EU country profiles in the Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) : Croatia : country-level key data and information related to non-food, non-energy raw materials.
Date: 2020-11-10
Institutions: Joint Research Centre
Subjects: Croatia, EU industrial policy, benchmarking, consumption, environmental impact, evaluation of resources, information system, raw material, research report, social policy, supply, trade by product

EU Country profiles in the Raw Materials 
Information System (RMIS): Croatia 

Country-level key data and 
information related to non-
food, non-energy raw 
materials 

Nita, V., Garbossa, E., Ciută, T., Bonollo, B., 
Mancini, L., Vidal, B., Latunussa, C., Wittmer, D., 
Hamor, T., d’Elia, E., Unguru, M. and Manfredi, S.

2020 

EUR 30395 EN 

 
 
 
This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims 
to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy 
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of its frontiers or boundaries. 

Contact information  
Name: Simone Manfredi 
Address: via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy 
Email: simone.manfredi@ec.europa.eu 
Tel.: 0039.0332.786046 

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JRC122067 

EUR 30395 EN 

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ISBN 978-92-76-22976-6 

ISSN 1831-9424 

doi:10.2760/17 

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How to cite this report: Nita, V., Garbossa, E., Ciuta, T. Bonollo, B., Mancini, L.., Vidal, B., Latunussa, C., Wittmer, D., Hamor, T., d’Elia, E.,  
Unguru, M. and Manfredi, S., EU Country profiles in the Raw Materials Information System (RMIS): Croatia, EUR 30395 EN, Publications Office 
of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-22976-6 , doi:10.2760/17, JRC122067.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contents 

Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................1 

Abstract.....................................................................................................................................................3 

1 

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................4 

2  Key indicators .......................................................................................................................................6 

2.1  Gross domestic product .................................................................................................................6 

2.2  Competitive Industrial Performance Index ......................................................................................6 

2.3  Mining Contribution Index ..............................................................................................................7 

2.4 

Industry’s and manufacturing’s value added as share of GDP ..........................................................7 

2.5  Main five manufacturing sectors ....................................................................................................8 

2.6  Value added of selected industrial sectors ......................................................................................8 

2.7  Number of employees in selected industrial sectors ........................................................................9 

2.8  Labour productivity of industry ................................................................................................... 10 

2.9  Production value of mining and quarrying as share in total industry ............................................. 11 

3 

Investments and regulatory framework ............................................................................................... 12 

3.1  Total investment as percentage of GDP ....................................................................................... 12 

3.2  Foreign direct investments: flows and stocks ............................................................................... 12 

3.3  Flows and stocks of foreign direct investment in mining and quarrying sector ............................... 14 

3.4  Annual exploration budget in metals and mining .......................................................................... 14 

3.5  Business environment ................................................................................................................ 14 

3.6  Regulatory framework ................................................................................................................ 15 

4  Research, development, and innovation ............................................................................................... 16 

4.1  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D ............................................................................................ 16 

4.2  Business expenditure on R&D by relevant NACE Rev. 2 sector ....................................................... 16 

5  Resources and reserves ...................................................................................................................... 18 

5.1  Estimated resources ................................................................................................................... 18 

5.2  Estimated reserves ..................................................................................................................... 18 

6  Supply ............................................................................................................................................... 20 

6.1  Annual percentage change of the volume of imports of goods ..................................................... 20 

6.2  Domestic extraction by main category (million tonnes) ................................................................. 20 

6.3  Production of relevant industrial sectors ...................................................................................... 21 

6.4  Production of primary minerals ................................................................................................... 21 

7  Raw material use ............................................................................................................................... 22 

7.1  Annual percentage change of the volume of exports of goods ...................................................... 22 

7.2  Domestic material consumption by main category ....................................................................... 22 

8  Trade ................................................................................................................................................ 23 

8.1 

Import value index ..................................................................................................................... 23 

8.2  Export value index ...................................................................................................................... 23 

i 

 
8.3  Raw materials' physical trade balance by selected material category ............................................ 24 

8.4  Exports, imports and trade balance by HS Standard Product Group ............................................... 24 

8.5  Exports, imports, and trade balance by selected HS commodity group ........................................... 25 

8.6  Exports, imports and trade balance by selected HS chapter .......................................................... 26 

8.7  Top 20 non-food, non-energy raw material commodities ............................................................. 27 

8.8  Exports of mining equipment ...................................................................................................... 29 

9  Environment ...................................................................................................................................... 30 

9.1  Land used by mining sites and other activities ............................................................................. 30 

9.2  Greenhouse gas emissions and emissions intensity by raw materials sector.................................. 30 

9.3  PM2.5 emissions and emissions intensity by raw materials sector .................................................. 32 

9.4  Generation of waste by raw materials sector ............................................................................... 33 

9.5  Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management .............................................. 34 

10 Social & Policy ................................................................................................................................... 35 

10.1 Worldwide Governance Indicators ............................................................................................... 35 

10.2 Policy Perception Index ............................................................................................................... 35 

10.3 Country risk: INFORM index ......................................................................................................... 36 

10.4 Occupational safety: rate of fatal accidents at work ..................................................................... 36 

List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... 37 

List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... 38 

ii 

 
Foreword 

The Raw Materials Information System (RMIS), developed and hosted by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), is the 
EC’s reference knowledge platform on non-food, non-energy raw materials from primary to secondary sources. 
The RMIS includes a number of thematic sections, covering a broad range of topics relevant to raw materials 
policy. Among them, EU Country Profiles provide data and indicators for EU countries.  

This report mirrors the content of the profile developed for Croatia, as available online in the RMIS. 

1 

 
 
 
Authors 

Nita, V., Garbossa, E., Ciută, T., Bonollo, B., Mancini, L., Vidal, B., Latunussa, C., Wittmer, D., Hamor, T., d’Elia, E. 
Unguru, M. and Manfredi, S.  

2 

 
 
 
 
 
Abstract 

The module European Country Profiles of the European Commission’s Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) 
provides country-specific data and indicators related to non-food, non-energy raw materials. These data and 
indicators  are  derived  from  data  from  official  sources  and  well-established  data  providers,  or  by  their 
elaboration. Each profile is structured into nine thematic sections: i) Key indicators; ii) Investment and regulatory 
framework; iii) research, development and innovation; iv) Resources and reserves; v) Supply; vi) Raw materials 
use; vii) Trade; viii) Environment; and ix) Social & Policy. 

The current country report presents the data and indicators for Croatia, mirroring the EU Country Profile for 
Croatia included in the RMIS in March 2020, which is the reference month of the data used. 

3 

 
 
1 

Introduction 

The module European Country Profiles  (1) of the European  Commission’s Raw Materials Information System 
(RMIS)  aims  to  provide  country-specific  knowledge  for  non-food,  non-energy  raw  materials.  Seventeen  EU 
countries profiles are currently accessible in the RMIS. For the remaining EU countries, work is ongoing. 

