisioninthesurveymethodology;MT:changesintheweightingprocedure;IE:introductionoftheLabourForceSurveyinsubstitutiontotheQuarterlyNationalHouseholdSurvey(QNHS)asdatasource;DK:LabourForceSurveydatacollectionimprovement,introductionofCAWI(startingwith2016).3)2015LU:changeinsamplingstrategyanddatacollectiontechnique.4)2014ES:changeintheclassificationofnon-formaleducationactivities;FR:dataarefurther impacted from the changes in the questionnaire introduced in 2013 and inclusion of French overseas departments (DROM).Source: European Commission, EurostatTheindicatoryoungpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining(NEET)providesinformationonyoungpeopleaged15to24whomeetthefollowingtwoconditions:(a)theyarenotemployed(i.e.unemployedorinactiveaccordingtotheInternationalLabourOrganisationdefinition)and(b)theyhavenotreceivedanyeducationortraininginthefourweeksprecedingthesurvey.Dataareexpressedasapercentageofthetotalpopulationinthe same age group, excluding the respondents who have not answered the question 'participation to education and training'. Data come from the quarterly EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS).Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.45: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population 

88 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE20.8 21.0 21.6 20.8 21.2 21.1 20.9 20.6 20.0 19.5bBG49.2 49.1 49.3 48.0 40.1b41.3 40.4b38.9 32.8 32.5 CZ14.4 15.3 15.4 14.6 14.8 14.0 13.3 12.2 12.2 12.5 DK18.3 17.6b17.5 18.3 17.9 17.7 16.8 17.2 17.0 16.3 DE19.7 19.9 19.6 20.3 20.6 20.0 19.7 19.0 18.7 17.4 EE21.7 23.1 23.4 23.5 26.0b24.2 24.4 23.4 24.4 24.3 IE27.3 29.4 30.1 29.9 27.7 26.2 24.4 22.7 21.1 naEL27.7 31.0 34.6 35.7 36.0 35.7 35.6 34.8 31.8 30.0 ES26.1 26.7 27.2 27.3 29.2 28.6 27.9 26.6 26.1 25.3 FR19.2 19.3 19.1 18.1 18.5 17.7 18.2 17.0 17.4 17.9 HR31.1 32.6 32.6 29.9 29.3 29.1 27.9 26.4 24.8 23.3 IT25.0 28.1 29.9 28.5 28.3 28.7 30.0 28.9 27.3 naCY24.6 24.6 27.1 27.8 27.4 28.9 27.7 25.2 23.9 22.3 LV38.2 40.1 36.2 35.1 32.7 30.9 28.5 28.2 28.4 27.3 LT34.0 33.1 32.5 30.8 27.3 29.3 30.1 29.6 28.3 26.3 LU17.1 16.8 18.4 19.0 19.0 18.5 19.1b19.4 20.7 20.6 HU29.9 31.5 33.5 34.8 31.8 28.2 26.3 25.6 19.6 18.9 MT21.2 22.1 23.1 24.6 23.9 23.0 20.3 19.3 19.0 20.1 NL15.1 15.7 15.0 15.9 16.5 16.4 16.7b17.0 16.7 16.5 AT18.9 19.2 18.5 18.8 19.2 18.3 18.0 18.1 17.5 16.9 PL27.8 27.2 26.7 25.8 24.7 23.4 21.9 19.5 18.9 18.2 PT25.3 24.4 25.3 27.5 27.5 26.6 25.1 23.3 21.6 21.6 RO41.5 40.9 43.2 41.9 40.3 37.4 38.8 35.7 32.5 31.2 SI18.3 19.3 19.6 20.4 20.4 19.2 18.4 17.1 16.2 14.4 SK20.6 20.6 20.5 19.8 18.4 18.4 18.1 16.3 16.3 16.4 FI16.9 17.9 17.2 16.0 17.3 16.8 16.6 15.7 16.5 15.6 SE17.7 18.5 17.7 18.3 18.2 18.6 18.3 17.7 18.0 18.8 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data is 30 November 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020.Source: European Commission, EurostatThisindicatorcorrespondstothepercentage(oftotalpopulation)ofpeoplewhoare:atriskofpovertyorseverelymateriallydeprivedorlivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensity.Personsareonlycountedonceeveniftheyarepresentinseveralsub-indicators.Atrisk-of-povertyarepersonswithanequivaliseddisposableincomebelowtherisk-of-povertythreshold,whichissetat60%ofthenationalmedianequivaliseddisposableincome(aftersocialtransfers).Materialdeprivationcoversindicatorsrelatingtoeconomicstrainanddurables.Severelymateriallydeprivedpersonshavelivingconditionsseverelyconstrainedbyalackofresources,theyexperienceatleast4outof9deprivationsitems.Peoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensityarethoseaged0-59livinginhouseholdswheretheadults(aged18-59)worklessthan20%oftheirtotalworkpotentialduringthepastyear.Students are excluded. The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.46: People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total population 

89 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE14.6 15.3 15.3 15.1 15.5 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.4 14.8bBG20.7 22.2 21.2 21.0 21.8 22.0 22.9b23.4 22.0 22.6 CZ9.0 9.8 9.6 8.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.6 10.1 DK13.3 12.1 12.0 11.9 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.7 12.5 DE15.6 15.8 16.1 16.1 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.0 14.8 EE15.8 17.5 17.5 18.6 21.8 21.6 21.7 21.0 21.9 21.7 IE15.2 15.2 16.3 15.7 16.4 16.2 16.8 15.6 14.9 naEL20.1 21.4 23.1 23.1 22.1 21.4 21.2 20.2 18.5 17.9 ES20.7 20.6 20.8 20.4 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.5 20.7 FR13.3 14.0 14.1 13.7 13.3 13.6 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 HR20.6 20.9 20.4 19.5 19.4 20.0 19.5 20.0 19.3 18.3 IT18.7 19.8 19.5 19.3 19.4 19.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 naCY15.6 14.8 14.7 15.3 14.4 16.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 14.7 LV20.9 19.0 19.2 19.4 21.2 22.5 21.8 22.1 23.3 22.9 LT20.5 19.2 18.6 20.6 19.1 22.2 21.9 22.9 22.9 20.6 LU14.5 13.6 15.1 15.9 16.4 15.3 15.8b16.4 16.7 17.5 HU12.3 14.1 14.3 15.0 15.0 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.8 12.3 MT15.5 15.6 15.1 15.8 15.8 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 NL10.3 11.0 10.1 10.4 11.6 11.6 12.7b13.2 13.3 13.2 AT14.7 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.1 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.3 13.3 PL17.6 17.7 17.1 17.3 17.0 17.6 17.3 15.0 14.8 15.4 PT17.9 18.0 17.9 18.7 19.5 19.5 19.0 18.3 17.3 17.2 RO21.6 22.3 22.9 23.0 25.1 25.4 25.3 23.6 23.5 23.8 SI12.7 13.6 13.5 14.5 14.5 14.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.0 SK12.0 13.0 13.2 12.8 12.6 12.3 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 FI13.1 13.7 13.2 11.8 12.8 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.0 11.6 SE14.8 15.4 15.2 16.0 15.6 16.3 16.2 15.8 16.4 17.1 1)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019datais30November2020whiledatawereextractedon23October2020.2)Cautionshouldbetakenintimecomparisons.ForLU,in2016newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimation and imputation, adjustment. Better coverage of certain segments of the resident population by use of Luxembourg's National Population Register. For NL, a new weighting scheme has been applied from EU-SILC 2016 onwards (AROP/AROPE).Source: European Commission, EurostatTheindicatormeasurespersonswithanequivaliseddisposableincomebelowtherisk-of-povertythreshold,whichissetat60%ofthenationalmedianequivaliseddisposableincome(aftersocialtransfers)asa%oftotalpopulation. Data are expressed in percentage of total population. The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.47: Severely materially deprived people - % of total population 

90 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE5.9 5.7 6.3 5.1 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.4bBG45.7 43.6 44.1 43.0 33.1 34.2 31.9b30.0 20.9 19.9 CZ6.2 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.7 5.6 4.8 3.7 2.8 2.7 DK2.7 2.3 2.7 3.6 3.2 3.7 2.6 3.1 3.4 2.6 DE4.5 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.0 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.6 EE9.0 8.7 9.4 7.6 6.2 4.5 4.7 4.1 3.8 3.3 IE5.7 7.8 9.9 9.9 8.4 8.5 6.7 5.2 4.9 naEL11.6 15.2 19.5 20.3 21.5 22.2 22.4 21.1 16.7 16.2 ES4.9 4.5 5.8 6.2 7.1 6.4 5.8 5.1 5.4 4.7 FR5.8 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.7 4.7 HR14.3 15.2 15.9 14.7 13.9 13.7 12.5 10.3 8.6 7.2 IT7.4 11.1 14.5 12.3 11.6 11.5 12.1 10.1 8.5 naCY11.2 11.7 15.0 16.1 15.3 15.4 13.6 11.5 10.2 9.1 LV27.6 31.0 25.6 24.0 19.2 16.4 12.8 11.3 9.5 7.8 LT19.9 19.0 19.8 16.0 13.6 13.9 13.5 12.4 11.1 9.4 LU0.5 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.6b1.2 1.3 1.3 HU21.6 23.4 26.3 27.8 24.0 19.4 16.2 14.5 10.1 8.7 MT6.5 6.6 9.2 10.2 10.3 8.5 4.4 3.3 3.0 3.6 NL2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 3.2 2.6 2.6b2.6 2.4 2.5 AT4.3 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.7 2.8 2.6 PL14.2 13.0 13.5 11.9 10.4 8.1 6.7 5.9 4.7 3.6 PT9.0 8.3 8.6 10.9 10.6 9.6 8.4 6.9 6.0 5.6 RO30.5 29.5 31.1 29.8 25.9 22.7 23.8 19.7 16.8 14.5 SI5.9 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.6 5.8 5.4 4.6 3.7 2.6 SK11.4 10.6 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.0 8.2 7.0 7.0 7.9 FI2.8 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.8 2.4 SE1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.8 1)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019datais30November2020whiledatawereextractedon23October2020.2)Cautionshouldbetakenintimecomparisons.ForBGtheincreaseofrotationalgroupsfrom4to6in2016leadstoincreaseofoverallsamplesize from 5200 (interviewed households) to 7800, the average sample size of new rotational groups is unchanged (around 2500 households). The number of pensioners (from National Social Security Institute) was used as calibration variable for the first time. Source: European Commission, EurostatSeverelymateriallydeprivedpersonshavelivingconditionsseverelyconstrainedbyalackofresources.Theyexperiencealackofatleast4outofthe9followingdeprivationsitems:i)topayrentorutilitybills,ii)keephomeadequatelywarm,iii)faceunexpectedexpenses,iv)eatmeat,fishoraproteinequivalenteverysecondday,v)aweekholidayawayfromhome,vi)acar,vii)awashingmachine,viii)acolourTV,orix)atelephone.Dataareexpressed in percentage of total population. The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Table 3.48: People living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59  

91 

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019BE12.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 14.9 14.9 13.9 12.6 12.4bBG8.0 11.0 12.5 13.0 12.1 11.6 11.9b11.1 9.0 9.3 CZ6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.6 6.8 6.7 5.5 4.5 4.2 DK10.6 10.5 10.2 11.9 12.2 11.6 10.7 10.0 9.8 9.3 DE11.2 11.2 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.8 9.6 8.7 8.1 7.6 EE9.0 10.0 9.1 8.4 7.6b6.6 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.4 IE22.9 24.2 23.4 23.9 21.0 18.7 17.8 16.2 13.0 naEL7.6 12.0 14.2 18.2 17.2 16.8 17.2 15.6 14.6 13.8 ES10.8 13.4 14.3 15.7 17.1 15.4 14.9 12.8 10.7 10.8 FR9.9 9.4 8.4 8.1 9.6 8.6 8.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 HR13.9 15.9 16.8 14.8 14.7 14.4 13.0 12.2 11.2 9.2 IT10.6 10.5 10.6 11.3 12.1 11.7 12.8 11.8 11.3 naCY4.9 4.9 6.5 7.9 9.7 10.9 10.6 9.4 8.6 6.8 LV12.6 12.6 11.7 10.0 9.6 7.8 7.2 7.8 7.6 7.6 LT9.5 12.7 11.4 11.0 8.8 9.2 10.2 9.7 9.0 7.5 LU5.5 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.6b6.9 8.3 7.5 HU11.9 12.8 13.5 13.6 12.8 9.4 8.2 6.6 5.7 5.0 MT9.2 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.9 9.2 7.3 7.1 5.5 4.9 NL8.4 8.9 8.9 9.3 10.2 10.2 9.7b9.5 8.6 9.2 AT7.8 8.6 7.7 7.8 9.1 8.2 8.1 8.3 7.3 7.8 PL7.3 6.9 6.9 7.2 7.3 6.9 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.7 PT8.6 8.3 10.1 12.2 12.2 10.9 9.1 8.0 7.2 6.2 RO7.7 7.3 7.9 7.6 7.2 7.9 8.2 6.9 7.4 6.0 SI7.0 7.6 7.5 8.0 8.7 7.4 7.4 6.2 5.4 5.2 SK7.9 7.7 7.2 7.6 7.1 7.1 6.5 5.4 5.2 6.2 FI9.3 10.0 9.3 9.0 10.0 10.8 11.4 10.7 10.8 9.7 SE8.5 9.4 8.1 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.5 8.8 9.1 8.6 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data is 30 November 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. Source: European Commission, EurostatPeoplelivinginhouseholdswithverylowworkintensityarepeopleaged0-59livinginhouseholdswheretheadults(aged18-59)workedlessthan20%oftheirtotalworkpotentialduringthepastyear.Studentsareexcluded.Data are expressed in percentage of population aged 0-59. The source of the data is EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
Chapter 4: Tables by Member States and the UK - Headline indicators   
Table 4.1: The MIP scoreboard for Belgium 

92 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%0.8 0.4 -0.1 -0.4 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%56.3 51.4 40.8 43.2 44.8 45.2 54.5 56.0 35.7 50.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)0.5 -1.5 -4.3 -0.2 -0.6 -1.7 -0.4 0.9 6.9 2.6 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-11.6 -7.8 -15.6 -13.1 -13.5 -13.7 -5.1 1.7 -1.1 -3.1 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.4 5.1 4.9 7.4 4.3 0.4 -0.7 1.4 3.9 5.3 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%1.2 1.1 0.2 0.1 -1.3 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.0 2.5 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-0.7 22.2 14.6 7.9 -2.0 12.1 23.8 1.9 2.3 3.8 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%168.7 180.6 191.0 163.0 162.1 176.1 194.9 187.8 185.7 179.1 General government gross debt% of GDP60%100.3 103.5 104.8 105.5 107.0 105.2 105.0 102.0 99.8 98.1 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.3 7.8b7.0b6.2bTotal financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-1.2 5.4 -5.1 1.2 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.4 -3.5 4.6 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.6 -0.4 0.0 -0.2 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.3b1.0 1.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.8 1.0 0.1 -0.8b-1.5 -1.7 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp3.6 0.7 -2.1 1.3 4.5 2.3 -3.6 -3.9b-6.3 -5.9 BelgiumExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour Force Survey indicators, b = revision in the survey methodology.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.2: The MIP scoreboard for Bulgaria 

93 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-10.7 -3.2 -0.8 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.5 2.3 2.6 2.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-92.4 -82.8 -77.7 -73.5 -72.2 -61.8 -47.9 -43.3 -37.4 -31.2 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)9.7 1.9 -4.0 -0.9 -2.8 -4.3 -4.7 -3.3 3.9 4.5 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%8.0 11.1 -1.1 -0.3 5.4 13.0 9.3 20.3 13.2 15.4 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)30.2 17.8 12.2 15.3 17.6 14.5 8.6 13.5 18.3 19.5pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-12.3e-8.6 -5.3 0.4 1.5 1.2b6.6 5.3 4.5 4.0pPrivate sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-0.3 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 -3.5 3.0 4.1 3.9 5.6 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%137.3 129.0 128.3 130.5 125.5 109.3 104.4 99.0 95.2 91.8 General government gross debt% of GDP60%15.4 15.2 16.7 17.1 27.1 26.0 29.3 25.3 22.3 20.2 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.6b9.5b11.3b12.2b12.2 11.2 9.4 7.7 6.3 5.2 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%4.4 4.3 11.7 1.1 7.9 9.5 9.1 7.2 6.8 5.8 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.4b-1.9b-0.1 1.7b3.1b2.2 0.3 2.3 2.2 4.5 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.6b3.4b3.8 2.7 0.6 -1.2 -2.9 -3.5 -2.6 -2.1 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp6.8b12.3b11.9 6.5 -1.2 -6.5 -11.2 -10.9 -8.9 -8.3 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. BulgariaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index e = NSI estimates; b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodologySource: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.3: The MIP scoreboard for Czech Republic 

94 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-2.6 -2.6 -2.4 -1.4 -0.6 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.3 0.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-45.7 -44.9 -45.6 -40.9 -36.3 -32.9 -27.2 -24.9 -24.4 -20.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)12.1 -0.5 0.5 -3.1 -10.0 -8.2 -3.7 5.3 11.0 8.7 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%11.7 7.4 -4.6 -9.9 -6.4 -2.0 2.6 8.5 11.2 5.1 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6.7 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.6 0.6 3.3 5.7 13.2 14.4 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-2.2 -1.6 -3.5 -0.7 1.6 4.0 6.8 9.1 5.9 6.2 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%3.5 2.5 3.1 4.3 2.3 -0.4 6.2 6.0 6.8 3.1 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%78.5 79.2 81.8 84.8 83.0 78.2 80.4 80.3 83.0 80.8 General government gross debt% of GDP60%37.1 39.7 44.2 44.4 41.9 39.7 36.6 34.2 32.1 30.2 Unemployment rate3 year average10%6.1 6.9b7.0b6.9b6.7 6.1 5.1 4.0 3.0 2.4 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%3.3 4.8 5.0 10.1 5.2 7.9 16.8 28.3 3.4 5.6 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.3 0.8b1.5 2.7 3.0b2.4 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.7 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.2 0.5b1.0 0.0 0.0 -0.6 -1.3 -1.7 -1.7 -1.1 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp7.6 8.2b2.9 0.7 -2.2 -6.9 -8.5 -8.0 -5.9 -4.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Employment indicators¹Czech RepublicExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.4: The MIP scoreboard for Denmark 

95 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%4.3 5.5 6.5 6.9 7.7 8.3 8.3 8.0 7.6 8.0 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%12.8 27.8 36.1 37.2 43.3 30.8 52.6 55.4 65.7 76.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)0.2 -2.5 -7.8 -2.5 -1.2 -1.7 -1.7 -2.1 2.6 -0.2 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-10.6 -13.8 -17.8 -18.0 -16.0 -8.6 -3.0 1.7 -0.3 2.6 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)9.5 3.6 -0.2 1.5 2.3 2.2 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.4 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%0.3 -4.0 -4.9 3.1 3.1 6.6 5.1 3.2 3.5 1.5 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-2.9 4.4 7.9 -3.0 -0.3 2.9 3.1 4.2 6.5 11.4 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%220.6 221.0 224.0 216.1 214.0 211.4 226.1 220.1 218.2 221.2 General government gross debt% of GDP60%42.6 46.1 44.9 44.0 44.3 39.8 37.2 35.9 34.0 33.3 Unemployment rate3 year average10%5.9b7.3 7.8 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.4b6.0b5.6b5.3bTotal financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%9.7 1.6 2.5 1.8 7.3 -0.9 8.5 6.4 0.3 13.1 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-2.1 -1.5b-1.5 -1.4 -1.2 -0.3 0.9b1.3b1.3 1.6bLong-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.8 1.3 1.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 -0.6b-0.5b-0.6 -0.4 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp8.1 6.9 2.3 -0.8 -2.2 -3.6 -2.6b-1.8b-1.7 -2.1 External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Labour Force Survey indicators, b = improvement in the data collection and introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Denmark 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.5: The MIP scoreboard for Germany 

96 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%5.8 5.9 6.4 6.6 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.3 7.9 7.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%25.8 23.3 28.7 34.7 40.8 46.6 51.4 56.4 63.4 71.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-3.8 -4.9 -9.0 -1.8 -0.4 -1.5 -2.1 -2.0 5.3 2.1 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-8.1 -9.4 -16.8 -13.2 -9.7 -3.3 2.0 5.6 3.2 -1.1 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)8.2 5.6 2.5 6.0 7.4 6.2 5.2 5.0 5.8 7.9 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-0.6 1.6 2.1 1.7 2.2 4.1 6.7 4.6 5.1 4.3 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%0.2 1.8 1.4 2.2 -0.3 2.9 4.5 4.6 6.3 5.4 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%106.3 102.2 101.6 103.0 98.3 97.9 98.9 100.3 102.4 105.4 General government gross debt% of GDP60%82.3 79.7 81.1 78.7 75.6 72.3 69.3 65.1 61.8 59.6 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.4b6.9b6.1b5.5b5.2 4.9 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.4 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-0.9 3.1 3.3 -6.3 4.6 3.1 5.3 4.1 2.0 7.3 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.1b1.4b0.9 0.9b0.4b0.4 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.3 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp-1.6b-1.1b-1.1 -1.0 -0.6 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp-2.1b-2.1b-3.2 -2.0 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.9 -1.0 -1.3 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Employment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)GermanyExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.6: The MIP scoreboard for Estonia 

97 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-1.4 1.9 0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.9 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-69.4 -54.0 -50.7 -49.7 -46.7 -39.9 -39.1 -33.1 -29.6 -21.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)4.6 -0.8 -3.6 3.1 4.8 5.8 4.4 3.0 7.7 6.2 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%9.5 24.4 6.8 9.7 20.3 7.1 -0.8 1.7 -0.1 2.0 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)12.4 -2.2 0.1 11.2 14.7 15.3 8.5 11.9 12.9 19.9 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%1.7 3.1 3.1 7.3 12.9 7.3 3.7 1.8 2.1 4.4 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-3.2 -0.8 7.6 4.8 5.6 2.7 6.3 4.2 4.6 3.8 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%136.7 118.9 117.2 115.2 115.4 112.8 110.9 106.0 101.1 97.8 General government gross debt% of GDP60%6.6 6.1 9.8 10.2 10.6 10.0 9.9 9.1 8.2 8.4 Unemployment rate3 year average10%11.9 14.2 13.0 10.3 8.7 7.4 6.8 6.3 6.0 5.2 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-8.6 -0.2 10.9 10.3 13.0 8.6 8.4 12.5 6.6 12.5 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.7 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.5 1.9 2.4 3.6 2.4 1.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp5.3 5.4 1.8 -3.8 -3.8 -3.1 -1.7 -1.4 -1.1 -1.2 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp22.8 10.4 -6.5 -14.2 -7.4 -7.8 -5.3 -2.9 -1.3 -2.3 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.EstoniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.7: The MIP scoreboard for Ireland 

98 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-4.0 -2.5 -2.1 -1.2 -0.3 2.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 -1.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-113.6 -139.2 -137.8 -133.5 -164.4 -198.4 -172.2 -165.4 -180.9 -174.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-5.4 -9.6 -12.2 -3.8 -3.6 -6.4 -7.1 -6.3 2.3 -1.4 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-6.3 -10.3 -18.4 -10.7 -14.8 37.6 58.4 71.1 78.4 71.0 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-4.8b-15.0b-10.8 -1.8 -2.8 -18.5 -16.1 -14.6 -1.2 -4.4 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-12.3 -17.8 -14.5 0.0 15.5 10.8 7.2 9.8 7.8 0.0 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%2.2 16.4 -0.5 -1.4 2.5 -2.3 -15.8 0.2 -8.6 -9.1 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%257.1 274.3 279.1 267.5 277.9 305.1 285.4 247.8 231.0 202.4 General government gross debt% of GDP60%86.0 111.0 119.9 119.9 104.2 76.7 74.1 67.0 63.0 57.4 Unemployment rate3 year average10%11.3 14.2 15.2 14.9 13.7 11.9 10.1 8.4 7.0 5.8 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%6.3 -2.3 -1.8 1.9 19.5 9.6 1.5 4.3 4.6 15.5 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-4.0b-3.6 -1.9 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp5.5 7.1 5.7 1.1 -2.2 -3.9 -3.8 -3.6 -3.2 -2.6 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp18.9 16.1 6.3 -1.4 -6.2 -10.6 -9.9 -9.0 -6.4 -4.3 IrelandExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) Private sector debt, 2015: significant increases due to re-domiciling of large multinational corporations and movement of large parts of their balance sheets. 3) Activity rate, 2010: change in the sampling design.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.8: The MIP scoreboard for Greece 

