Distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU : database and visualisation.
Date: 2020-02-27
Institutions: Joint Research Centre
Subjects: EU Member State, bio-industry, biofuel, biomass, chemical product, database, sustainable development

Distribution of the bio-based industry in 
the EU 

Database and visualisation 

Parisi, C. 

2020 

 
 
 
 
This publication is a Scientific Information Systems and Databases report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s 
science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific 
output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting 
on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and 
quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should 
contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of 
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its 
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 

Contact information 
Name: Claudia Parisi 
Address: Edificio EXPO, c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3, E-41092 Seville (Spain) 
Email: JRC-D4-SECRETARIAT@ec.europa.eu 

EU Science Hub 
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc 

JRC119288 

PDF 

ISBN 978-92-76-16408-1 

doi:10.2760/745867 

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020  

© European Union, 2020  

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How to cite this report: Parisi, C., Distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, 2020, ISBN 
978-92-76-16408-1, doi:10.2760/745867, JRC119288. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contents 

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 

Abstract ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 

1 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 

2  Objectives and scope .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 

3  Biorefinery definition .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 

4  Methodology .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 

5  Results ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 

6  Conclusions and future steps .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 

References .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 

List of figures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 

Annex: On-line resources ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 

i 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Acknowledgements 

This publication is part of JRC's contribution to the European Commission's Knowledge Centre for Bioeconomy. 
The author would like to thank Claudia Pecoraro (DG-RTD) for being the initiator of this activity with the first 
version  of  the  database  in  2015,  Edoardo  Baldoni  (JRC  D4)  for  his  very  thorough  work  on  the  database 
validation and integration, Celso Gorrín González (JRC D4) and Saulius Tamosiunas (JRC D4) for their help with 
data  visualisation,  including  all  the  maps,  Patricia  Gurría  (JRC  D4)  for  her  help  in  the  whole  process,  Javier 
Sanchez Lopez (JRC D1) for his useful tips and sources of information, Pilar Llorente and Eleni Zika (BBI-JU) 
and Bruno Deremince (European Biogas Association) for the data provided, DG RTD colleagues from Unit C1 
and C2 for their useful feedbacks and, finally, Robert M'Barek (JRC D4) for supervising the whole study. 

Authors 

Claudia Parisi 

1 

 
 
  
 
Abstract 

The EU bio-based industry is quickly evolving but clear data on the development of this emerging sector are 
still missing. This document illustrates the work of the JRC in building an extensive database of EU facilities 
producing  different  categories  of  bio-based  products:  chemicals,  liquid  biofuels,  composites  and  fibres, 
biomethane,  pulp&paper,  sugar,  starch  and  timber.  The  database  is  accompanied  by  an  online  interactive 
dashboard for visualisation of its content (https://datam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datam/mashup/BIOBASED_INDUSTRY) 
in which the user is invited to apply the available filters (product category, feedstock origin, TRL and country) 
to discover the EU bio-based sector. An additional filter is also provided to identify EU biorefineries, according 
to the user’s preferred definition of them. 

2 

 
 
1 

Introduction 

Nowadays,  many  industrial  sectors  are  developing  innovative  products  and  value  chains  to  substitute  finite 
fossil feedstock resources with renewable raw materials. This change is the main focus area of the European 
Bioeconomy  strategy  (European  Commission  2018)  and  is  showing  a  growing  trend,  especially  in  chemical 
products  and  composite  materials.  However,  clear  data  on  the  development  of  this  emerging  bio-based 
industry are still missing.  

Biorefineries represent a key element in the European bio-based sector and are specifically addressed in the 
2018 revision of the Bioeconomy Strategy, in particular in many concepts of Action 1 (Strengthen and scale-
up the bio-based sectors, unlock investments and markets) (European Commission 2018). Biorefining is also 
one of the key enabling strategies of the circular economy, closing the loop in raw biomass materials (re-use 
of forestry, agricultural, aquatic, processing and postconsumer residues), minerals, water and carbon (de Jong, 
Higson  et  al.  2012).  Therefore,  the  description  of  the  distribution  of  biorefineries  in  the  European  Union 
together with an analysis of the main feedstock sources and products is key to describe the status of the bio-
based sector in Europe and the main drivers for its future development. The JRC already made a first attempt 
to provide the description of facilities producing bio-based chemicals, liquid biofuels and biocomposites and 
fibres in the EU (Parisi 2018).  