These country profiles synthetize key data, information and indicators related to raw materials by either using 
data from established data providers (e.g., Eurostat, IMF, World Bank, UNIDO, UN Statistics) or by JRC elaboration 
based on the available official data (e.g., data on country’s trade in raw materials at HS 6-digit level, country’s 
exports of mining equipment, etc.).  

Each profile is structured into nine thematic sections, as presented hereafter.  

Key Indicators (section 1) and Research, development and innovation (section 3) include both selected economy-
wide indicators (e.g., industrial competitiveness, contribution of mining sector to national economies, industry 
and manufacturing value added as share of GDP) and data on the economic performance of industrial sectors 
particularly relevant for raw materials - e.g. value added, employment, labour productivity, as well as magnitude 
of research and development expenditure.  

Indicators  of  country-level  and  sectorial  investments  (e.g.,  share  of  total  investment  in  GDP,  foreign  direct 
investments  and  exploration  budget  in  metals  and  mining),  as  well  the  specificities  of  countries’  mining 
legislative frameworks are presented in section 2, Investment and regulatory framework.   

Data relating to country’s estimated mineral resources and reserves are provided in section 4, Resources and 
reserves.  

Supply section (section 5) presents data on country’s volume of imported goods, domestic extraction by broad 
category of materials, production value of selected mining and manufacturing sectors, and country’s production 
of non-food, non-energy minerals.  

Section 6, Raw material use, focuses on utilization of raw materials, presenting data on country’s volume of 
goods exported and domestic consumption by broad category of materials.    

Section  7,  Trade,  presents  country  indicators  and  data  on  trade  in  non-food,  non-energy  raw  materials,  by 
relevant  material  category,  product  cluster,  and  Harmonized  System  chapter  and  subheading.  Based  on  the 
methodology developed within the framework of Raw Materials Scoreboard (2), this section also presents the 
country’s exports of mining equipment. 

Environment section (section 8) includes tables and charts of selected indicators of environmental performance 
of relevant industrial sectors, such as emissions of greenhouse gases and particulate matter and generation of 
waste. 

Several social and policy indicators are displayed in the section 9, Social & Policy, such as governance quality, 
policy perception, country risk and occupational safety.   

The current country report presents data and indicators for Croatia, as elaborated in the EU Country Profiles 
module in the RMIS. This country profile was developed in March 2020, which is the reference month of all data 
(i.e., it includes the data available at that time). 

Croatia’s  industry  ranked  54th  in  the  UNIDO’s  Competitive  Industrial  Performance  Index  in  2017.  Industrial 
value added accounted for a fifth of Croatia’s GDP in 2018. 

Based on the share in the total manufacturing’s value added, important raw material relevant manufacturing 
sectors  are  fabricated  metal  products  and  non-metallic  mineral  products.  From  the  selected  raw  material 

(1) 
(2) 

https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?page=country-profiles#/  
For  more  methodological  details  and  the  list  of  21  six-digit  HS  codes  covered  by  this  indicator,  Raw  materials  scoreboard  2018, 
Methodological notes, Mining equipment exports, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/117c8d9b-e3d3-11e8-b690-
01aa75ed71a1  

4 

 
 
relevant sectors, manufacture of other non-metallic minerals and manufacture of wood and wood  products 
contributed the most to the total value added and employment of the whole industry in 2017.  The same two 
industrial sectors had highest production value in the same year. 

Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products had the highest level of business expenditure on R&D from 
the selected raw material relevant sectors in 2017.  

Croatia is a net importer for all four HS broad product groups (food- and energy-related commodities included) 
- Raw Materials, Intermediate goods, Capital goods and Consumer goods - in 2017.   

For the four raw material relevant HS product clusters selected, Croatia  was a net exporter of Minerals and 
Wood, and net importer of Stone and Glass and Metals in 2017. Croatia had high trade surplus for two  HS 
chapters, i.e., Wood and articles of wood (HS 44) and Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime 
and cement (HS 25).  

As far as the environmental performance of the raw material relevant industrial sectors is concerned, mining 
and quarrying and manufacture of other non-metallic minerals have the highest greenhouse gas emission and 
PM 2.5 emission intensity in 2017. 

Croatia has medium-level scores for all six dimensions of governance, according to the Worldwide Governance 
Indicators, and has a low country risk, according to INFORM index. 

5 

 
2  Key indicators 

2.1  Gross domestic product 

Definition: GDP data are expenditure-based, in constant prices and billions of national currency units. Base 
year is country specific. 

Figure 1. Gross domestic product (constant prices; 2010)(3) 

2.2  Competitive Industrial Performance Index 

Definition:  As  calculated  by  UNIDO,  Competitive  Industrial  Performance  Index  (CIP)  aims  at  measuring  the 
industrial  performance  of  countries.  CIP  is  a  composite  index  based  on  eight  indicators,  grouped  into  three 
dimensions of industrial competitiveness: production and export capability; technology; and impact on global 
industrial production and trade. 

The 2018 CIP report covers 150 economies (4). 

(3)  
IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019.  https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx 
(4)   UNIDO, Competitive Industrial Performance Report 2018, https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2019-05/CIP_Report_2019.pdf  

6 

 
 
 
 
Figure 2. Competitive Industrial Performance Index(5) 

2.3  Mining Contribution Index 

Definition:  The  Mining  Contribution  Index  (MCI)  quantifies  the  extent  of  mining  sector’s  contribution  to  a 
country’s economy. It is an index composed of four indicators, namely: 

1.  mineral and metal contribution to country’s exports in 2016 

2.  change in export contribution of mining and metal exports over the period 2011-2016 

3.  mineral production value in 2016, expressed as a percentage of GDP 

4.  mineral rents as percentage of GDP. 

Table 1. Mining Contribution Index 2018(6) 

Mining Contribution Index 2018 

2018 MCI Score: 23.8 

Rank: 155 (out of 182) 

2.4 

Industry’s and manufacturing’s value added as share of GDP 

Definition: Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate 
inputs. Industry covers the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 10-45. As defined by 
World bank, industry’s value added comprises value added in mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, 
water, and gas. Value added is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or 
depletion and degradation of natural resources. 

Manufacturing covers ISIC divisions 15-37. 

(5)   UNIDO, Competitive Industrial Performance Index, CIP 2019 database.  
(6)  Source of data (and details on MCI calculation):  International Council on Mining and Metals, Role of mining in national economies. 
Mining  Contribution  Index  2018  4th  edition,  https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/society-and-the-economy/role-of-mining-in-national-
economies/mining-contribution-index  

7 

 
 
 
 
Figure 3. Industry’s and manufacturing’s value added as share of GDP (7) 

2.5  Main five manufacturing sectors 

This indicator presents the country’s leading five manufacturing sectors, based on their share in the total value 
added of manufacturing sector. 