99 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-12.5 -10.4 -7.5 -4.6 -1.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-99.8 -90.4 -117.6 -131.2 -132.9 -136.3 -139.3 -143.2 -148.0 -155.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)2.9 1.8 -5.0 -4.4 -5.6 -5.6 -4.0 -3.0 3.6 0.3 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-15.7 -17.2 -26.3 -26.8 -19.6 -14.1 -9.9 -0.5 6.5 3.7 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)12.2b9.5 1.6 -4.2 -8.5 -10.8 -4.7 -3.3 1.4p1.7pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-8.0e-7.5e-12.1e-9.2e-5.1e-3.3e-1.7e-1.5e1.4e6.5ePrivate sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%2.4b-6.6 -4.8 -4.0 -3.1 -3.1 -2.1 -1.2 -0.9p0.8pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%129.2b132.6 134.6 133.1 131.8 128.8 126.7 119.9 118.6p109.9pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%147.5 175.2 161.9 178.4 180.2 177.0 180.8 179.2 186.2 180.5 Unemployment rate3 year average10%10.0b13.4b18.4 23.3 26.2 26.3 25.0 23.3 21.5 19.4 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%8.9 -4.0 -2.1 -17.4 -8.5 6.3 -10.3 -12.9 -4.9 11.5 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.3 0.6 0.1b-0.3 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.2 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp1.5 5.1 10.6 12.8 10.7 3.7 -1.5 -3.9 -4.6 -4.8 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp10.3 22.8 29.6 25.3 7.7 -5.5 -11.0 -8.8 -9.9 -12.1 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. GreeceExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹Internal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.9: The MIP scoreboard for Spain  

100 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-5.5 -3.5 -2.1 -0.2 1.3 1.9 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.3 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-91.0 -93.8 -88.9 -92.8 -95.9 -88.9 -85.5 -84.9 -79.2 -73.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-0.3 -2.5 -5.3 -0.3 -1.0 -3.2 -4.3 -2.6 4.1 1.7 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-11.7 -8.3 -17.6 -10.5 -11.7 -3.4 2.8 9.6 4.6 2.6 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6.3 -1.4 -5.0 -5.1 -3.6 -1.1 -1.2 -0.6 0.6p4.0pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-3.7 -9.8 -16.5 -10.0 0.2 3.7 4.5 4.6 5.2 4.1 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%0.9 -4.2 -11.2 -10.0 -6.6 -2.5 -0.4 0.6 0.0p1.3pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%203.2 198.2 188.5 178.2 168.1 155.8 147.8 139.8 133.2p129.4pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%60.5 69.9 86.3 95.8 100.7 99.3 99.2 98.6 97.4 95.5 Unemployment rate3 year average10%16.4 19.7 22.0 24.1 25.1 24.2 22.1 19.6 17.4 15.5 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-2.1 3.4 0.7 -10.4 0.2 -1.9 2.1 4.0 -2.5 0.9 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.7 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp5.6 6.9 6.7 5.7 4.0 0.4 -3.5 -5.2 -5.0 -4.2 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp23.4 21.7 15.2 14.0 7.0 -4.6 -11.1 -14.6 -14.0 -11.9 SpainExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesFigures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. Employment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.10: The MIP scoreboard for France 

101 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-9.3 -8.7 -12.8 -16.6 -15.6 -12.9 -13.0 -20.1 -18.8 -22.9 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-2.2 -4.4 -7.8 -2.2 -1.3 -2.9 -3.2 -3.0 4.5 1.6 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-17.2 -15.4 -18.4 -14.4 -14.7 -3.8 1.0 2.6 1.1 -0.5 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.4 5.4 4.1 4.6 4.4 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.5p1.3pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%3.7 3.9 -1.9 -2.6 -1.7 -1.7 0.8 2.3 1.3 2.3Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%4.6 6.4 4.2 2.1 3.2 4.6 6.2 7.1 8.2p8.0pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%132.0 135.3 138.3 137.4 141.5 142.8 143.2 145.0 148.4p153.3pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%85.3 87.8 90.6 93.4 94.9 95.6 98.0 98.3 98.1 98.1 Unemployment rate3 year average10%8.6e9.2e9.4e9.8e10.1e10.3e10.2 9.9 9.5 9.0 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%3.5 6.9 1.4 0.5 5.6 2.2 4.9 4.3 1.9b7.5 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.6e0.4e0.5e0.9e1.1e0.9e0.5e0.5 0.6 0.3 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.8e1.0e0.9e0.6e0.6 0.4 0.1 -0.3 -0.8 -1.2 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp3.9e3.7e0.8e1.6e1.5 0.3 -0.4 -2.1 -3.9 -4.9 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)FranceExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.11: The MIP scoreboard for Croatia 

102 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-6.6 -3.6 -2.0 -1.6 -0.9 0.8 1.8 2.9 2.4 2.6 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-95.2 -92.9 -91.5 -89.3 -86.8 -78.4 -72.4 -65.4 -57.7 -50.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)1.8 -4.7 -8.4 -3.9 -0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 4.2 1.5 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-10.6 -15.6 -25.8 -23.5 -19.5 -5.9 9.3 23.1 22.6 22.5 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)11.6p6.5p-1.8p-4.7p-6.7p-6.0p-5.4p-3.9p0.0p4.7pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-7.6 -2.0 -4.6 -5.7 -1.3 -2.6 2.0 2.9 4.6 8.1 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%4.6 -2.4 -2.9 -0.6 -0.2 -1.6 -0.2 1.6 2.3 1.7pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%123.4 120.7 118.3 117.0 117.2 111.9 104.2 97.7 93.5 91.2pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%57.7 64.3 70.1 81.2 84.8 84.3 80.8 77.5 74.3 72.8 Unemployment rate3 year average10%9.8 11.5 13.8 15.7 16.9 16.9 15.5 13.5 10.9 8.8 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%4.1 1.9 0.9 2.8 0.6 2.0 3.5 3.9 4.5 6.8 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-0.6 -1.7 -1.7 -1.4 2.0 3.0 1.9 0.3 -0.6 0.9 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.6 3.1 5.1 4.4 1.7 0.0 -4.4 -5.5 -6.8 -4.2 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp7.2 13.0 16.9 17.6 8.8 0.2 -18.7 -18.1 -18.6 -14.7 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)CroatiaExternal imbalances and competitiveness 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.12: The MIP scoreboard for Italy  

103 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-2.7 -2.7 -2.1 -0.6 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-20.1 -18.2 -23.0 -23.3 -21.0 -19.3 -11.9 -7.7 -4.8 -1.5 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-1.9 -3.2 -6.2 0.1 0.2 -2.4 -3.4 -3.1 3.3 0.2 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-19.1 -19.2 -25.8 -20.6 -15.7 -9.8 -4.2 0.7 0.0 -2.6 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)8.5 4.9 2.0 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.2 2.3 3.2 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-0.8be-1.5 -5.0 -7.5 -4.9 -4.0 0.2 -2.1 -1.5 -0.6 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%4.9 3.1 -0.9 -2.8 -0.3 -1.4 0.1 1.2 2.1 0.2 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%123.1 122.2 124.7 122.0 119.8 116.0 112.4 109.7 108.1 106.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60%119.2 119.7 126.5 132.5 135.4 135.3 134.8 134.1 134.4 134.7 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.6 8.2 9.2 10.4 11.9 12.3 12.1 11.6 11.2 10.6 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%4.3 4.9 7.1 -2.3 0.9 1.4 3.3 1.8 0.0 3.8 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-0.4 -0.8 1.2 1.4 1.8 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp1.1 1.3 2.2 2.9 3.4 1.3 -0.2 -1.2 -0.7 -1.1 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp7.5 8.0 10.0 12.1 13.5 5.0 -2.2 -8.0 -8.1 -8.6 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. Internal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ItalyExternal imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.13: The MIP scoreboard for Cyprus 

104 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-10.7 -6.6 -5.6 -2.6 -3.1 -2.0 -2.9 -3.3 -4.5 -5.2 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-122.2 -141.9 -141.1 -162.5 -163.6 -154.0 -133.8 -133.2 -125.8 -122.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)0.0 -3.0 -5.9 -0.8 -1.7 -6.2 -7.4 -6.4 1.8 -0.1 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-15.8e-11.4e-21.7e-12.2 -20.3 -4.9 7.8 19.7 21.3 13.7 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)10.4 9.4 3.2 -0.7 -6.5 -10.7 -9.1 -3.6 0.6 5.2pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-8.2 -4.4 -5.5 -3.9 -1.1 1.0b2.2 1.3 0.1 2.6 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%20.5 17.1 0.8 -12.0 -0.7 4.4 12.0 7.5 11.2 2.7pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%309.5 319.8 326.0 341.2 352.4 346.7 328.3 307.2 286.1 259.1pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%56.4 65.9 80.3 104.0 109.1 107.2 103.1 93.5 99.2 94.0 Unemployment rate3 year average10%5.1b6.5b8.7 11.9 14.6 15.7 14.7 13.0 10.8 8.9 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%4.2 9.6 12.2 -3.4 11.6 9.8 -0.2 -0.2 -2.8 3.9 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-0.3 -0.1 0.5b0.0 0.8 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 1.1 2.6 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.6 1.1 3.0 4.8 6.1 3.2 -0.3 -3.2 -4.1 -3.7 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp6.4 13.4 13.9 22.3 13.6 5.1 -9.8 -11.3 -12.6 -12.5 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Employment indicators¹CyprusExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.14: The MIP scoreboard for Latvia 

105 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-1.0 2.0 -1.8 -3.3 -2.7 -1.7 -0.2 0.7 0.9 0.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-84.2 -75.6 -68.0 -67.3 -65.5 -61.7 -55.8 -53.1 -46.5 -41.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)6.7 -2.4 -8.6 -1.7 0.4 2.5 4.8 1.7 4.9 3.7 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%21.8 27.4 8.2 5.7 11.5 13.1 9.2 7.4 8.5 3.6 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)-2.0 -20.8 -6.8 7.7 17.0 17.3 16.2 14.2 14.7 17.0 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-8.7 4.1 -0.2 6.8 4.6 -2.8 6.3 5.6 6.4 5.8 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-2.4 -2.2 -2.4 -0.6 -4.6 -0.8 2.5 2.7 -0.2 1.5 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%129.3 110.9 95.8 90.0 82.3 78.4 78.4 75.7 69.8 67.1 General government gross debt% of GDP60%47.9 43.7 42.2 40.0 41.6 37.1 40.4 39.0 37.1 36.9 Unemployment rate3 year average10%14.9 17.7 16.9 14.4 12.6 10.9 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.5 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-0.9 -4.3 5.4 5.7 10.9 13.3 4.7 6.2 -3.5 4.6 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.4 -1.4 0.9 1.0 1.8 1.3 2.3 2.4 2.0 1.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp7.2 6.9 3.3 -3.1 -4.2 -3.3 -1.7 -1.3 -1.4 -1.6 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp25.6 17.4 -4.8 -13.0 -11.4 -12.2 -5.9 -2.6 -4.1 -4.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.LatviaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.15: The MIP scoreboard for Lithuania 

106 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-3.7 -0.5 -1.7 -1.2 1.2 0.9 0.0 -1.0 -0.1 1.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-60.2 -53.6 -54.4 -50.8 -46.8 -43.8 -42.8 -36.5 -30.4 -24.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)7.2 1.7 -6.7 -0.6 1.7 4.2 5.3 2.6 6.4 3.7 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%13.9 23.0 23.9 10.9 19.6 6.3 -1.5 3.7 3.2 16.8 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)0.1 -8.0 -4.3 6.1 8.7 11.8 15.0 16.3 16.4 16.4 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-8.6 2.1 -3.3 0.3 6.4 4.7 4.4 5.2 4.6 4.9 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-5.9 -2.2 0.4 -0.2 0.2 2.6 4.4 4.5 4.3 3.0 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%74.5 64.6 61.0 56.6 54.1 55.2 56.6 56.2 56.2 55.1 General government gross debt% of GDP60%36.2 37.1 39.7 38.7 40.5 42.5 39.7 39.1 33.7 35.9 Unemployment rate3 year average10%12.5 15.7 15.5 13.5 12.0 10.5 9.2 8.0 7.1 6.5 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-0.2 1.9 -0.5 -1.3 16.7 7.1 15.8 12.9 9.1 4.1 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp2.3 3.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp6.0 6.7 3.3 -2.3 -3.2 -2.7 -2.1 -2.1 -1.9 -1.1 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp27.3 19.3 -2.9 -13.8 -13.3 -10.4 -7.4 -6.0 -5.2 -2.6 LithuaniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.16: The MIP scoreboard for Luxembourg 

107 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-20.4 29.3 65.2 63.6 43.1 66.5 57.7 70.4 55.2 56.2 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)1.2 0.1 -2.4 0.8 0.5 -0.7 -1.5 -1.0 3.3 2.0 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%5.2 -3.3 -4.6 9.4 11.4 20.2 27.0 23.4 14.4 10.3 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)16.0 8.8 5.9 7.6 7.1 2.4 1.2 4.0 7.9 11.9 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%4.2 0.6 2.1 3.3 3.9 5.3 5.7 3.7 4.8 8.0 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-26.1 20.6 26.8 21.7 25.4 2.8 6.5 5.3 22.1 3.8 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%272.5 272.5 293.2 297.2 329.2 332.7 310.6 313.5 315.2 318.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60%20.2 19.0 22.0 23.7 22.7 22.0 20.1 22.3 21.0 22.0 Unemployment rate3 year average10%4.9b4.8b4.8 5.3 5.6 6.2b6.3b6.2b5.8 5.6 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%13.3 14.3 14.8 10.2 36.2 17.9 5.4 0.9 -1.5 3.3 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.3b1.1 0.7b1.7 2.9 1.5b0.1 -0.6 0.2b2.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.1 -0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3b0.4 0.5 -0.5 -0.9 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp-1.0 -1.1 1.6 1.3 5.8 -1.5b3.4 -7.2 -3.1 -1.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Employment indicators¹LuxembourgExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position has been revised downwards in 2015 following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 4) Labour Force Survey indicators, b = change in the sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.17: The MIP scoreboard for Hungary 

108 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-2.5 0.1 0.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.9 2.3 0.7 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-106.0 -103.7 -91.9 -82.2 -80.2 -67.6 -59.1 -54.5 -50.4 -43.7 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-1.3 -4.2 -0.8 -3.8 -6.8 -7.2 -5.2 0.0 2.0 0.3 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%0.8 -4.3 -23.3 -23.0 -17.0 -9.4 -2.3 10.4 8.5 5.9 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)5.7 3.2 7.0 7.3 6.2 1.2 5.6 9.2 12.3 10.0pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-6.0 -7.0 -9.4 -4.5 3.1 13.2 13.1 9.3 10.9 12.8pPrivate sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-3.9 -4.3 -5.9 -0.8 -0.2 -2.5 -3.1 0.7 4.1 3.2pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%114.8 114.3 102.0 95.8 91.6 83.8 76.9 70.2 68.8 66.6pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%80.2 80.4 78.4 77.4 76.7 75.8 74.9 72.2 69.1 65.4 Unemployment rate3 year average10%9.7 10.7 11.1 10.7 9.6 8.2 6.5 5.4 4.3 3.8 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-0.2 6.2 -5.8 -1.3 8.7 0.4 19.5 -7.6 -9.4 17.8 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.3 1.2 2.5 2.8 4.6 4.9 5.4 4.2 3.3 2.5 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp2.0 1.6 0.8 -0.6 -1.5 -1.9 -2.5 -2.0 -1.7 -1.3 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp8.4 6.5 1.8 0.2 -5.6 -10.9 -13.7 -9.7 -7.1 -1.5 HungaryExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.18: The MIP scoreboard for Malta 

109 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-5.6 -5.5 -2.8 -0.8 1.8 2.8 2.6 2.3 3.3 5.1 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%11.7 6.2 19.1 25.9 41.8 36.1 47.8 58.6 57.6 54.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-0.7 -5.0 -7.6 -1.2 0.1 -2.8 -2.9 -2.5 4.9 1.3 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%37.8 17.6 12.1 -0.8 -12.7 8.9 17.7 21.6 16.6 18.1 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)5.6 9.3 7.2 8.8 1.9 0.4 6.3 7.0 11.4 8.5 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-1.1 -3.9 0.4 -1.6 2.0 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.0pPrivate sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%7.5 6.7 0.1 2.3 7.2 8.5 11.9 3.7 6.4 8.5 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%164.5 166.2 158.0 147.2 139.9 130.2 134.6 125.4 123.2 123.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60%65.3 69.3 65.9 65.8 61.6 55.9 54.5 48.8 45.2 42.6 Unemployment rate3 year average10%6.6 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.8 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%14.3 10.4 8.6 0.0 5.9 3.6 3.5 8.1 1.7 4.4 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.6 2.7 4.5 5.9 6.0 4.9 4.3 4.4 5.9 5.3 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp1.4 1.3 0.9 -0.6 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.5 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp-0.3 1.6 -0.7 -0.5 -1.6 -2.2 -2.0 -1.1 -2.5 -1.4 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. MaltaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.19: The MIP scoreboard for Netherlands 

110 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%5.8 7.0 8.6 9.5 9.5 8.2 7.6 8.4 9.9 10.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%11.0 20.1 26.7 30.7 48.0 48.9 61.2 59.8 71.9 90.0 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-1.5 -2.4 -6.0 0.5 0.7 -0.9 -2.3 -1.8 3.2 2.4 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-8.2 -8.4 -12.9 -11.5 -11.5 -6.9 -3.1 1.4 1.7 0.7 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.7 5.3 2.6 4.8 3.7 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 3.7p5.9pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-3.3 -4.0 -7.9 -7.9 -0.1 3.4 4.4 6.1 7.1 4.8 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%2.6 8.1 6.2 9.8 4.4 0.2 3.8 4.0 5.6 0.0pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%245.2 247.9 252.9 258.6 268.1 263.9 260.3 250.4 244.2 234.0pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%59.3 61.7 66.3 67.7 67.9 64.7 61.9 56.9 52.4 48.7 Unemployment rate3 year average10%4.4 4.8 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.2 6.8 5.9 4.9 4.0 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%5.4 10.3 6.0 -1.6 8.0 4.0 7.4 0.5 -2.9 6.1pActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.2 0.3 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp-0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.0 -1.0 -1.6 -1.5 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp1.7 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.7 -0.4 -2.4 -3.8 -4.1 -4.1 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:p:Provisional. NetherlandsExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.20: The MIP scoreboard for Austria 

111 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%3.3 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.8 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-5.2 -1.9 -3.2 1.3 3.4 2.2 4.1 4.3 5.3 12.1 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-2.0 -1.8 -4.7 0.7 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.2 4.8 2.1 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-12.6 -12.5 -21.8 -18.6 -15.9 -9.3 -3.0 2.3 3.4 1.4 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)9.0 5.8 3.8 6.4 7.9 6.4 5.5 4.2 4.7 5.5 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%4.3be3.0 4.8 3.0 1.4 3.4 7.0 3.4 2.6 3.9 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%0.3 3.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.1 3.3 3.6 4.5 4.5 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%132.3 129.4 128.2 127.1 124.8 124.0 123.3 122.4 121.8 120.1 General government gross debt% of GDP60%82.7 82.4 81.9 81.3 84.0 84.9 82.8 78.5 74.0 70.5 Unemployment rate3 year average10%4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.0 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-1.9 1.5 0.4 -3.2 -0.8 -0.1 -3.5 3.6 -0.5 4.3 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.9b0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.3 0.9 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp-0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 -0.3 -0.8 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp0.1 0.4 -1.3 0.2 1.4 1.2 1.5 -0.5 -1.2 -2.7 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)AustriaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.21: The MIP scoreboard for Poland 

112 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-5.5 -5.0 -5.0 -3.7 -2.8 -1.8 -1.4 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-65.0 -62.5 -65.6 -69.4 -69.4 -62.1 -61.5 -61.2 -55.9 -49.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-1.3 -11.4 1.4 -4.3 -1.0 -1.4 -5.1 -3.5 0.1 2.8 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%24.4 14.8 0.7 -1.5 3.4 8.5 17.7 28.4 26.6 25.1 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)11.2b4.1 5.6 3.8 3.4 0.5 2.5 4.1 8.0 9.2pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-6.1e-4.6 -6.6 -4.8 1.1 2.7 2.3 1.8 4.9 6.7 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%4.2 6.6 4.8 3.2 4.8 3.5 5.3 3.0 3.7 3.3 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%69.6 74.0 73.8 75.9 78.7 79.1 81.9 76.9 76.8 74.0 General government gross debt% of GDP60%53.5 54.7 54.4 56.5 51.1 51.3 54.2 50.6 48.8 45.7 Unemployment rate3 year average10%8.3b9.2b9.8b10.0 9.8 8.9 7.6 6.2 5.0 4.0 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%13.8 6.4 9.0 6.3 1.7 2.9 9.2 4.7 3.3 4.2 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp2.1b1.9 1.8 1.7b2.2 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp-1.9b1.2 1.6 1.4 0.2 -1.1 -2.2 -2.3 -2.0 -1.5 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp2.0b8.5 5.9 3.6 -1.9 -5.7 -9.6 -9.1 -9.1 -7.8 PolandExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: e = Eurostat estimates. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.22: The MIP scoreboard for Portugal 

113 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-10.8 -8.8 -5.9 -2.0 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.5 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-107.2 -104.1 -119.3 -120.2 -123.8 -118.9 -110.5 -110.4 -105.6 -100.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-3.1 -3.0 -4.0 -0.6 -1.8 -3.1 -1.8 -0.8 3.1 -0.4 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-7.6 -9.9 -17.4 -8.3 -7.5 0.7 5.1 14.1 8.6 8.5 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)4.4 -0.5 -6.2 -3.8 -2.9 0.2 -0.5 2.8 6.3 7.6pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-1.0 -6.5 -8.7 -2.6 4.0 2.2 6.1 7.6 8.6 8.7 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%5.5 -0.8 -4.3 -2.3 -6.8 -1.4 -1.8 2.3 1.0 2.2pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%201.7 204.6 210.6 201.6 190.1 179.3 169.3 162.4 154.8 149.2pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%100.2 114.4 129.0 131.4 132.9 131.2 131.5 126.1 121.5 117.2 Unemployment rate3 year average10%9.4 11.2b13.2b15.0b15.4 14.4 12.6 10.9 9.1 7.5 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%10.9 -4.9 -3.5 -5.2 -7.3 -1.4 -0.4 1.4 0.5 0.0 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-0.2 -0.3b0.0 -0.7 -0.4b0.0 0.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp1.9 2.6b3.5 3.6 2.2 -0.5 -3.1 -3.9 -4.1 -3.4 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp6.1 13.6b17.6 15.3 4.5 -5.9 -10.1 -10.9 -11.7 -9.7 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. PortugalExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.23: The MIP scoreboard for Romania 

114 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-7.1 -4.9 -5.0 -3.5 -1.9 -0.5 -0.7 -1.6 -2.9 -4.0 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-64.0 -66.1 -67.8 -63.3 -57.0 -54.7 -49.2 -47.4 -43.8 -43.5 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-10.9 -3.2 -2.0 0.5 -1.0 2.7 -2.6 -5.6 -0.7 0.2 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%53.3 49.5 12.2 13.9 20.9 21.3 24.6 38.2 23.7 17.9 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)35.4 2.2 6.7 -4.7 6.0 0.8 10.0 16.6 29.3 24.5pHouse price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-12.7 -15.5 -9.1 -2.8 -3.2 1.9 5.2 3.3 1.3 -1.7 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%0.9 2.8 0.3 -1.4 -2.3 0.2 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.0pPrivate sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%74.6 73.7 72.3 66.8 62.0 58.1 53.8 50.9 47.5 46.7pGeneral government gross debt% of GDP60%29.6 34.0 37.1 37.6 39.2 37.8 37.4 35.1 34.7 35.3 Unemployment rate3 year average10%6.6b7.0b7.0b7.0 6.9 6.9 6.5 5.9 5.0 4.3 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%4.9 4.5 4.8 0.8 1.2 4.1 7.0 8.2 3.3 10.4 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp1.9b1.2 1.7 0.0b1.6 1.3 0.7 1.6 1.7 3.0 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp-0.8b0.5 0.8 0.8 -0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.8 -1.2 -1.3 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp2.0b5.3 1.8 1.6 0.1 -0.9 -3.1 -5.7 -5.5 -3.8 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Internal imbalancesRomaniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.24: The MIP scoreboard for Slovenia 