This document reports on the follow-up activity of the JRC, which consisted in expanding the initial database 
to  additional  facilities  using  biomass  for  product  manufacturing  (pulp&paper  mills,  sugar  refineries,  starch 
plants,  biomethane  plants  and  sawmills),  for  a  total  of  2,362  facilities,  and  the  creation  of  an  interactive 
visualisation  platform  representing  their  distribution.  The  interactive  dashboard  is  available  online 
(https://datam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datam/mashup/BIOBASED_INDUSTRY, see Annex 1 for the QR codes) and offers 
the  possibility  of  navigating  through  the  data  by  filtering  for  different  factors/elements:  type  of  products, 
feedstock origin, country, TRL and biorefinery definition, as explained in the following paragraphs. It has to be 
noted  that  this  version of the  database and the  accompanying visualisation tool,  compared  to  the  previous 
one published in 2018, does not include the United Kingdom after the end of the Brexit process on 31 January 
2020. This difference is to be taken into account when comparing numbers. 

3 

 
 
 
2  Objectives and scope 

This document aims to present an updated overview of the distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU, 
with  a  broader  scope  compared  to  the  previous  work  of  the  JRC  (Parisi  2018).  The  new  update  includes 
facilities using biomass (of first, second and so-called third generation) to produce the following: 

—  bio-based chemicals 

—  liquid biofuels 

—  bio-based composites and fibres 

And the following additional facilities, compared to previously mentioned JRC study: 

—  pulp and paper 

—  biomethane 

—  starch, sugar and derived products 

—  timber (sawmills) 

The JRC database was also integrated with a better representation of facilities at a pilot/demo stage, thanks 
to the input offered by the BBI-JU (Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking).  

The  study  provides  an  interactive  map  of  the  facilities  and  a  transversal  analysis  based  on  the  type  of 
products  and  feedstock  sources  per  facility  and  per  country.  Biorefineries  corresponding  to  a  broader  or 
stricter definition can be displayed, including the identification of those facilities in which the manufacturing 
of  products  is  integrated  with  the  production  of  energy  from  the  biomass  feedstock,  thereby  better 
contributing to the emerging circular economy. 

Finished goods/products derived from bio-based products (i.e. plastic bottles derived from bio-based polymers 
or car parts derived from bio-based composites) are not included in the scope of this study. 

4 

 
 
 
3  Biorefinery definition 

Several  definitions  of  biorefinery  have  been  elaborated  in  the  last  decades.  According  to  the  United  States 
Department  of  Energy  (US  DOE  1997),  a  biorefinery  is  "an  overall  concept  of  a  processing  plant  where 
biomass feedstocks are converted and extracted into a spectrum of valuable products". Other sources define 
a  biorefinery  as  a  more  specific  concept,  more  closely  derived  from  the  definition  of  an  oil  refinery  by  the 
petrochemical  industry.  For  instance,  a  biorefinery  is  defined  by  de  Jong  et  al.  (2012)  as  a  facility  that 
performs  the  sustainable  processing  of  biomass  into  a  spectrum  of  marketable  products  (food,  feed, 
materials, chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, heat), using a wide variety of conversion technologies in an 
integrated manner. This definition is also employed by the Bio-based Industry Consortium (BIC 2017).  

The database built by the JRC and the relative visualisation platform now report data on 2,362 facilities using 
biomass  for  product  manufacturing.  It  includes  a  wide  range  of  plants,  from  innovative,  recently  built 
biorefineries in which the newest principles of circular economy are applied, to very traditional, decades-old 
plants obtaining products from biomass (e.g. some timber, paper or starch plants). Certainly they do not all 
fall within a definition of biorefinery, but many of them can be called biorefineries, depending on the chosen 
definition. The visualisation platform is designed in order to help the user choose its preferred definition. The 
following filter panes are provided in order to select a specific subgroup of bio-based facilities: 

5 

 
 
 
4  Methodology 

The following info sources were incorporated to build the initial database (as reported in Parisi 2018): 

—  Biorefineries  database  built  by  Claudia  Pecoraro  in  2015  at  the  Directorate-General  for  Research  and 

Innovation 

—  A database used for the JRC survey to European companies done by E4tech/AgraCEAS 

(https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eu-bio-based-industry-results-survey) 

—  Nova/BIC  database  on  biorefineries 

in 

the  EU 

(http://biconsortium.eu/news/mapping-european-

biorefineries) 

—  Nova iBIB database (http://bio-based.eu/ibib/) 

—  List of BIC members 

—  Agrobiobase website (http://agrobiobase.com/en/database) 