Table 2. Main five manufacturing sectors (share of value added; 2017)(8) 

Rank 

Manufacturing sector (ISIC Rev. 3.0, 2 digits) 

Share (%) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Food and beverages 

Fabricated metal products 

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 

Chemicals and chemical products 

Non-metallic mineral products 

21.16 

12.67 

9.17 

7.94 

6.07 

2.6  Value added of selected industrial sectors 

Definition: As calculated by Eurostat, “Value added at factor costs is the gross income from operating activities 
after  adjusting  for operating  subsidies and  indirect  taxes;  value  adjustments  (such  as  depreciation)  are  not 
subtracted” (9). 

The figure includes data for the following NACE Rev.2 sectors relevant for industrial raw materials: 

1.  B07 Mining of metal ores 
2.  B08 Other mining and quarrying 
3.  B09.9 Support activities for other mining and quarrying 
4.  C16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of 

articles of straw and plaiting materials 

5.  C17 Manufacture of paper and paper products 
6.  C22.1 Manufacture of rubber products 

(7)   World Bank, World Development Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi  
(8)   UNIDO, Country profile, http://stat.unido.org/?_ga=2.94848220.1164807116.1524737768-1906126199.1524492512  
(9)   Eurostat, metadata of Structural Business Statistics, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sbs_esms.htm  

8 

 
 
 
7.  C23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products  
8.  C24 Manufacture of basic metals 
9.  E38.3 Materials recovery 

As complete time series for value added were not available, the forestry-related sectors are not covered. 

The contribution (percentage) of each sector to the total value added of industry (NACE sections B-E) is also 
presented in the figure. 

Figure 4. Value added of selected industrial sectors(10) (11) 

2.7  Number of employees in selected industrial sectors 

Definition: One of the indicators used for monitoring employment sectors is the Number of employees. This 
variable  is  defined  by  Eurostat  as  those  persons  who  work  for  an  employer  and  who  have  a  contract  of 
employment  and  receive  compensation  in  the  form  of  wages,  salaries,  fees,  gratuities,  piecework  pay  or 
remuneration in kind. A worker from an employment agency is considered to be an employee of that temporary 
employment agency and not of the unit (customer) in which they work. 

The NACE Rev.2 sections used to collect data and calculate the sectoral percentage of employees in the total 
industry sectors are the following: B, Mining and quarrying; C: Manufacturing; D: Electricity, gas, steam and air 
conditioning supply; E: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities. 

(10)  Value added at factor cost in raw materials sectors over time. It also shows the contribution of these activities to the value added of 
the whole industrial sector (including: mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water 
supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities). 

(11)   Eurostat,  Structural  Business  Statistics,  Annual  detailed  enterprise  statistics  for  industry  (NACE  Rev.  2,  B-E),  dataset  code:  
sbs_na_ind_r2, Value added at factor cost. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sbs_na_ind_r2&lang=en  

9 

 
 
 
Figure 5. Number of employees in selected industrial sectors (12) (13) 

2.8  Labour productivity of industry 

This  indicator  present  the  labour  productivity  of  the  four  NACE  Rev.2  sections  of  industry  (B,  Mining  and 
quarrying; C, Manufacturing; D, Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; E, Water supply; sewerage, 
waste management and remediation activities), calculated by Eurostat as gross value added per employee. 

Figure 6. Labour productivity of industry (NACE Rev.2, sections B-E) (14) 

(12)   Number of employees in the raw materials sectors over time. It also shows the contribution of these activities to the total number of 
jobs in the industrial sector (including: mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water 
supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities). 

(13)  Eurostat,  Structural  business  statistics  (sbs),  Annual  detailed  enterprise  statistics  for  industry  (NACE  Rev.  2,  B-E),  dataset  code: 

sbs_na_ind_r2, Employees - number. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sbs_na_ind_r2&lang=en  

(14)   Eurostat,  Structural  business  statistics  (sbs),  Annual  detailed  enterprise  statistics  for  industry  (NACE  Rev.  2,  B-E),  dataset  code: 

sbs_na_ind_r2, Gross value added per employee 

10 

 
 
 
 
2.9  Production value of mining and quarrying as share in total industry 

Definition: Production value measures “the amount produced based on sales and including changes in stocks 
and the resale of goods and services. It is calculated by Eurostat as turnover plus/minus the changes in stocks 
of finished products, work in progress and goods and services purchased for resale, minus the purchases of 
goods and services for resale, plus capitalized production, plus other operating income (excluding subsidies). 
Income  and  expenditure  classified  as  financial  or  extraordinary  in  company  accounts  is  excluded  from 
production value”(15). 

Data provided in the chart for Mining and quarrying sector are calculated as share of total industry (i.e., sections 
B-E, NACE Rev.2). 

Figure 7. Production value of mining and quarrying as share in total industry  
(sections B-E, NACE Rev.2)(16) 

(15)   Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics, Reference Metadata, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sbs_esms.htm  
(16)  Eurostat,  Structural  business  statistics  (sbs),  Annual  detailed  enterprise  statistics  for  industry  (NACE  Rev.  2,  B-E),  dataset  code: 

sbs_na_ind_r2, Production value http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sbs_na_ind_r2&lang=en  

11 

 
 
 
3 

Investments and regulatory framework 

3.1  Total investment as percentage of GDP 

This indicator is calculated by the International Monetary Fund as a “ratio of total investment (in current local 
currency) and GDP (in current local currency). Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total 
value  of  the  gross  fixed  capital  formation  and  changes  in  inventories  and  acquisitions  less  disposals  of 
valuables”(17) 

Figure 8. Total investment as percentage of GDP(18) 

3.2  Foreign direct investments: flows and stocks 

As defined by UNCTAD in the Methodological Note accompanying the World Investment Report 2017(19): 

1. 

2. 

“flows of FDI comprise capital provided (either directly or through other related enterprises) by a foreign 
direct  investor  to  an  FDI  enterprise,  or  capital  received  from  an  FDI  enterprise  by  a  foreign  direct 
investor”, 

“FDI stock is the value of the share of their capital and reserves (including retained profits) attributable 
to the parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of affiliates to the parent enterprise”. 

(17) 
IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/index.aspx 
(18)   IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/index.aspx  
(19)   http://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/wir2017chMethodNote_en.pdf  

12 

 
 
 
Figure 9. Inward flows and stocks (20) 

Figure 10. Outward flows and stocks (21) 

(20)   UNCTAD, 

Statistics 

Foreign 
http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en  
Foreign 
http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en  

Statistics 

Center, 

Center, 

Data 

Data 

(21)  UNCTAD, 

direct 

direct 

investments, 

investments, 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.3  Flows and stocks of foreign direct investment in mining and quarrying sector 

Table 3. Flows and stocks of foreign direct investment in mining and quarrying sector (million USD)(22) 

  Mining and quarrying 

Inward flows 

Inward stocks 

Outward flows 

Outward stocks 

2013 

-16.3 

226.1 

-66.5 

265.8 

2014 

3.4 

263.6 

-12.2 

159.2 

2015 

-26.4 

185 

-205 

-52.9 

2016 

-32.7 

156.1 

-55.8 

2017 

16.8 

190.4 

-33.9 

-102.5 

-107.4 

3.4  Annual exploration budget in metals and mining 

S&P Global Market Intelligence, based on the data reported by companies and its own estimates, is the  data 
provider.  The nonferrous exploration budgets covered by S&P Global Market Intelligence include spending for 
gold, base metals, platinum group metals, diamonds, U3O8, silver, rare earths, potash/phosphate, and many 
other hard-rock metals, but exclude exploration budgets for iron ore, coal, aluminum, oil and gas, and many 
industrial minerals (S&P Global Market Intelligence). 