115 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-2.4 -0.9 -0.1 1.3 3.2 4.1 4.6 4.9 5.6 5.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-43.1 -39.8 -44.0 -39.3 -38.4 -31.2 -28.8 -24.2 -19.0 -15.4 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)1.2 -1.1 -4.5 -0.6 1.2 0.3 -0.6 -2.0 2.0 1.0 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-1.4 -5.6 -20.9 -18.5 -13.2 -5.0 3.3 17.9 19.7 16.0 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)15.5 7.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 1.3 3.6 5.8 8.4 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-1.3 0.9 -8.5 -7.2 -6.2 1.4 3.9 6.4 6.3 4.8 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%2.0 0.5 -2.8 -3.7 -4.7 -5.0 -0.8 0.9 1.3 0.8 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%115.2 112.9 112.2 107.2 97.9 87.4 81.0 76.2 72.6 68.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60%38.3 46.5 53.6 70.0 80.3 82.6 78.5 74.1 70.3 65.6 Unemployment rate3 year average10%5.9 7.1 8.1 9.1 9.6 9.6 8.9 7.9 6.6 5.4 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%-3.4 -1.2 -0.7 -10.1 -0.1 -3.8 3.4 5.3 4.1 9.9 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.2 -1.5 -1.4 -1.0 0.6 1.4 1.1 3.3 3.2 3.6 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp1.0 1.7 2.5 2.0 1.7 0.4 -0.9 -2.2 -2.5 -2.4 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp4.6 5.3 7.0 6.9 4.5 -4.3 -6.4 -9.0 -7.5 -7.1 Employment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold.SloveniaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.25: The MIP scoreboard for Slovakia 

116 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-4.9 -4.3 -2.9 -0.7 1.3 0.3 -1.2 -2.2 -2.3 -2.3 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-61.4 -63.8 -60.5 -62.1 -63.4 -63.9 -66.8 -68.3 -69.5 -66.3 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)11.0 3.4 -3.2 2.1 1.2 -1.2 -1.6 -2.0 2.5 2.6 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%3.8 -2.8 -10.4 -4.3 1.7 3.9 7.2 5.0 2.2 1.9 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)8.8 5.3 -0.4 2.6 2.5 2.8 4.2 8.1 11.4 14.5 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%-5.0 -5.2 -5.9 -0.4 1.5 5.5 7.0 4.4 4.9 6.2 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%2.8 4.6 1.9b4.9 5.0 5.1 9.2 9.6 2.0 5.0 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%65.7 68.7 70.9b75.0 78.9 80.5 88.2 94.0 90.8 91.6 General government gross debt% of GDP60%41.0 43.4 51.8 54.7 53.6 51.9 52.4 51.7 49.9 48.5 Unemployment rate3 year average10%12.0 13.3b14.0b13.9b13.8 13.0 11.5 9.8 8.1 6.8 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%2.3e0.6e1.1b1.4e9.4e10.4e8.6e16.4e10.2e4.9eActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.4 -0.1b1.0 1.2 1.6b1.5 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.9 2.6b2.9 0.8 0.1 -1.8 -4.2 -4.2 -3.6 -2.4 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp13.3 14.4b6.7 0.1 -3.7 -7.5 -11.5 -10.8 -11.6 -6.1 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. SlovakiaExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) In Total financial sector liabilities, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.26: The MIP scoreboard for Finland 

117 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%2.0 0.7 -0.7 -1.8 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.5 -0.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%15.5 13.9 10.6 3.0 -3.1 4.8 5.5 1.2 -5.9 3.6 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-1.3 -2.8 -8.3 0.2 2.7 2.1 0.4 -2.6 3.0 0.2 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-19.7 -23.5 -32.4 -32.6 -27.4 -23.2 -15.9 -5.2 -3.7 4.6 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)12.5 9.0 5.8 9.3 7.6 3.3 0.3 -3.8 -2.4 0.8 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%4.8 -0.1 -0.4 -1.3 -1.6 -0.5b0.6 0.8 -0.1 0.0 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%7.1 5.3 7.1 2.8 1.7 6.9 1.3 9.3 4.2 7.6 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%146.2 144.6 147.7 147.0 148.8 152.1 148.1 148.0 144.5 147.5 General government gross debt% of GDP60%46.9 48.3 53.6 56.2 59.8 63.6 63.2 61.3 59.6 59.3 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.7 8.1 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.3 7.6 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%19.9 28.7 -1.3 -11.5 9.4 1.4 3.8 -4.1 20.1 7.6 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-1.1 -1.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.3 2.1 2.4 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.5 0.5 0.2 -0.3 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.2 -0.7 -1.1 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp4.9 3.6 -2.5 -1.5 0.4 3.4 0.2 -0.4 -5.4 -2.9 Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. Internal imbalancesFinlandExternal imbalances and competitiveness1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index: b = break in time series due to new calculation method for New dwellings (apartments). 3) Total financial sector liabilities, 2018: the increase is largely explained by international group changes in the deposit-taking corporations sector. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Employment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.27: The MIP scoreboard for Sweden 

118 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%6.5 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.3 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-5.5 -8.3 -15.5 -15.8 -2.3 -5.2 -1.9 1.4 8.0 18.2 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-3.3 3.2 10.3 5.1 -3.7 -8.3 -9.2 -5.5 -4.0 -8.3 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-12.8 -12.2 -19.6 -17.4 -9.8 -9.2 -7.7 -4.7 -6.0 -5.1 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)7.4 4.3 4.1 8.7 7.4 2.5 3.1 4.0 8.0 8.2 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%6.6 1.2 0.7 4.5 8.3 12.0 7.3 4.8 -3.3 0.5 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%5.2 6.9 2.3 4.6 4.5 7.5 8.4 13.3 8.8 9.8 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%186.9 188.0 191.0 193.8 193.1 190.9 192.4 198.7 200.8 203.9 General government gross debt% of GDP60%38.1 37.2 37.5 40.2 45.0 43.7 42.3 40.7 38.9 35.1 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.7 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.5 7.0 6.7b6.6bTotal financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%2.9 1.9 5.6 9.8 12.6 1.8 9.1 6.9 -2.7 10.6 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp0.0 0.6 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0b0.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp0.8 0.7 0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4b-0.4 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp5.5 2.6 -1.4 -1.3 0.1 -3.2 -4.6 -5.0 -3.0b1.2 SwedenExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4.28: The MIP scoreboard for the United Kingdom 

119 

Thresholds2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Current account balance, % of GDP 3 year average-4%/+6%-3.5 -2.8 -2.8 -3.4 -4.4 -4.9 -5.1 -4.7 -4.3 -3.9 Net international investment position% of GDP-35%-8.9 -13.0 -29.5 -18.8 -23.4 -25.2 -1.9 -13.9 -15.1 -26.2 Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator3 year % change±5% (EA) ±11% (Non-EA)-20.4 -7.8 6.0 3.4 10.1 10.7 0.2 -10.8 -13.0 -2.9 Export market share - % of world exports5 year % change-6%-23.9 -26.1 -21.5 -12.3 -10.4 1.1 0.1 -2.3 -0.8 -1.4 Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)3 year % change9% (EA) 12% (Non-EA)6.5 5.8 3.1 4.1 3.7 2.9 3.5 5.3 7.8 8.8 House price index (2015=100), deflated 1 year % change6%4.1 -5.0 -1.6 0.7 6.4 5.9 5.5 3.1 0.6 -0.3 Private sector credit flow, consolidated% of GDP14%-0.8 1.5 1.4 7.2 6.2 2.9 9.1 8.8 5.0 2.8 Private sector debt, consolidated% of GDP133%173.6 169.5 169.8 165.1 159.0 157.0 160.9 162.4 161.1 154.7 General government gross debt% of GDP60%74.3 80.0 83.2 84.2 86.1 86.7 86.8 86.3 85.8 85.4 Unemployment rate3 year average10%7.0b7.8 7.9 7.8 7.2 6.3 5.4 4.8 4.4 4.0 Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated1 year % change16.5%7.4 10.3 -3.5 -7.7 4.7 -8.3 11.3 -1.5 -1.5 3.3 Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-643 year change in pp-0.2 pp-0.1b-0.3b0.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-743 year change in pp0.5 pp1.2 1.3 0.8 0.2 -0.5 -1.1 -1.4 -1.1 -0.5 -0.4 Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-243 year change in pp2 pp5.6 6.3 2.1 0.8 -4.3 -6.6 -7.7 -4.9 -3.3 -1.8 1) The United Kingdom left the European Union on 31 January 2020 on the basis of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community ('the Withdrawal Agreement', OJ C 384 I, 12.11.2019, p. 1), Union law continues to apply to and in the United Kingdom for the duration of the transition period ending on 31 December 2020. 2) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Figures highlighted are the ones at or beyond the threshold. Flags:b:Break in series. United KingdomExternal imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
Chapter 5: Tables by Member States and the UK - Auxiliary indicators used in the economic reading of the MIP 
scoreboard   
Table 5.1: Auxiliary indicators for Belgium 

120 

Belgium2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 2.9 1.7 0.7 0.5 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.7 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.1 23.0 23.0 22.2 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.7 24.2 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.7enaCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)1.6 -2.0 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.8 -0.8 0.5 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) 61.6 63.9 58.6 58.5 51.8 51.7 52.2 44.7 36.5 40.2 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)26.0 31.5 2.4 -5.6 -2.7 -4.3 12.2 -7.2 -7.9 -5.3 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)230.4 242.2 244.0 231.9 226.9 225.3 221.9 201.4 180.3 168.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.7 -4.7 -5.0 -4.5 -3.8 -2.7 -2.2 -2.5 -3.4 -2.6 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)1.9 1.3 1.9 0.6 -0.1 0.1 1.9 2.6 2.8 1.1 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-4.3 -0.6 -8.7 -8.1 -9.0 -13.6 -8.1 -1.0 -3.7 -4.8 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-2.0 -2.7 -2.8 0.2 -2.5 0.2 2.6 2.1 0.8 1.2 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-2.5 -2.3 -3.6 -3.3 1.5 0.7 4.0 0.1 -3.1 -0.1 Labour productivity (1 year % change)2.2 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana4.3e3.8e3.2e2.7e2.3e2.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)0.6 0.7 1.1 2.9 3.4 2.0 -0.1 0.3 -1.2 0.3 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)7.2 6.8 9.7 7.6 2.9 2.3 3.8 8.2 9.4 10.9 Residential construction (% of GDP)6.1 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.9 6.2 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)53.0 54.8 55.1 55.7 57.5 57.9 58.2 58.9 59.5 61.2 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)20.1e21.7e17.4e15.7e15.1e14.7e14.2e13.2e13.1e13.4pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.1 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Belgium 

121 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.6 1.3 0.4 -0.3 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.6 %67.7 66.7 66.9 67.5 67.7 67.6 67.6 68.0b68.6 69.0 %4.0 3.5 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.0 3.5b2.9 2.3 %22.4 18.7 19.8 23.7 23.2 22.1 20.1 19.3b15.8 14.2 %10.9 11.8b12.3 12.7 12.0 12.2 9.9 9.3b9.2 9.3 3 year change in pp-0.3 1.7b1.2 1.8 0.2b-0.1 -2.8 -2.7b-3.0 -0.6 %20.8 21.0 21.6 20.8 21.2 21.1 20.9 20.6 20.0 19.5b3 year change in pp-0.8 0.2 1.4 0.0 0.2 -0.5 0.1 -0.6 -1.1 -1.4b%14.6 15.3 15.3 15.1 15.5 14.9 15.5 15.9 16.4 14.8b3 year change in pp-0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.2 -0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 -0.7b%5.9 5.7 6.3 5.1 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.4b3 year change in pp0.2 0.1 1.1 -0.8 0.2 -0.5 0.4 -0.7 -0.8 -1.1b%12.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 14.9 14.9 13.9 12.6 12.4b3 year change in pp-1.1 2.1 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 -0.7 -2.3 -2.5bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,b=revisioninthesurveymethodology.2)IncomeandLivingConditionsindicators,2019:cautionshouldbetakenintimecomparisons.Anumberoffundamentalimprovementsweremadetothesurvey.Thebreakisbothsubstantiveandmethodological.Intermsofcontent,aswitchwasmadein2019totheuseofadministrativedataforthemajorityofincomevariables.Asaresult,theSILCquestionnaireasawholewasfundamentallyrevised.Atamethodologicallevel,thewholemodelforthecorrectionofnon-response, attrition of panel members and calibration was revised.Source: European Commission, EurostatBelgiumEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.2: Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria 

122 

Bulgaria2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 0.6 2.4 0.4 0.3 1.9 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.7 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.3 20.9 21.2 21.3 21.1 20.9 18.5 18.4 18.8 18.7 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-1.0 1.6 0.4 2.4 3.5 3.2 5.4 4.5 2.1 4.5 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -8.7 -1.9 4.2 7.4 10.8 20.6 29.0 32.1 36.2 39.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)3.6 3.7 3.3 3.6 1.9 4.3 2.7 3.4 2.7 2.4 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)90.7 87.8 89.9 89.5 93.1 92.7 89.6 86.7 84.7 81.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.7 -6.3 -6.9 -6.2 -5.6 -3.8 -2.4 -3.0 -3.4 -2.9 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)11.7 3.9 1.9 -0.4 -3.0 -4.1 -4.8 -3.2 -1.1 1.7 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)16.8 19.8 7.0 5.5 10.9 13.1 5.9 17.1 10.3 13.4 Terms of trade (5 year % change)14.0 11.5 5.9 4.2 3.0 3.6 3.1 5.7 7.5 8.9 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-1.9 5.7 -1.1 5.9 -0.6 3.4 6.4 0.4 -2.0 2.8 Labour productivity (1 year % change)4.6 4.7 2.9 0.8 1.5 3.6 3.3 1.7 3.2 3.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana16.0e14.5e12.8e10.2e7.7e6.5pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)41.4 35.1 42.5 53.7 56.8 54.7 54.0 54.3 48.5 42.5 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-10.6e-32.4e-16.7e-9.3 -2.7 2.0b11.6 19.5 24.0 22.8pResidential construction (% of GDP)2.7 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)28.8 26.5 25.5 25.6 25.2 23.6 23.0 22.6 23.0 23.3 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)7.4e7.4e7.6e7.8e7.9e7.7e7.7e7.7e7.5e8.2pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index e = NSI estimates; b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.2 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Bulgaria 

123 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-3.9 -2.2 -2.5 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.8 -0.1 0.3 %66.7b65.9b67.1 68.4 69.0 69.3 68.7 71.3 71.5 73.2 %4.7b6.3b6.8 7.4 6.9 5.6 4.5 3.4 3.0 2.4 %21.9b25.0b28.1 28.4 23.8 21.6 17.2 12.9 12.7 8.9 %21.0b21.8 21.5 21.6 20.2 19.3 18.2 15.3 15.0 13.7 3 year change in pp1.9b4.4b2.0 0.6b-1.6 -2.2 -3.4 -4.9 -4.3 -4.5 %49.2 49.1 49.3 48.0 40.1b41.3 40.4b38.9 32.8 32.5 3 year change in pp-11.5 4.3b3.1 -1.2 -9.0b-8.0 -7.6b-1.2b-8.5 -7.9b%20.7 22.2 21.2 21.0 21.8 22.0 22.9b23.4 22.0 22.6 3 year change in pp-1.3 0.8 -0.6 0.3 -0.4 0.8 1.9b1.6 0.0 -0.3b%45.7 43.6 44.1 43.0 33.1 34.2 31.9b30.0 20.9 19.9 3 year change in pp-11.9 2.4 2.2 -2.7 -10.5 -9.9 -11.1b-3.1 -13.3 -12.0b%8.0 11.0 12.5 13.0 12.1 11.6 11.9b11.1 9.0 9.3 3 year change in pp-8.0 2.9b5.6 5.0 1.1 -0.9 -1.1b-1.0 -2.6 -2.6bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatBulgariaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.3: Auxiliary indicators for Czech Republic 

124 

Czech Republic2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 2.4 1.8 -0.8 0.0 2.3 5.4 2.5 5.2 3.2 2.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)27.1 26.8 26.2 25.4 25.4 26.5 24.9 24.9 26.3 26.2 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-2.6 -1.8 -0.3 1.5 0.9 2.6 2.9 2.4 0.7 0.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) 7.5 7.7 9.3 14.8 19.0 20.3 27.6 26.5 27.9 29.7 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)4.9 1.9 4.5 3.5 3.9 0.9 5.5 5.2 3.4 3.7 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)69.6 69.1 74.2 76.6 76.7 75.3 78.0 77.3 78.9 78.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.4 -4.3 -4.6 -4.7 -3.9 -2.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.9 -2.4 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)12.7 0.8 5.6 -2.4 -10.1 -8.2 -3.8 5.6 7.6 7.5 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)20.9 15.8 3.3 -4.7 -1.5 -1.9 -0.6 5.6 8.4 3.2 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-2.1 -1.7 -3.3 -1.0 -1.6 0.8 3.4 3.0 1.9 0.9 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)1.8 2.3 1.2 -3.4 5.0 3.0 2.1 1.8 0.0 0.2 Labour productivity (1 year % change)3.5 2.0 -1.2 -0.4 1.7 3.9 0.9 3.6 1.8 2.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananananana4.0e2.8e2.1e1.7pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)10.6 6.8 2.7 0.6 -2.0 -2.2 -0.4 0.5 4.8 9.0 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)6.6e-5.5 -3.1 -1.4 0.9 6.5 14.2 24.4 30.0 32.4 Residential construction (% of GDP)4.5 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.5 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)28.7 29.8 30.7 31.4 30.2 30.2 31.1 31.5 31.8 31.8 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)11.9e11.8e10.4e10.8e10.0e10.1e10.7e12.4e12.5e12.1pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: e = NSI estimates.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.3 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Czech Republic 

125 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-1.0 -0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 0.2 %70.2 70.5b71.6 72.9 73.5 74.0 75.0 75.9 76.6 76.7 %3.0 2.7b3.0 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 %18.3 18.1b19.5 19.0 15.9 12.6 10.5 7.9 6.7 5.6 %8.8 8.3b8.9 9.1b8.1 7.5 7.0 6.3 5.6 5.7 3 year change in pp1.9 1.6b0.4 0.3b-0.2b-1.4 -2.1b-1.8 -1.9 -1.3 %14.4 15.3 15.4 14.6 14.8 14.0 13.3 12.2 12.2 12.5 3 year change in pp-1.4 0.0 1.4 0.2 -0.5 -1.4 -1.3 -2.6 -1.8 -0.8 %9.0 9.8 9.6 8.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.6 10.1 3 year change in pp-0.6 0.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.1 0.1 1.1 -0.6 -0.1 0.4 %6.2 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.7 5.6 4.8 3.7 2.8 2.7 3 year change in pp-1.2 -0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 -1.0 -1.8 -3.0 -2.8 -2.1 %6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.6 6.8 6.7 5.5 4.5 4.2 3 year change in pp-2.2 -0.6 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.0 -0.2 -2.1 -2.3 -2.5 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatCzech RepublicEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.4: Auxiliary indicators for Denmark 

126 

Denmark2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.9 1.3 0.2 0.9 1.6 2.3 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.8 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)18.1 18.2 18.8 19.1 19.2 19.9 21.0 21.2 22.0 22.0 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0p3.0p3.0pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)6.6 6.9 6.3 7.7 8.7 7.9 7.8 8.1 7.0 8.9 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -21.3 -12.0 -2.7 -3.6 11.4 9.6 15.5 18.6 16.0 27.2 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)-3.6 3.8 -4.9 0.2 2.0 0.6 2.5 1.0 2.3 -2.0 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)43.5 43.9 43.6 41.8 49.8 50.0 56.3 53.9 57.3 54.3 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)0.9 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)1.7 1.5 0.7 -1.3 -1.4 -1.5 -0.4 -0.7 -1.8 -2.5 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-3.3 -7.1 -11.0 -13.2 -11.6 -8.5 -6.0 -1.0 -2.9 0.8 Terms of trade (5 year % change)3.3 2.0 3.1 2.4 3.7 1.6 3.4 2.8 0.3 -1.3 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-10.0 0.3 -1.9 -2.1 -0.6 0.6 1.9 -0.6 -0.5 3.9 Labour productivity (1 year % change)4.3 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana5.1e3.9e3.3e2.5e2.3e1.9pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)11.3 8.1 5.4 4.5 5.2 4.1 1.7 -1.8 -4.6 -6.6 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-14.2 -11.0 -1.7 -0.6 4.9 15.3 16.8 17.7 14.8 11.7 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.7 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.9 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)138.3 138.4 136.3 133.3 131.5 128.9 116.4 113.8 111.9 109.5 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)21.8e21.1e20.3e18.4e18.4e16.7e16.7e16.4e16.4e16.7pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.4 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Denmark 

127 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-2.3 0.0 -0.7 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.2 %78.0 77.8 77.2 76.6 76.6 76.9 77.5b77.9b78.2 79.1 %1.4 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.2b1.2b1.0 0.8 %15.6 16.4 15.8 14.8 14.2 12.2 12.2b12.4b10.5 10.1 %6.9 7.2 7.3 6.6 6.4 7.0 6.7b7.6b7.7 7.7 3 year change in pp2.6b2.0b0.8 -0.3 -0.8 -0.3 0.1b1.2b0.7 1.0b%18.3 17.6b17.5 18.3 17.9 17.7 16.8 17.2 17.0 16.3 3 year change in pp1.5 1.3b-0.1 0.0 0.3b0.2 -1.5 -0.7 -0.7 -0.5 %13.3 12.1 12.0 11.9 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.4 12.7 12.5 3 year change in pp1.6 0.3 -1.1 -1.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 %2.7 2.3 2.7 3.6 3.2 3.7 2.6 3.1 3.4 2.6 3 year change in pp-0.6 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 -1.0 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 %10.6 10.5 10.2 11.9 12.2 11.6 10.7 10.0 9.8 9.3 3 year change in pp0.5 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.4 -1.2 -2.2 -1.8 -1.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. 1) Labour Force Survey indicators, b = improvement in the data collection and introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique.Source: European Commission, EurostatDenmarkEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.5: Auxiliary indicators for Germany 

128 

Germany2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 4.2 3.9 0.4 0.4 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.6 1.3 0.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.5 20.4 20.3 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.3 20.4 21.1 21.7 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2eCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)5.8 6.2 7.1 6.5 7.3 8.6 8.6 7.7 7.4 7.1 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) 20.9 15.5 22.1 29.5 31.7 34.5 37.9 43.0 45.8 51.3 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.5 2.6 1.8 1.8 0.5 1.9 1.8 3.2 4.3 1.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)35.3 35.9 40.0 41.3 41.3 42.2 42.9 43.7 45.3 46.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.9 -3.6 -3.6 -3.4 -2.8 -2.0 -1.5 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-1.5 -1.0 -1.3 -0.7 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-0.6 -2.3 -10.0 -8.1 -4.9 -3.2 -1.2 2.9 0.6 -2.9 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-0.8 -1.7 -2.3 0.4 -2.6 1.9 6.4 5.7 3.7 3.3 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)1.5 1.4 -0.2 -2.7 1.1 2.4 0.3 -0.7 -1.4 -0.1 Labour productivity (1 year % change)3.8 2.7 -0.7 -0.3 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.2 -0.1 -0.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana3.9e3.0e2.6e1.8e1.4e1.2pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)-14.8 -12.9 -9.7 -7.3 -4.5 0.2 4.9 8.4 11.5 10.4 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)3.3 5.5 8.2 10.4 10.0 11.4 16.1 19.5 21.7 19.7 Residential construction (% of GDP)5.2 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.6 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)59.4 57.1 56.6 55.7 54.2 53.6 53.3 53.0 53.4 54.4 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)25.8e25.7e23.5e20.3e19.2e18.6e18.4e14.1e13.9e13.7pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.5 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Germany 

129 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.4 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 0.9 %76.7b77.3b77.2 77.6 77.7 77.6 77.9 78.2 78.6 79.2 %3.3b2.8b2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 %9.8b8.5b8.0 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.2 5.8 %8.3b7.5b7.1 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.7 6.3 5.9 5.7 3 year change in pp-0.6b-0.9b-1.7 -2.0b-1.1b-0.9 0.4 -0.1 -0.3 -1.0 %19.7 19.9 19.6 20.3 20.6 20.0 19.7 19.0 18.7 17.4 3 year change in pp-0.9 -0.2 -0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 -0.6 -1.6 -1.3 -2.3 %15.6 15.8 16.1 16.1 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.1 16.0 14.8 3 year change in pp0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -1.7 %4.5 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.0 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.6 3 year change in pp-0.3 -0.2 -0.5 0.9 -0.3 -0.5 -1.7 -1.6 -1.3 -1.1 %11.2 11.2 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.8 9.6 8.7 8.1 7.6 3 year change in pp-0.3 -0.5 -1.0 -1.3 -1.2 -0.1 -0.3 -1.3 -1.7 -2.0 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatGermanyEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.6: Auxiliary indicators for Estonia 