—  BiofuelDigest website (http://www.ascension-publishing.com/BIZ/ABTDv18.xls) 

—  ePURE list of bioethanol plants (https://epure.org/resources/fact-sheets/) 

—  E4tech  database  used  for  the  report  on  the  sugar  platform  (http://www.e4tech.com/reports/from-the-

sugar-platform-to-biofuels-and-biochemicals) 

—  List 

of 

commercial 

biorefineries 

included 

in 

the 

BioRefineries 

Blog 

(https://biorrefineria.blogspot.com.es/p/listado-de-biorrefiern.html?m=1) 

—  List  of  bioenergy  plants  provided  by  the  ETIP  (European  Technology  and  Innovation  Platform) 

(http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/databases/production-facilities)  

—  Bureau Van Dijk’s Amadeus database (https://www.bvdinfo.com/en-gb 

—  Kompass Online Directory on business information (https://bg.kompass.com/) 

The following new sources were integrated in 2019: 

—  BBI JU database of facilities of demonstration (TRL 6-7) and flagship (TRL 8) projects  

—  Pulp&paper  mills:  Fastmarkets  RISI  –  Asset  Database  (RISI:  pulp&paper  industry  intelligence)  –  2015 

contract with Joint Research Centre. 

—  Sugar refineries: CEFS: European Association of Sugar Manufacturers (https://cefs.org/sugar/)  

—  Starch plants: STARCH Europe (https://starch.eu/) – ppt presentation 

—  European  Biomethane  Map  published  in  2018  from  a  collaboration  between  the  European  Biogas 
(GIE):  https://www.europeanbiogas.eu/wp-

Infrastructure  Europe 
Association 
content/uploads/2019/05/2018.01.09.GIE_BIO_2018_A0_1189x841_FULL_415_clean_final.pdf 

(EBA)  and  Gas 

—  Sawmills: sawmill database (https://www.sawmilldatabase.com/nearbysawmills.php) 

Additionally,  data  were  validated  through  information  obtained  from  grey  literature,  online  press  and 
companies' webpages as well as support by external experts. 

Depending/relying on the identified data about production, it was determined for each facility if it integrates 
the  production  of  bio-based  products  (like  chemicals,  composites&fibres,  pulp&paper,  starch&sugar  and 
timber) and energy (like biofuels, biomethane and/or other types of energy from biomass). 

It is to be noted that the dataset on facilities producing other types of energy from biomass (249 in total) is 
not comprehensive as many plants producing only bioenergy (not biofuels and not bio-based products) have 
not  been  identified.  Therefore,  these  249  plants  are  not  included  in  the  maps  to  avoid  confusion,  but  are 
taken into consideration in the case of integrated production (bio-based products and energy). 

For sugar facilities it was assumed that they are all integrated with bioethanol production, according to the 
general information in the webpage of CEFS (European Association of Sugar Manufacturers): link. Pulp&paper 
mills were all indicated as integrated facilities, according to the information received from RISI. 

6 

 
 
 
5  Results 

The content of the database, created through the described methodology, is visualised in an online interactive 
dashboard (https://datam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datam/mashup/BIOBASED_INDUSTRY, see Annex 1 for the QR codes) 
in which different filters can be applied to retrieve different types of useful information. The following figures 
provide some of the possible results. 

Figure 1. Map of the distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU 

Figure 1 show the full content of the database (2,362 facilities in total), illustrated in a map and including the 
seven categories of bio-based products reported. Dark grey dots indicate facilities manufacturing products of 
more  than  one  category.  For  a  better  visualisation  of  the  distribution  of  the  bio-based  production  per 
category, please, see Figure 3. 

7 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2. Number of bio-based facilities by product category 

569

528

491

379

339

202

147

s
e
i
t
i
l
i
c
a
f

f
o

.

N

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

pulp&paper

chemicals

timber

biomethane

liquid
biofuels

starch&sugar composites
and fibres

Figure 2 show the total number of facilities per product category. Some facilities (the dark grey dots in Figure 
1) produce more than one product category. Therefore, those plants are counted more than once in the graph.   