Data not available(23) 

3.5  Business environment 

Doing Business 2019 aims at measuring business regulation in 190 economies by examining five dimensions. 

1.  Starting a business,  
2.  Getting a location;  
3.  Accessing finance;  
4.  Dealing with day-to-day operations; 
5.  Operating in a secure business environment. 

It contains 11 indicator sets: Starting a business; Labor market regulation; Dealing with construction permits; 
Getting  electricity; Registering  property;  Getting  credit;  Protecting  minority  investors; Trading  across  borders; 
Paying taxes; Enforcing contracts; and Resolving insolvency (according to Doing Business 2019. Reforming to 
Create Jobs(24)). 

Table 4. Business environment(25) 

Ease of doing Business index 2020 

Rank: 51 (out of 190) 

(22)   International Trade Center, Investment Map, https://www.investmentmap.org/  
(23)   S&P Global Market Intelligence, Country profile, Exploration Budget Trends 
(24)  http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2019  
(25)   World Bank, Doing Business. Measuring Business Regulations, http://www.doingbusiness.org/  

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
3.6  Regulatory framework 

The regulatory framework review is focusing on minerals ownership, major governing laws, permitting rules and 
competent authorities. This extract is based on the MINLEX report published by DG GROW.(26) 

Legislation, ownership, and categories of minerals 
In Croatia, all mineral resources are state-owned. Mining in Croatia is governed by the Mining Act, the Geological 
Explorations Act, the Concessions Act, and the Regulation on compensation for concession for exploitation of 
mineral resources. 

Regulatory framework and permitting 
Croatia has a centralised permitting regime and the co-authorities involved include the Ministry of Economy 
(issues permits/licenses for exploration and extraction), the M. of Environmental and Nature Protection, the M. 
of Construction and Physical Planning, the M. of Finance (provides financial and legal documents necessary to 
start the procedure for granting a concession) and the M. of Agriculture. The decision to grant an exploration 
permit for concession can only be provided in areas planned for mining activities. The beneficiary must obtain 
from the landowner a written permission. Concerning extraction permits, a concession shall be performed on 
the basis of public tender in a procedure consisting of four phases. The criteria for selecting the best bidder are 
laid down in the Concessions Act. Extraction fields shall not be approved for a period longer than 40 years.(27) 

(26)   DG GROW- MINPOL 2017: Legal framework for mineral extraction and permitting procedures for exploration and exploitation in the 

EU - ISBN 978-92-79-53905-3; doi:10.2873/920344 

(27)   DG GROW, Legal framework for mineral extraction and permitting procedures for exploration and exploitation in the EU, final report 
of  MINLEX  project,  2017.  More  detailed  information  on  the  legal  and  regulatory  framework  can  be  found  at  the 
Policy&Legislation/Member States Legislation section. 

15 

 
 
 
4  Research, development, and innovation 

4.1  Gross domestic expenditure on R&D 

Definition: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) includes expenditure on research and development by 
business  enterprises  (BERD),  higher  education  institutions,  as  well  as  government  and  private  non-profit 
organizations.  For  additional  methodological  details,  see  Eurostat,  Statistics  on  research  and  development 
(rd)(28). 

Figure 11. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (29) 

4.2  Business expenditure on R&D by relevant NACE Rev. 2 sector 

Definition: Expenditure on R&D in the business enterprise sector (BERD) includes all business R&D carried out 
on national territory. (30) 

The figure includes data for the following NACE Rev.2 sectors: 

1.  Mining and quarrying (B); 
2.  Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of 

straw and plaiting materials (C16); 

3.  Manufacture of paper and paper products (C17); 
4.  Manufacture of rubber and plastic products (C22); 
5.  Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products (C23); 
6.  Manufacture of basic metals (C24); 
7.  Sewerage, waste management, remediation activities (incl. materials recovery) (E37-E39). 

(28)   http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/rd_esms.htm 
(29)   Eurostat,  Gross  domestic  expenditure  on  R&D 

(GERD)  by  sectors  of  performance,  dataset  code: 

rd_e_gerdtot, 

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=rd_e_gerdtot&language=en&mode=view 

(30)   DG EUROSTAT (2000): Structural business statistics. EU economy in the Triad with contrasted results. In: Statistics in focus, Theme 4, 

23/2000 

16 

 
 
 
Figure 12. Business expenditure on R&D by relevant NACE Rev. 2 sector(31) 

(31)  Eurostat, Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) by NACE Rev. 2 activity, dataset code: rd_e_berdindr2, 

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=rd_e_berdindr2&lang=en  

17 

 
 
 
5  Resources and reserves 

5.1  Estimated resources 

Definition:  The  term  is  synonymously  used  for  “mineral  resource”,  “inferred  mineral  resource”,  “indicated 
mineral resource” and “measured mineral resource”. In this case, confidence in the existence of a resource is 
indicated by the geological knowledge and preliminary data, while at the same time the extraction would be 
legally, economically, and technically feasible. 

No public data available for this section. 

5.2  Estimated reserves 

Definition:  The  term  is  synonymously  used  for  “mineral  reserve”,  “probable  mineral  reserve”  and  “proven 
mineral reserve”. In this case, confidence in the reserve is measured by the geological knowledge and data, 
while at the same time the extraction would be legally, economically, and technically feasible. The authority 
responsible for collecting reserve data for Croatia is the Mining Directorate, Ministry of Economy. The data is 
collected annually from company submission. The figures include marine/offshore mineral deposit and do not 
include any data from overseas territories. 

The Ministry of Economy - Directorate for Mining, provided a summary report on exploitable reserves (A+B+C1) 
and production data for the period from 1997 to 2013(32)  

The National reporting code for Croatia is a modification of the Russian code where reserves are termed as 
"exploitable reserves" which consist of A, B, and C1 reserves, C2 and D1 reserves are considered as "potential 
reserves" the sum of these data are considered resources (33).  