130 

Estonia2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 2.7 7.4 3.1 1.3 3.0 1.8 3.2 5.5 4.4 5.0 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.1 26.2 28.5 27.7 25.6 24.3 24.2 24.9 24.6 26.2 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)5.2 5.3 1.5 2.9 1.8 3.8 2.3 3.2 2.2 3.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -17.1 -1.7 3.2 7.4 12.7 16.6 17.9 19.6 24.8 31.2 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)13.0 4.9 7.7 4.4 6.6 -3.1 3.8 6.5 3.9 9.3 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)94.0 89.1 93.6 98.3 103.1 97.3 97.7 95.3 94.1 96.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.5 -0.4 -1.3 -2.2 -2.1 -1.5 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 -1.2 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)6.4 2.8 5.2 5.3 3.1 1.5 0.2 2.3 4.1 4.4 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)18.5 34.1 15.6 16.1 26.6 7.2 -3.9 -0.9 -2.7 0.2 Terms of trade (5 year % change)3.0 1.0 -1.5 -0.7 0.4 2.9 3.7 3.6 2.4 0.6 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)11.3 17.3 1.7 -0.9 -1.1 -4.5 2.6 -1.3 0.3 5.1 Labour productivity (1 year % change)8.0 0.8 1.5 0.1 2.2 -1.0 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.7 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana3.2e2.2e1.7e1.9e1.3e1.6pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)44.9 41.6 41.9 42.2 41.1 44.8 37.5 24.4 17.8 22.2 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-40.0 -28.0 23.0 28.8 35.0 34.5 27.3 18.1 17.1 19.6 Residential construction (% of GDP)2.6 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.9 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)52.5 45.2 41.6 39.8 38.7 39.5 39.7 39.2 38.3 37.6 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)12.4e8.1e7.1e6.8e6.6e7.7e7.7e6.8e6.9e7.5pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.6 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Estonia  

131 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-4.9 6.5 1.6 1.2 0.8 2.9 0.3 2.7 1.2 1.3 %73.9 74.7 74.8 75.1 75.2 76.7 77.5 78.8 79.1 78.9 %7.6 7.1 5.5 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.3 0.9 %32.9 22.4 20.9 18.7 15.0 13.1 13.4 12.1 11.8 11.1 %14.0 11.6 12.2 11.3 11.7 10.8 9.1 9.4 9.8 6.9 3 year change in pp5.1 2.9 -2.3b-2.7 0.1 -1.4 -2.2 -2.3 -1.0 -2.2 %21.7 23.1 23.4 23.5 26.0b24.2 24.4 23.4 24.4 24.3 3 year change in pp-0.3 1.3 0.0 1.8 2.9b0.8 0.9 -2.6b0.2 -0.1 %15.8 17.5 17.5 18.6 21.8 21.6 21.7 21.0 21.9 21.7 3 year change in pp-3.6 -2.0 -2.2 2.8 4.3 4.1 3.1 -0.8 0.3 0.0 %9.0 8.7 9.4 7.6 6.2 4.5 4.7 4.1 3.8 3.3 3 year change in pp3.4 3.8 3.2 -1.4 -2.5 -4.9 -2.9 -2.1 -0.7 -1.4 %9.0 10.0 9.1 8.4 7.6b6.6 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.4 3 year change in pp2.8 4.7 3.5 -0.6 -2.4b-2.5 -2.6 -1.8b-1.4 -0.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatEstoniaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.7: Auxiliary indicators for Ireland 

132 

Ireland2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.8 0.6 0.1 1.2 8.6 25.2 2.0 9.1 8.5 5.6 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)17.5 16.8 19.6 18.6 20.6 24.1 35.8 33.1 28.4 45.6 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.6e1.6e1.6e1.6e1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-1.1 -1.5 -3.3 1.0 -2.4 3.9 -5.8 -8.1 -9.9 -21.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -237.4 -239.1 -256.8 -310.3 -351.5 -243.2 -248.6 -261.6 -256.7 -285.4 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)16.8 15.3 25.9 29.6 38.4 82.0 34.7 19.0 17.6 -11.4 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)302.6 314.1 337.9 347.9 387.8 497.6 516.5 473.6 473.9 436.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.8 -3.3 -3.0 -3.2 -2.7 -1.5 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.2 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-5.3 -6.5 -5.1 -3.1 -1.8 -1.5 -1.1 -2.2 -3.0 -2.9 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)1.4 -3.3 -11.7 -5.6 -10.3 37.8 53.4 66.6 73.9 68.0 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-4.2 -1.4 -3.6 -4.8 -5.3 1.9 0.1 0.5 0.3 4.3 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-6.9 -3.7 -4.0 -0.8 10.9 36.2 2.0 3.8 7.4 9.4 Labour productivity (1 year % change)6.1b2.8 0.7 -1.7 5.8 20.8 -1.7 5.9 5.2 2.6 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana21.6e14.9e13.1e9.9e5.5e3.4pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)4.2 -2.5 -2.9 -6.0 -12.6 -28.9 -30.2 -34.8 -40.2 -35.4 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-34.9 -42.0 -37.9 -27.3 2.1 31.5 39.6 32.8 31.4 25.1 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.3 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)110.3 104.6 98.5 93.2 80.9 56.5 52.2 46.3 41.3 37.2 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)21.1e17.7e15.8e15.0e9.1e7.8e7.4e6.6e6.7e7.4pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.7 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Ireland   

133 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-4.1b-2.2 -0.5 2.9 2.7 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.2 2.9 %71.6 71.2 71.1 71.8 71.8 72.1 72.7 72.7 72.9 73.3 %6.9 8.8 9.2 8.0 6.6 5.3 4.2 3.0 2.1 1.6 %28.1 29.6 30.8 26.7 23.4 20.2 16.8 14.4 13.8 12.5 %19.4 19.1 19.2 16.4 15.3 14.3 12.6 10.9b10.1 10.1 3 year change in pp9.9b5.2 0.9 -3.0 -3.8 -4.9 -3.8 -4.4b-4.2 -2.5 %27.3 29.4 30.1 29.9 27.7 26.2 24.4 22.7 21.1 na3 year change in pp4.2 5.7 4.4 2.6 -1.7 -3.9 -5.5 -5.0 -5.1 na%15.2 15.2 16.3 15.7 16.4 16.2 16.8 15.6 14.9 na3 year change in pp-2.0 -0.3 1.3 0.5 1.2 -0.1 1.1 -0.8 -1.3 na%5.7 7.8 9.9 9.9 8.4 8.5 6.7 5.2 4.9 na3 year change in pp1.2 2.3 3.8 4.2 0.6 -1.4 -3.2 -3.2 -3.6 na%22.9 24.2 23.4 23.9 21.0 18.7 17.8 16.2 13.0 na3 year change in pp8.6 10.5 3.4 1.0 -3.2 -4.7 -6.1 -4.8 -5.7 naPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. 1)Youngpeopleneitherinemploymentnorineducationandtraining,2017:introductionoftheLabourForceSurveyinsubstitutiontotheQuarterlyNationalHouseholdSurvey(QNHS)asdatasource.2)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019datafortheIncomeandLivingConditions(EU-SILC) indicators is 30 November 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. Source: European Commission, EurostatIrelandEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.8: Auxiliary indicators for Greece 

134 

Greece2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) -5.5b-10.1 -7.1 -2.7 0.7 -0.4 -0.5 1.3 1.6p1.9pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)16.6b13.7 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.8 11.0 11.7 10.8p10.1pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.6e0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-9.2 -7.5 -2.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -2.7 -1.1 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -100.7 -99.2 -124.1 -130.5 -129.6 -128.6 -128.6 -128.7 -134.5 -135.3 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.4 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)14.0 12.4 11.7 12.1 11.9 14.8 15.8 18.0 19.4 23.8 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.1b-3.6 -4.1 -3.7 -3.4 -2.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.5p-2.4pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)5.0 4.5 2.0 -3.5 -5.6 -5.3 -3.3 -1.9 -1.5 -2.0 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-8.8 -10.7 -20.3 -22.5 -15.3 -14.0 -12.7 -3.1 3.8 1.8 Terms of trade (5 year % change)2.0b0.6 -1.6 1.4 3.9 4.7 7.5 8.6 4.3p1.9pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-8.0b-6.3 -1.1 -1.9 4.5 2.0 -2.6 3.1 5.4p3.7pLabour productivity (1 year % change)-3.0b-6.1 -3.2 -2.2 -2.8 2.6 -3.8 1.8 0.2p0.6pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana39.7e46.8e46.3e45.0e41.6e35.5pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)22.4 20.0 8.0 -1.1 -4.2 -12.4 -11.9 -13.2 -15.2 -17.8 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-6.7e-13.2e-20.4e-25.5e-27.1e-21.6e-14.2e-8.2e-1.7e8.0eResidential construction (% of GDP)5.2b4.9 3.3 2.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7p0.7pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)61.2 63.8 64.8 65.5 63.4 61.9 60.0 56.7 56.6 54.3 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)15.4ena26.6e14.0e12.8e11.0e10.1e8.8e11.5e10.9pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.8 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Greece   

135 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-2.5b-4.3 -4.0 -0.6 3.6 -2.9 3.4 -0.5 1.4p1.2p%67.8 67.3 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.8 68.2 68.3 68.2 68.4 %5.7 8.8 14.5 18.5 19.5 18.2 17.0 15.6 13.6 12.2 %33.0 44.7 55.3 58.3 52.4 49.8 47.3 43.6 39.9 35.2 %14.8 17.4 20.2 20.4 19.1 17.2 15.8 15.3 14.1 12.5 3 year change in pp3.5 6.0b7.8b5.6 1.7 -3.0 -4.6 -3.8 -3.1 -3.3 %27.7 31.0 34.6 35.7 36.0 35.7 35.6 34.8 31.8 30.0 3 year change in pp-0.6 2.9 7.0 8.0 5.0 1.1 -0.1 -1.2 -3.9 -5.6 %20.1 21.4 23.1 23.1 22.1 21.4 21.2 20.2 18.5 17.9 3 year change in pp-0.2 1.3 3.4 3.0 0.7 -1.7 -1.9 -1.9 -2.9 -3.3 %11.6 15.2 19.5 20.3 21.5 22.2 22.4 21.1 16.7 16.2 3 year change in pp0.1 4.0 8.5 8.7 6.3 2.7 2.1 -0.4 -5.5 -6.2 %7.6 12.0 14.2 18.2 17.2 16.8 17.2 15.6 14.6 13.8 3 year change in pp-0.5 4.5 7.6 10.6 5.2 2.6 -1.0 -1.6 -2.2 -3.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, EurostatGreeceEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.9: Auxiliary indicators for Spain  

136 

Spain2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 0.2 -0.8 -3.0 -1.4 1.4 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.4p2.0pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.8 20.0 18.5 17.4 17.8 18.0 18.0 18.7 19.5p19.9pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-3.5 -2.8 0.6 2.6 2.1 2.7 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.5 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -72.3 -76.9 -73.7 -69.7 -70.1 -64.8 -61.7 -57.0 -52.4 -46.8 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.5 1.9 1.6 3.5 2.3 1.9 3.6 2.5 3.8 1.0 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)54.9 55.3 55.4 57.7 60.0 61.2 63.8 64.6 67.2 67.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.9 -3.8 -3.8 -3.4 -2.9 -2.0 -1.5 -1.8 -2.1p-1.9pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)0.9 0.4 0.8 0.4 -0.6 -1.4 -2.3 -1.1 -0.2 0.0 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-4.5 -1.2 -10.8 -5.2 -7.0 -3.3 -0.5 6.8 1.9 0.8 Terms of trade (5 year % change)1.4 -2.7 -4.6 -1.6 -6.7 -3.6 0.4 1.0 -1.3p-1.0pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-3.8 1.3 -2.2 0.7 0.8 1.3 3.2 0.1 -1.4p1.2pLabour productivity (1 year % change)1.9 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.1p-0.3pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana8.1e6.3e5.7e4.4e3.7e3.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)9.4 6.9 1.5 -0.4 -3.6 -5.6 -9.8 -12.2 -14.9 -11.8 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-9.6 -15.3 -22.7 -28.5 -22.3 -5.6 8.7 15.1 18.6 19.2 Residential construction (% of GDP)6.6 5.4 4.6 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.4p5.7pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)84.4 82.5 81.6 77.8 73.4 68.0 64.5 61.2 58.9 56.9 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)17.2e17.4e17.9e14.9e14.0e13.7e13.2e13.5e13.6e13.5pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
Table 5.9 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Spain 

137 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-1.7 -2.5 -4.0 -2.4 1.0 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.3p2.2p%73.5 73.9 74.3 74.3 74.2 74.3 74.2 73.9 73.7 73.8 %7.3 8.9 11.0 13.0 12.9 11.4 9.5 7.7 6.4 5.3 %41.5 46.2 52.9 55.5 53.2 48.3 44.4 38.6 34.3 32.5 %17.8 18.2 18.6 18.6 17.1b15.6 14.6 13.3 12.4 12.1 3 year change in pp5.8 3.9 0.5 0.8 -1.1b-3.0 -4.0 -3.8b-3.2 -2.5 %26.1 26.7 27.2 27.3 29.2 28.6 27.9 26.6 26.1 25.3 3 year change in pp2.8 2.9b2.5 1.2 2.5 1.4 0.6 -2.6 -2.5 -2.6 %20.7 20.6 20.8 20.4 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.5 20.7 3 year change in pp1.0 0.8 0.4 -0.3 1.6 1.3 1.9 -0.6 -0.6 -1.6 %4.9 4.5 5.8 6.2 7.1 6.4 5.8 5.1 5.4 4.7 3 year change in pp1.4 0.9 1.3 1.3 2.6 0.6 -0.4 -2.0 -1.0 -1.1 %10.8 13.4 14.3 15.7 17.1 15.4 14.9 12.8 10.7 10.8 3 year change in pp4.0 6.8 6.7 4.9 3.7 1.1 -0.8 -4.3 -4.7 -4.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training, 2014: change in the classification of non-formal education activities.Source: European Commission, EurostatSpainEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10: Auxiliary indicators for France 

138 

France2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.9 2.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.8p1.5pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.1 22.4 22.5 22.0 21.8 21.5 21.8 22.5 22.9p23.6pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.2b2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3p2.2 2.2p2.2enaCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-0.6 -0.9 -1.1 -0.5 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -0.5 -0.6 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -24.5 -23.1 -27.0 -26.9 -31.0 -29.7 -30.4 -33.7 -34.8 -35.6 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.6 1.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)38.1 40.2 40.5 41.3 42.1 43.9 44.7 44.4 46.1 48.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.4 -3.0 -3.3 -3.1 -2.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.9p-1.8pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -1.4 -0.7 -0.6 0.0 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-10.4 -8.9 -11.7 -9.4 -10.2 -3.7 -2.2 -0.1 -1.5 -2.2 Terms of trade (5 year % change)0.2 -0.7 -2.1 -0.4 -1.7 2.8 6.4 5.3 3.0p2.5pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-4.2 -0.5 -0.3 -1.6 -0.4 1.6 -0.4 -1.0 0.7p0.8pLabour productivity (1 year % change)1.8 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.8p0.4pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana4.2e4.0e3.6e3.1e2.7e2.5pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)1.8 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.2 0.0 -0.3 -0.1 -1.4 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-0.9 4.0 10.3 3.2 -4.0 -4.9 -2.1 2.6 7.2 9.7Residential construction (% of GDP)6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.4p6.4pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)53.7 54.8 55.1 55.6 55.6 56.1 57.1 58.4 59.8 61.7 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)20.1e21.1e20.1e18.1e18.9e17.3e16.0e15.2e15.3e15.1pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for France  

139 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.0p1.1p%70.0e69.9e70.4e70.9e71.0 71.3 71.4 71.5 71.9 71.7 %3.9e3.9e4.2e4.5e4.5 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.4 %23.3e22.7e24.4e24.9e24.2 24.7 24.5 22.1 20.8 19.6 %12.7 12.3 12.5 11.2b11.2b12.0 11.9 11.4 11.1 10.6 3 year change in pp2.0 1.8 -0.2 -1.5b-1.1b-0.5 0.7b0.2b-0.9 -1.3 %19.2 19.3 19.1 18.1 18.5 17.7 18.2 17.0 17.4 17.9 3 year change in pp0.2 0.8b0.6 -1.1 -0.8 -1.4 0.1 -1.5 -0.3 -0.3 %13.3 14.0 14.1 13.7 13.3 13.6 13.6 13.2 13.4 13.6 3 year change in pp0.2 1.5 1.2 0.4 -0.7 -0.5 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 0.0 %5.8 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.7 4.7 3 year change in pp1.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.9 -0.4 -0.8 -0.5 -0.7 0.2 0.3 %9.9 9.4 8.4 8.1 9.6 8.6 8.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 3 year change in pp0.3 0.6 0.0 -1.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 -1.5 -0.6 -0.5 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training, 2014: data are further impacted from the changes in the questionnaire introduced in 2013 and inclusion of French overseas departments (DROM).Source: European Commission, EurostatFranceEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11: Auxiliary indicators for Croatia 

140 

Croatia2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) -1.3 -0.2 -2.4 -0.4 -0.3 2.4 3.5 3.4 2.8 2.9pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.2 20.2 19.6 19.7 19.3 19.5 20.1 20.0 20.4 21.0pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 naCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-2.1 -1.7 -1.8 -0.9 0.7 3.9 3.5 4.5 3.2 4.7 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -50.8 -52.9 -50.6 -49.8 -45.1 -38.2 -27.7 -19.4 -13.6 -5.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.5 2.0 2.3 1.7 5.3 0.1 0.8 0.9 2.1 2.4 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)55.0 50.9 52.4 51.2 57.0 51.0 51.2 49.7 47.9 49.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.8 -5.3 -5.6 -5.1 -4.0 -3.4 -2.7 -2.8 -3.2 -2.9pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)4.3 -2.2 -2.6 -2.9 -1.4 -1.2 -1.1 0.6 1.2 0.5 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-3.3 -9.1 -19.7 -19.0 -15.3 -5.8 5.9 19.8 19.4 20.4 Terms of trade (5 year % change)5.8 4.8 2.9 1.4 0.7 0.5 1.5 2.4 3.2 3.7pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-5.1 -4.6 -4.6 -1.2 3.7 7.3 4.8 1.4 0.0 5.7pLabour productivity (1 year % change)2.6p3.9p1.3p2.5p-2.9p1.2p3.2p1.0p0.2p-0.2pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana13.6e13.0e10.7e8.8e7.3e5.2pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)7.4 11.4 4.0 -2.3 -5.8 -7.6 -11.2 -14.1 -15.5 -17.6 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-8.4e-10.9 -7.6 -5.3 -6.9 -8.2 -3.6 1.7 11.1 20.0 Residential construction (% of GDP)nanananananananananaHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)41.8 41.3 41.1 40.2 40.1 38.4 35.1 34.0 33.9 34.6 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)nanana7.5e7.2e8.0e7.2e7.4e7.5e7.5pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. 2) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Croatia 

141 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-3.8p-4.0p-3.6p-2.8p2.6p1.3p0.2p2.4p2.6p3.1p%65.1 64.1 63.9 63.7 66.1 66.9 65.6 66.4 66.3 66.5 %6.6 8.4 10.2 11.0 10.1 10.2 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.4 %32.4 36.7 42.1 50.0 45.5 42.3 31.3 27.4 23.7 16.6 %15.7 16.2 16.6 19.6 19.3 18.1 16.9 15.4 13.6 11.8 3 year change in pp2.8 4.6 3.2 3.9 3.1 1.5 -2.7 -3.9 -4.5 -5.1 %31.1 32.6 32.6 29.9 29.3 29.1 27.9 26.4 24.8 23.3 3 year change in ppnanana-1.2 -3.3 -3.5 -2.0 -2.9 -4.3 -4.6 %20.6 20.9 20.4 19.5 19.4 20.0 19.5 20.0 19.3 18.3 3 year change in ppnanana-1.1 -1.5 -0.4 0.0 0.6 -0.7 -1.2 %14.3 15.2 15.9 14.7 13.9 13.7 12.5 10.3 8.6 7.2 3 year change in ppnanana0.4 -1.3 -2.2 -2.2 -3.6 -5.1 -5.3 %13.9 15.9 16.8 14.8 14.7 14.4 13.0 12.2 11.2 9.2 3 year change in ppnanana0.9 -1.2 -2.4 -1.8 -2.5 -3.2 -3.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, EurostatCroatiaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.12: Auxiliary indicators for Italy  

142 

Italy2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.7 0.7 -3.0 -1.8 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.0 19.7 18.3 17.2 16.7 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.8 18.1 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3e1.3 1.4b1.4 1.4 1.5pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-3.3 -2.8 -0.1 1.1 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.9 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -22.3 -22.3 -24.6 -23.9 -21.2 -17.5 -11.6 -6.1 -5.9 0.0 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)0.4 1.5 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.4 0.6 2.1 1.6 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)20.2 21.4 23.0 23.7 25.0 25.5 26.3 26.2 27.6 29.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.2 -3.6 -3.8 -3.3 -2.6 -2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.3 -2.0 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)0.7 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.4 -0.7 -0.9 -0.8 -1.3 -1.7 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-12.4 -12.9 -19.7 -15.9 -11.3 -9.7 -7.2 -1.9 -2.5 -4.3 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-2.7 -2.3 -4.8 -0.8 -3.8 2.5 8.6 8.6 6.2 4.2 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-1.1 -1.5 -1.1 -3.3 -1.1 1.3 -0.3 0.0 -1.5 -0.1 Labour productivity (1 year % change)2.4 0.4 -2.7 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.0 -0.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana16.5e16.5e15.0e11.2e8.4e6.7pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)13.5 12.6 10.4 6.7 4.0 3.6 0.9 -1.0 -1.2 -2.4 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)2.9be1.6e-0.5e-7.6 -13.1 -14.3 -8.1 -4.6 -1.4 -1.8 Residential construction (% of GDP)5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)43.5 43.5 43.7 43.3 42.6 41.8 41.2 40.8 40.8 41.2 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)12.7e14.9e14.4e15.0e14.0e13.1e14.2e12.2e13.1e12.9pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: e = estimate by NCB. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
Table 5.12 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Italy 

143 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-0.6 0.3 -0.3 -1.8 0.1 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.5 %62.0 62.1 63.5 63.4 63.9 64.0 64.9 65.4 65.6 65.7 %4.0 4.3 5.6 6.9 7.7 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.2 5.6 %27.9 29.2 35.3 40.0 42.7 40.3 37.8 34.7 32.2 29.2 %19.0 19.7 21.0 22.2 22.1 21.4 19.9 20.1 19.2 18.1 3 year change in pp2.9 3.1 3.4 3.2 2.4 0.4 -2.3 -2.0 -2.2 -1.8 %25.0 28.1 29.9 28.5 28.3 28.7 30.0 28.9 27.3 na3 year change in pp-1.0 2.6 5.0 3.5 0.2 -1.2 1.5 0.6 -1.4 na%18.7 19.8 19.5 19.3 19.4 19.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 na3 year change in pp-0.8 0.9 1.1 0.6 -0.4 0.4 1.3 0.9 0.4 na%7.4 11.1 14.5 12.3 11.6 11.5 12.1 10.1 8.5 na3 year change in pp0.4 3.6 7.2 4.9 0.5 -3.0 -0.2 -1.5 -3.0 na%10.6 10.5 10.6 11.3 12.1 11.7 12.8 11.8 11.3 na3 year change in pp0.4 0.1 1.4 0.7 1.6 1.1 1.5 -0.3 -0.4 naPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total population1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data for the Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) indicators is 30 November 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. Source: European Commission, EurostatItalyEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13: Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus 