The following figures show the results of the application of certain filters in the visualisation platform. More 
options can be explored by the user when navigating through the page. 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3. Disaggregation of the EU bio-based industry per type of bio-based production 

Bio-based chemicals 

Liquid biofuels 

Bio-based composites and fibres 

Biomethane 

Pulp&Paper 

Sugar&Starch 

Timber 

Figure 3 shows the disaggregation of all 2,362 facilities in each product category.  Some facilities (the dark 
grey dots in Figure 1) produce more than one product category. Therefore, those plants appear in more than 
one  map  of  Figure  3.  Dots  in  lighter  colour  in  the  maps  of  bio-based  chemicals,  liquid  biofuels  and 
composites&fibres indicate facilities that are currently inactive (but not necessarily as a permanent status).   

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4. Pilot, demo and R&D bio-based plants in the EU 

126

s
e
i
t
i
l
i
c
a
f

f
o

.

N

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

67

32

2

1

chemicals

liquid biofuels composites and

biomethane

pulp&paper

fibres

Figure 4 shows the distribution of bio-based facilities identified as smaller size plants which did not yet reach 
the commercial phase, including pilot, demo and R&D facilities. The graph under the map shows the 
distribution in terms of product categories. The dark grey dots in the map show plants that produce more than 
one product category and are therefore counted more than once in the graph. 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 5. Distribution of biorefineries in the EU depending on the chosen definition 

478  plants  producing  multiple  products,  of  the 
same  category  (e.g.  two  different  chemicals)  or  of 
different categories (e.g. pulp and chemicals): 

240 plants producing multiple products, of different 
categories, e.g. pulp and chemicals (grey dots in the 
maps): 

788  plants  integrating  the  production  of  products 
and  energy  (including  biofuels  and  other  types  of 
energy from biomass): 

As explained in chapter 3, Biorefinery definition, the visualisation platform offers the possibility of filtering for 
different combination of bio-based plants that reflect different definition of biorefineries. The three resulting 
maps  are  shown  in  Figure  5.  For  a  better  identification  of  the  product  categories  covered,  the  online 
visualisation platform should be used by applying different product filters.  

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the EU bio-based industry by country and product category 

The graph of Figure 6 shows the number of bio-based facilities per product category and per country. Again, since some facilities produce more than one product category 
and are therefore counted more than once in the graph. Also, it is important to take into consideration that the graph is based on the number of facilities per country, 
independently of their size, and not on production quantities. 

According  to  the  retrieved  information,  Germany  and  France  dominate  the  scene  in  total  and  in  most  categories,  followed  by  Sweden,  thanks  to  the  high  number  of 
Swedish sawmills. 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
Figure 7. Geographical distribution of the EU bio-based industry by country and feedstock origin 

The graph of Figure 7 shows the number of bio-based facilities per feedstock origin and per country. Some facilities employ feedstock belonging to more than one origin 
group  and are therefore  counted  more  than once in the graph. Also,  it is important to take  into  consideration that  the graph  is based  on the  number  of  facilities  per 
country, independently of their size, and not on biomass quantities used. 

Compared  to  the  corresponding  graph  reported  in  the  previous  JRC  publication  on  the  matter  (Parisi  2018),  forestry-based  feedstock  is  now predominant  in  terms of 
numbers of facilities, due to the addition of sawmills and pulp&paper mills to the database. 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
6  Conclusions and future steps 

The database of bio-based facilities in the EU constitutes a very useful tool to better understand the state-of-
the-art and the development of the bio-based industry. The database already covers a very broad range of 
different facilities, giving a diversified picture. However, additional product categories could be added to the 
scope of the database, in order to give a more comprehensive vision of the EU bio-based industry, like, e.g., 
dairy industry, biogas small plants, etc. 

Additionally,  further  research  can  be  performed  to  determine  the  level  of  development  of  the  bio-based 
industry in the EU and the potential for future growth in terms of number and location of new biorefineries. 
Future steps in this direction are being carried out by linking the location of current bio-based facilities with 
the specific kinds of locally available biomass (with main focus on agriculture and forestry at the moment), to 
establish optimal locations of new biorefineries for the best exploitation of local resources.   

The JRC is also planning to make future updates of the map of bio-based facilities, depending on policy needs 
and available resources. In this direction, users of the online platform are welcome to inform the JRC (through 
the email address JRC-DATAM@ec.europa.eu) in case they identify wrong or missing information in the list or 
classification of bio-based facilities. 

14 

 
References 

BIC  (2017).  "Mapping  European  Biorefineries:  https://biconsortium.eu/news/mapping-european-biorefineries." 
Bio-based Industries Consortium. 

de  Jong,  E.,  A.  Higson,  P.  Walsh  and  M.  Wellisch  (2012).  "Bio-based  Chemicals.  Value  Added  Products  from 
Biorefineries  -  Task  42  Biorefinery.  http://www.ieabioenergy.com/publications/bio-based-chemicals-value-
added-products-from-biorefineries/." IEA Bioenergy - Task 42 Biorefinery. 