Table 5. Estimated reserves(34) 

Commodity 

Sub-Commodity  Reporting code 

Quantity 

Unit 

Aggregates and related 
materials 

Aggregates and related 
materials 

Chalk 

National reporting code 

1030.02 

Thousand tonnes 

Crushed rock 

National reporting code 

641907.94 

Thousand cubic 
metres 

Aggregates and related 
materials 

Limestone for 
lime 

National reporting code 

258641.77 

Thousand tonnes 

Aggregates and related 
materials 

Limestone, 
ornamental 

National reporting code 

29179.38 

Aggregates and related 
materials 

Sand and gravel 

National reporting code 

158743.09 

Thousand cubic 
metres 

Thousand cubic 
metres 

Barytes 

Bauxite 

Bentonite 

Clay 

Clay 

National reporting code 

185.9 

Thousand tonnes 

National reporting code 

1243.99 

Thousand tonnes 

National reporting code 

686.86 

Thousand tonnes 

Clay 

National reporting code 

43061.72 

Thousand cubic 
metres 

Clays for cement 
works 

National reporting code 

417240.57 

Thousand tonnes 

(32)   Available at: http://www.mingo.hr/public/rudarstvo/Ukupne_rezerve_min_sirovina_97_13.pdf  
(33)  The details regarding reporting code is available in Croatian at: http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_08_48_1248.html .   
(34)   Minerals4EU, accessible at http://minerals4eu.brgm-rec.fr/m4eu-yearbook/  

18 

 
  
  
  
 
Commodity 

Sub-Commodity  Reporting code 

Quantity 

Unit 

Clay 

Gypsum 

Mercury 

Silica 

White-firing clays 
(refractory & 
ceramic) 

National reporting code 

2871.01 

Thousand tonnes 

Gypsum 

National reporting code 

51229.28 

Thousand tonnes 

Mercury 

National reporting code 

3.82 

Thousand tonnes 

Silica sands 

National reporting code 

33035.77 

Thousand tonnes 

19 

 
 
6  Supply 

6.1  Annual percentage change of the volume of imports of goods 

As defined in the methodology of IMF’s World Economic Outlook, October 2018, Annual change of imports of 
goods  refers  to  the  aggregate  change  in  the  quantity  of  imports  of  goods.  This  indicator  measures  the 
percentage change in the volume estimates of imports of goods from the base year, which is country specific(35). 
According to the OECD’s definition, trade in goods includes “all goods which add to, or subtract from, the stock 
of material resources of a country by entering its economic territory (imports) or leaving it (exports)”(36). The 
goods  commodity  group  aggregates  commodity  classes  referring  to  the  subheadings  of  the  Harmonized 
System. 

Figure 13. Annual percentage change of the volume of imports of goods (base year = 2005)(37) 

6.2  Domestic extraction by main category (million tonnes) 

Definition: Domestic extraction indicates the total amount of material extracted by resident units from the 
natural environment for further processing in the economy; the visualizations include three material categories 
(metals ores, non-metallic minerals, and woods). 

Table 6. Domestic extraction by main category (million tonnes)(38) 

Material 
category 

Metal  ores  (gross 
ores) 

Non-metallic 
minerals 

2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

42.2 

34.0 

24.4 

25.5 

22.9 

24.0 

21.5 

24.3 

23.0 

23.7 

24.2 

Wood 

2.9 

2.8 

2.9 

3.5 

3.7 

3.5 

3.3 

3.4 

3.4 

3.5 

3.5 

(35)   According 

to 

Export 

and 

Import 

Price 

Index 

Manual: 

Theory 

and 

Practice, 

Glossary; 

also 

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx  

(36)   https://data.oecd.org/trade/trade-in-goods.htm#indicator-chart 
(37)   IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/index.aspx  
(38)   Eurostat, 
accounts 

statistics, 
flow 
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=env_ac_mfa&language=en&mode=view  

Material 

March 

20. 

2018, 

20 

 
 
 
6.3  Production of relevant industrial sectors 

This  section  presents  the  gross  output  of  raw  materials  related  sectors  in  monetary  terms  (million  Euro), 
referring to year 2018. 

Sectoral  data  are  taken  from  Eurostat,  Structural  Business  Statistics.  According  to  Eurostat’s  methodology, 
Production  value  is  an  output-related  variable  that  “measures  the  amount  produced  based  on  sales  and 
including changes in stocks and the resale of goods and services. Production value is calculated by Eurostat as 
turnover  plus/minus  the  changes  in  stocks  of  finished  products,  work  in  progress  and  goods  and  services 
purchased for resale, minus the purchases of goods and services for resale, plus capitalized production, plus 
other operating income (excluding subsidies)”(39). 

Table 7. Production of relevant industrial sectors (million Euro; 2018) (40) (41) 

Sector 

Mining of metal ores (B07, NACE Rev.2) 

Other mining and quarrying (B08, NACE Rev.2) 

Mining support service activities (B09, NACE Rev.2) 

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of 
straw and plaiting materials (C16, NACE Rev.2) 

Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products (C23, NACE Rev.2) 

Manufacture of basic metals (C24, NACE Rev.2) 

6.4  Production of primary minerals 

Production 

0.0 

206.1 

201.9 

1,027.0 

1,144.0 

388,9 

Definition:  Mineral  Raw  Materials  are  defined  as  mineral  constituents  of  the  earth's  crust,  which  are  of 
economic value, including output from mines as well as the output from processing at or near the mines. The 
production data reported by WMD indicate the content of recoverable valuable elements and compounds. 

Table 8. Production of primary minerals in 2017(42) 

Commodity 

Quantity 

Bauxite 

Gypsum 

Salt 

12215 

147934 

19006 

Unit 

Tonnes 

Tonnes 

Tonnes 

% of world production 

0.004 

0.10 

0.01 

(39)   Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics, Reference Metadata, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sbs_esms.htm  
(40)   This section presents the gross output of raw-materials related sectors in monetary terms (million Euro), referring to year 2018. 
(41)   Eurostat,  Structural  business  statistics  (sbs),  Annual  detailed  enterprise  statistics  for  industry  (NACE  Rev.  2,  B-E),  dataset  code: 

sbs_na_ind_r2, Production value http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sbs_na_ind_r2&lang=en  

(42)   The  mineral  raw  materials  production  refers  to  the  data  provided  by  The  World  Mining  Data  2019  (WMD),  accessible  at 

http://www.wmc.org.pl/?q=node/49.  
The  Data  related  to  mineral  raw  materials  were  obtained  by  WMD  through  evaluation  of  questionnaires  sent  to  the  National 
Committees  of  member  countries  of  the  World  Mining  Congress  as  well  as  to  other  bodies  such  as  Embassies,  Foreign  Trade 
Representatives etc. In addition, WMD have also used, when available, official mining statistics such as BGS and USGS. 

21 

 
 
 
7  Raw material use 

7.1  Annual percentage change of the volume of exports of goods 

As defined in the methodology of IMF’s World Economic Outlook, October 2017, Annual change of exports of 
goods  refers  to  the  aggregate  change  in  the  quantity  of  imports  of  goods.  This  indicator  measures  the 
percentage change in the volume estimates of exports of goods from the base year, which is country specific(43). 
According to the OECD’s definition, trade in goods includes “all goods which add to, or subtract from, the stock 
of material resources of a country by entering its economic territory (imports) or leaving it (exports)”.(44) The 
goods  commodity  group  aggregates  commodity  classes  referring  to  the  subheadings  of  the  Harmonized 
System.  