144 

Cyprus2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 2.0 0.4 -3.4 -6.6 -1.8 3.2 6.4 5.2 5.2 3.1pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.5 19.0 15.5 14.1 13.3 12.9 18.1 21.0 19.2 19.4pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 naCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-10.4 -1.9 -3.7 -1.0 -3.3 -0.4 -4.1 -4.9 -3.3 -6.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -57.2 -100.8 -104.1 -141.5 -197.6 -258.2 -227.6 -221.4 -184.4 -159.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)120.7 146.0 276.8 108.8 222.8 146.0 40.8 54.2 -23.7 103.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)1041.1 1156.6 1436.8 1650.4 1941.5 2131.8 2069.6 1982.8 1793.6 1827.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.9 -6.7 -7.6 -6.4 -5.9 -4.0 -3.3 -4.1 -4.1 -4.0pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)0.4 0.7 2.0 1.0 -0.1 -2.6 -3.5 -3.9 -3.2 -2.5 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-9.0e-3.5e-12.8e-7.1 -16.1 -4.8 4.5 16.6 18.2 11.7 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-1.9 -1.7 -2.1 -0.6 -0.8 1.5 3.7 3.1 2.2 0.7pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-6.8 0.1 -3.6 -2.5 2.5 6.9 5.0 4.5 4.3 -1.5pLabour productivity (1 year % change)1.4 0.1 0.1 -1.0 0.2 1.6 1.7 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana38.6e36.3e35.4e30.7e20.2e18.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)12.3 14.7 15.1 4.1 -0.4 -6.7 -10.7 -9.3 -9.6 -11.5 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-6.9 -13.3 -10.1 -8.5 -8.7 -7.1b-2.9 1.0 4.3 7.9 Residential construction (% of GDP)8.0 6.2 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.6 4.4 5.1 6.5 7.9pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)118.4 121.9 127.9 129.6 131.4 126.8 116.2 106.0 97.0 89.5 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)15.2e19.9e26.0e16.2e10.3e10.7e10.7e12.1e14.1e12.8pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. 2) House price index b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Cyprus 

145 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.6 0.3 -3.5 -5.6 -2.0 1.6 4.7 5.4 5.3 3.1p%73.6 73.5 73.5 73.6 74.3 73.9 73.4 73.9 75.0 76.0 %1.3 1.6 3.6 6.1 7.7 6.8 5.8 4.5 2.7 2.1 %16.6 22.4 27.7 38.9 36.0 32.8 29.1 24.7 20.2 16.6 %11.7 14.6 16.0 18.7 17.0 15.3 16.0 16.1 13.2 13.7 3 year change in pp2.7 4.9 6.1b7.0 2.4 -0.7 -2.7 -0.9 -2.1 -2.3 %24.6 24.6 27.1 27.8 27.4 28.9 27.7 25.2 23.9 22.3 3 year change in pp-0.6 1.3b3.6 3.2 2.8 1.8 -0.1 -2.2 -5.0 -5.4 %15.6 14.8 14.7 15.3 14.4 16.2 16.1 15.7 15.4 14.7 3 year change in pp0.1 -1.1 -1.1 -0.3 -0.4 1.5 0.8 1.3 -0.8 -1.4 %11.2 11.7 15.0 16.1 15.3 15.4 13.6 11.5 10.2 9.1 3 year change in pp-2.1 2.6 5.5 4.9 3.6 0.4 -2.5 -3.8 -5.2 -4.5 %4.9 4.9 6.5 7.9 9.7 10.9 10.6 9.4 8.6 6.8 3 year change in pp1.2 0.4b2.5 3.0 4.8 4.4 2.7 -0.3 -2.3 -3.8 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, EurostatCyprusEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.14: Auxiliary indicators for Latvia 

146 

Latvia2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) -4.4 6.5 4.3 2.3 1.1 4.0 2.4 3.3 4.0 2.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.1 22.0 25.2 23.0 22.8 21.9 19.3 20.6 22.1 22.2 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)3.7 -1.2 -0.7 -0.3 1.4 2.2 2.8 2.2 1.5 0.8 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -43.1 -32.9 -25.9 -22.2 -18.6 -12.5 -8.5 -4.8 -0.5 4.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.0 5.4 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.0 1.2 3.7 1.3 3.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)49.1 49.6 49.1 53.6 56.6 59.1 57.6 59.5 55.6 56.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.9 -5.5 -6.0 -5.5 -4.7 -3.5 -2.4 -2.9 -3.4 -2.7 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)8.3 0.3 -0.7 0.2 -1.3 -2.2 -0.3 0.7 1.3 2.8 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)31.8 37.3 17.1 11.8 17.4 13.2 5.8 4.6 5.7 1.8 Terms of trade (5 year % change)2.7 6.5 -1.1 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.8 5.1 6.7 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)0.5 5.7 6.4 -3.0 2.5 0.0 1.8 1.0 0.6 1.0 Labour productivity (1 year % change)2.4 4.9 2.8 0.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.3 2.5 2.1 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana9.7e6.5e6.3e5.6e5.3e3.9pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)49.0 47.4 55.6 58.3 55.9 43.9 31.1 8.0 -2.9 17.3 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-43.6 -38.4 1.2 21.5 16.6 9.5 11.1 14.0 29.3 29.9 Residential construction (% of GDP)1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.4 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)47.9 38.8 32.5 29.0 26.4 24.3 23.4 22.3 21.0 20.3 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)12.7e10.7e10.2e9.9e10.2e9.5e9.9e8.9e7.8e9.8pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.14 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Latvia  

147 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-6.7 1.5 1.4 2.3 -1.3 1.4 -0.3 0.0 1.5 -0.1 %73.0 72.8 74.4 74.0 74.6 75.7 76.3 77.0 77.7 77.3 %8.8 8.8 7.8 5.7 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.1 2.4 %36.2 31.0 28.5 23.2 19.6 16.3 17.3 17.0 12.2 12.4 %17.8 16.0 14.9 13.0 12.0 10.5 11.2 10.3 7.8 7.9 3 year change in pp5.9 4.2 -2.6 -4.8 -4.0 -4.4 -1.8 -1.7 -2.7 -3.3 %38.2 40.1 36.2 35.1 32.7 30.9 28.5 28.2 28.4 27.3 3 year change in pp3.1 5.9b-1.7 -3.1 -7.4 -5.3 -6.6 -4.5 -2.5 -1.2 %20.9 19.0 19.2 19.4 21.2 22.5 21.8 22.1 23.3 22.9 3 year change in pp-0.3 -6.9 -7.2 -1.5 2.2 3.3 2.4 0.9 0.8 1.1 %27.6 31.0 25.6 24.0 19.2 16.4 12.8 11.3 9.5 7.8 3 year change in pp3.6 11.7 3.5 -3.6 -11.8 -9.2 -11.2 -7.9 -6.9 -5.0 %12.6 12.6 11.7 10.0 9.6 7.8 7.2 7.8 7.6 7.6 3 year change in pp6.4 7.2 4.3 -2.6 -3.0 -3.9 -2.8 -1.8 -0.2 0.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatLatviaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.15: Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania 

148 

Lithuania2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.7 6.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 2.0 2.5 4.3 3.9 4.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)16.9 18.5 17.3 18.4 18.9 19.6 19.9 20.1 21.0 21.4 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)4.0 -0.3 1.4 4.9 6.2 0.6 0.4 1.8 1.9 5.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -25.2 -21.4 -22.9 -18.6 -16.9 -13.5 -12.6 -6.5 -2.7 4.8 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.9 4.3 1.6 1.7 0.8 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)44.1 42.5 42.2 42.9 41.4 42.9 44.7 44.2 42.8 44.0 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-7.1 -7.6 -7.5 -6.1 -4.7 -3.6 -2.6 -3.0 -4.0 -3.6 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)9.9 4.8 1.7 1.4 -0.1 -1.6 -0.9 1.4 3.0 3.4 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)23.2 32.6 34.1 17.3 25.9 6.4 -4.6 0.9 0.5 14.7 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-1.9 0.2 -1.5 -5.2 -0.5 1.4 4.0 4.9 3.7 4.5 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)3.5 7.6 7.7 3.6 -5.5 -0.6 2.7 8.1 3.1 8.4 Labour productivity (1 year % change)7.4 5.5 1.9 2.2 1.5 0.6 0.2 5.0 2.5 3.9 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana6.8e5.6e4.0e3.2e2.6e1.7pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)4.5 9.9 9.4 12.7 11.7 11.7 6.5 8.8 8.0 16.8 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-29.3 -30.8 -1.5 7.7 7.5 11.7 16.3 19.0 23.2 24.9 Residential construction (% of GDP)2.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.9 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)29.6 25.8 23.6 22.3 21.5 22.3 22.8 22.4 22.6 23.0 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)14.2e11.3e10.2e9.6e9.7e9.0e11.6e10.7e10.4e14.5pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.15 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Lithuania 

149 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-5.3 0.6 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.4 2.3 -0.7 1.4 0.5 %70.2 71.4 71.8 72.4 73.7 74.1 75.5 75.9 77.3 78.0 %7.4 8.0 6.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.9 %35.7 32.6 26.7 21.9 19.3 16.3 14.5 13.3 11.1 11.9 %13.2 11.8 11.2 11.1 9.9 9.2 9.4 9.1 8.0 8.6 3 year change in pp6.1 3.0 -0.9 -2.1 -1.9 -2.0 -1.7 -0.8 -1.2 -0.8 %34.0 33.1 32.5 30.8 27.3 29.3 30.1 29.6 28.3 26.3 3 year change in pp5.3 4.8 2.9 -3.2 -5.8 -3.2 -0.7 2.3 -1.0 -3.8 %20.5 19.2 18.6 20.6 19.1 22.2 21.9 22.9 22.9 20.6 3 year change in pp1.4 -1.7 -1.7 0.1 -0.1 3.6 1.3 3.8 0.7 -1.3 %19.9 19.0 19.8 16.0 13.6 13.9 13.5 12.4 11.1 9.4 3 year change in pp3.3 6.5 4.2 -3.9 -5.4 -5.9 -2.5 -1.2 -2.8 -4.1 %9.5 12.7 11.4 11.0 8.8 9.2 10.2 9.7 9.0 7.5 3 year change in pp3.1 6.6 4.2 1.5 -3.9 -2.2 -0.8 0.9 -0.2 -2.7 Severely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationSource: European Commission, EurostatLithuaniaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.16: Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg 

150 

Luxembourg2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 4.9 2.5 -0.4 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.6 1.8 3.1 2.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)17.6 19.2 20.2 19.5 20.0 18.2 18.1 18.8 16.8 16.9 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.5 1.5 1.3b1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2enaCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)5.8 5.8 5.1 4.7 4.1 4.8 4.7 4.5 5.7 4.5 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -1850.5 -1942.7 -2457.2 -2690.6 -3300.3 -3750.5 -3645.6 -3868.7 -3545.3 -3893.6 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)429.1 683.1 980.0 1030.0 283.7 1326.2 230.8 104.2 -766.9 -446.6 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)3640.8 4665.6 5978.7 6465.3 8084.2 9561.6 9354.8 8618.0 7462.7 6742.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-4.8 -5.9 -6.3 -5.4 -4.4 -3.1 -2.4 -2.8 -3.3 -3.2 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)1.7 2.0 2.8 1.7 0.8 0.1 -0.4 0.0 0.4 1.0 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)13.8 4.3 3.2 15.8 17.2 20.3 23.0 20.2 11.5 8.3 Terms of trade (5 year % change)4.6 3.0 4.2 2.8 2.0 0.2 0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.7 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-2.5 -2.9 -0.3 1.6 12.7 1.7 0.4 -4.7 -3.2 -0.3 Labour productivity (1 year % change)3.0 -0.4 -2.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 -1.6 -0.6 -1.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana1.4e1.1e0.8e0.7e0.8e0.6pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)18.7 15.3 17.2 16.9 15.8 13.0 9.0 14.1 10.6 8.5 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)7.7 8.0 13.9 13.4 14.2 15.5 16.6 18.0 19.9 24.5 Residential construction (% of GDP)2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.4 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)57.9 57.7 61.0 60.2 60.8 61.3 61.9 64.5 66.2 65.9 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)16.8e17.7e15.1e13.9e13.4e13.4e13.4e13.2e14.6e15.0pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. 2) Household debt: benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts conducted.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.16 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Luxembourg   

151 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change1.8 3.0 2.4 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.7 3.6 %68.2 67.9 69.4 69.9 70.8 70.9b70.0 70.2 71.1 72.0 %1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.9b2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 %14.2 16.8 18.8 15.5 22.6 17.3b18.9 15.4 14.2 17.0 %5.1 4.7 5.9 5.0 6.3 6.2b5.4 5.9 5.3 5.6 3 year change in pp-0.6b-1.5 0.1b-0.1 1.6 0.3b0.4 -0.4 -0.9b0.2 %17.1 16.8 18.4 19.0 19.0 18.5 19.1b19.4 20.7 20.6 3 year change in pp1.2 1.3 0.6 1.9 2.2 0.1 0.1b0.4 2.2 1.5b%14.5 13.6 15.1 15.9 16.4 15.3 15.8b16.4 16.7 17.5 3 year change in pp1.0 0.2 0.2 1.4 2.8 0.2 -0.1b0.0 1.4 1.7b%0.5 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.6b1.2 1.3 1.3 3 year change in pp-0.3 0.5 0.2 1.3 0.2 0.7 -0.2b-0.2 -0.7 -0.3b%5.5 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.6b6.9 8.3 7.5 3 year change in pp0.5 1.1 -0.2 1.1 0.3 -0.4 0.0b0.8 2.6 0.9bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. 1)LabourForceSurveyindicators,b=changeinthesamplingstrategyanddatacollectiontechnique.2)IncomeandLivingConditionsindicators:Cautiontobetakenintimecomparisons.In2016newproceduresdevelopedindatavalidationandcompilation,weighting,estimationandimputation, adjustment. Better coverage of certain segments of the resident population by use of Luxembourg's National Population Register. The reported breaks reduce the information value of 3 year change in pp in the year of reporting and the two subsequent years.Source: European Commission, EurostatLuxembourgEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.17: Auxiliary indicators for Hungary 

152 

Hungary2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.1 1.9 -1.4 1.9 4.2 3.8 2.1 4.3 5.4 4.6pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.1 19.6 19.2 20.8 22.1 22.2 19.5 22.2 24.8 27.2pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5b1.5 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)2.1 3.0 4.1 7.2 4.9 6.9 4.5 2.8 2.5 1.6 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -49.0 -47.3 -41.9 -35.2 -29.6 -18.3 -12.0 -8.7 -3.9 -2.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)-15.8 10.0 8.2 -2.7 9.5 -4.3 55.2 -8.2 -42.7 19.7 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)212.8 234.9 226.3 211.5 216.9 220.1 257.4 208.7 161.2 169.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.1 -6.0 -6.3 -6.3 -6.1 -4.1 -3.1 -3.7 -3.8 -3.8pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)0.0 -2.5 4.6 -3.0 -7.0 -7.3 -5.3 0.4 -1.0 -0.6 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)9.1 3.1 -16.9 -18.5 -12.6 -9.4 -5.3 7.5 5.7 4.0 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-1.0 -1.1 -2.4 -1.1 -1.2 -0.5 1.5 2.1 0.5 0.0pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-1.8 -0.5 -4.8 0.4 5.5 4.4 1.6 1.1 1.3 4.7pLabour productivity (1 year % change)1.8 2.0 -2.3 0.6 -0.3 1.6 -1.5 2.3 3.1 3.3pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana19.4e15.2e11.9e8.4e5.4e4.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)36.1 25.7 24.5 15.3 9.8 7.0 8.3 7.5 7.9 15.3 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-5.3 -10.7 -9.2 -9.4 -2.2 14.8 33.6 43.9 45.5 50.0pResidential construction (% of GDP)3.1 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)39.5 37.5 31.8 28.3 25.7 21.1 20.1 18.7 17.7 18.4 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)12.3e13.5e11.5e10.7e10.9e11.2e9.9e9.7e9.4e9.6pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.17 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Hungary 

153 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-0.7 0.0 0.9 1.3 4.6 2.2 3.7 1.9 2.3 1.3 %61.9 62.4 63.7 64.7 67.0 68.6 70.1 71.2 71.9 72.6 %5.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 3.7 3.1 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.1 %26.4 26.0 28.2 26.6 20.4 17.3 12.9 10.7 10.2 11.4 %12.6 13.2 14.8 15.5 13.6 11.6b11.0 11.0 10.7 11.0 3 year change in pp1.1 1.7 1.2 2.9 0.4 -3.2b-4.5 -2.6 -0.9b0.0 %29.9 31.5 33.5 34.8 31.8 28.2 26.3 25.6 19.6 18.9 3 year change in pp0.5 3.3 3.9 4.9 0.3 -5.3 -8.5 -6.2 -8.6 -7.4 %12.3 14.1 14.3 15.0 15.0 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.8 12.3 3 year change in pp0.0 1.7 1.9 2.7 0.9 0.6 -0.5 -1.6 -2.1 -2.2 %21.6 23.4 26.3 27.8 24.0 19.4 16.2 14.5 10.1 8.7 3 year change in pp1.7 5.5 6.0 6.2 0.6 -6.9 -11.6 -9.5 -9.3 -7.5 %11.9 12.8 13.5 13.6 12.8 9.4 8.2 6.6 5.7 5.0 3 year change in pp0.6 0.8 2.2 1.7 0.0 -4.1 -5.4 -6.2 -3.7 -3.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatHungaryEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.18: Auxiliary indicators for Malta 

154 

Malta2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 5.5 0.5 4.1 5.5 7.6 9.6 3.9 8.0 5.2 4.9 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.0 18.2 17.6 16.5 16.7 24.2 24.0 21.8p21.1p21.6pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-4.2 -0.8 1.5 1.8 7.3 5.4 -0.2 5.5 6.6 5.6 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) 217.5 215.4 260.8 216.5 205.7 191.3 213.7 232.3 238.7 246.3 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)102.9 81.0 35.2 5.4 2.7 32.8 23.9 28.4 29.4 27.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)1800.2 1999.1 1996.3 1898.1 1789.7 1662.6 1651.0 1571.1 1533.7 1497.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)1.0 -2.8 -11.9 -8.7 -14.4 -8.5 -8.1 -6.3 -9.0 -6.4 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)3.5 1.9 1.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.3 -0.1 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)49.1 26.8 21.3 5.0 -8.1 9.0 14.1 18.4 13.6 16.0 Terms of trade (5 year % change)1.1 0.6 -0.2 0.3 1.2 2.0 2.9 4.0 4.0 3.3 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-4.7 -1.6 2.4 -2.8 -0.2 12.4 -0.2 2.7 -4.2 5.0 Labour productivity (1 year % change)3.7 -2.4 1.3 1.6 2.1 5.3 -0.4 -0.1 -0.8 -0.8 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana6.0e5.1e4.1e3.1e3.1e3.2pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)9.5 9.6 13.3 12.2 7.2 8.3 5.3 4.7 4.1 4.5 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)7.4 -4.6 2.7 1.2 5.2 8.1 14.4 17.5 17.5 18.2pResidential construction (% of GDP)3.5 3.7 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.6 4.5p5.1p4.9pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)57.7 59.5 59.4 57.5 55.2 51.1 51.2 49.0 48.7 49.7 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)5.0e5.1e5.0e6.6e11.9e14.1e15.8e13.5e12.1e11.2pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.18 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Malta   

155 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change1.7 2.9 2.8 3.8 5.4 4.1 4.3 8.1 6.0 5.8 %60.4 61.8 63.9 66.3 67.8 68.8 70.6 72.2 74.7 75.9 %4.1 3.9 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.8 0.9 %13.2 13.3 13.8 12.7 11.7 11.6 10.7 10.6 9.1 9.3 %9.5 10.2 10.8 9.9 10.3 10.5 8.8 8.6b7.3 8.6 3 year change in pp-2.0 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.1 -0.3 -1.1 -1.7b-3.2 -0.2 %21.2 22.1 23.1 24.6 23.9 23.0 20.3 19.3 19.0 20.1 3 year change in pp1.5 2.0 2.8 3.4 1.8 -0.1 -4.3 -4.6 -4.0 -0.2 %15.5 15.6 15.1 15.8 15.8 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 3 year change in pp0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.6 %6.5 6.6 9.2 10.2 10.3 8.5 4.4 3.3 3.0 3.6 3 year change in pp2.1 2.3 4.2 3.7 3.7 -0.7 -5.8 -7.0 -5.5 -0.8 %9.2 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.9 9.2 7.3 7.1 5.5 4.9 3 year change in pp-0.4 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 1.0 0.2 -1.8 -2.8 -3.7 -2.4 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. 1) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training, 2017: changes in the weighting procedure.Source: European Commission, EurostatMaltaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.19: Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands  

156 

Netherlands2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.3 1.6 -1.0 -0.1 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.4 1.7pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)19.7 20.1 18.8 18.4 17.6 22.1 20.0 20.1 20.4 21.0pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.7 1.9b1.9b1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 naCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)6.5 8.7 8.9 9.9 8.4 5.8 7.9 10.8 10.8 9.9 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -78.9 -74.1 -69.6 -66.9 -45.8 -54.1 -34.4 -18.9 -16.7 -0.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)14.5 37.1 29.4 37.5 13.0 42.2 30.5 27.5 -41.0 3.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)431.3 472.5 503.2 534.5 558.1 615.5 641.9 642.9 602.6 581.2 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.5 -1.9 -2.6 -1.4 -1.6 -1.1 -0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -0.8pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-1.0 0.0 -0.4 1.3 1.3 0.8 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 0.9 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-0.6 -1.2 -5.7 -6.4 -6.9 -6.8 -6.1 -1.3 -0.9 -1.1 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-1.2 -2.9 -2.6 -2.0 -3.0 -0.1 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.9pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-3.2 -1.7 0.2 -1.2 0.8 4.4 -0.5 1.1 0.6 1.6pLabour productivity (1 year % change)2.0 0.7 -0.8 1.1 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 -0.2p-0.2pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana3.4e2.7e2.4e2.1e1.9e1.8pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)3.3 3.3 1.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 0.2 -1.5 -1.5 -1.7 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-4.0 -8.0 -10.1 -14.0 -11.6 -1.8 9.7 17.0 23.6 26.3 Residential construction (% of GDP)4.7 4.2 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.0pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)118.9 118.2 118.3 115.6 113.8 111.9 110.2 107.2 103.7 100.3pConsolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)23.2e24.2e22.3e20.8e18.5e18.0e17.7e16.7e16.1e16.1pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
Table 5.19 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Netherlands   

157 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-0.7 0.9 -0.2 -1.2 -0.1 1.0 1.5 2.4 2.6p1.9p%77.9 78.1 79.0 79.4 79.0 79.6 79.7 79.7 80.3 80.9 %1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.0 %11.1 10.0 11.7 13.2 12.7 11.3 10.8 8.9 7.2 6.7 %4.8 4.3 4.9 5.6b5.5 4.7 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.3 3 year change in pp0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.8b1.2 -0.2 -1.0b-1.5 -0.5 -0.3 %15.1 15.7 15.0 15.9 16.5 16.4 16.7b17.0 16.7 16.5 3 year change in pp-0.6 0.8 -0.1 0.8 0.8 1.4 0.8b0.5 0.3 -0.2b%10.3 11.0 10.1 10.4 11.6 11.6 12.7b13.2 13.3 13.2 3 year change in pp0.1 0.5 -1.0 0.1 0.6 1.5 2.3b1.6 1.7 0.5b%2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 3.2 2.6 2.6b2.6 2.4 2.5 3 year change in pp0.5 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.1b-0.6 -0.2 -0.1b%8.4 8.9 8.9 9.3 10.2 10.2 9.7b9.5 8.6 9.2 3 year change in pp-1.3 0.7 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.3 0.4b-0.7 -1.6 -0.5bPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, EurostatNetherlandsEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.20: Auxiliary indicators for Austria 

158 

Austria2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.8 2.9 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4 2.6 1.4 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.6 22.5 22.6 23.0 22.7 22.7 23.1 23.6 24.0 24.7 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.7e2.7 2.9e3.0 3.1e3.1 3.1e3.1 3.1p3.2pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)2.9 1.5 1.3 1.8 2.4 1.2 2.6 1.3 0.7 2.8 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -10.3 -14.2 -16.0 -11.7 -11.3 -11.3 -9.4 -4.3 -5.6 -1.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)-5.4 5.4 1.3 0.1 0.4 -2.1 -7.5 3.2 -6.6 -1.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)74.8 72.8 74.7 75.2 77.8 75.4 65.0 71.1 62.2 59.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.9 -3.7 -3.9 -3.5 -3.0 -2.3 -1.9 -2.1 -2.5 -2.2 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)0.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.1 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-5.5 -5.7 -15.4 -13.8 -11.5 -9.2 -6.0 -0.4 0.8 -0.4 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-2.5 -3.1 -3.2 -1.9 -2.7 0.4 3.2 2.6 1.9 0.7 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)0.2 -1.0 -1.7 -3.1 -0.8 0.0 0.8 -0.5 1.8 1.8 Labour productivity (1 year % change)1.1 1.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana7.5e6.5e5.1e3.5e2.6e2.2pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)-2.0 -1.2 1.3 3.3 5.4 6.2 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)11.5be17.3e21.1e19.9 16.8 14.2 17.8 19.9 19.6 16.6 Residential construction (% of GDP)4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.7 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)54.6 53.2 52.0 51.2 51.0 50.8 51.1 50.4 49.7 49.5 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)13.8e14.7e13.5e13.4e14.2e13.5e12.5e11.6e11.4e11.2pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.20 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Austria 