European Commission (2018). "COM(2018) 673 final. A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the 
connection between economy, society and the environment. Updated Bioeconomy Strategy "  Official Journal 
of the European Union(ISBN 978-92-79-94144-3): 107. 

Parisi, C. (2018). Biorefineries distribution in the EU. JRC. 

US DOE (1997). "Energy, Environmental and Economics (e3) Handbook." U.S. Department of Energy, Office of 
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington D.C. 

15 

 
 
List of figures 

Figure 1. Map of the distribution of the bio-based industry in the EU ............................................ 7 

Figure 2. Number of bio-based facilities by product category .................................................... 8 

Figure 3. Disaggregation of the EU bio-based industry per type of bio-based production ...................... 9 

Figure 4. Pilot, demo and R&D bio-based plants in the EU ...................................................... 10 

Figure 5. Distribution of biorefineries in the EU depending on the chosen definition .......................... 11 

Figure 6. Geographical distribution of the EU bio-based industry by country and product category .......... 12 

Figure 7. Geographical distribution of the EU bio-based industry by country and feedstock origin ........... 13 

Figure A1. QR code – DataM URL ................................................................................. 17 

Figure A2. QR code – Bio-based industry dashboard ............................................................ 17 

Figure A3. Navigating within the sheets .......................................................................... 18 

Figure A4. How the dashboard looks like ......................................................................... 18 

Figure A5. Making an interactive selection ....................................................................... 19 

Figure A6. Result of an interactive selection ..................................................................... 19 

Figure A7. Instructions to change selections ..................................................................... 20 

16 

 
 
 
Annex: On-line resources 

An  interactive  dashboard  presenting  this report's  main  results  is available  on  the  public  website  “JRC  agro-
economic portal DataM". Links can be also accessed with the below QR codes. 

Figure A1. QR code – DataM URL 

https://datam.jrc.ec.europa.eu 

Source: JRC, 2020. 

Using DataM users can access and analyse main results of the report through an interactive dashboard. 

Figure A2. QR code – Bio-based industry dashboard 

https://datam.jrc.ec.europa.eu/datam/mashup/BIOBASED_INDUSTRY 

Source: JRC, 2020. 

17 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DataM interactive dashboards allow users to undertake their own analysis of the dataset. They consist of a 
number of sheets that allow analysing data from different perspectives. 

Figure A3. Navigating within the sheets 

Source: JRC, 2020. 

Each sheet consists of a screen with a number of different visualisations (tables, charts and maps) and some 
filtering boxes. 

The key strength of the tool is that all these visualisations are interactive and interrelated. This allows users 
to study the data by means of simple mouse gestures. 

The DataM visualisation framework is quite intuitive; some basic guidelines to facilitate its use will follow. 

All DataM dashboards are similar to the example shown in Figure A4 below. 

Figure A4. How the dashboard looks like 

Source: DataM, provided by the European Commission – Joint Research Centre. Dashboard: Bio-based industry and biorefineries, accessed 
on 21/02/2020. 

By clicking on any visualisation, for example by clicking on "PRODUCTS" and "chemicals" in the top left hand 
side of the screen, all the visualisations are recalculated using data concerning only bio-based chemicals, as 
shown  in  the  figure.  The  map  and  the  graphs  (also  in  the  second  page)  will  change  according  to  the  new 
selection. 

18 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure A5. Making an interactive selection 

Source: DataM, provided by the European Commission – Joint Research Centre. Dashboard: Bio-based industry and biorefineries, accessed 
on 21/02/2020. 

Also,  different  definitions  of  biorefineries  can  be  selected.  For  example,  only  facilities  integrating  the 
production of material and energy can be selected, as shown in figure A6 below.  

Figure A6. Result of an interactive selection 

Source: DataM, provided by the European Commission – Joint Research Centre. Dashboard: Bio-based industry and biorefineries, accessed 
on 21/02/2020. 

19 

 
 
 
The currently active selections are always shown in the dark-grey bar at the top. Selections can be cancelled 
or changed as explained in figure A7 below. 

Figure A7. Instructions to change selections 

Source: DataM, provided by the European Commission – Joint Research Centre. Dashboard: Bio-based industry and biorefineries, accessed 
on 21/02/2020. 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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doi:10.2760/745867 

ISBN 978-92-76-16408-1