Figure 14. Annual percentage change of the volume of exports of goods (base year = 2005) (45) 

7.2  Domestic material consumption by main category 

Definition: Domestic material consumption (DMC), measures the total amount of materials directly used by an 
economy and is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory, plus all 
physical imports minus all physical exports.  

Table 9. Domestic material consumption by main category (million tonnes) (46) 

Category 

2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018 

Metal ores (gross 
ores) 

1.2 

0.7 

0.5 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.8 

0.6 

0.7 

Non-metallic minerals 

42.2 

31.3 

23.2 

24.0 

22.8 

22.4 

19.1 

22.7 

21.3 

22.2 

22.6 

Wood 

1.8 

1.5 

1.3 

1.6 

1.8 

1.2 

0.6 

0.8 

0.8 

0.9 

1.4 

(43)   According 

to 

Export 

and 

Import 

Price 

Index 

Manual: 

Theory 

and 

Practice, 

Glossary; 

also 

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx  

(44)  https://data.oecd.org/trade/trade-in-goods.htm#indicator-chart  
(45)   IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/index.aspx  
(46)   Eurostat, Material flow accounts statistics, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=env_ac_mfa&language=en&mode=view  

22 

 
 
 
 
8  Trade 

8.1 

Import value index 

Definition:  Data  are  provided  by  World  Bank,  World  Development  Indicators,  based  on  United  Nations 
Conference on Trade and Development, Handbook of Statistics and data files, and International Monetary Fund, 
International Financial Statistics. For calculation of this index, import values are the current value of imports 
(f.o.b.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period (year 2000). 

Figure 15. Import value index (2000 = 100)(47) 

8.2  Export value index 

Definition:  Data  are  provided  by  World  Bank,  World  Development  Indicators,  based  on  United  Nations 
Conference on Trade and Development, Handbook of Statistics and data files, and International Monetary Fund, 
International Financial Statistics. For calculation of this index, export values are the current value of exports 
(f.o.b.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period (year 2000). 

(47)   World Bank, World Development Indicators, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.VAL.MRCH.XD.WD  

23 

 
 
 
Figure 16. Export value index (2000 = 100) (48) 

8.3  Raw materials' physical trade balance by selected material category 

Definition: Physical trade balance is calculated as imports minus exports, by material category. 

Table 10. Raw materials' physical trade balance by selected material category (million tonnes)(49) 

Material 
category 

Metal ores (gross 
ores) 

Non-metallic 
minerals 

2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018 

1.2 

0.7 

0.5 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.8 

0.6 

0.7 

0.0 

-2.8 

-3.2 

-1.5 

-0.1 

-1.5 

-2.4 

-1.6 

-1.7 

-1.5 

-1.5 

Wood 

-1.2 

-1.3 

-1.6 

-1.9 

-2.0 

-2.3 

-2.6 

-2.5 

-2.6 

-2.5 

-2.1 

8.4  Exports, imports and trade balance by HS Standard Product Group 

The four HS Standard Product Groups provided by UNCTAD - i.e. Raw Materials (SoP1), Intermediates (SoP2), 
Consumer Goods (SoP3) and Capital Goods (SoP4)  – are commodity aggregates that include also food- and 
energy-related products(50). They are available in the predefined product clusters of the Advanced Query tool 
of the World Integrated Trade Solutions database (WITS).  

(48)   World Bank, World Development Indicators, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.MRCH.XD.WD  
(49)   Eurostat, Material flow accounts statistics, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=env_ac_mfa&language=en&mode=view  
(50)   WITS Reference Data, https://wits.worldbank.org/referencedata.html  

24 

 
 
 
Figure 17. Exports, imports and trade balance by HS Standard Product Group in 2017 (51) 

8.5  Exports, imports, and trade balance by selected HS commodity group 

The selected HS commodity groups are:  

1.  Metals (HS chapters 72-83),  
2.  Minerals (HS chapters 25 and 26),  
3.  Stone and Glass (HS chapters 68-71)  
4.  Wood (HS chapters 44-49).  

These selected commodity groups contain non-food, non-energy raw material commodities. They are available 
in the predefined product clusters of the Advanced Query tool of the World Integrated Trade Solutions database 
(WITS). 

Figure 18.  Exports, imports and trade balance by selected HS commodity group in 2017(52) 

(51)   World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), https://wits.worldbank.org/  
(52)   World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), https://wits.worldbank.org/  

25 

 
 
 
 
8.6  Exports, imports and trade balance by selected HS chapter 

The selected HS chapter contain HS 6-digit non-food, non-energy raw material commodities. 

Table 11. Exports, imports and trade balance by selected HS chapter in 2017 (million USD)(53) 

HS 
chapter 

HS chapter name 

Export 

Import 

Trade 
balance 

25 

26 

27 

28 

31 

40 

44 

45 

71 

72 

74 

75 

76 

78 

79 

80 

81 

Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 

215.5 

80.2 

135.3 

Ores, slag and ash 

19.0 

16.1 

2.9 

Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous 
substances; mineral waxes 

1684.9 

3288.4 

-1603.4 

Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of 
rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes 

25.3 

69.4 

-44.1 

Fertilisers 

Rubber 

215.3 

118.6 

96.7 

80.0 

267.1 

-187.1 

Wood and articles of wood 

859.5 

335.6 

524.0 

Cork and articles of cork 

Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, 
metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof 

0.1 

2.4 

46.3 

50.4 

-2.3 

-4.2 

Iron and steel 

154.4 

597.9 

-443.5 

Copper and articles thereof 

69.3 

191.1 

-121.8 

Nickel and articles thereof 

0.7 

14.1 

-13.4 

Aluminium and articles thereof 

Lead and articles thereof 

Zinc and articles thereof 

Tin and articles thereof 

Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof 

479.2 

468.4 

12.9 

2.3 

10.7 

10.6 

3.0 

0.1 

3.4 

16.6 

-13.6 

1.0 

4.7 

-1.0 

-1.2 

(53)  World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), https://wits.worldbank.org/  

26 

 
 
 
 
 
8.7  Top 20 non-food, non-energy raw material commodities 

The  Top  20  non-food,  non-energy  raw  material  commodities  imported  in  2017  and  Top  20  non-food,  non-
energy raw material commodities exported in 2017 indicators present the country’s top 20 HS 6-digit non-food, 
non-energy  raw  materials  imported/exported  in  2017,  based  on  the  database  built  in  the  of  Raw  Materials 
Information System’s Economics & Trade module.(54) 

Figure 19. Top 20 non-food, non-energy raw material commodities imported in 2017 (55) 

(54)   For 

further 

details, 

see 

Raw  Materials 

Information 

System,  Methodological 

Overview 

section 

- 

http://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?page=methodological-overview-f5f020  

(55)   Raw  Materials 

Information 

System, 

Economics  & 

Trade  module, 

section 

Raw  Materials 

Trade 

Flows, 

https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?page=trade-flows#/  

27 

 
 
 
Figure 20. Top 20 non-food, non-energy raw material commodities exported in 2017 (56) 

(56)   Raw  Materials 

Information 

System, 

Economics  & 

Trade  module, 

section 

Raw  Materials 

Trade 

Flows, 

https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?page=trade-flows#/  

28 

 
 
 
 
 
8.8  Exports of mining equipment 

This  indicator  was  developed  by  JRC,  based  on  data  from  UN  Comtrade,  accessed  via  World  Bank’s  World 
Integrated Trade Solution. The starting point for identifying the mining-equipment-related commodities were 
the products covered  by the 4-digit NACE class 28.92,  Manufacture  of machinery for  mining, quarrying and 
construction. 