159 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.8 1.6 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.1 %74.4 74.6 75.1 75.5 75.4 75.5 76.2 76.4 76.8 77.1 %1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.1 %9.5 8.9 9.4 9.7 10.3 10.6 11.2 9.8 9.4 8.5 %7.4 7.3 6.8 7.3 7.7 7.5 7.7 6.5 6.8 7.1 3 year change in pp0.0b-0.1 -1.4 -0.1 0.4 0.7 0.4 -1.2 -0.7 -0.6 %18.9 19.2 18.5 18.8 19.2 18.3 18.0 18.1 17.5 16.9 3 year change in pp2.2 -1.4b-0.6 -0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.8 -1.1 -0.8 -1.1 %14.7 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.1 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.3 13.3 3 year change in pp2.7 -0.7 -0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.3 0.3 0.4 -0.8 %4.3 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.7 2.8 2.6 3 year change in pp1.0 -1.9 -0.6 -0.1 0.0 -0.4 -1.2 -0.3 -0.8 -0.4 %7.8 8.6 7.7 7.8 9.1 8.2 8.1 8.3 7.3 7.8 3 year change in pp-0.4 1.2b0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 -0.8 -0.9 -0.3 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatAustriaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.21: Auxiliary indicators for Poland 

160 

Poland2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 3.7 4.8 1.3 1.1 3.4 4.2 3.1 4.8 5.4 4.5 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.3 20.7 19.9 18.9 19.8 20.1 18.0 17.5 18.2 18.5 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-3.8 -3.4 -1.8 0.5 -0.1 1.4 0.3 0.9 0.8 2.5 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -24.5 -25.6 -26.5 -27.2 -26.4 -26.0 -22.9 -20.7 -16.8 -12.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)3.7 3.4 1.5 0.2 3.6 3.2 3.9 2.2 3.0 2.4 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)48.4 47.3 47.9 50.4 51.7 48.1 50.5 49.6 48.1 46.4 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.6 -3.3 -3.4 -2.7 -2.6 -1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.7 -2.4 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-0.1 -9.5 7.3 -3.3 -1.5 -2.1 -5.7 -3.2 -3.0 1.6 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)34.6 23.8 9.0 4.3 8.8 8.6 14.0 25.1 23.4 22.9 Terms of trade (5 year % change)1.7 0.3 -2.6 -0.1 -1.4 2.8 4.9 6.5 4.3 3.7 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-0.1 0.8 1.2 1.8 3.0 5.0 7.1 4.2 3.2 4.0 Labour productivity (1 year % change)6.6b4.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.7 2.3 3.4 4.8 4.8pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana7.2e6.6e6.4e6.6e6.2e6.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)-3.7 -7.8 -3.7 0.1 1.9 0.9 3.7 2.9 0.0 4.1 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-7.2e-6.4e-7.0e-7.6 -6.8 -2.0 4.4 7.4 12.7 20.3 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.2 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.0 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)34.1 35.2 34.2 35.3 35.8 36.0 36.6 34.9 35.0 34.4 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)10.0e9.9e9.1e9.0e9.3e9.2e9.4e8.8e9.3e9.7pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: e = Eurostat estimates.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.21 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Poland  

161 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-2.7b0.6 0.1 -0.1 1.7 1.5 0.8 1.3 0.5 -0.2p%65.3b65.7 66.5 67.0 67.9 68.1 68.8 69.6 70.1 70.6 %3.0b3.6 4.1 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.7 %23.7b25.8 26.5 27.3 23.9 20.8 17.7 14.8 11.7 9.9 %10.8b11.5 11.8 12.2b12.0 11.0 10.5 9.5 8.7b8.1 3 year change in pp0.2b2.5b1.7 1.4b0.5 -0.8 -1.7b-2.5 -2.3b-2.4 %27.8 27.2 26.7 25.8 24.7 23.4 21.9 19.5 18.9 18.2 3 year change in pp-6.6 -3.3b-1.1 -2.0 -2.5 -3.3 -3.9 -5.2 -4.5 -3.7 %17.6 17.7 17.1 17.3 17.0 17.6 17.3 15.0 14.8 15.4 3 year change in pp0.3 0.8 0.0 -0.3 -0.7 0.5 0.0 -2.0 -2.8 -1.9 %14.2 13.0 13.5 11.9 10.4 8.1 6.7 5.9 4.7 3.6 3 year change in pp-8.1 -4.7b-1.5 -2.3 -2.6 -5.4 -5.2 -4.5 -3.4 -3.1 %7.3 6.9 6.9 7.2 7.3 6.9 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.7 3 year change in pp-2.8 -1.1 0.0 -0.1 0.4 0.0 -0.8 -1.6 -1.3 -1.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. 1) Young people neither in employment nor in education and training, 2018: changes in the weighting procedure.Source: European Commission, EurostatPolandEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22: Auxiliary indicators for Portugal 

162 

Portugal2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.7 -1.7 -4.1 -0.9 0.8 1.8 2.0 3.5 2.8 2.2pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)20.6 18.4 15.8 14.8 15.0 15.5 15.5 16.8 17.5 18.2pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-8.9 -4.5 0.5 3.3 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.2 1.4 0.9 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -67.7 -71.6 -82.1 -78.1 -77.7 -72.3 -64.2 -58.6 -55.5 -47.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)3.7 4.0 9.9 6.9 5.3 0.6 3.6 4.8 3.2 3.5 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)59.2 58.1 70.8 77.4 81.5 81.0 80.2 83.0 79.6 80.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-3.4 -4.2 -4.7 -3.7 -3.6 -2.3 -1.6 -2.2 -2.5 -2.5pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-2.1 -0.5 0.9 0.1 -1.2 -1.1 0.3 0.8 -0.3 -1.6 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-0.1 -2.9 -10.6 -2.9 -2.6 0.8 1.8 11.1 5.9 6.6 Terms of trade (5 year % change)2.1 -0.4 -0.2 3.9 0.1 4.7 8.4 6.9 4.5 4.1pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)-3.7 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.6 3.3 2.2 3.0 0.4 2.4pLabour productivity (1 year % change)3.2 0.3 0.0 2.0 -0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.4pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana16.6e17.5e17.2e13.3e9.4e6.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)0.7 -3.7 -8.5 -8.8 -10.1 -12.0 -11.1 -9.1 -7.3 -7.1 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)3.6e-5.1 -11.0 -13.3 -4.9 5.4 15.1 20.6 29.0 32.1 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.6 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.2pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)90.9 90.5 90.5 86.1 81.9 77.0 72.6 69.2 66.0 63.6 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)16.2e19.6e15.5e14.8e13.7e12.4e12.9e10.6e11.0e10.8pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: e = estimate by NCB.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Portugal 

163 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-1.4 -1.9 -4.1 -2.9 1.4 1.4 1.6 3.3 2.3 0.8p%73.7 73.6b73.4 73.0 73.2 73.4 73.7 74.7 75.1 75.5 %5.7 6.2b7.7 9.3 8.4 7.2 6.2 4.5 3.1 2.8 %22.8 30.3b37.9 38.1 34.8 32.0 28.0 23.9 20.3 18.3 %11.4 12.6b13.9 14.1 12.3 11.3 10.6 9.3 8.4 8.0 3 year change in pp0.2 2.4b2.7 2.7 -0.3b-2.6 -3.5 -3.0 -2.9 -2.6 %25.3 24.4 25.3 27.5 27.5 26.6 25.1 23.3 21.6 21.6 3 year change in pp0.3 -1.6 0.4 2.2 3.1 1.3 -2.4 -4.2 -5.0 -3.5 %17.9 18.0 17.9 18.7 19.5 19.5 19.0 18.3 17.3 17.2 3 year change in pp-0.2 -0.5 0.0 0.8 1.5 1.6 0.3 -1.2 -2.2 -1.8 %9.0 8.3 8.6 10.9 10.6 9.6 8.4 6.9 6.0 5.6 3 year change in pp-0.6 -1.4 -0.5 1.9 2.3 1.0 -2.5 -3.7 -3.6 -2.8 %8.6 8.3 10.1 12.2 12.2 10.9 9.1 8.0 7.2 6.2 3 year change in pp1.4 2.0 3.1 3.6 3.9 0.8 -3.1 -4.2 -3.7 -2.9 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, EurostatPortugalEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23: Auxiliary indicators for Romania 

164 

Romania2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) -3.9 1.9 2.0 3.8 3.6 3.0 4.7 7.3 4.5 4.2pGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)26.1 27.2 27.5 24.7 24.4 24.8 22.9 22.4 21.1 23.6pGross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.5 0.5b0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 naCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-5.0 -4.4 -3.4 1.3 2.5 1.8 1.1 -1.6 -3.2 -3.4 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -23.1 -25.1 -25.1 -20.4 -14.5 -12.9 -6.4 -5.5 -3.9 -4.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.0 1.3 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)41.8 41.8 43.5 45.1 44.9 44.4 45.4 44.5 43.7 44.2 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.2 -2.7 -3.1 -1.9 -1.4 -0.9 -0.9 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7pReal effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-9.2 -1.6 3.2 0.7 -1.3 2.2 -2.8 -5.1 -4.1 -1.2 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)65.9 61.1 21.4 20.6 27.2 21.4 20.7 34.5 20.5 15.8 Terms of trade (5 year % change)24.8 17.6 4.6 2.7 3.7 5.7 3.6 5.1 5.2 4.7pExport market share in volume (1 year % change)2.6 5.2 -2.0 16.9 4.8 1.6 14.1 2.4 1.6 2.9pLabour productivity (1 year % change)-0.7 4.3 0.6 4.7 2.8 4.3 5.9 4.8 4.4 4.2pGross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana20.7e13.4e9.7e6.6e5.0e4.3pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)166.1 72.0 79.3 45.7 48.9 20.4 22.8 33.4 20.0 30.7 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)na-38.2e-23.0 -17.0 -7.3 0.5 6.7 15.6 18.6 15.8 Residential construction (% of GDP)2.9 2.7 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.4pHousehold debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)22.7 21.8 20.7 19.2 18.0 17.4 16.7 16.1 15.8 15.4 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)10.1e10.0e9.7e9.7e10.5e9.8e9.8e9.6e9.3e9.1pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. 2) House price index: e = NSI estimates. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Romania 

165 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-3.2 -2.3 1.4 -0.9 0.8 -1.3 -1.1 2.4 0.1 0.0p%64.9b64.1 64.8 64.9 65.7 66.1 65.6 67.3 67.8 68.6 %2.4b2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 %22.1b23.9 22.6 23.7 24.0 21.7 20.6 18.3 16.2 16.8 %16.6b17.5 16.8 17.0 17.0 18.1 17.4 15.2 14.5 14.7 3 year change in pp3.3b5.9 2.9 0.4b-0.5 1.3 0.4 -1.8 -3.6 -2.7 %41.5 40.9 43.2 41.9 40.3 37.4 38.8 35.7 32.5 31.2 3 year change in pp-5.5 -3.3 0.2 0.4 -0.6 -5.8 -3.1 -4.6 -4.9 -7.6 %21.6 22.3 22.9 23.0 25.1 25.4 25.3 23.6 23.5 23.8 3 year change in pp-3.0b-1.3 0.8 1.4 2.8 2.5 2.3 -1.5 -1.9 -1.5 %30.5 29.5 31.1 29.8 25.9 22.7 23.8 19.7 16.8 14.5 3 year change in pp-7.5 -3.2 -1.0 -0.7 -3.6 -8.4 -6.0 -6.2 -5.9 -9.3 %7.7 7.3 7.9 7.6 7.2 7.9 8.2 6.9 7.4 6.0 3 year change in pp-2.2 -1.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.6 -0.3 -0.5 -2.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. p:Provisional. Source: European Commission, EurostatRomaniaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.24: Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia 

166 

Slovenia2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 1.3 0.9 -2.6 -1.0 2.8 2.2 3.2 4.8 4.4 3.2 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.1 19.9 19.0 19.6 19.1 18.7 17.4 18.3 19.2 19.6 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)2.1 2.4b2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 naCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-0.6 -1.1 1.4 3.7 5.3 4.9 4.0 5.5 5.4 5.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -42.0 -35.4 -37.6 -32.8 -28.5 -19.0 -14.7 -9.6 -1.0 1.6 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)0.6 1.7 0.1 0.2 2.0 4.0 3.2 2.5 2.9 3.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)26.9 28.5 29.6 28.9 31.5 34.4 37.1 37.9 39.2 39.7 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.0 -6.2 -6.7 -5.5 -4.1 -3.1 -2.1 -2.6 -2.9 -3.5 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)3.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.4 -0.9 -1.8 -1.6 -0.4 0.4 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)6.7 1.7 -14.4 -13.7 -8.6 -4.9 0.0 14.8 16.6 13.9 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-1.6 -2.4 -4.3 -2.3 -4.6 0.6 2.9 3.4 2.6 2.0 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-2.7 0.0 -2.6 -0.6 2.3 1.7 4.0 5.7 2.6 3.0 Labour productivity (1 year % change)3.5 2.6 -1.7 0.1 2.3 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.7 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana22.8e17.9e12.3e9.2e6.0e3.4pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)28.3 17.8 11.4 7.9 2.9 2.2 2.4 1.3 -0.2 -1.4 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-3.0 -6.9 -4.2 -9.4 -17.6 -10.8 -2.8 12.7 21.6 25.6 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.1 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)30.3 29.9 30.7 29.6 28.3 27.6 27.3 27.1 26.9 26.9 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)13.2e13.3e12.9e11.3e9.3e8.6e8.0e8.0e8.2e8.2pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) Official transmission deadline for 2019 data on Gross domestic expenditure on R&D is 31 October 2020 while data were extracted on 23 October 2020. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.24 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovenia 

167 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-2.1 -1.7 -0.9 -1.1 0.4 1.3 1.8 3.0 3.2 2.5 %71.5 70.3 70.4 70.5 70.9 71.8 71.6 74.2 75.0 75.2 %3.2 3.6 4.3 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 %14.7 15.7 20.6 21.6 20.2 16.3 15.2 11.2 8.8 8.1 %7.1 7.1 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.5 8.0 6.5 6.6 7.0 3 year change in pp0.4 0.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 0.2 -1.2 -2.9 -2.9 -1.0 %18.3 19.3 19.6 20.4 20.4 19.2 18.4 17.1 16.2 14.4 3 year change in pp1.2 0.8 2.5 2.1 1.1 -0.4 -2.0 -3.3 -3.0 -4.0 %12.7 13.6 13.5 14.5 14.5 14.3 13.9 13.3 13.3 12.0 3 year change in pp1.2 1.3 2.2 1.8 0.9 0.8 -0.6 -1.2 -1.0 -1.9 %5.9 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.6 5.8 5.4 4.6 3.7 2.6 3 year change in pp0.8 -0.6 0.5 0.8 0.5 -0.8 -1.3 -2.0 -2.1 -2.8 %7.0 7.6 7.5 8.0 8.7 7.4 7.4 6.2 5.4 5.2 3 year change in pp-0.3 0.9 1.9 1.0 1.1 -0.1 -0.6 -2.5 -2.0 -2.2 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationSource: European Commission, EurostatSloveniaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.25: Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia 

168 

Slovakia2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 5.9 2.8 1.9 0.7 2.6 4.8 2.1 3.0 3.8 2.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)21.1 23.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 23.7 21.0 21.2 21.0 21.4 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 Current plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-3.2 -3.7 2.9 3.3 2.1 1.2 -1.0 -1.8 -1.2 -2.0 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -10.9 -12.4 -8.6 -10.5 -13.0 -14.0 -14.8 -15.2 -16.5 -14.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.3 5.6 1.8 1.0 -0.4 1.7 5.3 4.4 2.1 2.2 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)62.0 65.2 63.9 64.5 62.0 62.8 70.9 71.4 71.0 69.6 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-5.7 -6.8 -5.7 -5.9 -4.0 -3.0 -2.5 -2.9 -4.0 -3.1 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)12.7 4.9 1.9 2.5 0.5 -1.5 -2.2 -1.7 -0.4 1.9 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)12.4 4.8 -3.0 1.3 7.0 4.0 3.8 2.3 -0.4 0.1 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-5.9 -5.9 -6.0 -4.8 -3.7 -3.2 -2.3 -1.6 -1.7 -2.0 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)4.4 3.7 6.0 2.3 0.0 3.6 2.8 -1.8 1.5 -0.3 Labour productivity (1 year % change)7.5 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 2.8 -0.2 0.8 1.7 1.3 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana5.2e4.4e4.6e3.7e3.2e2.9pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)10.8 9.7 5.6 4.0 1.8 -0.8 -0.5 4.1 5.0 6.3 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-1.2 -17.5 -8.0 -3.3 -0.4 7.8 14.0 19.0 21.3 24.1 Residential construction (% of GDP)2.8 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)24.6 26.1 28.1b29.6 32.4 34.5 38.4 41.1 42.4 43.7 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)10.4e9.4e8.5e8.2e8.4e9.0e9.2e9.3e9.5e9.6pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.25 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Slovakia 

169 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-1.5 1.8 0.1 -0.8 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.0 %68.7 68.7b69.4 69.9 70.3 70.9 71.9 72.1 72.4 72.7 %9.2 9.2b9.4 10.0 9.3 7.6 5.8 5.1 4.0 3.4 %33.6 33.4b34.0 33.7 29.7 26.5 22.2 18.9 14.9 16.1 %14.1 13.8b13.8 13.7 12.8 13.7 12.3 12.1 10.2 10.3 3 year change in pp1.6 2.7b1.3 -0.4 -1.0b-0.1 -1.4 -0.7 -3.5 -2.0 %20.6 20.6 20.5 19.8 18.4 18.4 18.1 16.3 16.3 16.4 3 year change in pp-0.8 0.0 0.9 -0.8 -2.2 -2.1 -1.7 -2.1 -2.1 -1.7 %12.0 13.0 13.2 12.8 12.6 12.3 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 3 year change in pp1.4 2.1 2.2 0.8 -0.4 -0.9 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.8 %11.4 10.6 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.0 8.2 7.0 7.0 7.9 3 year change in pp-2.3 -1.2 -0.6 -1.2 -0.7 -1.5 -2.0 -2.9 -2.0 -0.3 %7.9 7.7 7.2 7.6 7.1 7.1 6.5 5.4 5.2 6.2 3 year change in pp1.5 2.5 1.6 -0.3 -0.6 -0.1 -1.1 -1.7 -1.9 -0.3 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatSlovakiaEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.26: Auxiliary indicators for Finland 

170 

Finland2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 3.2 2.5 -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 0.5 2.8 3.3 1.5 1.1 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.3 22.6 23.1 22.0 21.5 21.2 22.7 23.4 24.1 23.9 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8pCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)1.6 -1.3 -2.0 -1.7 -1.2 -0.9 -1.9 -0.7 -1.7 -0.1 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) 8.0 2.9 -2.2 -4.6 0.1 15.2 10.2 4.8 -1.1 6.3 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)4.8 -2.2 1.9 -1.9 6.4 7.4 2.1 6.9 -3.9 5.9 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)54.4 50.4 51.7 46.6 52.0 57.3 54.5 56.9 46.5 50.9 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-2.8 -3.7 -2.6 -2.6 -2.4 -1.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.0 -1.7 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)1.9 2.2 1.6 1.9 2.0 0.9 0.3 -1.2 -1.4 -1.7 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-13.1 -17.6 -26.9 -28.7 -23.6 -23.1 -18.5 -7.7 -6.2 2.7 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-5.8 -4.3 -5.3 -2.7 -3.2 1.9 3.2 3.9 3.9 2.5 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-6.7 -4.9 -2.9 -3.1 -5.7 -2.6 1.7 3.2 -2.0 6.6 Labour productivity (1 year % change)3.8 0.9 -2.2 -0.1 0.1 0.6 2.3 2.2 -1.0 -0.5 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana1.6e1.5e1.4e1.2e1.5e1.4pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)1.1 2.2 6.2 8.4 9.2 8.5 5.6 2.9 1.3 -3.1 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)8.7 11.3 12.3 6.9 3.2 0.8b0.5 2.4 3.4 3.7 Residential construction (% of GDP)6.3 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.2 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)58.9 59.0 61.0 61.5 62.5 63.3 64.1 64.5 65.1 66.0 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)19.6e26.1e26.3e21.7e24.3e19.1e17.7e18.9e16.1e16.6pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) House price index: b = break in time series due to new calculation method for New dwellings (apartments).Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.26 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Finland 

171 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change-0.6 1.6 0.9 -0.8 -0.4 -0.1 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.7 %74.5 74.9 75.2 75.2 75.4 75.8 75.9 76.7 77.9 78.3 %2.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.2 %21.4 20.1 19.0 19.9 20.5 22.4 20.1 20.1 17.0 17.2 %9.0 8.4 8.6 9.3 10.2 10.6 9.9 9.4 8.5 8.2 3 year change in pp2.0 0.6 -1.3 0.3 1.8 2.0 0.6 -0.8 -2.1 -1.7 %16.9 17.9 17.2 16.0 17.3 16.8 16.6 15.7 16.5 15.6 3 year change in pp-0.5 0.5 0.3 -0.9 -0.6 -0.4 0.6 -1.6 -0.3 -1.0 %13.1 13.7 13.2 11.8 12.8 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.0 11.6 3 year change in pp0.1 0.1 -0.6 -1.3 -0.9 -0.8 -0.2 -1.3 -0.4 0.0 %2.8 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.8 2.4 3 year change in pp-0.8 -0.3 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 -0.7 0.6 0.2 %9.3 10.0 9.3 9.0 10.0 10.8 11.4 10.7 10.8 9.7 3 year change in pp0.5 2.5 0.9 -0.3 0.0 1.5 2.4 0.7 0.0 -1.7 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationSource: European Commission, EurostatFinlandEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.27: Auxiliary indicators for Sweden 

172 

Sweden2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 6.0 3.2 -0.6 1.2 2.7 4.5 2.1 2.6 2.0 1.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)22.5 22.9 22.7 22.4 23.2 23.8 24.2 25.1 25.2 24.5 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)3.2e3.2 3.2e3.3e3.1e3.2 3.3p3.4 3.3 3.4peCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)5.7 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.6 4.2 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -16.8 -18.6 -20.5 -24.3 -21.4 -13.7 -12.1 -7.1 -11.5 -5.0 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)0.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 -1.7 2.0 2.9 4.8 -0.3 4.6 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)91.5 90.0 90.1 89.5 83.4 83.9 85.3 88.5 86.7 86.1 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-1.6 -1.8 -1.7 -1.5 -1.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-1.1 7.4 19.3 5.9 -3.8 -7.9 -7.9 -4.0 -7.6 -9.7 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-5.6 -5.4 -13.0 -12.5 -5.1 -9.1 -10.6 -7.2 -8.4 -6.7 Terms of trade (5 year % change)1.9 1.1 -0.3 0.2 -0.8 0.3 1.3 0.4 -1.1 -0.5 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-2.3 -0.2 -2.0 -4.8 0.7 2.8 0.2 -1.3 0.5 2.2 Labour productivity (1 year % change)5.3 0.9 -1.3 0.2 1.2 3.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana1.3e1.3e1.2e1.3e1.0e1.1pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)-0.5 -1.8 1.5 3.3 5.1 5.1 6.9 5.3 5.6 5.8 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)12.5 14.1 12.0 9.2 16.5 30.2 34.0 30.6 14.4 8.3 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.7 4.0 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.3 5.7 5.2 4.6 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)75.9 76.5 79.3 81.2 82.1 82.4 85.7 87.3 87.9 88.6 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)22.4e24.1e22.1e21.3e20.6e18.8e17.6e16.5e18.1e17.9pFlags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.27 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for Sweden 