For more methodological details and the list of 21 six-digit HS codes covered by this indicator, see Raw materials 
scoreboard 2018, Methodological notes, Mining equipment exports.(57) 

Figure 21. Exports of mining equipment(58) 

(57)  https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/117c8d9b-e3d3-11e8-b690-01aa75ed71a1  
(58)   World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), https://wits.worldbank.org/  

29 

 
 
 
 
 
 
9  Environment 

9.1  Land used by mining sites and other activities 

Definition:  Mineral  extraction  sites  (category  1.3.1):  Areas  with  open-pit  extraction  of  industrial  minerals 
(sandpits,  quarries)  or  other  minerals  (opencast  mines).  Includes  flooded  gravel  pits,  except  for  river-bed 
extraction. Urban areas refers to the sum of continuous urban fabric (land use category 1.1.1) and discontinuous 
urban  fabric (land  use  category  1.1.2),  which  cover,  respectively, land  where  buildings,  roads  and  artificially 
surfaced  area  cover  almost  all  the  ground,  and  land  where  buildings,  roads  and  artificially  surfaced  areas 
associated with vegetated areas and bare soil, which occupy discontinuous but significant surfaces. Agricultural 
areas are the sum of categories 2.1.1-2.4.4, which include arable land, rice fields, permanent crops, pastures, 
and  heterogeneous  agricultural  areas.  Forests  cover  broad-leaved  forest  (category  3.1.1),  coniferous  forest 
(category 3.1.2) and mixed forest (category 3.1.3). The percentage of the total area related to the official country 
area as reported by the Eurostat (59). The net change refers to the area of each land use in 2012 minus the 
area in 2006, divided by area in 2006. 

Table 12. Land used by mining sites and other activities(60) 

Area (Km2) 2012 

Percentage of country area 
2012 

Net change 2006-2012 

Mineral extraction sites 

Construction sites 

Urban  

Agricultural areas 

Forests 

51 

17 

1474 

22810 

20201 

0.09% 

0.029% 

2.6% 

40.3% 

35.7% 

4.8% 

-3.5% 

0.3% 

-0.06% 

-0.83% 

9.2  Greenhouse gas emissions and emissions intensity by raw materials sector 

Definition: Greenhouse gas emissions refer to absolute emissions covering CO2, N2O and CH4, measured in 
CO2 equivalent). Emissions intensity presents intensity-ratios relating emissions to economic  parameters, in 
this case gross value added, chain linked volumes (2010). Data are displayed for a selection of raw materials 
sectors (following the NACE Rev.2 classification). For absolute emissions, data are presented also for the sum 
of  all  economic  activities.  For  emission  intensity,  average  emission  intensity  for  all  NACE  activities  is  also 
displayed. Concepts and principles are the same as in national accounts. 

(59)  https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/  
(60)   JRC calculation based on data from European Environment Agency, CORINE land cover 2012 and 2006, https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-

european/corine-land-cover  

30 

 
 
 
Figure 22. Absolute greenhouse gas emissions (61) 

Figure 23. Greenhouse gas emissions intensity (emissions per gross value added)(62) 

(61)   Eurostat, Air emissions accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity, code: env_ac_ainah_r2, and Eurostat 
(62)   Eurostat, Air emissions intensities by NACE Rev. 2 activity, code: env_ac_aeint_r2 

31 

 
 
 
 
 
 
9.3  PM2.5 emissions and emissions intensity by raw materials sector 

Definition: Particulate matter is a complex mixture of microscopic solid or liquid matter in the air, and a key 
pollutant affecting human health. PM2.5 emissions refer to absolute emissions of PM2.5, which refers to the 
fraction of particulate matter with a size up to 2.5µm, which are responsible for damages to human health 
given their higher potential to enter much deeper in the respiratory system. PM2.5 emissions intensity presents 
intensity-ratios relating emissions to economic parameters, in this case gross value added, chain linked volumes 
(2010). Data are displayed for a selection of raw materials sectors (following the NACE Rev.2 classification). 
For absolute emissions, data are presented also for the sum of all economic activities. For emission intensity, 
average emission intensity for all NACE activities is also displayed. Concepts and principles are the same as in 
national accounts. 

Figure 24. Absolute PM2.5 emissions(63) 

(63)   Eurostat, Air emissions accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity, code: env_ac_ainah_r2 

32 

 
 
 
Figure 25. PM2.5 emissions intensity (emissions per gross value added)(64) 

9.4  Generation of waste by raw materials sector 

Definition:  Generation of waste by economic sector  following the NACE Rev.2 classification as reported by 
Member States. Waste is considered as any substance or object that the holder discards or intends or is required 
to  discard.  The  sludges  (including  the  dredging  spoils)  are  measured  in  dry  matter.  These  data  include  all 
typologies of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. 

Figure 26. Non-hazardous waste (65) 

(64)   Eurostat, Air emissions intensities by NACE Rev. 2 activity, code: env_ac_aeint_r2 
(65)   Eurostat, Generation of waste by waste category, hazardousness and NACE Rev. 2 activity, dataset code env_wasgen. 

33 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 27. Hazardous waste (66) 

9.5  Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management 

Eurostat reports statistics of on WEEE collected (total and from households) based on data reported by Member 
States. Statistics include also the amounts of total WEEE ‘recycled and prepared for re-use’, and the detail of 
WEEE  prepared  for  re-use.  Target  on  WEEE  collection  from households:  The  Directive  2012/19/EU  on  WEEE 
established (article 7) that, from 2016, the minimum collection rate in a given year in a Member State shall be 
45 % of the EEE placed on the market, expressed as a percentage of the average weight of EEE placed on the 
market in the three preceding years in that Member State. 

Figure 28. Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management in 2017(67) 

(66)   Eurostat, Generation of waste by waste category, hazardousness and NACE Rev. 2 activity, dataset code env_wasgen 
(67)   Eurostat, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) by waste operations [env_waselee]. 