173 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.6 2.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.5 1.6 0.6 %79.1 79.9 80.3 81.1 81.5 81.7 82.1 82.5 82.7b82.9 %1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1b0.9 %24.8 22.8 23.6 23.5 22.9 20.4 18.9 17.9 17.4b20.1 %7.7 7.5 7.8 7.5 7.2 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.0b5.5 3 year change in pp0.2b-0.3b-1.8 -0.2 -0.3 -1.1 -1.0 -1.0 -0.7b-1.0 %17.7 18.5 17.7 18.3 18.2 18.6 18.3 17.7 18.0 18.8 3 year change in pp3.8 1.8b-0.1 0.6 -0.3 0.9 0.0 -0.5 -0.6 0.5 %14.8 15.4 15.2 16.0 15.6 16.3 16.2 15.8 16.4 17.1 3 year change in pp4.3 1.9b0.8 1.2 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.9 %1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.8 3 year change in pp-0.3 -0.1b-0.2 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -1.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 %8.5 9.4 8.1 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.5 8.8 9.1 8.6 3 year change in pp2.5 2.4b-0.4 0.9 -0.4 0.6 -0.9 -0.2 0.4 0.1 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. Source: European Commission, EurostatSwedenEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.28: Auxiliary indicators for the United Kingdom 

174 

United Kingdom2010201120122013201420152016201720182019Real GDP (1 year % change) 2.1 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.9 2.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)16.0 15.6 15.7 16.0 16.6 17.2 17.7 18.0 17.8 18.0 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)1.6e1.7b1.6e1.6 1.6e1.7 1.7e1.7 1.7 naCurrent plus capital account (net lending-borrowing) (% of GDP)-3.2 -1.9 -3.5 -5.0 -5.0 -5.1 -5.5 -3.8 -3.8 -4.3 Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP) -27.6 -23.9 -25.4 -13.5 -16.4 -15.6 -1.1 -6.3 0.0 -15.1 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, flows (% of GDP)2.6 1.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.6 12.2 4.7 2.8 0.8 Foreign direct investment in the reporting economy, stocks (% of GDP)59.0 59.9 73.1 71.1 71.1 70.5 77.5 85.9 89.5 80.5 Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)-0.4 -1.0 -1.2 -1.1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.5 Real effective exchange rate - euro area trading partners (3 year % change)-16.8 -2.7 14.5 4.2 10.3 13.8 4.8 -6.8 -16.2 -4.4 Export performance against advanced economies (5 year % change)-17.6 -20.4 -15.0 -7.2 -5.7 1.2 -3.0 -4.9 -3.3 -3.1 Terms of trade (5 year % change)-1.0 -2.4 -0.8 3.7 3.8 5.2 7.3 5.8 4.7 2.3 Export market share in volume (1 year % change)-7.1 0.3 -2.5 -2.8 -3.5 -0.2 0.5 0.0 -0.7 1.7 Labour productivity (1 year % change)1.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities  (% of gross loans)nananana3.3ena1.9e1.5e1.2e1.2pUnit labour cost performance relative to EA (10 year % change)9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 6.4 6.0 4.7 3.9 7.4 9.2 House price index (2015=100) - nominal (3 year % change)-7.9 -5.1 4.6 1.4 11.2 17.4 22.4 18.5 15.5 9.1 Residential construction (% of GDP)3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH, % of GDP)93.3 90.7 89.2 87.1 85.0 85.0 85.3 85.2 85.1 84.1 Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (total assets/total equity)20.8e20.5e19.1e17.9e17.9e15.6e15.1e15.0e15.3e16.0pFlags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1)TheUnitedKingdomlefttheEuropeanUnionon31January2020onthebasisoftheAgreementonthewithdrawaloftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandfromtheEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity('theWithdrawalAgreement',OJC384I,12.11.2019,p.1),UnionlawcontinuestoapplytoandintheUnitedKingdomforthedurationofthetransitionperiodendingon31December2020.2)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019dataonGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&Dis31October2020whiledatawereextractedon23October 2020.Source:EuropeanCommission,EurostatandDirectorateGeneralforEconomicandFinancialAffairs(forRealEffectiveExchangeRate),EuropeanCentralBank(forConsolidatedbankingleverageandGrossnon-performingloans,domesticandforeignentities),andInternationalMonetaryFund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services) 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.28 (continued): Auxiliary indicators for the United Kingdom 

175 

20102011201220132014201520162017201820191 year % change0.2 0.5 1.1 1.2 2.4 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.1 %75.4 75.5 76.1 76.4 76.7 76.9 77.3 77.6 77.9 78.1 %2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.9 %19.9 21.3 21.2 20.7 17.0 14.6 13.0 12.1 11.3 11.2 %13.6 14.2 13.9 13.2 11.9 11.1 10.9 10.3 10.4 10.5 3 year change in pp1.7b2.1b0.7 -0.4 -2.3 -2.8 -2.3 -1.6 -0.7 -0.4 %23.2 22.7 24.1b24.8 24.1 23.5 22.2 22.0b23.1 na3 year change in pp0.6 -0.5 2.1b1.6 1.4 -0.6b-2.6 -2.1b-0.4 na%17.1 16.2 16.0 15.9 16.8 16.6 15.9 17.0b18.6 na3 year change in pp-1.5 -2.5 -1.3 -1.2 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.2b2.0 na%4.8 5.1 7.8 8.3 7.4 6.1 5.2 4.1b4.6 na3 year change in pp0.6 0.6 4.5u3.5 2.3 -1.7 -3.1 -3.3b-1.5 na%13.2 11.5 13.0b13.2 12.3 11.9 11.3 10.1b8.6 na3 year change in pp2.8 1.1 0.3b0.0 0.8 -1.1b-1.9 -2.2b-3.3 naPeople at risk of poverty or social exclusion - % of total populationFlags:b:Break in series. u:Low reliability. 1)TheUnitedKingdomlefttheEuropeanUnionon31January2020onthebasisoftheAgreementonthewithdrawaloftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandfromtheEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity('theWithdrawalAgreement',OJC384I,12.11.2019,p.1),UnionlawcontinuestoapplytoandintheUnitedKingdomforthedurationofthetransitionperiodendingon31December2020.2)Officialtransmissiondeadlinefor2019datafortheIncomeandLivingConditions(EU-SILC)indicatorsis30November2020whiledatawereextractedon23October2020.3)IncomeandLivingConditionsindicators:Cautiontobetakenintimecomparisons.In2017significantchangeinmicrodatacollectionpracticesacrossmostSILCvariables,partialresponsesfromtheSLCareincluded,withitem-by-itemimputation used to adjust individual non-response as well as change in calibration variables used. The reported breaks reduce the information value of 3 year change in pp in the year of reporting and the two subsequent years.Source: European Commission, EurostatUnited KingdomEmploymentActivity rate - % of total population aged 15-64Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24Young people neither in employment nor in education and training - % of total population aged 15-24People at risk of poverty after social transfers - % of total populationSeverely materially deprived people - % of total populationPeople living in households with very low work intensity - % of total population aged 0-59 
 
 
Chapter 6: Tables by year - MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 
Table 6.1: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2019 

176 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE0.3 50.6 -1.3 -1.5 1.9 2.5 3.8 179.1 98.1 5.4 4.6 69.0 2.3 14.2 BG3.0 -31.2 0.1 2.8 3.5p4.0p5.6 91.8 20.2 4.2 5.8 73.2 2.4 8.9 CZ-0.3 -20.3 0.3 -1.0 4.1 6.2 3.1 80.8 30.2 2.0 5.6 76.7 0.6 5.6 DK8.9 76.9 -1.8 3.5 -0.1 1.5 11.4 221.2 33.3 5.0 13.1 79.1 0.8 10.1 DE7.1 71.7 -1.5 -1.8 3.3 4.3 5.4 105.4 59.6 3.1 7.3 79.2 1.2 5.8 EE2.0 -21.4 0.1 2.9 5.4 4.4 3.8 97.8 8.4 4.4 12.5 78.9 0.9 11.1 IE-11.3 -174.0 -2.7 8.4 0.9 0.0 -9.1 202.4 57.4 5.0 15.5 73.3 1.6 12.5 EL-1.5 -155.9 -2.0 0.8 0.4p6.5e0.8p109.9p180.5 17.3 11.5 68.4 12.2 35.2 ES2.1 -73.9 -1.7 -0.9 2.4p4.1 1.3p129.4p95.5 14.1 0.9 73.8 5.3 32.5 FR-0.7 -22.9 -1.4 -1.3 -0.5p2.38.0p153.3p98.1 8.5 7.5 71.7 3.4 19.6 HR2.7 -50.3 -1.6 4.4 1.7p8.1 1.7p91.2p72.8 6.6 6.8 66.5 2.4 16.6 IT3.0 -1.5 -2.2 -2.0 1.3 -0.6 0.2 106.6 134.7 10.0 3.8 65.7 5.6 29.2 CY-6.3 -122.3 -2.0 -4.1 1.9p2.6 2.7p259.1p94.0 7.1 3.9 76.0 2.1 16.6 LV-0.6 -41.7 0.1 -1.2 6.5 5.8 1.5 67.1 36.9 6.3 4.6 77.3 2.4 12.4 LT3.3 -24.1 -0.7 6.6 6.1 4.9 3.0 55.1 35.9 6.3 4.1 78.0 1.9 11.9 LU4.6 56.2 -0.6 3.6 3.0 8.0 3.8 318.7 22.0 5.6 3.3 72.0 1.3 17.0 HU-0.2 -43.7 -0.8 1.6 1.9p12.8p3.2p66.6p65.4 3.4 17.8 72.6 1.1 11.4 MT4.8 54.6 -2.2 4.3 3.7 4.0p8.5 123.7 42.6 3.6 4.4 75.9 0.9 9.3 NL9.9 90.0 0.4 -0.6 3.1p4.8 0.0p234.0p48.7 3.4 6.1p80.9 1.0 6.7 AT2.8 12.1 -1.0 -0.6 2.5 3.9 4.5 120.1 70.5 4.5 4.3 77.1 1.1 8.5 PL0.5 -49.4 -0.9 3.8 3.5p6.7 3.3 74.0 45.7 3.3 4.2 70.6 0.7 9.9 PT-0.1 -100.3 -1.8 0.8 2.0p8.7 2.2p149.2p117.2 6.5 0.0 75.5 2.8 18.3 RO-4.7 -43.5 -0.3 1.6 5.1p-1.7 2.0p46.7p35.3 3.9 10.4 68.6 1.7 16.8 SI5.6 -15.4 -0.5 0.6 4.2 4.8 0.8 68.7 65.6 4.5 9.9 75.2 1.9 8.1 SK-2.7 -66.3 0.6 -2.0 5.3 6.2 5.0 91.6 48.5 5.8 4.9e72.7 3.4 16.1 FI-0.2 3.6 -1.5 3.7 1.9 0.0 7.6 147.5 59.3 6.7 7.6 78.3 1.2 17.2 SE4.2 18.2 -3.8 0.7 2.5 0.5 9.8 203.9 35.1 6.8 10.6 82.9 0.9 20.1 Employment indicators¹Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional.1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 4) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2019External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalances 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.2: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2018 

177 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE-0.8 35.7 2.4 -1.4 1.4 1.0 2.3 185.7 99.8 6.0 -3.5 68.6 2.9 15.8 BG1.0 -37.4 3.7 0.2 6.3 4.5 3.9 95.2 22.3 5.2 6.8 71.5 3.0 12.7 CZ0.4 -24.4 4.4 1.1 6.2 5.9 6.8 83.0 32.1 2.2 3.4 76.6 0.7 6.7 DK7.0 65.7 1.2 0.2 1.2 3.5 6.5 218.2 34.0 5.1 0.3 78.2 1.0 10.5 DE7.4 63.4 2.7 -1.3 3.0 5.1 6.3 102.4 61.8 3.4 2.0 78.6 1.4 6.2 EE0.9 -29.6 4.6 1.8 5.7 2.1 4.6 101.1 8.2 5.4 6.6 79.1 1.3 11.8 IE6.0 -180.9 1.4 6.2 -2.4 7.8 -8.6 231.0 63.0 5.8 4.6 72.9 2.1 13.8 EL-2.9 -148.0 1.9 7.7 1.6p1.4e-0.9p118.6p186.2 19.3 -4.9 68.2 13.6 39.9 ES1.9 -79.2 2.0 -1.0 1.1p5.2 0.0p133.2p97.4 15.3 -2.5 73.7 6.4 34.3 FR-0.6 -18.8 2.6 0.8 1.0p1.3 8.2p148.4p98.1 9.0 1.9b71.9 3.8 20.8 HR1.8 -57.7 2.6 1.4 3.6p4.6 2.3 93.5 74.3 8.5 4.5 66.3 3.4 23.7 IT2.5 -4.8 1.9 -0.5 2.0 -1.5 2.1 108.1 134.4 10.6 0.0 65.6 6.2 32.2 CY-3.9 -125.8 1.6 4.2 1.4 0.1 11.2 286.1 99.2 8.4 -2.8 75.0 2.7 20.2 LV-0.3 -46.5 3.7 2.9 5.4 6.4 -0.2 69.8 37.1 7.4 -3.5 77.7 3.1 12.2 LT0.3 -30.4 4.1 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.3 56.2 33.7 6.2 9.1 77.3 2.0 11.1 LU4.8 55.2 1.6 -0.1 3.9 4.8 22.1 315.2 21.0 5.6 -1.5 71.1 1.4 14.2 HU0.3 -50.4 -0.5 -0.2 3.3 10.9 4.1 68.8 69.1 3.7 -9.4 71.9 1.4 10.2 MT5.7 57.6 2.4 -3.0 4.5 4.9 6.4 123.2 45.2 3.7 1.7 74.7 1.8 9.1 NL10.8 71.9 1.5 1.7 2.2p7.1 5.6 244.2 52.4 3.8 -2.9 80.3 1.4 7.2 AT1.3 5.3 2.1 2.7 2.0 2.6 4.5 121.8 74.0 4.9 -0.5 76.8 1.4 9.4 PL-1.3 -55.9 1.0 3.7 3.2 4.9 3.7 76.8 48.8 3.9 3.3 70.1 1.0 11.7 PT0.4 -105.6 0.9 1.6 3.4 8.6 1.0 154.8 121.5 7.1 0.5 75.1 3.1 20.3 RO-4.4 -43.8 2.3 3.7 8.2 1.3 1.9 47.5 34.7 4.2 3.3 67.8 1.8 16.2 SI5.8 -19.0 1.9 4.0 2.7 6.3 1.3 72.6 70.3 5.1 4.1 75.0 2.2 8.8 SK-2.2 -69.5 2.1 2.2 4.0 4.9 2.0 90.8 49.9 6.5 10.2e72.4 4.0 14.9 FI-1.7 -5.9 2.3 1.2 2.3 -0.1 4.2 144.5 59.6 7.4 20.1 77.9 1.6 17.0 SE2.5 8.0 -4.0 -3.0 3.5 -3.3 8.8 200.8 38.9 6.4b-2.7 82.7b1.1b17.4b1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 4) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options; the increase for FI is largely explained by international group changes in the deposit-taking corporations sector. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2018External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.3: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2017 

178 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE0.7 56.0 1.5 0.4 1.9 1.7 1.9 187.8 102.0 7.1b1.4 68.0b3.5b19.3bBG3.5 -43.3 0.6 4.7 8.7 5.3 4.1 99.0 25.3 6.2 7.2 71.3 3.4 12.9 CZ1.5 -24.9 3.7 1.3 3.5 9.1 6.0 80.3 34.2 2.9 28.3 75.9 1.0 7.9 DK8.0 55.4 0.4 -0.6 0.3 3.2 4.2 220.1 35.9 5.8b6.4 77.9b1.2b12.4bDE7.8 56.4 1.0 -1.3 1.4 4.6 4.6 100.3 65.1 3.8 4.1 78.2 1.6 6.8 EE2.3 -33.1 1.5 -0.2 7.6 1.8 4.2 106.0 9.1 5.8 12.5 78.8 1.9 12.1 IE0.5 -165.4 0.0 1.5 -2.8 9.8 0.2 247.8 67.0 6.7 4.3 72.7 3.0 14.4 EL-1.9 -143.2 0.5 5.1 -0.3 -1.5e-1.2 119.9 179.2 21.5 -12.9 68.3 15.6 43.6 ES2.8 -84.9 1.4 0.3 0.4 4.6 0.6 139.8 98.6 17.2 4.0 73.9 7.7 38.6 FR-0.8 -20.1 0.5 -3.0 0.8 2.3 7.1 145.0 98.3 9.4 4.3 71.5 4.2 22.1 HR3.4 -65.4 0.5 2.4 -0.7p2.9 1.6 97.7 77.5 11.2 3.9 66.4 4.6 27.4 IT2.6 -7.7 0.6 -0.6 -0.1 -2.1 1.2 109.7 134.1 11.2 1.8 65.4 6.5 34.7 CY-5.3 -133.2 0.4 2.6 1.9 1.3 7.5 307.2 93.5 11.1 -0.2 73.9 4.5 24.7 LV1.3 -53.1 -0.1 1.8 4.2 5.6 2.7 75.7 39.0 8.7 6.2 77.0 3.3 17.0 LT0.5 -36.5 0.3 9.7 4.3 5.2 4.5 56.2 39.1 7.1 12.9 75.9 2.7 13.3 LU4.9 70.4 1.0 -1.2 4.6 3.7 5.3 313.5 22.3 5.5 0.9 70.2 2.1 15.4 HU2.0 -54.5 1.7 0.6 4.5 9.3 0.7 70.2 72.2 4.2 -7.6 71.2 1.7 10.7 MT4.9 58.6 1.0 1.6 0.1 4.3 3.7 125.4 48.8 4.0 8.1 72.2 2.0 10.6 NL10.8 59.8 0.5 1.2 0.5 6.1 4.0 250.4 56.9 4.9 0.5 79.7 1.9 8.9 AT1.4 4.3 1.0 -1.2 0.9 3.4 3.6 122.4 78.5 5.5 3.6 76.4 1.8 9.8 PL-0.3 -61.2 2.7 5.9 2.3 1.8 3.0 76.9 50.6 4.9 4.7 69.6 1.5 14.8 PT1.3 -110.4 0.6 3.1 2.1 7.6 2.3 162.4 126.1 9.0 1.4 74.7 4.5 23.9 RO-2.8 -47.4 -1.8 2.9 9.6 3.3 1.7 50.9 35.1 4.9 8.2 67.3 2.0 18.3 SI6.2 -24.2 -0.3 5.5 1.2 6.4 0.9 76.2 74.1 6.6 5.3 74.2 3.1 11.2 SK-1.9 -68.3 -0.1 -1.4 4.5 4.4 9.6 94.0 51.7 8.1 16.4e72.1 5.1 18.9 FI-0.8 1.2 -0.6 4.0 -3.2 0.8 9.3 148.0 61.3 8.6 -4.1 76.7 2.1 20.1 SE3.1 1.4 -0.8 -3.2 1.9 4.8 13.3 198.7 40.7 6.7 6.9 82.5 1.2 17.9 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 4) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.  5) Unemployment rate, Activity rate, Long-term unemployement rate and Youth unemployment rate: BE: revision in the survey methodology; DK: data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2017External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.4: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2016 

179 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE0.6 54.5 2.9 7.1 0.6 1.2 23.8 194.9 105.0 7.8 2.4 67.6 4.0 20.1 BG3.2 -47.9 -0.4 8.3 2.4 6.6 3.0 104.4 29.3 7.6 9.1 68.7 4.5 17.2 CZ1.8 -27.2 2.5 4.4 3.0 6.8 6.2 80.4 36.6 4.0 16.8 75.0 1.7 10.5 DK7.8 52.6 1.0 1.6 -0.2 5.1 3.1 226.1 37.2 6.0b8.5 77.5b1.2b12.2bDE8.5 51.4 1.6 3.4 1.3 6.7 4.5 98.9 69.3 4.1 5.3 77.9 1.7 7.1 EE1.2 -39.1 1.5 6.5 -0.7 3.7 6.3 110.9 9.9 6.8 8.4 77.5 2.1 13.4 IE-4.2 -172.2 0.9 4.0 4.2 7.2 -15.8 285.4 74.1 8.4 1.5 72.7 4.2 16.8 EL-1.7 -139.3 1.1 -2.1 0.1 -1.7e-2.1 126.7 180.8 23.6 -10.3 68.2 17.0 47.3 ES3.2 -85.5 0.7 5.8 -0.9 4.5 -0.4 147.8 99.2 19.6 2.1 74.2 9.5 44.4 FR-0.5 -13.0 1.3 2.2 0.7 0.8 6.2 143.2 98.0 10.0 4.9 71.4 4.6 24.5 HR2.0 -72.4 1.1 9.1 -2.8p2.0 -0.2 104.2 80.8 13.1 3.5 65.6 6.6 31.3 IT2.6 -11.9 0.8 2.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 112.4 134.8 11.7 3.3 64.9 6.7 37.8 CY-4.2 -133.8 -0.2 8.2 -2.6 2.2 12.0 328.3 103.1 13.0 -0.2 73.4 5.8 29.1 LV1.6 -55.8 1.2 3.8 4.5 6.3 2.5 78.4 40.4 9.6 4.7 76.3 4.0 17.3 LT-1.1 -42.8 1.9 4.0 6.1 4.4 4.4 56.6 39.7 7.9 15.8 75.5 3.0 14.5 LU4.9 57.7 0.7 3.2 -0.7 5.7 6.5 310.6 20.1 6.3 5.4 70.0 2.2 18.9 HU4.5 -59.1 0.8 3.4 4.0 13.1 -3.1 76.9 74.9 5.1 19.5 70.1 2.4 12.9 MT-0.6 47.8 1.4 3.5 6.4 4.4 11.9 134.6 54.5 4.7 3.5 70.6 2.4 10.7 NL8.1 61.2 1.2 0.4 0.9 4.4 3.8 260.3 61.9 6.0 7.4 79.7 2.5 10.8 AT2.7 4.1 1.7 4.2 1.7 7.0 3.3 123.3 82.8 6.0 -3.5 76.2 1.9 11.2 PL-0.8 -61.5 -3.5 6.6 2.4 2.3 5.3 81.9 54.2 6.2 9.2 68.8 2.2 17.7 PT1.2 -110.5 1.6 4.2 0.8 6.1 -1.8 169.3 131.5 11.2 -0.4 73.7 6.2 28.0 RO-1.4 -49.2 -1.3 8.9 9.1 5.2 0.6 53.8 37.4 5.9 7.0 65.6 3.0 20.6 SI4.8 -28.8 0.5 6.7 1.8 3.9 -0.8 81.0 78.5 8.0 3.4 71.6 4.3 15.2 SK-2.7 -66.8 0.5 6.0 2.5 7.0 9.2 88.2 52.4 9.7 8.6e71.9 5.8 22.2 FI-2.0 5.5 1.2 2.8 -1.4 0.6 1.3 148.1 63.2 8.8 3.8 75.9 2.3 20.1 SE3.5 -1.9 0.8 1.5 2.4 7.3 8.4 192.4 42.3 7.0 9.1 82.1 1.3 18.9 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 3) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 4) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options. 5) Labour Force Survey indicators: DK: data collection improvement, introduction of CAWI (computer-assisted web interviewing) technique. Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2016External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.5: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2015 

180 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE1.4 45.2 -3.4 -7.1 -1.0 0.8 12.1 176.1 105.2 8.5 2.6 67.6 4.4 22.1 BG0.1 -61.8 -3.6 -1.1 1.9 1.2b-3.5 109.3 26.0 9.2 9.5 69.3 5.6 21.6 CZ0.4 -32.9 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 4.0 -0.4 78.2 39.7 5.1 7.9 74.0 2.4 12.6 DK8.2 30.8 -3.4 -2.0 0.8 6.6 2.9 211.4 39.8 6.3 -0.9 76.9 1.6 12.2 DE8.6 46.6 -4.4 0.0 2.2 4.1 2.9 97.9 72.3 4.6 3.1 77.6 2.0 7.2 EE1.8 -39.9 0.1 -8.4 4.8 7.3 2.7 112.8 10.0 6.2 8.6 76.7 2.4 13.1 IE4.4 -198.4 -7.2 40.7 -15.6 10.8 -2.3 305.1 76.7 10.0 9.6 72.1 5.3 20.2 EL-0.8 -136.3 -4.5 -7.2 -3.1 -3.3e-3.1 128.8 177.0 24.9 6.3 67.8 18.2 49.8 ES2.0 -88.9 -4.5 -1.4 0.0 3.7 -2.5 155.8 99.3 22.1 -1.9 74.3 11.4 48.3 FR-0.4 -12.9 -4.7 1.0 0.2 -1.7 4.6 142.8 95.6 10.4 2.2 71.3 4.6 24.7 HR3.2 -78.4 -1.5 3.7 -0.5p-2.6 -1.6 111.9 84.3 16.2 2.0 66.9 10.2 42.3 IT1.4 -19.3 -4.5 -2.3 0.9 -4.0 -1.4 116.0 135.3 11.9 1.4 64.0 6.9 40.3 CY-0.4 -154.0 -6.5 2.5 -2.9 1.0b4.4 346.7 107.2 15.0 9.8 73.9 6.8 32.8 LV-0.6 -61.7 0.6 -3.6 4.9 -2.8 -0.8 78.4 37.1 9.9 13.3 75.7 4.5 16.3 LT-2.4 -43.8 0.3 -8.6 5.1 4.7 2.6 55.2 42.5 9.1 7.1 74.1 3.9 16.3 LU5.1 66.5 -2.7 4.5 0.1 5.3 2.8 332.7 22.0 6.7b17.9 70.9b1.9b17.3bHU2.3 -67.6 -2.4 0.3 0.4 13.2 -2.5 83.8 75.8 6.8 0.4 68.6 3.1 17.3 MT2.7 36.1 -4.8 11.0 0.5 4.1 8.5 130.2 55.9 5.4 3.6 68.8 2.7 11.6 NL6.3 48.9 -3.4 -2.0 -1.3 3.4 0.2 263.9 64.7 6.9 4.0 79.6 3.0 11.3 AT1.7 2.2 -2.4 -3.5 1.5 3.4 2.1 124.0 84.9 5.7 -0.1 75.5 1.7 10.6 PL-0.9 -62.1 -2.6 3.0 -0.5 2.7 3.5 79.1 51.3 7.5 2.9 68.1 3.0 20.8 PT0.2 -118.9 -2.9 -1.3 -0.1 2.2 -1.4 179.3 131.2 12.6 -1.4 73.4 7.2 32.0 RO-0.6 -54.7 -2.6 -0.2 -2.4 1.9 0.2 58.1 37.8 6.8 4.1 66.1 3.0 21.7 SI3.8 -31.2 -2.1 -1.6 0.6 1.4 -5.0 87.4 82.6 9.0 -3.8 71.8 4.7 16.3 SK-2.1 -63.9 -2.4 -2.6 0.9 5.5 5.1 80.5 51.9 11.5 10.4e70.9 7.6 26.5 FI-0.9 4.8 -3.2 -6.7 0.8 -0.5b6.9 152.1 63.6 9.4 1.4 75.8 2.3 22.4 SE4.1 -5.2 -5.5 -0.9 -0.3 12.0 7.5 190.9 43.7 7.4 1.8 81.7 1.5 20.4 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position of LU has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL; b = break in time series due to full implementation of harmonised EU methodology for BG and CY; b = break in time series due to new calculation method for New dwellings (apartments) for FI. 4) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) Private sector debt: significant increases for IE due to re-domiciling of large multinational corporations and movement of large parts of their balance sheets. 6) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options. 7) Activity rate, Long-term unemployement rate: LU change in sampling strategy and data collection technique.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2015External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.6: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2014 

181 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE0.8 44.8 0.2 0.4 -0.2 -1.3 -2.0 162.1 107.0 8.5 2.6 67.7 4.3 23.2 BG1.2 -72.2 -0.8 0.8 4.0 1.5 2.3 125.5 27.1 11.4 7.9 69.0 6.9 23.8 CZ0.2 -36.3 -5.2 4.7 1.1 1.6 2.3 83.0 41.9 6.1 5.2 73.5 2.7 15.9 DK8.9 43.3 0.8 0.5 0.7 3.1 -0.3 214.0 44.3 6.9 7.3 76.6 1.7 14.2 DE7.2 40.8 0.8 2.5 1.5 2.2 -0.3 98.3 75.6 5.0 4.6 77.7 2.2 7.7 EE0.7 -46.7 2.8 0.8 4.3 12.9 5.6 115.4 10.6 7.4 13.0 75.2 3.3 15.0 IE1.1 -164.4 -0.8 13.0 -4.6 15.5 2.5 277.9 104.2 11.9 19.5 71.8 6.6 23.4 EL-0.7 -132.9 -0.6 3.6 -1.7 -5.1e-3.1 131.8 180.2 26.5 -8.5 67.4 19.5 52.4 ES1.7 -95.9 -0.5 0.9 -0.2 0.2 -6.6 168.1 100.7 24.5 0.2 74.2 12.9 53.2 FR-1.0 -15.6 0.3 0.2 0.7 -1.7 3.2 141.5 94.9 10.3 5.6 71.0 4.5 24.2 HR0.2 -86.8 0.5 4.4 -2.3p-1.3 -0.2 117.2 84.8 17.3 0.6 66.1 10.1 45.5 IT1.9 -21.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 -4.9 -0.3 119.8 135.4 12.7 0.9 63.9 7.7 42.7 CY-4.1 -163.6 -0.8 2.4 -3.8 -1.1 -0.7 352.4 109.1 16.1 11.6 74.3 7.7 36.0 LV-1.6 -65.5 2.9 3.5 6.0 4.6 -4.6 82.3 41.6 10.8 10.9 74.6 4.6 19.6 LT3.5 -46.8 3.0 -5.8 3.1 6.4 0.2 54.1 40.5 10.7 16.7 73.7 4.8 19.3 LU5.2 43.1 0.5 7.5 1.8 3.9 25.4 329.2 22.7 5.9 36.2 70.8 1.6 22.6 HU1.2 -80.2 -3.6 4.1 1.1 3.1 -0.2 91.6 76.7 7.7 8.7 67.0 3.7 20.4 MT5.6 41.8 0.6 3.0 -0.5 2.0 7.2 139.9 61.6 5.7 5.9 67.8 2.9 11.7 NL8.5 48.0 -0.1 0.4 0.1 -0.1 4.4 268.1 67.9 7.4 8.0 79.0 2.9 12.7 AT2.5 3.4 1.7 1.3 2.2 1.4 0.9 124.8 84.0 5.6 -0.8 75.4 1.5 10.3 PL-2.6 -69.4 1.0 5.1 0.6 1.1 4.8 78.7 51.1 9.0 1.7 67.9 3.8 23.9 PT0.2 -123.8 -0.5 0.9 -1.2 4.0 -6.8 190.1 132.9 14.1 -7.3 73.2 8.4 34.8 RO-0.2 -57.0 1.4 6.6 3.3 -3.2 -2.3 62.0 39.2 6.8 1.2 65.7 2.8 24.0 SI5.1 -38.4 1.1 3.8 -1.1 -6.2 -4.7 97.9 80.3 9.7 -0.1 70.9 5.3 20.2 SK1.1 -63.4 0.2 -1.7 0.8 1.5 5.0 78.9 53.6 13.2 9.4e70.3 9.3 29.7 FI-1.3 -3.1 2.5 -4.6 0.9 -1.6 1.7 148.8 59.8 8.7 9.4 75.4 1.9 20.5 SE4.5 -2.3 -4.6 -0.4 1.0 8.3 4.5 193.1 45.0 8.0 12.6 81.5 1.4 22.9 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position of LU has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 4) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2014External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.7: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2013 

182 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE1.0 43.2 1.5 1.5 1.7 0.1 7.9 163.0 105.5 8.4 1.2 67.5 3.9 23.7 BG1.3 -73.5 0.1 6.5 8.0 0.4 2.6 130.5 17.1 13.0 1.1 68.4 7.4 28.4 CZ-0.5 -40.9 -2.2 -1.5 0.3 -0.7 4.3 84.8 44.4 7.0 10.1 72.9 3.0 19.0 DK7.8 37.2 1.0 2.1 0.7 3.1 -3.0 216.1 44.0 7.4 1.8 76.6 1.8 14.8 DE6.6 34.7 2.2 1.0 2.3 1.7 2.2 103.0 78.7 5.2 -6.3 77.6 2.3 7.8 EE0.3 -49.7 2.9 3.7 5.6 7.3 4.8 115.2 10.2 8.6 10.3 75.1 3.8 18.7 IE1.6 -133.5 1.6 1.9 1.2 0.0 -1.4 267.5 119.9 13.8 1.9 71.8 8.0 26.7 EL-1.4 -131.2 -0.6 0.6 -6.3 -9.2e-4.0 133.1 178.4 27.5 -17.4 67.5 18.5 58.3 ES2.0 -92.8 1.9 3.8 -0.9 -10.0 -10.0 178.2 95.8 26.1 -10.4 74.3 13.0 55.5 FR-0.5 -16.6 1.6 2.4 1.4 -2.6 2.1 137.4 93.4 10.3e0.5 70.9e4.5e24.9eHR-1.1 -89.3 1.2 1.8 -3.4p-5.7 -0.6 117.0 81.2 17.3 2.8 63.7 11.0 50.0 IT1.1 -23.3 1.9 0.2 0.8 -7.5 -2.8 122.0 132.5 12.2 -2.3 63.4 6.9 40.0 CY-1.5 -162.5 1.1 2.8 -4.3 -3.9 -12.0 341.2 104.0 15.9 -3.4 73.6 6.1 38.9 LV-2.8 -67.3 -1.0 2.0 5.5 6.8 -0.6 90.0 40.0 11.9 5.7 74.0 5.7 23.2 LT1.7 -50.8 0.9 5.6 3.2 0.3 -0.2 56.6 38.7 11.8 -1.3 72.4 5.1 21.9 LU5.4 63.6 1.6 7.8 0.5 3.3 21.7 297.2 23.7 5.9 10.2 69.9 1.8 15.5 HU3.5 -82.2 -1.4 1.6 -0.3 -4.5 -0.8 95.8 77.4 10.2 -1.3 64.7 4.9 26.6 MT0.1 25.9 1.5 1.2 0.5 -1.6 2.3 147.2 65.8 6.1 0.0 66.3 3.5 12.7 NL9.8 30.7 2.7 1.4 0.8 -7.9 9.8 258.6 67.7 7.3 -1.6 79.4 2.5 13.2 AT1.9 1.3 2.1 1.7 2.5 3.0 1.0 127.1 81.3 5.4 -3.2 75.5 1.3 9.7 PL-1.8 -69.4 0.2 5.2 0.4 -4.8 3.2 75.9 56.5 10.3 6.3 67.0 4.4 27.3 PT1.6 -120.2 0.3 6.8 1.5 -2.6 -2.3 201.6 131.4 16.4 -5.2 73.0 9.3 38.1 RO-0.8 -63.3 4.0 15.8 -0.1 -2.8 -1.4 66.8 37.6 7.1 0.8 64.9 3.2 23.7 SI3.3 -39.3 1.4 2.5 0.4 -7.2 -3.7 107.2 70.0 10.1 -10.1 70.5 5.2 21.6 SK1.9 -62.1 1.0 4.9 1.1 -0.4 4.9 75.0 54.7 14.2 1.4e69.9 10.0 33.7 FI-1.8 3.0 2.9 -0.3 1.6 -1.3 2.8 147.0 56.2 8.2 -11.5 75.2 1.7 19.9 SE5.2 -15.8 1.7 -1.7 1.8 4.5 4.6 193.8 40.2 8.1 9.8 81.1 1.4 23.5 Flags:e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position of LU has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 4) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2013External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.8: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2012 

183 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE-0.1 40.8 -2.3 -6.4 2.8 0.2 14.6 191.0 104.8 7.6 -5.1 66.9 3.4 19.8 BG-0.9 -77.7 -2.1 -4.9 4.7 -5.3 2.6 128.3 16.7 12.3 11.7 67.1 6.8 28.1 CZ-1.5 -45.6 -2.8 -4.2 3.2 -3.5 3.1 81.8 44.2 7.0 5.0 71.6 3.0 19.5 DK6.3 36.1 -2.9 -5.1 0.9 -4.9 7.9 224.0 44.9 7.8 2.5 77.2 2.1 15.8 DE7.1 28.7 -3.3 -4.7 3.4 2.1 1.4 101.6 81.1 5.4 3.3 77.2 2.4 8.0 EE-1.9 -50.7 -0.9 -2.7 4.2 3.1 7.6 117.2 9.8 10.0 10.9 74.8 5.5 20.9 IE-3.4 -137.8 -4.4 -6.1 0.6 -14.5 -0.5 279.1 119.9 15.5 -1.8 71.1 9.2 30.8 EL-3.5 -117.6 -4.5 -4.9 -0.6 -12.1e-4.8 134.6 161.9 24.5 -2.1 67.5 14.5 55.3 ES0.1 -88.9 -2.4 -6.1 -2.5 -16.5 -11.2 188.5 86.3 24.8 0.7 74.3 11.0 52.9 FR-1.0 -12.8 -3.2 -4.6 2.2 -1.9 4.2 138.3 90.6 9.8e1.4 70.4e4.2e24.4eHR-1.9 -91.5 -2.5 -9.0 -1.2p-4.6 -2.9 118.3 70.1 16.0 0.9 63.9 10.2 42.1 IT-0.2 -23.0 -1.9 -5.4 1.5 -5.0 -0.9 124.7 126.5 10.7 7.1 63.5 5.6 35.3 CY-3.9 -141.1 -2.1 -7.6 1.6 -5.5 0.8 326.0 80.3 11.9 12.2 73.5 3.6 27.7 LV-3.7 -68.0 -1.5 3.4 4.6 -0.2 -2.4 95.8 42.2 15.0 5.4 74.4 7.8 28.5 LT-1.6 -54.4 -2.0 4.2 2.2 -3.3 0.4 61.0 39.7 13.4 -0.5 71.8 6.6 26.7 LU5.6 65.2 -1.6 1.7 4.6 2.1 26.8 293.2 22.0 5.1 14.8 69.4 1.6 18.8 HU1.6 -91.9 -1.9 -10.9 5.4 -9.4 -5.9 102.0 78.4 11.0 -5.8 63.7 5.0 28.2 MT-0.4 19.1 -2.0 -1.6 2.0 0.4 0.1 158.0 65.9 6.2 8.6 63.9 3.8 13.8 NL10.2 26.7 -1.8 -3.3 2.8 -7.9 6.2 252.9 66.3 5.8 6.0 79.0 1.9 11.7 AT1.5 -3.2 -1.8 -6.4 3.1 4.8 1.2 128.2 81.9 4.9 0.4 75.1 1.2 9.4 PL-4.0 -65.6 -2.2 -3.0 2.3 -6.6 4.8 73.8 54.4 10.1 9.0 66.5 4.1 26.5 PT-1.6 -119.3 -1.6 -5.1 -3.1 -8.7 -4.3 210.6 129.0 15.8 -3.5 73.4 7.7 37.9 RO-4.8 -67.8 -6.1 -7.3 2.6 -9.1 0.3 72.3 37.1 6.8 4.8 64.8 3.0 22.6 SI1.3 -44.0 -1.2 -7.6 0.7 -8.5 -2.8 112.2 53.6 8.9 -0.7 70.4 4.3 20.6 SK0.9 -60.5 0.0 0.6 0.6 -5.9 1.9b70.9b51.8 14.0 1.1b69.4 9.4 34.0 FI-2.1 10.6 -2.6 -7.8 5.1 -0.4 7.1 147.7 53.6 7.7 -1.3 75.2 1.6 19.0 SE5.5 -15.5 -0.7 -6.3 4.5 0.7 2.3 191.0 37.5 8.0 5.6 80.3 1.5 23.6 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position of LU has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 4) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2012External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.9: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2011 

184 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE-1.9 51.4 0.6 -2.6 2.8 1.1 22.2 180.6 103.5 7.2 5.4 66.7 3.5 18.7 BG0.3 -82.8 1.0 12.0 2.0 -8.6 3.5 129.0 15.2 11.3b4.3 65.9b6.3b25.0bCZ-2.1 -44.9 2.0 -0.3 0.8 -1.6 2.5 79.2 39.7 6.7b4.8 70.5b2.7b18.1bDK6.6 27.8 -0.6 -4.3 0.0 -4.0 4.4 221.0 46.1 7.8 1.6 77.8 1.8 16.4 DE6.2 23.3 -0.6 -2.0 0.3 1.6 1.8 102.2 79.7 5.8b3.1 77.3b2.8b8.5bEE1.3 -54.0 1.1 15.0 1.0 3.1 -0.8 118.9 6.1 12.3 -0.2 74.7 7.1 22.4 IE-1.6 -139.2 -1.0 -9.6 -3.6b-17.8 16.4 274.3 111.0 15.4 -2.3 71.2 8.8 29.6 EL-8.8 -90.4 0.6 -6.6 2.9 -7.5e-6.6 132.6 175.2 17.9 -4.0 67.3 8.8 44.7 ES-2.7 -93.8 0.3 -0.6 -1.7 -9.8 -4.2 198.2 69.9 21.4 3.4 73.9 8.9 46.2 FR-0.9 -8.7 -0.6 -2.7 0.9 3.9 6.4 135.3 87.8 9.2e6.9 69.9e3.9e22.7eHR-1.8 -92.9 -2.7 -6.1 -0.2p-2.0 -2.4 120.7 64.3 13.7 1.9 64.1 8.4 36.7 IT-2.8 -18.2 0.1 -3.3 0.5 -1.5 3.1 122.2 119.7 8.4 4.9 62.1 4.3 29.2 CY-2.3 -141.9 0.2 -4.5 2.2 -4.4 17.1 319.8 65.9 7.9 9.6 73.5 1.6 22.4 LV-3.3 -75.6 0.8 7.5 -2.4 4.1 -2.2 110.9 43.7 16.2 -4.3 72.8 8.8 31.0 LT-3.7 -53.6 0.6 12.2 0.6 2.1 -2.2 64.6 37.1 15.4 1.9 71.4 8.0 32.6 LU5.8 29.3 0.8 -2.3 2.3 0.6 20.6 272.5 19.0 4.9 14.3 67.9 1.4 16.8 HU0.6 -103.7 -0.5 -4.2 2.2 -7.0 -4.3 114.3 80.4 11.0 6.2 62.4 5.2 26.0 MT-2.0 6.2 -0.7 -4.3 6.2 -3.9 6.7 166.2 69.3 6.4 10.4 61.8 3.9 13.3 NL8.6 20.1 -0.3 -3.6 1.2 -4.0 8.1 247.9 61.7 5.0 10.3 78.1 1.6 10.0 AT1.6 -1.9 0.5 -2.6 0.7 3.0 3.0 129.4 82.4 4.6 1.5 74.6 1.2 8.9 PL-5.4 -62.5 -2.3 -1.7 1.0 -4.6 6.6 74.0 54.7 9.7 6.4 65.7 3.6 25.8 PT-6.0 -104.1 0.7 -0.2 -2.1 -6.5 -0.8 204.6 114.4 12.9b-4.9 73.6b6.2b30.3bRO-5.0 -66.1 2.9 6.0 -7.1 -15.5 2.8 73.7 34.0 7.2 4.5 64.1 2.9 23.9 SI-0.8 -39.8 -0.7 -1.8 -1.0 0.9 0.5 112.9 46.5 8.2 -1.2 70.3 3.6 15.7 SK-4.9 -63.8 1.1 2.8 0.9 -5.2 4.6 68.7 43.4 13.6b0.6e68.7b9.2b33.4bFI-1.4 13.9 0.0 -6.1 2.5 -0.1 5.3 144.6 48.3 7.8 28.7 74.9 1.7 20.1 SE5.5 -8.3 4.1 -0.2 2.2 1.2 6.9 188.0 37.2 7.8 1.9 79.9 1.5 22.8 Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position of LU has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) House price index e = estimate by NCB for EL. 4) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Year2011External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 6.10: MIP Scoreboard (base indicators) 2010 

185 

Current account balance - % of GDP (level year)Net international investment position (% of GDP)Real effective exchange rate - 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (% y-o-y change)Export market share - % of world exports(% y-o-y change)Nominal unit labour cost index (2010=100)(% y-o-y change)House price index (2015=100), deflated (% y-o-y change) Private sector credit flow, consolidated (% of GDP)Private sector debt, consolidated (% of GDP)General government gross debt (% of GDP)Unemployment rate (level year)Total financial sector liabilities, non-consolidated(% y-o-y change)Activity rate - % of total population aged 15-64(level year)Long-term unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-74(level year)Youth unemployment rate - % of active population aged 15-24(level year)BE1.6 56.3 -2.6 -6.9 -0.7 1.2 -0.7 168.7 100.3 8.3 -1.2 67.7 4.0 22.4 BG-1.7 -92.4 -3.0 -7.8 5.1 -12.3e-0.3 137.3 15.4 10.3b4.4 66.7b4.7b21.9bCZ-3.6 -45.7 1.3 -5.1 0.3 -2.2 3.5 78.5 37.1 7.3 3.3 70.2 3.0 18.3 DK6.6 12.8 -4.4 -9.9 -1.0 0.3 -2.9 220.6 42.6 7.7 9.7 78.0 1.4 15.6 DE5.7 25.8 -5.3 -6.6 -1.2 -0.6 0.2 106.3 82.3 7.0b-0.9 76.7b3.3b9.8bEE1.8 -69.4 -3.8 2.8 -5.0 1.7 -3.2 136.7 6.6 16.7 -8.6 73.9 7.6 32.9 IE-1.2 -113.6 -7.3 -12.9 -8.1b-12.3 2.2 257.1 86.0 14.6 6.3 71.6 6.9 28.1 EL-10.1 -99.8 -1.2 -13.0 -0.6b-8.0e2.4b129.2b147.5 12.7 8.9 67.8 5.7 33.0 ES-3.7 -91.0 -3.2 -9.8 -0.9 -3.7 0.9 203.2 60.5 19.9 -2.1 73.5 7.3 41.5 FR-0.6 -9.3 -4.2 -10.5 1.0 3.7 4.6 132.0 85.3 9.3e3.5 70.0e3.9e23.3eHR-2.3 -95.2 -3.4 -11.3 -0.4p-7.6 4.6 123.4 57.7 11.7 4.1 65.1 6.6 32.4 IT-3.3 -20.1 -4.6 -8.7 0.0 -0.8be4.9 123.1 119.2 8.4 4.3 62.0 4.0 27.9 CY-10.7 -122.2 -4.1 -14.1 -0.6 -8.2 20.5 309.5 56.4 6.3 4.2 73.6 1.3 16.6 LV1.7 -84.2 -8.0 -4.9 -8.8 -8.7 -2.4 129.3 47.9 19.5 -0.9 73.0 8.8 36.2 LT0.2 -60.2 -5.4 2.9 -7.0 -8.6 -5.9 74.5 36.2 17.8 -0.2 70.2 7.4 35.7 LU6.1 -20.4 -1.7 -3.2 -1.0 4.2 -26.1 272.5 20.2 4.4 13.3 68.2 1.3 14.2 HU0.3 -106.0 1.6 -8.0 -0.6 -6.0 -3.9 114.8 80.2 11.2 -0.2 61.9 5.5 26.4 MT-6.1 11.7 -5.0 -11.0 -1.1 -1.1 7.5 164.5 65.3 6.9 14.3 60.4 4.1 13.2 NL7.0 11.0 -3.9 -6.9 -1.3 -3.3 2.6 245.2 59.3 5.0 5.4 77.9 1.3 11.1 AT2.9 -5.2 -3.4 -10.5 0.0 4.3be0.3 132.3 82.7 4.8 -1.9 74.4 1.2 9.5 PL-5.5 -65.0 6.1 -1.9 2.2b-6.1e4.2 69.6 53.5 9.7b13.8 65.3b3.0b23.7bPT-10.3 -107.2 -3.1 -9.3 -1.1 -1.0 5.5 201.7 100.2 11.0 10.9 73.7 5.7 22.8 RO-5.1 -64.0 1.5 -0.5 11.9 -12.7 0.9 74.6 29.6 7.0b4.9 64.9b2.4b22.1bSI-0.8 -43.1 -2.6 -10.0 0.4 -1.3 2.0 115.2 38.3 7.3 -3.4 71.5 3.2 14.7 SK-4.7 -61.4 -4.3 -4.7 -1.9 -5.0 2.8 65.7 41.0 14.4 2.3e68.7 9.2 33.6 FI1.5 15.5 -5.8 -11.9 -1.7 4.8 7.1 146.2 46.9 8.4 19.9 74.5 2.0 21.4 SE5.9 -5.5 6.7 -1.6 -2.5 6.6 5.2 186.9 38.1 8.6 2.9 79.1 1.6 24.8 1) For the employment indicators, see page 2 of the AMR 2016. 2) International investment position of LU has been revised downwards following the revised treatment of euro banknotes in national Balance of payments/International investment position statistics. 3) House price index e = Eurostat estimates for PL; e = NSI estimates for BG; e = estimate by NCB for EL, IT, and AT. 4) Private sector debt, Private sector credit flow, Total financial sector liabilities: LU conducted a benchmark revision of country’s financial accounts. 5) In Total financial sector liabilities for SK, “Financial derivatives and employee stock options” (F.7) do not include Employee stock options.Source: European Commission, Eurostat and Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (for Real Effective Exchange Rate), and International Monetary Fund data, WEO (for world volume exports of goods and services)Flags:b:Break in series. e:Estimated. p:Provisional. Year2010External imbalances and competitivenessInternal imbalancesEmployment indicators¹