34 

 
 
 
 
10  Social & Policy 

10.1  Worldwide Governance Indicators 

Definition: The Worldwide  Governance  Indicators cover  over  200  countries  and  territories,  measuring  six 
dimensions  of  governance:  Voice  and  Accountability,  Political  Stability  and  Absence  of  Violence/Terrorism, 
Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators 
are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a wide variety of existing data sources. 
The data reflect the views on governance of survey respondents and public, private, and NGO sector experts 
worldwide. The WGI also explicitly report margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect 
the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. Even after taking these margins of 
error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country and over-time comparisons.(68) 

Table 13. Worldwide Governance Indicators (2018)(69) 

Indicator 

Voice and accountability 

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism 

Government Effectiveness 

Regulatory Quality 

Rule of Law 

Control of Corruption 

Score* 

Percentile rank 

0.50 

0.77 

0.46 

0.45 

0.32 

0.13 

64.53 

73.81 

69.23 

68.27 

62.98 

60.10 

*Highest performance: +2.5; Lowest performance: -2.5 

Percentile range:     0-10th        10-25th        25-50th        50-75th        75-90th        90-100th   

10.2  Policy Perception Index 

Definition: The Policy Perception Index assesses the public regulatory framework that affects investment, i.e. 
how government policy affects attitudes towards exploration investment in each mining  jurisdiction, ranking 
jurisdictions based on the responses to the Annual Survey of Mining Companies done be the Fraser Institute. 

It measures the overall policy attractiveness of 91 jurisdictions through annual survey of mining and exploration 
companies.(70) 

Croatia: n.a. 

(68)   Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart and Mastruzzi, Massimo, The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues 
(September 2010). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1682130  

(69)   World Bank (2017): Worldwide Governance Indicators. Internet: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports  
(70)   https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/survey-of-mining-companies-2017.pdf  

35 

 
 
 
X
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10.3  Country risk: INFORM index 

Definition:  INFORM  is  a  global,  open-source  risk  assessment  for  humanitarian  crises  and  disasters.  It  is 
developed by JRC and can support decisions about prevention, preparedness and response. It builds up a picture 
of risk by bringing together around 50 different indicators that measure three dimensions of risk:  Hazard and 
exposure (events that could  occur and the people or assets potentially affected by them); Vulnerability (the 
susceptibility  of  communities to  those  hazards);  Lack  of  capacity  (lack  of  resources  available  that  can  help 
absorb the shock) 

Table 14. Country risk: INFORM index (2019)(71) 

Components 

Hazard and exposure 

Vulnerability 

Lack of capacity 

INFORM index 

Score* 

Risk class 

Low 

2.9 

1.1 

3.2 

2.2 

* a lower value (closer to 0) represents a lower risk and a higher value (closer to 10) represents a higher risk. 

10.4  Occupational safety: rate of fatal accidents at work 

Definition: The incidence rates express the number of accidents at work in relation to the number of persons 
employed, in economic activities related to raw materials sectors. 

Figure 29. Occupational safety: rate of fatal accidents at work (incidents per 100k employees; 2017)(72) 

(71)   http://www.inform-index.org/   
(72)   Eurostat, 

Accidents 

at 

work 

(ESAW, 

2008 

onwards) 

(hsw_acc_work), 

[hsw_n2_02] 

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/hsw_acc_work_esms.htm  

36 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
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List of figures 

Figure 1. Gross domestic product (constant prices; 2010) .......................................................................................................................6 

Figure 2. Competitive Industrial Performance Index.....................................................................................................................................7 

Figure 3. Industry’s and manufacturing’s value added as share of GDP  .......................................................................................8 

Figure 4. Value added of selected industrial sectors  ..................................................................................................................................9 

Figure 5. Number of employees in selected industrial sectors   ....................................................................................................... 10 

Figure 6. Labour productivity of industry (NACE Rev.2, sections B-E)  .......................................................................................... 10 

Figure 7. Production value of mining and quarrying as share in total industry ...................................................................... 11 

Figure 8. Total investment as percentage of GDP...................................................................................................................................... 12 

Figure 9. Inward flows and stocks  ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13 

Figure 10. Outward flows and stocks  ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 

Figure 11. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D  ........................................................................................................................................ 16 

Figure 12. Business expenditure on R&D by relevant NACE Rev. 2 sector ................................................................................. 17 

Figure 13. Annual percentage change of the volume of imports of goods (base year = 2005) .................................. 20 

Figure 14. Annual percentage change of the volume of exports of goods (base year = 2005)  ................................. 22 

Figure 15. Import value index (2000 = 100) ................................................................................................................................................. 23 

Figure 16. Export value index (2000 = 100)  ................................................................................................................................................ 24 

Figure 17. Exports, imports and trade balance by HS Standard Product Group in 2017  ................................................. 25 

Figure 18.  Exports, imports and trade balance by selected HS commodity group in 2017 ........................................... 25 

Figure 19. Top 20 non-food, non-energy raw material commodities imported in 2017  ................................................. 27 

Figure 20. Top 20 non-food, non-energy raw material commodities exported in 2017  ................................................. 28 

Figure 21. Exports of mining equipment .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 

Figure 22. Absolute greenhouse gas emissions .......................................................................................................................................... 31 

Figure 23. Greenhouse gas emissions intensity (emissions per gross value added) ........................................................... 31 

Figure 24. Absolute PM2.5 emissions ................................................................................................................................................................... 32 

Figure 25. PM2.5 emissions intensity (emissions per gross value added) .................................................................................... 33 

Figure 26. Non-hazardous waste  ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33 

Figure 27. Hazardous waste  ................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 

Figure 28. Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management in 2017 ................................................. 34 

Figure 29. Occupational safety: rate of fatal accidents at work (incidents per 100k employees; 2017) ............... 36 

37 

 
 
 
 
 
List of tables 

Table 1. Mining Contribution Index 2018 .............................................................................................................................................................7 

Table 2. Main five manufacturing sectors (share of value added; 2017) .......................................................................................8 

Table 3. Flows and stocks of foreign direct investment in mining and quarrying sector (million USD)................... 14 

Table 4. Business environment ............................................................................................................................................................................... 14 

Table 5. Estimated reserves ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 

Table 6. Domestic extraction by main category (million tonnes)...................................................................................................... 20 

Table 7. Production of relevant industrial sectors (million Euro; 2018) ....................................................................................... 21 

Table 8. Production of primary minerals in 2017....................................................................................................................................... 21 

Table 9. Domestic material consumption by main category (million tonnes) .......................................................................... 22 

Table 10. Raw materials' physical trade balance by selected material category (million tonnes) ............................. 24 

Table 11. Exports, imports and trade balance by selected HS chapter in 2017 (million USD) ...................................... 26 

Table 12. Land used by mining sites and other activities ..................................................................................................................... 30 

Table 13. Worldwide Governance Indicators (2018) ................................................................................................................................ 35 

Table 14. Country risk: INFORM index (2019) ............................................................................................................................................... 36 

38 

 
 
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doi:10.2760/17 

ISBN 978-92-76-22976-6